Datasets:
table-benchmark
/
hybridqa

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
Community
original_dataset_id
stringlengths
16
16
dataset_name
stringclasses
1 value
table
stringlengths
3.73k
635k
table_title
null
text
null
question
stringlengths
5
403
answer
stringlengths
1
118
08ed79e0d8b4adc1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1960 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Gardner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick Soergel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_baseball', 'summary': "Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball is the NCAA Division I varsity intercollegiate baseball team of Oklahoma State University , based in Stillwater , Oklahoma , United States . The team competes in the Big 12 Conference . Oklahoma State is widely regarded as one of the most successful and history rich baseball programs of all time . They have won 31 conference championships in baseball , as well as 21 conference tournament championships , as of the end of the 2019 season . The Cowboys have also earned 46 NCAA Tournament bids and have played in 20 College World Series , including seven straight from 1981-87 , with their lone national championship coming in 1959 . The Cowboys ' current head coach is Josh Holliday ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Wayne Knapp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Larry Fegley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_baseball', 'summary': "The Penn State Nittany Lions baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the Pennsylvania State University in University Park , Pennsylvania , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake Gibbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Gibbs', 'summary': "Jerry Dean Jake Gibbs ( born November 7 , 1938 ) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the New York Yankees as a platoon catcher from 1962 to 1971 . Although Gibbs was the regular starting catcher for NY in 1967 and '68 , he was primarily a back-up for Elston Howard and then Thurman Munson at the tail-end of his career . Prior to beginning his professional baseball career , Gibbs had successful careers in college baseball and college football at the University of Mississippi ( Ole Miss ) for the Ole Miss Rebels . He was also a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha ( PIKE ) Fraternity . He returned to Ole Miss to coach the baseball and football teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball', 'summary': 'The Ole Miss Rebels baseball team represents the University of Mississippi in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They are currently coached by Mike Bianco .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron Cox', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Missouri Tigers baseball team represents the University of Missouri in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Missouri Tigers had an overall record of 2053-1339-17 entering the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyron Cline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyron_Cline', 'summary': 'Tyrone Alexander Cline ( born June 15 , 1939 in Hampton , South Carolina ) is a former Major League Baseball player , primarily a reserve outfielder and pinch-hitter for the Cleveland Indians ( 1960-62 ) , Milwaukee Braves ( 1963-65 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1966 ) , Atlanta Braves ( 1966-67 ) , San Francisco Giants ( 1967-68 ) , Montreal Expos ( 1969-70 ) and Cincinnati Reds ( 1970-71 ) . Cline played for Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference for three seasons , leaving in 1960 after his junior year to sign a professional baseball contract with the Cleveland Indians . He attained All-American status during his college career , during which he played the outfield and was a starting pitcher . He was instrumental in helping the Reds defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates to win the 1970 National League pennant , tripling and scoring the winning run in the 10th inning of the first game of the National League Championship Series , and scoring the game-winning and pennant-clinching run after an eighth-inning walk in game three . He appeared as a pinch hitter in each of the first three matches of the 1970 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles , his lone hit being a leadoff single off Moe Drabowsky in the seventh inning of Game 2 at Riverfront Stadium . He also set in motion the most controversial play of the Series when he pinch hit for Woody Woodward with runners at first and third base , one out and the score tied at three in the sixth inning of Game 1 . Cline reached safely on a Baltimore chop which was fielded by Orioles catcher Elrod Hendricks who then collided with home plate umpire Ken Burkhart and an oncoming Bernie Carbo . Burkhart ruled Carbo out even though Hendricks made the tag with his mitt while holding the ball in his other hand . Ty Cline officially retired from baseball following the 1971 season . In retirement Cline worked at The Baskin-Robbins ice cream business that he owned .'}]}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_Tigers', 'summary': "The Clemson Tigers are the athletic teams that represent Clemson University , located in Clemson , South Carolina . They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) sub-level for football ) , primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953-54 season . Clemson competes for and has won multiple NCAA Division I national championships in various sports , including football , men 's soccer , and men 's golf . In 1896 , football coach Walter Riggs came to Clemson , then Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina , from Auburn University . He had always admired the Princeton Tigers , and hence gave Clemson the Tiger mascot . The Clemson Tigers field seventeen athletic teams . The South Carolina Gamecocks are Clemson 's in-state athletic rival . The two institutions compete against each other in many sports , but the annual football game receives the most attention . Clemson 's main rivals within the Atlantic Coast Conference are Georgia Tech and Florida State ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Perdue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_baseball', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team is the college baseball team of The Ohio State University . The program , founded in 1881 , was the first athletic team in Ohio State history . Bill Davis Stadium in Columbus , Ohio has been the home field of the program since 1997 . The team won a National Title in 1966 , and also 14 Big Ten Titles throughout the team 's history . It is currently coached by Greg Beals . Ohio State has produced many professional baseball players , such as major leaguers Steve Arlin , Frank Howard , Nick Swisher , Barry Bonnell , Dave Burba , and Fred Taylor ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Larry Petersen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oregon State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Oregon State Beavers baseball team represents Oregon State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . They are currently coached by Mitch Canham and assistant coaches Pat Bailey and Rich Dorman . They play home games in Goss Stadium at Coleman Field . The Beavers won the 2006 and 2007 College World Series to become only the fifth team in history to win back-to-back national championships , and the first since the super regional format has been implemented . In 2018 , the program won its third national title . In addition , the program has won 26 conference championships , qualified for 20 NCAA tournaments , and appeared in seven College World Series .'}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1960_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'}
null
null
Which conference is the school of first baseman Wayne Knapp in ?
Big Ten
08ef5d1c5555ef9d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Houston', 'title': 'Sports in Houston', 'header': ['Event', 'Month', 'Sport', 'Venue', 'Established'], 'data': [{'value': 'Houston Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Marathon', 'summary': "The Houston Marathon is an annual marathon held every January in Houston , Texas . With thousands of runners and spectators , it is the largest single day sporting event in the city . It is run concurrently with a half marathon and a 5 km race . The 2007 race included the first-ever satellite running of the event , run simultaneously in Fallujah , Iraq . The first marathon , run on December 30 , 1972 , featured 113 runners and a crowd of approximately 200 people . The 2014 edition included a 5K event run Saturday , January 18th and the marathon and half marathon run on Sunday , January 19th . The 5K event had close to 5,000 runners while the marathon and half marathon had nearly 13,000 runners each . The races bring crowds of nearly one half million to view the runners . The 1979 edition of the competition hosted the national marathon championship race for men and women . Houston was selected for the women 's Olympic Trials in 1992 and held the USATF women 's marathon championship in 1998 . The half marathon course hosted the USATF Men 's Half Marathon Championship from 2005 to 2008 , and also hosted the women 's event in 2007 and 2008 . The 2012 U.S Olympic Marathon Trials for both men and women were held the Saturday prior to the Sunday races ."}]}, {'value': 'January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running', 'summary': "Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot . Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground ( though there are exceptions ) . This is in contrast to walking , where one foot is always in contact with the ground , the legs are kept mostly straight and the center of gravity vaults over the stance leg or legs in an inverted pendulum fashion . A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of spring-mass mechanics is that changes in kinetic and potential energy within a stride occur simultaneously , with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity . The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from jogging to sprinting . Running in humans is associated with improved health and life expectancy . It is assumed that the ancestors of humankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2.6 million years ago , probably in order to hunt animals . Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas . Records of competitive racing date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE , while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE . Running has been described as the world 's most accessible sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Convention Center and streets of Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_R._Brown_Convention_Center', 'summary': "The George R. Brown Convention Center , opened on September 26 , 1987 , is located on the east side of Downtown Houston , Texas , United States . The center was named for internationally recognized entrepreneur , engineer , civic leader , philanthropist and Houstonian George Rufus Brown ( 1898-1983 ) . George and his brother , Herman , turned Brown & Root into the world 's largest construction and engineering company . Later , he and investors founded , Texas Eastern Transmission Company , which donated six of the 11 blocks required to build the GRB . The center is owned by the City of Houston and managed by the Houston First Corporation . The facility was completed with a price tag of $ 104.9 million , requiring 30 months and more than 1,200 workers . The 100-foot ( 30 m ) high red-white-and-blue building replaced the obsolete Albert Thomas Convention Center , which was later redeveloped into the Bayou Place entertainment complex in the downtown Houston Theater District . It is the first convention center in the world to have a permanent Bitcoin ATM . The convention center is served by METRORail light rail service at Convention District station ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston College Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_College_Classic', 'summary': 'The Shriners Hospitals for Children College Classic is an annual six-team college baseball tournament held in Houston and hosted by the Astros Foundation . The 15th annual tournament was held at Minute Maid Park in March 2015 . It was initially called Astros College Classic from 2001 through 2002 , the Minute Maid Park College Classic from 2003 through 2007 , and the Houston College Classic from 2008 through 2015 . In December 2015 , the Astros Foundation and Shriners Hospitals for Children announced a multi-year naming rights agreement for the tournament , rebranding the event the Shriners Hospitals for Children College Classic . As part of the agreement with Shriners Hospitals for Children , the Astros Foundation announced that the 2016 Shriners Hospitals for Children College Classic would be nationally televised for the first time in history on MLB Network .'}]}, {'value': 'February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': 'Minute Maid Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'summary': "Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 as the home stadium for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable-roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $ 100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo', 'summary': "The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , also called RodeoHouston or abbreviated HLSR , is the largest indoor livestock exhibition and rodeo in the world . It includes one of the richest regular-season professional rodeo events . It has been held at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas , since 2003 . It was previously held in the Astrodome . It is considered to be the city 's signature event , much like New Orleans 's Mardi Gras , Dallas 's Texas State Fair , San Diego 's Comic-Con and New York City 's New Year 's Eve at Times Square . In 2017 , attendance reached a record high of 2,611,176 people and 33,000 volunteers . In 2007 , the rodeo was deemed the year of the volunteer . The event is 20 days long . It is kicked off by the Downtown Rodeo Roundup held near Houston City Hall , the Downtown Rodeo parade , and the ConocoPhillips Rodeo Run - a 10k and 5k walk & run and the World 's Championship Bar-B-Que Contest . The show features championship rodeo action , livestock competitions , concerts , a carnival , pig racing , barbecue and the Rodeo Uncorked ! International Wine Competition , shopping , sales and livestock auctions . Traditional trail rides , which start in different areas of Texas and end in Houston , precede the Rodeo events ."}]}, {'value': 'February / March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodeo', 'summary': "Rodeo ( /ˈroʊdiːoʊ/ or /roʊˈdeɪ.oʊ/ ) is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain , Mexico , and later Central America , South America , the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and the Philippines . It was based on the skills required of the working vaqueros in the charreria and later , cowboys , in what today is the western United States , western Canada , and northern Mexico . Today , it is a sporting event that involves horses and other livestock , designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys and cowgirls . American style professional rodeos generally comprise the following events : tie-down roping , team roping , steer wrestling , saddle bronc riding , bareback bronc riding , bull riding and barrel racing . The events are divided into two basic categories : the rough stock events and the timed events . Depending on sanctioning organization and region , other events such as breakaway roping , goat tying , and pole bending may also be a part of some rodeos . American rodeo , particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States , is the official state sport of Wyoming , South Dakota , and Texas . The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal and state-registered trademark of the State of Wyoming . The Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province . However , enabling legislation has yet to be passed . In the United States , professional rodeos are governed and sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association ( PRCA ) and Women 's Professional Rodeo Association ( WPRA ) , while other associations govern children 's , high school , collegiate , semi-professional and senior rodeos . Associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Park', 'summary': "NRG Park ( formerly Reliant Park and Astrodomain ) is a complex in Houston , Texas , USA , named after the energy company NRG Energy . It is located on Kirby Drive at the South Loop West Freeway ( I-610 ) . This complex of buildings encompasses 350 acres ( 1.4 km2 ) of land and consists of four venues : NRG Stadium , NRG Center , NRG Arena and the NRG Astrodome . The complex hosts many sporting events and conventions each year , the largest of which are Houston Texans home games , and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo . The complex is served by the Stadium Park / Astrodome station , a light rail station on the Red Line of the METRORail light rail system . It also includes one of the world 's largest parking lots ( holding 26,000 total ) and sees nearly 750 events yearly . Until 2005 , the lot also served as a parking lot for Six Flags Astroworld , which has since closed ."}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shell Houston Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shell_Houston_Open', 'summary': "The Houston Open is a professional golf tournament in Texas on the PGA Tour , played in early October . As a part of a restructuring of the schedule , the event moved to the fall in 2019 . Because the tour year starts the previous fall , the event will not be a part of the 2019 PGA Tour , but will be one of the first events of the 2020 PGA Tour . It is held at the Golf Club of Houston ( formerly named Redstone Golf Club ) in unincorparted Harris County near Humble , northeast of Houston . The purse was $ 7 million in 2017 , with a winner 's share of $ 1.26 million ."}]}, {'value': 'March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PGA golf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PGA_Tour', 'summary': "The PGA Tour ( stylized in all capital letters as PGA TOUR by its officials ) is the organizer of the main professional golf tours played primarily by men in the United States and North America . It organizes most of the events on the flagship annual series of tournaments also known as the PGA Tour , as well as PGA Tour Champions ( for golfers age 50 and older ) and the Korn Ferry Tour ( for professional players who have not yet qualified to play in the PGA Tour ) , as well as PGA Tour Canada , PGA Tour Latinoamérica , and PGA Tour China . The PGA Tour is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida , a suburb of Jacksonville . Originally established by the Professional Golfers ' Association of America , it was spun off in December 1968 into a separate organization for tour players , as opposed to club professionals , the focal members of today 's PGA of America . Originally the Tournament Players Division , it adopted the name PGA Tour in 1975 and runs most of the week-to-week professional golf events on the tournament known as the PGA Tour , including The Players Championship , hosted at TPC Sawgrass ; the FedEx Cup , with its finale at The Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club ; and the biennial Presidents Cup . The remaining events on the PGA Tour are run by different organizations , as are the U.S.-based LPGA Tour for women and other men 's and women 's professional tours around the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Golf', 'summary': "Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible . Golf , unlike most ball games , can not and does not utilize a standardized playing area , and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game . The game at the usual level is played on a course with an arranged progression of 18 holes , though recreational courses can be smaller , often having nine holes . Each hole on the course must contain a tee box to start from , and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup 4 1⁄4 inches ( 11 cm ) in diameter . There are other standard forms of terrain in between , such as the fairway , rough ( long grass ) , bunkers ( or sand traps ) , and various hazards ( water , rocks ) but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and arrangement . Golf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual , known as stroke play , or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team , known as match play . Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels , but most especially at the elite level . The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland . The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764 . Golf 's first major , and the world 's oldest tournament in existence , is The Open Championship , also known as the British Open , which was first played in 1860 in Ayrshire , Scotland . This is one of the four major championships in men 's professional golf , the other three being played in the United States : The Masters , the U.S. Open , and the PGA Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Golf Club of Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golf_Club_of_Houston', 'summary': 'The Golf Club of Houston is a private golf club in unincorporated Harris County , Texas , near Humble and northeast of Houston . The club contains two 18-hole courses ; the Member Course is private , while the Tournament Course is open to the public . The Tournament Course was designed by Rees Jones and tour pro David Toms . The club has hosted the Houston Open since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': "U.S. Men 's Clay Court Championships", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/U.S._Men's_Clay_Court_Championships", 'summary': "The U.S. Men 's Clay Court Championship is an annual ATP Tour tennis tournament that started in 1910 . It is the last remaining ATP World Tour-level tournament in the United States to be played on clay courts . The tournament began in 1910 when the Western Lawn Tennis Association ( a section of the United States Lawn Tennis Association now known as the USTA/Midwest ) lobbied the USLTA that a National Clay Court Championship would help promote the establishment of more clay courts in the West . Clay courts were more economical to install and maintain than grass courts , and the hope was that the lower costs associated with court construction would allow for a more rapid expansion of the game . The first National Clay Court Championships were held at the Omaha Field Club with a crowd of 5,000 watching the finals . Participation and play on clay grew as a result of the event and others , and in 1914 the event was moved to the Cincinnati Tennis Club . It has since been played in numerous cities , with long stints in River Forest and Indianapolis , and is today held in Houston , Texas . Between 1970 and 1989 it was part of the Grand Prix Tennis Tour as part of the Grand Prix Super Series of events ( 1974-1977 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': 'River Oaks Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_Oaks_Country_Club', 'summary': 'River Oaks Country Club is a country club in the southern United States , located in the River Oaks neighborhood of Houston , Texas . The club has hosted the River Oaks International Tennis Tournament since 1931 . Often called the Classiest Club In Houston River Oaks is known for its philanthropic and community-leading membership and its beautiful views . It is extremely exclusive . It is located at 1600 River Oaks Boulevard , Houston TX 77019 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. international rugby match', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The United States men 's national rugby union team , nicknamed the Eagles , is controlled by USA Rugby . USA Rugby is a member of Rugby Americas North , one of six regional governing bodies under World Rugby . Until rugby returned to Olympic competition , with sevens at the 2016 Rio Games , the United States was the reigning Olympic rugby champion , having defeated the one other competitor in 1920 and the two other competitors at the 1924 Summer Olympics . As of October 2019 [ update ] , the men 's Eagles are ranked 17th in the world by the World Rugby Rankings . Their previous highest ranking , achieved ahead of the 2019 World Cup , was 13th ; their lowest ranking was 20th , following a winless campaign in the 2008 Churchill Cup . The highest profile tournament in which the men 's Eagles play is the Rugby World Cup . The men 's Eagles have played in all but one Rugby World Cup since the tournament began in 1987 . The United States has expressed interest in hosting the 2027 Rugby World Cup . The United States competed in the Pacific Nations Cup every Summer from 2013 to 2015 . Previously , the U.S. has competed in the now-defunct Churchill Cup and the Pan American Championship . In April 2015 , USA Rugby announced the creation of a new , annual International Championship to be contested among the top-6 ranked rugby nations in the Americas : Argentina , Brazil , Canada , Chile , Uruguay and the United States . The contest was named the Americas Rugby Championship and began in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'Rugby union in the United States is a growing national sport . Rugby union at the youth , high school , college , amateur club , professional , and international levels is governed by USA Rugby . There are over 125,000 players registered with USA Rugby as of 2016 . Over 2,500 rugby clubs exist around the country , including those of whom are part of college rugby . Professional club competition exists as Major League Rugby . There are several other high-profile rugby competitions in the U.S. As international competition , the USA Sevens is held every February at Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas , and draws over 60,000 fans and is broadcast on NBC . The U.S. national team hosts international matches every June , with attendances around 20,000 . Collegiately , the Collegiate Rugby Championship is held every June at Talen Energy Stadium in the Philadelphia suburb of Chester , Pennsylvania , and draws around 20,000 fans and is broadcast on NBC .'}]}, {'value': 'BBVA Compass Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBVA_Compass_Stadium', 'summary': "BBVA Stadium ( formerly BBVA Compass Stadium ) is an American multi-purpose stadium located in Houston , Texas that is home to the Houston Dynamo , a Major League Soccer club , the Houston Dash of the National Women 's Soccer League , and to Texas Southern Tigers football . The stadium is the result of combined commitments of $ 35.5 million from the city of Houston and $ 60 million from the Houston Dynamo . Harris County agreed to pay for half of the land in exchange for the ability to jointly own the stadium after its completion date in May 2012 . BBVA , Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , is the stadium 's sponsor company . The stadium is located on a tract of land bordered by Texas , Walker , Emancipation , and Hutchins in East Downtown and east of Interstate 69/U.S . Route 59 and Downtown Houston ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Bowl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Bowl', 'summary': 'The Texas Bowl is a post-season NCAA-sanctioned Division I FBS college football bowl game first held in 2006 in Houston , Texas . The bowl replaced the defunct Houston Bowl , which played annually from 2000 to 2005 , and before that the Bluebonnet Bowl , the first bowl game in Houston , played from 1959 through 1987 . Since 2017 , the game has been sponsored by Academy Sports + Outdoors and officially known as the Academy Sports + Outdoors Texas Bowl . The game was previous the AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl from 2014 to 2016 , with AdvoCare as the title sponsor . From 2011 to 2012 , the game was sponsored by Meineke Car Care and officially known as the Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayou Bucket Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayou_Bucket_Classic', 'summary': "The Bayou Bucket Classic is the name given to the Houston-Rice football rivalry . It is an annual college football game between rivals , the Houston Cougars and the Rice Owls , as a part of the Houston-Rice rivalry . The name of the game is a reference to one of Houston 's popular nicknames as the Bayou City . Although a series between the two teams has existed since 1971 , an award for the winner of each meeting was not official until 1974 . The series signifies a college and crosstown rivalry . From 1999 to 2001 Southwestern Bell was the title sponsor for the series , and it was branded as the Southwestern Bell Bayou Bucket Classic . From 2002 to 2005 , Houston-based Administaff sponsored the series , and it was branded as the Administaff Bayou Bucket Classic . During the 1996 to 1998 football seasons , the series was on hiatus while the teams realigned themselves with other conferences after the demise of the Southwest Conference . The game for the Bayou Bucket in 1995 was the final game in the history of Southwest Conference football ."}]}, {'value': 'Varies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Rice Stadium , TDECU Stadium , or NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Stadium_(Rice_University)', 'summary': 'Rice Stadium is an American football stadium located on the Rice University campus in Houston , Texas . It has been the home of the Rice Owls football team since its completion in 1950 and hosted Super Bowl VIII in 1974 . Architecturally , Rice Stadium is an example of modern architecture , with simple lines and an unadorned , functional design . The lower seating bowl is located below the surrounding ground level . Built solely for football , the stadium has excellent sightlines from almost every seat . To achieve this , the running track was eliminated so that spectators were closer to the action and each side of the upper decks was brought in at a concave angle to provide better sightlines . It is still recognized in many circles as the best stadium in Texas for watching a football game . Entrances and aisles were strategically placed so that the entire stadium could be emptied of spectators in nine minutes . In 2006 , Rice University upgraded the facility by switching from AstroTurf to FieldTurf and adding a modern scoreboard above the north concourse . Seating in the upper deck is in poor condition , which led the university to move home games for which large crowds were expected to nearby NRG Stadium . High school football games , especially neutral-site playoff games , are frequently played at Rice Stadium . It can also be used as a concert venue .'}, {'url': '/wiki/TDECU_Stadium', 'summary': "John O'Quinn Field at TDECU Stadium is an American football stadium on the campus of the University of Houston . The stadium serves as the home of the Houston Cougars football team , which represents the University of Houston in collegiate football and the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL . On April 26th , 2020 , the stadium will host the XFL championship . TDECU Stadium was built on the former site of Robertson Stadium , which was the intermittent home of the school 's football program since 1946 . Its official name is derived from Texas Dow Employees Credit Union ( TDECU ) , the largest credit union in Houston , which purchased its naming rights in what was then the largest-ever naming rights deal for a college football stadium . Plans for a new or renovated football venue were developed by the university 's athletics department and their contractors as early as 2010 . Demolition of Robertson Stadium began on December 3 , 2012 , and the official groundbreaking for the new stadium was celebrated on February 8 , 2013 . TDECU Stadium cost US $ 128 million to build . The University of Houston opened the new stadium on Friday , August 29 , 2014 in a contest with UT-San Antonio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SWAC Championship Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SWAC_Championship_Game', 'summary': 'The SWAC Championship Game is an American college football game that is held annually on the first Saturday in December by the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) to determine its football champion . The game pits the champion of the Eastern Division against the champion of the Western Division in a game that follows the conclusion of the regular season . From 2015 onward , the winner of the game has represented the SWAC in the Celebration Bowl . As of the 2019 season , the game is sponsored by Cricket Wireless . The game was held at Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama , from 1999 through 2012 , and moved to NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas , for the 2013 through 2017 playings . Since 2018 , the game has been played at a campus site , hosted by the participant with the higher ranking .'}]}, {'value': 'December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'NRG Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NRG_Stadium', 'summary': "NRG Stadium ( pronounced as N-R-G Stadium ) , formerly Reliant Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Houston , Texas , United States . It was constructed at the cost of $ 352 million and has a seating capacity of 71,995 . It was the first NFL facility to have a retractable roof . The stadium is the home of the National Football League 's Houston Texans , the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo , the Texas Bowl , many of the United States men 's national soccer team 's matches , Mexico national football team friendlies where El Tri serves as the host , and other events . The stadium served as the host facility for Super Bowls XXXVIII ( 2004 ) and LI ( 2017 ) , and WrestleMania XXV ( 2009 ) . NRG Stadium is part of a collection of venues ( including the Astrodome ) , which are collectively called NRG Park . The entire complex is named for NRG Energy under a 32-year , US $ 300 million naming rights deal in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SWAC Basketball Tournament', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Center', 'summary': 'Toyota Center is an indoor arena located in downtown Houston , Texas . It is named after the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota . The arena is home to the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association , and it was once the home of the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League . Rockets owner Leslie Alexander first began to request a new arena in 1995 , and attempted to release the Rockets from their lease at The Summit , which ran until 2003 . However , he was denied by arena owner Chuck Watson , then-owner of the Aeros , who also wanted control of a new arena . The two sides agreed to equal control over an arena in a deal signed in 1997 , but the proposal was rejected by city voters in a 1999 referendum . It was not until the city and the Rockets signed an amended agreement in 2001 , excluding the Aeros , that the proposal was accepted . Construction began in July 2001 , and the new arena was officially opened in October 2003 . The total costs were $ 235 million , with the city of Houston paying the majority , and the Rockets paying for enhancements . Toyota paid US $ 100 million for the naming rights .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Annual events', 'section_text': "Houston hosts annual sporting events such as the PGA Tour 's Shell Houston Open , the college football Texas Bowl , and college baseball 's Houston College Classic . Since 1971 , Houston 's two NCAA Division I FBS football teams , the Rice Owls and Houston Cougars have faced off in the annual Bayou Bucket Classic . Since 1985 , the Texas Southern Tigers and Prairie View A & M Panthers compete in the annual Labor Day Classic . Every June since 2012 , the U.S. national rugby team has played an international match against a top European team at BBVA Stadium , breaking attendance records for rugby matches in the U.S. [ 3 ] The U.S. Men 's Clay Court Championships , a ATP World Tour 250 series tournament , has been held in Houston since 2001 From 1998 to 2001 , the CART World Series held the Grand Prix of Houston auto race on downtown streets . CART 's successor series , Champ Car , revived the race for 2006 and 2007 on the streets surrounding Reliant Park . The race was discontinued again in 2008 , following Champ Car 's merger with the rival IndyCar Series . The Grand Prix of Houston returned for the 2013 season . In motorcycling , the Astrodome hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 1974 to 2003 and the NRG Stadium since 2003 . Several annual sporting events are no longer held in Houston . The Virginia Slims of Houston was a women 's tennis tournament held from 1970 to 1995 as part of the WTA Tour . The final official event of the LPGA golf season , the LPGA Tour Championship , was held in Houston in 2009 , but moved to Orlando , Florida in 2010 .", 'uid': 'Sports_in_Houston_1', 'intro': 'The city of Houston and the Houston metropolitan area has a rich sporting culture and the area residents are active in many spectator and participant sports. Spectators attend events including teams from four major professional sports teams and collegiate sports. Participants enjoy activities from running in Memorial Park to sailing on Galveston Bay and Clear Lake. A number of other sports are also available, including nearly a dozen fencing clubs, ranging from recreational clubs to elite competitive organizations.'}
null
null
What was the purse in 2017 of the golf event hosted by the Golf Club of Houston ?
$ 7 million
08f162e80b61566d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Copa_CONMEBOL_finals', 'title': 'List of Copa CONMEBOL finals', 'header': ['City', 'Won', 'Runners-Up', 'Winning Clubs', 'Runners-Up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Belo Horizonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belo_Horizonte', 'summary': "Belo Horizonte ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈbɛlu oɾiˈzõtʃi ] , locally [ ˌbɛloɾiˈzõtʃi ] ( listen ) ; [ a ] Beautiful Horizon ) is the sixth-largest city in Brazil , with a population of approximately 2.5 million . It is the thirteenth-largest city in South America and the eighteenth-largest in the Americas . The metropolis is anchor to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area , ranked as the third most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and the seventeenth most populous in the Americas . Belo Horizonte is the capital of the state of Minas Gerais , Brazil 's second most populous state . It is the first planned modern city in Brazil . The region was first settled in the early 18th century , but the city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s , to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais . The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings , and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons , most notably the Pampulha Complex . In planning the city , Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington , D.C . The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security , for which it has been awarded international accolades . The city is built on several hills and is completely surrounded by mountains . There are several large parks in the immediate surroundings of Belo Horizonte . The Mangabeiras Park ( Parque das Mangabeiras ) , 6 km ( 4 mi ) southeast of the city centre in the hills of Curral Ridge ( Serra do Curral ) , has a broad view of the city ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético Mineiro ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Mineiro', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Mineiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi aˈtlɛtʃiku miˈneɾu ] ) , commonly known as Atlético Mineiro or Atlético , and colloquially as Galo ( pronounced [ ˈgalu ] , Rooster ) , is a professional football club based in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil . The team competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first level of Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro , the top tier state league of Minas Gerais . Atlético Mineiro is the oldest active football club in Minas Gerais , founded on 25 March 1908 by twenty-two students from Belo Horizonte . Despite having liberal , upper-class founders , the club opened its doors to players of every social class , establishing itself as a people 's club , and becoming one of the most-supported clubs in Brazil . The club 's mascot , a rooster , has been strongly associated with Atlético since its introduction in the 1930s . Over the years , the word galo ( Portuguese for rooster ) became a common nickname for the club itself . The team 's regular home kit comprises black-and-white striped shirts , with black shorts and white socks . Atlético has won the Campeonato Mineiro a record 44 times . At national level , the club has won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and has finished second on five occasions . Atlético has also won one Copa do Brasil , one Copa dos Campeões Estaduais and the Copa dos Campeões Brasileiros . In international club football , Atlético has won the Copa Libertadores and the Recopa Sudamericana once each , and a record two Copa CONMEBOL ; the team has also reached three other continental finals . The club has also competed in other sports throughout its history , with the futsal department becoming especially notable ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Mineiro ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Mineiro', 'summary': "Clube Atlético Mineiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈklubi aˈtlɛtʃiku miˈneɾu ] ) , commonly known as Atlético Mineiro or Atlético , and colloquially as Galo ( pronounced [ ˈgalu ] , Rooster ) , is a professional football club based in Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil . The team competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the first level of Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Mineiro , the top tier state league of Minas Gerais . Atlético Mineiro is the oldest active football club in Minas Gerais , founded on 25 March 1908 by twenty-two students from Belo Horizonte . Despite having liberal , upper-class founders , the club opened its doors to players of every social class , establishing itself as a people 's club , and becoming one of the most-supported clubs in Brazil . The club 's mascot , a rooster , has been strongly associated with Atlético since its introduction in the 1930s . Over the years , the word galo ( Portuguese for rooster ) became a common nickname for the club itself . The team 's regular home kit comprises black-and-white striped shirts , with black shorts and white socks . Atlético has won the Campeonato Mineiro a record 44 times . At national level , the club has won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and has finished second on five occasions . Atlético has also won one Copa do Brasil , one Copa dos Campeões Estaduais and the Copa dos Campeões Brasileiros . In international club football , Atlético has won the Copa Libertadores and the Recopa Sudamericana once each , and a record two Copa CONMEBOL ; the team has also reached three other continental finals . The club has also competed in other sports throughout its history , with the futsal department becoming especially notable ."}]}, {'value': 'Lanús', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanús', 'summary': 'Lanús ( Spanish pronunciation : [ laˈnus ] ) is the capital of Lanús Partido , Buenos Aires Province in Argentina . It lies just south of the capital city Buenos Aires , in the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area . The city has a population of 212,152 ( 2001 census [ INDEC ] ) , and the Partido de Lanús has a total population of 453,500 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lanús ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Lanús', 'summary': "Club Atlético Lanús ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko laˈnus ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the Lanús district of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded on 3 January 1915 , the club 's main sports are football and basketball . In both sports , Lanús plays in Argentina 's top divisions : Primera División ( football ) and Liga Nacional de Básquet ( basketball ) . In football , Lanús has won six major championships in its history : the 1996 Copa CONMEBOL ( the predecessor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) , the 2007 Apertura , the 2013 Copa Sudamericana , the 2016 Argentine Primera División , the 2016 Bicentenario national cup and the 2017 Supercopa Argentina . Apart from football , Lanús hosts many other sports such as athletics , gymnastics , martial arts , handball , field hockey , roller skating , swimming , tennis , volleyball and weightlifting . The club has a futsal team in Colombia ."}]}, {'value': 'Lanús ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Lanús', 'summary': "Club Atlético Lanús ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko laˈnus ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the Lanús district of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded on 3 January 1915 , the club 's main sports are football and basketball . In both sports , Lanús plays in Argentina 's top divisions : Primera División ( football ) and Liga Nacional de Básquet ( basketball ) . In football , Lanús has won six major championships in its history : the 1996 Copa CONMEBOL ( the predecessor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) , the 2007 Apertura , the 2013 Copa Sudamericana , the 2016 Argentine Primera División , the 2016 Bicentenario national cup and the 2017 Supercopa Argentina . Apart from football , Lanús hosts many other sports such as athletics , gymnastics , martial arts , handball , field hockey , roller skating , swimming , tennis , volleyball and weightlifting . The club has a futsal team in Colombia ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario', 'summary': 'Rosario ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo ] ) is the largest city in the central Argentina province of Santa Fe . The city is located 300 km ( 186 mi ) northwest of Buenos Aires , on the west bank of the Paraná River . Rosario is the third most populous city in the country , and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital . With a growing and important metropolitan area , Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012 [ update ] . One of its main attractions includes the neoclassical architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences , houses and public buildings . Rosario is the head city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina . The city is a major railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina . Ships reach the city via the Paraná River , which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep ( 34 ft ) port . The Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically . Exports include wheat , flour , hay , linseed and other vegetable oils , corn , sugar , lumber , meat , hides , and wool . Manufactured goods include flour , sugar , meat products , and other foodstuffs . The Rosario-Victoria Bridge , opened in 2004 , spans the Paraná River , connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria , across the Paraná Delta .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosario Central ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario_Central', 'summary': "Club Atlético Rosario Central ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo senˈtɾal ] ) is a sports club based in Rosario , Argentina , that plays in the Argentine Primera División . The club was officially founded December 24 , 1889 by a group of railway workers , taking its name from the English-owned Central Argentine Railway company . One of the oldest Argentine teams , it is considered a pioneer in its hometown and the only one of current Rosarian teams to have won an international title organised by CONMEBOL , the Copa Conmebol , won by the club in 1995 . Originally member of the Rosario 's Football Association , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Rosario Central has won the Argentine 's First Division four times , with the last domestic title won in 1986-87 . In addition , Rosario Central won six National cups , being the 2018 Copa Argentina its most recent achievement . In addition , Rosario Central won the Conmebol Cup ( the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) once , in 1995 , being the only team in Santa Fe province which has won an official international title recognised by FIFA . In 2012 , the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football . Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newell 's Old Boys . The matches played between them are named El Clasico Rosarino , and is amongst the most heated rivalries in Argentina due to both teams and due to Rosario 's local popularity . Rosario Central 's home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre , known simply as El Gigante de Arroyito ( The Giant of Arroyito ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosario Central ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario_Central', 'summary': "Club Atlético Rosario Central ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo senˈtɾal ] ) is a sports club based in Rosario , Argentina , that plays in the Argentine Primera División . The club was officially founded December 24 , 1889 by a group of railway workers , taking its name from the English-owned Central Argentine Railway company . One of the oldest Argentine teams , it is considered a pioneer in its hometown and the only one of current Rosarian teams to have won an international title organised by CONMEBOL , the Copa Conmebol , won by the club in 1995 . Originally member of the Rosario 's Football Association , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Rosario Central has won the Argentine 's First Division four times , with the last domestic title won in 1986-87 . In addition , Rosario Central won six National cups , being the 2018 Copa Argentina its most recent achievement . In addition , Rosario Central won the Conmebol Cup ( the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) once , in 1995 , being the only team in Santa Fe province which has won an official international title recognised by FIFA . In 2012 , the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football . Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newell 's Old Boys . The matches played between them are named El Clasico Rosarino , and is amongst the most heated rivalries in Argentina due to both teams and due to Rosario 's local popularity . Rosario Central 's home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre , known simply as El Gigante de Arroyito ( The Giant of Arroyito ) ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos,_São_Paulo', 'summary': "Santos ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɐ̃tus ] ( listen ) , Saints ) is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo , founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas . It is located mostly on the island of São Vicente , which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of São Vicente , and partially on the mainland . It is the main city in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista . The population is 433,966 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 280.67 km2 ( 108.37 sq mi ) . The city is also home to the Coffee Museum , where world coffee prices were once negotiated . There is also an association football memorial , dedicated to the city 's greatest players , which includes Pelé , who played for the Santos Futebol Clube . Its beachfront garden , 5,335 m ( 5,834 yd ) in length , figures in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest beachfront garden in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_FC', 'summary': "Santos Futebol Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tus futʃiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known simply as Santos , is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro , a bairro in the city of Santos . It plays in the Paulistão , the State of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as the Brasileirão , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded in 1912 by the initiative of three sports enthusiasts from Santos by Raimundo Marques , Mário Ferraz de Campos , and Argemiro de Souza Júnior as a response to the lack of representation the city had in football . Since then , Santos became one of Brazil 's most successful clubs , becoming a symbol of Jogo Bonito ( English : the Beautiful Game ) in football culture , hence the motto Técnica e Disciplina ( Technique and discipline ) . The most recognized Santista anthem is the Leão do Mar written by Mangeri Neto . This was largely thanks to the Peixe 's golden generation of the 1960s which contained players such as Gilmar , Mauro Ramos , Mengálvio , Coutinho , Pepe and Pelé , named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee , and widely regarded as the best and most accomplished footballer in the game 's history . Os Santásticos , considered by some the best club team of all times , won a total of 24 titles during that decade including five consecutive Brasileirões , a feat that remains unequaled today . Os Santásticos won four competitions in 1962 , thus completing a quadruple , comprising the Paulistão , the Brasileirão , the Copa Libertadores and the European/South American Cup . Santos is one of the most successful clubs in the Brasileirão , becoming national champions on eight occasions . It has also won 21 Paulistãos , three Copa Libertadores , two Intercontinental Cups , one Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales , one Copa CONMEBOL ( the precursor of current Copa Sudamericana ) , one Copa do Brasil and one Recopa Sudamericana . On January 20 , 1998 , Santos became the first team , in any category in the world , to reach the milestone of 10,000 goals in the entire history of football and was voted by FIFA as one of the most successful clubs of the 20th century . The Peixe play their home games at the Vila Belmiro , which currently holds up to 20,120 spectators ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Córdoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Córdoba,_Argentina', 'summary': "Córdoba ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) is a city in central Argentina , in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River , about 700 km ( 435 mi ) northwest of the Buenos Aires . It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires , with about 1.3 million inhabitants according to the 2010 census . It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera , who named it after Córdoba , Spain . It was one of the first Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina ( the oldest city is Santiago del Estero , founded in 1553 ) . The National University of Córdoba is the oldest university of the country and the seventh to be inaugurated in Spanish America . It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order . Because of this , Córdoba earned the nickname La Docta ( the learned ) . Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule , especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church . The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block ( Spanish : Manzana Jesuítica ) , declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century , including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university campus . The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National University of Córdoba , which has been the second-largest university in the country since the early 20th century ( after the University of Buenos Aires ) , in terms of the number of students , faculty , and academic programs . Córdoba is also known for its historical movements , such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 ( known as University Revolution in English ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talleres ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talleres_de_Córdoba', 'summary': "Club Atlético Talleres ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko taˈʎeɾes ] ; mostly known simply as Talleres [ taˈʎeɾes ] or Talleres de Córdoba [ taˈʎeɾes ðe ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Córdoba . The institution is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Argentine Primera División . Talleres ' main rival is Belgrano : Their rivalry is known as el clásico cordobés . In field hockey , the club is affiliated to amateur Córdoba Field Hockey Federation , where its teams compete ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': "Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛəroʊ , - deɪ - , - də -/ ; Portuguese : [ ˈhi.u d ( ʒi ) ʒɐˈne ( j ) ɾu ] ( listen ) ; River of January ) , or simply Rio , is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas . Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 's third-most populous state . Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site , named Rio de Janeiro : Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea , by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape . Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese , the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro , a domain of the Portuguese Empire . Later , in 1763 , it became the capital of the State of Brazil , a state of the Portuguese Empire . In 1808 , when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil , Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal , who subsequently , in 1815 , under the leadership of her son , the Prince Regent , and future King João VI of Portugal , raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom , within the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil , and Algarves . Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 , when the War of Brazilian Independence began . This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies . Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy , the Empire of Brazil , until 1889 , and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília . Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country , and 30th largest in the world in 2008 , estimated at about R $ 343 billion ( nearly US $ 201 billion ) . It is headquarters to Brazilian oil , mining , and telecommunications companies , including two of the country 's major corporations - Petrobras and Vale - and Latin America 's largest telemedia conglomerate , Grupo Globo . The home of many universities and institutes , it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil , accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botafogo ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botafogo', 'summary': 'Botafogo ( local/standard Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɔtaˈfoɡu ] alternative Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation : [ botɐˈfoɡu ] ) is a beachfront neighborhood ( bairro ) in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It is a mostly upper middle class and small commerce community , and is located between the hills of Mundo Novo , Dona Marta ( which separates it from Laranjeiras ) and São João ( which separates it from Copacabana ) . The word Botafogo also refers to a Latin American ballroom dance move , named so because the area of Botafogo is where it originated .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montevideo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montevideo', 'summary': "Montevideo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ monteβiˈðeo ] ) is the capital and largest city of Uruguay . According to the 2011 census , the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 ( about one-third of the country 's total population ) in an area of 201 square kilometres ( 78 sq mi ) . The southernmost capital city in the Americas , Montevideo is situated on the southern coast of the country , on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata . The city was established in 1724 by a Spanish soldier , Bruno Mauricio de Zabala , as a strategic move amidst the Spanish-Portuguese dispute over the platine region . It was also under brief British rule in 1807 . Montevideo is the seat of the administrative headquarters of Mercosur and ALADI , Latin America 's leading trade blocs , a position that entailed comparisons to the role of Brussels in Europe . The 2017 Mercer 's report on quality of life , rated Montevideo first in Latin America , a rank the city has consistently held since 2005 . As of 2010 [ update ] , Montevideo was the 19th largest city economy in the continent and 9th highest income earner among major cities . In 2019 , it has a projected GDP of $ 47.7 billion , with a per capita of $ 27,542 . In 2018 , it was classified as a beta global city ranking eighth in Latin America and 84th in the world . Montevideo hosted every match during the first FIFA World Cup , in 1930 . Described as a vibrant , eclectic place with a rich cultural life , and a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture , Montevideo ranked eighth in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peñarol ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CA_Peñarol', 'summary': "Club Atlético Peñarol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ aˈtletiko peɲaˈɾol ] ( listen ) ; English : Peñarol Athletic Club ) - also known as Carboneros , Aurinegros and ( familiarly ) Manyas - is a Uruguayan sports club from Montevideo . The name Peñarol comes from the Peñarol neighbourhood on the outskirts of Montevideo . Throughout its history the club has also participated in other sports , such as basketball and cycling . Its focus has always been on football , a sport in which the club excels , having never been relegated from the top division . In international competition , Peñarol is the third-highest Copa Libertadores winner with five victories and shares the record for Intercontinental Cup victories with three . In September 2009 , the club was chosen as the South American Club of the Century by the IFFHS . Apart from football , other active sports sections of Peñarol are rugby union , futsal , women 's football and athletics ."}]}, {'value': 'Maceió', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maceió', 'summary': 'Maceió ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ masejˈjɔ ] ) is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state of Alagoas , Brazil . The name Maceió is an Indigenous term for a spring . Most maceiós flow to the sea , but some get trapped and form lakes ( lagoas , in Portuguese ) . There are numerous maceiós and lakes in this part of Brazil ; because of this , the city was named Maceió , and the state , Alagoas . The new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport connects Maceió with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights . The city is home to the Federal University of Alagoas .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSA ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centro_Sportivo_Alagoano', 'summary': "Centro Sportivo Alagoano , known as CSA , is a Brazilian football team from Maceió in Alagoas , founded on September 7 , 1913 . The home stadium is the Gustavo Paiva stadium , which has a capacity of 9,000 . CSA 's greatest rival is CRB . In 1976 , Fernando Collor de Mello , who later was elected president of Brazil , was the club 's chairman . Brazilian singer Djavan played for Alagoano as a midfielder before he decided to become a singer ."}]}, {'value': 'Asunción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asunción', 'summary': "Asunción ( UK : /əˌsʊnsiˈɒn/ , US : /ɑːˌsuːnsiˈoʊn , ɑːsuːnˈsjoʊn/ , Spanish : [ asunˈsjon ] ) is the capital and largest city of Paraguay . The city is located on the left bank of the Paraguay River , almost at the confluence of this river with the River Pilcomayo , on the South American continent . The Paraguay River and the Bay of Asunción in the northwest separate the city from the Occidental Region of Paraguay and Argentina in the south part of the city . The rest of the city is surrounded by the Central Department . The city is an autonomous capital district , not a part of any department . The metropolitan area , called Gran Asunción , includes the cities of San Lorenzo , Fernando de la Mora , Lambaré , Luque , Mariano Roque Alonso , Ñemby , San Antonio , Limpio , Capiatá and Villa Elisa , which are part of the Central Department . The Asunción metropolitan area has around two million inhabitants . The Municipality of Asunción is listed on the Asunción Stock Exchange , as BVPASA : MUA . Asunción is one of the oldest cities in South America and the longest continually inhabited area in the Río de la Plata Basin ; for this reason it is known as the Mother of Cities . From Asunción the colonial expeditions departed to found other cities , including the second foundation of Buenos Aires and other important cities such as Villarrica , Corrientes , Santa Fe and Santa Cruz de la Sierra . Asunción is considered a 'gamma city ' by the study GaWC5 . It is the home of the national government , principal port , and the chief industrial and cultural center of the country ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olimpia ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Olimpia', 'summary': 'Club Olimpia is a Paraguayan sports club based in the city of Asunción . The club promotes the practice of various sports with most importance given to the football , Rugby and basketball sides , the former being the highest priority and most successful . They were founded on July 25 , 1902 by a group of young Paraguayans , and the name stems from the idea of its principal founding member , William Paats , a Dutchman based in Paraguay , who is considered the father of Paraguayan football for having introduced the practice of the sport in the South America country . Internationally , the club is referred to as Olimpia Asunción in order to distinguish itself from Latin American football clubs of the same name . Olimpia have won a record 43 Primera División titles to date , including a unique record run of winning the league six consecutive times . The only Paraguayan club to win a CONMEBOL title , Olimpia have won three Copa Libertadores , and been runners-up four times , as well as two Recopa Sudamericanas , one Intercontinental Cup , one Copa Interamericana , and one Supercopa Sudamericana , a competition they won automatically in 1991 . In 1979 they achieved the rare feat of winning all possible official titles on offer that year . They completed the quadruple by winning the Paraguayan championship , Copa Libertadores , the Copa Interamericana and Intercontinental Cup . Olimpia contests the Paraguayan football derby ( clásico ) with Cerro Porteño , the clásico añejo ( Old Derby ) with Guaraní , and the black and white derby with Libertad . The football team plays its home games at the Estadio Manuel Ferreira , also known as El Bosque ( The Forest ) and Para Uno . Basketball and other sports , have their own sports centre named after former president Osvaldo Dominguez Dibb in the same site as the stadium in the suburb of Mariscal López .'}]}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogotá', 'summary': "Bogotá ( /ˌboʊɡəˈtɑː/ , also UK : /ˌbɒɡ-/ , US : /ˈboʊɡətɑː/ , Spanish : [ boɣoˈta ] ( listen ) ) , officially Bogotá , Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá , D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000 , is the capital and largest city of Colombia , administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order , with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It is the political , economic , administrative and industrial center of the country . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6 , 1538 , by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca . The Muisca were the indigenous inhabitants of the region , and they called the place of the foundation Thybzaca or Old Town . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Muisca Bacatá ( or Mueketá ) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota . There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Bacatá , the most accepted being that it means walling of the farmland in the Chibcha language . Another popular translation argues that it means The Lady of the Andes . Further , the word 'Andes ' in the Aymara language means shining mountain , thus rendering the full lexical signification of Bogotá as The Lady of the shining mountain ( notice , however , that the language of the Muisca people was not Aymara but Chibcha ) . Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived . Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of Our Lady of Hope but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé ( Holy Faith ) in 1540 when it was appointed as a city . Santafé became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada ( created in 1550 ) , and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Fe ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Santa_Fe', 'summary': 'Independiente Santa Fe , known simply as Santa Fe , is a professional Colombian football team based in Bogotá , that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A . They play their home games at the El Campín stadium . Santa Fe is one of the three most successful teams in Colombia , winning seventeen titles , which includes 9 national championships ( most recently in 2016 ) , three Superliga Colombiana , two Copas Colombia , and international titles such as one Copa Sudamericana , one Suruga Bank Championship , and one Copa Simón Bolívar . Santa Fe is one of the three clubs that has played every championship in the Categoría Primera A. Santa Fe became the first Colombian team to win the Copa Sudamericana , and the first Colombian team to win an official tournament outside America . The club was recognized as one of the ten best clubs in the world in 2015 by the IFFHS , occupying the seventh position and being the best ranked of South America . Santa Fe has a fierce rivalry with Millonarios who share the same stadium . The game is considered as one of the most famous derbies in South America and is known as El Clásico Bogotano or El Clásico Capitalino .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Performances -- By city', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Copa_CONMEBOL_finals_1', 'intro': "The Copa CONMEBOL was an annual association football tournament established in 1992. The competition was organized by the South American Football Confederation, or CONMEBOL, and it was usually contested by 16 clubs from its member associations. The tournament ended in 1999, following the expansion of Copa Libertadores to 32 teams. The Copa Mercosur and Copa Merconorte, which both started in 1998, replaced the Copa CONMEBOL, and the merger of those 3 cups transformed in the current Copa Sudamericana. The finals are contested over two legs, one at each participating club's stadium. Atlético Mineiro won the inaugural competition in 1992, defeating Olimpia. Seven clubs have won the competition since its inception. Atlético Mineiro holds the record for the most victories, winning the competition two times. Teams from Brazil have won the competition the most, with five wins among them."}
null
null
On which date was the runner-up whose city has a population of approximately 2.5 million founded ?
25 March 1908
08f179d86612e712
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews', 'title': 'List of alumni of the University of St Andrews', 'header': ['Name', 'Year/degree', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'B. C. Forbes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B._C._Forbes', 'summary': 'Bertie Charles Forbes ( /fɔːrbz/ ; May 14 , 1880 - May 6 , 1954 ) was a Scottish-born American financial journalist and author who founded Forbes magazine .'}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Financial journalist , author , founded Forbes magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forbes_Magazine', 'summary': "Forbes ( /fɔːrbz/ ) is an American business magazine . Published bi-weekly , it features original articles on finance , industry , investing , and marketing topics . Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology , communications , science , politics , and law . Its headquarters is located in Jersey City , New Jersey . Primary competitors in the national business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek . Forbes has international editions in Asia and Europe . The magazine is well known for its lists and rankings , including of the richest Americans ( the Forbes 400 ) , of the America 's Wealthiest Celebrities , of the world 's top companies ( the Forbes Global 2000 ) , 30 Under 30 , World 's 100 Most Powerful Women , and The World 's Billionaires . The motto of Forbes magazine is Change the World . Its chair and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes , and its CEO is Mike Federle . In 2014 , it was sold to a Hong Kong-based investment group , Integrated Whale Media Investments ."}]}, {'value': 'Louise Minchin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louise_Minchin', 'summary': 'Louise Mary Minchin ( née Grayson ) ( born 8 September 1968 ) is a British journalist and news presenter who currently works freelance within the BBC . Since 2006 , Minchin has been a regular anchor on the BBC One programme Breakfast , currently co-hosting the show three days a week with Dan Walker . From 2009 until 2012 , Minchin co-hosted Real Rescues alongside Nick Knowles and Chris Hollins . She has guest-hosted The One Show a number of times since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Journalist and television presenter who works mainly for the BBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Samuels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Samuels', 'summary': "Timothy David Samuels ( born 3 October 1975 ) is an English documentary filmmaker , author and broadcaster . His work is characterised by approaching serious topics in provocative and entertaining ways to produce hard-hitting documentaries . Samuels formed older people 's rock group The Zimmers for a BBC documentary and is a regular presenter on BBC television and radio in the UK . He has been referred to as a younger British Michael Moore , but without the political agenda . Samuels has won three Royal Television Society awards and best documentary at the World Television Festival in Banff ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary filmmaker and broadcaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Suchet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Suchet', 'summary': 'John Suchet ( /ˈsuːʃeɪ/ SOO-shay ; born 29 March 1944 ) is an English author , newsreader , television presenter and musical host on Classic FM ( UK ) . Suchet has two brothers , one of whom is the actor David Suchet . He is father of broadcast journalist Rory Suchet [ deprecated source ] and uncle to actor Nick Hendrix and broadcast journalist Richard Suchet .'}]}, {'value': 'M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Journalist , television presenter for ITN and radio presenter of Classic FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITN', 'summary': "Independent Television News ( ITN ) is a UK-based television production company . It is made up of two divisions : Broadcast News and ITN Productions . ITN is based in London , with bureaux and offices in Beijing , Brussels , Jerusalem , Johannesburg , New York , Paris , Sydney and Washington DC . ITN produces the daily news programmes for ITV , Channel 4 and Channel 5 in the UK , and in recent years has diversified to produce a wide range of content including documentaries , sports , advertising and digital material for a range of international clients . Between 1955 and 1999 , ITN was more commonly known as the general brand name of ITV 's news programmes . Since 8 March 1999 , ITV has used ITV News as the brand name for its news programmes , though ITN continues as the network 's news provider ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)', 'summary': "Classic FM ( stylised as Classic fM ) is one of the United Kingdom 's three Independent National Radio stations . The station broadcasts classical music . Classic FM was the first national classical music station to have been launched since the opening of BBC Radio 3 , 25 years earlier , in September 1967 , and 46 years since the opening of Radio 3 's predecessor , The Third Programme , in September 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Taylor_(journalist)', 'summary': "Brian Taylor ( born 9 January 1955 in Dundee ) is the political editor for BBC Scotland . Taylor - who joined the BBC in 1985 - originally co-presented Left , Right and Centre and was political correspondent prior to his current role . Taylor has covered politics on television since the 1979 United Kingdom general election . In 2009 , he presented Holyrood and the Search for Scotland 's Soul , a documentary by BBC Scotland Investigates to mark the 10th anniversary of the devolved Scottish Parliament ."}]}, {'value': '1977 M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Journalist and the political editor for BBC Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Scotland', 'summary': 'BBC Scotland is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Scotland . It is one of the three BBC national regions , together with BBC Cymru Wales and BBC Northern Ireland . Its headquarters are in Glasgow , it employs approximately 1,250 staff as of 2017 , to produce 15,000 hours of television and radio programming per year . Some £320 million of licence fee revenue is raised in Scotland , with expenditure on purely local content set to stand at £86 million by 2016-17 . The remainder of licence fee revenue raised in the country is spent on networked programmes shown throughout the UK . BBC Scotland operates the regional variant of BBC One , the BBC Scotland channel , BBC Radio Scotland , as well as radio and television outlets , Radio nan Gàidheal and BBC Alba , which broadcasts in the Scottish Gaelic language .'}]}, {'value': 'Craig Oliver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Oliver_(British_journalist)', 'summary': "Sir Craig Stewart Oliver ( born 15 May 1969 ) is a British news editor , producer and media executive , and the former Director of Politics and Communications for British prime minister David Cameron . Previously , he was Controller of English news output for BBC Global News , responsible for commissioning the news content for the corporation 's English-language global services , including the BBC World Service , BBC World News and BBC News Online ."}]}, {'value': 'M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'News editor , producer , media executive ; director of communications for the former British prime minister David Cameron ; former controller of English news output for BBC Global News', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Editor-in-chief', 'summary': "An editor-in-chief , also known as lead editor or chief editor , is a publication 's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies . The highest ranking editor of a publication may also be titled editor , managing editor , or executive editor , but where these titles are held while someone else is editor-in-chief , the editor-in-chief outranks the others ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Media_executive', 'summary': 'A media proprietor , media mogul or media tycoon refers to a successful entrepreneur or businessperson who controls , through personal ownership or via a dominant position in any media related company or enterprise , media consumed by many individuals . Those with significant control , ownership , and influence of a large company in the mass media may also be called a tycoon , baron , or business magnate . Social media creators and founders can also be considered media moguls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/British_prime_minister', 'summary': "The prime minister of the United Kingdom ( informally abbreviated to PM ) , until 1801 known as the prime minister of Great Britain , is the head of government of the United Kingdom . The prime minister directs both the executive and the legislature , and together with their Cabinet is accountable to the monarch , to Parliament , to their party , and ultimately to the electorate , for the government 's policies and actions . The office of Prime Minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document but exists only by long-established convention , whereby the reigning monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The position of Prime Minister was not created ; it evolved slowly and organically over three hundred years due to numerous Acts of Parliament , political developments , and accidents of history . The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective . The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement ( 1688-1720 ) and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament . Although the sovereign was not stripped of the ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government , politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a prime minister who could command a majority in Parliament . By the 1830s , the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the prime minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom . The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties , the introduction of mass communication and photography . By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged ; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy vis-à-vis the Sovereign , Parliament and Cabinet . Prior to 1902 , the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords , provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons . However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the prime minister should always sit as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the lower house , making them answerable only to the Commons in Parliament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Cameron', 'summary': "David William Donald Cameron ( born 9 October 1966 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Witney from 2001 to 2016 and leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016 . He identifies as a one-nation conservative , and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies . Born in London to an upper-middle-class family , Cameron was educated at Heatherdown School , Eton College , and Brasenose College , Oxford . From 1988 to 1993 he worked at the Conservative Research Department , latterly assisting the Conservative Prime Minister John Major , before leaving politics to work for Carlton Communications in 1994 . Becoming an MP in 2001 , he served in the opposition shadow cabinet under Conservative leader Michael Howard , and succeeded Howard in 2005 . Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives , embracing an increasingly socially liberal position . The 2010 general election led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats - the youngest holder of the office since the 1810s . His premiership was marked by the ongoing effects of the late-2000s financial crisis ; these involved a large deficit in government finances that his government sought to reduce through austerity measures . His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare , immigration policy , education , and healthcare . It privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets , and legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Internationally , his government intervened militarily in the Libyan Civil War and later authorised the bombing of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; domestically , his government oversaw the referendum on voting reform and Scottish independence referendum , both of which confirmed Cameron 's favoured outcome ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Bumpus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Bumpus', 'summary': 'Judith Harriet Bumpus ( née Collison , born 3 November 1939 - 2 March 2010 ) She was a radio producer for the BBC , specialising in coverage of the arts , particularly the work of visual artists . Born in Wiltshire , Collinson was educated at the University of St Andrews , where she read German and Spanish , and universities in Spain , Bumpus joined the BBC in 1968 . For nearly thirty years , she worked on numerous documentaries , mainly broadcast on Radio 3 , and produced the long running Conversations with Artists series of interviews conducted by the poet and art critic Edward Lucie-Smith . Judith Collinson married the historian of ceramics Bernard Bumpus ( 1921-2004 ) in 1966 ; the couple had two daughters .'}]}, {'value': '1961 M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Radio producer for the BBC specialising in coverage of the arts , particularly the work of visual artists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Robbie Collin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Collin', 'summary': "Robbie Collin is a British film critic . Collin studied aesthetics and the philosophy of film at the University of St Andrews , Scotland . He edited the university 's student newspaper , The Saint . Collin has been the chief film critic at The Daily Telegraph since 2011 . From 2007 to 2011 he wrote a weekly film column for the News of the World until the newspaper 's closure . That year he was shortlisted for Critic of the Year at the British Press Awards , and was shortlisted again in 2017 , when he was highly commended by the jury . He appeared on the Channel 4 Vue Film Show , presented by Edith Bowman , and contributed to the BBC Radio 2 Arts Show with Claudia Winkleman . In August 2013 he guest presented BBC Radio 4 's Film programme . He guest-presents Kermode and Mayo 's Film Review , also with Edith Bowman , Sanjeev Bhaskar and Ben Bailey Smith . In 2018 Collin compiled a list of the 100 greatest films of all time for the Telegraph , with Singin ' in the Rain at the top ."}]}, {'value': 'M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Writer and film critic for the Daily Telegraph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daily_Telegraph', 'summary': "The Daily Telegraph , known online as The Telegraph , is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally . It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as Daily Telegraph & Courier . The Telegraph has been described as a newspaper of record and has generally had an international reputation for quality , having been described by Amol Rajan as one of the world 's great titles . Bias assessment platform Allsides classifies the paper as leaning right . It was fined £30,000 in 2015 for sending an unsolicited email to hundreds of thousands of its subscribers , urging them to vote for the Conservatives . The paper 's motto , Was , is , and will be , appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since 19 April 1858 . The paper had a circulation of 363,183 in December 2018 , having declined following industry trends from 1.4 million in 1980 . Its sister paper , The Sunday Telegraph , which started in 1961 , had a circulation of 281,025 as of December 2018 . The Telegraph has the largest circulation for a broadsheet newspaper in the UK and the sixth largest circulation of any UK newspaper as of 2016 . The two sister newspapers are run separately , with different editorial staff , but there is cross-usage of stories . Articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Group 's telegraph.co.uk website , under the title of The Telegraph . The Telegraph has been the first newspaper to report on a number of notable news scoops , including the 2009 MP expenses scandal , which led to a number of high-profile political resignations and for which it was named 2009 British Newspaper of the Year , and its 2016 undercover investigation on the England football manager Sam Allardyce ."}]}, {'value': 'Jolyon Connell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jolyon_Connell', 'summary': "Jolyon Connell is a former Sunday Telegraph and Sunday Times journalist who left Fleet Street to found The Week in 1995 , the news digest magazine which was ultimately purchased by his mentor and guide , the late publisher and poet Felix Dennis . Connell 's other business interests include MoneyWeek , a British financial magazine which he founded in 2000 . In 2010 he founded Connell guides , a publishing company specialising in guide books for GCSE and A Level Literature students . Connell has a first class degree in English from the University of St Andrews and an honorary doctorate from the same university ."}]}, {'value': 'M.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)', 'summary': 'The degree of Master of Arts ( MA ) in Scotland typically refers to an undergraduate degree ( either a three-year general degree or four-year Honours degree ) in humanities or social sciences awarded by one of the ancient universities of Scotland ( the University of St Andrews , the University of Glasgow , the University of Aberdeen , and the University of Edinburgh ) plus the University of Dundee ( as a result of its history as a constituent college of the University of St Andrews ) and Heriot-Watt University ( at honours level only ) . The first two years of the Scottish Master of Arts consist of ordinary Bachelor level courses ; however , after these , students who are accepted to pursue the Honours route will complete more advanced subjects and write a dissertation in their fourth year . Students who choose to do a general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation , and receive a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) or MA without Honours . For the postgraduate degree referred to in other places as Master of Arts , Scottish universities usually award the degree of Master of Letters ( MLitt ) or Master of Science ( MSc ) . Generally , non-ancient universities in Scotland ( e.g . University of Strathclyde , The Robert Gordon University , Edinburgh Napier University , etc . ) , award arts degrees as Bachelor of Arts .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunday Telegraph and Sunday Times journalist , founded The Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph', 'summary': 'The Sunday Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper . It was founded in February 1961 , and is published by the Telegraph Media Group , a division of Press Holdings . It is the sister paper of The Daily Telegraph , also published by the Telegraph Media Group . The Sunday Telegraph was originally a separate operation with a different editorial staff , but since 2013 the Telegraph has been a seven-day operation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sunday_Times', 'summary': "The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category . It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd , a subsidiary of News UK , which is in turn owned by News Corp. Times Newspapers also publishes The Times . The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 . They were bought by News International in 1981 . The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market ; its circulation of just over 650,000 exceeds that of its main rivals , the Sunday Telegraph and the Observer , combined . While some other national newspapers moved to a tabloid format in the early 2000s , The Sunday Times has retained the larger broadsheet format and has said that it will continue to do so . As of December 2019 , it sells 75% more copies than its sister paper , The Times , which is published Monday to Saturday . The Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting - much of it by its Insight team - and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage . [ citation needed ] It has a number of popular writers , columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson and Bryan Appleyard . A . A. Gill was a prominent columnist for many years . It was Britain 's first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Week', 'summary': "The Week is a weekly news magazine with editions in the United Kingdom and United States . The British publication was founded in 1995 and the American edition started in 2001 ; an Australian edition was published between 2008 and 2012 . A children 's edition , The Week Junior , has been published in the UK since 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret MacPherson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_MacPherson_(writer)', 'summary': 'Margaret Louise Macpherson ( née Kendall ; 19 June 1895 - 14 September 1974 ) was a New Zealand journalist , editor and writer .'}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Journalist , editor and writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Morgan_(journalist)', 'summary': "Christopher Morgan ( 29 July 1952 - 30 May 2008 ) was a Welsh journalist . Morgan was born in Cardiff and educated at Cardiff High School , and the United World College of the Atlantic in the Vale of Glamorgan . He graduated in 1976 in theology from the University of St Andrews , Scotland . Morgan began his media career in broadcasting in 1977 in the BBC 's religious department . Morgan trained as a journalist from 1978 at BBC Wales , reporting for both BBC Radio Wales and BBC Radio 4 , and latterly BBC1 . Morgan worked for BBC Wales television , where during the early 1980s he became one of the main presenters on the evening news programme Wales Today . After leaving BBC Wales , Morgan moved to London in 1990 to work as a reporter for Thames News and TV-am . Between 1990 and 1997 , he presented Sunday for Radio 4 , and became religious affairs correspondent for The Sunday Times in 1997 . A committed Anglo-Catholic , Morgan was best man at the wedding of Rowan Williams , Archbishop of Canterbury in 1981 . Having suffered from a long period of clinical depression , Morgan killed himself at Kings Langley railway station in Hertfordshire on Friday 30 May 2008 . His body was found by British Transport Police , and he was pronounced dead at the scene after an incident involving a Manchester Piccadilly to London Euston train ."}]}, {'value': '1976 M.Theol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Theology', 'summary': 'Master of Theology ( Latin : Theologiae Magister , abbreviated ThM , MTh , or MTheol ) is a graduate degree offered by universities , divinity schools , and seminaries . It can serve as a transition degree for entrance into a PhD program or as a stand-alone terminal degree depending on ones particular educational background and institution of study . In North America , the ThM typically requires at least 2-3 years of graduate study for entrance into the program .'}]}, {'value': 'Journalist , BBC television and radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Journalism and media', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews_11', 'intro': 'This list of alumni of the University of St Andrews includes graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of the University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.'}
null
null
On what day was this St. Andrews alumni born , known for her coverage of the visual arts on the BBC ?
3 November 1939
08f1cc20197ef04c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Belarusian_Premier_League', 'title': '1999 Belarusian Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Venue', 'Capacity', 'Position in 1998'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dnepr-Transmash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dnepr_Mogilev', 'summary': 'FC Dnepr Mogilev ( Belarusian : ФК Днепр Магілёў , FK Dnepr Mahilyow ; Russian : ФК Днепр Могилёв ) is a Belarusian football team , playing in the city of Mogilev . Their home stadium is Spartak Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Mogilev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogilev', 'summary': "Mogilev ( official transliteration : Mahilioŭ ; also Mahilyow ; Belarusian : Магілёў , pronounced [ maɣʲiˈlʲou̯ ] ; Russian : Могилёв , pronounced [ məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf ] ) is a city in eastern Belarus , on the Dnieper River , about 76 kilometres ( 47 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km ( 65 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Bryansk Oblast . As of 2011 [ update ] , its population was 360,918 , up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956 . It is the administrative centre of Mogilev Region and the third largest city in Belarus ."}]}, {'value': 'Spartak Stadion ( Mogilev )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spartak_Stadion_(Mogilev)', 'summary': 'Spartak Stadion is a football stadium in Mogilev , Belarus . It is the home stadium of Dnepr Mogilev of the Belarusian Premier League . The stadium holds 7,350 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '11,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BATE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov', 'summary': "FC BATE Borisov ( Belarusian : ФК БАТЭ Барысаў , IPA : [ baˈtɛ ] ; Russian : ФК БАТЭ Борисов , FK BATE Borisov [ bɐˈtɛ bɐˈrʲisəf ] ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the league 's most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won three Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008-09 , 2011-12 , 2012-13 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009-10 , 2010-11 , 2017-18 and 2018-19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The club 's home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Borisov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barysaw', 'summary': 'Barysaw ( also Borisov ; officially transliterated as Barysaŭ , Belarusian : Бары́саў [ baˈrɨsaw ] ; Russian : Бори́сов [ bɐˈrʲisəf ] , Polish : Borysów ) is a city in Belarus situated near the Berezina River in the Minsk Region . With a population of around 145,000 , it lies around 74 km northeast of Minsk .'}]}, {'value': 'City Stadium , Borisov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haradzki_Stadium', 'summary': 'Haradski Stadium ( Belarusian : Гарадскі стадыён , Russian : Городской стадион ; literally City Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Barysaw , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of BATE Borisov before they moved to the Borisov Arena in 2014 . The stadium has a maximum holding capacity of 5,402 people . The stadium was opened in 1959 .'}]}, {'value': '5,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belshina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Belshina_Bobruisk', 'summary': 'FC Belshina Bobruisk ( Belarusian : ФК Белшына Бабруйск , FK Belshyna Babruisk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Bobruisk . The team has won one Belarusian Premier League , as well as 3 Belarusian Cup , in post-Soviet Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobruisk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobruisk', 'summary': 'Babruysk , Babrujsk , or Bobruisk ( Belarusian : Бабру́йск [ bäˈbruɪ̯s̪k ] , Łacinka : Babrujsk , Russian : Бобру́йск , tr . Bobrujsk , IPA : [ bɐˈbruɪ̯s̪k ] , Yiddish : באברויסק ) is a city in the Mogilev Region of eastern Belarus on the Berezina river . It is a large city in Belarus . As of 2009 [ update ] , its population was 215,092 . The name Babruysk ( as well as that of the Babruyka River ) probably originates from the Belarusian word babyor ( бабёр ; beaver ) , many of which used to inhabit the Berezina . However , beavers in the area had been almost eliminated by the end of the 19th century due to hunting and pollution . Babruysk occupies an area of 66 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , and comprises over 450 streets whose combined length stretches for over 430 km ( 267 mi ) . Babruysk is located at the intersection of railroads to Asipovichy , Zhlobin , Kastrychnitski and roads to Minsk , Gomel , Mogilev , Kalinkavichy , Slutsk , and Rahachow . It has the biggest timber mill in Belarus , and is also known for its chemical , machine building and metal-working industries . In 2003 , there were 34 public schools in Babruysk , with over 34,000 students . There are also three schools specializing in music , dance and visual arts . Additionally , there is a medical school and numerous professional technical schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Spartak , Bobruisk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spartak_Stadium_(Babruysk)', 'summary': "Spartak Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Bobruisk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Belshina Bobruisk as well as women 's team Bobruichanka Bobruisk . The stadium holds 3,700 people . The stadium was opened in April 1934 and reconstructed in 2004 and 2006 to get a modern look and bigger capacity . Coordinates : 53°8′25″N 29°13′2″E / 53.14028°N 29.21722°E / 53.14028 ; 29.21722"}]}, {'value': '3,550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lokomotiv-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Vitebsk', 'summary': 'FC Vitebsk ( Belarusian : ФК Віцебск , FK Vitsebsk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Vitebsk . The club plays in the Belarusian Premier League , the top division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Vitebsky Central Sport Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Vitebsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitebsk', 'summary': "Vitebsk , or Viciebsk ( Belarusian : Ві́цебск , Łacinka : Viciebsk , pronounced [ ˈvʲitsʲepsk ] ; Russian : Витебск , pronounced [ ˈvʲitʲɪpsk ] ) , is a city in Belarus . The capital of the Vitebsk Region , it had 342,381 inhabitants in 2004 , making it the country 's fourth-largest city . It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base ."}]}, {'value': 'Central , Vitebsk', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tsentral'nyi_Sportkompleks", 'summary': 'Vitebsky Central Sport Complex ( also known as Vitebsky CSK in short ) is a multi-use sports complex in Vitebsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Vitebsk . The stadium holds 8,144 people .'}]}, {'value': '8,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Gomel', 'summary': 'FC Gomel ( Belarusian : ФК Гомель ) , or FK Homel , is a Belarusian football club , playing in the city of Gomel . Their home stadium is Central Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gomel', 'summary': 'Gomel ( official transliteration : Homieĺ ; also Homiel , Homel or Homyel ; [ citation needed ] Belarusian : Го́мель , Łacinka : Homiel , pronounced [ ˈɣomʲelʲ ] , Russian : Го́мель , pronounced [ ˈɡomʲɪlʲ ] ) is the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants ( 2015 census ) the second-most populous city of Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Central , Gomel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Stadion', 'summary': 'Central Stadium ( Belarusian : Цэнтральны стадыён , Russian : Центральный стадион ) is a football-specific stadium in Gomel , Belarus . It is currently used as a home ground of Gomel . The stadium is all-seater and has a capacity of 14,307 people . The stadium was opened in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '11,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Slavia_Mozyr', 'summary': 'FC Slavia Mazyr ( Belarusian : ФК Славія Мазыр , FK Slaviya Mazyr ) is a Belarusian football team , based in Mazyr , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Mozyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mozyr', 'summary': 'Mazyr ( Belarusian : Мазыр , pronounced [ maˈzɨr ] ; Russian : Мозырь Mozyr [ ˈmozɨrʲ ] , Polish : Mozyrz , Yiddish : מאזשיר ) - a city in Gomel Region of Belarus on the Pripyat River about 210 kilometres ( 130 miles ) east of Pinsk and 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) northwest of Chernobyl and is located at approximately 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.050°N 29.250°E / 52.050 ; 29.250 . The population is 111,770 ( 2004 estimate ) . The total urban area including Kalinkavichy across the river has a population of 150,000 . Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining , salt extraction , machine building , and food processing in Belarus . It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus , pumping out 18 million metric tons per year . The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia splitting in two at Mazyr . One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': 'Yunost , Mozyr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yunost_Stadium_(Mozyr)', 'summary': 'Yunost Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mozyr , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Slavia-Mozyr . The stadium was opened in 1992 and currently holds 5,133 people . Coordinates : 52°2′20″N 29°16′37.5″E / 52.03889°N 29.277083°E / 52.03889 ; 29.277083'}]}, {'value': '5,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torpedo-MAZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC Tarpeda Miensk ( Belarusian : ПФК Тарпеда Мінск , PFK Tarpeda Minsk ; Russian : ПФК Торпедо Минск ) is a Belarusian football club , playing in Minsk . The team plays their home games at the Torpedo Stadium in Minsk , which holds 4,800 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Torpedo , Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarpeda_Stadium', 'summary': 'Torpedo Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Minsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Torpedo Minsk . The stadium holds 5,200 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '5,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinamo Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC Dinamo Minsk ( Belarusian : ФК Дынама Мінск , FK Dynama Minsk ; Russian : ФК Динамо Минск ) is a professional football club based in the Belarusian capital city of Minsk . It was founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society , and was the only club from the Byelorussian SSR that competed in the Soviet Top League , playing 39 of the 54 seasons , and winning the title in 1982 . Since the independence of Belarus the club participates in the Belarusian Premier League , having won 7 league titles and 3 Belarusian Cups . Dinamo plays its home games in the 16,500 capacity Traktor Stadium . Dinamo is the second Belarusian team , after BATE Borisov to reach UEFA Europa League group stages ( 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Dinamo Stadium ( Minsk )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinamo_Stadium_(Minsk)', 'summary': 'Dinamo National Olympic Stadium ( Belarusian : Нацыянальны Алімпійскі стадыён Дынама , Nacyjanalny Alimpijski stadyjon Dynama , Belarusian pronunciation : [ stadɨˈjɔn dɨˈnama ] ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Minsk , Belarus . It was recently reopened after a massive renovation project . Earlier it was used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Dinamo Minsk , FC Minsk and the Belarus national football team . Previously the stadium officially held 40,000 , but because part of the upper stand had been abandoned in the mid-1990s for safety reasons , the actual capacity before renovations was only 34,000 . After renovation the capacity is 22,246 .'}]}, {'value': '41,040', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinamo Brest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Brest', 'summary': 'FC Dynamo Brest ( Belarusian : ФК Дынама Брэст , FK Dynama Brest ; Russian : ФК Динамо Брест ) is a Belarusian football club based in Brest . The club plays in the Belarusian Premier League , the top division in Belarusian football . In 2019 , Dynamo won its first ever Belarusian Premier League title . The club has also won the Belarusian Cup on three occasions , in 2007 , 2017 , and 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brest,_Belarus', 'summary': 'Brest ( Belarusian : Брэст [ brɛs̪t̪ ] , Russian : Брест , tr . Brest , IPA : [ brʲes̪t̪ ] , Polish : Brześć , Lithuanian : Brasta , Ukrainian : Берестя Berestia , Yiddish : בריסק Brisk ) , formerly Brest-Litowsk ( Belarusian : Берасце , Берасце Літоўскі ( Брэст-Лiтоўск ) ; Lithuanian : Lietuvos Brasta ; Polish : Brześć Litewski ) ( Brest-on-the-Bug Polish : Brześć nad Bugiem ) , is a city ( population 350,616 in 2019 ) in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol , where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet . It is the capital city of the Brest Region . The city of Brest is a historic site of many cultures . It was the location of important historical events such as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . The Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as the Hero Fortress in honor of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941 . During medieval times , the city was part of the Kingdom of Poland from 1020 until 1319 when it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 . As a result of the Partitions of Poland , it was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1795 . After World War I , the city was conquered by the Second Polish Republic . During the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 , the city was first captured by the Wehrmacht and soon passed on to the USSR in accordance with the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty . In 1941 , it was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa .'}]}, {'value': 'Dinamo , Brest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinamo_Stadium_(Brest)', 'summary': "Regional Sport Complex Brestsky ( Belarusian : Абласны спартыўны комплекс « Брэсцкi » ; Russian : Областной спортивный комплекс « Брестский » ) , also known simply as OSK Brestsky or ASK Brestski is a multi-use stadium in Brest , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Dinamo Brest . The stadium holds 10,060 people . The complex was built in 1937 and given the name Spartak Stadium in 1939 . In 1972 , it was renamed to Dinamo Stadium and reassigned to Dinamo sport society along with local football team . Stadium 's major reconstruction and renovation started in 1996 . After partial completion in 1999 it was rebranded as Regional Sport Complex Brestsky . Another stadium in Brest currently known as Dinamo Stadium was built in 1989 and originally known as Stroitel Stadium . It was renamed to Dinamo Stadium in 2004 and is currently used as home ground for FC Dinamo Brest reserve team ."}]}, {'value': '10,080', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neman-Belcard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Neman_Grodno', 'summary': 'FC Neman Grodno ( Belarusian : ФК Нёман Гродна , FK Nyoman Hrodna ; Russian : ФК Неман Гродно ) is a Belarusian football club from the city of Grodno , named after the Neman River and founded in 1964 . Since 1992 the team has participated in the top league of Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Grodno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grodno', 'summary': 'Grodno , or Hrodna ( Belarusian : Гродна [ ˈɣrɔdna ] ; Polish : Grodno ; Russian : Гродно , tr . Grodno , IPA : [ ˈɡrodnə ] , Yiddish : גראָדנע , romanized : Grodne , see also other names ) is a city in western Belarus . It is located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania ( about 15 km ( 9 mi ) and 30 km ( 19 mi ) away respectively ) . It has 373,547 inhabitants ( 2019 census ) . It is the capital of Grodno Region and Grodno District .'}]}, {'value': 'Neman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neman_Stadium', 'summary': 'Neman Stadium ( Belarusian : Стадыён Нёман , Russian : Стадион Неман ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Grodno , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Neman Grodno .'}]}, {'value': '6,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhtyor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shakhtyor_Soligorsk', 'summary': 'FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk ( Belarusian : ФК Шахцёр Салігорск , FK Shakhtsyor Salihorsk ) is a Belarusian Premier League football club , playing in the city of Soligorsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Soligorsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soligorsk', 'summary': 'Salihorsk ( Belarusian : Салігорск [ salʲiˈɣorsk ] ; Russian : Солигорск [ səlʲɪˈɡorsk ] , Soligorsk ) is a city in Belarus . In 2010 its population was 102,335 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stroitel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stroitel_Stadium_(Soligorsk)', 'summary': 'Stroitel Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Soligorsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Shakhtyor Soligorsk . The stadium was built in 1976 and is currently holds 4,200 people .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torpedo-Kadino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Mogilev', 'summary': 'FC Torpedo Mogilev is a Belarusian football club based in Mogilev .'}]}, {'value': 'Mogilev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogilev', 'summary': "Mogilev ( official transliteration : Mahilioŭ ; also Mahilyow ; Belarusian : Магілёў , pronounced [ maɣʲiˈlʲou̯ ] ; Russian : Могилёв , pronounced [ məɡʲɪˈlʲɵf ] ) is a city in eastern Belarus , on the Dnieper River , about 76 kilometres ( 47 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km ( 65 miles ) from the border with Russia 's Bryansk Oblast . As of 2011 [ update ] , its population was 360,918 , up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956 . It is the administrative centre of Mogilev Region and the third largest city in Belarus ."}]}, {'value': 'Torpedo Stadium ( Mogilev )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torpedo_Stadium_(Mogilev)', 'summary': 'Torpedo Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mogilev , Belarus . It is mostly used for football matches and is a home stadium for Torpedo Mogilev . The stadium holds 3,560 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naftan-Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Naftan_Novopolotsk', 'summary': 'FC Naftan Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : ФК Нафтан Наваполацк , FK Naftan Navapolatsk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Novopolotsk . They play in the Belarusian First League , the second division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Atlant Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Novopolotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novopolotsk', 'summary': 'Novopolotsk ( Belarusian : Наваполацк [ n̪äväˈpɔɫ̪ät̻͡s̪k ] , Navapołack ( Łacinka ) ; Russian : Новополоцк [ n̪əvɐˈpo̞ɫ̪ət̻͡s̪k ] , Novopolotsk , lit . New Polotsk , Polish : Nowopołock ) is a city in Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus , with a population ( 2008 estimate ) of 107,458 . Founded in 1958 , it is located close to the city of Polotsk and the name literally means New Polotsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlant_Stadium', 'summary': 'Atlant Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Novopolotsk , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Naftan Novopolotsk . The stadium was built in 1970 and holds 4,520 people .'}]}, {'value': '6,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Molodechno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Molodechno', 'summary': 'FC Molodechno is a Belarusian football club based in Molodechno . They play in Belarusian Second League , the 3rd division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Molodechno City Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Molodechno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molodechno', 'summary': 'Maladziečna ( Belarusian : Маладзе́чна/Maladziečna , pronounced [ maɫaˈdzʲetʂna ] ; Russian : Молоде́чно/Molodechno , Polish : Mołodeczno ) is a city in the Minsk Region of Belarus , an administrative centre of the Maladzyechna District ( and formerly of the Maladzyechna Voblast ) . It has 98,514 inhabitants ( 2006 estimate ) and is located 72 km northwest of Minsk . Located on the Usha River , it has been a settlement since 1388 when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It was also home to the Cold War facility Maladzyechna air base .'}]}, {'value': 'City Stadium , Molodechno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Stadium_(Molodechno)', 'summary': 'City Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Molodechno , Belarus . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Molodechno-DYuSSh-4 . The stadium holds 4,800 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '5,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lida', 'summary': 'FC Lida is a Belarusian association football club based in Lida , Grodno Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lida', 'summary': 'Lida ( Belarusian : Лі́да [ ˈlʲid̪ä ] ; Russian : Ли́да [ ˈlʲid̪ə ] ; Lithuanian : Lyda ; Polish : Lida ; Yiddish : לידע ) is a city 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Minsk in western Belarus in Grodno Region .'}]}, {'value': 'City Stadium , Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Stadium_(Lida)', 'summary': 'Yunost Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lida , Belarus . It is mostly used for football matches and is a home stadium for FC Lida . The stadium holds 2,870 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First league , 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Belarusian_First_League', 'summary': '1998 Belarusian First League was the eighth season of 2nd level football championship in Belarus . It started in April and ended in November 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Svisloch-Krovlya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Osipovichi', 'summary': 'FC Osipovichi is a Belarusian football club based in Osipovichi , Mogilev Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Osipovichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osipovichi', 'summary': 'Asipovichy ( Belarusian : Асiповiчы ; Łacinka : Asipovičy , Polish : Osipowicze ) or Osipovichi ( Russian : Осипо́вичи ) is a town in Mahilyow Oblast , Belarus , located 136 km southwest of Mogilev , 3 km south of the Minsk-Homyel expressway . It is located at the junction of railway lines between Minsk , Homel , Mahilyow ( Mogilev ) , and Baranavichy . As of 2009 , its population was 32,543 . The active industries of Asipovichy include machine building , building materials , food production , and light and wood processing . It is home to the hydro-electric power plant on the Svislach River .'}]}, {'value': 'Yunost , Osipovichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yunost_Stadium_(Osipovichi)', 'summary': 'Yunost Stadium is a football stadium in Osipovichi , Belarus . It is a home stadium for FC Osipovichi . The stadium holds 1,300 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First league , 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Belarusian_First_League', 'summary': '1998 Belarusian First League was the eighth season of 2nd level football championship in Belarus . It started in April and ended in November 1998 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams and venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_Belarusian_Premier_League_0', 'intro': 'Belarusian Premier League 1999 was the ninth season of top-tier football in Belarus. It started on April 11 and ended on October 30, 1999. Dnepr-Transmash Mogilev were the defending champions.'}
null
null
How many titles does the team that was in second place have ?
15
08f305cf3ae02f23
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series', 'title': 'World Rugby Sevens Series', 'header': ['Player', 'Nationality', 'Points', 'Age'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nathan Hirayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Hirayama', 'summary': 'Nathan Hirayama ( born 23 March 1988 ) is a Canadian rugby player . His primary position is fly-half , however , he can also play fullback . Hirayama currently plays for the University of Victoria in the British Columbian Premiership and the BC Bears in the Canadian Rugby Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The Canada national rugby sevens team competes at several international tournaments - the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens , Pan American Games and the Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': '1,795', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dan Norton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Norton', 'summary': "Dan Norton ( born 22 March 1988 ) is a rugby union player for the England rugby sevens national team . He is the leading all-time try scorer in rugby sevens history with over 350 tries , beating the previous record of 244 held by Kenya 's Collins Injera at the 2017 Hong Kong Sevens tournament . A product of Hartpury College . He played most his career as a winger . Norton was part of the Gloucester academy and dual registered with Moseley for both the 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons . Moving on to Bristol Bears ( Previously Bristol Rugby ) from the 2009/10 and 2010/11 seasons . He competed at the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics where he scored a try in the final , but was unable to prevent a 43-7 drubbing by Fiji . He helped the England rugby sevens team secure bronze at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in the Gold Coast with a 21-14 win over South Africa and the same side that won silver at the Rugby World Cup Sevens in San Francisco 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The England national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games . England 's best finish in the Sevens Series is second place , which they have achieved four times , most recently in the 2016-17 season . They have once won the Rugby World Cup Sevens - the inaugural tournament in 1993 . The England Sevens team has generated several notable sevens players . Ben Gollings holds the record for points scored on the Sevens Series with 2,652 points . Dan Norton holds the record for tries scored on the Sevens Series with 346 tries as of December 2019 . England 's Simon Amor ( 2004 ) and Ollie Phillips ( 2009 ) have each won a World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': '1,774', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Mitchell_(rugby_union,_born_1989)', 'summary': "Tom Mitchell ( born 22 July 1989 ) is an English rugby union player . He attended leading Worth School in West Sussex and represents England in rugby sevens and won a silver medal representing Great Britain in the 2016 Summer Olympics ; he is also the captain for both teams . He debuted for England at the 2012 Wellington Sevens . Mitchell was the leading scorer in the 2013-14 World Series , with 358 points , helping England to a fourth-place finish in the Series that year . He was one of four nominees for the 2014 World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year award , but the award was captured by Fiji 's Samisoni Viriviri , the leading try scorer on the Series that year . In 2015 he fractured his leg and dislocated his ankle during the 2014-15 Sevens World Series . He was injured during the 2014 Commonwealth Games in a match against Australia . Earlier in his career , while doing a course in Historical Studies at Kellogg College , Oxford , Mitchell played for Oxford University , scoring a try in their victory over Cambridge in the 2011 Varsity Match ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The England national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games . England 's best finish in the Sevens Series is second place , which they have achieved four times , most recently in the 2016-17 season . They have once won the Rugby World Cup Sevens - the inaugural tournament in 1993 . The England Sevens team has generated several notable sevens players . Ben Gollings holds the record for points scored on the Sevens Series with 2,652 points . Dan Norton holds the record for tries scored on the Sevens Series with 346 tries as of December 2019 . England 's Simon Amor ( 2004 ) and Ollie Phillips ( 2009 ) have each won a World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': '1,560', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Hughes', 'summary': "Madison John Hughes ( born October 26 , 1992 ) is an American rugby union player who is the captain of the United States national rugby sevens team . Hughes was named captain of the United States national team at the start of the 2014 Sevens World Series , shortly after the appointment of new Head Coach Mike Friday . Hughes captained the US Eagles to their highest ever finish in the sevens series ( sixth place ) in the 2014/2015 season , a significant improvement on the team 's 12th place finish the previous year . This feat was matched with another strong year in the 2015/2016 Season , where Hughes was the highest points scorer in the World Series . Hughes was the second highest scorer for the 2015 series with 296 points . In the last leg of the series Hughes lead the Eagles to victory at the 2015 London Sevens , and was named player of the tournament at that event . Though American in status , he was born in England ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The United States national rugby sevens team competes in international rugby sevens competitions . The main competition they play every year is the World Rugby Sevens Series , a series of ten tournaments played around the globe that includes the USA Sevens tournament in Las Vegas every spring . The team also participates in major tournaments every four years , such as the Summer Olympics , the Rugby World Cup Sevens , and the Pan American Games . The national sevens team is organized by USA Rugby , and the team has been led by Head Coach Mike Friday since 2014 . The Eagles have been a core team in the World Series and finished in the top twelve each season since 2008-09 . The Eagles ' best season to date in the Sevens Series has been the 2018-19 where they finished second . The best result in a single Sevens tournament was winning the 2018 USA Sevens , 2019 USA Sevens and the 2015 London Sevens . In 2018 the Eagles won their first USA Sevens tournament at Sam Boyd stadium in Las Vegas . Successes in quadrennial events include winning bronze medals at the 2011 and 2015 Pan American Games , and winning the 2015 NACRA Sevens to clinch a spot in the 2016 Olympic Games . The United States traditionally used the sevens team to prepare players for the XV-side . Since January 2012 , due to increased attention generated by rugby 's return to the Olympics in 2016 , the national sevens team has turned professional , with the team extending paid full-time contracts to its core players . The national sevens team has drawn a number of crossover athletes from American football and track , the most prominent examples being Perry Baker and Carlin Isles ."}]}, {'value': '1,466', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cecil Afrika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecil_Afrika', 'summary': 'Cecil Sebastian Afrika ( born 3 March 1988 ) is a South African rugby sevens player for the South Africa national team , where he plays at flyhalf . He was a member of the South African Sevens team that won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The South African national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , the Rugby World Cup Sevens , the Summer Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': '1,445', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Collins Injera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collins_Injera', 'summary': 'Collins Injera ( born 18 October 1986 ) is a Kenyan rugby player . He holds the second place for number of tries scored on the World Rugby Sevens Series with 271 . He is known for his achievements with Kenyan national rugby sevens team .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The Kenya national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games . They are currently one of the 15 core teams of the World Series , with a guaranteed place in all ten events each season . Kenya recorded its first tournament win in the World Rugby Sevens Series after beating Fiji at the 2016 Singapore Sevens . Kenya has also been successful in the Rugby World Cup Sevens , reaching the semifinals in 2009 and again in 2013 . The Kenya sevens team is sometimes referred to by the Kenyan and international press as Shujaa , a Swahili word meaning courage , confidence , bravery , or heroism . The Kenya national rugby sevens team is one of the more successful sporting teams representing Kenya . They have won the men 's Team of the Year category six times at the Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year Awards : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1,415', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branco du Preez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branco_du_Preez', 'summary': 'Branco Bewinn Nazeem du Preez ( born 8 May 1990 ) is a South African rugby union player , playing with the South Africa national rugby sevens team . He is a utility back , but usually plays as a scrum-half for the Blitzbokke .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The South African national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , the Rugby World Cup Sevens , the Summer Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': '1,316', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Bouhraoua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Bouhraoua', 'summary': 'Terry Bouhraoua ( born 29 August 1987 ) is a French rugby union and rugby union sevens player who plays for Stade Français in the Top 14 and the France national rugby sevens team . His position is scrum-half . Bouhraoua was born in Châteaudun , France . He began professional rugby in 2005 for Stade Français and left the French capital four years later for AS Béziers Hérault , which played in Fédérale 1 ( third division ) .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The France national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens , and other international tournaments .'}]}, {'value': '1,163', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seabelo Senatla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seabelo_Senatla', 'summary': 'Seabelo Mohanoe Senatla ( born 10 February 1993 ) is a South African rugby union player for the South African Sevens Side . He also plays for Stormers in Super Rugby and Western Province in the Currie Cup . His regular position is winger . He was a member of the South Africa Sevens team that won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . [ note 1 ]'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The South African national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , the Rugby World Cup Sevens , the Summer Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': '1,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'IRB_Sevens_World_Series_10', 'intro': "The World Rugby Sevens Series is an annual series of international rugby sevens tournaments run by World Rugby featuring national sevens teams. Organised for the first time in the 1999-2000 season as the IRB World Sevens Series, the competition was formed to promote an elite-level of international rugby sevens and develop the game into a viable commercial product. The competition has been sponsored by banking group HSBC since 2014. The season's circuit consists of 10 tournaments that generally begin in November or December and last until May. The venues are held across 10 countries, and visits five of the six populated continents. The United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, Singapore, France and England each host one event. Each tournament has 16 teams - 15 core teams that participate in each tournament and one regional qualifier. Teams compete for the World Rugby Series title by accumulating points based on their finishing position in each tournament. The lowest placed core team at the end of the season is dropped, and replaced by the winner of the Hong Kong Sevens. New Zealand had originally dominated the Series, winning each of the first six seasons from 1999-2000 to 2004-05, but since then, Fiji, South Africa and Samoa have each won season titles. England, Australia and the United States have placed in the top three for several seasons but have not won the series title. The International Olympic Committee's decision in 2009 to add rugby sevens to the Summer Olympics beginning in 2016 has added a boost to rugby sevens and to the World Sevens Series; this boost has led to increased exposure and revenues, leading several of the core teams to field fully professional squads."}
null
null
The English player with the most points went to what school ?
Hartpury College
08f41e7450066848
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of law schools in the United States', 'header': ['State ( city )', 'School', 'Year founded', 'Year closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arizona ( Phoenix )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona Summit Law School , InfiLaw System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Summit_Law_School', 'summary': "The Arizona Summit Law School , founded in 2005 and known until 2013 as the Phoenix School of Law , was a for-profit law school located in Phoenix , Arizona . SummitLaw is part of the InfiLaw System of independent , for-profit law schools , which includes Florida Coastal School of Law and Charlotte School of Law , owned by Sterling Partners . Although the school was approved by the American Bar Association ( ABA ) in 2010 , the ABA withdrew the school 's accreditation effective July 9 , 2018 , and the school began closing in the fall of that same year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/InfiLaw_System', 'summary': 'The InfiLaw System is a for-profit consortium of three independent law schools in the United States , consisting of Arizona Summit Law School in Phoenix , Arizona ( which recently lost accreditation by the ABA ) , Florida Coastal School of Law in Jacksonville , Florida , and the ( recently closed ) Charlotte School of Law . It is owned by Sterling Partners , a Chicago-based private equity firm , and is headquartered in Naples , Florida . In November 2016 , the ABA placed Charlotte School of Law on probation for violating ABA admissions standards . The next month , the Department of Education terminated it from the Federal Student Loan program . Charlotte graduates take on a median debt of $ 162,000 . However , only 45.2% of graduates passed the North Carolina bar in July 2016 . And only 26% of graduates from the class of 2015 obtained full-time , long term , bar passage required employment . On August 15 , 2017 , WSOC-TV in Charlotte reported that the Charlotte School of Law Alumni Association had reported that the school was closing immediately . More than 150 students and former students have filed lawsuits against Charlotte School of Law alleging fraud , violations of the North Carolina Deceptive Trade Practices Act , and other claims . The students claim that money ruled , not education . And they left a lot of poor folks holding the bag . Faculty recently laid off by the school are also considering wrongful termination lawsuits .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Closing 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Costa Mesa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California', 'summary': "Costa Mesa ( /ˌkoʊstə ˈmeɪsə/ ) is a city in Orange County , California . Since its incorporation in 1953 , the city has grown from a semi-rural farming community of 16,840 to a suburban area including part of the South Coast Plaza-John Wayne Airport edge city , one of the region 's largest commercial clusters , with an economy based on retail , commerce , and light manufacturing . The population was 109,960 at the 2010 United States Census ."}]}, {'value': 'Whittier Law School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whittier_Law_School', 'summary': 'Whittier Law School was a law school in Costa Mesa , California founded in 1966 . The law school was part of Whittier College , a private institution . After several years of being ranked among the poorest performing law schools in the country based on bar passage rate and job placement , on April 15 , 2017 , Whittier Law School announced it would no longer be admitting students and would discontinue its legal program . The closure of Whittier Law School will make it the first law school with full accreditation by the American Bar Association ( ABA ) to shut down in at least 30 years .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Closing 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( San Francisco )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'New College of California School of Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_College_of_California_School_of_Law', 'summary': "New College of California School of Law was a private , non-profit law school in San Francisco , California . It was founded in 1973 as a part of the now defunct New College of California , and deemed itself the oldest public interest law school in the United States . It offered a full-time three-year program and a part-time four-year program . New College of California was investigated for financial aid mismanagement , and financial aid funds were frozen while the investigation took place . While no proof of financial wrongdoing was ever released to the public , the financial aid freeze caused the school to become unable to meet its financial demands . In February 2008 , due to the college 's inability to meet its payroll , the Western Association of Schools and Colleges withdrew its accreditation of New College of California . As a result , the college folded . As of April 1 , 2008 , the law students transferred to John F. Kennedy University School of Law ( as did several faculty members , ) and New College School of Law ceased to exist . A number of well-known lawyers and activists taught and studied at the school , including Roberta Achtenberg , Stephen Bingham , Angela Davis , Peter Gabel , and Tom Hayden ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Anaheim )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim,_California', 'summary': "Anaheim ( /ˈænəhaɪm/ ) is a city in Orange County , California , part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 336,265 , making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th-most populous city in California . Anaheim is the second-largest city in Orange County in terms of land area , and is known for being the home of the Disneyland Resort , the Anaheim Convention Center , and two major sports teams : the Anaheim Ducks ice hockey club and the Los Angeles Angels baseball team . Anaheim was founded by fifty German families in 1857 and incorporated as the second city in Los Angeles County on March 18 , 1876 ; Orange County was split off from Los Angeles County in 1889 . Anaheim remained largely an agricultural community until Disneyland opened in 1955 . This led to the construction of several hotels and motels around the area , and residential districts in Anaheim soon followed . The city also developed into an industrial center , producing electronics , aircraft parts and canned fruit . Anaheim is a charter city . Anaheim 's city limits extend almost the full width of Orange County , from Cypress in the west , twenty miles east to the Riverside County line in the east , encompass a diverse range of neighborhoods . In the west , mid-20th-century tract houses predominate . Downtown Anaheim has three mixed-use historic districts , the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony . South of downtown , a center of commercial activity of regional importance begins , the Anaheim-Santa Ana edge city , which stretches east and south into the cities of Orange , Santa Ana and Garden Grove ."}]}, {'value': 'American College of Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012/13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Bakersfield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield,_California', 'summary': "Bakersfield is a charter city in Kern County , California , United States . It is the county seat and largest city of Kern County . The city covers about 151 sq mi ( 390 km2 ) near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley and the Central Valley region . Bakersfield 's population is around 380,000 , making it the 52nd-most populous city in the United States of America and the 9th-most populous city in California . The Bakersfield-Delano Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Kern County , had a 2010 census population of 839,631 , making it the 62nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States . The more built-up portion of the metro area that includes Bakersfield and areas immediately around the city , such as East Bakersfield , Oildale and Rosedale , has a population of about 520,000 . Bakersfield is a significant hub for both agriculture and energy production . Kern County is the most productive oil-producing county and the fourth-most productive agricultural county ( by value ) in the United States . Industries in and around Bakersfield include natural gas and other energy extraction , mining , petroleum refining , distribution , food processing , and corporate regional offices . The city is also the birthplace of the country music genre known as the Bakersfield sound ."}]}, {'value': 'California Pacific School of Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Upland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upland,_California', 'summary': 'Upland is a city in San Bernardino County , California , United States . The municipality is located at an elevation of 1,242 feet ( 379 m ) . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 73,732 , up from 68,393 at the 2000 census . It was incorporated on May 15 , 1906 , after previously being named North Ontario . Upland is located at the foot of the highest part of the San Gabriel Mountains . The Los Angeles suburb is part of the Inland Empire , a metropolitan area situated directly east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Inland Valley University College of Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012/13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Los Angeles )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MD Kirk School of Law ( correspondence )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Correspondence_law_school', 'summary': 'A correspondence law school is a school that offers legal education by distance education , either by correspondence or online by use of the internet , or a combination thereof .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012/13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Carlsbad )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsbad,_California', 'summary': "Carlsbad is a coastal city in the North County region of San Diego County , California , United States . The city is 87 miles ( 140 km ) south of downtown Los Angeles and 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of downtown San Diego and is part of the San Diego-Carlsbad , CA Metropolitan Statistical Area . Carlsbad is a popular tourist destination . The city 's estimated 2018 population was 115,877 . Among the nation 's top 20 wealthiest communities , Carlsbad is the 5th richest city in the state of California with a median household income close to $ 105,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'California Midland School of Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012/13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( San Diego )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'National University School of Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_University_(California)', 'summary': 'National University ( NU ) is a private university with its headquarters in La Jolla , California . Founded in 1971 , National University offers academic degree programs at campuses located throughout the state of California , one campus in Nevada , and online . Programs at National University are designed for adult learners . On-campus classes are typically concentrated to four weeks , scheduled on weeknights with an occasional Saturday . Online classes may include streaming video , interactive multimedia , and real-time online classrooms .'}]}, {'value': '1971 ( parent school )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 ( law school only ; parent school still active )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Sacramento )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Patiño School of Law , University of Northern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Northern_California,_Lorenzo_Patiño_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The University of Northern California , Lorenzo Patiño School of Law ( UNC ) was a private law school located in Sacramento , California . UNC offered a part-time , four-year law program as well as a paralegal program . As of June 30 , 2013 , the State Bar of California Committee of Bar Examiners did not have UNC listed as a law school ; and the University of Northern California 's website does not list the Juris Doctor as one of its academic programs ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012/13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California ( Inglewood )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inglewood,_California', 'summary': "Inglewood is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County , California , in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the city had a population of 109,673 . It was incorporated on February 14 , 1908 . The city is in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County . The city will be the home to SoFi Stadium which is currently under construction and when completed in July 2020 , it will be the new home of both the National Football League 's Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers ."}]}, {'value': 'Northrop University', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942 ( parent school )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 ( law school ; parent school closed 2003 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut ( Hartford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartford College of Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford_College_of_Law', 'summary': 'The Hartford College of Law was a law school operating in Hartford , Connecticut from October 25 , 1921 to October 27 , 1948 , when it was fully merged into the University of Connecticut , which had taken over administrative control of the school by lease in 1942 . The school had close ties to the Travelers Insurance Company , and in 1939 also established the Hartford College of Insurance . After this establishment , it was sometimes referred to as the Hartford College of Law and Insurance . In 1943 , an act of the state legislature permitted the University of Connecticut to take over the institution for a trial period of five years , to determine whether the University could effectively operate it . At the end of that time , the operation of the college having been deemed successful , it was then permanently absorbed by the University of Connecticut . Alumni of the institution include Louis Shapiro , a past Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court .'}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut ( Litchfield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Litchfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Litchfield is a town in and former county seat of Litchfield County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 8,466 at the 2010 census . The boroughs of Bantam and Litchfield are located within the town . There are also three unincorporated villages : East Litchfield , Milton , and Northfield . Northfield , located in the southeastern corner of Litchfield , is home to a high percentage of the Litchfield population .'}]}, {'value': 'Litchfield Law School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School', 'summary': "The Litchfield Law School of Litchfield , Connecticut was the first proprietary law school established in the United States . It was an independent institution for legal education , unaffiliated with any college or university . It was created by Tapping Reeve , who took his first student in 1774 and had begun teaching by lecture by 1784 ; Reeve later became the Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court . By the time the school closed in 1833 , over 1,100 students had attended the institution , including Aaron Burr and John C. Calhoun . ( The first university law school in the United States is William & Mary Law School , established in 1779 . According to the timeline on their website , After decades of disagreement , William & Mary is now acknowledged as the first university-affiliated law school , and Litchfield as the first proprietary ( independent ) law school . ) The law school , including Reeve 's house , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 as the Tapping Reeve House and Law School . The Tapping Reeve House and Law School are owned and operated by the Litchfield Historical Society as a museum displaying life in a 19th-century period school . The Society also operates the Litchfield History Museum . There is no admission fee ."}]}, {'value': '1784', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/District_of_Columbia', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert H. Terrell Law School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_H._Terrell_Law_School', 'summary': 'The Robert H. Terrell Law School was a historically black law school in Washington , D.C. , that offered evening classes from its founding in 1931 until 1950 . It was founded by George A. Parker , Philip W. Thomas , Louis R. Mehlinger , Benjamin Gaskins , Chester Jarvis , and Lafayette M. Hershaw after Howard University ended its evening law school program . The school was named after Robert Heberton Terrell , a longtime African-American judge of the District of Columbia Municipal Court ( predecessor to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia ) , who died in 1925 . Parker had previously served as dean of the recently closed John M. Langston School of Law at Frelinghuysen University . Terrell Law School attracted other Langston faculty . During its 19 years of operation , the Terrell School educated the majority of black law students in the city . After graduating about 600 lawyers , it closed in 1950 as other law schools became integrated . Alumni of Terrell Law School included :'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida ( Tallahassee )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida', 'summary': "Tallahassee ( /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida . It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County . Tallahassee became the capital of Florida , then the Florida Territory , in 1824 . In 2018 , the population was 193,551 , making it the 7th-largest city in the U.S state of Florida , and the 126th-largest city in the United States . The population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 385,145 as of 2018 [ update ] . Tallahassee is the largest city in the Florida Big Bend and Florida Panhandle region , and the main center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend and Southwest Georgia regions . Tallahassee is home to Florida State University , ranked the nation 's eighteenth best public university by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to Florida A & M University , the fifth-largest historically black university by total enrollment . Tallahassee Community College is a large state college that serves mainly as a feeder school to Florida State and Florida A & M . Tallahassee qualifies as a significant college town , with a student population exceeding 70,000 . [ citation needed ] As the capital , Tallahassee is the site of the Florida State Capitol , Supreme Court of Florida , Florida Governor 's Mansion , and nearly 30 state agency headquarters . The city is also known for its large number of law firms , lobbying organizations , trade associations and professional associations , including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida A & M University College of Law ( original )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia ( Atlanta )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodrow Wilson College of Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois ( Chicago )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'La Salle Extension University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Salle_Extension_University', 'summary': 'La Salle Extension University ( LSEU ) , also styled as LaSalle Extension University , was a nationally accredited private university based in Chicago , Illinois . Although the school offered resident educational programs in classes and seminars their primary mode of delivery was by way of distance learning . LSEU was in operation from 1908 until 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois ( Springfield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois', 'summary': "Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County . The city 's population was 116,250 at the 2010 U.S. Census , which makes it the state 's sixth most-populous city , the second largest outside of the Chicago metropolitan area ( after Rockford ) , and the largest in central Illinois . As of 2018 , the city 's population was estimated to have decreased to 114,694 , with just over 211,700 residents living in the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Sangamon County and the adjacent Menard County . Present-day Springfield was settled by European Americans in the late 1810s , around the time Illinois became a state . The most famous historic resident was Abraham Lincoln , who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861 , when he went to the White House as President . Major tourist attractions include multiple sites connected with Lincoln including his presidential library and museum , his home , and his tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery . The capital is centrally located within the state . The city lies in a valley and plain near the Sangamon River . Lake Springfield , a large artificial lake owned by the City Water , Light & Power company ( CWLP ) , supplies the city with recreation and drinking water . Weather is fairly typical for middle latitude locations , with hot summers and cold winters . Spring and summer weather is like that of most midwestern cities ; severe thunderstorms may occur . Tornadoes hit the Springfield area in 1957 and 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln College of Law', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois ( Bloomington )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of McLean County , Illinois , United States . It is adjacent to Normal , and is the more populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area . The 2010 Census showed the city had a population of 76,610 , making it the 12th most populated city in Illinois , and the fifth-most populous city in the state outside the Chicago Metropolitan Area . Combined with Normal , the twin cities have a population of roughly 130,000 . Bloomington is home to the corporate headquarters of State Farm Insurance and Country Financial .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois Wesleyan University Law School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University_Law_School', 'summary': 'Illinois Wesleyan University is an independent , exclusively undergraduate liberal arts college in Bloomington , Illinois . Founded in 1850 , the central portion of the present campus was acquired in 1854 with the first building erected in 1856 .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana ( Fort Wayne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Wayne', 'summary': "Fort Wayne is a city in the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County , United States . Located in northeastern Indiana , the city is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Michigan border . With a population of 253,691 in the 2010 census , it is the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis , and the 75th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area , consisting of Allen , Wells , and Whitley counties , a combined population of 419,453 as of 2011 . Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The city is within a 300-mile ( 482.803 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Lexington , and Milwaukee . In addition to the three core counties , the combined statistical area ( CSA ) includes Adams , DeKalb , Huntington , Noble , and Steuben counties , with an estimated population of 615,077 . Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by the United States Army under the direction of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne , the last in a series of forts built near the Miami village of Kekionga . Named in Wayne 's honor , the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph , St. Marys , and Maumee rivers as a trading post for pioneers . The village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad . Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the Rust Belt , Fort Wayne 's economy in the 21st century is based upon distribution , transportation and logistics , healthcare , professional and business services , leisure and hospitality , and financial services . The city is a center for the defense industry which employs thousands ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana Tech Law School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The Indiana Institute of Technology ( Indiana Tech ) is a private university in Fort Wayne , Indiana . It was founded in 1930 as Indiana Technical College by John A. Kalbfleisch , who was also the school 's first president . The university today is organized into five colleges . The university specializes in career-oriented degree programs in business , engineering , computer science , education , criminal justice and others . In addition to the traditional semester-long class format , Indiana Tech also offers accelerated degree programs and online programs via its College of Professional Studies . Beyond its main campus in Fort Wayne , Indiana Tech maintains regional classroom and enrollment centers in 13 locations , including Elkhart , Evansville , Fishers , Greenwood , Huntington , Indianapolis , Jeffersonville , Kendallville , Mishawaka , Munster and Warsaw in Indiana ; and Louisville and Fort Wright in Kentucky . Indiana Tech also has two enrollment centers in the Chicago area , located in Naperville and Wilmette , Illinois . Student athletics , both organized and intramural , are an important part of student life . Indiana Tech fields eleven men 's and eleven women 's teams that compete in the NAIA , in which Indiana Tech is a member of the Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference for all intercollegiate athletics ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Former', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_law_schools_in_the_United_States_3', 'intro': 'Law schools in this list are categorized by whether they are currently active, proposed, or closed; within each section they are listed in alphabetical order by state, then name. Most of these law schools grant the Juris Doctor degree, which is the typical first professional degree in law in the United States. Law schools are nationally accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), and graduates of these schools may generally sit for the bar exam in any state. There are 201 ABA accredited law schools, divided between 200 with full accreditation and one with provisional accreditation. However, Whittier Law School will no longer be taking students and the legal program will be discontinued. The ABA revoked the accreditation of Thomas Jefferson School of Law in 2019, and Arizona Summit Law School in 2018. In addition, individual state legislatures or bar examiners, like the State Bar of California, may maintain a separate accreditation system which is open to non-ABA accredited schools. The California State Bar also accredits law schools, which the California Committee of Bar Examiners (CBE) recognizes. Also, the CBE allows registered Unaccredited schools to operate and students of those schools are eligible to take the California Bar Examination upon graduation. No correspondence or online law schools are accredited by the ABA or by state bar examiners. However, twelve correspondence and online law schools, although not accredited, are registered by the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California. This means that the graduates of these distance learning law schools can sit for the California Bar Examination and, under varying circumstances, the bar exams in many other states.'}
null
null
What was the name of the Connecticut Supreme Court Justice that attended the law school located in Hartford , CT ?
Louis Shapiro
08f70473010a466d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kazakhstan_Premier_League', 'title': '2013 Kazakhstan Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Manager', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Nikitenko', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petr Badlo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akzhayik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ljupko Petrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ljupko_Petrović', 'summary': 'Ljubomir Ljupko Petrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Љубомир Љупко Петровић ; born 15 May 1947 ) is a Serbian professional football manager and former player . He also holds a Bosnian passport . As a manager , his biggest success was winning the European Cup in the 1990-91 season with Red Star Belgrade .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruslan Khairov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_SE', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ioan Andone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ioan_Andone', 'summary': 'Ioan Andone ( Romanian pronunciation : [ iˈo̯an anˈdone ] ; born 15 March 1960 ) is a Romanian football coach and former player . He last managed Dinamo Bucharest .'}]}, {'value': 'Kairat Nurdauletov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairat_Nurdauletov', 'summary': 'Kairat Zhumabekuly Nurdauletov ( Kazakh : Қайрат Жұмабекұлы Нұрдәулетов ; Russian Кайрат Жумабекович Нурдаулетов ; 6 November 1982 ) is a retired Kazakhstani footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qazaqstan Temir Zholy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qazaqstan_Temir_Zholy', 'summary': 'Kazakhstan Temir Zholy ( KTZ ; Kazakh : Qazaqstan Temir Joly ( QTJ ) ) , also National Company Kazakhstan Temir Zholy , is the national railway company of Kazakhstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miodrag Radulović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miodrag_Radulović', 'summary': 'Miodrag Radulović ( Cyrillic : Миодраг Радуловић , born 23 October 1967 ) is a Montenegrin professional football manager and former player , who is the current manager of Iranian club Zob Ahan .'}]}, {'value': 'Valentin Chureev', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irtysh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talgat Baisufinov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Ivanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov_(footballer_born_1980)', 'summary': 'Sergei Nikolayevich Ivanov ( Russian : Серге́й Николаевич Иванов ; born 30 May 1980 ) is a retired Kyrgyzstani International footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ENRC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ENRC', 'summary': 'Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation PLC ( ENRC ) ( LSE : ENRC , KASE : GB_ENRC ) is a private , Kazakhstan/Central African-focused , multinational leading diversified natural resources company headquartered in London , United Kingdom . It has activities in integrated mining , processing , energy , logistics and marketing . ENRC was formed in 1994 , [ ENRC 3 ] listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2006 delisted after a near six-year spell in November 2013 . A secondary listing and subsequent de-listing also took place on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange . ENRC is now fully owned by ERG ( Eurasian Resources Group ) , a private natural resources company headquartered in Luxembourg , Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . It incorporates the assets of former FTSE-100 group , ENRC PLC , which it acquired in November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kairat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimír Weiss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimír_Weiss_(footballer,_born_1964)', 'summary': 'Vladimír Weiss ( born 22 September 1964 ) is a Slovak football coach and former player . He is currently coach of the Georgian national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyril Shestakov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'KazRosGaz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordabasy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vakhid Masudov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vakhid_Masudov', 'summary': 'Vakhid Masudov ( Kazakh : Вахид Юнусұлы Масудов , Vahıd Iýnýsuly Masýdov ) is a Kazakh football coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Kairat Ashirbekov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kairat_Ashirbekov', 'summary': 'Kairat Ashirbekov ( Kazakh : Қайрат Әшірбеков ) is a Kazakhstani footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Ordabasy . His national team debut was on 7 July 2006 against Tajikistan in a friendly match .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Kumykov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Kumykov', 'summary': 'Viktor Balyutovich Kumykov ( Russian : Виктор Балютович Кумыков ; born 25 June 1963 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrey Finonchenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrey_Finonchenko', 'summary': 'Andrei Finonchenko ( Russian : Андрей Финонченко ; born 21 June 1982 ) is a Kazakh football coach and former footballer striker who spent his whole career with FC Shakhter Karagandy , as well as representing the Kazakhstan national football team . He is currently the Sporting Director of Shakhter Karagandy .'}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arno Pijpers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arno_Pijpers', 'summary': 'Arnoldus Dick Pijpers ( born 21 April 1959 ) is a Dutch football manager , who is the manager of Estonian top tier club Flora . He worked for the Royal Dutch Football Association as a youth coach , before taking up a dual role in being the coach of Estonian club Flora and the Estonia national football team in 2000 . After the end of his contract , he joined Eredivisie club FC Utrecht as a technical director , before going to Kazakhstan in 2005 . At the same time he coached FC Astana for the 2006 season , winning the Kazakhstan Super League title . He was fired as manager of Kazakhstan in September 2008 . In 2010 , he had a short stint as a coach in the Netherlands for Willem II .'}]}, {'value': 'Vitali Yevstigneyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitali_Yevstigneyev', 'summary': 'Vitali Yevstigneyev ( Kazakh : Виталий Евстигнеев ; born 8 August 1985 ) is a Kazakh football player , who plays for FC Taraz in the Kazakhstan Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobol', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergei Maslenov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurbol_Zhumaskaliyev', 'summary': 'Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev ( Kazakh : Нұрбол Жұмасқалиев ) is a retired Kazakh football attacking midfielder and forward , and current manager of FC Tobol .'}]}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vostok', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Fomichyov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Fomichyov', 'summary': 'Vladimir Alekseyevich Fomichyov ( Russian : Владимир Алексеевич Фомичёв ; 15 August 1960 - 15 August 2019 ) was a Russian professional footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Nesterenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Nesterenko', 'summary': 'Roman Nesterenko ( born 22 March 1977 ) is an association footballer from Kazakhstan . He plays as a goalkeeper and has played for nine different clubs as well as the Kazakhstan national football team , for whom he has two caps . Despite playing for Kazakhstan at international level , Nesterenko was born in Ukraine and has actually spent more of his career there than with clubs in Kazakhstan .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhetysu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omari Tetradze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omari_Tetradze', 'summary': 'Omari Mikhaylovich Tetradze ( Russian : Омари Михайлович Тетрадзе , Georgian : ომარ თეთრაძე , Greek : Ομάρι Τετράντζε ; born 13 October 1969 as Omari Mikhaylovich Osipov ) is a professional football manager and a former player of Caucasus Greek descent who , during his playing career , represented Russia at international level .'}]}, {'value': 'Zahar Korobov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Personnel and kits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Kazakhstan_Premier_League_1', 'intro': 'The 2013 Kazakhstan Premier League was the 22nd season of the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest football league competition in Kazakhstan. The season began on 9 March 2013 and ended on 2 November. Shakhter Karagandy were the defending champions, having won their second league championship the previous year.'}
null
null
What kind of company is the shirt sponsor for a team that had a captain born in 1982 and a coach who last managed Dinamo Bucharest ?
national railway company of Kazakhstan
08f7eb49ae6b94c9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_IAAF_Race_Walking_Challenge', 'title': '2013 IAAF Race Walking Challenge', 'header': ['Date', 'Meeting', 'Category', 'Events', 'Venue', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '23 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circuito Internacional de Marcha Chihuahua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women ) 50 km ( Men )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/50_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 50 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . Fifty kilometres is approximately 31 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Chihuahua City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chihuahua_City', 'summary': "The city of Chihuahua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈwawa ] ) is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua . As of 2017 [ update ] , the city of Chihuahua had a population of 878,062 inhabitants . while the metropolitan area had a population of 1,036,806 inhabitants . Among cities in Mexico , the city of Chihuahua is highly ranked in human and social development . According to the UNCP report on human development , Chihuahua municipality 's HDI is 0.840 as of 2015 - this is equal or higher than some Western European countries , together the literacy rate in the city is among the highest in the country at 99% . Another report about competitiveness from the CIDE organization ranks Chihuahua as the second most competitive city in the country just behind Monterrey and ahead of Mexico City . This report also ranks Chihuahua as the most Socially Competitive city in the country . The predominant activity is industry , including domestic heavy , light industries , consumer goods production , and to a smaller extent maquiladoras . The city is served by the General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oceania Race Walk Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania_Race_Walk_Championships', 'summary': 'The Oceania Race Walking Championships is an annual race walking competition not only for athletes representing countries from Oceania , organized by the Oceania Athletics Association ( OAA ) . It was established in 2011 and has featured races for senior men and women ( 20 km ) , and for junior athletes ( 10 km ) . Until 2014 , all events were held together with the Australian Race Walking Championships , and the senior 20 km events were part of the IAAF World Race Walking Challenge .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart', 'summary': "Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑːrt/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania . With a population of approximately 240,342 ( over 45% of Tasmania 's population ) , it is the least populated Australian state capital city , and second smallest if territories are taken into account ( after Darwin , Northern Territory ) . The city is located in the state 's south-east on the estuary of the River Derwent , making it the most southern of Australia 's capital cities . Its skyline is dominated by the 1,271-metre ( 4,170 ft ) Mount Wellington , and its harbour forms the second-deepest natural port in the world , with much of the city 's waterfront consisting of reclaimed land . The metropolitan area is often referred to as Greater Hobart , to differentiate it from the City of Hobart , one of the five local government areas that cover the city . Founded in 1804 as a British penal colony , Hobart is Australia 's second oldest capital city after Sydney , New South Wales . Prior to British settlement , the Hobart area had been occupied for possibly as long as 35,000 years , by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe , a sub-group of the Nuennone , or South-East tribe . The descendants of these Aboriginal Tasmanians often refer to themselves as 'Palawa ' . Since its foundation , the city has expanded from the mouth of Sullivans Cove in a generally north-south direction along both banks of the River Derwent , from 22 km inland from the estuary at Storm Bay to the point where the river reverts to fresh water at Bridgewater . Penal transportation ended in the 1850s , after which the city experienced periods of growth and decline . The early 20th century saw an economic boom on the back of mining , agriculture and other primary industries , and the loss of men who served in the world wars was counteracted by an influx of immigration . Despite the rise in migration from Asia and other non-English speaking regions , Hobart 's population remains predominantly ethnically Anglo-Celtic , and has the highest percentage of Australian-born residents among Australia 's capital cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IAAF Race Walking Challenge Taicang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 10 kilometres race walk , or 10-kilometer racewalk , is a racewalking event . The event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 10 kilometers is 6.21 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Taicang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taicang', 'summary': 'Taicang is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Suzhou , Jiangsu province . The city located in the south of the Yangtze River estuary opposite Nantong , being bordered by Shanghai proper to the south , while the river also delineates much of its northeastern boundary along Chongming Island .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian 20 km Race Walking Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_20_km_Race_Walking_Championships', 'summary': 'The Asian Race Walking Championships is an annual race walking competition for athletes representing countries from Asia , organized by the Asian Athletics Association ( AAA ) . It was established in 2006 and has featured races for senior men ( 20 km and 50 km ) and women ( 20 km ) . After the inaugural event 2006 in Wajima , Japan , the competition was split into two events : the 20 km ( both men and women ) were incorporated into the All-Japan Race Walking competitions held in mid March in Nomi , Japan . The 50 km event was held about a month later in mid April in Wajima , Japan . This is established until the year 2008 . There are still annual national 50 km championships held in Wajima , but the further fate of the 50 km event within the Asian Race Walking Championships remains unknown .'}]}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Nomi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nomi,_Ishikawa', 'summary': 'Nomi ( 能美市 , Nomi-shi ) is a city located in Ishikawa Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 March 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 50,132 in 18585 households , and a population density of 600 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 84.14 square kilometres ( 32.49 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lugano Trophy - Memorial Mario Albisetti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lugano_Trophy_-_Memorial_Mario_Albisetti', 'summary': "The Memorial Mario Albisetti , also known as the Lugano Trophy and GP Città di Lugano , is an annual racewalking competition over 20 kilometres that is held in March on the streets of Lugano , Switzerland . It was first held in 2003 . It is one of highest profile annual international racewalking meetings , having both permit status from European Athletics and forming part of the annual IAAF World Race Walking Challenge circuit . It attracts top level racewalkers from across the world . Past winners include Olympic medallists Wang Zhen , Alex Schwazer and world champion Michele Didoni . Schwazer broke Maurizio Damilano 's long-standing Italian national record in the 20 km walk en route to his 2010 win . The course for the race follows the banks of Lake Lugano . It begins and ends at the fountain on Piazza Manzoni - a square near the city 's town hall . The straight-looped course of two kilometres is entirely flat . It follows the lakeside roads of Giacondo Albertolli and Vincenzo Vela and has turning points at the end of Vincenzo Vela road and near the Museo Civico di Belle Arti ( Civic Museum of Fine Art ) . The race director is Daniele Albisetti , a relative of Mario Albisetti . The race is organised by the Societa Atletica Lugano under the patronage of the Lugano City council and Banca dello Stato del Cantone Ticino ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Lugano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lugano', 'summary': 'Lugano ( /luːˈɡɑːnoʊ/ , also UK : /lʊˈ-/ , Italian : [ luˈɡaːno ] ; Ticinese : Lugan [ lyˈɡãː ] ) is a town and a municipality in southern Switzerland in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino bordering Italy . It has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 63,185 , and an urban agglomeration of over 145,000 . The ninth largest Swiss town , it is the largest in Ticino and largest with an Italian speaking majority outside of Italy . The town lies on Lake Lugano , surrounded by the mountains of the Lugano Prealps . The eastern part of the municipality shares a border with Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grande Prémio Internacional de Rio Maior em Marcha Atlética', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grande_Prémio_Internacional_de_Rio_Maior_em_Marcha_Atlética', 'summary': "The Grande Prémio Internacional de Rio Maior em Marcha Atlética ( Rio Maior International Race Walking Grand Prix ) is an annual racewalking competition that takes place in April in Rio Maior in Portugal . It is an elite level event which features a men 's and a women 's race in the 20 kilometres race walk ."}]}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Rio Maior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Maior', 'summary': 'Rio Maior ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁi.u mɐˈjɔɾ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Santarém District in Portugal . The population in 2011 was 21,192 , in an area of 272.76 km² . The present mayor is Isaura Morais of the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , the first woman to be elected mayor in the municipality . The municipal holiday is November 6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'African Race Walking Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African_Race_Walking_Championships', 'summary': "The African Race Walking Championships was a quadrennial race walking competition for athletes representing countries from Africa , organized by the Confederation of African Athletics ( CAA ) . It was established in 1999 and has featured races for senior men ( 20 km ) and women ( 10 km in 1999 , 20 km from 2005 on ) . The 2005 edition was held jointly with the African Combined Events Championships . The 2009 edition also featured junior events ( 10 km men and women ) . The 2013 men 's event was part of the IAAF World Race Walking Challenge ."}]}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Belle Vue Harel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belle_Vue_Harel', 'summary': 'Belle Vue Harel is a village in Mauritius that is located in the Rivière du Rempart District on the northern part of the island . It is located next to Amaury and Barlow villages . It is part of the larger Plaine des Papayes area which as of 2011 had 7,607 inhabitants . The village is the site of the Stade Anjalay , which is a prominent football venue for the nation , with the national football team and two top division teams ( Pamplemousses SC , AS Rivière du Rempart ) being resident . Athletics is also accommodated at the stadium and the 1992 African Championships in Athletics was held in the village .'}]}, {'value': 'Mauritius', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poděbrady Race Walking', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Poděbrady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poděbrady', 'summary': 'Poděbrady ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpoɟɛbradɪ ] ; German : Podiebrad ) is a historical spa town in the Central Bohemian Region , Czech Republic . It lies on the river Labe 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) east of Prague on the D11 highway . It obtained the status of town from the king of Bohemia in 1472 . A historic milestone in the life of the town was the year 1905 , when it was visited by the German estate owner Prince von Bülow . This well-known water diviner found in the inner courtyard of the castle signs of a strong spring , which was later bored to a depth of 97.6 metres ( 320 ft ) . The discovery of carbonic mineral water resulted in the opening of the first spa in 1908 . After World War I Poděbrady rapidly changed into a spa town which from 1926 specialized in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases , rapidly gaining renown not only in the Czech Republic , but also abroad in countries including Austria , Germany , Russia and the United States . The history of Poděbrady reaches back to medieval times . A long-distance trade route running from Prague to eastern Bohemia and then on to Silesia and Poland passed through the then-forested landscape interwoven with a dense network of river branches . This important communication intersected the River Labe to the west of the present town , at a place called Na Vinici . An ancient community and a small fortress originated near the ford . It is most likely that the position of this community is reflected in the present name of the town : Poděbrady - pode brody = below the ford .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coppa Città di Sesto San Giovanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coppa_Città_di_Sesto_San_Giovanni', 'summary': "The Coppa Città di Sesto San Giovanni is an annual racewalking competition that takes place on 1 May in Sesto San Giovanni in Italy . It is an elite level event which features a men 's and a women 's race in the 20 kilometres race walk . Organised by Geas Atletica , it has been part of the IAAF World Race Walking Challenge - the highest seasonal level of the sport - since the series was inaugurated in 2003 . The competition was first established in 1957 as a men 's only road walking competition . After various distances ranging from 25 to 32 kilometres in its initial years , the race settled on a 30 km distance from 1960 onwards . A women 's race was included from 1980 onwards . The women 's races were initially over 10 kilometres in the early history of that competition . The event 's inclusion in the IAAF World Challenge series saw it adopt the standard Olympic distance of 20 km for both the men 's and women 's races . The race has been held every year since 1957 with the sole exception of 1995 , where it was postponed due to organisational issues . The course for the race is a looped circuit directly in the centre of the city . The main route alternates along the parallel roads of Via Fratelli Bandiera and Via Giuseppe Rovani and the finishing point is a lap of the track and field stadium at the western end of the roads ."}]}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Sesto San Giovanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sesto_San_Giovanni', 'summary': 'Sesto San Giovanni ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈsɛsto san dʒoˈvanni ] ; Western Lombard : Sest San Giovann [ ˈsɛst ˌsãː dʒuˈʋan ] ) , locally referred to as just Sesto ( Lombard : Sest ) , is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan , Lombardy , northern Italy . Its railway station is the northernmost stop on the Milan Metro M1 line . The comune has the honorary title of city , despite being a de facto suburb of Milan . An unimportant agglomerate of buildings until the 19th century , Sesto San Giovanni grew during the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century , becoming the site of several industries , including companies such as Falck , Campari , Magneti Marelli and Breda . In that period the population increased rapidly , from 5,000 inhabitants in 1880 to 14,000 in 1911 . After World War II , Sesto became populated by many migrants from other parts of Italy , leading to an increased population of 95,000 inhabitants in 1981 . Sesto used to be referred to as the Stalingrad of Italy , due to the strong historical presence of the Italian Communist Party and to its resistance to fascism in World War Two . Because of its diverse and growing industries , Sesto has drawn many migrants . Census statistics from 2016 state that 17% of the population is not Italian . In the 1990s , Sesto San Giovanni suffered an economic crisis , and most of the larger companies in the town closed their premises . The town partially succeeded in converting its economy from steel production to service industries . Several large companies opened offices in Sesto , such as ABB Group , WIND Telecommunications , Impregilo and Oracle Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th European Cup Race Walking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10th_European_Cup_Race_Walking', 'summary': 'The 2013 European Race Walking Cup was held in Dudince , Slovakia , on 19 May 2013 . Complete results were published . Detailed report were given . Medal winners were published on the Athletics Weekly website ,'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 km ( Women ) 20 km ( Men ) 50 km ( Men )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 10 kilometres race walk , or 10-kilometer racewalk , is a racewalking event . The event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 10 kilometers is 6.21 miles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/50_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 50 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . Fifty kilometres is approximately 31 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Dudince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dudince', 'summary': "Dudince ( before 1927 Ďudince , Hungarian : Gyűgy , rarely German : Dudintze ) is a spa town in southern Slovakia . It is the smallest town in Slovakia with only a population of around 1,400 . It is known for its mineral water , hot springs and destination spas . It 's located near the edge of the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gran Premio Cantones de La Coruña', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 10 kilometres race walk , or 10-kilometer racewalk , is a racewalking event . The event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 10 kilometers is 6.21 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'A Coruña', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Coruña', 'summary': 'A Coruña ( Galician : [ ɐ koˈɾuɲɐ ] ; [ a ] historical English : Corunna ) is a city and municipality of Galicia , Spain . It is the most populated city and the second most populated municipality in the autonomous community and seventeenth overall in the country . The city is the provincial capital of the province of the same name , having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries , and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982 , before being replaced by Santiago de Compostela . A Coruña is a busy port located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro , a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean . It is the main industrial and financial centre of northern Galicia , and holds the headquarters of the Universidade da Coruña .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin Grand Prix of Race Walking', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-18 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14th IAAF World Championships in Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/14th_IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics', 'summary': "The 14th IAAF World Championships in Athletics ( Moscow 2013 ) ( Russian : [ Чемпионат мира по лёгкой атлетике 2013 ] ) was an international athletics competition held in Moscow , Russia , from 10-18 August 2013 . Initially , Russia won the most gold medals to top the table for the first time since 2001 . It was also the first time ever the host nation took the top of the medal table . However , after disqualification of Russian sprinter Antonina Krivoshapka for doping and following redistribution of medals in the Women 's 4 × 400 metres relay ( as well as after series of other disqualifications of Russian athletes for doping offences ) , United States topped the medal table with eight golds . In the overall medal count , the United States won 26 medals in total , followed by Kenya with 12 . With 1,784 athletes from 203 countries it was the biggest single sports event of the year . The number of spectators for the evening sessions was 268,548 surpassing Daegu 2011 . Jamaica 's Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce both won three gold medals in the men 's and women 's 100 metres , 200 metres and 4×100 metres relay respectively to become the most successful athletes at the event . This achievement also earned Bolt the title of being the most successful athlete in the history of the World Championships with eight gold and two silver medals . Prior to the competition , four sprinters were banned on doping charges ."}]}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 km ( Men/Women ) 50 km ( Men )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 20 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event that is competed by both men and women . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . 20 kilometres is 12.4274 miles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/50_kilometres_race_walk', 'summary': 'The 50 kilometre race walk is an Olympic athletics event . The racewalking event is competed as a road race . Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it . Fifty kilometres is approximately 31 miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Calendar', 'section_text': "The following meetings , as well as the competition final , formed the schedule of the 2013 Race Walking Challenge . [ 1 ] The `` A '' category meetings are worth the most points , with progressively fewer points being available through the `` B '' and `` C '' categories .", 'uid': '2013_IAAF_World_Race_Walking_Challenge_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 IAAF Race Walking Challenge was the tenth edition of the annual international racewalking series organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF).'}
null
null
Which group first lived in the region of the city which hosted the Oceania Race Walk Championships of 2013 ?
Mouheneener
08f8195853047463
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today', 'title': 'Amusement Today', 'header': ['Category', '2006 Recipient', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Best Amusement Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Point', 'summary': "Cedar Point is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky , Ohio . Opened in the late-1800s , it is reported to be the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce . Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain . Known as America 's Roller Coast , the park features a world-record 72 rides , including 17 roller coasters - the second-most in the world behind Six Flags Magic Mountain . Its newest roller coaster , Steel Vengeance , opened to the public on May 5 , 2018 . Cedar Point 's normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September . The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends . Other attractions near the park include a one-mile-long ( 1.6 km ) white-sand beach , an outdoor water park called Cedar Point Shores , an indoor water park called Castaway Bay , two marinas , an outdoor sports complex called Cedar Point Sports Center , and several nearby resorts . The park has reached several milestones . It is the only amusement park in the world with six roller coasters that are at least 200 feet ( 61 m ) in height - Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , Wicked Twister , Top Thrill Dragster , Valravn , and Steel Vengeance - as well as the only one with roller coasters in all four height classifications . Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013 . The park is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.6 million visitors in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandusky , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Baunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Best Children 's Park", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legoland California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legoland_California', 'summary': 'Legoland California is a theme park , miniature park , and aquarium located in Carlsbad , California , based on the Lego toy brand . Opening on March 20 , 1999 , it was the third Legoland park to open , and the first outside Europe . The park is currently owned by Merlin Entertainments , which took a controlling interest in 2005 . A second park in the United States , Legoland Florida , opened in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlsbad , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Marine Life Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SeaWorld Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando', 'summary': 'SeaWorld Orlando is a theme park and marine zoological park , in Orlando , Florida . It is owned and operated by SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment . When combined with its neighbor Discovery Cove and Aquatica , it forms SeaWorld Parks and Resorts Orlando , an entertainment complex consisting of the three parks and many hotels . In 2018 , SeaWorld Orlando hosted an estimated 4.594 million guests , ranking it the 10th most visited amusement park in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Wooden Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thunderhead , Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thunderhead_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Thunderhead is a wooden roller coaster located at Dollywood amusement park in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . The coaster , which was the anchor attraction of the new Thunderhead Gap section ( now Timber Canyon ) , opened on April 3 , 2004 , to much critical acclaim . Thunderhead boasts 22 turns and 32 crossovers , and utilizes GCI 's Millennium Flyer trains , used on all GCI coasters since 1999 . Thunderhead is also the first roller coaster to feature a station flyby ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Pigeon Forge , Tenn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Steel Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Superman - Ride of Steel , Six Flags New England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superman_the_Ride', 'summary': "Superman The Ride ( formerly known as Bizarro and Superman - Ride of Steel ) is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags New England in Agawam , Massachusetts . Built by Swiss manufacturer Intamin , the hypercoaster opened to the public as Superman - Ride of Steel in 2000 . It features a 208-foot ( 63 m ) lift hill , a 221-foot ( 67 m ) drop , and a maximum speed of 77 mph ( 124 km/h ) . In 2009 , the park changed the name to Bizarro , named after a DC Comics character portrayed as the antithesis of Superman . In accordance with the theme change , the coaster 's track and supports were repainted with a purple and dark blue color scheme , and other special effects were added . In 2016 , the Six Flags reverted to the original theme , but instead of restoring the name , it was changed to Superman The Ride . A virtual reality feature was added the same year , which created an optional 3D experience for passengers , but was removed prior to the 2017 season . Superman The Ride has been well-received , consistently holding a high ranking among steel roller coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards published by Amusement Today . The ride has topped the list five times since its debut . It has also weathered criticism from two serious accidents that occurred early in its tenure with one resulting in a passenger 's death . Several safety modifications were made in their wake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_New_England', 'summary': "Six Flags New England is an amusement park located in Agawam , Massachusetts , a western suburb of Springfield , Massachusetts . Dating to the late 19th century , it is the oldest amusement park in the Six Flags chain ( though that is because historically it was not always a Six Flags park ) . Superman the Ride is among the park 's most notable rides having appeared in every Golden Ticket Awards publication by Amusement Today , ranking first or second in the Top Steel Roller Coasters category from 2001 to 2015 and third in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Agawam , Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Best Kids ' Area", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Paramount 's Kings Island", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_Island', 'summary': "Kings Island is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Cincinnati in Mason , Ohio . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair , the park first opened in 1972 by the Taft Broadcasting Company . It was part of a larger effort to move and expand Coney Island , a popular resort destination along the banks of the Ohio River that was prone to frequent flooding . After more than $ 300 million in capital investments , the park features over 100 attractions including fourteen roller coasters and a 33-acre ( 13 ha ) water park . Early in its history , Kings Island has appeared in popular sitcoms and received widespread recognition for its record-breaking attractions and events . One of the park 's most well-known attractions , The Racer , is often credited with reviving worldwide interest in roller coasters during the 1970s . Others , such as The Beast and Banshee , have set several world records , some of which remain standing . The largest investment in park history is Orion , a giga coaster scheduled to open in 2020 . The park has also suffered through times of negative publicity , particularly surrounding the early demise of roller coasters The Bat and Son of Beast . Kings Island is divided into several themed sections and operates seasonally from early spring through the fall , partially reopening for Winterfest during the holiday season . In 2017 , Kings Island was the second-most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States behind Cedar Point , with an estimated 3.47 million visitors . It was third overall for seasonal attendance in North America , which was led by Canada 's Wonderland ."}]}, {'value': 'Kings Mills , Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friendliest Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Ind', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleanest Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Ind', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Halloween Event', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Orlando Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halloween_Horror_Nights', 'summary': "Halloween Horror Nights ( formerly known as Fright Nights ) is an annual special event that occurs at Universal Studios theme parks in Florida , California , Singapore , and Japan . The parks remain operational during the day and transition to Halloween Horror Nights at night . The Halloween-themed event occurs during the fall season and features haunted houses , scare zones and live entertainment , many of which use Universal Studios ' characters . Its intended audience are teenagers and young adults ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Universal_Orlando_Resort', 'summary': "The Universal Orlando Resort , commonly known as Universal Orlando Studios and Universal Studios Orlando , formerly Universal Studios Escape or simply Universal , is an American theme park and entertainment resort complex based in Orlando , Florida . The resort is operated by Universal Parks & Resorts . It is wholly owned by NBCUniversal , a division of Comcast . Universal Orlando is the second-largest resort in Greater Orlando , after the Walt Disney World resort , covering 541 acres of land . Universal Orlando consists of two theme parks ( Universal Studios Florida and Universal 's Islands of Adventure ) , a water park ( Volcano Bay ) , a night-time entertainment complex ( Universal CityWalk Orlando ) , six Loews Hotels ( Loews Portofino Bay Hotel , Hard Rock Hotel , Loews Royal Pacific Resort , Cabana Bay Beach Resort , Loews Sapphire Falls Resort , Universals Aventura Hotel ) , and an upcoming park , Epic Universe . All of the hotel resorts offer Early Park Admission into The Wizarding World of Harry Potter and Universals Volcano Bay . Additionally , the Loews Portofino Bay Hotel , Hard Rock Hotel and Loews Royal Pacific Resort offer free unlimited Universal Express Pass for use at participating rides at Universal Studios Florida and Universals Islands of Adventure . There are similar products valid at Volcano Bay , Halloween Horror Nights , and Rock the Universe . Universal Orlando is one of the most visited resorts in the world , with an annual attendance of 21 million in 2017 . Universal Orlando is the flagship resort of Universal Parks & Resorts , especially due to the competitive nature between the resort and Walt Disney World ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Landscaping - Amusement Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busch Gardens Williamsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg', 'summary': "Busch Gardens Williamsburg ( formerly known as Busch Gardens Europe and Busch Gardens : The Old Country ) is a 383-acre ( 1.55 km2 ) theme park located in James City County , Virginia , United States . Located about sixty miles ( 100 km ) northwest of Virginia Beach , the park was developed by Anheuser-Busch ( A-B ) and is owned by SeaWorld Entertainment . It opened on May 16 , 1975 , adjacent to Anheuser-Busch 's brewery and near its other developments including the Kingsmill Resort complex . The park is themed around various European countries and as such was originally called Busch Gardens : The Old Country . In 1993 , the park was renamed Busch Gardens Williamsburg before briefly being named Busch Gardens Europe in 2006 until it returned to the Williamsburg name in 2008 . Similarly , its sister park in Florida was originally called Busch Gardens : The Dark Continent until it was officially renamed Busch Gardens Tampa Bay until a brief switch to Busch Gardens Africa from 2006 to 2008 . In 2015 , the estimated attendance of 2.78 million makes it the twentieth most-visited park in the US . In addition to its landscaping and European theme , Busch Gardens is widely known for its roller coasters , including Griffon , Alpengeist , and Apollo 's Chariot , which won No . 4 best steel coaster in 2012 from the Golden Ticket Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Williamsburg , Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Landscaping - Waterpark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Food', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knoebels Amusement Resort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoebels_Amusement_Resort', 'summary': "Knoebels Amusement Resort ( /kəˈnoʊbəlz/ ) is a family-owned and operated amusement park , picnic grove , and campground in Elysburg , Pennsylvania . Opened in 1926 , it is America 's largest free-admission park . The park has more than 60 rides including three wooden roller coasters , one steel roller coaster , a 1913 carousel , and a haunted house dark ride . The amusement park is owned and operated by the Knoebel ( pronounced kuh-NO-bel ) family , who also operate a lumber yard next to the park . The park 's name has traditionally been spelled Knoebels without the apostrophe , and appears that way on all official park advertising and correspondence . The park straddles the line between Northumberland and Columbia Counties . The complex is mainly in the Columbia County townships of Cleveland and Franklin and is in Ralpho Township on the Northumberland County side of the South Branch Roaring Creek . The park and its rides have won awards from organizations such as Amusement Today , American Coaster Enthusiasts , and the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions . In 2014 , Travel Channel rated Knoebels one of their Top 10 Family Friendly Amusement Parks in the United States . America 's Number One Amusement Park In 2008 , the parks dark ride was the subject of a one-hour documentary , Laff In The Darks Behind The Scenes At Knoebels Haunted House ."}]}, {'value': 'Elysburg , Pa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Shows', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Six Flags Fiesta Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Fiesta_Texas', 'summary': "Six Flags Fiesta Texas , formerly Fiesta Texas , is a theme park located in La Cantera , San Antonio , Texas . It is owned and operated by Six Flags . The park was built by Gaylord Entertainment Company and opened on March 14 , 1992 as the first business in the district of San Antonio . The park was later purchased by Time Warner in 1996 , who turned it into a Six Flags park . Spanning 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , the park was originally built to become a destination performance arts park with its focus on the musical culture of the state of Texas . The park 's current icon is Scream which can be seen from all around the park as well as outside the property . The vibrant colors of Scream can also be seen from the intersection of Loop 1604 and Interstate 10 , as well as miles away from Six Flags Fiesta Texas . Most of the other attractions at the park are hidden due to the park being surrounded by a rock quarry wall , but some key visible rides include the SkyScreamer , the Crow 's Nest Ferris wheel in Fiesta Bay Boardwalk , the lift hill of Superman : Krypton Coaster and the lift hill of Iron Rattler ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Outdoor Night Show Production', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth , Epcot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IllumiNations:_Reflections_of_Earth', 'summary': "IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth was a nighttime show performed nightly at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida . The show utilized fireworks , pyrotechnics , water fountains , fire effects , lasers , searchlights , and a large rotating globe with curved LED screens to create a visual production on the park 's World Showcase Lagoon . The show told the story of Earth and was divided into three movements titled Chaos , Order , and Meaning , emphasizing the idea of humanity as a single unified tribe on this planet . The lagoon was surrounded by nineteen large torches signifying the first 19 centuries of the common era , and the show culminated in the globe opening like a lotus blossom to reveal a twentieth torch , representing the now-completed 20th century . Created and directed by Don Dorsey , the show premiered on October 1 , 1999 as IllumiNations 2000 : Reflections of Earth as part of the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration ; it was so successful that after the celebration ended the 2000 was dropped from the name and the show was continued . The show has received several awards throughout the years including 11 straight Best Outdoor Night Production Show Golden Ticket Awards ( 2005-2015 ) . The show 's final performance was on September 30 , 2019 and was replaced by Epcot Forever on October 1 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Epcot', 'summary': "Epcot ( stylized as EPCOT ) is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida . It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks , Experiences and Products division . Inspired by an unrealized concept developed by Walt Disney , the park opened on October 1 , 1982 , as EPCOT Center , and was the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World , after the Magic Kingdom . Spanning 305 acres ( 123 ha ) , more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park , Epcot is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement , namely technological innovation and international culture , and is often referred to as a permanent world 's fair . Epcot was originally conceived by Walt Disney during the early development of Walt Disney World , as an experimental planned community that would serve as a center for American innovation and urban living . Known as EPCOT , the idea included an urban city center , residential areas , churches , schools , and a series of mass transportation systems that would connect the community . After Disney 's death in 1966 , the EPCOT concept was abandoned as the company had uncertainty about maintaining an operating city . In the 1970s , WED Enterprises began developing a second theme park for the resort to supplement Magic Kingdom , as that park 's popularity grew . The new park maintained the idea of showcasing modern innovation and enterprise through avant-garde edutainment attractions , as well as the addition of a world nations exposition . The newly-designed park , featuring two sections - Future World and World Showcase - opened as EPCOT Center in 1982 . In 1994 , the park was renamed to Epcot , dropping the acronym and Center from the name . In 2018 , Epcot hosted 13.444 million guests , ranking it as the fourth-most-visited theme park in North America and the seventh-most-visited theme park in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Water Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dudley Do-Right 's Ripsaw Falls , Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dudley_Do-Right's_Ripsaw_Falls", 'summary': "Dudley Do-Right 's Ripsaw Falls is a log flume ride at Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida inspired by the Dudley Do-Right character created by cartoonists Jay Ward and Alex Anderson . Opened on May 28 , 1999 , it is one of the park 's original attractions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure', 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Waterpark Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Master Blaster , Schlitterbahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schlitterbahn', 'summary': "Schlitterbahn is an American brand of water parks and resorts owned by Cedar Fair . It was previously a company that was family-owned-and-operated by the Henry family that was based in New Braunfels , Texas . Schlitterbahn opened its first location , Schlitterbahn Waterpark Resort , in 1979 . At its peak , the company consisted of five outdoor waterparks , two indoor waterparks , and three resorts . Schlitterbahn 's outdoor water parks are seasonally-operated , typically open from late April through mid-September , while its indoor locations operate year-round . Two parks are located in Texas . On June 13 , 2019 , Cedar Fair entered an agreement to acquire two of Schlitterbahn 's properties in Galveston and New Braunfels for $ 261 million . The deal , which closed in early July 2019 , gives Cedar Fair the option to purchase Schlitterbahn Waterpark Kansas City for $ 6 million within 120 days of the transaction which Cedar Fair declined to do . Additionally , the rights to the Schlitterbahn name were included in the acquisition ."}]}, {'value': 'New Braunfels , Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best Dark Ride', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man , Universal 's Islands of Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Spider-Man', 'summary': "The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man is a motion-based 3D dark ride located at the Islands of Adventure , Orlando and Universal Studios Japan , Osaka theme parks , based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man . Built for Islands of Adventure 's opening in 1999 , the attraction is a hybrid ride combining special roving motion vehicles with 3D projection , elaborate physical sets , and both practical and tactile effects . The ride turns park guests into last minute reporters of the Daily Bugle , and after boarding a vehicle known as the Scoop , the rider learns that the Sinister Syndicate has captured the Statue of Liberty with an anti-gravity gun . This evil group is made up of five famous Spider-Man villains ; Doctor Octopus , Scream , Electro , Hydro-Man , and the Hobgoblin , and it is up to Spider-Man to defeat the villains and save the guests . The attraction took three years to produce , with many new technologies and techniques being developed . The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man has received critical acclaim , winning several awards including the Golden Ticket Award for Best Dark Ride for twelve consecutive years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Islands_of_Adventure', 'summary': "Universal 's Islands of Adventure ( originally Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) is a theme park located in Orlando , Florida . It opened on May 28 , 1999 , along with CityWalk , as part of an expansion that converted Universal Studios Florida into the Universal Orlando Resort . The resort 's slogan Vacation Like You Mean It was introduced in 2013 . Islands of Adventure is modeled after a journey of exploration , where guests embark on an adventure to visit a variety of themed islands . Initially , the park featured six islands . A seventh , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , was added in 2010 , themed to the highly-successful Harry Potter franchise . It was Universal 's largest investment since the resort 's founding in 1990 . The expansion led to a significant increase in attendance , and in 2013 , Islands of Adventure ranked seventh domestically and eleventh internationally after hosting approximately 8.1 million guests . The eighth island , Skull Island , opened on July 13 , 2016 and is themed to the King Kong franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best New Ride of 2006 - Amusement Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award_for_Best_New_Ride', 'summary': 'The Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride is presented by Amusement Today to the best new attraction in amusement parks and water parks in the amusement park industry .'}]}, {'value': "The Voyage , Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Voyage_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "The Voyage is a wooden roller coaster located at Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari in Santa Claus , Indiana . Designed and built by The Gravity Group with the help of designers Mike Graham , Korey Kiepert , Larry Bill , Chad Miller , and former park President Will Koch , the roller coaster is themed to the famous voyage of the Mayflower by Pilgrims to North America in 1620 . It opened to the public on May 6 , 2006 . Among wooden coasters , The Voyage ranks second in length and sixth in height , featuring a track length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) and a maximum height of 173 feet ( 53 m ) . Also , its 24.3 seconds of air-time is the most produced on a wooden coaster to date . Another unique statistic is the ride 's five underground tunnels . In 2006 , it won a Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride from Amusement Today magazine , which also ranked The Voyage as the Best Wooden Roller Coaster from 2007 through 2011 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Best New Ride of 2006 - Waterpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award_for_Best_New_Ride', 'summary': 'The Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride is presented by Amusement Today to the best new attraction in amusement parks and water parks in the amusement park industry .'}]}, {'value': "Bahari River , Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Holiday_World_&_Splashin'_Safari", 'summary': "Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( known as Santa Claus Land prior to 1984 ) is a combination theme park and water park located near Interstate 64 and U.S. 231 in Santa Claus , Indiana , United States . The theme park is divided into four sections that celebrate Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July with rides , live entertainment , games , and attractions . Holiday World contains three wooden roller coasters : The Raven , The Legend , and The Voyage , as well as Thunderbird ( a Bolliger & Mabillard launched Wing Coaster ) and The Howler . The safari-themed water park includes the world 's two longest water coasters : Wildebeest and Guinness World Record Holder Mammoth , numerous family raft rides and water slides , two wave pools , junior-sized wave pool , two children's-sized water slide areas , a lazy river , two family tipping bucket ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Claus , Indiana', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Host Park : Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari", 'uid': 'Amusement_Today_13', 'intro': 'Amusement Today is a monthly periodical that features articles, news, pictures and reviews about all things relating to the amusement park industry, including parks, rides, and ride manufacturers. The trade newspaper, which is based in Arlington, Texas, United States, was founded in January 1997 by Gary Slade, Virgil E. Moore III and Rick Tidrow. In 1997, Amusement Today won the Impact Award in the services category for Best New Product from the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA). A year later, in 1998, the magazine founded the Golden Ticket Awards, for which it has become best known for throughout the amusement park industry. On January 2, 2001, Slade bought out his two partners, giving him sole ownership of the paper. The paper has two full-time and two part-time staff members at its Arlington office, along with two full-time writers and several freelance writers in various parts of the world.'}
null
null
What year was the entertainment center that won Best Food established ?
1926
08f913396870ee09
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1966 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Arlin ( 2 ) ♦', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Arlin', 'summary': 'Steven Ralph Arlin ( September 25 , 1945 - August 17 , 2016 ) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the San Diego Padres and Cleveland Indians for six seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_baseball', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team is the college baseball team of The Ohio State University . The program , founded in 1881 , was the first athletic team in Ohio State history . Bill Davis Stadium in Columbus , Ohio has been the home field of the program since 1997 . The team won a National Title in 1966 , and also 14 Big Ten Titles throughout the team 's history . It is currently coached by Greg Beals . Ohio State has produced many professional baseball players , such as major leaguers Steve Arlin , Frank Howard , Nick Swisher , Barry Bonnell , Dave Burba , and Fred Taylor ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Frost', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Golden_Bears_baseball', 'summary': 'The California Golden Bears baseball team represents the University of California in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other California athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Bears play their home games at Evans Diamond .'}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Hibbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Hibbs', 'summary': "James Kerr Hibbs ( born September 10 , 1944 in Klamath Falls , Oregon ) is a former professional baseball player who played 1 season for the California Angels of Major League Baseball . He played college baseball at Stanford University . Hibbs has authored two books on Baseball technique , A Catcher 's Life and Instant Baseball ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball', 'summary': 'The Stanford Cardinal baseball team represents Stanford University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Stanford athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Cardinal play their home games on campus at Klein Field at Sunken Diamond , and they are currently coached by David Esquer .'}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Ed Maras', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Dakota State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Jackrabbits', 'summary': "The South Dakota State Jackrabbits are the 19 intercollegiate teams representing South Dakota State University that compete in the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I ( for football : Football Championship Subdivision ) . SDSU is currently a member of the Summit League , the Missouri Valley Football Conference , the Big 12 Conference and Varsity Equestrian . The university won numerous conference championships and several national titles including the NCAA College Division national title in men 's basketball in 1963 and the NCAA Division II national title in women 's basketball in 2003 . The Jackrabbit football team qualified for the NCAA Football Championship Series playoffs in 2009 ( losing to Montana I in the first round ) , the school 's second year of FCS post-season eligibility since moving from NCAA Division II to NCAA Division I . The Jackrabbits qualified for the FCS playoffs in 2012 , winning their first game against Ohio Valley Conference champs Eastern Illinois before falling to Missouri Valley Football Conference rival North Dakota State , the eventual national champion . The 2011-2012 season marked the fifth-consecutive trip to the NCAA National Tourney for the Jackrabbit women 's basketball team , capping a season in which the Jackrabbits won the regular-season Summit League title and their fifth consecutive Summit League Tourney title . The Jackrabbit men qualified for its first NCAA Division I National Tourney last season ( 2012-2013 ) following a second-place regular season finish in the Summit League and winning the Summit League Tourney title . The Jackrabbit baseball team qualified for the 2013 NCAA Tourney and traveled to Eugene , OR , losing the first game to eventual regional champ Oregon and then being eliminated by the University of San Francisco in a 13-inning defensive battle . In 2018 , the school had its first Division I championship wrestler with Seth Gross ."}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Galante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Galante', 'summary': 'Matthew Joseph Galante ( born March 22 , 1944 in Brooklyn , New York ) is a former minor League baseball infielder and Major League coach and acting manager .'}]}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Red_Storm", 'summary': "The St. John 's Red Storm is the nickname used for the 16 varsity athletic programs of St. John 's University , in the U.S. state of New York . St. John 's 16 NCAA Division I teams compete in the Big East Conference , with the exception of the fencing team , which compete in the ECAC . On December 15 , 2012 , St. John 's and the other six Catholic , non-FBS schools ( the so-called Catholic 7 ) announced that they were departing the former Big East for a new conference . The Catholic 7 , after purchasing the Big East name from the FBS schools and adding Butler , Creighton , and Xavier , began operating as the new Big East Conference beginning in July 2013 . The athletic program fields sixteen intercollegiate teams : basketball , soccer , baseball , lacrosse , tennis , golf , and fencing for men and basketball , soccer , softball , volleyball , tennis , track and field , cross country , golf , and fencing for women . In 2002 , the university eliminated five men 's athletic teams and one women 's team in order to comply with Title IX rules prohibiting activities that receive federal assistance from discriminating on the basis of gender . Prior to the 1994-95 school year , the university 's nickname was the St. John 's Redmen , which referenced the red uniforms worn by its teams in competition . The name was interpreted as a Native American reference in the 1960s , and the university did have a mascot ( adorned in Native American dress ) , which eventually led to the team 's name change to the Red Storm . The change happened at a time when there was mounting pressure on colleges and universities to adopt names more sensitive to Native American culture . The Redmen name still remains popular among fans , however , as does Johnnies . On September 18 , 2009 the new mascot , which was voted on by students , was revealed ; Johnny Thunderbird ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Willet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Bobcats', 'summary': "The Ohio Bobcats are the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Ohio University , located in Athens , Ohio , United States . Ohio University is a charter member ( 1946 ) of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , is currently in the East Division of that conference , and sponsors teams in six men 's and ten women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . The football team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest level for college football ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Leon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Leon', 'summary': 'Eduardo Antonio Leon ( born August 11 , 1946 ) is a former Major League Baseball infielder of Mexican American descent , who played for eight seasons , splitting time as a shortstop and second baseman . He played for the Cleveland Indians from 1968 to 1972 , the Chicago White Sox in 1973 and 1974 , and the New York Yankees in 1975 until being released on May 5 of that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Reggie Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Jackson', 'summary': 'Reginald Martinez Jackson ( born May 18 , 1946 ) is an American former professional baseball right fielder who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics , Baltimore Orioles , New York Yankees , and California Angels . Jackson was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1993 . Jackson was nicknamed Mr. October for his clutch hitting in the postseason with the Athletics and the Yankees . He helped Oakland win five consecutive American League West divisional pennants , three consecutive American League pennants and three consecutive World Series titles , from 1972 to 1974 . Jackson helped New York win four American League East divisional pennants , three American League pennants and two consecutive World Series titles , from 1977 to 1981 . He also helped the California Angels win two AL West divisional pennants in 1982 and 1986 . Jackson hit three consecutive home runs at Yankee Stadium in the clinching game six of the 1977 World Series . Jackson hit 563 career home runs and was an American League ( AL ) All-Star for 14 seasons . He won two Silver Slugger Awards , the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in 1973 , two World Series MVP Awards , and the Babe Ruth Award in 1977 . The Yankees and Athletics retired his team uniform number in 1993 and 2004 . Jackson currently serves as a special advisor to the Yankees . Jackson led his teams to first place ten times over his 21-year career .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Dale Ford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_Cougars', 'summary': "The Washington State Cougars are the athletic teams that represent Washington State University . Located in Pullman , Washington , WSU is a member of the Pac-12 Conference in NCAA Division I . The athletic program comprises ten women 's sports and six men 's intercollegiate sports , and also offers various intramural sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Lyttle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1966_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'}
null
null
The player who played for the Seminoles had what position ?
Outfielder
08feff7e23527bcb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_(Germany)', 'title': 'List of best-selling singles by year (Germany)', 'header': ['#', 'Artist', "Artist 's nationality", 'Title'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Teló', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Teló', 'summary': "Michel Teló ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ miˈʃɛw teˈlɔ ] ) ; born January 21 , 1981 ) is a Brazilian sertanejo singer-songwriter and actor . Before his solo act , he was a lead singer in various bands , most notably Grupo Tradição . His biggest national and international hit is Ai Se Eu Te Pego , a number one in most European countries and Latin America . Teló 's artistic career began in 1987 when , as a six-year-old , he made his first solo performance in his school choir , singing a piece by Roberto Carlos and Erasmo Carlos . At ten , his musical talent blossomed when his father gave him an accordion . At age 12 , upon encouragement by neighbors , school friends and his brothers , he formed a young band for playing traditional music , which was called Guri and served to strengthen Teló taste in music in a professional organized manner . He was the band 's lead singer and composer . Besides his love for the harmonica , Teló also took piano lessons for five years . He was also dancer and played the accordion , harmonica , and guitar ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Ai Se Eu Te Pego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ai_Se_Eu_Te_Pego', 'summary': 'Ai Se Eu Te Pego ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈaj ˈsj‿ew tʃi ˈpɛɡu ] ; English : Oh , If I Catch You ) is a 2008 Brazilian song by Sharon Acioly and Antônio Dyggs , with co-authorship by Aline da Fonseca , Amanda Teixeira and Karine Assis Vinagre and first interpreted by Os Meninos de Seu Zeh , directed by Dyggs himself . It was recorded by Brazilian band Cangaia de Jegue and then covered by many other regional Brazilian bands like Garota Safada , Arreio de Ouro , Estakazero , Forró Sacode , and Saia Rodada . In 2011 , it was popularized by Brazilian singer Michel Teló , becoming an international hit . Teló also released an English-language version , If I Catch You .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Die Toten Hosen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen', 'summary': "Die Toten Hosen ( literally The Dead Trousers , figuratively dead boring or brewer 's droop ) is a German punk rock band from Düsseldorf ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Tage wie diese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lykke Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lykke_Li', 'summary': 'Li Lykke Timotej Zachrisson ( born 18 March 1986 ) , known as Lykke Li ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈlʏ̂kːɛ ˈliː ] ) , is a Swedish singer , songwriter and model . Her music often blends elements of indie pop , dream pop and electronic . Her debut studio album , Youth Novels , was released in 2008 , and has been followed by Wounded Rhymes ( 2011 ) , I Never Learn ( 2014 ) , and So Sad So Sexy ( 2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'I Follow Rivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Follow_Rivers', 'summary': "I Follow Rivers is a song by Swedish recording artist Lykke Li from her second studio album , Wounded Rhymes ( 2011 ) . Produced by Björn Yttling of Peter Bjorn and John , it was released on 21 January 2011 as the album 's second single . The track premiered exclusively on SPIN.com on 10 January 2011 . Belgian DJ/producer The Magician remixed and reworked I Follow Rivers in 2011 , peaking at number one in Belgium , Germany , Italy , Poland , and Romania , number two in Switzerland , Austria , Ireland , and the Netherlands , and number four in France . The remix was deemed '90s house . Belgian band Triggerfinger covered I Follow Rivers in 2012 , peaking at number one in Austria , Belgium and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gotye featuring Kimbra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotye', 'summary': "Wouter Wally De Backer ( born 21 May 1980 ) , known professionally as Gotye ( /ˈɡoʊtieɪ/ GOH-tee-ay ) , is a Belgian-born Australian multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter . The name Gotye is a pronunciation respelling of Gauthier , the French cognate of Gotye 's given Dutch name Wouter ( English Walter , hence the nickname Wally ) . Gotye has released three studio albums independently and one album featuring remixes of tracks from his first two albums . He is a founding member of the Melbourne indie-pop trio The Basics , who have independently released four studio albums and numerous other titles since 2002 . His voice has been compared to those of Peter Gabriel and Sting . Gotye 's 2011 single Somebody That I Used to Know reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , making him the fifth Australian-based artist to do so and the second born in Belgium ( after The Singing Nun in 1963 ) . He has won five ARIA Awards and received a nomination for an MTV EMA for Best Asia and Pacific Act . On 10 February 2013 , he won three Grammy Awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards Show : Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance for Somebody That I Used to Know and Best Alternative Music Album for Making Mirrors . Gotye has said he sometimes feels less of a musician , more of a tinkerer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kimbra', 'summary': "Kimbra Lee Johnson ( born 27 March 1990 ) is a New Zealand singer , songwriter , record producer , actress and model who mixes pop with classic R & B , jazz and rock musical elements . Her musical influences range from Prince and Minnie Riperton to Björk and Jeff Buckley . Her debut album , Vows , was released in Australia in 2011 . Singles from the album include Settle Down , Cameo Lover ( which won an Australian Recording Industry Association Award ) , Good Intent and Two Way Street . A reworked version of the album was released in Europe and the United States in 2012 . It featured several new songs , including Come into My Head , Warrior ( on which Kimbra was joined by musicians Mark Foster from Foster the People and DJ A-Trak ) , and a cover of Nina Simone 's Plain Gold Ring . Vows reached the top 5 in New Zealand and Australia ; on 22 May 2012 , the album was released in North America , debuting at number 14 on the Billboard charts . Vincent Fantauzzo 's portrait of Kimbra was a finalist for the 2012 Archibald Prize . The portrait was painted in conjunction with the making of a video featuring Kimbra 's song The Build Up . Kimbra was featured on the 2012 multi-platinum single Somebody That I Used to Know by Gotye . On 10 February 2013 , she and Gotye won the Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance awards at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards for Somebody That I Used to Know . This achievement made her the third New Zealand singer to win a Grammy Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium / Australia New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Somebody That I Used to Know', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somebody_That_I_Used_to_Know', 'summary': "Somebody That I Used to Know is a song written by Belgian-Australian singer-songwriter Gotye , featuring New Zealand singer Kimbra . The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music on 5 July 2011 as the second single from Gotye 's third studio album , Making Mirrors ( 2011 ) . It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom , and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland . Somebody That I Used to Know was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents ' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria , Australia , and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships . Somebody That I Used to Know is a mid-tempo ballad . It samples Luiz Bonfá 's instrumental Seville from his 1967 album Luiz Bonfa Plays Great Songs . The song received a positive reception from critics , who noted the similarities between the song and works by Sting , Peter Gabriel , and American folk band Bon Iver . In Australia , the song won the Triple J Hottest 100 poll at the end of 2011 , as well as ARIA Awards for song of the year and best video , while Kimbra was voted best female artist and Gotye was named best male artist and producer of the year . The song came ninth in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years , 2013 . In 2013 , the song won two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Record of the Year . Commercially , Somebody That I Used to Know is Gotye 's most successful and signature song . It has topped charts in the US , UK , Australia and New Zealand , as well as 22 other national charts , and reached the top 10 in more than 30 countries around the world ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asaf Avidan & The Mojos ( Wankelmut Remix )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asaf_Avidan', 'summary': "Asaf Avidan ( Hebrew : אסף אבידן ; born March 23 , 1980 ) is an Israeli singer-songwriter . From 2006 to 2011 , he was part of the group Asaf Avidan & the Mojos , independently releasing three studio albums . The Reckoning , their debut record , was certified Gold in Israel and became one of the best-selling independent albums there . After disbanding in 2011 , a 2012 remix of Asaf Avidan & the Mojos ' single Reckoning Song ( 2008 ) by German disc jockey Wankelmut - retitled into One Day / Reckoning Song - attained widespread commercial success throughout Europe . It topped the charts in several countries and was certified Gold and Platinum . In 2012 , Avidan started a solo career , eventually releasing three studio albums to moderate success in European countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Mojos', 'summary': "The Mojos were a British beat group from the 1960s , best known for their hit UK single , Everything 's Alright , with two other singles charting low in the UK Singles Chart in 1964 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wankelmut', 'summary': 'Jacob Dilßner ( born 17 July 1987 ) , better known by his stage name Wankelmut , is a German electronic music DJ and record producer based in Berlin . He rose to fame internationally through the remix hit One Day / Reckoning Song ( Wankelmut Remix ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'One Day / Reckoning Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Day_/_Reckoning_Song', 'summary': "Reckoning Song is a song written by Israeli singer-songwriter Asaf Avidan and performed by Asaf Avidan and the Mojos . The original under this title is track number 5 on the band 's 2008 album The Reckoning . A remixed version of the song credited as One Day / Reckoning Song ( Wankelmut Rmx ) produced by German DJ Wankelmut became a huge commercial success in many European charts , including number one positions in Austria , Belgium , Hungary , Netherlands , Switzerland , Italy and Germany . It also charted in Poland , France , Denmark , Sweden , Latvia , Luxembourg and Romania . The song is released on the Four Music label and distributed throughout Europe by Sony . The Wankelmut Remix is the version that received radio play in the UK and was described as having all the hallmarks of classical minimal techno . The single is Asaf Avidan 's follow-up to Different Pulses from his 2012 solo album of the same name . The song was featured in a Hyundai commercial in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carly Rae Jepsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carly_Rae_Jepsen', 'summary': "Carly Rae Jepsen ( born November 21 , 1985 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter , and actress . Born and raised in Mission , British Columbia , Jepsen performed several lead roles in her high school 's musical productions and pursued musical theatre at the Canadian College of Performing Arts in Victoria , BC . After completing her studies , she relocated to Vancouver and later competed on the fifth season of Canadian Idol in 2007 , placing third . In 2008 , Jepsen released her folk-influenced debut studio album Tug of War in Canada . Jepsen 's breakthrough came in 2012 , when her single Call Me Maybe achieved significant mainstream popularity ; the song was the best-selling single of that year , reaching number one in 18 countries . As a result , she was signed to a joint worldwide record deal with Schoolboy Records and Interscope Records . Jepsen 's second studio album , Kiss , was released later that year . It marked a greater shift into mainstream pop music and saw fair commercial success , reaching the top ten in Canada and the United States . In 2013 Jepsen made her Broadway stage debut as the titular character in Cinderella . In 2015 she released her third studio album , Emotion . It is noted for its influence from 1980s music as well as blending dance-pop and synth-pop with indie sensibilities . While less commercially successful than Kiss , it saw the success of its lead single , I Really Like You , and received critical acclaim ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Call Me Maybe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Call_Me_Maybe', 'summary': "Call Me Maybe is a song recorded by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen for her EP Curiosity ( 2012 ) and later appeared on her second studio album Kiss ( 2012 ) . The song was written by Jepsen and Tavish Crowe as a folk song , but its genre was modified to pop following the production by Josh Ramsay . It was released as the lead single from the EP on September 20 , 2011 , through 604 Records . Jepsen was signed to Schoolboy Records , releasing her single in the United States through the label , as the first single from Kiss . Musically , Call Me Maybe is a synth pop track that alludes to the inconvenience that a love at first sight brings to a girl who hopes for a call back from a new crush . Call Me Maybe reached number one in Australia , Canada , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Hungary , Ireland , Luxembourg , New Zealand , Poland , Scotland , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and the United States , while peaking inside the top three in Austria , Belgium ( Flanders & Wallonia ) , Germany , Israel , Japan , Netherlands , Norway , and Sweden . After reaching the top position on the Canadian Hot 100 , Jepsen became only the fifth Canadian artist to do so in her home country since 2007 . In the United States , the track reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart , and is the first number one by a Canadian female artist on the Billboard Hot 100 chart since 2007 's Girlfriend by Avril Lavigne . An accompanying music video was directed by Ben Knechtel . In it , Jepsen seeks the attention of an attractive boy next door who is revealed at the close of the story to be attracted to a male band member . As part of promotion for the song , Jepsen performed the track on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , where she made her US television debut , and at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards . Call Me Maybe has been covered by several artists , including Ben Howard , Big Time Rush , Fun , Cimorelli , Lil Wayne , JPEGMafia , and Cody Simpson , and parodied by Cookie Monster and some of the news staff of National Public Radio ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rihanna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rihanna', 'summary': "Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( /riˈænə/ ree-AN-ə ; [ n 1 ] born February 20 , 1988 ) is a Barbadian singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman , who has been recognized for embracing various musical styles and reinventing her image throughout her career . Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown , Barbados , Rihanna moved to the US in 2005 , when she signed with Def Jam Recordings . She earned significant recognition following the release of her first two studio albums , Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) and A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) , both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US Billboard 200 chart . Rihanna 's third studio album , Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) , incorporated more elements of dance-pop and catapulted her to greater stardom , establishing her status as a sex symbol and a leading figure in the music industry . Its international chart-topping single Umbrella earned Rihanna her first Grammy Award , winning Best Rap/Sung Collaboration . Rihanna extended her fusion of pop , dance , and R & B on her next four studio albums , Rated R ( 2009 ) , Loud ( 2010 ) , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) , and the Grammy Award-winning Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . All four releases incorporated experimentation of various musical styles and consolidated Rihanna 's international chart success , Unapologetic being her first number-one album in the US . The records spawned a string of chart-topping singles , including Rude Boy , Only Girl ( In the World ) , What 's My Name ? , S & M , We Found Love , Diamonds , and Stay . Her eighth studio album , Anti ( 2016 ) , showcased her control over artistic creativity after her departure from Def Jam . It became her second US number-one album and featured the chart-topping single Work . Besides solo materials , Rihanna has collaborated with recording artists such as Drake , Eminem , and Calvin Harris . Having sold over 250 million records , Rihanna is one of the world 's best-selling music artists ."}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)', 'summary': "Diamonds is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album , Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . It was written by Sia Furler together with its producers , Benny Blanco and StarGate . The song premiered on September 26 , 2012 , during the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show and was digitally released the following day as the lead single from Unapologetic . Def Jam Recordings serviced the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . Diamonds is a mid-tempo pop , electronic and R & B ballad that features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms . The song 's lyrics serve as a departure from the themes of unhealthy relationships that were on Rihanna 's previous singles and contain a prominent concept of love . Diamonds topped music charts in over twenty countries , including the United States , where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 and tied her with Madonna and The Supremes for the fifth-most number one singles in the chart 's history . Diamonds was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and sold over 3.5 million digital copies in the country . It also peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became Rihanna 's seventh number one song in the country ; it was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best-selling singles of all-time . The song 's music video was shot by director Anthony Mandler , a frequent collaborator of Rihanna 's , and depicts her in four environments that represent the elements of earth , air , water , and fire . The video received positive reviews and was praised for its imagery ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psy', 'summary': "Park Jae-sang ( Korean : 박재상 ; Hanja : 朴載相 , IPA : [ pɐk̚.t͡ɕεsɐŋ ] ; born December 31 , 1977 ) , known professionally as Psy ( 싸이 ; /saɪ/ SY ; Korean : [ s͈ai ] ) , stylized in all caps , is a South Korean singer , rapper , songwriter , and record producer . Psy is known domestically for his humorous videos and stage performances , and internationally for his hit single Gangnam Style . The song 's refrain was entered into The Yale Book of Quotations as one of the most famous quotations of 2012 . On October 23 , 2012 , Psy met United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the UN Headquarters where Ban expressed his desire to work with the singer because of his unlimited global reach . On December 21 , 2012 , his music video for Gangnam Style exceeded one billion views on YouTube , becoming the first video to do so in the website 's history . Psy was subsequently recognized by the media as the King of YouTube . On May 31 , 2014 , the video for Psy 's Gangnam Style hit two billion views . As of December 2019 [ update ] , it is the seventh most viewed video on YouTube , with over 3.4 billion views . In December 2012 , MTV noted Psy 's rise from being little known outside South Korea , to being hailed as the Viral Star of 2012 . On December 31 , 2012 , Psy performed in a globally televised New Year 's Eve celebration with American rapper MC Hammer on-stage in front of a live audience of over a million people in Times Square , New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Gangnam Style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangnam_Style', 'summary': "Gangnam Style ( Korean : 강남스타일 , IPA : [ kaŋ.nam sɯ.tʰa.il ] ) is the 18th K-pop single by the South Korean musician Psy . The song was released on July 15 , 2012 , as the lead single of his sixth studio album Psy 6 ( Six Rules ) , Part 1 , and debuted at number one on South Korea 's Gaon Chart . On December 21 , 2012 , Gangnam Style became the first YouTube video to reach one billion views . The song 's music video has since been viewed over 3.5 billion times on YouTube , and was the most viewed video on YouTube from November 24 , 2012 , when it surpassed the music video for Baby by Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris , to July 10 , 2017 , when it was surpassed by the music video for See You Again by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth . The phrase Gangnam Style is a Korean neologism that refers to a lifestyle associated with the Gangnam District of Seoul . The song and its music video went viral in August 2012 and have influenced popular culture worldwide . Gangnam Style received mixed reviews , with praise for its catchy beat and Psy 's amusing dancing ( which has itself become a phenomenon ) in the music video and during live performances in various locations around the world . In September 2012 , Gangnam Style was recognized by Guinness World Records as the most liked video on YouTube . It subsequently won Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards held that year . It became a source of parodies and reaction videos by many different individuals , groups and organizations . By the end of 2012 , Gangnam Style had topped the music charts of more than 30 countries including Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . Its dance was attempted by political leaders such as British Prime Minister David Cameron , U.S. President Barack Obama , and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon , who hailed it as a force for world peace ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loreen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loreen_(singer)', 'summary': "Lorine Zineb Noka Talhaoui , known professionally as Loreen ( IPA : [ lɔˈreːn ] ) , born 16 October 1983 ) is a Swedish pop singer and music producer . Representing Sweden , she won the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku , with her entry Euphoria . The song reached number one in several countries , including Germany and Sweden . At the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , she sang as the opening act in the first semi-final and as the interval act in the grand final . Interested in becoming a musician , Loreen took part in the Idol 2004 television competition , finishing fourth . The following year she released her first single , The Snake , with the band Rob ' n'Raz and became a television presenter on TV400 . While working as a segment producer and director for several Swedish reality TV shows , she entered Melodifestivalen 2011 with the song My Heart Is Refusing Me , which became a Top 10 hit in Sweden . She also had Top 20 hits in Sweden with the singles Crying Out Your Name ( 2012 ) and Statements ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Euphoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euphoria_(Loreen_song)', 'summary': "Euphoria is a song performed by Swedish recording artist and songwriter Loreen . It was released as the third single from her debut studio album Heal ( 2012 ) . The song was written by Thomas G : son , Peter Boström and produced by Boström and SeventyEight . It is best known as Sweden 's winning entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku , Azerbaijan . The song won the competition with a total of 372 points , the then second-highest point total in the contest 's history . The song received the highest number of maximum ( 12 ) points of any entry in the contest 's history with eighteen countries giving the song their top marks . Euphoria received critical acclaim from most music critics . Commercially , the song was an instant success both in Sweden and in the rest of Europe . It debuted at number twelve in Loreen 's home country Sweden , before reaching number one , staying there for six weeks . The song has been certified 10 times Platinum , selling 400,000 copies there ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olly Murs featuring Rizzle Kicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olly_Murs', 'summary': "Oliver Stanley Murs ( born 14 May 1984 ) is an English singer , songwriter , television presenter and voice actor . He first came to national attention for coming second in the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009 . He is currently signed to RCA Records and Sony Music UK in the United Kingdom , and Columbia Records in the United States . In 2010 , Murs released his debut single Please Do n't Let Me Go , which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Charts and received a Gold certification by the BPI . It was Murs ' first number one single after You Are Not Alone with the other series 6 finalists . His second single from his debut album , Thinking of Me charted at the top on the UK Singles Charts and received a Silver certification by the BPI . Heart Skips a Beat was his second number-one single . Murs ' second single from his next album , Dance with Me Tonight , became his fourth to reach number one . In November 2010 , Murs released his self-titled debut album , Olly Murs , which entered the UK Albums Chart at number two , with the biggest week one album sales for a debut album in 2010 , with over 108,000 albums sold . The album went on to sell over 600,000 copies , and was certified double platinum by the BPI . In November 2011 , Murs ' released his second album , In Case You Did n't Know , which entered the charts at number one and resulted in two number-one singles . As of December 2014 , Murs has sold over 10 million records worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rizzle_Kicks', 'summary': 'Rizzle Kicks are a British hip hop duo from Brighton consisting of Jordan Rizzle Stephens ( born 25 January 1992 ) and Harley Sylvester Alexander-Sule ( born 23 November 1991 ) . Their debut album , Stereo Typical , was released on 31 October 2011 . As of May 2012 , Rizzle Kicks have sold over 1 million singles and over 600,000 albums in the UK . Since 2015 , Alexander-Sule has released music under the stage name Jimi Charles Moody , and since 2016 , Stephens has released music under the stage names Wildhood and Al , the Native .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Heart Skips a Beat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_Skips_a_Beat', 'summary': "Heart Skips a Beat is a song by English singer-songwriter Olly Murs , taken from his second studio album , In Case You Did n't Know . The song features vocals from English hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks , and was released as the album 's lead single on 19 August 2011 . It was written by Alex Smith , Preston , Kish Mauve and Rizzle Kicks . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted at number one with first-week sales of over 109,000 copies , becoming his second number-one single . It also served as the closing song at Murs ' 2012 arena tour . The song achieved further success topping the charts in Germany and Switzerland , until it was overtaken by Murs ' 2012 single Troublemaker . The song has charted at number six in Ireland , becoming his second highest-charting single in the country at the time . The song gave Murs his second consecutive nomination for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards , after Please Do n't Let Me Go was nominated at the 2011 ceremony . The track was released as Murs ' debut single in the United States on 22 May 2012 . The track has been remixed for the American market , removing Rizzle Kicks and including a new verse from Chiddy Bang . It entered the Billboard Hot 100 at # 96 , and managed to peak at # 25 on the Pop chart ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Clare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Clare', 'summary': 'Alexander George Clare is an English singer and songwriter . His debut album , The Lateness of the Hour , was released in the UK on 11 July 2011 on Island Records and was produced by Mike Spencer and Major Lazer . The biggest hit from the album , Too Close , peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 Brit Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Too Close', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Too_Close_(Alex_Clare_song)', 'summary': "Too Close is a song by British singer Alex Clare . The track was first released in the United Kingdom on 15 April 2011 as the second single from Clare 's debut studio album , The Lateness of the Hour ( 2011 ) . The track was written by Clare , Jim Duguid and produced by Diplo and Switch , with co-production from Ariel Rechtshaid and Mike Spencer . Lyrically , the song describes the protagonist who is not ready for a committed relationship and he must end things with his love interest in good terms . The song became popular after it was used in an advertising campaign for Microsoft 's Internet Explorer 9 . Too Close was a number-one hit in Germany and a top-ten hit in multiple countries , including the UK , where it peaked at number 4 , and the U.S. , where it peaked at number 7 . The song has also been certified double platinum by the RIAA . The song was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 Brit Awards ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sean Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Paul', 'summary': "Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques OD ( born 9 January 1973 ) is a Jamaican singer , rapper and record producer . His singles Get Busy and Temperature topped the charts in the United States , and most of his albums have been nominated for the Grammy 's Best Reggae Album , with Dutty Rock winning the award . Sean Paul has also been featured in many other singles including chart-toppers Baby Boy by Beyoncé , What About Us by The Saturdays , and Rockabye by Clean Bandit ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': "She Does n't Mind", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/She_Doesn't_Mind", 'summary': "She Does n't Mind is the second single from the Jamaican Dancehall recording artist Sean Paul 's fifth studio album Tomahawk Technique . It was written by Sean Paul , Shellback and Benny Blanco and was produced by Shellback and Benny Blanco . It was released on 29 September 2011 on NRJ & Skyrock ( French radios ) , and to iTunes on 31 October . and was released to U.S. mainstream radio on 24 January 2012 . Like its predecessor , Got 2 Luv U , which featured American singer Alexis Jordan , it debuted at number-one in Switzerland . Internationally , the song dominated the charts in Austria and Israel , and peaked within the top ten of the charts in France , Norway , Romania and the United Kingdom . It was featured on the European release of the video game Grand Slam Tennis 2 ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Of Monsters and Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men', 'summary': "Of Monsters and Men are an Icelandic indie folk/pop band formed in 2010 . The members are lead singer and guitarist Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir , singer and guitarist Ragnar Raggi Þórhallsson , lead guitarist Brynjar Leifsson , drummer Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson and bassist Kristján Páll Kristjánsson . The band won the Músíktilraunir in 2010 , an annual battle of the bands competition in Iceland . In 2011 , Of Monsters and Men released an EP titled Into the Woods . The band 's 2011 debut album My Head Is an Animal , reached the No.1 position in Australia , Iceland , Ireland and the US Rock and Alternative charts , while peaking at No . 6 on the US Billboard 200 album chart , No . 3 in the UK , and Top 20 of most European charts and Canada . Its lead single Little Talks was an international success , reaching the Top 10 in most music charts in Europe , including No . 1 in Ireland and Iceland , and No . 1 on US Alternative Songs . Of Monsters and Men won the 2013 European Border Breakers Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Little Talks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Talks', 'summary': "Little Talks is the debut single by Icelandic indie folk/indie pop rock band Of Monsters and Men . The song was released as the lead single from their debut studio album , My Head Is an Animal ( 2011 ) . It was also released on the band 's EP Into the Woods . It was written by Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir and Ragnar Þórhallsson ( of Of Monsters and Men ) , and produced by Aron Þór Arnarsson . The song is written in the key of D-flat major ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DJ Antoine featuring The Beat Shakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DJ_Antoine', 'summary': 'Antoine Konrad ( born 23 June 1975 in Sissach , Basel-Landschaft ) , better known as DJ Antoine , is a Swiss House DJ , record producer and lifestyle entrepreneur from Basel , Switzerland . He has a number of successful single and album releases in Western Europe , in particular Switzerland , Germany and France .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Ma Chérie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ma_Chérie', 'summary': 'Ma Chérie is a song by Swiss DJ and producer DJ Antoine taken from his studio album Welcome to DJ Antoine . It features Serbian DJ-duo , The Beat Shakers and features the vocals of Swiss singer-songwriter Maurizio Pozzi . The song became a top-ten hit in Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , France , Germany , Hungary , Italy , Russia , Slovakia , Poland and Switzerland . The original song was created in the 2007 by The Beat Shakers with the voice of the singer Alberto , the lyrics by Danica Krstajić and the music by Boris Krstajić .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flo Rida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flo_Rida', 'summary': "Tramar Lacel Dillard ( born September 16 , 1979 ) , known professionally as Flo Rida ( /floʊ ˈraɪdə/ , floh RY-də ) , is an American rapper , singer and songwriter from Carol City , Florida . His 2007 breakout single Low was number one for 10 weeks in the United States and broke the record for digital download sales at the time of its release . Flo Rida 's debut studio album , 2008 's Mail on Sunday , reached number four in the US . The album was succeeded by R.O.O.T.S. , the next year . His subsequent albums , 2010 's Only One Flo ( Part 1 ) and 2012 's Wild Ones , also charted on the US Billboard 200 chart . Flo Rida has sold over 100 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists . His catalog includes the international hit singles Right Round , Club Ca n't Handle Me , Good Feeling , Wild Ones , Whistle , I Cry , G.D.F.R . and My House ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Whistle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whistle_(Flo_Rida_song)', 'summary': "Whistle is a song by American rapper Flo Rida from his fourth album Wild Ones ( 2012 ) . It was released on September 5 , 2011 as the third single from the album . Whistle was written by Flo Rida , David Glass , Marcus Killian , Justin Franks , Breyan Isaac and Antonio Mobley while production was handled by DJ Frank E and Glass . Whistle is a electropop song characterized by a whistling melody . Upon its release , the song received mostly mixed reviews from music critics . They generally praised its pop sound , noting that it had the potential of becoming another hit with its catchy hook . However , several critics gave a negative review for the lyrics , interpreted as a thinly veiled euphemism for oral sex , calling it the least subtle song ever . The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Flo Rida 's third number one hit and his first since 2009 's Right Round . Outside the United States , Whistle was also commercial success , topping the charts in some countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland and peaked within the top ten of the charts in others , including Denmark , the Netherlands , Spain and the United Kingdom . An accompanying music video for the song , directed by Marc Klasfeld , was released on May 24 , 2012 . It was filmed in Acapulco , Mexico and makes use of split screen at various points . It mostly shows shots of Flo Rida and several girls on a beach ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marteria , Yasha & Miss Platnum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marteria', 'summary': 'Marten Laciny ( born 4 December 1982 ) , better known by his stage name Marteria , is a German hip hop artist from Rostock . His stage name is derived from his first name , and also the Latin word materia meaning matter or substance . He has met with success in Germany ( his 2012 collaboration with Yasha and Miss Platnum , Lila Wolken , reached Number 1 in the German music charts ) and the single Verstrahlt , featuring Yasha , was included in the console game FIFA 12 . His alternative stage name and alter ego is Marsimoto ( see section ) . Before his music career , he was a football player and male model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miss_Platnum', 'summary': 'Miss Platnum ( born Ruth Maria Renner on 27 September 1980 ) , formerly known as Platnum , is a Romanian-German singer , songwriter and musician , currently signed to Virgin Records Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany Germany / Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Lila Wolken', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adele', 'summary': "Adele Laurie Blue Adkins MBE ( /əˈdɛl/ ; born 5 May 1988 ) is an English singer-songwriter . After graduating from the BRIT School in 2006 , Adele signed a recording contract with XL Recordings . In 2007 , she received the Brit Awards Critics ' Choice Award and won the BBC Sound of 2008 poll . Her debut album , 19 , was released in 2008 to commercial and critical success . It is certified eight times platinum in the UK , and three times platinum in the US . The album contains her first song , Hometown Glory , written when she was 16 , which is based on her home suburb of West Norwood in London . An appearance she made on Saturday Night Live in late 2008 boosted her career in the US . At the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 , Adele received the awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . Adele released her second studio album , 21 , in 2011 . The album was critically well received and surpassed the success of her debut , earning numerous awards in 2012 , among them a record-tying six Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year ; two Brit Awards , including British Album of the Year ; and three American Music Awards , including Favorite Pop/Rock Album . The album has been certified 17 times platinum in the UK , and is overall the fourth best-selling album in the nation . In the US , it has held the top position longer than any album since 1985 , and is certified diamond ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Skyfall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skyfall_(Adele_song)', 'summary': "Skyfall is the theme song of the James Bond film of the same name , performed by English singer-songwriter Adele . It was written by Adele and producer Paul Epworth and features orchestration by J . A. C. Redford . The film company Eon Productions invited the singer to work on the theme song in early 2011 , a task that Adele accepted after reading the film 's script . While composing the song , Adele and Epworth aimed to capture the mood and style of the other Bond themes , including dark and moody lyrics descriptive of the film 's plot . Skyfall was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the Global James Bond Day , celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of Dr. No , the first James Bond film . Skyfall became a major commercial success . The song reached number one in 11 countries and top 5 in many more regions . It quickly went to the top of the iTunes chart and peaked at number two in the UK and number eight in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 . As of 2018 , Skyfall has sold over 7 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling digital singles of all time . Skyfall received various accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Original Song , Brit Award for British Single of the Year , Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song , Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media , thus making it the first Bond theme to win all the aforementioned awards . During the 85th Academy Awards , Adele performed the song live for the first time ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tacabro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tacabro', 'summary': "Tacabro is an Italian dance music trio from Catania ( Sicily ) , Italy , initially made up of Italian DJs and record producers Mario Romano and Salvatore Salvo Sapienza , and later also of Cuban singer Martínez Rodríguez , better known as Ruly MC . Mario Romano and Salvo Sapienza started working in Italian night club as DJs , and in the spring of 2008 they formed the duo known as Romano & Sapienza playing mostly electro/tribal sounds . Their first break as Romano & Sapienza was with their first single Judas Brass , released in 2008 by Hollister Records . However they are best known for the hit Tacata ' . The single was released in 2011 in Italy credited to Romano & Sapienza featuring Rodriguez , the latter being the Cuban artist Martínez Rodríguez , known as Ruly MC . Based on this success , the single was released with a new music video under the name Tacabro becoming a hit in Denmark where it reached # 1 , in France where it reached # 6 and in Sweden . According to PROMUSICAE , the publisher of the Official Spanish Singles and Albums Charts , Rayos de sol was the seventh biggest selling single in Spain in 2012 . In 2015 , Mario Romano collaborated with American singer-songwriter Liza Fox and DJ Jus Grata on the single Unlimited ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': "Tacata '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tacata'", 'summary': "Tacata ' ( alternative writings Tacatà and Tacatá ) is an international hit by Italian group Tacabro with Cuban artist Martínez Rodríguez as main vocalist for the release on 541 / N.E.W.S . labels in Italy , France and Sweden and with Sony Music in Denmark . The music is composed by the Italian duo Mario Romano and Salvatore Sapienza known as Romano & Sapienza and lyrics by Raul-Rodriguez Martinez . Tacata ' was originally a hit in Italy and was credited to Romano & Sapienza featuring Rodríguez reaching number 4 on the Italian Singles Charts . The same name was used for the initial Swiss release . Releases on other European charts were credited to the formation Tacabro and charted as such in France , Denmark and Sweden . The song has gained recognition in North America , reaching number 83 in Canada where it was the most popular outside Europe ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cro_(rapper)', 'summary': 'Carlo Christopher Simon Waibel , better known by his stage name Cro ( born January 31 , 1990 ) , is a German musician , artist , fashion designer , director and producer . He was represented by Chimperator Productions until July 2018 . He describes his music as a mixture between rap and pop , which he calls raop .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Easy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Easy_(Cro_song)', 'summary': 'Easy is the debut single of German rapper Cro . A pop and rap song , it was produced by Cro . The lyrics and musical composition are attributed to Cro . It was first released on the internet on November 23 , 2011 , was later released on his mixtape Easy , which was available for free download , and later re-released as the lead single from his debut album Raop on March 23 , 2012 through Chimperator Productions . Easy attained commercial success , reaching number two in Germany and number 4 in Austria . The song was promoted by an accompanying music video directed by Harris Hodovic . It reached Platinum in Germany in October 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linkin Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linkin_Park', 'summary': "Linkin Park is an American rock band from Agoura Hills , California . The band 's current lineup comprises vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mike Shinoda , lead guitarist Brad Delson , bassist Dave Farrell , DJ/keyboardist Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon , all of whom are founding members . Vocalists Mark Wakefield and Chester Bennington and bassist Kyle Christner are former members of the band . Categorized as alternative rock , Linkin Park has experimented with their music throughout their career by incorporating heavy metal , hard rock , hip hop , pop , and electronica . Formed in 1996 , Linkin Park rose to international fame with their debut studio album , Hybrid Theory ( 2000 ) , which became certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Their second album , Meteora ( 2003 ) , continued the band 's success , topping the Billboard 200 , and was followed by extensive touring and charity work . Having adapted nu metal and rap metal to a radio-friendly yet densely layered style in their first two albums , the band explored other genres on their third album , Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) , which also topped the Billboard 200 . Linkin Park continued to explore a wider variation of musical types in their fourth album , A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) , layering their music with more electronic sounds . The band 's fifth album , Living Things ( 2012 ) , combined musical elements from all of their previous records . Their sixth album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) , returned to a heavier rock sound , and their seventh album , One More Light ( 2017 ) , is a more electronic and pop-oriented record . Linkin Park is among the best-selling bands of the 21st century and the world 's best-selling music artists , having sold over 100 million records worldwide . They have won two Grammy Awards , six American Music Awards , four MTV Video Music Awards and three World Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Burn It Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burn_It_Down_(Linkin_Park_song)', 'summary': "Burn It Down is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . The song was released to radio stations , as well as a digital download , on April 16 , 2012 , as the lead single from their fifth studio album Living Things . The song was written by the band and produced by co-lead vocalist Mike Shinoda and Rick Rubin , who co-produced the band 's studio albums Minutes to Midnight ( 2007 ) and A Thousand Suns ( 2010 ) . A music video for the song was directed by Linkin Park turntablist Joe Hahn . As of February 13 , 2013 , Burn It Down had sold over one million copies in the United States , making it their eighth single to be certified gold by the RIAA ."}]}], 'section_title': '2012', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_(Germany)_12', 'intro': 'This is a list of the twenty best-selling singles on the Media Control Charts in Germany from 2000 to 2018. The data was found out by Media Control and is based on the singles sold.'}
null
null
Too Close is a song from the debut album named what ?
The Lateness of the Hour
08ffe5b6a039cf90
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir', 'title': 'List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir', 'header': ['Name of District', 'Headquarters', 'Area ( km² )', 'Population 2001 Census', 'Population 2011 Census'], 'data': [{'value': 'Doda District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doda_District', 'summary': 'Doda is a district in eastern part of Jammu Division of the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The district consists of 17 Tehsils : Thathri , Bhaderwah , Doda , Mahalla , Bhagwa , Assar , Bhalla , Gundana , Marmat , Kahara , Gandoh ( Bhalessa ) , Bhella , Bharth Bagla , Chiralla , Chilli Pingal , Phagsoo ( Fagsu ) and Kashtigarh .'}]}, {'value': 'Doda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doda,_Jammu_and_Kashmir', 'summary': 'Doda is a town and a notified area committee in Doda district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . Doda is located at 33°08′N 75°34′E / 33.13°N 75.57°E / 33.13 ; 75.57 and has an average elevation of 1,107 metres ( 3631 feet ) .'}]}, {'value': '2,306', 'urls': []}, {'value': '320,256', 'urls': []}, {'value': '409,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jammu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jammu_District', 'summary': 'Jammu is the most populous of the districts of Jammu and Kashmir in India , and is home to the winter capital ( Jammu ) of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital moves to Srinagar city in the summer . The largest city is Jammu .'}]}, {'value': 'Jammu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jammu_(city)', 'summary': 'Jammu is the winter capital and the largest city in Jammu district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . Lying on the banks of the river Tawi , the city of Jammu , with an area of 26.64 km2 ( 10.29 sq mi ) , is surrounded by the Himalayas in the north and the northern-plains in the south . Jammu is the second most populous city of the union territory . Known as the City of Temples for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines , Jammu is the most visited place in the union territory . Jammu city shares its borders with the neighbouring Samba district .'}]}, {'value': '3,097', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,343,756', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,526,406', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathua District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathua_District', 'summary': "Kathua district is one of 22 administrative districts that comprise the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . It is surrounded by Jammu to the northwest , the Doda and Udhampur districts to the north , the state of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Punjab to the south , and Pakistan 's working boundary to the west . Its terrain is diverse , consisting of rich agricultural areas along the Punjab/Kashmir border , plains sweeping eastward to the foothills of the Himalaya , and the mountainous Pahari region in the east . Kathua district is divided into 8 blocks : Bani , Barnoti , Basholi , Billawar , Duggan , Ghagwal , Hiranagar , Kathua and Lohai Malhar . It has approximately 512 villages . The traditional language of Kathua is Dogri . Pahari languages are prevalent in the mountainous area of the east . The principal media of education are English , Hindi , and Urdu . A relatively safe regional pocket , Kathua was spared the decade-long insurrection sparked by the Khalistan separatist movement in Punjab State on the Indian side of Punjab region that ended in the early 1990s , just to its south , and the ongoing insurgency in Kashmir Valley further to the north , beginning in the 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'Kathua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathua', 'summary': 'Kathua ( kəˈθʊə ) , is a city and Municipal Council in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir , near its southern border with Punjab and Himachal Pradesh . The city is also the gateway to the state and a big industrial town with army presence.Kathua along with its satellite township of Lakhanpur in J & K and the nearby city of Pathankot in Punjab constitute the Kathua-Pathankot twin city urban area . Kathua is the second largest city in Jammu division after Jammu city . Kathua is connected via the public road network with Jammu , Chandigarh , Delhi , Pathankot and Amritsar.Kathua City is divide into 21 Wards having ward councilors .'}]}, {'value': '2,651', 'urls': []}, {'value': '550,084', 'urls': []}, {'value': '615,711', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kishtwar District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kishtwar_District', 'summary': 'Kishtwar District is a district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir of India . As of 2011 , it is the third least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir ( out of 22 ) , after Kargil and Leh ( now part of Ladakh ) . It is situated on the banks of the Chenab River .'}]}, {'value': 'Kishtwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kishtwar', 'summary': 'Kishtwar is a municipality in the Kishtwar District of the Jammu region in the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir .'}]}, {'value': '7,737', 'urls': []}, {'value': '190,843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '231,037', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poonch District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poonch_district,_Jammu_and_Kashmir', 'summary': 'Poonch or Punch is a district in Jammu and Kashmir , India . With headquarters the town of Poonch , it is bounded by the Line of Control ( boundary between Indian and Pakistan administered Kashmir ) on three sides ( north , west and south ) . The 1947-48 war between India and Pakistan divided the earlier district into two parts . One went to Pakistan and the other became part of the then Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir .'}]}, {'value': 'Poonch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poonch_(town)', 'summary': "Poonch ( also referred to as Punch ) is the capital of Poonch district , in Jammu and Kashmir , India . It is located near the Line of Control - the de facto border with Pakistan 's Azad Kashmir ."}]}, {'value': '1,674', 'urls': []}, {'value': '372,613', 'urls': []}, {'value': '476,820', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajouri District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajouri_District', 'summary': "Rajouri ( or Rajauri ) is a district of Jammu region in Indian UT of Jammu and Kashmir . The Line of Control lies to its west , Poonch to its north , the Reasi district to the east and the Jammu district to its south . Rajouri is famous for its kalari ( made from milk ) . Representing an ancient principality , Rajouri was a joint district , along with Reasi , at the time of princely state 's accession to India in 1947 . The two tehsils were separated and Rajouri was merged with the Poonch district . Rajouri again became a separate district in 1968 . The Rajouri district comprises 13 tehsils ( boroughs ) . The land is mostly fertile and mountainous . Maize , wheat and rice are the main crops of the area and the main source of the irrigation is the river Tawi that originates from the mountains of Pir Panjal ."}]}, {'value': 'Rajouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajouri', 'summary': 'Rajouri or Rajauri ( /rəˈdʒɔːri/ ) is a Town in Rajouri district in the UT of Jammu and Kashmir , India . Rajouri is about 155 kilometres ( 96 mi ) from Srinagar and 150 km from Jammu city on the Poonch Highway . Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University is based in the town . Famous Sikh General Banda Singh Bahadur also belonged to Rajouri .'}]}, {'value': '2,630', 'urls': []}, {'value': '483,284', 'urls': []}, {'value': '619,266', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramban District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramban_District', 'summary': 'Ramban is one of the 22 districts in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir , India . Ramban is located in the lap of Pir Panjal range of the mighty Himalayas . It was carved out of erstwhile Doda District keeping in view the backwardness , remoteness and aspiration of people of the area . District Ramban started functioning as independent unit on 1 April 2007 . Ramban town is the district headquarters . The town is located midway between Jammu and Srinagar along the Chenab river in Chenab Valley on National Highway-44 , ( originally National Highway 1A ( India ) ) approximately 150 km from Jammu and Srinagar .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramban_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)', 'summary': 'Wikipedia : WikiProject Indian cities'}]}, {'value': '1,329', 'urls': []}, {'value': '180,830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '283,313', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reasi District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reasi_District', 'summary': "Reasi district is a district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The Reasi district is bordered by Udhampur district and Ramban district in the east , Jammu district in the south , Rajouri district in the west and by Kulgam district on the north . The Reasi and Rajouri tehsiles formed a joint district called the Reasi district at the time of princely state 's accession to India in 1947 . As part of the reorganisation , the two tehsils were separated and Reasi was merged with the Udhampur district . It again became a separate district in 2006 . Reasi is one of the oldest towns of the Jammu and Kashmir State . It was the seat of the erstwhile Bhimgarh State , said to have been established by Raja Bhim Dev sometime in the 8th century . It remained an independent principality till 1822 , when Raja Gulab Singh the then Raja of Jammu hill region , under the Sikh empire , consolidated the small states ."}]}, {'value': 'Reasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reasi', 'summary': "Reasi is a town and a notified area committee and tehsil in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . Situated at the bank of River Chenab , it is the headquarters of the Reasi district . In the eighth century , Reasi was a part of the Bhimgarh state established by Bhim Dev . The name Reasi is derived from the town 's old name Rasyal ."}]}, {'value': '1,719', 'urls': []}, {'value': '268,441', 'urls': []}, {'value': '314,714', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba_District', 'summary': 'Samba District is a district in the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir formed in 2006 . Before its formation , this area was part of Jammu district and Kathua district .'}]}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samba,_Jammu', 'summary': 'Samba is a Municipal Committee city in the only sub-district Samba Tahsil of the Samba District in the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . With a population of about 12,700 , Samba is the third least populous municipal committee in the district . Its total geographical area is 2 km2 ( 0.77 sq mi ) , and it is the second smallest city by area in the sub district . The city is divided into 13 wards for which elections are held every 5 years . Among the 13 wards , Samba Ward No . 13 is the most populous ward with a population of 1702 , and Samba Ward No . 11 is the least populous ward with a population of 533 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '904', 'urls': []}, {'value': '245,016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '318,611', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udhampur District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udhampur_District', 'summary': 'Udhampur is a district in the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir ( In Indian administrative Kashmir ) . Covering an area of 4,550 square kilometres ( 1,760 sq mi ) in the Himalayan mountains , the district has its headquarters in the town of Udhampur . The Northern Command headquarters of the Indian Army is located in the district . At an elevation of 2,024 metres ( 6,640 ft ) the mountain resort of Patnitop and the temple at Sudh Mahadev believed to be over 2800 years old , are other popular tourist attractions of the district . The major languages spoken in the district are Dogri , Hindi , Urdu , and Gojri and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Udhampur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udhampur', 'summary': 'Udhampur ( ˌʊd̪ʱəmpur ) is a city and a municipal committee in Udhampur District in the Indian Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir . . [ citation needed ] Named after Raja Udham Singh , it serves as the district capital and the Northern Command headquarters of the Indian Army . A Forward Base Support Unit ( FBSU ) of the Indian Air Force is also stationed here . Udhampur is used by the Armed Forces as a transit point between Jammu and Srinagar when travelling by road on National Highway 1A .'}]}, {'value': '4,550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '475,068', 'urls': []}, {'value': '555,357', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Total', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,293', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,430,191', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,350,811', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Districts -- Jammu Division', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_0', 'intro': 'Jammu and Kashmir consists of two divisions: Jammu Division and Kashmir Division and is further divided into 20 districts:\n This excludes the Pakistani administered region of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (13,297 km2). The remaining 42,241 km2 is administered by India.'}
null
null
How many blocks is the district with an area of 2,651 km² divided into ?
8
0900626a1dc9c96b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_football_transfers_2014', 'title': 'List of Malaysian football transfers 2014', 'header': ['Position', 'Player', 'To club', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': 'ST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Ahmad Qushairi Mustafa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felda United F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felda_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'FELDA United Football Club is a professional Malaysian football club based in Jengka , Pahang which is owned by Federal Land Development Authority ( FELDA ) . The club currently plays in the top division of Malaysian football , Malaysia Super League , after being crowned the 2018 Malaysia Premier League Champions to be promoted into the Super League . Known as The Fighters among the fans , FELDA United has participated in the Malaysian football league since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Gusti Ishak Fitri Shah Said', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_FA', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur Football Association is a football association who supervising the football activities in the Federal Territory of Malaysia of Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur Football Association was formed in 1975 to oversee footballing in Kuala Lumpur . The association was founded by K. Rasalingam and Goh Ah Chai as the Federal Territory Football Association in 1975 and entered Malaysian football competitions in 1979 before being renamed Kuala Lumpur Football Association in 1986 . Kuala Lumpur had its most successful period in the late 1980s after being crowned the league champions twice in 1986 and 1988 . They also won the Malaysia Cup for three consecutive years in 1987 , 1988 and 1989 . The team enjoyed considerable success in cup competitions in the 1990s , winning the Malaysian FA Cup in 1993 , 1994 and 1999 . Kuala Lumpur won the Malaysian Charity Shield , also known as the Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Cup on three occasions , in 1988 , 1995 and 2000 . Following its founding , a fierce rivalry developed between Kuala Lumpur and Selangor mainly due to their geographical location . The battle between these two teams is often referred to as the Klang Valley Derby which was renewed in the 2010 season after KL ended a seven-year spell in the second-tier with promotion to the Malaysia Super League . KL were relegated to the second-tier Malaysia Premier League in 2012 and the following year , in 2013 , Kuala Lumpur were relegated to the third-tier Malaysia FAM League for the first time in its history .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Tunku Noor Hidayat Tunku Ishak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penang FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penang_FA', 'summary': "Football Association of Penang ( or simply known as FA Penang ) is a Malaysian association football club based in George Town , Penang that currently plays in the Malaysia Premier League . Unofficially founded in 1920 , officially as Football Association of Penang on 21 October 1921 , the club represents the state of Penang in football tournaments . The team has traditionally worn a blue home kit . They have a long-standing rivalry with Kedah ; the two teams from the northern region of Malaysia being engaged in what has been collectively known as the Northern Region Derby . The state football team play their home matches at the 20,000 capacity City Stadium in George Town . Penang had established itself as a major force in Malaysian football between the 1950s to the 1970s . Domestically , Penang has won a record of 3 Division 1 titles , 4 Malaysia Cup titles , 5 Malaysia FAM League titles , 1 Malaysia FA Cup title and 1 Malaysia Charity Shield . At present , it is one of the 12 teams competing in the Malaysian Premier League and the first club from Malaysia won Asian title Aga Khan Gold Cup unofficial Asian Champions ' Cup 1976"}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Amirul Hisyam Awang Kechik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_A', 'summary': "Harimau Muda A was the club name for the former Malaysia Under-22 National Football Team , representing Malaysia in international football competitions such as the AFC U-22 Asian Cup , Champions Youth Cup as well as other under-22 international football tournaments . It was managed by Football Association of Malaysia . The squad was the feeder team for Malaysia U-23 and senior national football team . In 2015 , Harimau Muda once again became a single team composed of former Harimau Muda A & B players . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the club was disbanded by FAM which meant that all the players were returned to their own state sides . Harimau Muda A last competed in Australia 's National Premier Leagues Queensland , having lastly participated in a domestic league competition is the 2012 S. League . The team was aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Azri Zulkiflee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_FA', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur Football Association is a football association who supervising the football activities in the Federal Territory of Malaysia of Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur Football Association was formed in 1975 to oversee footballing in Kuala Lumpur . The association was founded by K. Rasalingam and Goh Ah Chai as the Federal Territory Football Association in 1975 and entered Malaysian football competitions in 1979 before being renamed Kuala Lumpur Football Association in 1986 . Kuala Lumpur had its most successful period in the late 1980s after being crowned the league champions twice in 1986 and 1988 . They also won the Malaysia Cup for three consecutive years in 1987 , 1988 and 1989 . The team enjoyed considerable success in cup competitions in the 1990s , winning the Malaysian FA Cup in 1993 , 1994 and 1999 . Kuala Lumpur won the Malaysian Charity Shield , also known as the Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Cup on three occasions , in 1988 , 1995 and 2000 . Following its founding , a fierce rivalry developed between Kuala Lumpur and Selangor mainly due to their geographical location . The battle between these two teams is often referred to as the Klang Valley Derby which was renewed in the 2010 season after KL ended a seven-year spell in the second-tier with promotion to the Malaysia Super League . KL were relegated to the second-tier Malaysia Premier League in 2012 and the following year , in 2013 , Kuala Lumpur were relegated to the third-tier Malaysia FAM League for the first time in its history .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Azahari Radzali', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perlis FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perlis_FA', 'summary': 'Perlis Football Association ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Perlis ) , also known as Perlis FA , is a football team based in Kangar , Perlis , Malaysia . The team was founded in 1963 and currently suspended from FIFA by playing in the second division of Malaysian football , the 2019 Malaysia Premier League . Year 2019 is the first ever Perlis did not enter any tournament in Malaysian League since 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Helmi Hariri Ibrahim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_FA', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur Football Association is a football association who supervising the football activities in the Federal Territory of Malaysia of Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur Football Association was formed in 1975 to oversee footballing in Kuala Lumpur . The association was founded by K. Rasalingam and Goh Ah Chai as the Federal Territory Football Association in 1975 and entered Malaysian football competitions in 1979 before being renamed Kuala Lumpur Football Association in 1986 . Kuala Lumpur had its most successful period in the late 1980s after being crowned the league champions twice in 1986 and 1988 . They also won the Malaysia Cup for three consecutive years in 1987 , 1988 and 1989 . The team enjoyed considerable success in cup competitions in the 1990s , winning the Malaysian FA Cup in 1993 , 1994 and 1999 . Kuala Lumpur won the Malaysian Charity Shield , also known as the Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Cup on three occasions , in 1988 , 1995 and 2000 . Following its founding , a fierce rivalry developed between Kuala Lumpur and Selangor mainly due to their geographical location . The battle between these two teams is often referred to as the Klang Valley Derby which was renewed in the 2010 season after KL ended a seven-year spell in the second-tier with promotion to the Malaysia Super League . KL were relegated to the second-tier Malaysia Premier League in 2012 and the following year , in 2013 , Kuala Lumpur were relegated to the third-tier Malaysia FAM League for the first time in its history .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Faizzwan Dorahim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perak FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perak_FA', 'summary': "Perak has sent a football team to play in Malaya Cup since its inaugural season in 1921 . They were also one of the founding members of the Malayan Football Association ( the predecessor to the modern Football Association of Malaysia ) in 1926 . However , the team was not officially registered until 18 April 1951 , when the newly formed governing body of Perak football , the Perak Amateur Football Association ( PAFA ) , took over its management . . Perak is the third most successful club in Malaysia Cup history , having won the competition a total of 8 times , with the last of those coming in 2018 . It also won the inaugural FA Cup in 1990 , a feat it repeated in 2004 . Since Malaysian football league competition was introduced in 1982 , the team has emerged league winners twice ( in 2002 and 2003 ) and is the only team to have never been demoted to a lower division . Perak has yet to win the Super League since its foundation in 2004 , with its best showing coming in the 06-07 and 2018 seasons where they finished runners-up . It made its continental competition debut as a professional team at the 2008 AFC Cup , making it to the Quarter-Final stage before being eliminated by Safa . In February 2016 , the club rebranded as Perak The Bos Gaurus , or Perak TBG , as part of its privatisation plan to play in Malaysia Super League . Perak subsequently acquired its club license in 2017 , in accordance with FMLLP 's requirement for all M-League clubs to acquire their licenses by the start of the 2018 season . In 2019 , Perak acquired the AFC Club License , enabling it to participate in the AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Farhan Hazmi Mohd Nasir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_FA', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur Football Association is a football association who supervising the football activities in the Federal Territory of Malaysia of Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur Football Association was formed in 1975 to oversee footballing in Kuala Lumpur . The association was founded by K. Rasalingam and Goh Ah Chai as the Federal Territory Football Association in 1975 and entered Malaysian football competitions in 1979 before being renamed Kuala Lumpur Football Association in 1986 . Kuala Lumpur had its most successful period in the late 1980s after being crowned the league champions twice in 1986 and 1988 . They also won the Malaysia Cup for three consecutive years in 1987 , 1988 and 1989 . The team enjoyed considerable success in cup competitions in the 1990s , winning the Malaysian FA Cup in 1993 , 1994 and 1999 . Kuala Lumpur won the Malaysian Charity Shield , also known as the Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Cup on three occasions , in 1988 , 1995 and 2000 . Following its founding , a fierce rivalry developed between Kuala Lumpur and Selangor mainly due to their geographical location . The battle between these two teams is often referred to as the Klang Valley Derby which was renewed in the 2010 season after KL ended a seven-year spell in the second-tier with promotion to the Malaysia Super League . KL were relegated to the second-tier Malaysia Premier League in 2012 and the following year , in 2013 , Kuala Lumpur were relegated to the third-tier Malaysia FAM League for the first time in its history .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D/ML', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Syazwan Zaipol Bahari', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B', 'summary': "Harimau Muda B was the club name for the former Malaysia Under-21 National Football Team and was managed by the Football Association of Malaysia . The national team played as a club under the name Harimau Muda B which took part in Malaysia Premier League from the 2007-08 season and also FA Cup Malaysia . In 2015 , Harimau Muda once again became a single team composed of former Harimau Muda A & B players . Harimau Muda B last competed in Singapore 's 2014 S. League . The team was aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the Harimau Muda has disbanded by FAM which means all the player from Harimau Muda A , Harimau Muda B and Harimau Muda C will be returned to their own state . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhammad Irfan Zakaria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B', 'summary': "Harimau Muda B was the club name for the former Malaysia Under-21 National Football Team and was managed by the Football Association of Malaysia . The national team played as a club under the name Harimau Muda B which took part in Malaysia Premier League from the 2007-08 season and also FA Cup Malaysia . In 2015 , Harimau Muda once again became a single team composed of former Harimau Muda A & B players . Harimau Muda B last competed in Singapore 's 2014 S. League . The team was aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the Harimau Muda has disbanded by FAM which means all the player from Harimau Muda A , Harimau Muda B and Harimau Muda C will be returned to their own state . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Azalinullah Mohd Alias', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Team F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Arif Fadzilah Abu Bakar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Team F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Team_F.C.', 'summary': "The club was founded on 14 July 2006 as T-Team . The club was formed after Football Association of Kuala Terengganu District decided to send a football team to compete in Malaysian League as T-Team . They competed in 2008 Malaysia FAM League and achieved promotion to Malaysia Premier League for 2009 season . The club was then also promoted to Malaysia Super League after just one season in second division and then competed in 2010 Malaysia Super League . The club was further rebranded as T-Team Titans to gather local support . The team quickly gained popularity among the local football fans as everyone 's favourite underdog . As the team kept surpassing the pundits ' and supporters ' expectations season after season they also showed that they were more than capable of competing and beating Malaysia 's heavyweights ( JDT , Pahang and Kedah ) even with their tight budget and often young squad ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Abdul Gafur Samsudin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selangor FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selangor_FA', 'summary': "Football Association of Selangor ( Malay : Persatuan Bolasepak Selangor ) , commonly referred to as FA Selangor is a Malaysian professional football club based in the city of Shah Alam and competes in the Malaysia Super League , the top division of Malaysian football . Founded in 1936 as Football Association of Selangor ( FAS ) and the association start build its football development by forming the professional football team and known as FA Selangor . It currently plays their home games in the 80,372-capacity Shah Alam Stadium . Selangor is the most successful club in Malaysia , in terms of overall titles won . Domestically , Selangor have won a record 6 times Malaysia top division league champion which include 2 Super League titles that currently plays , 5 FA Cups champion , 33 Malaysia Cups champion and 8 Charity Cups titles . Beside that , Selangor also have won 2 times Premier League titles and between 1953 to 1973 , 7 FAM Cups titles where FAM Cup as a secondary knockout competition between teams only after Malaysia Cup . Selangor also the first club to qualified and enter the highest Asian continental tournament , Asian Club Championship and becoming the runner-up in 1967 , the first edition of the Asian top-flight continental club tournament , which is later branded as the AFC Champions League in 2002 . In a season of 1997 , 2005 and 2009 were the most successful years for Selangor . In 1997 season , the club won three trophies FA Cup , Malaysia Cup and Charity Cup and runner-up for the Agong 's Cup under the coach Steve Wicks . In 2005 season , the team won three trophies Premier League , FA Cup and Malaysia Cup under the coaching of Dollah Salleh while in 2009 season , the head coach , K. Devan leads the team winning three trophies Super League , FA Cup and Charity Cup . This is the first domestic doubles for the history of the club . Among those who are responsible for the success of Selangor are the presidents : Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj , Harun Idris , Mohd ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Azrul Zulkifli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sungai Ara F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sungai_Ara_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sungai Ara Football Club is a team playing in Malaysia FAM League . The team is based in Sungai Ara , Penang , Malaysia . In 2014 the team was promoted to play in Malaysia FAM League .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Faris Shah Rosli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harimau_Muda_B', 'summary': "Harimau Muda B was the club name for the former Malaysia Under-21 National Football Team and was managed by the Football Association of Malaysia . The national team played as a club under the name Harimau Muda B which took part in Malaysia Premier League from the 2007-08 season and also FA Cup Malaysia . In 2015 , Harimau Muda once again became a single team composed of former Harimau Muda A & B players . Harimau Muda B last competed in Singapore 's 2014 S. League . The team was aimed at developing Malaysian youth players and does not recruit any foreign nationals in its squad . On 25 November 2015 , it was confirmed that the Harimau Muda has disbanded by FAM which means all the player from Harimau Muda A , Harimau Muda B and Harimau Muda C will be returned to their own state . The name Harimau Muda means Young Tigers in English ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Ahmad Azriddin Rosli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felda United F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felda_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'FELDA United Football Club is a professional Malaysian football club based in Jengka , Pahang which is owned by Federal Land Development Authority ( FELDA ) . The club currently plays in the top division of Malaysian football , Malaysia Super League , after being crowned the 2018 Malaysia Premier League Champions to be promoted into the Super League . Known as The Fighters among the fans , FELDA United has participated in the Malaysian football league since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Shahrul Hakim Rahim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Negeri Sembilan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_FA', 'summary': "Negeri Sembilan Football Association or simply known as Negeri Sembilan is a Malaysian professional football club based in Seremban , Negeri Sembilan that competes in the Malaysia Premier League . Founded in 1923 , the club 's home ground Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium . Negeri Sembilan won their first major honour in 1948 Malaysia Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AMC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Muhd Syahrizal Shaharin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Negeri Sembilan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_FA', 'summary': "Negeri Sembilan Football Association or simply known as Negeri Sembilan is a Malaysian professional football club based in Seremban , Negeri Sembilan that competes in the Malaysia Premier League . Founded in 1923 , the club 's home ground Tuanku Abdul Rahman Stadium . Negeri Sembilan won their first major honour in 1948 Malaysia Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder_(association_football)', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakir Zufayri Ibrahim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terengganu FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terengganu_FA', 'summary': 'This club did not have much success in the 1970s with only a single appearance in the Malaysia Cup final , losing to Selangor 2-1 in a match played at the Merdeka Stadium . It was the same in the 1980s with another final appearance in 1982 , ironically also against Selangor . It was the same outcome with Selangor winning 1-0 after extra-time . [ citation needed ] When the Semi-Professional League was introduced in 1989 , Terengganu F.C . were in the second division based on their final position in the previous season . [ citation needed ] They recruited giant Dutch defender , Marlon Ricardo van der Sander and Singaporean duo , Ahmad Paijan and Norhalis Shafik to boost their squad and finished the season in a credible fourth place but ultimately failed to win promotion . [ citation needed ] In the 1990 season , they went all the way to emerge as the second division champion under the guidance of head coach , Abdullah Mohamad with German striker , Frank Pastor finding the back of the net on regular basis aided by midfield duo Martin Buisse and Ahmad Paijan . They lost only once in the league all season to finish three points clear of East Coast rival , Kelantan FA . [ citation needed ] In the 1992 season , Terengganu F.C . recorded their highest ever finish in the league when they finished as runner-up to Pahang FA . The Elephants broke The Turtles hearts again in the semi finals of the Malaysia Cup competition after the both sides failed to score in 180 minutes of play , the match went into sudden-death extra-time . Zulhamizan Zakaria found the net for Pahang FA and Terengganu F.C .'}]}, {'value': 'align=right| 0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Harimau Muda C -- Transfers out', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Malaysian_football_transfers_2014_54', 'intro': 'The following is a list of transfers for the 2014 Malaysian football.'}
null
null
The player in a defender position plays for a club that earned the Malaysian FA cup in what years ?
1993 , 1994 and 1999
09009b9be3575d20
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_county_municipalities_and_equivalent_territories_in_Quebec', 'title': 'List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec', 'header': ['Region', 'Type', 'Code', 'Name', 'Major communities'], 'data': [{'value': '02 Saguenay- Lac-Saint-Jean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean', 'summary': 'Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ saɡnɛ lak sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ ] , locally [ saɡne lak sẽ ʒã ] ) is a region in Quebec , Canada . It contains the Saguenay Fjord , the estuary of the Saguenay River , stretching through much of the region . It is also known as Sagamie in French , from the first part of Saguenay and the last part of Piekouagami , the Innu name ( meaning flat lake ) for Lac Saint-Jean , with the final e added to follow the model of other existing region names such as Mauricie , Témiscamie , Jamésie , and Matawinie . The name Saguenay is possibly derived from the Innu word Saki-nip which means where water flows out . With a land area of 98,712.71 km2 ( 38,113.9 sq mi ) , the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean is , after the Nord-du-Québec and Côte-Nord regions , the third-largest of Quebec regions in the area . This region is bathed by two major watercourses , Lac Saint-Jean and the Saguenay River , both of which mark its landscape deeply and have been the main drives of its development in history . It is also irrigated by several other large watercourses . Bordered by forests and mountainous massifs , the southern portion of the region constitutes a fertile enclave in the Canadian Shield called the Saguenay Graben . Both the scenery and the cultural sites and activities of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean attract tourists every year . Lac Saint-Jean is a popular vacation destination in the summer for residents of the more urban regions of Quebec . The region is considered the heartland of the Quebec sovereignty movement . The beauty of the region can be seen in the 1991 film Black Robe , directed by Bruce Beresford .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saguenay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Saguenay ( /ˈsæɡəneɪ , ˌsæɡəˈneɪ/ SAG-ə-nay , -\u2060NAY , French : [ saɡnɛ ] , locally [ -ne ] ) is a city in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec , Canada , on the Saguenay River , about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of Quebec City by overland route . It is about 126 kilometres ( 78 mi ) upriver and northwest of Tadoussac , located at the confluence with the St. Lawrence River . It was formed in 2002 by merging the cities of Chicoutimi and Jonquière and the town of La Baie . Chicoutimi was founded by the French in 1676 . The city of Saguenay constitutes a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) ; its geographical code is 941 . Together with the regional county municipality of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay , it forms the census division ( CD ) of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord ( 94 ) . The mayor of Saguenay is Josée Néron . Prior to its use as the name of the city , the term the Saguenay or ( less commonly ) Saguenay Valley had already been used for the whole Saguenay River region ( see Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean ) . Saguenay is the seat of the judicial district of Chicoutimi . The city is divided into three boroughs : Chicoutimi ( which includes the former city of Chicoutimi , as well as Laterrière and Tremblay township ) , Jonquière ( which includes the former city of Jonquière , Lac-Kénogami , and Shipshaw ) and La Baie ( which corresponds to the former city of La Baie ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Saguenay ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Saguenay ( /ˈsæɡəneɪ , ˌsæɡəˈneɪ/ SAG-ə-nay , -\u2060NAY , French : [ saɡnɛ ] , locally [ -ne ] ) is a city in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec , Canada , on the Saguenay River , about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) north of Quebec City by overland route . It is about 126 kilometres ( 78 mi ) upriver and northwest of Tadoussac , located at the confluence with the St. Lawrence River . It was formed in 2002 by merging the cities of Chicoutimi and Jonquière and the town of La Baie . Chicoutimi was founded by the French in 1676 . The city of Saguenay constitutes a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) ; its geographical code is 941 . Together with the regional county municipality of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay , it forms the census division ( CD ) of Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord ( 94 ) . The mayor of Saguenay is Josée Néron . Prior to its use as the name of the city , the term the Saguenay or ( less commonly ) Saguenay Valley had already been used for the whole Saguenay River region ( see Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean ) . Saguenay is the seat of the judicial district of Chicoutimi . The city is divided into three boroughs : Chicoutimi ( which includes the former city of Chicoutimi , as well as Laterrière and Tremblay township ) , Jonquière ( which includes the former city of Jonquière , Lac-Kénogami , and Shipshaw ) and La Baie ( which corresponds to the former city of La Baie ) .'}]}, {'value': '03 Capitale-Nationale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitale-Nationale', 'summary': "Capitale-Nationale ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kapital nasjɔnal ] ; English : National Capital region ) is one of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec . Quebec City , Quebec 's centre of government , is located in this region . It has a land area of 18,797.45 km2 . It reported a total resident population of 729,997 as of the Canada 2016 Census , with Quebec City having 73.7 percent of the total . Prior to January 2000 , it was known as the Québec administrative region ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Québec_(census_division)', 'summary': 'Québec is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec . Its geographical code is 23 . The TE of Québec consists of :'}]}, {'value': "Quebec ( V ) , Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures ( V ) , L'Ancienne-Lorette ( V )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec_City', 'summary': "Quebec City ( /kwɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) or /kəˈbɛk/ ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ; French : Ville de Québec , Western Abnaki : Kephek ) , officially Québec , is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec . As of July 2016 the city has a population of 531,902 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 800,296 . It is the eleventh largest city and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Canada . The Algonquian people had originally named the area Kébec , an Algonquin [ note 1 ] word meaning where the river narrows , because the Saint Lawrence River narrows proximate to the promontory of Quebec and its Cape Diamant . Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded a French settlement here in 1608 , and adopted the Algonquin name . Quebec City is one of the oldest European cities in North America . The ramparts surrounding Old Quebec ( Vieux-Québec ) are the only fortified city walls remaining in the Americas north of Mexico . This area was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985 as the Historic District of Old Québec . The city 's landmarks include the Château Frontenac hotel that dominates the skyline and the Citadelle of Quebec , an intact fortress that forms the centrepiece of the ramparts surrounding the old city and includes a secondary royal residence . The National Assembly of Quebec ( provincial legislature ) , the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec ( National Museum of Fine Arts of Quebec ) , and the Musée de la civilisation ( Museum of Civilization ) are found within or near Vieux-Québec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures', 'summary': "Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures is a city in central Quebec , Canada , on the Saint Lawrence River , adjacent to Quebec City . The town was founded in 1691 by three families ( Desroches , Racette , Couture ) . It was merged with Quebec City on January 1 , 2002 as part of the 2000-2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec and became part of the Laurentien borough of that city . However , after a 2004 referendum it was re-established as a separate city on January 1 , 2006 . The local post office was previously named Saint-Augustin-de-Portneuf from 1852 , then Saint-Augustin-de-Québec from 1918 until this was renamed to the community 's current name in 1986 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/L'Ancienne-Lorette,_Quebec", 'summary': "L'Ancienne-Lorette is a city in central Quebec , Canada . It is a suburb of and an enclave within Quebec City . It was merged with Quebec City on January 1 , 2002 as part of a 2000-2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec , but after a 2004 referendum it was reconstituted as a separate city on January 1 , 2006 . Its history dates back to 1674 when a group of Hurons fleeing war with the Iroquois settled there under the protection of the French . They left after a few decades and French settlers took over the land ."}]}, {'value': '04 Mauricie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauricie', 'summary': 'Mauricie ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔʁisi ] ) is a traditional and current administrative region of Quebec . La Mauricie National Park is contained within the region , making it a prime tourist location . The region has a land area of 35,860.05 km² ( 13,845.64 sq mi ) and a population of 266,112 residents as of the 2016 Census . Its largest cities are Trois-Rivières and Shawinigan . The word Mauricie was coined by local priest and historian Albert Tessier and is based on the Saint-Maurice river which runs through the region on a North-South axis . Mauricie administrative region was created on August 20 , 1997 from the split of Mauricie-Bois-Francs administrative region into Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec . However , the concept of Mauricie as a traditional region long predates this .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shawinigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawinigan', 'summary': 'Shawinigan is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec , Canada . It had a population of 50,060 as of the Canada 2011 Census . Shawinigan is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Shawinigan . Its geographical code is 36 . Shawinigan is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-Maurice . The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time : Chaouinigane , Oshaouinigane , Assaouinigane , Achawénégan , Chawinigame , Shawenigane , Chaouénigane . It may mean south portage , portage of beeches , angular portage , or summit or crest . Before 1958 , the city was known as Shawinigan Falls .'}]}, {'value': 'Shawinigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawinigan', 'summary': 'Shawinigan is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec , Canada . It had a population of 50,060 as of the Canada 2011 Census . Shawinigan is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Shawinigan . Its geographical code is 36 . Shawinigan is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-Maurice . The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time : Chaouinigane , Oshaouinigane , Assaouinigane , Achawénégan , Chawinigame , Shawenigane , Chaouénigane . It may mean south portage , portage of beeches , angular portage , or summit or crest . Before 1958 , the city was known as Shawinigan Falls .'}]}, {'value': '04 Mauricie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauricie', 'summary': 'Mauricie ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔʁisi ] ) is a traditional and current administrative region of Quebec . La Mauricie National Park is contained within the region , making it a prime tourist location . The region has a land area of 35,860.05 km² ( 13,845.64 sq mi ) and a population of 266,112 residents as of the 2016 Census . Its largest cities are Trois-Rivières and Shawinigan . The word Mauricie was coined by local priest and historian Albert Tessier and is based on the Saint-Maurice river which runs through the region on a North-South axis . Mauricie administrative region was created on August 20 , 1997 from the split of Mauricie-Bois-Francs administrative region into Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec . However , the concept of Mauricie as a traditional region long predates this .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '371', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trois-Rivières', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trois-Rivières', 'summary': "Trois-Rivières ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ tʁwɑ ʁivjɛʁ ] , locally [ tʁwɔ ʁivjaɛ̯ʁ ] ( listen ) ; Three Rivers ) is a city in the Mauricie administrative region of Quebec , Canada , at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice and Saint Lawrence rivers , on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from the city of Bécancour . It is part of the densely populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor and is approximately halfway between Montreal and Quebec City . Trois-Rivières is the economic and cultural hub of the Mauricie region . The settlement was founded by French colonists on July 4 , 1634 , as the second permanent settlement in New France , after Quebec City in 1608 . The city 's name , which is French for 'three rivers ' , is named for the fact the Saint-Maurice River has three mouths at the Saint Lawrence River ; it is divided by two islands in the river . Historically , in the English language this city was known as Three Rivers . Since the late 20th century , when there has been more recognition of Quebec and French speakers , and French was made an official language , the city is generally referred to as Trois-Rivières in both English and French . The anglicized name still appears in many areas of the town ( e.g. , the city 's Three Rivers Academy ) , bearing witness to the influence of English settlers in the town . The city 's inhabitants are known as Trifluviens ( Trifluvians ) . Trois-Rivières is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Trois-Rivières . Its geographical code is 371 . Together with the regional county municipality of Les Chenaux , it forms the census division ( CD ) of Francheville ( 37 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Trois-Rivières', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trois-Rivières', 'summary': "Trois-Rivières ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ tʁwɑ ʁivjɛʁ ] , locally [ tʁwɔ ʁivjaɛ̯ʁ ] ( listen ) ; Three Rivers ) is a city in the Mauricie administrative region of Quebec , Canada , at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice and Saint Lawrence rivers , on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from the city of Bécancour . It is part of the densely populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor and is approximately halfway between Montreal and Quebec City . Trois-Rivières is the economic and cultural hub of the Mauricie region . The settlement was founded by French colonists on July 4 , 1634 , as the second permanent settlement in New France , after Quebec City in 1608 . The city 's name , which is French for 'three rivers ' , is named for the fact the Saint-Maurice River has three mouths at the Saint Lawrence River ; it is divided by two islands in the river . Historically , in the English language this city was known as Three Rivers . Since the late 20th century , when there has been more recognition of Quebec and French speakers , and French was made an official language , the city is generally referred to as Trois-Rivières in both English and French . The anglicized name still appears in many areas of the town ( e.g. , the city 's Three Rivers Academy ) , bearing witness to the influence of English settlers in the town . The city 's inhabitants are known as Trifluviens ( Trifluvians ) . Trois-Rivières is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Trois-Rivières . Its geographical code is 371 . Together with the regional county municipality of Les Chenaux , it forms the census division ( CD ) of Francheville ( 37 ) ."}]}, {'value': '04 Mauricie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauricie', 'summary': 'Mauricie ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔʁisi ] ) is a traditional and current administrative region of Quebec . La Mauricie National Park is contained within the region , making it a prime tourist location . The region has a land area of 35,860.05 km² ( 13,845.64 sq mi ) and a population of 266,112 residents as of the 2016 Census . Its largest cities are Trois-Rivières and Shawinigan . The word Mauricie was coined by local priest and historian Albert Tessier and is based on the Saint-Maurice river which runs through the region on a North-South axis . Mauricie administrative region was created on August 20 , 1997 from the split of Mauricie-Bois-Francs administrative region into Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec . However , the concept of Mauricie as a traditional region long predates this .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Tuque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Tuque_(census_division)', 'summary': 'La Tuque is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec . Its geographical code is 90 .'}]}, {'value': 'La Tuque ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Tuque,_Quebec', 'summary': "La Tuque is a city located in north-central Quebec , Canada , on the Saint-Maurice River , between Trois-Rivières and Chambord . The population was 11,227 at the Canada 2011 Census , most of which live within the urban area . While the urban area of La Tuque is relatively small , as of 2012 , its entire territory is the largest municipality in Canada . It consists of almost all the entire former regional county municipality of Le Haut-Saint-Maurice , and includes the settlements of Carignan , La Croche , Fitzpatrick , Oskélanéo , Parent , Rapide-Blanc , Rivière-aux-Rats , and Sanmaur . Enclosed by but administratively not part of the city are the three Indian Reserves of Coucoucache , Obedjiwan , and Wemotaci . It is larger than Rwanda and Haiti . The local economy centres on pulp and paper ; the city has a pulp-milling centre as well as a major hydroelectric station . As the gateway to the upper Mauricie , La Tuque 's economy also offers outdoor tourism opportunities and caters to hunting and fishing trips in its large hinterland ; the city is known as the Queen of Haute-Mauricie and the Classique internationale de canots de la Mauricie canoeing race begins at La Tuque ."}]}, {'value': '05 Estrie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estrie', 'summary': 'The Estrie ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɛstʁi ] ) is an administrative region of Quebec that mostly overlaps the Eastern Townships ( though not entirely ) . Estrie , a French neologism , was coined as a derivative of est , east . The region has a land area of 10,212.00 km² ( 3,942.88 sq mi ) and a population of 319,004 inhabitants as of the 2016 Census . Its largest population centre is the city of Sherbrooke . Estrie also has numerous natural parks .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherbrooke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherbrooke', 'summary': "Sherbrooke ( /ˈʃɜːrbrʊk/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʃɛʁbʁuk ] ; Quebec French pronunciation [ ʃɛʁbʁʊk ] ) is a city in southern Quebec , Canada . Sherbrooke is situated at the confluence of the Saint-François ( St. Francis ) and Magog rivers in the heart of the Estrie administrative region . Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Sherbrooke . With 161,323 residents at the 2016 census , Sherbrooke was the sixth largest city in the province of Quebec and the thirtieth largest in Canada . The Sherbrooke Census Metropolitan Area had 212,105 inhabitants , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Quebec and nineteenth largest in Canada . Originally known as Hyatt 's Mill , it was renamed after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke ( 1764-1840 ) , a British general who was Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia ( 1812-1816 ) , and Governor General of British North America ( 1816-1818 ) . Sherbrooke is the primary economic , political , cultural and institutional centre of Estrie , and was known as the Queen of the Eastern Townships at the beginning of the 20th century . There are eight institutions educating 40,000 students and employing 11,000 people , 3,700 of whom are professors , teachers and researchers . The direct economic impact of these institutions exceeds 1 billion dollars . The proportion of university students is 10.32 students per 100 inhabitants . In proportion to its population , Sherbrooke has the largest concentration of students in Quebec . Since the nineteenth century , Sherbrooke has been a manufacturing centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Sherbrooke ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherbrooke', 'summary': "Sherbrooke ( /ˈʃɜːrbrʊk/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʃɛʁbʁuk ] ; Quebec French pronunciation [ ʃɛʁbʁʊk ] ) is a city in southern Quebec , Canada . Sherbrooke is situated at the confluence of the Saint-François ( St. Francis ) and Magog rivers in the heart of the Estrie administrative region . Sherbrooke is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Sherbrooke . With 161,323 residents at the 2016 census , Sherbrooke was the sixth largest city in the province of Quebec and the thirtieth largest in Canada . The Sherbrooke Census Metropolitan Area had 212,105 inhabitants , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Quebec and nineteenth largest in Canada . Originally known as Hyatt 's Mill , it was renamed after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke ( 1764-1840 ) , a British general who was Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia ( 1812-1816 ) , and Governor General of British North America ( 1816-1818 ) . Sherbrooke is the primary economic , political , cultural and institutional centre of Estrie , and was known as the Queen of the Eastern Townships at the beginning of the 20th century . There are eight institutions educating 40,000 students and employing 11,000 people , 3,700 of whom are professors , teachers and researchers . The direct economic impact of these institutions exceeds 1 billion dollars . The proportion of university students is 10.32 students per 100 inhabitants . In proportion to its population , Sherbrooke has the largest concentration of students in Quebec . Since the nineteenth century , Sherbrooke has been a manufacturing centre ."}]}, {'value': '06 Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urban_agglomeration_of_Montreal', 'summary': "Montréal is one of the administrative regions of the Canadian province of Quebec . It is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and a census division ( CD ) , for both of which its geographical code is 66 . Prior to the merger of the municipalities in Region 06 in 2002 , the administrative region was co-extensive with the Montreal Urban Community . Located in the southern part of the province , the territory includes several of the islands of the Hochelaga Archipelago in the Saint Lawrence River , including the Island of Montreal , Nuns ' Island ( Île des Sœurs ) , Île Bizard , Saint Helen 's Island ( Île Sainte-Hélène ) , Île Notre-Dame , Dorval Island ( Île Dorval ) , and several others . The region is the second-smallest in area ( 499.26 km² , or 192.77 sq mi ) and most populous ( 1,942,044 as of the 2016 Census ) of Quebec 's seventeen administrative regions ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '66', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urban_agglomeration_of_Montreal', 'summary': "Montréal is one of the administrative regions of the Canadian province of Quebec . It is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and a census division ( CD ) , for both of which its geographical code is 66 . Prior to the merger of the municipalities in Region 06 in 2002 , the administrative region was co-extensive with the Montreal Urban Community . Located in the southern part of the province , the territory includes several of the islands of the Hochelaga Archipelago in the Saint Lawrence River , including the Island of Montreal , Nuns ' Island ( Île des Sœurs ) , Île Bizard , Saint Helen 's Island ( Île Sainte-Hélène ) , Île Notre-Dame , Dorval Island ( Île Dorval ) , and several others . The region is the second-smallest in area ( 499.26 km² , or 192.77 sq mi ) and most populous ( 1,942,044 as of the 2016 Census ) of Quebec 's seventeen administrative regions ."}]}, {'value': 'Montreal ( V ) , Westmount ( V ) , Montreal West ( V ) , Côte Saint-Luc ( V ) , Hampstead ( V ) , Mount Royal ( V ) , Dorval ( V ) , Pointe-Claire ( V ) , Kirkland ( V ) , Beaconsfield ( V ) , Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue ( V ) , Dollard-des-Ormeaux ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Westmount is an affluent suburb on the Island of Montreal , in southwestern Quebec , Canada . It is an enclave of the city of Montreal , with a population of 19,931 as of the Canada 2011 Census . Westmount is home to schools , an arena , a pool , a public library and a number of parks , including Westmount Park , King George Park ( also known as Murray Hill Park ) and Westmount Summit . The city operates its own electricity distribution company Westmount Light & Power ( Hydro-Westmount ) . The city is also the location of two Canadian Forces Primary Reserves : The Royal Montreal Regiment and 34th Signals Regiment . Traditionally , the community of Westmount has been a wealthy and predominantly anglophone enclave , having been at one point the richest community in Canada . It now competes with the Vancouver neighbourhoods of Shaughnessy and Kerrisdale , and the Toronto neighbourhoods of Lawrence Park , Forest Hill , Rosedale , and The Bridle Path , for the title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Montreal_West,_Quebec', 'summary': "Montreal West ( French : Montréal-Ouest ) is an on-island suburb in southwestern Quebec , Canada on the Island of Montreal . Montreal West is a small , close-knit community made up primarily of single-family dwellings . The town is largely composed of young families , and has a population of 5,085 , as of the 2011 census . The town 's area is 1.6 km² . About 66% of the population of Montreal West speak English as their first language . The core business area of Montreal West is located on Westminster Avenue between Sherbrooke and Curzon . Until 2010 , it consisted exclusively of small , non-franchised businesses , but in a controversial decision , the Pharmaprix drugstore chain was allowed to open a large outlet on the corner of Westminster and Sherbrooke Street . On January 1 , 2002 , as part of the 2002-2006 municipal reorganization in Montreal , Montreal West and the neighbouring suburbs of Côte-Saint-Luc and Hampstead were merged into the City of Montreal and became the borough of Côte-Saint-Luc-Hampstead-Montreal West . Following a change of government and a 2004 referendum in which the population voted to de-merge by a wide margin , Montreal West was reconstituted as an independent city on January 1 , 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Côte_Saint-Luc', 'summary': 'Côte-Saint-Luc ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kot sɛ̃ lyk ] ) , also spelled Côte Saint-Luc , is an on-island suburb of Montreal in Quebec , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hampstead,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Hampstead is an affluent on-island suburb of Montreal , Quebec . Despite its status as an independent municipality , the town itself is engulfed by the boroughs of Montreal creating a garden city setting within an urban environment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Royal,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Mount Royal ( officially , Town of Mount Royal , abbreviated TMR ) is an affluent on-island suburban town located on the northwest side of the eponymous Mount Royal , northwest of Downtown Montreal , on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec , Canada . It is completely surrounded by Montreal . The population was 20,276 as of the Canada 2016 Census . In 2008 , most of the Town of Mount Royal was designated a National Historic Site of Canada , as a [ remarkable ] synthesis of urban renewal movements of the early 20th century , reflecting the influence of the City Beautiful , Garden City and Garden Suburb movements . The town celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dorval', 'summary': "Dorval /dɔːrˈvæl/ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ dɔʁval ] ) is an on-island suburb on the island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec , Canada . In 2016 , the Canadian Census indicated that the population increased by 4.2% to 18,980 . Although the city has the largest surface area in the West Island , it is among the least densely populated . Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport constitutes about 60% of the city 's land , forcing all of Dorval 's population to be concentrated in the southern part of the city . Dorval is the oldest city in the West Island , having been founded in 1667 , and one of the oldest in Canada and North America ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pointe-Claire', 'summary': 'Pointe-Claire ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ pwɛ̃t klɛʁ ] ) is a suburb of Greater Montreal in Quebec , Canada . Pointe-Claire is largely residential in character , but is also the site of much economic activity , such as retail activity , light manufacturing , various corporate offices , and a hospital . The population is about 31,000 and about 7,000 people are employed there .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirkland,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Kirkland is an on-island suburb on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec , Canada . As of 2016 , the population was 20,151 , representing a percentage change of 5.2% from 2011 . This compares to the national average growth of 5.9% . Land area is 9.64 square kilometers with a population density of 2,204.4 persons per square kilometer . This compares to the provincial areas of 1,356,547.2 square kilometers with a population density of 5.8 persons per square kilometer . In 2011 , Kirkland had 6,828 private dwellings occupied by usual residents . The change in private dwellings occupied by usual residents from 2006 was 4.4% . For Canada as a whole , the number of private dwellings occupied by usual residents increase by 7.1% . Kirkland is part of the census metropolitan area of Montreal . In Kirkland , 62.2% of the total population aged 15 and over were either married ( 57.2% ) or living with a common-law partner ( 5.0% ) . The remaining 37.7% were not married and not living with a common-law partner , including those who were single , separated , divorced or widowed . The city of Kirkland is named after Charles-Aimé Kirkland , a Quebec provincial politician .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beaconsfield,_Quebec', 'summary': "Beaconsfield is a suburb on the Island of Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Incorporated in 1910 , named in honour of Benjamin Disraeli , Earl of Beaconsfield , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and close confidant of Queen Victoria , the city 's historical roots go back as far as 1698 . It is part of the Greater Montreal region locally referred to as the West Island . It is a prestigious residential community located on the north shore of Lac Saint-Louis , bordered on the west by Baie-D'Urfé , north by Kirkland and east by Pointe-Claire . Beaconsfield , in its current form , was developed as a cottage community by affluent Montreal residents . Over the decades , the city has transformed from summer homes , to year-round residents , and has flourished . The population of Beaconsfield , as of the Canada 2016 Census , is 19,324 . While the population is predominantly anglophone , 77% of residents speak both official languages of Canada . Most residents live in single-family homes , though there are residents of townhouses and apartment buildings . As part of the 2002-2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal Beaconsfield and neighbouring Baie-D'Urfé became the borough of Beaconsfield-Baie-D'Urfé and were merged into the city of Montreal . After a change of government , and the 2004 referendum , both Baie-D'Urfé and Beaconsfield voted to de-merge from Montreal . On January 1 , 2006 , they were reconstituted as independent cities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,_Quebec', 'summary': "Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ sɛ̃t an də bɛlvy ] ) is an on-island suburb located at the western tip of the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec , Canada . It is the second oldest community in Montreal 's West Island , having been founded as a parish in 1703 . The oldest , Dorval , was founded in 1667 . Points of interest include the Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal ( a National Historic Site of Canada ) , the Sainte-Anne Veterans ' Hospital , the Morgan Arboretum , and the L'Anse-à-l'Orme Nature Park . Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue is also home to John Abbott College and McGill University 's Macdonald Campus , which includes the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory and the Canadian Aviation Heritage Centre as well as about 2 square kilometres ( 0.77 sq mi ) of farmland which separates the small town from neighbouring Baie-d'Urfé ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dollard-des-Ormeaux', 'summary': 'Dollard-des-Ormeaux ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ dɔlaʁ de zɔʁmo ] ; commonly referred to as D.D.O . or simply Dollard ) is a predominantly English-speaking on-island suburb of Montreal in southwestern Quebec , Canada . The town was named after French martyr Adam Dollard des Ormeaux . The town was merged with the city of Montreal in 2002 and became part of the borough of Dollard-Des Ormeaux-Roxboro . When residents were offered the option , they chose to leave the City of Montreal and the town was reinstated as a separate entity in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '07 Outaouais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outaouais', 'summary': "Outaouais ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ utawɛ ] ) ; ( /uːtəweɪ/ ; also commonly called The Outaouais ) is a region of western Quebec , Canada . It includes the city of Gatineau ( Hull , Aylmer , Gatineau , Masson-Angers , Buckingham ) , the Pontiac region , and the town of Maniwaki , and is located on the north side of the Ottawa River opposite Canada 's capital , Ottawa . It has a land area of 30,808.69 square kilometres ( 11,895.30 sq mi ) and its population was 382,604 inhabitants as of the 2016 Census ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gatineau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gatineau', 'summary': "Gatineau ( /ˈɡætɪnoʊ/ ; French : [ ɡatino ] ) is a city in western Quebec , Canada . It is the fourth-largest city in the province after Montreal , Quebec City , and Laval . It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River , immediately across from Ottawa , Ontario , together with which it forms Canada 's National Capital Region . As of 2016 , Gatineau had a population of 276,245 , and a metropolitan population of 332,057 . The Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area had a population of 1,323,783 . Gatineau is coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of the same name , whose geographical code is 81 . It is the seat of the judicial district of Hull ."}]}, {'value': 'Gatineau ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gatineau', 'summary': "Gatineau ( /ˈɡætɪnoʊ/ ; French : [ ɡatino ] ) is a city in western Quebec , Canada . It is the fourth-largest city in the province after Montreal , Quebec City , and Laval . It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River , immediately across from Ottawa , Ontario , together with which it forms Canada 's National Capital Region . As of 2016 , Gatineau had a population of 276,245 , and a metropolitan population of 332,057 . The Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area had a population of 1,323,783 . Gatineau is coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of the same name , whose geographical code is 81 . It is the seat of the judicial district of Hull ."}]}, {'value': '08 Abitibi-Témiscamingue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abitibi-Témiscamingue', 'summary': "Abitibi-Témiscamingue ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ abitibi temiskamɛ̃ɡ ] ) is an administrative region located in western Québec , Canada , along the border with Ontario . It became part of the province in 1898 . It has a land area of 57,736.50 square kilometres ( 22,292.19 sq mi ) and its population was 146,717 people as of the 2016 Census . The region is divided into five regional county municipalities ( French : municipalité régionale de comté , or MRC ) and 79 municipalities . Its economy continues to be dominated by resource extraction industries . These include logging , mining all along the rich geologic Cadillac Fault between Val-d'Or and Rouyn-Noranda , as well as agriculture ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rouyn-Noranda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rouyn-Noranda', 'summary': 'Rouyn-Noranda ( 2011 population 41,012 ) is a city on Osisko Lake in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec , Canada . The city of Rouyn-Noranda is a coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec of the same name . Their geographical code is 86 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rouyn-Noranda ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rouyn-Noranda', 'summary': 'Rouyn-Noranda ( 2011 population 41,012 ) is a city on Osisko Lake in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec , Canada . The city of Rouyn-Noranda is a coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec of the same name . Their geographical code is 86 .'}]}, {'value': '10 Nord-du-Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nord-du-Québec', 'summary': 'Nord-du-Québec ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ nɔʁ dy kebɛk ] ; English : Northern Quebec ) is the largest , but the least populous , of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec , Canada . With nearly 750,000 square kilometres ( 290,000 sq mi ) of land area , and very extensive lakes and rivers , it covers much of the Labrador Peninsula and about 55% of the total land surface area of Quebec , while containing a little more than 0.5% of the population . Before 1912 , the northernmost part of this region was known as the Ungava District of the Northwest Territories , and until 1987 it was referred to as Nouveau-Québec , or New Quebec . It is bordered by Hudson Bay and James Bay in the west , Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay in the north , Labrador in the northeast , and the administrative regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue , Mauricie , Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean , and Côte-Nord in the south and southeast . The Nord-du-Québec region is part of the territory covered by the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1975 ; other regions covered ( in part ) by this Agreement include Côte-Nord , Mauricie and Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative regions .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kativik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kativik_(territory_equivalent_to_a_regional_county_municipality)', 'summary': 'Kativik is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) of Quebec , with geographical code 992 . Its land area is 443,372.20 km² ( 171,186.96 sq mi ) , and its population was 12,090 at the 2011 Census of Canada . Together with the TEs of Jamésie and Eeyou Istchee , it forms the administrative region and census division ( CD ) of Nord-du-Québec . The TE of Kativik is coextensive with the territory of the Kativik Regional Government . It comprises all of Nunavik except the Cree reserved land ( TC ) of Whapmagoostui and the Cree village municipality ( VC ) also called Whapmagoostui , which belong to Eeyou Istchee TE .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 Nord-du-Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nord-du-Québec', 'summary': 'Nord-du-Québec ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ nɔʁ dy kebɛk ] ; English : Northern Quebec ) is the largest , but the least populous , of the seventeen administrative regions of Quebec , Canada . With nearly 750,000 square kilometres ( 290,000 sq mi ) of land area , and very extensive lakes and rivers , it covers much of the Labrador Peninsula and about 55% of the total land surface area of Quebec , while containing a little more than 0.5% of the population . Before 1912 , the northernmost part of this region was known as the Ungava District of the Northwest Territories , and until 1987 it was referred to as Nouveau-Québec , or New Quebec . It is bordered by Hudson Bay and James Bay in the west , Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay in the north , Labrador in the northeast , and the administrative regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue , Mauricie , Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean , and Côte-Nord in the south and southeast . The Nord-du-Québec region is part of the territory covered by the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1975 ; other regions covered ( in part ) by this Agreement include Côte-Nord , Mauricie and Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative regions .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eeyou Istchee Baie-James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eeyou_Istchee_James_Bay_Territory', 'summary': 'Eeyou Istchee James Bay Regional Government ( French : Gouvernement régional dEeyou Istchee Baie-James , Cree : ᐄᔨᔨᐤ ᐊᔅᒌ ᒉᐃᒥᔅ ᐯᐃ ᐊᔅᒌᐤ ᑎᐹᔨᐦᒋᒑᐎᓐ iiyiyiw aychii cheimiy pei aychiiw tipaayihchichaawin ) is a local municipality in the Jamésie ( TE ) in administrative region of Nord-du-Québec .'}]}, {'value': 'Chibougamau ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chibougamau', 'summary': "Chibougamau ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʃi.bu.ga.mo ] ) is the largest town in Nord-du-Québec , central Quebec , Canada . Located on Lake Gilman it has a population of 7,504 people ( 2016 Canadian Census ) . Chibougamau is completely surrounded by , but not part of , the local municipality of Eeyou Istchee James Bay Regional Government . Due to its remoteness from Lac Saint-Jean ( over 200 km ( 124 mi ) south-east ) and Abitibi-Témiscamingue ( over 250 km ( 155 mi ) south-west ) areas , Chibougamau provides services for a few smaller communities surrounding it ( Mistissini , Oujé-Bougoumou and Chapais ) and for the regional resource-based industries . Despite Chibougamau 's remoteness , it is only about as far north as Winnipeg . Nearby are Lake Aux Dorés , which is fed by the Chibougamau River from the larger Chibougamau Lake , after which the town was named . Chibougamau means Gathering place in the Cree language . The neighbouring Cree village of Oujé-Bougoumou has the same name with a more traditional Cree spelling . The area surrounding Lake Gilman is Obalski Park . Its amenities include a beach , pier , picnic tables , cabins , among others . The many trails allow for hiking , cycling , cross-country skiing , or even snowmobiling through the park 's boreal forest . Access to the town is by Route 167 from Lac Saint-Jean and by Route 113 from Lebel-sur-Quévillon ."}]}, {'value': '11 Gaspésie- Îles-de-la-Madeleine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine', 'summary': 'Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡaspezi il də la madlɛn ] ) is an administrative region of Quebec consisting of the Gaspé Peninsula ( Gaspésie ) and the Îles-de-la-Madeleine . It lies in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence at the eastern extreme of southern Quebec . The predominant economic activities are fishing , forestry and tourism .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdalen_Islands', 'summary': 'The Magdalen Islands ( French : les Îles de la Madeleine [ lez‿il də la madˈlɛn ] ) are a small archipelago in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with a land area of 205.53 square kilometres ( 79.36 sq mi ) . Administratively , the islands are part of the Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region in the Canadian province of Quebec , but geographically , they are closer to the Maritime provinces than to the Gaspé Peninsula , on the Quebec mainland . The islands form the territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and the census division ( CD ) of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine . Their geographical code is 01 . The islands also form the urban agglomeration of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine , which is divided into two municipalities : Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine ( 2011 census pop . 12,291 ) , the central municipality , and Grosse-Île ( pop . 490 ) . Their mayors are Jonathan Lapierre and Rose Elmonde Clarke , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine ( M )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Îles-de-la-Madeleine,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Magdalen Islands is one of two municipalities forming the urban agglomeration of Magdalen Islands in Quebec , Canada . It is part of the Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region and its population was 12,010 as of the 2016 Census . As part of a municipal reorganization across Quebec , the seven communities of the Magdalen Islands amalgamated to form the municipality of Magdalen Islands on January 1 , 2002 . However , after a referendum in 2004 the community of Grosse-Île decided to split from the municipality , effective January 1 , 2006 . Although Grindstone likewise voted to split in the same referendum , it did not actually do so .'}]}, {'value': '12 Chaudière-Appalaches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaudière-Appalaches', 'summary': 'Chaudière-Appalaches ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʃodjɛʁ apalaʃ ] ) is an administrative region in Quebec , Canada . It comprises most of what is historically known as the Beauce ( French : La Beauce ; compare with the electoral district of Beauce ) . It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains . Chaudière-Appalaches has a population of 420,082 residents ( as of the Canada 2016 Census ) and a land area of 15,083.25 square kilometres ( 5,823.68 sq mi ) . The main cities are Lévis , Saint-Georges , Thetford Mines , Sainte-Marie and Montmagny .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '251', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lévis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lévis,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Lévis is a city in eastern Quebec , Canada , located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , opposite Quebec City . A ferry links Old Quebec with Old Lévis , and two bridges , the Quebec and the Pierre Laporte , connect western Lévis with Quebec City . The population in July 2017 was 144,147 . Its current incarnation was founded on January 1 , 2002 , as the result of a merger among ten cities , including the older city of Lévis founded in 1861 . Lévis is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Lévis . Its geographical code is 25 as a census division , and 251 as an RCM-equivalent territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Lévis ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lévis,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Lévis is a city in eastern Quebec , Canada , located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , opposite Quebec City . A ferry links Old Quebec with Old Lévis , and two bridges , the Quebec and the Pierre Laporte , connect western Lévis with Quebec City . The population in July 2017 was 144,147 . Its current incarnation was founded on January 1 , 2002 , as the result of a merger among ten cities , including the older city of Lévis founded in 1861 . Lévis is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Lévis . Its geographical code is 25 as a census division , and 251 as an RCM-equivalent territory .'}]}, {'value': '13 Laval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laval,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Laval ( English : /ləˈvæl/ ; French : [ laval ] ( listen ) ) is a Canadian city in southwestern Quebec , north of Montreal . It forms its own administrative region of Quebec . It is the largest suburb of Montreal , the third largest municipality in the province of Quebec , and the thirteenth largest city in Canada with a population of 422,993 in 2016 . Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles , and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies . Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval . Laval constitutes the 13th region of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) with geographical code 65 . It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laval,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Laval ( English : /ləˈvæl/ ; French : [ laval ] ( listen ) ) is a Canadian city in southwestern Quebec , north of Montreal . It forms its own administrative region of Quebec . It is the largest suburb of Montreal , the third largest municipality in the province of Quebec , and the thirteenth largest city in Canada with a population of 422,993 in 2016 . Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles , and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies . Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval . Laval constitutes the 13th region of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) with geographical code 65 . It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval .'}]}, {'value': 'Laval ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laval,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Laval ( English : /ləˈvæl/ ; French : [ laval ] ( listen ) ) is a Canadian city in southwestern Quebec , north of Montreal . It forms its own administrative region of Quebec . It is the largest suburb of Montreal , the third largest municipality in the province of Quebec , and the thirteenth largest city in Canada with a population of 422,993 in 2016 . Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles , and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies . Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval . Laval constitutes the 13th region of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) with geographical code 65 . It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval .'}]}, {'value': '15 Laurentides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurentides', 'summary': 'The Laurentides ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lɔʁɑ̃tid ] ) is a region of Quebec . While it is often called the Laurentians in English , the region includes only part of the Laurentian mountains . It has a total land area of 20,779.19 km2 ( 8,022.89 sq mi ) and its population was 589,400 inhabitants as of the 2016 Census . The area was inhabited by the Montagnais First Nations tribe , until French Canadians settled it in the first half of the 19th century , establishing an agricultural presence throughout the valleys . During the 20th century , the area also became a popular tourist destination , based on a cottage and lake culture in the summer , and a downhill and cross-country ski culture in the winter . Ski resorts include Saint-Sauveur and Mont Tremblant . The Laurentides offer a weekend escape for Montrealers and tourists from New England to Ontario , and with the building of a major highway through the area in the 1970s ( Autoroute 15 ) , the area has experienced a lot of growth . Its largest city is Saint-Jérôme , in its extreme southeast , with a 2011 census population of 68,456 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirabel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirabel,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Mirabel is an off-island suburb of Montreal , located in southern Quebec . Mirabel is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Mirabel . Its geographical code is 74 . Prior to 2002 , Mirabel was not only a city but also comprised the Mirabel Regional County Municipality . The city is home to Montréal-Mirabel International Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Mirabel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirabel,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Mirabel is an off-island suburb of Montreal , located in southern Quebec . Mirabel is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Quebec , coextensive with the city of Mirabel . Its geographical code is 74 . Prior to 2002 , Mirabel was not only a city but also comprised the Mirabel Regional County Municipality . The city is home to Montréal-Mirabel International Airport .'}]}, {'value': '16 Montérégie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montérégie', 'summary': "Montérégie ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔ̃teʁeʒi ] ) is an administrative region in the southwest part of Quebec . It includes the cities of Boucherville , Brossard , Granby , Longueuil , Salaberry-de-Valleyfield , Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Saint-Hyacinthe , Sorel-Tracy , and Vaudreuil-Dorion . The region had a population of 1,507,070 as of the 2016 census and a land area of 11,132.34 square kilometres ( 4,298.22 sq mi ) , giving it a population density of 135.4 inhabitants/km2 . With approximately 18.5% of the province 's population , it is the second most populous region of Quebec after Montreal . The majority of the population lives near the Saint Lawrence River , on the south shore of Montreal . Montérégie is known for its vineyards , orchards , panoramas , delicious products , and the Monteregian mountains . The region is both urban ( second in terms of population in Quebec ) and rural . The regional economy is based on agriculture and the production of goods and services . Tourism also makes up a significant portion of the economy . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longueuil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urban_agglomeration_of_Longueuil', 'summary': 'The urban agglomeration of Longueuil was created on January 1 , 2006 as a result of the de-amalgamation process brought upon by the Charest government . It encompasses all the boroughs that were merged into the previous city of Longueuil and still retains the same area as that mega-city . The urban agglomeration of Longueuil is coextensive with the territory equivalent to a regional county municipality ( TE ) and census division ( CD ) of Longueuil , whose geographical code is 58 . In 2012 , Longueuil mayor Caroline St-Hilaire proposed that the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil leave the Montérégie and become its own administrative region .'}]}, {'value': 'Brossard ( V ) , Saint-Lambert ( V ) , Boucherville ( V ) , Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville ( V ) , Longueuil ( V )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brossard', 'summary': "Brossard ( /brɒˈsɑːr , ˈbrɒsɑːrd/ , French : [ bʁɔsaʁ ] , locally [ bʁɔsɑːʁ , bʁɔsɑɔ̯ʁ ] ) is a municipality in the Montérégie region of Quebec , Canada and is part of the Greater Montreal area . According to the 2016 census , Brossard 's population was 85,721 . It shares powers with the urban agglomeration of Longueuil and was a borough of the municipality of Longueuil from 2002 to 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint-Lambert,_Quebec', 'summary': "Saint-Lambert is a city ( French : ville ) in southwestern Quebec , Canada , located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River , opposite Montreal . It is part of the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil of the Montérégie administrative region . It was home to 21,861 people according to the Canada 2016 Census . Saint-Lambert is divided into two main sections : the original city of Saint-Lambert and the Préville neighbourhood . The original city of Saint-Lambert ( as it existed prior to 1969 ) is located from the Country Club of Montreal golf course to the border of the Le Vieux-Longueuil borough . It includes the city 's downtown , known as The Village . On the other side of the Country Club of Montreal is the former city of Préville , which merged with Saint-Lambert in 1969 . It extends to the borders of the city of Brossard and the Longueuil borough of Greenfield Park . Saint-Lambert was named for the early French Canadian hunter Lambert Closse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boucherville', 'summary': 'Boucherville is a city in the Montérégie region in Quebec , Canada . It is a suburb of Montreal on the South shore of the Saint Lawrence River . Boucherville is part of both the urban agglomeration of Longueuil and Montreal Metropolitan Community regional government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville', 'summary': 'Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville is an off-island suburb of Montreal , in southwestern Quebec , Canada , on the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River just east of Montreal . It lies on the west flank of Mont Saint-Bruno , one of the Monteregian Hills . The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 26,107 . It merged with Longueuil in 2002 but de-merged in 2006 . The city is well known to Montrealers and its neighbouring population for Mont Saint-Bruno , location to both Mont-Saint-Bruno National Park and Ski Mont Saint-Bruno , a ski facility and school .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Longueuil', 'summary': "Longueuil ( /lɒŋˈɡeɪl/ ; French : [ lɔ̃ɡœj ] ) is a city in the province of Quebec , Canada . It is the seat of the Montérégie administrative region and the central city of the urban agglomeration of Longueuil . It sits on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River directly across from Montreal . The population as of the Canada 2016 Census totalled 239,700 , making it Montreal 's second largest suburb , the fifth most populous city in Quebec and twentieth largest in Canada . Charles Le Moyne founded Longueuil as a seigneurie in 1657 . It would become a parish in 1845 , a village in 1848 , a town in 1874 and a city in 1920 . Between 1961 and 2002 , Longueuil 's borders grew three times , as it was amalgamated with surrounding municipalities ; there was a strong de-amalgamation in 2006 ( see 2000-2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec ) . Longueuil is a residential , commercial and industrial city . It incorporates some urban features , but is essentially a suburb . Longueuil can be classified as a commuter town as a large portion of its residents commute to work in Montreal . Most buildings are single-family homes constructed in the post-war period . The city consists of three boroughs : Le Vieux-Longueuil , Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List -- TEs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_regional_county_municipalities_and_equivalent_territories_in_Quebec_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of the regional county municipalities (RCM or MRC) and equivalent territories (TE) in the province of Quebec, Canada. They are given along with their geographical codes as specified by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Regions and Land Occupancy, and the administrative regions to which they belong. RCMs are units of government at the supralocal level. However, not all municipalities belong to an RCM. In order to use RCMs for statistical purposes, some municipalities (mostly Indian reserves) are viewed as belonging to RCMs they do not belong to legally. The possibly enlarged RCMs are called municipalités régionales de comté géographiques (MRCG) as opposed to the legal ones known as municipalités régionales de comté juridiques (MRCJ). The remaining municipalities are grouped into territories equivalent to an RCM (French: territoires équivalents à une MRC) or TEs, which are also considered MRCGs. This way, MRCGs cover the entire territory of Quebec and do not overlap. There are 86 RCMs and 18 TEs in Quebec, for a total of 104 MRCGs. Twelve of the TEs correspond exactly to cities or urban agglomerations, and another two, Québec and La Tuque almost do. The only four exceptional cases are the TEs of Jamésie, Kativik and Eeyou Istchee. These cover large areas with many, mostly small, municipalities.'}
null
null
What is the land area , in square kilometers , of the region with code 43 ?
10,212.00
09049c09a20947b2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory_of_the_Vienna_Court_Opera_under_Gustav_Mahler', 'title': 'Repertory of the Vienna Court Opera under Gustav Mahler', 'header': ['Opera title', 'Composer', 'Total performances 1897-1907', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': "Africaine , L '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Africaine", 'summary': "L'Africaine ( The African Woman ) is a grand opera in five acts , the last work of the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer . The French libretto by Eugène Scribe deals with fictitious events in the life of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama . Meyerbeer began working on the libretto using the title L'Africaine , although his working title for the opera was Vasco de Gama at the time of his death in 1864 , before he had prepared a final version . The opera had its first performance in a version made by François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Opéra ( Salle Le Peletier ) on 28 April 1865 . This version has been generally used , but some recent productions have used versions which reconstitute elements from Meyerbeer 's manuscript score and libretto ."}]}, {'value': 'Meyerbeer , Giacomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer', 'summary': "Giacomo Meyerbeer [ n 1 ] ( born Jacob Liebmann Beer ; 5 September 1791 - 2 May 1864 ) was a German opera composer of Jewish birth who has been described as perhaps the most successful stage composer of the nineteenth century . With his 1831 opera Robert le diable and its successors , he gave the genre of grand opera 'decisive character ' . Meyerbeer 's grand opera style was achieved by his merging of German orchestra style with Italian vocal tradition . These were employed in the context of sensational and melodramatic libretti created by Eugène Scribe and were enhanced by the up-to-date theatre technology of the Paris Opéra . They set a standard which helped to maintain Paris as the opera capital of the nineteenth century . Born to a very wealthy Berlin family , Meyerbeer began his musical career as a pianist but soon decided to devote himself to opera , spending several years in Italy studying and composing . His 1824 opera Il crociato in Egitto was the first to bring him Europe-wide reputation , but it was Robert le diable ( 1831 ) which raised his status to great celebrity . His public career , lasting from then until his death , during which he remained a dominating figure in the world of opera , was summarized by his contemporary Hector Berlioz , who claimed that he 'has not only the luck to be talented , but the talent to be lucky . ' He was at his peak with his operas Les Huguenots ( 1836 ) and Le prophète ( 1849 ) ; his last opera ( L'Africaine ) was performed posthumously . His operas made him the most frequently performed composer at the world 's leading opera houses in the nineteenth century . At the same time as his successes in Paris , Meyerbeer , as a Prussian Court Kapellmeister ( Director of Music ) from 1832 , and from 1843 as Prussian General Music Director , was also influential in opera in Berlin and throughout Germany . He was an early supporter of Richard Wagner , enabling the first production of the latter 's opera Rienzi ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aida', 'summary': "Aida ( pronounced [ aˈiːda ] ) is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni . Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt , it was commissioned by Cairo 's Khedivial Opera House and had its première there on 24 December 1871 , in a performance conducted by Giovanni Bottesini . Today the work holds a central place in the operatic canon , receiving performances every year around the world ; at New York 's Metropolitan Opera alone , Aida has been sung more than 1,100 times since 1886 . Ghislanzoni 's scheme follows a scenario often attributed to the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette , but Verdi biographer Mary Jane Phillips-Matz argues that the source is actually Temistocle Solera ."}]}, {'value': 'Verdi , Giuseppe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 11 May 1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Am Wörther See', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koschat , Thomas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballo in Maschera , Un', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera', 'summary': "Un ballo in maschera ( A Masked Ball ) is an 1859 opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi . The text , by Antonio Somma , was based on Eugène Scribe 's libretto for Daniel Auber 's 1833 five act opera , Gustave III , ou Le bal masqué . The plot concerns the assassination in 1792 of King Gustav III of Sweden who was shot , as the result of a political conspiracy , while attending a masked ball , dying of his wounds thirteen days later . It was to take over two years between the commission from Naples , planned for a production there , and its premiere performance at the Teatro Apollo in Rome on 17 February 1859 . In becoming the Un ballo in maschera which we know today , Verdi 's opera ( and his libretto ) underwent a significant series of transformations and title changes , caused by a combination of censorship regulations in both Naples and Rome , as well as by the political situation in France in January 1858 . Based on the Scribe libretto and begun as Gustavo III set in Stockholm , it became Una vendetta in domino set in Stettin , and finally Un ballo in maschera set in Boston during the colonial era . It became one of the most frustrating experiences of Verdi 's career . From the mid-20th century , it has become more common for the setting to revert to its original 18th-century Stockholm location . A re-creation of the original Gustavo III has been staged in Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Verdi , Giuseppe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 5 March 1898 Second revision from 19 May 1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbiere di Siviglia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Il_barbiere_di_Siviglia', 'summary': "The Barber of Seville , or The Useless Precaution ( Italian : Il barbiere di Siviglia , ossia L'inutile precauzione [ il barˈbjɛːre di siˈviʎʎa osˈsiːa liˈnuːtile prekautˈtsjoːne ] ) is an opera buffa in two acts by Gioachino Rossini with an Italian libretto by Cesare Sterbini . The libretto was based on Pierre Beaumarchais 's French comedy Le Barbier de Séville ( 1775 ) . The première of Rossini 's opera ( under the title Almaviva , o sia L'inutile precauzione ) took place on 20 February 1816 at the Teatro Argentina , Rome , with designs by Angelo Toselli . Rossini 's Barber has proven to be one of the greatest masterpieces of comedy within music , and has been described as the opera buffa of all opere buffe . After two hundred years , it remains a popular work ."}]}, {'value': 'Rossini , Giaochino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini', 'summary': "Gioachino Antonio Rossini [ n 1 ] [ n 2 ] ( 29 February 1792 - 13 November 1868 ) was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas , although he also wrote many songs , some chamber music and piano pieces , and some sacred music . He set new standards for both comic and serious opera before retiring from large-scale composition while still in his thirties , at the height of his popularity . Born in Pesaro to parents who were both musicians ( his father a trumpeter , his mother a singer ) , Rossini began to compose by the age of 12 and was educated at music school in Bologna . His first opera was performed in Venice in 1810 when he was 18 years old . In 1815 he was engaged to write operas and manage theatres in Naples . In the period 1810-1823 he wrote 34 operas for the Italian stage that were performed in Venice , Milan , Ferrara , Naples and elsewhere ; this productivity necessitated an almost formulaic approach for some components ( such as overtures ) and a certain amount of self-borrowing . During this period he produced his most popular works including the comic operas L'italiana in Algeri , Il barbiere di Siviglia ( known in English as The Barber of Seville ) and La Cenerentola , which brought to a peak the opera buffa tradition he inherited from masters such as Domenico Cimarosa . He also composed opera seria works such as Otello , Tancredi and Semiramide . All of these attracted admiration for their innovation in melody , harmonic and instrumental colour , and dramatic form . In 1824 he was contracted by the Opéra in Paris , for which he produced an opera to celebrate the coronation of Charles X , Il viaggio a Reims ( later cannibalised for his first opera in French , Le comte Ory ) , revisions of two of his Italian operas , Le siège de Corinthe and Moïse , and in 1829 his last opera , Guillaume Tell . Rossini 's withdrawal from opera for the last 40 years of his life has never been fully explained ; contributary factors may have been ill-health , the wealth his success had brought him , and the rise of spectacular grand opera under composers such as Giacomo Meyerbeer . From the early 1830s to 1855 , when he left Paris and was based in Bologna , Rossini wrote relatively little ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 25 December 1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bartered Bride , The', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride', 'summary': "The Bartered Bride ( Czech : Prodaná nevěsta , The Sold Bride ) is a comic opera in three acts by the Czech composer Bedřich Smetana , to a libretto by Karel Sabina . The work is generally regarded as a major contribution towards the development of Czech music . It was composed during the period 1863 to 1866 , and first performed at the Provisional Theatre , Prague , on 30 May 1866 in a two-act format with spoken dialogue . Set in a country village and with realistic characters , it tells the story of how , after a late surprise revelation , true love prevails over the combined efforts of ambitious parents and a scheming marriage broker . The opera was not immediately successful , and was revised and extended in the following four years . In its final version , premiered in 1870 , it rapidly gained popularity and eventually became a worldwide success . Until this time , the Czech national opera had only been represented by minor , rarely performed works . This opera , Smetana 's second , was part of his quest to create a truly Czech operatic genre . Smetana 's musical treatment made considerable use of traditional Bohemian dance forms , such as the polka and furiant , and , although he largely avoided the direct quotation of folksong , he nevertheless created music considered by Czechs to be quintessentially Czech in spirit . The overture , often played as a concert piece independently from the opera , was , unusually , composed before almost any of the other music had been written . After a performance at the Vienna Music and Theatre Exhibition of 1892 , the opera achieved international recognition . It was performed in Chicago in 1893 , London in 1895 and reached New York in 1909 , subsequently becoming the first , and for many years the only , Czech opera in the general repertory ."}]}, {'value': 'Smetana , Bedřich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedřich_Smetana', 'summary': "Bedřich Smetana ( /ˌbɛdərʒɪx ˈsmɛtənə/ BED-ər-zhikh SMET-ə-nə , Czech : [ ˈbɛdr̝ɪx ˈsmɛtana ] ( listen ) ; 2 March 1824 - 12 May 1884 ) was a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style that became closely identified with his country 's aspirations to independent statehood . He has been regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music . Internationally he is best known for his opera The Bartered Bride and for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ( My Homeland ) , which portrays the history , legends and landscape of the composer 's native Bohemia . It contains the famous symphonic poem Vltava , also known by its English name The Moldau . Smetana was naturally gifted as a composer , and gave his first public performance at the age of 6 . After conventional schooling , he studied music under Josef Proksch in Prague . His first nationalistic music was written during the 1848 Prague uprising , in which he briefly participated . After failing to establish his career in Prague , he left for Sweden , where he set up as a teacher and choirmaster in Gothenburg , and began to write large-scale orchestral works . During this period of his life Smetana was twice married ; of six daughters , three died in infancy . In the early 1860s , a more liberal political climate in Bohemia encouraged Smetana to return permanently to Prague . He threw himself into the musical life of the city , primarily as a champion of the new genre of Czech opera . In 1866 his first two operas , The Brandenburgers in Bohemia and The Bartered Bride , were premiered at Prague 's new Provisional Theatre , the latter achieving great popularity ."}]}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 20 September 1899 , designed Anton Brioschi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen', 'summary': "Carmen [ kaʁ.mɛn ] is an opera in four acts by French composer Georges Bizet . The libretto was written by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy , based on a novella of the same title by Prosper Mérimée . The opera was first performed by the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 3 March 1875 , where its breaking of conventions shocked and scandalized its first audiences . Bizet died suddenly after the 33rd performance , unaware that the work would achieve international acclaim within the following ten years . Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently performed operas in the classical canon ; the Habanera from act 1 and the Toreador Song from act 2 are among the best known of all operatic arias . The opera is written in the genre of opéra comique with musical numbers separated by dialogue . It is set in southern Spain and tells the story of the downfall of Don José , a naïve soldier who is seduced by the wiles of the fiery gypsy Carmen . José abandons his childhood sweetheart and deserts from his military duties , yet loses Carmen 's love to the glamorous torero Escamillo , after which José kills her in a jealous rage . The depictions of proletarian life , immorality , and lawlessness , and the tragic death of the main character on stage , broke new ground in French opera and were highly controversial . After the premiere , most reviews were critical , and the French public was generally indifferent . Carmen initially gained its reputation through a series of productions outside France , and was not revived in Paris until 1883 . Thereafter , it rapidly acquired popularity at home and abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Bizet , Georges', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 26 May 1900 , designed Brioschi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cavalleria rusticana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana', 'summary': 'Cavalleria rusticana ( pronounced [ kavalleˈriːa rustiˈkaːna ] ; Italian for rustic chivalry ) is an opera in one act by Pietro Mascagni to an Italian libretto by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci , adapted from an 1880 short story of the same name [ it ] and subsequent play by Giovanni Verga . Considered one of the classic verismo operas , it premiered on 17 May 1890 at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome . Since 1893 , it has often been performed in a so-called Cav/Pag double-bill with Pagliacci by Ruggero Leoncavallo .'}]}, {'value': 'Mascagni , Pietro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni', 'summary': "Pietro Mascagni [ a ] ( 7 December 1863 - 2 August 1945 ) was an Italian composer primarily known for his operas . His 1890 masterpiece Cavalleria Rusticana caused one of the greatest sensations in opera history and single-handedly ushered in the Verismo movement in Italian dramatic music . While it was often held that Mascagni , like Ruggiero Leoncavallo , was a one-opera man who could never repeat his first success , L'amico Fritz and Iris have remained in the repertoire in Europe ( especially Italy ) since their premieres . Mascagni wrote fifteen operas , an operetta , several orchestral and vocal works , and also songs and piano music . He enjoyed immense success during his lifetime , both as a composer and conductor of his own and other people 's music . He created a variety of styles in his operas : a Sicilian passion and warmth of Cavalleria , the exotic flavor of Iris , the idylls of L'amico Fritz and Lodoletta , the Gallic chiaroscuro of Isabeau , the steely , Veristic power of Il piccolo Marat and the over-ripe post-romanticism of the lush Parisina ."}]}, {'value': '131', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cosi fan tutti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosi_fan_tutti', 'summary': 'Cosi Fan Tutti is a novel by Michael Dibdin , the fifth entry in the Aurelio Zen series . One strand of the plot plays on the storyline of the Mozart opera Così fan tutte . In addition , the chapter titles are all taken from the titles of sections of the opera libretto .'}]}, {'value': 'Mozart , Wolfgang Amadeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [ a ] ( 27 January 1756 - 5 December 1791 ) , baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart , [ b ] was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period . Born in Salzburg , Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood . Already competent on keyboard and violin , he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty . At 17 , Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position . While visiting Vienna in 1781 , he was dismissed from his Salzburg position . He chose to stay in the capital , where he achieved fame but little financial security . During his final years in Vienna , he composed many of his best-known symphonies , concertos , and operas , and portions of the Requiem , which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35 . The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized . He composed more than 600 works , many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic , concertante , chamber , operatic , and choral music . He is among the greatest and most enduringly popular of classical composers , and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart , and Joseph Haydn wrote : posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 4 October 1900 , designed Brioschi . Second new production from 24 November 1905 , designed Alfred Roller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dame blanche , La', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_dame_blanche', 'summary': "La dame blanche ( The White Lady ) is an opéra comique in three acts by the French composer François-Adrien Boieldieu . The libretto was written by Eugène Scribe and is based on episodes from no fewer than five works of the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott , including his novels The Monastery , Guy Mannering , and The Abbot . The opera has typical elements of the Romantic in its Gothic mode , including an exotic Scottish locale , a lost heir , a mysterious castle , a hidden fortune , and a ghost , in this case benevolent . The work was one of the first attempts to introduce the fantastic into opera and is a model for works such as Giacomo Meyerbeer 's Robert le diable and Charles Gounod 's Faust . The opera 's musical style also heavily influenced later operas like Lucia di Lammermoor , I puritani and La jolie fille de Perth ."}]}, {'value': 'Boieldieu , François-Adrien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François-Adrien_Boieldieu', 'summary': 'François-Adrien Boieldieu ( pronounced [ fʁɑ̃.swa a.dʁi.jɛ̃ bwal.djø ] ) ( 16 December 1775 - 8 October 1834 ) was a French composer , mainly of operas , often called the French Mozart .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 4 October 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Giovanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Giovanni', 'summary': "Don Giovanni ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˌdɔn dʒoˈvanni ] ; K. 527 ; complete title : Il dissoluto punito , ossia il Don Giovanni , literally The Rake Punished , namely Don Giovanni or The Libertine Punished ) is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte . It is based on the legends of Don Juan , a fictional libertine and seducer , by Spanish writer Tirso de Molina . It was premiered by the Prague Italian opera at the National Theater ( of Bohemia ) , now called the Estates Theatre , on 29 October 1787 . Da Ponte 's libretto was billed as a dramma giocoso , a common designation of its time that denotes a mixing of serious and comic action . Mozart entered the work into his catalogue as an opera buffa . Although sometimes classified as comic , it blends comedy , melodrama and supernatural elements . Don Giovanni is generally regarded as one of Mozarts supreme achievements and one of the greatest operas of all time , and it has proved a fruitful subject for writers and philosophers . A staple of the standard operatic repertoire , it is ninth on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas of the 2018-19 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart , Wolfgang Amadeus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 21 December 1905 , designed Roller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragons de Villars , Les', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_dragons_de_Villars', 'summary': 'Les dragons de Villars is an opéra-comique in three acts by Aimé Maillart to a libretto by Lockroy and Eugène Cormon . The story of the opera was said to have been borrowed from La Petite Fadette by Georges Sand , updated by the librettists to the time of Louis XIV . It was premiered by the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris on 19 September 1856 .'}]}, {'value': 'Maillart , Louis-Aimé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aimé_Maillart', 'summary': 'Louis-Aimé Maillart ( March 24 , 1817 - May 26 , 1871 ) was a French composer , best known for his operas , particularly Les Dragons de Villars and Lara .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 21 April 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Entführung aus dem Serail , Die', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Entführung_aus_dem_Serail', 'summary': "Die Entführung aus dem Serail ( German : [ diː ʔɛntˈfyːʁʊŋ ʔaʊ̯s deːm zɛˈʁaɪ̯l ] ) ( K. 384 ; The Abduction from the Seraglio ; also known as Il Seraglio ) is an opera Singspiel in three acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The German libretto is by Gottlieb Stephanie , based on Christoph Friedrich Bretzner 's Belmont und Constanze , oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail . The plot concerns the attempt of the hero Belmonte , assisted by his servant Pedrillo , to rescue his beloved Konstanze from the seraglio of Pasha Selim . The work premiered on 16 July 1782 at the Vienna Burgtheater , with the composer conducting ."}]}, {'value': 'Mozart , Wolfgang Amadeus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 29 January 1906 , designed Roller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernani', 'summary': "Ernani is an operatic dramma lirico in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave , based on the play Hernani by Victor Hugo . Verdi was commissioned by the Teatro La Fenice in Venice to write an opera , but finding the right subject took some time , and the composer worked with the inexperienced Piave in shaping first one and then another drama by Hugo into an acceptable libretto . As musicologist Roger Parker notes , the composer intervened on several important points , insisting for example that the role of Ernani be sung by a tenor ( rather than by a contralto as had originally been planned ) . Ernani was first performed on 9 March 1844 and it was immensely popular , and was revived countless times during its early years . It became Verdi 's most popular opera until it was superseded by Il trovatore after 1853 . In 1904 it became the first opera to be recorded completely ."}]}, {'value': 'Verdi , Giuseppe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 2 October 1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euryanthe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euryanthe', 'summary': "Euryanthe is a German grand , heroic , romantic opera by Carl Maria von Weber , first performed at the Theater am Kärntnertor , Vienna on 25 October 1823 . Though acknowledged as one of Weber 's most important operas , the work is rarely staged because of the weak libretto by Helmina von Chézy ( who , incidentally , was also the author of the failed play Rosamunde , for which Franz Schubert wrote music ) . Euryanthe is based on the 13th-century French romance L'Histoire du très-noble et chevalereux prince Gérard , comte de Nevers et la très-virtueuse et très chaste princesse Euriant de Savoye , sa mye . Only the overture , an outstanding example of the early German Romantic style ( heralding Richard Wagner ) , is regularly played today . Like Schubert 's lesser-known Alfonso und Estrella , of the same time and place ( Vienna , 1822 ) , Euryanthe parts with the German Singspiel tradition , adopting a musical approach without the interruption of spoken dialogue characteristic of earlier German language operas such as Mozart 's Die Zauberflöte , Beethoven 's Fidelio , and Weber 's own Der Freischütz ."}]}, {'value': 'Weber , Carl Maria von', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber', 'summary': 'Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber ( 18 or 19 November 1786 - 5 June 1826 ) was a German composer , conductor , pianist , guitarist and critic , and was one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 19 January 1903 , designed Roller . Revised production from 19 January 1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evangelimann , Der', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Der_Evangelimann', 'summary': "Der Evangelimann ( The Evangelist ) is an opera in two acts by the Austrian composer Wilhelm Kienzl . The libretto , by the composer , is based on Leopold Florian Meissner 's short story Aus den Berichten eines Polizeikommissärs . It was adapted in 1924 as a silent film The Evangelist ."}]}, {'value': 'Kienzl , Wilhelm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilhelm_Kienzl', 'summary': 'Wilhelm Kienzl ( 17 January 1857 - 3 October 1941 ) was an Austrian composer .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faust_(opera)', 'summary': "Faust is an opera in five acts by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré from Carré 's play Faust et Marguerite , in turn loosely based on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's Faust , Part One . It debuted at the Théâtre Lyrique on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris on 19 March 1859 , with influential sets designed by Charles-Antoine Cambon and Joseph Thierry , Jean Émile Daran , Édouard Desplechin , and Philippe Chaperon ."}]}, {'value': 'Gounod , Charles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Gounod', 'summary': "Charles-François Gounod ( /ɡuːˈnoʊ/ ; French : [ ʃaʁl fʁɑ̃swa ɡuno ] ; 17 June 1818 - 18 October 1893 ) , usually known as Charles Gounod , was a French composer . He wrote twelve operas , of which the most popular has always been Faust ( 1859 ) ; his Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 ) also remains in the international repertory . He composed a large amount of church music , many songs , and popular short pieces including his Ave Maria ( an elaboration of a Bach piece ) , and Funeral March of a Marionette . Born in Paris into an artistic and musical family Gounod was a student at the Conservatoire de Paris and won France 's most prestigious musical prize , the Prix de Rome . His studies took him to Italy , Austria and then Prussia , where he met Felix Mendelssohn , whose advocacy of the music of Bach was an early influence on him . He was deeply religious , and after his return to Paris , he briefly considered becoming a priest . He composed prolifically , writing church music , songs , orchestral music and operas . Gounod 's career was disrupted by the Franco-Prussian War . He moved to England with his family for refuge from the Prussian advance on Paris in 1870 . After peace was restored in 1871 his family returned to Paris but he remained in London , living in the house of an amateur singer , Georgina Weldon , who became the controlling figure in his life . After nearly three years he broke away from her and returned to his family in France . His absence , and the appearance of younger French composers , meant that he was no longer at the forefront of French musical life ; although he remained a respected figure he was regarded as old-fashioned during his later years , and operatic success eluded him ."}]}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fidelio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fidelio', 'summary': "Fidelio ( originally titled Leonore , oder Der Triumph der ehelichen Liebe ; English : Leonore , or The Triumph of Marital Love ) , Op . 72 , is Ludwig van Beethoven 's only opera . The German libretto was originally prepared by Joseph Sonnleithner from the French of Jean-Nicolas Bouilly , with the work premiering at Vienna 's Theater an der Wien on 20 November 1805 . The following year , Stephan von Breuning helped shorten the work from three acts to two . After further work on the libretto by Georg Friedrich Treitschke , a final version was performed at the Kärntnertortheater on 23 May 1814 . By convention , both of the first two versions are referred to as Leonore . The libretto , with some spoken dialogue , tells how Leonore , disguised as a prison guard named Fidelio , rescues her husband Florestan from death in a political prison . Bouilly 's scenario fits Beethoven 's aesthetic and political outlook : a story of personal sacrifice , heroism , and eventual triumph . With its underlying struggle for liberty and justice mirroring contemporary political movements in Europe , such topics are typical of Beethoven 's middle period . Notable moments in the opera include the Prisoners ' Chorus ( O welche Lust - O what a joy ) , an ode to freedom sung by a chorus of political prisoners , Florestan 's vision of Leonore come as an angel to rescue him , and the scene in which the rescue finally takes place . The finale celebrates Leonore 's bravery with alternating contributions of soloists and chorus ."}]}, {'value': 'Beethoven , Ludwig van', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven', 'summary': 'Ludwig van Beethoven ( /ˈlʊdvɪɡ væn ˈbeɪt ( h ) oʊvən/ ( listen ) ; German : [ ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːthoːfn̩ ] ( listen ) ; baptised 17 December 1770 - 26 March 1827 ) was a German composer and pianist . He was a crucial figure in the transition between the classical and romantic eras in classical music and is considered to be one of the greatest composers of all time . Beethoven was born in Bonn , the capital of the Electorate of Cologne , which was part of the Holy Roman Empire . His musical talent was obvious at an early age , and he was harshly and intensively taught by his father Johann van Beethoven , who thought this would enable him to become a child prodigy like Mozart . He was later taught by the composer and conductor Christian Gottlob Neefe . At age 21 , he moved to Vienna and studied composition with Joseph Haydn . Beethoven then gained a reputation as a virtuoso pianist , and he was soon courted by Karl Alois , Prince Lichnowsky for compositions , which resulted in Opus 1 in 1795 . The piece was a great critical and commercial success and was followed by Symphony No . 1 in 1800 . This composition was distinguished by its frequent use of sforzandi , sudden shifts in tonal centers ( which were uncommon for traditional symphonic form ) , and the prominent , more independent use of wind instruments . In 1801 , he also gained fame for his six String Quartets and for the ballet The Creatures of Prometheus . During this period , his hearing began to deteriorate , but he continued to conduct , premiering his third and fifth symphonies in 1804 and 1808 , respectively .'}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New production from 4 February 1904 , designed Roller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fille du régiment , La', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_fille_du_régiment', 'summary': 'La fille du régiment ( The Daughter of the Regiment ) is an opéra comique in two acts by Gaetano Donizetti , set to a French libretto by Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges and Jean-François Bayard . It was first performed on 11 February 1840 by the Paris Opéra-Comique at the Salle de la Bourse . The opera was written by Donizetti while he was living in Paris between 1838 and 1840 preparing a revised version of his then-unperformed Italian opera , Poliuto , as Les martyrs for the Paris Opéra . Since Martyrs was delayed , the composer had time to write the music for La fille du régiment , his first opera set to a French text , as well as to stage the French version of Lucia di Lammermoor as Lucie de Lammermoor . La fille du régiment quickly became a popular success partly because of the famous aria Ah ! mes amis , quel jour de fête ! , which requires the tenor to sing no fewer than eight high Cs - a frequently sung ninth is not written . La figlia del reggimento , a slightly different Italian-language version ( in translation by Calisto Bassi ) , was adapted to the tastes of the Italian public .'}]}, {'value': 'Donizetti , Gaetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti', 'summary': "Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti ( /ˌdɒnɪˈzɛti/ , also UK : /-ɪtˈsɛti/ , US : /ˌdoʊn- , -ɪdˈzɛti/ , Italian : [ doˈmeːniko ɡaeˈtaːno maˈriːa donidˈdzetti ] ( listen ) ; 29 November 1797 - 8 April 1848 ) was an Italian composer . Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini , Donizetti was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century . Donizetti 's close association with the bel canto style was undoubtedly an influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi . Donizetti was born in Bergamo in Lombardy . Although he did not come from a musical background , at an early age he was taken under the wing of composer Simon Mayr who had enrolled him by means of a full scholarship in a school which he had set up . There he received detailed training in the arts of fugue and counterpoint . Mayr was also instrumental in obtaining a place for the young man at the Bologna Academy , where , at the age of 19 , he wrote his first one-act opera , the comedy Il Pigmalione , which may never have been performed during his lifetime . Over the course of his career , Donizetti wrote almost 70 operas . An offer in 1822 from Domenico Barbaja , the impresario of the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples , which followed the composer 's ninth opera , led to his move to that city and his residency there which lasted until the production of Caterina Cornaro in January 1844 . In all , Naples presented 51 of Donizetti 's operas ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Revised production from 6 September 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fledermaus , Die', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Fledermaus', 'summary': 'Die Fledermaus ( German : [ diː ˈfleːdɐˌmaʊs ] , The Flittermouse or The Bat , sometimes called The Revenge of the Bat ) is an operetta composed by Johann Strauss II to a German libretto by Karl Haffner and Richard Genée .'}]}, {'value': 'Strauss , Johann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II', 'summary': "Johann Strauss II ( born Johann Baptist Strauss ; 25 October 1825 - 3 June 1899 ) , also known as Johann Strauss Jr. , the Younger , the Son ( German : Sohn ) , son of Johann Strauss I , was an Austrian composer of light music , particularly dance music and operettas . He composed over 500 waltzes , polkas , quadrilles , and other types of dance music , as well as several operettas and a ballet . In his lifetime , he was known as The Waltz King , and was largely responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th century . Strauss had two younger brothers , Josef and Eduard Strauss , who became composers of light music as well , although they were never as well known as their older brother . Some of Johann Strauss 's most famous works include The Blue Danube , Kaiser-Walzer ( Emperor Waltz ) , Tales from the Vienna Woods , and the Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka . Among his operettas , Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron are the best known ."}]}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Operas performed , 1897–1907 -- Performances of existing repertory works', 'section_text': "The following operas were in the Hofoper repertory when Mahler assumed the directorship in 1897 . Each had one or more revivals during the period of Mahler 's tenure . Most of these older productions were significantly revised under Mahler ; in some instances , entirely new productions of the works were mounted . The list does not included ballets or other entertainments .", 'uid': 'Repertory_of_the_Vienna_Court_Opera_under_Gustav_Mahler_0', 'intro': "The Repertory of the Vienna Court Opera under Gustav Mahler is an account of the ten years during which Gustav Mahler held the office of director and when he directed the productions of more than 100 different operas, of which 33 had not previously been staged at the Hofoper and three were world premieres. Another 55 were presented in either entirely new or substantially revised productions. In all, almost 3,000 performances took place at the Hofoper during Mahler's tenure, of which Mahler conducted more than 600. Mahler, well known as a symphonic composer, joined the Vienna Court Opera (the Hofoper) in May 1897 as a staff conductor and director-designate, pending confirmation of his appointment as director. After his confirmation in October 1897, he remained in the post until his resignation in November 1907. Conducting duties were shared among staff conductors whose numbers included at various times Gustav Brecher, Johan Nepomuk Fuchs, Joseph Hellmesberger, Jr., Karl Luze, Hans Richter, Franz Schalk, Francesco Spetrino, Bruno Walter and Alexander Zemlinsky. At the start of Mahler's tenure, stage designs were under the control of Anton Brioschi, the Hopfoper's official designer since 1886, and his assistant Heinrich Lefler. However, from 1903, new designs were increasingly the work of Alfred Roller, a member of the Secessionist group of artists into which circle Mahler had been introduced by his wife Alma. Roller was appointed to the Hofoper from June 1903; his innovative and experimental stage designs have been called more remarkable than [Mahler's] additions to the repertoire."}
null
null
What is the opera title whose composer wrote fifteen operas , an operetta , several orchestral and vocal works , and also songs and piano music ?
Cavalleria rusticana
0906aea6eae68506
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1983 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1983 Atlanta Falcons season was the Falcons eighteenth season in the National Football League . The team looked to improve on its 5-4 1982 season and make the playoffs for the second consecutive season . However , the Falcons started out terribly , losing five of their first seven games . The Falcons overall would disappoint , and would finish the season with a mediocre 7-9 record in their first season under head coach Dan Henning . This would ultimately prove the first of eight consecutive losing seasons for the Falcons .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Cox_(American_football)', 'summary': "Arthur Dean Cox ( born February 5 , 1961 ) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League . Cox grew up in Plant City , Florida as one of 10 children . His father died when Cox was young . Playing college football at Texas Southern University , he went undrafted , and signed with the Atlanta Falcons before the 1983 season . He eventually became the Falcons ' full-time starting tight end and had his most productive seasons in 1984 and 1985 ( where he had a career high 454 receiving yards ) . Cox 's productivity decreased in the following two seasons , and following the 1987 season , the Falcons chose not to resign him . Before the 1988 season , he signed with the San Diego Chargers , who later hired his old Falcons head coach Dan Henning . There , Cox immediately became a starter and maintained his reputation as a tough player and as a respected run-blocking tight end . In 1991 , he lost his starter role , and was limited to playing in formations utilizing three tight ends . With the imminent reactivation of rookie tight end Duane Young from the injured reserve list , the Chargers released Cox on October 29 . Cox subsequently was signed by the Miami Dolphins , but was waived on November 18 , following two weeks of playing on special teams and goal line formations . He was quickly signed by the Cleveland Browns , for whom he played his last three NFL games ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Southern_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Texas Southern Tigers is the college football team representing Texas Southern University , a historically black university ( HBCU ) in Houston . The Tigers play in the NCAA 's Division I FCS as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) , a conference whose members are all HBCUs . In 2012 , the Tigers moved into the new BBVA Compass Stadium , built for the city 's Major League Soccer team , the Houston Dynamo . It replaced the Alexander Durley Sports Complex as the home of Tiger football . On December 3 , 2015 , Houston native Michael Haywood was hired as the Tigers ' 16th all-time head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1983 Atlanta Falcons season was the Falcons eighteenth season in the National Football League . The team looked to improve on its 5-4 1982 season and make the playoffs for the second consecutive season . However , the Falcons started out terribly , losing five of their first seven games . The Falcons overall would disappoint , and would finish the season with a mediocre 7-9 record in their first season under head coach Dan Henning . This would ultimately prove the first of eight consecutive losing seasons for the Falcons .'}]}, {'value': 'David Frye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Frye_(American_football)', 'summary': 'David William Frye ( born June 21 , 1961 ) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for sevens seasons . During his NFL career , he played for the Atlanta Falcons and Miami Dolphins . Frye played collegiately at Purdue University .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Purdue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1982 Big Ten Conference football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Baltimore_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Baltimore Colts season was the 31st season for the team in the National Football League ( NFL ) . This would be the last season in Baltimore as they moved to Indianapolis for the following season . The Colts finished the year with a record of 7 wins and 9 losses , and tied for fourth in the AFC East division with the New York Jets . However , the Colts finished ahead of New York based on better conference record ( 5-9 to Jets 4-8 ) . Having finished the 1982 season with the NFL 's worst record at a winless 0-8-1 , the Colts held the No . 1 pick in the 1983 NFL draft and expected to land the nations top collegiate player to their 1983 roster . The Colts used the top pick on John Elway of Stanford . Elway , however , refused to play for the Colts and even considered joining the New York Yankees baseball organization unless he was traded . The Colts were forced to trade Elway to the Denver Broncos and Mike Pagel retained his position as starting quarterback . The Elway controversy became more interesting when Elways Broncos visited Baltimore for the second game of the season . The Broncos won that game 17-10 . Later , when the teams faced each other again in Denver for the second-to-last game of the season , the Colts took a 19-0 lead over the Broncos , only to blow the lead in the fourth quarter and lose 21-19 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Miller_(linebacker)', 'summary': 'John Miller ( born 1960 ) is a former linebacker in the National Football League . He was a member of the Green Bay Packers during the 1987 NFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Mississippi State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team represented Mississippi State University during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Buffalo_Bills_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise 's 14th season in the National Football League , and the 24th overall . It was the first of three seasons for head coach Kay Stephenson . Bills running back Joe Cribbs was both the Bills ' leading rusher ( 1131 yards ) , and the team 's leader in receptions and receiving yards ( 57 catches for 524 yards ) . The team looked to improve on its 4-5 record from 1982 . With the NFL schedule back to 16 games , the Bills were a more competitive team during 1983 . The team started 5-2 through its first 7 games . However , they would struggle the rest of the way , as they went 3-6 in its final 9 games en route to a mediocre 8-8 season . This season also saw the Bills beat the Dolphins in Miami for the first time since 1966 , Miami 's inaugural season ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Dufek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Dufek', 'summary': 'Joseph Edward Dufek ( born August 23 , 1961 ) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League . He was signed by the Buffalo Bills as an undrafted free agent in 1983 . He played college football at Yale .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Yale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season . The Bulldogs were led by eighteenth year head coach Carmen Cozza , played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished tied for fourth place in the Ivy League with a 3-4 record , 4-6 overall .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1983 season was the Chicago Bears ' 64th in the National Football League , and their second under head coach Mike Ditka . The team impoved from their 3-6 record from 1982 to finish at 8-8 , but to failed to make the playoffs four the fourth consecutive season . Jim McMahon was the quarterback , who completed 175 of 295 pass attempts . The Bears 1983 NFL Draft class was ranked # 3 in NFL Top 10 's greatest draft classes ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis McKinnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_McKinnon', 'summary': "Dennis Lewis McKinnon ( born August 22 , 1961 ) is a former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears and the Dallas Cowboys . McKinnon played college football at Florida State University and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Bears in 1983 . He was the last undrafted free agent to score more than one touchdown for the Bears until Dane Sanzenbacher in 2011 . He won Super Bowl XX as a member of the 1985 Chicago Bears . In his eight seasons , McKinnon caught 194 passes for 3,012 yards and 22 touchdowns . He also returned 129 punts for 1,191 yards and three touchdowns , and scored a rushing touchdown . He caught 31 passes for 555 yards and seven touchdowns during the Bears ' championship season in 1985 . McKinnon missed the entire 1986 season with a knee injury After spending the 1986 season on injured reserve , McKinnon returned in 1987 and scored on a 94-yard punt return in the season opener against the New York Giants . In Week 7 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , he scored again on a 65-yard punt return touchdown . His best season was in 1988 , when he caught 45 passes for 704 yards and three touchdowns , while also returning 40 punts for 405 yards and a franchise record two touchdowns ( this record was later surpassed by Devin Hester in the 2006 season ) . He went on to catch four passes for 108 yards and a touchdown in Chicago 's 20-12 postseason win in a game known as the Fog Bowl . At the time of his retirement , McKinnon 's 1,191 punt return yards were the second-highest total in Chicago franchise history ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Bobby Bowden and played their home games at Doak Campbell Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Cleveland_Browns_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 34th season with the National Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Ruzek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Ruzek', 'summary': 'Roger Brian Ruzek ( born December 17 , 1960 ) is a former American football placekicker in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Cowboys and the Philadelphia Eagles . He also was a member of the New Jersey Generals in the United States Football League . He played college football at Weber State University .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Weber State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weber_State_Wildcats_football', 'summary': "The Weber State Wildcats football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Weber State University , located in Ogden , Utah . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and is a charter member of the Big Sky Conference , founded in 1963 . The school 's first football team was fielded a year earlier in 1962 . Home games are played at the 17,312-seat Stewart Stadium , and the Wildcats are led by head coach Jay Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Sky Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I , with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision . Member institutions are located in the western United States in the nine states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . Four affiliate members each participate in one sport . Two schools from California are football-only participants , and two schools from the Northeast participate only in men 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 24th season in the National Football League . the cowboys finished second in the NFC East and improving their 6-3 record from 1982 . The team broke the record for consecutive playoff appearances with 9 ( the 2010 Colts later tied the record ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Raul Allegre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raul_Allegre', 'summary': 'Raúl Enrique Allegre Rodríguez ( born June 15 , 1959 ) is a former Mexican football placekicker in the National Football League for the Baltimore Colts , Indianapolis Colts , New York Giants , and New York Jets . He played college football at the University of Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Texas_Longhorns_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Longhorns finished the regular season with a 9-2 record and lost to North Carolina in the Sun Bowl .'}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 24th season in the National Football League . the cowboys finished second in the NFC East and improving their 6-3 record from 1982 . The team broke the record for consecutive playoff appearances with 9 ( the 2010 Colts later tied the record ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Bates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Bates', 'summary': "William Frederick Bates ( born June 6 , 1961 ) is a former American football safety who played for fifteen seasons in the National Football League , all of which were spent with the Dallas Cowboys . A fan favorite , he was a Pro Bowl selection in 1984 , played in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX , and was on the Cowboys ' roster for Super Bowl XXVII . He played college football at the University of Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Tennessee Volunteers football team ( variously Tennessee , UT or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Johnny Majors , in his sixth year , and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of six wins , five losses and one tie ( 6-5-1 overall , 3-2-1 in the SEC ) and a loss against Iowa in the Peach Bowl . The Volunteers offense scored 281 points while the defense allowed 239 points .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 24th season in the National Football League . the cowboys finished second in the NFC East and improving their 6-3 record from 1982 . The team broke the record for consecutive playoff appearances with 9 ( the 2010 Colts later tied the record ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Broderick Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broderick_Thompson', 'summary': 'Broderick Lorenzo Thompson ( August 14 , 1960 - February 4 , 2002 ) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys , San Diego Chargers , Philadelphia Eagles , and the Denver Broncos . He also played for the Portland Breakers of the USFL . He played college football at the University of Kansas .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Kansas_Jayhawks_football_team', 'summary': "The 1982 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their eighth and final season under head coach Don Fambrough , the Jayhawks compiled a 2-7-2 record ( 1-5-1 against conference opponents ) , finished in seventh place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 276 to 150 . They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence , Kansas . The team 's statistical leaders included Frank Seurer with 1,625 passing yards , Dino Bell with 370 rushing yards , and Bob Johnson with 428 receiving yards . Tim Friess , Russ Bastin , Gary Coleman , and Paul Fairchild were the team captains ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 24th season in the National Football League . the cowboys finished second in the NFC East and improving their 6-3 record from 1982 . The team broke the record for consecutive playoff appearances with 9 ( the 2010 Colts later tied the record ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Tuinei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Tuinei', 'summary': 'Mark Pulemau Tuinei ( March 31 , 1960 - May 6 , 1999 ) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Cowboys . Known as a gentle giant , his career lasted for 15 years ( 1983-1997 ) and his ability to protect quarterback Troy Aikman and to run-block for running back Emmitt Smith helped them win Super Bowls in 1992 , 1993 , and 1995 and the NFC East Division in 1985 and 1992-96 . He was also selected for the Pro Bowl in 1994 and 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawaii_Warriors_football', 'summary': "The Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represents the University of Hawaii at Manoa in NCAA Division I FBS college football . It was part of the Western Athletic Conference until July 2012 , when the team joined the Mountain West Conference . From 2000 until July 1 , 2013 , the football team was renamed to simply Warriors , until a 2013 decision to standardize all of the school 's athletic team names took effect , and the team was once again known as the Rainbow Warriors . The Hawaiʻi Warriors were the third team from a non automatic qualifier conference to play in a BCS bowl game . They played Georgia in the Sugar Bowl on January 1 , 2008 in New Orleans , and lost 41-10 ."}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise 's 24th season in the National Football League . the cowboys finished second in the NFC East and improving their 6-3 record from 1982 . The team broke the record for consecutive playoff appearances with 9 ( the 2010 Colts later tied the record ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Warren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Warren_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John Sheppard Warren ( born November 8 , 1960 ) is a former American football punter in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Cowboys . He played college football at the University of Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Tennessee Volunteers football team ( variously Tennessee , UT or the Vols ) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) , the team was led by head coach Johnny Majors , in his sixth year , and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville , Tennessee . They finished the season with a record of six wins , five losses and one tie ( 6-5-1 overall , 3-2-1 in the SEC ) and a loss against Iowa in the Peach Bowl . The Volunteers offense scored 281 points while the defense allowed 239 points .'}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Detroit_Lions_season', 'summary': 'The 1983 Detroit Lions season was the 54th season in franchise history . Despite an awful 1-4 start , the Lions rallied to finish with a 9-7 record . They were able to rise to the top of a weak NFC Central , to claim their first division championship since 1957 and the first time the team had made the playoffs in consecutive seasons for the first time since making it three straight years from 1960-1962 . The Lions would not return to the postseason for another eight years . The offense ranked 15th in the NFL in points scored , leaving the defense to carry the load . The Lions defense turned out to be the second-best in the league in points allowed , keyed defensive tackle Doug English and his 13 sacks . English was the teams only Pro Bowler , though he also got some help from defensive end William Gay , who registered 13 ½ sacks of his own . In the NFC playoffs , the Lions lead the San Francisco 49ers late into the 4th Quarter , until Joe Montana drove the 49ers down the field for a 14-yard touchdown pass to Freddie Solomon to give the 49ers a 24-23 lead . The Lions would have a chance to win the game , as Gary Danielson drove them into field goal range , but placekicker Eddie Murray missed a 44-yard field goal with five seconds remaining .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Chadwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Chadwick', 'summary': "Jeffrey Allan Chadwick ( born December 16 , 1960 ) , is a former professional American football player . A 6 ' 3 , 185-lb . wide receiver from Grand Valley State University , Chadwick was never drafted by a National Football League team , but did play in 126 games over 10 NFL seasons from 1983 to 1992 for the Detroit Lions , the Seattle Seahawks , and the Los Angeles Rams , catching a career total of 4549 yards and 27 touchdowns . Chadwick attended Divine Child High School in Dearborn , Michigan before attending Grand Valley State , where he competed in track and field as well as football from 1979 to 1982 . In 1993 he was admitted to Grand Valley 's hall of fame . He was also Receiver/Tight End Coach at Adrenaline Athletic Training in Riverside , CA . He is currently living in Clare , MI operating a family resort - Sunset Shores - www.sunsetshores.net . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Valley State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_Lakers_football', 'summary': "The Grand Valley State Lakers football team represents Grand Valley State University ( GVSU ) in NCAA Division II football . The team currently competes in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and was affiliated with the now defunct Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference . The Lakers football team has appeared in six NCAA Division II national title games , winning four championships , since 2001 . The team has made the playoffs in 17 seasons . They have also won or shared 16 conference titles ( GLIAC & MIFC ) . Since the start of the football program in 1970 , the team has an overall winning percentage of .729 ( 371-137-3 ) that places the program ranking the one of the highest among teams from NCAA Division 2 Football . The Lakers all time home record is 171-38-1 . Grand Valley has played its home field games at Lubbers Stadium since 1973 . The stadium has undergone numerous renovations and expansions in recent years to accommodate the overflow crowds that regularly exceed the stadium 's 10,444 seat capacity ."}]}, {'value': 'GLIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lakes_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) is a competitive collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division II . The GLIAC was founded in June 1972 . Member institutions are located in the midwestern United States in the States of Michigan , Wisconsin , Indiana , and Ohio , with affiliate members in Minnesota and Iowa . Charter members include Ferris State , Grand Valley State , Lake Superior State , Northwood , and Saginaw Valley State . Former members include Oakland ( 1972-1997 ) and Westminster ( 1997-2000 ) . Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season . Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference ( MIFC ) , which began play in 1990 . The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999 and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall . Tiffin University joined the GLIAC on July 1 , 2008 . Gannon University and Mercyhurst College left the GLIAC for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference on July 1 , 2008 . July 1 , 2016 . Malone University left the GLIAC for the Great Midwest Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Houston Oilers season was the 24th season overall and 14th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team improved upon their previous season 's output of 1-8 , winning two games , but failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season . The 460 points allowed by the team are the most given up by the team in franchise history . The week 13 game against Tampa Bay , in which both teams had 1-11 records , was nicknamed the Repus Bowl . Steve Wulf wrote of the game , Yes , this was the Small One , the battle of the beatens , the movable object meeting the resistible force . There were only tomorrows . When these two teams get together , nothing can happen . This game was for a marble . Tampa Bay won the game 33-24 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Sochia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Sochia', 'summary': 'Brian Sochia ( born July 21 , 1961 ) was an American football player . He played high school football at St. Lawrence Central High School in Brasher Falls , NY . Sochia played college football at Northwestern Oklahoma State from 1979-1982 , earning first-team all-conference honors during his junior and senior seasons . In 1982 , he was selected as an honorable mention NAIA All-American . Sochia entered the NFL as a free-agent in Houston in 1983 and played 3 years with the Oilers . Released by Houston in November 1986 , he signed with the Miami Dolphins in 1986 as back-up nose tackle when Bob Baumhower was injured . He started all 12 non-strike games in 1987 . He became a starter in 1987 and had 3.5 sacks and 37 tackles . In 1988 , he started all 16 games and was second on the team with 4.5 sacks , in addition to collecting 72 tackles and recovering a pair of fumbles . He made the Pro Bowl as replacement for Cincinnatis Tim Krumrie in 1988 . In 1989 , Sochia ranked third on the Dolphins with a career-high five sacks , and finished fourth in tackles with career-high 71 . He went into the 1989 season with career totals of 234 tackles and 16.5 sacks .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Northwestern Oklahoma State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Oklahoma_State_Rangers_football', 'summary': 'The Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers ( also known as NWOSU Rangers ) are the athletic teams that represent Northwestern Oklahoma State University , located in Alva , Oklahoma , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Rangers compete as members of the Great American Conference for all 11 varsity sports . On May 11 , 2011 , Northwestern announced that they had accepted an invitation to the Great American Conference for all sports in the 2012-2013 academic year and would begin their transition from NAIA to NCAA Division II . On July 12 , 2011 Northwestern Oklahoma State University was denied admittance into the NCAA Division II Membership Process for the 2011-12 cycle ; the school was accepted into the membership process one year later . Schools must complete a membership process , spanning 3 years , before gaining active status and becoming eligible for championship competition . On July 17 , 2015 the NCAA announced that effective September 1 , 2015 , the school will be active Division II members .'}]}, {'value': 'OIC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_Intercollegiate_Conference_(1974–1996)', 'summary': "The Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference was an intercollegiate athletic conference that existed from 1974 to 1997 and the second of two conferences to share this name . The conference 's members were located in the state of Oklahoma . Most of the team 's members moved from the defunct Oklahoma Collegiate Athletic Conference in 1974 , which itself evolved from the first iteration of the Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference in 1929 . The conference disbanded in 1997 after most of its members joined the NCAA Division II 's Lone Star Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 46th year with the National Football League and the 38th season in the city of Los Angeles . The franchise drafted a future Hall of Fame Running Back in Eric Dickerson . The season saw the team attempt to improve on its 2-7 record from 1982 . The team started out 5-2 before splitting their next 4 games and then lost at home to Washington to sit at 7-5 . They would split their last 4 games to finish 9-7 and make the playoffs for the first time since 1980 after a 2-year absence . In the playoffs , they defeated the Cowboys 24-17 in Dallas to advance to the Divisional Round . However , in the game , the Rams were annihilated 7-51 by the Redskins , who would move on to the Super Bowl , only to lose to the other Los Angeles NFL team , the Los Angeles Raiders , 38-9 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike McDonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_McDonald_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Mike McDonald ( born June 22 , 1958 in North Hollywood , California ) is a former professional American football player who played long snapper for nine seasons in the NFL . He was first added to the roster of the Los Angeles Rams in late 1983 , over three years after he had graduated from the University of Southern California , to fill in for the injured Doug Barnett .'}]}, {'value': 'LS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_snapper', 'summary': "In gridiron football , the long snapper ( or deep snapper ) is a special teams specialist whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance , typically around 15 yards during punts , and 7-8 yards during field goals and extra point attempts . During field goal and point after touchdown attempts , the snap is received by the holder , typically 7-8 yards away . During punts , the snap is delivered to the punter from 13-15 yards away . Following a punt snap , the snapper often executes a blocking assignment and then must cover the kick by running downfield and attempting to stop the opposing team 's punt returner from advancing the ball in the opposite direction . If the punt goes uncaught , it is the snapper 's responsibility to make sure the ball does not enter the end zone or bounce backward resulting in loss of yards . The majority of snappers at the highest levels of competition are specialized , meaning that they uniquely play the position of snapper , or have limited responsibilities elsewhere . A good punt snap should hit the target -- the punter 's hands at the abdomen or waistline -- between .65 and .75 seconds and with a tight spiral for easy handling . A bad snap is an off-target snap which causes the delay or failure of a kick or forces the punter into some other potentially compromising situation ."}]}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_USC_Trojans_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California ( USC ) in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their seventh year under head coach John Robinson , the Trojans compiled an 8-3 record ( 5-2 against conference opponents ) , finished in a tie for third place in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 302 to 143 . Due to probation , the Trojans were not eligible for postseason play . Quarterback Sean Salisbury led the team in passing , completing 82 of 142 passes for 1,062 yards with six touchdowns and five interceptions . Todd Spencer led the team in rushing with 141 carries for 596 yards and eight touchdowns . Jeff Simmons led the team in receiving yards with 56 catches for 973 yards and five touchdownss .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific-10_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_New_England_Patriots_season', 'summary': "The 1983 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 14th season in the National Football League and 24th overall . The Patriots played inconsistently all season , but at 8-7 had a chance for a playoff spot with a win in their final game of the season in Seattle . The Patriots would have problems with turnovers as rookie quarterback Tony Eason was swallowed up in a 24-6 loss to the Seahawks . In the first week of December , in shocking conditions with sleet and snow , the Patriots game with wild card contender New Orleans Saints saw just one score set up by Ricky Smith returning the Saints initial kickoff to the 3-yard line . As of 2017 , this game remains the most recent 7-0 result in NFL history , with only two games since seeing just one score , both a single field goal . [ note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Ed Reynolds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Reynolds', 'summary': "Edward Rannell Reynolds ( born September 23 , 1961 ) is a retired National Football League ( NFL ) league office executive and American football linebacker who played in the NFL for the New England Patriots and New York Giants between 1983 and 1992 . He played college football at the University of Virginia . Reynolds also served as an operations and training officer in the U.S. Army Reserve . In August 2010 , Reynolds was named president of Norfolk , Virginia 's new United Football League ( UFL ) franchise , replacing Jim Speros . In June 2012 , Reynolds was named athletic director at Hickory Grove Christian School responsible for overseeing all middle school , junior varsity and varsity sports programs ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Cavaliers were led by first-year head coach George Welsh and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville , Virginia . They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference , finishing in sixth .'}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_New_England_Patriots_season', 'summary': "The 1983 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 14th season in the National Football League and 24th overall . The Patriots played inconsistently all season , but at 8-7 had a chance for a playoff spot with a win in their final game of the season in Seattle . The Patriots would have problems with turnovers as rookie quarterback Tony Eason was swallowed up in a 24-6 loss to the Seahawks . In the first week of December , in shocking conditions with sleet and snow , the Patriots game with wild card contender New Orleans Saints saw just one score set up by Ricky Smith returning the Saints initial kickoff to the 3-yard line . As of 2017 , this game remains the most recent 7-0 result in NFL history , with only two games since seeing just one score , both a single field goal . [ note 1 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Weathers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Weathers', 'summary': 'Clarence Weathers ( born January 10 , 1962 in Greenville , South Carolina ) is a former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League . Weathers played nine seasons for the New England Patriots ( 1983-1984 ) , the Cleveland Browns ( 1985-1988 ) , the Indianapolis Colts ( 1989 ) , the Kansas City Chiefs ( 1989 ) , and the Green Bay Packers ( 1990-1991 ) . His brother , Robert Weathers , also played in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Delaware State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware_State_Hornets_football', 'summary': 'The Delaware State Hornets football team compete in Division I FCS , and are full-members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference . They are a five-time conference champion and made their first-ever FCS playoff appearance in 2007 . They play at the 7,193-seat Alumni Stadium located in Dover , Delaware . The facility opened in 1957 as a multi-purpose for football , and track and field .'}]}, {'value': 'MEAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose full members are historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southeastern and the Mid-Atlantic United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I , and in football , in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Currently , the MEAC has automatic qualifying bids for NCAA postseason play in baseball ( since 1994 ) , men 's basketball ( since 1981 ) , women 's basketball ( since 1982 ) , football ( 1996-2015 ) , softball ( since 1995 ) , men and women 's tennis ( since 1998 ) , and volleyball ( since 1994 ) . Bowling was officially sanctioned as a MEAC governed sport in 1999 . Before that season , the MEAC was the first conference to secure NCAA sanctioning for women 's bowling by adopting the club sport prior to the 1996-97 school year ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1983 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 59th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Giants finished in last place in the National Football Conference East Division with a 3-12-1 record , the teams worst record since 1976 . In the 1983 NFL draft , the Giants selected defensive back Terry Kinard in the first round , with the 10th overall pick . The 1983 season was the first for the Giants under Bill Parcells , who had been offered the position after previous head coach Ray Perkins resigned before succeeding Bear Bryant as the coach for the University of Alabama . Parcells named Scott Brunner the teams starting quarterback , ahead of Phil Simms and Jeff Rutledge ; upset with the decision , Simms requested a trade at one point during the season . New York was 2-2 in their first four games of the season , before a three-game losing streak that left the club at 2-5 . Against the Philadelphia Eagles in their sixth game , the Giants inserted Simms into their lineup in place of Brunner ; shortly afterward , Simms suffered a season-ending injury . The St. Louis Cardinals hosted the Giants in a matchup on October 24 that the New York Daily News ' Gary Myers later called the worst game in the history of Monday Night Football . After the Giants lost a lead late in the fourth quarter , the game went into overtime . The Cardinals missed three field goal attempts in the extra period , including two in the final 1:06 , and the contest ended in a 20-20 tie . The Giants lost the following three games before a victory in Philadelphia , which was their final win of the season . Losses to the Los Angeles Raiders , St. Louis , Seattle , and Washington left the teams final record at 3-12-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Zeke Mowatt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeke_Mowatt', 'summary': 'Ezekiel Mowatt ( born March 5 , 1961 ) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League who played for the New York Giants and the New England Patriots . He played college football at Florida State University . Mowatt caught a touchdown pass from Phil Simms in Super Bowl XXI . In 1990 , then-Boston Herald sportswriter Lisa Olson alleged she was approached and sexually harassed in a locker room by five semi-naked members of the New England Patriots football team , which included Mowatt , Michael Timpson and Robert Perryman , during a September 17 interview . Mowatt was fined $ 12,500 by the NFL for his alleged involvement . In 1994 , Mowatt founded Mowatt Inc , a janitorial service based out of Hackensack , New Jersey with regional offices located in Pennsylvania and Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1982 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Bobby Bowden and played their home games at Doak Campbell Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': 'The 1983 New York Jets season was the 24th season for the team and the 14th in the National Football League . It began with the team trying to improve upon its 6-3 record from 1982 and return to the playoffs under first-year head coach Joe Walton . The Jets , who finished the season with a record of 7-9 , played their twentieth and final season at Shea Stadium before relocating their home games to Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , starting with the following season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ted Banker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Banker', 'summary': 'Theodore William Banker is a former professional American football player who played guard for six seasons for the Cleveland Browns and New York Jets . Banker attended Southeast Missouri State University where he was a four-year letterman in football . He won all MIAA honors and was team captain for 1981 and 1982 , and was team MVP in 1982 . Banker played in the NFL as an offensive lineman for six years , four with the New York the Jets ( # 63 ) and two with the Cleveland Browns Banker is the only player in NFL history to play at all five offensive line positions in the same season ( Center , Left- and Right-Offensive Guard , Left- and Right-Offensive Tackle ) .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Southeast Missouri State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_State_Redhawks_football', 'summary': "The Southeast Missouri State Redhawks football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Southeast Missouri State University located in the U.S. state of Missouri . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Ohio Valley Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1902 . The team plays its home games at the 11,015 seat Houck Stadium . They are coached by Tom Matukewicz ."}]}, {'value': 'MIAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-America_Intercollegiate_Athletics_Association', 'summary': "The Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association ( MIAA ) is a fourteen-school collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri . It is a member of the NCAA 's Division II for all sports . Its fourteen members , located in Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma , include twelve public and two private schools . The MIAA is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization incorporated in Missouri . Originally named the Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association , the conference was established in 1912 with 14 members , two of which are still current members . Six members ( Central Methodist , Central Wesleyan , Culver-Stockton , Missouri Valley , Missouri Wesleyan , Tarkio College , Westminster , and William Jewell ) were later removed from the conference in 1924 when it decided to only include the public schools . A majority of the charter members that left in 1924 have shut down their operations , or merged with another school . Over the next century , nearly twenty schools have joined and left the conference , with a few affiliate members . Some of those schools have reclassified to NCAA Division I . The conference 's current 14-campus makeup resulted when Lincoln ( MO ) rejoined from the Heartland Conference after eleven years when the school left due to not fielding a football team . In 2011 , Omaha moved up to the NCAA Division I joining the Summit League , and in 2013 , charter member Truman left for the Great Lakes Valley Conference . In 2012 , Lindenwood , Central Oklahoma , Northeastern State , and Nebraska-Kearney joined the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Seattle_Seahawks_season', 'summary': "The 1983 Seattle Seahawks season was the team 's eighth season with the National Football League . The 1983 season was the first season head coach Chuck Knox coached the team . It was also the first season in which the Seahawks made the AFC playoffs , where they won the first two postseason games in franchise history , before losing in the AFC Championship Game . The AFC Championship game against the Raiders would be the only time the Seahawks would appear in the AFC Championship game , as they failed to appear in one from 1984-2001 . They would not reach a conference championship again until 2005 , when they were in the NFC West ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Moyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Moyer_(American_football)', 'summary': "Paul Stewart Moyer ( born July 26 , 1961 in Villa Park , California ) is a former professional American football safety who played seven seasons for the Seattle Seahawks , from 1983 to 1989 . He coached the Seahawks ' secondary from 1990 to 1994 . He currently appears as an analyst and occasional host on the Seahawks pregame and postgame shows ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football_team', 'summary': "The 1982 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their third season under head coach Darryl Rogers , the Sun Devils compiled a 10-2 record ( 5-2 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in a tie for third place in the Pac-10 , and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 294 to 145 . The team 's statistical leaders included Todd Hons with 2,338 passing yards , Darryl Clack with 606 rushing yards , and Doug Allen with 424 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': 'The 1983 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 51st in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The team followed up their record of 3-6 during the strike-shortened 1982 season with another losing campaign . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second straight season . The Eagles started off winning four of their first six games , before losing seven consecutive games . The Eagles finished in fourth place with a 5-11 record . Despite the disappointing season , second year wide receiver Mike Quick established himself as a new star by collecting 1,409 receiving yards .'}]}, {'value': 'Major Everett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_Everett', 'summary': 'Major Donel Everett ( born January 4 , 1960 in New Hebron , Mississippi ) is a former professional running back and American football player in the National Football League for 5 seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles , Cleveland Browns and Atlanta Falcons . [ ₁ ] [ ₁₁ ]'}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'Mississippi College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulf South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference', 'summary': 'The Gulf South Conference ( GSC ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II level which operates in the Southeastern United States .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 6 ]', 'uid': '1983_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': "The 1983 NFL Draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 26-27, 1983, at the New York Sheraton Hotel in New York City, New York. No teams elected to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year. The draft is frequently referred to as the quarterback class of 1983, because six quarterbacks were taken in the first round - John Elway, Todd Blackledge, Jim Kelly, Tony Eason, Ken O'Brien, and Dan Marino - the highest number of first round picks for the position. Of these quarterbacks, Elway, Kelly, Eason, and Marino played in the Super Bowl, Elway, Kelly, O'Brien, and Marino were selected to play in the Pro Bowl, and Elway, Kelly, and Marino have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. All six quarterbacks were drafted by American Football Conference (AFC) teams, with every member of the five-team AFC East (the Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins, Buffalo Bills, New York Jets, and New England Patriots) selecting a quarterback. In eleven of the sixteen years following this draft, the AFC was represented in the Super Bowl by a team led by one of these quarterbacks: five with the Denver Broncos and Elway, four with the Bills and Kelly, one with the Dolphins and Marino, and one with the Patriots and Eason. They met with little success in the Super Bowl, however, compiling a 2-9 record among them, with an 0-9 record for their first 14 years in the league. The only two wins were by Elway in XXXII and XXXIII during his final two seasons in 1997 and 1998. Three of the most lopsided Super Bowl losses in history also came at the hands of quarterbacks from the Class of '83: Elway, a 55-10 loss to the San Francisco 49ers in XXIV; Eason, a 46-10 loss to the Chicago Bears in XX; and Kelly, a 52-17 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in XXVII. Marino would only reach the Super Bowl once in a 38-16 loss to San Francisco in XIX following the end of Marino's second season."}
null
null
What was the middle name of the player drafted by the Buffalo Bills from Yale in the 1983 NFL Draft ?
Edward
0907076b1ba41f09
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatort', 'title': 'Tatort', 'header': ['Artist', 'Title song', 'Episode', 'Year', 'TV station'], 'data': [{'value': 'Can', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Can_(band)', 'summary': 'Can ( stylised as CAN ) was a German experimental rock band formed in Cologne in 1968 by the core quartet of Holger Czukay ( bass , tape editing ) , Irmin Schmidt ( keyboards ) , Michael Karoli ( guitar ) , and Jaki Liebezeit ( drums ) . The group cycled through several vocalists , most prominently the American-born Malcolm Mooney ( 1968-70 ) and the Japanese-born Damo Suzuki ( 1970-73 ) , as well as various temporary members . Coming from backgrounds in the avant-garde and jazz , the members of Can blended elements of psychedelic rock , funk , and noise on influential albums such as Tago Mago ( 1971 ) , Ege Bamyasi ( 1972 ) and Future Days ( 1973 ) . Can also had occasional commercial success , with singles such as Spoon and I Want More reaching national singles charts . They have been widely hailed as pioneers of the German krautrock scene , and a considerable influence on subsequent rock , post-punk , ambient , and electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'Vitamin C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitamin_C_(song)', 'summary': "Vitamin C is a song by the krautrock band Can on their 1972 album Ege Bamyasi . Considering its short length and relatively standard song structure , it is one of the band 's more conventional songs . [ citation needed ] It was featured in Samuel Fuller 's German television Tatort production Kressin & die tote Taube auf der Beethovenstraße ( Dead Pigeon on Beethoven Street ) in 1973 , and then also released as a single with the B-side I 'm So Green . In 1997 , an 8-minute version of the song , remixed by British musical outfit U.N.K.L.E. , was featured on Can 's double remix album Sacrilege . Vitamin C was featured in the opening of Paul Thomas Anderson 's 2014 film Inherent Vice . An interpolation of a keyboard sample from the song was used in Brooklyn band Woods ' 2016 song Ca n't See at All . The song was also featured as the theme song for Jaden Smith 's character 'Dizzee ' throughout the Netflix series The Get Down . In 2018 the DJs Adam Beyer & Bart Skils released their track Your mind which features the famous songtext Hey you ! You 're losing , you 're losing . but instead of vitamin C the lyrics were altered to your mind . In JoJolion , the eighth part of the long-running Manga series JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure , Damo Tamaki 's stand , Vitamin C , is named after the song . The character of Damo Tamaki is also a reference to Damo Suzuki ."}]}, {'value': 'Dead Pigeon on Beethoven Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_Pigeon_on_Beethoven_Street', 'summary': 'Dead Pigeon on Beethoven Street ( German : Tote Taube in der Beethovenstraße ) is episode 25 , season 1 , of Tatort , a 1974 German language police procedural television program , directed by Samuel Fuller . It was given a theatrical release in the United States by Emerson Film Enterprises in 1975 . A novelisation by Fuller appeared in the US .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tangerine Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tangerine_Dream', 'summary': "Tangerine Dream is a German electronic music band founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese . The group has seen many personnel changes over the years , with Froese having been the only continuous member until his death in January 2015 . The best-known lineup of the group was its mid-'70s trio of Froese , Christopher Franke , and Peter Baumann . In the late 1970s , Johannes Schmoelling replaced Baumann . Since Froese 's death in 2015 , the group has been under the leadership of Thorsten Quaeschning ( Froese 's chosen successor and the current longest-serving band member , having joined in 2005 ) . Tangerine Dream are considered pioneers of the early days of electronica . Their work with the electronic music Ohr label produced albums that had a pivotal role in the development of the German musical scene known as kosmische ( cosmic ) . Their Virgin Years , so called because of their association with Virgin Records , produced albums that further explored synthesizers and sequencers , including the UK top 20 albums Phaedra ( 1974 ) and Rubycon ( 1975 ) . The group also had a successful career composing film soundtracks , creating over 60 scores , which include those for the films Sorcerer , Thief , Risky Business , The Keep , Firestarter , Legend , Three O'Clock High , Near Dark , Shy People , and Miracle Mile . From the late 1990s into the 2000s , Tangerine Dream continued to explore other styles of instrumental music as well as electronica . Their recorded output has been prolific , including over one hundred albums . Among other scoring projects , they helped create the soundtrack for the video game Grand Theft Auto V. Their mid-1970s work has been profoundly influential in the development of electronic music styles such as new age ( although the band themselves disliked the term ) and electronic dance music ."}]}, {'value': 'Das Mädchen auf der Treppe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Das_Mädchen_auf_der_Treppe', 'summary': 'Das Mädchen auf der Treppe ( 1982 ) ( German : The Girl on the Steps ) is a soundtrack single by the German band Tangerine Dream for an episode [ de ] of the TV series Tatort . The title track is a remix of White Eagle . Tracks 1 and 3 were released on the 7 single version and all tracks were released on the 12 single . The 12 single mistakenly shows 33 RPM on the vinyl label , thus some bootlegs included these tracks at the wrong speed . Some of the tracks have been re-released in a re-mixed format , but the originals are only available on vinyl .'}]}, {'value': 'Das Mädchen auf der Treppe [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tangerine Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tangerine_Dream', 'summary': "Tangerine Dream is a German electronic music band founded in 1967 by Edgar Froese . The group has seen many personnel changes over the years , with Froese having been the only continuous member until his death in January 2015 . The best-known lineup of the group was its mid-'70s trio of Froese , Christopher Franke , and Peter Baumann . In the late 1970s , Johannes Schmoelling replaced Baumann . Since Froese 's death in 2015 , the group has been under the leadership of Thorsten Quaeschning ( Froese 's chosen successor and the current longest-serving band member , having joined in 2005 ) . Tangerine Dream are considered pioneers of the early days of electronica . Their work with the electronic music Ohr label produced albums that had a pivotal role in the development of the German musical scene known as kosmische ( cosmic ) . Their Virgin Years , so called because of their association with Virgin Records , produced albums that further explored synthesizers and sequencers , including the UK top 20 albums Phaedra ( 1974 ) and Rubycon ( 1975 ) . The group also had a successful career composing film soundtracks , creating over 60 scores , which include those for the films Sorcerer , Thief , Risky Business , The Keep , Firestarter , Legend , Three O'Clock High , Near Dark , Shy People , and Miracle Mile . From the late 1990s into the 2000s , Tangerine Dream continued to explore other styles of instrumental music as well as electronica . Their recorded output has been prolific , including over one hundred albums . Among other scoring projects , they helped create the soundtrack for the video game Grand Theft Auto V. Their mid-1970s work has been profoundly influential in the development of electronic music styles such as new age ( although the band themselves disliked the term ) and electronic dance music ."}]}, {'value': 'Daydream - Moorland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daydream_–_Moorland', 'summary': 'Daydream - Moorland ( 1983 ) is a soundtrack single by the German band Tangerine Dream for the episode Miriam [ de ] from the TV series Tatort ( Crime Scene ) . It is available only on 7 vinyl .'}]}, {'value': 'Miriam [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warning_(German_band)', 'summary': 'Warning was a German electronic music band founded in 1982 . They are best known for their 1982 single Why Can the Bodies Fly , which was featured in a 1983 episode of the TV series Tatort'}]}, {'value': 'Why Can The Bodies Fly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peggy hat Angst', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SWF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Südwestfunk', 'summary': "The Southern part of Germany was split at the end of World War II into two occupation zones , an American and a French one . In Bavaria and in Württemberg-Baden , Radio München ( Munich ) and Radio Stuttgart went on air in 1945 . In the next years , Radio München was transformed to a Bavarian broadcaster , and in Germany 's South West , two public broadcasting corporations started and produced radio and ( subsequent ) television programs up to their merger in 1998 :"}]}, {'value': 'Jil Anderson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Without You ( Baby , Baby )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haie vor Helgoland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NDR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk', 'summary': 'Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ; Northern German Broadcasting ) is a public radio and television broadcaster , based in Hamburg . In addition to the city-state of Hamburg , NDR transmits for the German states of Lower Saxony , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein . NDR is a member of the ARD consortium .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Spiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Spiro', 'summary': 'Mark Spiro ( born March 28 , 1957 ) is an American songwriter , record producer and recording artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Winds Of Change', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Das Haus im Wald [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patricia Simpson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Simpson', 'summary': 'Patricia Pat Simpson FRS is a distinguished British developmental biologist . She is an Emeritus Professor of the Department of Zoology of the University of Cambridge , having previously been Professor of Comparative Embryology , and a Fellow of Newnham College . She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2000 . She graduated from Universite de Paris VI , Pierre and Marie Curie University . She is distinguished for her work on development in insects . Her first major discovery was that pattern formation and growth are regulated by the same mechanism . By a study of genetic mosaics she demonstrated that cells develop into particular structures by means of local interactions with their neighbours . She has made major contributions to the understanding of the process of lateral inhibition , whereby initially equivalent cells interact between themselves and subsequently adopt different fates . This process involves a conserved cellular receptor and is equally important in mammals ; the work can be related to studies on human development and disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Dreams In The City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nachtstreife', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ORF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Österreichischer_Rundfunk', 'summary': 'Österreichischer Rundfunk ( English : Austrian Broadcasting Corporation , ORF ) is an Austrian national public service broadcaster . Funded from a combination of television licence fee revenue and limited on-air advertising , ORF is the dominant player in the Austrian broadcast media . Austria was the last country in continental Europe after Albania to allow nationwide private television broadcasting , although commercial TV channels from neighbouring Germany have been present in Austria on pay-TV and via terrestrial overspill since the 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Die Toten Hosen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen', 'summary': "Die Toten Hosen ( literally The Dead Trousers , figuratively dead boring or brewer 's droop ) is a German punk rock band from Düsseldorf ."}]}, {'value': 'Verschwende deine Zeit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voll auf Haß', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NDR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk', 'summary': 'Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ; Northern German Broadcasting ) is a public radio and television broadcaster , based in Hamburg . In addition to the city-state of Hamburg , NDR transmits for the German states of Lower Saxony , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein . NDR is a member of the ARD consortium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Cretu', 'summary': "Sandra Ann Lauer , commonly known under her stage name Sandra ( German pronunciation : [ ˈzandʁa ] ) , is a German pop singer who enjoyed a mainstream popularity in the 1980s and early 1990s with a string of European hit singles , produced by her then-husband and musical partner , Michael Cretu , most notably ( I 'll Never Be ) Maria Magdalena ( 1985 ) , In the Heat of the Night ( 1985 ) , Everlasting Love ( 1987 ) , Secret Land ( 1988 ) , Hiroshima ( 1990 ) and Do n't Be Aggressive ( 1992 ) . Her albums Into a Secret Land ( 1988 ) and Close to Seven ( 1992 ) have won Sandra high critical acclaim . Prior to embarking on a solo career , Sandra was the lead singer of the all-female disco trio Arabesque , which had a massive following in Japan and the Soviet Union . Also , between 1990 and 2001 , she provided vocals on album releases of the very successful musical project Enigma , which had top 10 hits in North America and the United Kingdom . A cult star with a devoted fan base , Sandra remains one of the most popular singers of the 1980s in Continental Europe . During the height of her popularity , she even managed to outsell Madonna in a number of countries around the world . With sales in excess of 30 million records worldwide , Sandra has established her position as the most successful German disco/pop female vocalist ."}]}, {'value': 'Stop For A Minute', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salü Palu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saarländischer_Rundfunk', 'summary': 'Saarländischer Rundfunk ( Saarland Broadcasting - SR ) is a public radio and television broadcaster serving the German state of Saarland . With headquarters in the Halberg Broadcasting House in Saarbrücken , SR is a member of the ARD consortium of German public-broadcasting organizations .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Chapman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Chapman', 'summary': 'Roger Maxwell Chapman ( born 8 April 1942 in Leicester ) , also known as Chappo , is an English rock vocalist . He is best known as a member of the progressive rock band Family , which he joined along with Charlie Whitney , in 1966 and also the rock , R & B band Streetwalkers formed in 1974 . His idiosyncratic brand of showmanship when performing and vocal vibrato led him to become a cult figure on the British rock scene . Chapman is claimed to have said that he was trying to sing like both Little Richard and his idol Ray Charles . Since the early 1980s he has spent much of his time in Germany and has made occasional appearances there and elsewhere . In Germany , he was awarded an Artist of the Year award during the 1980s , followed by a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Slap Bang in the Middle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Einzelhaft [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonnie Tyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler', 'summary': "Bonnie Tyler ( born Gaynor Hopkins ; 8 June 1951 ) is a Welsh singer , known for her distinctive husky voice . Tyler came to prominence with the release of her 1977 album The World Starts Tonight and its singles Lost in France and More Than a Lover . Her 1978 single It 's a Heartache reached number four on the UK Singles Chart , and number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 . In the 1980s , Tyler ventured into rock music with songwriter and producer Jim Steinman . He wrote Tyler 's biggest hit Total Eclipse of the Heart , the lead single from her 1983 UK chart topping album Faster Than the Speed of Night . Steinman also wrote Tyler 's other major 1980s hit Holding Out for a Hero . She had success in mainland Europe during the 1990s with Dieter Bohlen , who wrote and produced her hit Bitterblue . In 2003 , Tyler re-recorded Total Eclipse of the Heart with singer Kareen Antonn . Their bilingual duet topped the French charts . Rocks and Honey was released in 2013 and features the single Believe in Me which she performed representing the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden . Her latest album Between the Earth and the Stars was released on 15 March 2019 . Both It 's a Heartache and Total Eclipse of the Heart are among the best-selling singles of all time , with sales in excess of six million each ."}]}, {'value': 'Against The Wind', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Der Fall Schimanski [ de ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolf Maahn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Der Mörder und der Prinz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WDR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Markus Küpper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sie hat Schluß gemacht', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ein ehrenwertes Haus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MDR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk', 'summary': 'Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk ( Central German Broadcasting , MDR ) is the public broadcaster for the federal states of Thuringia , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . Established in January 1991 , its headquarters are in Leipzig , with regional studios in Dresden , Erfurt and Magdeburg . MDR is a member of the ARD consortium of public broadcasters in Germany . MDR broadcasts its own television channel to the three states it serves and also contributes programming to the first German TV channel ( Das Erste ) , and broadcasts a number of radio channels .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Becker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Becker', 'summary': 'Ben Becker ( born 19 December 1964 in Bremen ) is a German film and theatre actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Alter Mann', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Falsches Alibi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MDR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk', 'summary': 'Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk ( Central German Broadcasting , MDR ) is the public broadcaster for the federal states of Thuringia , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . Established in January 1991 , its headquarters are in Leipzig , with regional studios in Dresden , Erfurt and Magdeburg . MDR is a member of the ARD consortium of public broadcasters in Germany . MDR broadcasts its own television channel to the three states it serves and also contributes programming to the first German TV channel ( Das Erste ) , and broadcasts a number of radio channels .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Soundtracks ( selection )', 'section_text': "Some Tatort episodes from the 1980s and 1990s included songs that subsequently became quite well known , and two of them reached the top of the charts : `` Faust auf Faust ( Schimanski ) '' by Klaus Lage from the Tatort movie Zahn um Zahn [ de ] , and `` Midnight Lady '' by Chris Norman , written by Dieter Bohlen , which appears on the episode `` Der Tausch '' [ de ] . Some random selected soundtracks :", 'uid': 'Tatort_1', 'intro': "Tatort (Crime scene) is a German language police procedural television series that has been running continuously since 1970 with some 30 feature-length episodes per year, which makes it the longest-running German TV drama. Developed by the German public-service broadcasting organisation ARD for their channel Das Erste, it is unique in its approach, in that it is jointly produced by all of the organisation's regional members as well as its partnering Austrian and Swiss national public-service broadcasters, whereby every regional station contributes a number of episodes to a common pool. Therefore, the series is a collection of different police stories where different police teams each solve crimes in their respective city. Uniqueness in architecture, customs and dialects of the cities is therefore a distinctive part of the series and often the city, not the police force is the real main character of an episode. The concept of local stations only producing a couple of shows per year has also enabled the shows to be longer (90 minutes) and more fleshed out psychologically than other weekly TV dramas. The first episode was broadcast on 29 November 1970. Episodes are broadcast on ARD's main channel Das Erste on Sunday evening at the prime viewing time of 8.15 pm (just after the 8 o'clock Tagesschau news) around three times a month. Reruns are often shown by various regional ARD stations and on foreign broadcasters. Next to the member stations of the ARD, the National Austrian broadcasting corporation Österreichischer Rundfunk joined the production pool in 1971 and airs the program on its ORF 2 channel. Switzerland's Schweizer Fernsehen joined the pool from 1990 to 2001 and again in 2011 and distributes its episodes through its channel SRF 1. The series Polizeiruf 110, which was produced by East Germanys state TV broadcaster as a counterpart to the West German Tatort and has a similar regional production approach, is still produced by ARD's regional broadcasters Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB), Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) and Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR). Polizeiruf 110 shares the Sunday night prime time slot on Das Erste with Tatort."}
null
null
What genre of music is the band whose song appeared on episode 25 , season 1 of the series ?
Experimental rock
09074de1dae4ec35
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_A_Lyga', 'title': '2008 A Lyga', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlantas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Atlantas', 'summary': "FK Atlantas is a Lithuanian football team from the port city of Klaipėda . The team currently plays in A Lyga , the first level of the Lithuanian football league pyramid . The club 's name has changed several times . It was established in 1962 as Granitas , and became PSK Aras in 1993 . Since 1996 , when FK Sirijus Klaipėda was absorbed into the club , it has had the name Atlantas , which in Lithuanian language means Atlantic Ocean . Atlantas were Lithuanian champions in 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , and 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Klaipėda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaipėda', 'summary': 'Klaipėda ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈkɫɐɪˑpʲeːdɐ ] , listen ( help·info ) ; German : Memel , Samogitian : Klaipieda , is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast . It is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County . The city has a complex recorded history , partially due to the combined regional importance of the usually ice-free Port of Klaipėda at the mouth of the Akmena-Danė River . It was controlled by successive German states until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . As a result of the 1923 Klaipėda Revolt it was annexed by Lithuania and has remained with Lithuania to this day , except between 1939 and 1945 when it returned to Germany following the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ( between Germany and the Soviet Union ) . The population has shrunk from the city to its suburbs and the hinterland . The number of inhabitants of Klaipėda city shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 157,350 in 2014 , but the urban zone of Klaipėda expanded well into the suburbs , which sprang around the city and surrounded it from three sides . These are well integrated with the city ( city bus lines , city water supply , etc . ) and the majority of inhabitants of these suburbs work in Klaipėda . According to statistics of Klaipėda territorial health insurance fund , there are 233,311 permanent inhabitants ( as of 2019 ) in Klaipėda city and Klaipėda district municipalities combined . Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit and Palanga to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Žalgiris Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Žalgiris_Stadium_(Klaipėda)', 'summary': 'Klaipėdos centrinis stadionas is a football stadium in Klaipėda , Lithuania . It is the home ground of FK Atlantas , and has a capacity of 4,428 .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekranas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Ekranas', 'summary': "Futbolo Klubas Ekranas was a Lithuanian football club , from the city of Panevėžys . It won 7 top-tier champion and 5 national cup titles throughout its existence . The club was founded in 1964 and for 44 years competed in the top tier of Lithuanian football . However , at the end of 2014 season the club ran into financial difficulties , failed to meet admission criteria to A Lyga for the 2015 season , and was subsequently declared bankrupt . A new club FK Panevėžys was formed to represent the city of Panevėžys , which managed to pass licensing criteria for the 2015 I Lyga season . FK Ekranas was declared bankrupt in 2016 . FK Ekranas won Lithuanian championships in 1985 ( Soviet Lithuania ) , 1993 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , the Lithuanian Cup in 1985 ( Soviet Lithuania ) , 1998 , 2000 , 2010 and 2011 and the Lithuanian Super Cup in 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . On 5 November 2004 , before the A Lyga champion-deciding match against FBK Kaunas , the club was controversially expelled from the top division by the National Football Club Association ( NFKA ) for alleged match fixing , but reinstated a day later . In August 2006 FK Ekranas won the first Baltic Champion 's Cup tournament in Liepāja after beating Estonian champions TVMK Tallinn 6-4 and drawing with the home side Liepājas Metalurgs 1-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Panevėžys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panevėžys', 'summary': 'Panevėžys ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ pɐnʲɛvʲeːˈʑiːs ] ( listen ) , Latin : Panevezen , Polish : Poniewież , Yiddish : פּאָנעװעזש Ponevezh ) see also other names , is the fifth largest city in Lithuania . As of 2011 , it occupied 52 square kilometres ( 20 sq mi ) with 113,653 inhabitants . As defined by Eurostat , the population of Panevėžys functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 127,471 ( as of 2017 ) The largest multifunctional arena in Panevėžys , Cido Arena , hosted the Eurobasket 2011 group matches . The town is still widely known , if indirectly , in the Jewish world , for the eponymous Ponevezh Yeshiva .'}]}, {'value': 'Aukštaitija Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aukštaitija_Stadium', 'summary': 'Aukštaitija Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Panevėžys , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Panevėžys and earlier of FK Ekranas Panevėžys . It is named Aukštaitija , one of the five regions of Lithuania .'}]}, {'value': '9,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FBK Kaunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBK_Kaunas', 'summary': 'Kauno futbolo ir beisbolo klubas , commonly known as FBK Kaunas , was a Lithuanian football club from the city of Kaunas .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaunas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaunas', 'summary': 'Kaunas ( /ˈkaʊnəs/ ; Lithuanian : [ ˈkɐʊˑnɐs ] ( listen ) ; also see other names ) is the second-largest city in Lithuania after Vilnius and the historical centre of Lithuanian economic , academic , and cultural life . Kaunas was the biggest city and the centre of a county in the Duchy of Trakai of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Trakai Palatinate since 1413 . In the Russian Empire , it was the capital of the Kaunas Governorate from 1843 to 1915 . During the interwar period , it served as the temporary capital of Lithuania , when Vilnius was seized by Poland between 1920 and 1939 . During that period Kaunas was celebrated for its rich cultural and academic life , fashion , construction of countless Art Deco and Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural-style buildings as well as popular furniture , the interior design of the time , and a widespread café culture . The city interwar architecture is regarded as among the finest examples of European Art Deco and has received the European Heritage Label . It contributed to Kaunas being named as the first city in Central and Eastern Europe to be designated as a UNESCO City of Design . Kaunas has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2022 , together with Esch-sur-Alzette , Luxembourg . The city is the capital of Kaunas County , and the seat of the Kaunas city municipality and the Kaunas District Municipality . It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaunas . Kaunas is located at the confluence of the two largest Lithuanian rivers , the Nemunas and the Neris , and is near the Kaunas Reservoir , the largest body of water in the whole of Lithuania . As defined by Eurostat , the population of Kaunas functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 383,764 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Kaunas territorial health insurance fund , there are 437,283 permanent inhabitants ( as of 2018 ) in Kaunas city and Kaunas district municipalities combined .'}]}, {'value': 'S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.Dariaus_ir_S.Girėno_Stadium', 'summary': 'S. Darius and S. Girėnas stadium ( Lithuanian : S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno stadionas ) is a multi-use stadium in the Ąžuolynas park in Žaliakalnis district of Kaunas , Lithuania , that is now being reconstructed . The all-seater stadium will hold 15,315 people . In 1998 the stadium was renovated according to UEFA regulations , and in 2005 it was modernised with the installation of the biggest stadium television screen in the Baltic states . The latest renovation started in 2018 . It will be the biggest stadium in the Baltic states . It hosts Lithuanian football matches as well as international athletics championships . During a sporting season about 50 events are held here .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sūduva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Sūduva_Marijampolė', 'summary': "FK Sūduva is a professional football club based in the city of Marijampolė , Lithuania . Founded in 1968 . The club are the defending football champions of Lithuania . The club have been playing in the A Lyga since 2002 . In 2006 the team won its first trophy - the Lithuanian Cup , a feat they repeated in 2009 . In 2017 Sūduva won the A Lyga for the first time in its history , and repeated the triumph in 2018 and 2019 . The team 's colours are white and red . The club plays at Hikvision futbolo arena in Marijampolė ( capacity 6,250 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Marijampolė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijampolė', 'summary': 'Marijampolė ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; also known by several other names ) is a cultural and industrial city and the capital of the Marijampolė County in the south of Lithuania , bordering Poland and Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , and Lake Vištytis . The population of Marijampolė is 48,700 ( 2003 ) . It is the Lithuanian center of the Suvalkija region . Marijampolė is the seventh-largest city in Lithuania , and has been its regional center since 1994 . The city covers an area equal to 205.07 square kilometres ( 79.18 sq mi ) . The Šešupė River divides the city into two parts which are connected by six bridges .'}]}, {'value': 'Sūduva Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sūduva_stadium', 'summary': 'Marijampolė Football Arena , also referred to as Sūduva Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Marijampolė , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sūduva . Between the 2011 and 2019 seasons the stadium was named ARVI Football Arena after the sponsoring rights were bought by ARVI Enterprises Group . The stadium was built using funds from the European Union and opened on July 6 , 2008 . Its original capacity increased from 4,200 to 6,500 spectators after additional seats were installed in May-June 2009 before a match between Lithuania national team and Romania . 11 December 2019 reports that ARVI Group will no longer support Sūduva club . There were notes and signboards bearing the name of a former sponsor . The ARVi Arena has been renamed the Marijampolė Football Arena ( at least temporarily until another sponsor appears ) .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šiauliai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Šiauliai', 'summary': 'FC Šiauliai is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šiauliai . The team is referred to as Šiauliai .'}]}, {'value': 'Šiauliai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šiauliai', 'summary': 'Šiauliai ( [ ɕɛʊ̯ˈlʲɛɪ̯ˑ ] ( listen ) ; Samogitian : Šiaulē ) is the fourth largest city in Lithuania , with a population of 107,086 . From 1994 to 2010 it was the capital of Šiauliai County .'}]}, {'value': 'Savivaldybė Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savivaldybė_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '2,430', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šilutė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Šilutė', 'summary': 'Futbolo Klubas Šilutė ( before 2003 , Laisvė Šilutė ) is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šilutė . The team plays in the II Lyga , third tier of Lithuanian football .'}]}, {'value': 'Šilutė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šilutė', 'summary': 'Šilutė ( pronunciation ( help·info ) , previously Šilokarčiama , German : Heydekrug ) , is a city in the south of the Klaipėda County , Lithuania . The city was part of the Klaipėda Region and ethnographic Lithuania Minor . Šilutė was the interwar capital of Šilutė County and is currently the capital of Šilutė District Municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Šilutė Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šilutė_Stadium', 'summary': 'Šilutė Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Šilutė , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches by FK Šilutė . The capacity of the stadium is 3,000 people . The reconstruction to meet all UEFA requirements lasted a year and a half and was completed in 2005 . First official match was played on July 23 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vėtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Vėtra', 'summary': 'FK Vėtra was a Lithuanian football team from the capital city of Vilnius .'}]}, {'value': 'Vilnius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilnius', 'summary': 'Vilnius ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs ] ( listen ) , see also other names ) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city , with a population of 580,020 as of 2020 [ update ] . The population of Vilnius functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 697,691 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Vilnius territorial health insurance fund , there are 728,032 permanent inhabitants ( as of December 2019 ) in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined . Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states . Vilnius is the seat of the national government of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality . Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies , and is known for the architecture in its Old Town , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 . Before World War II , Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe . Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812 . In 2009 , Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture , together with the Austrian city of Linz .'}]}, {'value': 'Vėtra Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vėtra_Stadium', 'summary': 'LFF Stadium ( Lithuanian Football Federation stadium , Lithuanian : LFF stadionas ) , formerly known as Vėtra Stadium , is a football stadium in Vilnius , Lithuania .'}]}, {'value': '5,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Žalgiris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Žalgiris_Vilnius', 'summary': "Futbolo klubas Žalgiris , commonly known as FK Žalgiris , Žalgiris Vilnius or simply Žalgiris is a Lithuanian professional football club based in Vilnius . The club competes in the A Lyga , the top flight of Lithuanian football . The club was founded as Dinamo in 1947 . The club 's name commemorates the victorious Battle of Žalgiris ( Battle of Grunwald ) ( both names : Žalgiris and Grunwald are translated as green grove ) . Žalgiris has featured many Lithuanian football legends during their history , including Arminas Narbekovas , Valdas Ivanauskas , Edgaras Jankauskas and Deividas Šemberas . They have won the Lithuanian Championship 7 times , the Lithuanian Football Cup 12 times and the Lithuanian Supercup 6 times . The team 's colours are green and white . The club plays at LFF stadium in Vilnius which has a capacity of 5,067 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vilnius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilnius', 'summary': 'Vilnius ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs ] ( listen ) , see also other names ) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city , with a population of 580,020 as of 2020 [ update ] . The population of Vilnius functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 697,691 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Vilnius territorial health insurance fund , there are 728,032 permanent inhabitants ( as of December 2019 ) in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined . Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states . Vilnius is the seat of the national government of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality . Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies , and is known for the architecture in its Old Town , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 . Before World War II , Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe . Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812 . In 2009 , Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture , together with the Austrian city of Linz .'}]}, {'value': 'Žalgiris Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Žalgiris_Stadium', 'summary': 'Žalgiris Stadium ( Lithuanian : Žalgirio stadionas ) was a multi-purpose stadium in Žirmūnai elderate of Vilnius , Lithuania . The stadium holds 15,029 and was being used by the first division I Lyga - REO Vilnius . It was the largest football stadium in Lithuania and was built on the desecrated graves of Jews interred in the Old Jewish Cemetery under the stadium . It is named after the Battle of Grunwald and was rebuilt by the German POWs after World War II and finished in 1950 ( the stadium existed already before World War II and was used by Pogoń Wilno ; in 1936 the Polish athletics championships were held at the stadium ) . After independence it was used by the Lithuania national football team , but in recent years it lost its meaning as the national stadium and all the international football matches were played either at S.Dariaus ir S.Girėno Stadium in Kaunas or at the newer LFF Stadium also in Vilnius . In 2015 , the stadium was sold to Lithuanian real estate company Hanner who planned to demolish it and make way for apartments , hotel and offices . The demolition of Žalgiris stadium was started on July 5 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '15,030', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Clubs', 'section_text': 'KaunasAtlantasSūduvaEkranasŠiauliaiŠilutėVėtraŽalgiris Location of teams in the A Lyga 2008', 'uid': '2008_A_Lyga_0', 'intro': 'The Lithuanian A Lyga 2008 was the 19th season of top-tier football in Lithuania. The season started on 29 March 2008 and ended on 16 November 2008. The league had to reduce the number of its teams from ten to nine prior to this season due to lacking of team able to earn promotion (see below). Shortly before the start of the season, Vilnius withdrew from participating in the league because of unknown reasons, leaving the league with 8 competing teams.'}
null
null
What is the stadium of the club that plays in the II Lyga , third tier of Lithuanian football ?
Šilutė Stadium
09085418b125ac53
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of the oldest churches in the United States', 'header': ['Cathedral of San Juan Bautista', 'San Juan , Puerto Rico', 'PR', '1521-1540', 'Roman Catholic', 'The oldest church built in the United States and in the ( non incorporated ) U.S. territory of Puerto Rico . The original cathedral was constructed from wood in 1521 . It was destroyed by a hurricane and the current structure constructed in 1540 , being reshaped in later centuries , the last time being in 1917 . Building has been within the territory of the U.S. since 1898 , when Puerto Rico was annexed from Spain'], 'data': [{'value': 'Porta Coeli Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porta_Coeli_(Puerto_Rico)', 'summary': 'Porta Coeli ( Gateway to Heaven ) Convent church , or El Convento de Santo Domingo de Porta Coeli in Spanish , is one of the oldest church structures in the western hemisphere , located in San Germán , Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'San Germán , Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Germán,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'San Germán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saŋ xeɾˈman ] ) is a municipality located in the southwestern region of Puerto Rico , south of Mayagüez and Maricao , north of Lajas , east of Hormigueros and Cabo Rojo , and west of Sabana Grande . San Germán is spread over eighteen wards plus San Germán Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is both a principal city of the San Germán-Cabo Rojo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Mayagüez-San Germán-Cabo Rojo Combined Statistical Area . San Germán is the second oldest city of Puerto Rico , after San Juan . The island of Puerto Rico was once split between the San Juan and the San Germán municipalities . The latter covered the western half of Puerto Rico , and extended from the western shores of the island to Arecibo in the north and Ponce in the south .'}]}, {'value': 'PR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1609', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The second oldest church structure in the United States and in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Miguel Mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Miguel_Mission', 'summary': 'San Miguel Mission ( Spanish : Misión de San Miguel ) , also known as San Miguel Chapel , is a Spanish colonial mission church in Santa Fe , New Mexico . Built between approximately 1610 and 1626 , it is the oldest known church in the continental United States . The church was damaged during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 but was rebuilt in 1710 following the Spanish reconquest and served for a time as a chapel for the Spanish soldiers . The wooden reredos , which includes a wooden statue of Saint Michael dating back to at least 1709 , was added in 1798 . Though the church has been repaired and rebuilt numerous times over the years , its original adobe walls are still largely intact despite having been hidden by later additions . The church is a contributing property in the Barrio De Analco Historic District , which is a U.S. National Historic Landmark . Masses are still offered at the chapel on Sundays .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe ( /ˌsæntə ˈfeɪ , ˈsæntə feɪ/ SAN-tə FAY , -\u2060 fay ; Tewa : Oghá P ' o'oge ; Navajo : Yootó ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is the fourth-largest city in New Mexico with a population of 84,612 in 2018 , the county seat of Santa Fe County , and its metropolitan area is part of the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area which features a population of 1,178,664 as of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate . The city was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México , after it replaced Española as capital , which makes it the oldest state capital in the United States . It is considered one of the worlds great art cities , due to its many art galleries and installations , and is recognized by UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Cultural highlights include Santa Fe Plaza and the Palace of the Governors , and the Fiesta de Santa Fe , as well as distinct New Mexican cuisine restaurants and New Mexico music performances . Among the numerous art galleries and installations are , for example , Georgia O'Keefe Museum is located in the city , as is a gallery by cartoonist Chuck Jones , along with newer art collectives such as Meow Wolf . The area surrounding Santa Fe was occupied for at least several thousand years by indigenous peoples who built villages several hundred years ago on the current site of the city . It was known by the Tewa inhabitants as Ogha Po'oge ( White Shell Water Place ) . The name of the city of Santa Fe means holy faith in Spanish , and the city 's full name as founded remains La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís ( The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'NM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Approximately start in 1610 or 1626', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The oldest church built in the continental US . The original adobe walls and altar were built by the Tlaxcalan Indians from Mexico under the orders of the Spaniards , but much of the structure was rebuilt in 1710 . Building has been within the U.S. since 1848 , when the US annexed New Mexico territory following the Mexican-American War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tlaxcaltec', 'summary': 'The Tlaxcalans , or Talaxcaltecs , are an indigenous group of Nahua ethnicity who inhabited the republic of Tlaxcala and present-day Mexican state of Tlaxcala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexican–American_War', 'summary': 'The Mexican-American War , [ a ] also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención Estadounidense en México ( American intervention in Mexico ) , [ b ] was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas , which was not formally recognized by the Mexican government , who disputed the Treaties of Velasco signed by Mexican caudillo President/General Antonio López de Santa Anna after the Texas Revolution a decade earlier . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk , who saw the annexation of Texas as the first step towards a further expansion of the United States , sent troops to the disputed area and a diplomatic mission to Mexico . After Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces , the United States Congress declared war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast province of Alta California , and then moved south . Meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the U.S. Navy blockaded the Pacific coast farther south in the lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under Major General Winfield Scott , eventually captured Mexico City through stiff resistance , having marched west from the port of Veracruz on the Gulf Coast , where the U.S. staged its first ever major amphibious landing . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and enforced the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million in compensation for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of what became the State of Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States . The victory and territorial expansion Polk envisioned inspired great patriotism in the United States , but the war and treaty drew some criticism in the U.S. for their casualties , monetary cost , and heavy-handedness , particularly early on . The question of how to treat the new acquisitions also intensified the debate over slavery .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamestown Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamestown_Church', 'summary': "Jamestown Church , constructed in brick from 1639 onward , in Jamestown in the Mid-Atlantic state of Virginia , is one of the oldest surviving building remnants built by Europeans in the original thirteen colonies and in the United States overall . It is now part of Historic Jamestowne , and is owned by Preservation Virginia ( formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities ) . There have been several sites and stages in the church 's history , and its later tower is now the last surviving above-ground structure from the days when Jamestown was the capital of Virginia . The current structure , active as part of the Anglican church , is still in use today . The ruins are currently being researched by members of the Jamestown Rediscovery project ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamestown , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia', 'summary': 'The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas . It was located on the northeast bank of the James ( Powhatan ) River about 2.5 mi ( 4 km ) southwest of the center of modern Williamsburg . It was established by the Virginia Company of London as James Fort on May 4 , 1607 O.S . ; ( May 14 , 1607 N.S . ) , and was considered permanent after a brief abandonment in 1610 . It followed several failed attempts , including the Lost Colony of Roanoke , established in 1585 on Roanoke Island . Jamestown served as the colonial capital from 1616 until 1699 .'}]}, {'value': 'VA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1647 ( Completed )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Only floor tiles and foundations remain from the first brick church ( with a tower added sometime earlier or later ) . Oldest church in the original 13 colonies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Estevan_Del_Rey_Mission_Church', 'summary': 'San Estévan del Rey Mission Church is a Spanish mission church on the Acoma Pueblo Reservation in western New Mexico . Built between 1629 and 1641 , it is one of the finest extant examples of hybrid Spanish Colonial and Puebloan architectural styles . It was named for Saint Stephen I of Hungary . The church was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970 , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Acoma , New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo', 'summary': 'Acoma Pueblo ( /ˈækəmə/ ) is a Native American pueblo approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) west of Albuquerque , New Mexico , in the United States . Four communities make up the village of Acoma Pueblo : Sky City ( Old Acoma ) , Acomita , Anzac , and McCartys . These communities are located near the expansive Albuquerque metropolitan area , which includes several large cities and towns , including neighboring Laguna Pueblo . The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity , whose historic land of Acoma Pueblo totaled roughly 5,000,000 acres ( 2,000,000 ha ) , today much of the Acoma community is primarily within the Acoma Indian Reservation . Acoma Pueblo is a National Historic Landmark . According to the 2010 United States Census , 4,989 people identified as Acoma . The Acoma have continuously occupied the area for over 2000 years , making this one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States ( along with Hopi pueblos ) . Acoma tribal traditions estimate that they have lived in the village for more than two thousand years .'}]}, {'value': 'NM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1649', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of Saint Blaise of Illescas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iglesia_San_Blas_de_Illescas', 'summary': 'The Iglesia San Blas de Illescas ( English : Church of Saint Blaise of Illescas ) is a Catholic parish church located on the center plaza of Coamo , Puerto Rico . Construction on the church began in 1661 ; it has since been judged one of the most important works of religious architecture in Puerto Rico . The church is separated from the open plaza below by a series of ceremonial steps and a delicate cast iron balustrade . The delicately curved Baroque facade reflects a major reconstruction completed in 1784 . A two-level bell-gable with open arches and bells is prominently featured in the facade . The parish of San Blas of Coamo is one of the oldest on the island .'}]}, {'value': 'Coamo , Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coamo,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Coamo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koˈamo ] ) is a municipality founded 1579 in the south-central region of Puerto Rico , located north of Santa Isabel ; south of Orocovis and Barranquitas ; east of Villalba and Juana Díaz ; and west of Aibonito and Salinas . Coamo is spread over 10 wards and Coamo Pueblo - the downtown area and the administrative center of the city . It is both a principal city of the Coamo Micropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area . Coamo is a small town nestled in a valley about 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Ponce ( about 30 minutes by car ) . It was named San Blas Illescas de Coamo by its first settlers . Saint Blaise ( San Blas ) was the Catholic saint who remains the town 's patron . Illescas is the Spanish town where the town founders originated ( nowadays in Toledo province , Castile-La Mancha , Spain ) . There are several theories regarding the origin of the word Coamo . Some think it comes from an indigenous word that means valley but it is also plausible that Coamo derives its name from Coamex ( or Coamey ) , who was a celebrated local cacique ( or chieftain in the Taino language ) . Archeological digs near the region have produced some of the best examples of the island 's pre-Columbian cultural artifacts . Coamo has a series of natural hot springs , Los Baños de Coamo . The Battle of Coamo was a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War ( 1898 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'PR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1661', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Trinity Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church Creek , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_Creek,_Maryland', 'summary': "Church Creek is a town in Dorchester County , Maryland , United States , part of the state 's Eastern Shore . The population was 125 at the 2010 census . Church Creek is about 6 mi south of Cambridge . Old Trinity Church is located here . An Anglican ( now Episcopal ) brick church built in 1675 , it is the oldest church building in the US in continuous ecclesiastical use and is on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': 'MD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1675', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episcopal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church building in continuous use ; as such , oldest in the continental US', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's , Whitechapel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's,_Whitechapel", 'summary': "St Mary 's Whitechapel is an Episcopal church in Lancaster , Virginia , founded in 1669 , and located three miles south of Lively , in Lancaster County , in the Northern Neck . The parish of St Mary 's Whitechapel is notable for being the birthplace of Mary Ball Washington , mother of George Washington ."}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster County , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "Lancaster County is a county located on the Northern Neck in the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2010 census , the population was 11,391 . Its county seat is Lancaster . Located on the Northern Neck near the mouth of the Rappahannock River , Lancaster County is part of the Northern Neck George Washington Birthplace wine-growing region recognized by the United States as an American Viticultural Area . Lancaster County is the most densely populated county in the Northern Neck . The largest town in Lancaster County is Kilmarnock , Virginia . The county 's area code is '804 ' ."}]}, {'value': 'VA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1675', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episcopal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third Haven Meeting House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Haven_Meeting_House', 'summary': 'The Third Haven Meeting House is generally considered the oldest-surviving Friends meeting house of the Religious Society of Friends , and it is a cornerstone of Quaker history in Talbot County , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot County , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot_County,_Maryland', 'summary': "Talbot County is a county located in the heart of the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 37,782 . Its county seat is Easton . The county was named for Lady Grace Talbot , the wife of Sir Robert Talbot , an Anglo-Irish statesman , and the sister of Lord Baltimore . Talbot County comprises the Easton , MD Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area . Talbot County is bordered by Queen Anne 's County to the north , Caroline County to the east , Dorchester County to the south , and the Chesapeake Bay to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'MD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1681-84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker ( Friends )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest Quaker meeting house in the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quaker', 'summary': 'Quakers , also called Friends , are a historically Christian group whose formal name is the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church . Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within , or that of God in every one . Some may profess the priesthood of all believers , a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity . There are also Nontheist Quakers whose spiritual practice is not reliant on the existence of God . To differing extents , the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . In 2007 , there were about 359,000 adult Quakers worldwide . In 2017 , there were 377,557 adult Quakers , with 49% in Africa . Around 89% of Quakers worldwide belong to the evangelical and programmed branches of Quakerism - these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible , coordinated by a pastor . Around 11% of Friends practice waiting worship , or unprogrammed worship ( more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship ) , where the order of service is not planned in advance , is predominantly silent , and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present . Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings - Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry . The first Quakers lived in mid-17th-century England .'}]}, {'value': 'Old Ship Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Ship_Church', 'summary': 'The Old Ship Church ( also known as the Old Ship Meetinghouse ) is a Puritan church built in 1681 in Hingham , Massachusetts . It is the only surviving 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in America . Its congregation , gathered in 1635 and officially known as First Parish in Hingham , occupies the oldest church building in continuous ecclesiastical use in the United States . On October 9 , 1960 , it was designated a National Historic Landmark and on November 15 , 1966 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . Old Ship Church is , according to The New York Times , the oldest continuously worshiped-in church in North America and the only surviving example in this country of the English Gothic style of the 17th century . The more familiar delicately spired white Colonial churches of New England would not be built for more than half a century . Within the church , the ceiling , made of great oak beams , looks like the inverted frame of a ship , notes The Washington Post . Built in 1681 , it is the oldest church in continuous use as a house of worship in North America . The most distinctive feature of the structure is its Hammerbeam roof , a Gothic open timber construction , the most well-known example that of Westminster Hall . Some of those working on the soaring structure were no doubt ship carpenters ; others were East Anglians familiar with the method of constructing a hammerbeam roof .'}]}, {'value': 'Hingham , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Hingham is a town in metropolitan Greater Boston on the South Shore of the U.S. state of Massachusetts in northern Plymouth County . At the 2010 census , the population was 22,157 . Hingham is known for its colonial history and location on Boston Harbor . The town was named after Hingham , Norfolk , England , and was first settled by English colonists in 1633 .'}]}, {'value': 'MA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1681', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puritan , Congregational , now Unitarian Universalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in the US', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meetinghouse', 'summary': 'A meeting house ( meetinghouse , meeting-house ) is a building where religious and sometimes public meetings take place .'}]}, {'value': "St. Luke 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Luke's_Church_(Smithfield,_Virginia)", 'summary': "St. Luke 's Church , also known as Old Brick Church , or Newport Parish Church , is a historic church building , located in the unincorporated community of Benns Church , near Smithfield in Isle of Wight County , Virginia , United States . It is the oldest church in Virginia and oldest church in British North America of brick construction . According to local tradition the structure was built in 1632 , but other evidence points to a date of 1682 ; see Dating controversy . On October 15 , 1966 , St. Luke 's was designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historic and architectural distinction . In 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower designated the site a National Shrine in concert with the 350th anniversary of Jamestown . Since 1954 Historic St. Luke 's Restoration , doing business as Historic St. Luke 's Church , is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization that maintains , preserves , promotes , and interprets the 17th-century , 100-acre historic site . Historic St. Luke 's does not receive any federal , state , or municipal funding . All funding comes from private corporations , foundations , and individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'Smithfield , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smithfield,_Virginia', 'summary': "Smithfield is a town in Isle of Wight County , in the South Hampton Roads subregion of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States . The population was 8,089 at the 2010 census . The town is most famous for the curing and production of the Smithfield ham . The Virginia General Assembly passed a statute defining Smithfield ham by law in 1926 , with one of the requirements that it be processed within the town limits . Smithfield Foods , a Chinese Fortune 500 company that owns Smithfield Packing Company and others , is the world 's largest pork processor and hog producer . The company , based in Smithfield , raises 12 million hogs and processes 20 million pounds of them annually ."}]}, {'value': 'VA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1682', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglican , Episcopal after American Revolution , currently non-denominational and does not have a congregation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Historic Landmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark', 'summary': "A National Historic Landmark ( NHL ) is a building , district , object , site , or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance . Only some 2,500 ( ~3% ) of over 90,000 places listed on the country 's National Register of Historic Places are recognized as National Historic Landmarks . A National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings , structures , sites or objects , and it may include non-contributing properties . Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Indian Meeting House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Indian_Meeting_House', 'summary': 'The Old Indian Meeting House ( also known as the Old Indian Church ) is a historic meeting house at 410 Meetinghouse Road in Mashpee , Massachusetts . Built in 1684 , the meetinghouse is the oldest Native American church in the eastern United States and the oldest church on Cape Cod . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mashpee , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Mashpee /ˈmæʃpi/ is a town in Barnstable County , Massachusetts , United States , on Cape Cod . The population was 14,006 as of 2010 . The town is the site of the headquarters and most members of the federally recognized Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe , one of two Wampanoag . For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Mashpee , please see the articles on Mashpee Neck , Monomoscoy Island , New Seabury , Popponesset , Popponesset Island , Seabrook , and Seconsett Island .'}]}, {'value': 'MA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1684', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Congregational/Native American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest Native American church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'Native Americans , also known as American Indians , Indigenous Americans and other terms , are the indigenous peoples of the United States , except Hawaii and territories of the United States . More than 570 federally recognized tribes live within the US , about half of which are associated with Indian reservations . The term American Indian excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaskan Natives , while Native Americans ( as defined by the US Census ) are American Indians , plus Alaska Natives of all ethnicities . The US Census does not include Native Hawaiians or Chamorro , instead being included in the Census grouping of Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander . The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in what is now the United States at least 15,000 years ago , possibly much earlier , from Asia via Beringia . A vast variety of peoples , societies and cultures subsequently developed . Native Americans were greatly affected by the European colonization of the Americas , which began in 1492 , and their population declined precipitously overwhelmingly due to introduced diseases as well as warfare , including biological warfare , territorial confiscation and slavery . After its creation , the United States , as part of its policy of settler colonialism , waged war and perpetrated massacres against many Native American peoples , removed them from their ancestral lands , and subjected them to one-sided treaties and to discriminatory government policies into the 20th century . Since the 1960s , Native American self-determination movements have resulted in changes to the lives of Native Americans , though there are still many contemporary issues faced by Native Americans . Today , there are over five million Native Americans in the United States , 78% of whom live outside reservations . When the United States was created , established Native American tribes were generally considered semi-independent nations , as they generally lived in communities separate from British settlers . The federal government signed treaties at a government-to-government level until the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended recognition of independent native nations , and started treating them as domestic dependent nations subject to federal law .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of Saint Germanus of Auxerre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iglesia_San_Germán_de_Auxerre', 'summary': "The Iglesia San Germán de Auxerre ( English : Church of Saint Germanus of Auxerre ) is a historic Roman Catholic parish church located in San Germán , Puerto Rico , overlooking the main plaza of the town . Spanish settlers founded San Germán parish in 1510 and built the first permanent church in 1688 . Puerto Ricans repaired and reconstructed the church between 1717 and 1739 after it had suffered earthquake damage . Between 1834 and 1897 , new repairs were made to the building , and in 1920 , the tower was rebuilt after the 1918 earthquake . With Trompe-l'œil painting that imitates wood coffers on the ceiling , the Church of San Germán 's interior is one of the most lavishly decorated on the island . The vault and arches are painted in the Trompe l ' oeil manner . The church conserves the 1869 marble altar as well as ten other 19th century smaller secondary marble altars . A collection of 17th century metalwork , 18th century wooden carvings and a painting by José Campeche are kept in the choir loft . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'San Germán , Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Germán,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'San Germán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saŋ xeɾˈman ] ) is a municipality located in the southwestern region of Puerto Rico , south of Mayagüez and Maricao , north of Lajas , east of Hormigueros and Cabo Rojo , and west of Sabana Grande . San Germán is spread over eighteen wards plus San Germán Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is both a principal city of the San Germán-Cabo Rojo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Mayagüez-San Germán-Cabo Rojo Combined Statistical Area . San Germán is the second oldest city of Puerto Rico , after San Juan . The island of Puerto Rico was once split between the San Juan and the San Germán municipalities . The latter covered the western half of Puerto Rico , and extended from the western shores of the island to Arecibo in the north and Ponce in the south .'}]}, {'value': 'PR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1688', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Quaker Meeting House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Quaker_Meeting_House_(Flushing,_Queens)', 'summary': 'The Old Quaker Meeting House is a historic Quaker house of worship located at 137-16 Northern Boulevard , in Flushing , Queens , New York . The site , built in 1694 , is the oldest house of worship in New York City , one of the three oldest continuously active sites of religious activity in North America , and the second oldest Quaker meeting house in the nation . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967 and a New York City designated landmark in 1970 . Today , it still serves as a Quaker Meeting , with meetings for worship taking place every Sunday .'}]}, {'value': 'Flushing , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flushing,_New_York', 'summary': "Flushing is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens in the United States . Located in the north-central portion of Queens , the neighborhood is the fourth largest central business district in New York City . Flushing was established as a settlement of New Netherland on October 10 , 1645 , on the eastern bank of Flushing Creek . It was named Vlissingen , after the Dutch city of Vlissingen . The English took control of New Amsterdam in 1664 , and when Queens County was established in 1683 , the Town of Flushing was one of the original five towns of Queens . In 1898 , Flushing was consolidated into the City of New York . Development came in the early 20th century with the construction of bridges and public transportation . An immigrant population , composed mostly of Chinese and Koreans , settled in Flushing in the late 20th century . Flushing contains numerous residential subsections , and its diversity is reflected by the numerous ethnic groups that reside there . Flushing is served by several stations on the Long Island Rail Road 's Port Washington Branch , as well as the New York City Subway 's IRT Flushing Line ( 7 and < 7 > \u200b trains ) , which has its terminus at Main Street . The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue , a major commercial and retail area , is the third busiest intersection in New York City , behind Times and Herald Squares . Flushing is located in Queens Community District 7 and its ZIP Codes are 11354 , 11355 , and 11358 ."}]}, {'value': 'NY', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1694', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker ( Friends )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest religious building in New York City . The only surviving example in New York State of a typical 17th-century ecclesiastical frame structure of medieval design', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dutch_Church_of_Sleepy_Hollow', 'summary': "The Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow ( Dutch : Oude Nederlandse Kerk van Sleepy Hollow ) , listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Dutch Reformed Church ( Sleepy Hollow ) , is a 17th-century stone church located on Albany Post Road ( U.S. Route 9 ) in Sleepy Hollow , New York , United States . It and its five-acre ( 2 ha ) churchyard feature prominently in Washington Irving 's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . The churchyard is often confused with the contiguous but separate Sleepy Hollow Cemetery . It is the second oldest extant church and the 15th oldest extant building in the state of New York , renovated after an 1837 fire . Some of those renovations were reversed 60 years later , and further work was done in 1960 . It was listed on the Register in 1966 , among the earliest properties so recognized . It had already been designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . It is still the property of the Reformed Church of the Tarrytowns , which holds summer services there , as well as on special occasions such as Christmas Eve ."}]}, {'value': 'Sleepy Hollow , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York', 'summary': "Sleepy Hollow is a village in the town of Mount Pleasant , in Westchester County , New York . The village is located on the east bank of the Hudson River , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of New York City , and is served by the Philipse Manor stop on the Metro-North Hudson Line . To the south of Sleepy Hollow is the village of Tarrytown , and to the north and east are unincorporated parts of Mount Pleasant . The population of the village at the 2010 census was 9,870 . Originally incorporated as North Tarrytown in the late 19th century , in 1996 the village officially adopted the traditional name for the area . The village is known internationally through The Legend of Sleepy Hollow , a short story about the local area and its infamous specter , the Headless Horseman , written by Washington Irving , who lived in Tarrytown and is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery . Owing to this story , as well as the village 's roots in early American history and folklore , Sleepy Hollow is considered by some to be one of the most haunted places in the world . The village is home to the Philipsburg Manor House and the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow , as well as the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery , where in addition to Washington Irving , numerous other notable people are buried ."}]}, {'value': 'NY', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1697 ( completed )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch Reformed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest church building in New York state', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_Church_(Yorktown,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Grace Church ( also known as York-Hampton Parish Church ) is a historic Episcopal church and cemetery at Route 1003 and Main Street in Yorktown , Virginia . It was built in 1697 and later updated with a Greek Revival style . Thomas Nelson , Jr. , a signer of the Declaration of Independence and other pre-Revolution Founding Fathers attended the church . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yorktown , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia', 'summary': "Yorktown is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in York County , Virginia , United States . It is the county seat of York County , one of the eight original shires formed in colonial Virginia in 1682 . Yorktown 's population was 195 as of the 2010 census , while York County 's population was 66,134 in the 2011 census estimate . The town is most famous as the site of the siege and subsequent surrender of General Charles Cornwallis to General George Washington and the French Fleet during the American Revolutionary War on October 19 , 1781 . Although the war would last for another year , this British defeat at Yorktown effectively ended the war . Yorktown also figured prominently in the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , serving as a major port to supply both northern and southern towns , depending upon who held Yorktown at the time . Today , Yorktown is one of three sites of the Historic Triangle , which also includes Jamestown and Williamsburg as important colonial-era settlements . It is the eastern terminus of the Colonial Parkway connecting these locations . Yorktown is also the eastern terminus of the TransAmerica Trail , a bicycle touring route created by the Adventure Cycling Association . One of Yorktown 's historic sister cities is Zweibrücken in Germany , based on participation of a unit from there during the American Revolutionary War ."}]}, {'value': 'VA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1697', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episcopal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Norriton Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Norriton_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Old Norriton Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located in East Norriton Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania . It was built in 1698 , and is a one-story brownstone structure measuring 37 feet , 6 inches , by 27 feet , or three bays by two bays . It has a wooden shake gable roof and round-arch windows . The interior features a barrel vault ceiling . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery County , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Montgomery County , locally also referred to as Montco , is the third-most populous county in the U.S. state of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the 71st most populous in the United States . As of 2018 , the census-estimated population of the county was 828,604 , representing a 3.3% increase from the 799,884 residents enumerated in the 2010 census . Montgomery County is located adjacent to and northwest of Philadelphia . The county seat is Norristown . Montgomery County is geographically diverse , ranging from farms and open land in the extreme north of the county to densely populated suburban neighborhoods in the southern and central portions of the county . Montgomery County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington , PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , sometimes expansively known as the Delaware Valley . The county marks part of the Delaware Valley 's northern border with the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania . In 2010 , Montgomery County was the 51st wealthiest county in the country by median household income . In 2008 , the county was named the 9th Best Place to Raise a Family by Forbes . The county was created on September 10 , 1784 , out of land originally part of Philadelphia County . The first courthouse was housed in the Barley Sheaf Inn . It is believed to have been named either for Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while attempting to capture Quebec City , or for the Welsh county of Montgomeryshire ( which was named after one of William the Conqueror 's main counselors , Roger de Montgomerie ) , as it was part of the Welsh Tract , an area of Pennsylvania settled by Quakers from Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'PA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1698', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presbyterian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest Surviving church in Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Trinity Church ( Old Swedes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church_(Old_Swedes)', 'summary': 'Holy Trinity Church , also known as Old Swedes , is a historic church at East 7th and Church Street in Wilmington , Delaware . It was consecrated on Trinity Sunday , June 4 , 1699 , by a predominantly Swedish congregation formerly of the colony of New Sweden . The church , designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 , is among the few surviving public buildings that reflect the Swedish colonial effort . The church is considered part of First State National Historical Park . The church , which is often visited by tourists , remains open today for tours and religious activities .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilmington , Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware', 'summary': "Wilmington ( Lenape : Paxahakink / Pakehakink ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware . The city was built on the site of Fort Christina , the first Swedish settlement in North America . It is at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine River , near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River . It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley metropolitan area . Wilmington was named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton , Earl of Wilmington , who was prime minister during the reign of George II of Great Britain . As of the 2018 United States Census estimate , the city 's population is 70,635 . It is the fifth least populous city in the U.S. to be the most populous in its state . [ citation needed ] The Wilmington Metropolitan Division , comprising New Castle County , DE , Cecil County , MD and Salem County , NJ , had an estimated 2016 population of 719,887 . The Delaware Valley metropolitan area , which includes the cities of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and Camden , New Jersey , had a 2016 population of 6,070,500 , and a combined statistical area of 7,179,357 ."}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1698', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lutheran/Episcopal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest Swedish Church in the United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Friends Meeting House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Friends_Meeting_House', 'summary': "Great Friends Meeting House is a meeting house of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) built in 1699 in Newport , Rhode Island . The meeting house , which is part of the Newport Historic District , is currently open as a museum owned by the Newport Historical Society . It is the oldest surviving house of worship in Rhode Island and features wide-plank floors , plain benches , a balcony , a beam ceiling , and a shingle exterior . Significant additions were made in 1730 , 1807 , 1857 , and 1867 . The meeting house was built on land owned by Nicholas Easton who donated his land in the 1670s and likely his house for the first Quaker meeting house which was located nearby on Farewell Street before the current meeting house was built in 1699 . The Quaker community in Newport largely controlled the culture and politics of the town in the 17th and 18th centuries , and many Quakers lived nearby in the historic Easton 's Point section of Newport , where their houses have survived . The meeting house was used as a house of worship until the New England Yearly Meeting of Friends departed in 1905 . The local African American community used the building as a community center until the 1970s when architect Orin M. Bullock restored the building , and in 1971 its owner Mrs. Sydney L. Wright donated the structure to the Newport Historical Society . In 2005 a dendrochronology survey of the building 's tree rings confirmed a 1699 construction date ."}]}, {'value': 'Newport , Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Newport is a seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County , Rhode Island , located approximately 33 miles ( 53 km ) southeast of Providence , Rhode Island , 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Fall River , Massachusetts , 74 miles ( 119 km ) south of Boston , and 180 miles ( 290 km ) northeast of New York City . It is known as a New England summer resort and is famous for its historic mansions and its rich sailing history . It was the location of the first U.S. Open tournaments in both tennis and golf , as well as every challenge to the America 's Cup between 1930 and 1983 . It is also the home of Salve Regina University and Naval Station Newport , which houses the United States Naval War College , the Naval Undersea Warfare Center , and an important Navy training center . It was a major 18th-century port city and also contains a high number of buildings from the Colonial era . The city is the county seat of Newport County , which has no governmental functions other than court administrative and sheriff corrections boundaries . It was known for being the location of the Summer White Houses during the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy . The population was 24,672 as of 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'RI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1699', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker ( Friends )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker Meeting House , oldest surviving church in Rhode Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gloria Dei ( Old Swedes ' Church )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gloria_Dei_(Old_Swedes')_Church", 'summary': "Gloria Dei Church , known locally as Old Swedes ' , is a historic church located in the Southwark neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , at 929 South Water Street , bounded by Christian Street on the north , South Christopher Columbus Boulevard ( formerly Delaware Street ) on the east , and Washington Avenue on the south . It was built between 1698 and 1700 , making it the oldest church in Pennsylvania and second oldest Swedish church in the United States after Holy Trinity Church ( Old Swedes ) in Wilmington , Delaware . The carpenters for the building were John Smart and John Buett and bricks were supplied by Richard Cantril . The church displays the English vernacular style of church design , which combines elements of the Medieval and Gothic styles . The church 's vestry and entranceway were added in 1703 to buttress the walls , which had begun to buckle under the weight of the roof . The tower was added c.1733 , and interior alterations were made in 1845 , designed by Samuel Sloan . The congregation dates to 1677 , five years before the founding of the city of Philadelphia , and the graveyard around the church to about the same time . Formerly a Swedish Lutheran congregation , the church has been Episcopalian since 1845 ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'PA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lutheran/Episcopal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest surviving church in Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portsmouth Friends Meetinghouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth_Friends_Meetinghouse_Parsonage_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Portsmouth Friends Meetinghouse , Parsonage , and Cemetery ( also known as Portsmouth Friends Meeting House or Portsmouth Evangelical Friends Church ) is a historic Friends Meeting House and cemetery of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) , at 11 Middle Road and 2232 E. Main Road in Portsmouth , Rhode Island . In 1638 , exiled religious dissidents from the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded Portsmouth , the second oldest colonial community in Rhode Island . The Quaker community developed shortly after the community was founded . The current meetinghouse was built around 1699-1700 . The building was used as a Quaker house of worship and school . During the American Revolutionary War , British troops occupied the building . In 1784 the Moses Brown School was founded at the church . The meeting house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . Currently , services are held weekly on Sundays at 10:30 am . and 7:00 p.m .'}]}, {'value': 'Portsmouth , Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': 'Portsmouth is a town in Newport County , Rhode Island . The population was 17,389 at the 2010 U.S. Census . Portsmouth is the second oldest municipality in Rhode Island , after Providence ; it was one of the four colonies which merged to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , the others being Providence , Newport , and Warwick .'}]}, {'value': 'RI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker ( Friends )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Oldest church buildings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_the_oldest_churches_in_the_United_States_0', 'intro': 'The designation of the oldest church in the United States requires careful use of definitions, and must be divided into two parts, the oldest in the sense of oldest surviving building, and the oldest in the sense of oldest Christian church congregation. There is a distinction between old church buildings that have been in continuous use as churches, and those that have been converted to other purposes; and between buildings that have been in continuous use as churches and those that were shuttered for many decades. In terms of congregations, they are distinguished between early established congregations that have been in continuous existence (sometimes through great theological changes), and early congregations that ceased to exist. Some of these churches are located in areas that were part of the thirteen original colonies that made up the United States in 1776. Others were built in states and territories that were later annexed, such as Louisiana, New Mexico, and Puerto Rico. Sites on the list are generally from the First Period of American architecture or earlier. To be listed here a site must:'}
null
null
What is the english translation of the name of the second oldest church structure in the United States ?
Gateway to Heaven
0908abb82c8c4225
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_Mexico', 'title': 'List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'County', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abo_(historic_place)', 'summary': 'Abó , is a pueblo ruin in New Mexico that is preserved as part of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument . The ruins are located about 9 miles ( 14 km ) west of Mountainair , at about 6100 feet ( 1859 m ) above sea level . They are said to date back to the 14th century . It was a major trading station during its time . There is a visitor contact station , a 0.25 mile ( 0.4 km ) trail through the mission ruins , and a 0.5 mile ( 0.8 km ) trail around the unexcavated pueblo ruins . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962 . Abo is also the geological type locality for the Abo Formation , which is made up of sandstone red beds and is exposed to the northwest of the Abo ruins .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1962 ( # 66000497 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abo 34°26′56″N 106°22′17″W / 34.448889°N 106.371389°W / 34.448889 ; -106.371389 ( Abó )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abo,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Abo is an unincorporated community in Torrance County , New Mexico , United States , located on U.S. Route 60 . It is the nearest community to Abo , a pueblo ruin and mission ruin that is a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Torrance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torrance_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Torrance County is a county located in the center of the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,383 . The county seat is Estancia . The geographic center of New Mexico is located in Torrance County , southwest of the Village of Willard , [ circular reference ] and in 2010 , the center of population of New Mexico was located in Torrance County , near Manzano . Torrance County is included in the Albuquerque , NM Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Pueblo ruins , and ruins of a Spanish mission , Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salinas_Pueblo_Missions_National_Monument', 'summary': 'The Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument is a complex of three Spanish missions located in the U.S. state of New Mexico , near Mountainair . The main park visitor center is in Mountainair . Construction of the missions began in 1622 and was completed in 1635 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acoma Pueblo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo', 'summary': 'Acoma Pueblo ( /ˈækəmə/ ) is a Native American pueblo approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) west of Albuquerque , New Mexico , in the United States . Four communities make up the village of Acoma Pueblo : Sky City ( Old Acoma ) , Acomita , Anzac , and McCartys . These communities are located near the expansive Albuquerque metropolitan area , which includes several large cities and towns , including neighboring Laguna Pueblo . The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity , whose historic land of Acoma Pueblo totaled roughly 5,000,000 acres ( 2,000,000 ha ) , today much of the Acoma community is primarily within the Acoma Indian Reservation . Acoma Pueblo is a National Historic Landmark . According to the 2010 United States Census , 4,989 people identified as Acoma . The Acoma have continuously occupied the area for over 2000 years , making this one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States ( along with Hopi pueblos ) . Acoma tribal traditions estimate that they have lived in the village for more than two thousand years .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1960 ( # 66000500 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acoma Pueblo 34°53′47″N 107°34′55″W / 34.896389°N 107.581944°W / 34.896389 ; -107.581944 ( Acoma Pueblo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo', 'summary': 'Acoma Pueblo ( /ˈækəmə/ ) is a Native American pueblo approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) west of Albuquerque , New Mexico , in the United States . Four communities make up the village of Acoma Pueblo : Sky City ( Old Acoma ) , Acomita , Anzac , and McCartys . These communities are located near the expansive Albuquerque metropolitan area , which includes several large cities and towns , including neighboring Laguna Pueblo . The Acoma Pueblo tribe is a federally recognized tribal entity , whose historic land of Acoma Pueblo totaled roughly 5,000,000 acres ( 2,000,000 ha ) , today much of the Acoma community is primarily within the Acoma Indian Reservation . Acoma Pueblo is a National Historic Landmark . According to the 2010 United States Census , 4,989 people identified as Acoma . The Acoma have continuously occupied the area for over 2000 years , making this one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States ( along with Hopi pueblos ) . Acoma tribal traditions estimate that they have lived in the village for more than two thousand years .'}]}, {'value': 'Cibola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cibola_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Cibola County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,213 . Its county seat is Grants . It is New Mexico 's youngest county , and the third youngest county in the United States , created on June 19 , 1981 , from the westernmost four-fifths of the formerly much larger Valencia County . Cibola County comprises the Grants , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also part of the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Native American pueblo built atop a 225-foot sandstone mesa ; one of longest-occupied places in North America', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandelier CCC Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandelier_CCC_Historic_District', 'summary': "Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre ( 13,629 ha ) United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos counties , New Mexico . The monument preserves the homes and territory of the Ancestral Puebloans of a later era in the Southwest . Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras , dating between 1150 and 1600 AD . The monument is 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) of the Pajarito Plateau , on the slopes of the Jemez volcanic field in the Jemez Mountains . Over 70% of the monument is wilderness , with over one mile of elevation change , from about 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) along the Rio Grande to over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) at the peak of Cerro Grande on the rim of the Valles Caldera , providing for a wide range of life zones and wildlife habitats . Three miles of road and more than 70 miles of hiking trails are built . The monument protects Ancestral Pueblo archeological sites , a diverse and scenic landscape , and the country 's largest National Park Service Civilian Conservation Corps National Landmark District . Bandelier was designated by President Woodrow Wilson as a national monument on February 11 , 1916 , and named for Adolph Bandelier , a Swiss-American anthropologist , who researched the cultures of the area and supported preservation of the sites . The park infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps and is a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved architecture . The National Park Service cooperates with surrounding Pueblos , other federal agencies , and state agencies to manage the park ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1987 ( # 87001452 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandelier National Monument 35°46′46″N 106°16′13″W / 35.77942°N 106.270287°W / 35.77942 ; -106.270287 ( Bandelier CCC Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre ( 13,629 ha ) United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos counties , New Mexico . The monument preserves the homes and territory of the Ancestral Puebloans of a later era in the Southwest . Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras , dating between 1150 and 1600 AD . The monument is 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) of the Pajarito Plateau , on the slopes of the Jemez volcanic field in the Jemez Mountains . Over 70% of the monument is wilderness , with over one mile of elevation change , from about 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) along the Rio Grande to over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) at the peak of Cerro Grande on the rim of the Valles Caldera , providing for a wide range of life zones and wildlife habitats . Three miles of road and more than 70 miles of hiking trails are built . The monument protects Ancestral Pueblo archeological sites , a diverse and scenic landscape , and the country 's largest National Park Service Civilian Conservation Corps National Landmark District . Bandelier was designated by President Woodrow Wilson as a national monument on February 11 , 1916 , and named for Adolph Bandelier , a Swiss-American anthropologist , who researched the cultures of the area and supported preservation of the sites . The park infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps and is a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved architecture . The National Park Service cooperates with surrounding Pueblos , other federal agencies , and state agencies to manage the park ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Alamos and Sandoval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Los Alamos County ( English : The Poplars or Cottonwoods ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 17,950 . The smallest county in area of this state was administered exclusively by the U.S. federal government during the Manhattan Project , but now has equal status to New Mexico 's other counties . The county has two population centers known as CDPs : Los Alamos ( the county seat ) and White Rock . Los Alamos County comprises the Los Alamos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area . The county is home to the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Los Alamos County is noted for having the lowest level of child poverty of any county in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Sandoval County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,561 , making it the fourth-most populous county in New Mexico . The county seat is Bernalillo . Sandoval County is part of the Albuquerque , NM Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Civilian Conservation Corps buildings and infrastructure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps', 'summary': "The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrio De Analco Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrio_De_Analco_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Barrio de Analco Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District centered at the junction of East De Vargas Street and Old Santa Fe Trail in Santa Fe , New Mexico . The seven buildings of the district represent one of the oldest clusters of what were basically working-class or lower-class residences in North America , and are in a cross-section of pre-statehood architectural styles . It includes two of the oldest colonial-era buildings in the southwest , the San Miguel Mission church ( 1710 ) , and the Oldest House , built in 1620 and now a museum . The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 18 , 1968 ( # 68000032 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Fe 35°41′00″N 105°56′11″W / 35.683333°N 105.936389°W / 35.683333 ; -105.936389 ( Barrio De Analco Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe ( /ˌsæntə ˈfeɪ , ˈsæntə feɪ/ SAN-tə FAY , -\u2060 fay ; Tewa : Oghá P ' o'oge ; Navajo : Yootó ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is the fourth-largest city in New Mexico with a population of 84,612 in 2018 , the county seat of Santa Fe County , and its metropolitan area is part of the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area which features a population of 1,178,664 as of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate . The city was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México , after it replaced Española as capital , which makes it the oldest state capital in the United States . It is considered one of the worlds great art cities , due to its many art galleries and installations , and is recognized by UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Cultural highlights include Santa Fe Plaza and the Palace of the Governors , and the Fiesta de Santa Fe , as well as distinct New Mexican cuisine restaurants and New Mexico music performances . Among the numerous art galleries and installations are , for example , Georgia O'Keefe Museum is located in the city , as is a gallery by cartoonist Chuck Jones , along with newer art collectives such as Meow Wolf . The area surrounding Santa Fe was occupied for at least several thousand years by indigenous peoples who built villages several hundred years ago on the current site of the city . It was known by the Tewa inhabitants as Ogha Po'oge ( White Shell Water Place ) . The name of the city of Santa Fe means holy faith in Spanish , and the city 's full name as founded remains La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís ( The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe County ( Spanish : Condado de Santa Fe ; meaning Holy faith in Spanish ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,170 , making it New Mexico 's third-most populous county , after Bernalillo County and Doña Ana County . Its county seat is Santa Fe , the state capital . Santa Fe County includes the Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic district including the oldest house in the state of New Mexico , and the oldest Catholic church in the continental United States ( Oldest Churches , Annexed Territories vs original founding Colony States )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bead Mesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bead_Mesa', 'summary': 'Big Bead Mesa ( Navajo : Yooʼtsoh ) is a historic Navajo habitation site near Grants , New Mexico , within Cibola National Forest . Occupied from the mid-18th to early 19th century , the site gives an important window into the relations between the Navajo and the Puebloans of that time . First explored archaeologically in 1939 , it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000958 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casa Salazar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandoval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandoval_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Sandoval County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 131,561 , making it the fourth-most populous county in New Mexico . The county seat is Bernalillo . Sandoval County is part of the Albuquerque , NM Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Fortified Navajo village site ; served as a base for trade and raiding from 1745 to 1812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwater Draw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackwater_Draw', 'summary': 'Blackwater Draw is an intermittent stream channel about 140 km ( 87 mi ) long , with headwaters in Roosevelt County , New Mexico , about 18 km ( 11 mi ) southwest of Clovis , New Mexico , and flows southeastward across the Llano Estacado toward the city of Lubbock , Texas , where it joins Yellow House Draw to form Yellow House Canyon at the head of the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River . It stretches across eastern Roosevelt County , New Mexico , and Bailey , Lamb , Hale , and Lubbock Counties of West Texas and drains an area of 1,560 sq mi ( 4,040 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000483 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clovis 34°16′40″N 103°19′28″W / 34.277874°N 103.32458°W / 34.277874 ; -103.32458 ( Blackwater Draw )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Clovis is the county seat of Curry County , New Mexico , United States , with a population of 37,775 as of the 2010 census , and a 2018 estimated population of 38,680 . Clovis is located in the New Mexico portion of the Llano Estacado , in the eastern part of the state . A largely agricultural community , closely bordering Texas , it is noted for its role in early rock music history and for nearby Cannon Air Force Base . After the discovery of several Clovis culture sites in eastern North America in the 1930s , the Clovis people came to be regarded as the first human inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World . Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas . The Atchison , Topeka , & Santa Fe Railway system helped to establish Clovis over a hundred years ago , and for that railroad and its successor BNSF Railway continues to be a major hub of operations . Also notable is the Southwest Cheese Company , the largest cheddar cheese producer in North America . It is the principal city of the Clovis Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of the larger Clovis-Portales CSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Roosevelt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roosevelt_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Roosevelt County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 19,846 . Its county seat is Portales . The county was created in 1903 from Chaves and Guadalupe counties and named for President Theodore Roosevelt . The county 's eastern border is the Texas state line . Roosevelt County comprises the Portales , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Clovis-Portales , NM Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Archaeological type site of the Clovis culture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Type_site', 'summary': 'In archaeology a type site ( also known as a type-site or typesite ) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture . For example , the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho , in the West Bank . A type site is also often the eponym ( the site after which the culture is named ) . For example , the type site of the pre-Celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt , Austria . In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation etc . A type site contains artifacts , in an assemblage , that are typical of that culture . Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent . The use of this term is therefore similar to that of the specimen type in biology ( see biological types ) or locus typicus ( type locality ) in geology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clovis_culture', 'summary': "The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleoamerican culture , named for distinct stone tools found in close association with Pleistocene fauna at Blackwater Locality No . 1 near Clovis , New Mexico , in the 1920s and 1930s . It appears around 11,500-11,000 uncalibrated RCYBP at the end of the last glacial period , and is characterized by the manufacture of Clovis points and distinctive bone and ivory tools . Archaeologists ' most precise determinations at present suggest this radiocarbon age is equal to roughly 13,200 to 12,900 calendar years ago . Clovis people are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas . The only human burial that has been directly associated with tools from the Clovis culture included the remains of an infant boy researchers named Anzick-1 . Paleogenetic analyses of Anzick-1 's ancient nuclear , mitochondrial , and Y-chromosome DNA reveal that Anzick-1 is closely related to modern Native American populations , which lends support to the Beringia hypothesis for the settlement of the Americas . The Clovis culture was replaced by several more localized regional societies from the Younger Dryas cold-climate period onward . Post-Clovis cultures include the Folsom tradition , Gainey , Suwannee-Simpson , Plainview-Goshen , Cumberland , and Redstone . Each of these is thought to derive directly from Clovis , in some cases apparently differing only in the length of the fluting on their projectile points . Although this is generally held to be the result of normal cultural change through time , numerous other reasons have been suggested as driving forces to explain changes in the archaeological record , such as the Younger Dryas postglacial climate change which exhibited numerous faunal extinctions . After the discovery of several Clovis sites in eastern North America in the 1930s , the Clovis people came to be regarded as the first human inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest L. Blumenschein House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_L._Blumenschein_House', 'summary': 'The Ernest L. Blumenschein House is a historic house museum and art gallery at 222 Ledoux Street in Taos , New Mexico . It was a home of painter Ernest L. Blumenschein ( 1874-1960 ) , a co-founder of the Taos Society of Artists and one of the Taos Six . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1965 ( # 66000495 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos 36°24′21″N 105°34′37″W / 36.405954°N 105.576890°W / 36.405954 ; -105.576890 ( Ernest L. Blumenschein House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of painter Ernest L. Blumenschein , co-founder of Taos Art Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_L._Blumenschein', 'summary': 'Ernest Leonard Blumenschein ( May 26 , 1874 - June 6 , 1960 ) was an American artist and founding member of the Taos Society of Artists . He is noted for paintings of Native Americans , New Mexico and the American Southwest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taos_Art_Colony', 'summary': 'The Taos art colony was an art colony founded in Taos , New Mexico , by artists attracted by the rich culture of the Taos Pueblo and the beautiful land and light of northern New Mexico . The history of Hispanic craftsmanship in furniture , tin work and more also played a role in creating a multicultural tradition of art in the area . The 1898 visit by Bert Geer Phillips and Ernest L. Blumenschein to Taos was an early step in the creation of the Taos art colony and the Taos Society of Artists . In addition to the society , Mabel Dodge Luhan was instrumental in promoting Taos to artists and writers within her circle . In the early 20th century modern artists infused the area with a new artistic energy , followed in the 1950s by abstract artists . Today Taos supports more than 80 galleries and three museums . There are a number of organizations that support and promote the work of artists on the Taos Pueblo and in the Taos area .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsbad Irrigation District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsbad_Irrigation_District', 'summary': 'The Carlsbad Irrigation District , also known as Carlsbad Reclamation Project or Irrigation system of the Pecos Irrigation and Improvement Company , is a major early water reclamation project located near Carlsbad in southeastern New Mexico . Begun in the 1880s , it is now managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation , and provides irrigation water to a large area around Carlsbad , diverted from the Pecos River and the Black River . The late 19th and early 20th-century elements of the project were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000476 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsbad 32°29′27″N 104°15′08″W / 32.490796°N 104.252119°W / 32.490796 ; -104.252119 ( Carlsbad Irrigation District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Carlsbad ( /ˈkɑːrlzbæd/ KARLZ-bad ) is a city in and the county seat of Eddy County , New Mexico , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 26,138 . Carlsbad is centered at the intersection of U.S . Routes 62/180 and 285 , and is the principal city of the Carlsbad-Artesia Micropolitan Statistical Area , which has a total population of 55,435 . Located in the southeastern part of New Mexico , Carlsbad straddles the Pecos River and sits at the eastern edge of the Guadalupe Mountains . Carlsbad is a hub for potash mining , petroleum production , and tourism . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of the city , and Guadalupe Mountains National Park lies 54 miles ( 87 km ) southwest across the Texas border . The Lincoln National Forest is to the northwest of town .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Eddy County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 53,829 . Its county seat and largest city is Carlsbad . The county was created in 1891 and later organized in 1892 . It is north of the Texas state line . Eddy County comprises the Carlsbad-Artesia , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located in this county . Eddy County is the location of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant .'}]}, {'value': 'Early 20th-century water reclamation project', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kit Carson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kit_Carson_House', 'summary': "The Kit Carson House is a historic house museum at 113 Kit Carson Road in central Taos , New Mexico . Built in 1825 , it was from 1843 until his death the home of frontiersman Kit Carson ( 1809-1868 ) . A good example of Spanish Colonial architecture , it is now owned by the local Masonic fraternity , and serves as a museum dedicated to Carson 's life . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1963 ( # 66000948 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos 36°24′19″N 105°34′20″W / 36.405159°N 105.572131°W / 36.405159 ; -105.572131 ( Kit Carson House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of frontiersman Kit Carson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kit_Carson', 'summary': "Christopher Houston Carson ( December 24 , 1809 - May 23 , 1868 ) , better known as Kit Carson , was an American frontiersman . He was a mountain man ( fur trapper ) , wilderness guide , Indian agent , and U.S. Army officer . Carson became a frontier legend in his own lifetime via biographies and news articles . Often exaggerated versions of his exploits were the subject of dime novels . His understated nature belied confirmed reports of his fearlessness , combat skills , tenacity , and profound effect on the westward expansion of the United States . Carson left home in rural present-day Missouri at age 16 to become a mountain man and trapper in the West . In the 1830s , he accompanied Ewing Young on an expedition to Mexican California and joined fur-trapping expeditions into the Rocky Mountains . He lived among and married into the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes . In the 1840s , Carson was hired as a guide by John C. Frémont . Frémont 's expeditions covered much of California , Oregon , and the Great Basin area . Frémont mapped and wrote reports and commentaries on the Oregon Trail to assist and encourage westward-bound American pioneers . Carson achieved national fame through Frémont 's accounts of his expeditions ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver & Rio Grande Railroad San Juan Extension ( Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbres_and_Toltec_Scenic_Railroad', 'summary': "The Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad , often abbreviated as the C & TSRR , is a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge heritage railroad running for 64 miles ( 103 km ) of track between Antonito , Colorado and Chama , New Mexico , United States . The railroad gets its name from two geographical features along the route , the 10,015-foot ( 3,053 m ) -high Cumbres Pass and the Toltec Gorge . Originally part of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad 's narrow-gauge network , the line has been jointly owned by the states of Colorado and New Mexico since 1970 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 2012 ( # 73000462 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonito , CO and Chama , NM 36°59′04″N 106°18′20″W / 36.98442°N 106.305563°W / 36.98442 ; -106.305563 ( Denver & Rio Grande Railroad San Juan Extension )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonito,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The Town of Antonito is a Statutory Town located in Conejos County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 781 at the 2010 United States Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chama,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Chama is a village in Rio Arriba County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,022 at the 2010 census . The village is located in the Rocky Mountains about 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of the Colorado-New Mexico border . Chama has been featured in numerous films , including The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ( 1969 ) , Bite the Bullett ( 1975 ) , The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez ( 1982 ) and Butch and Sundance : The Early Days ( 1989 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Archuleta , CO , Conejos , CO , and Rio Arriba , NM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archuleta_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Archuleta County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,084 . The county seat and the only incorporated municipality in the county is Pagosa Springs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Conejos_County,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Conejos County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,256 . The county seat is the unincorporated community of Conejos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Rio Arriba County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 40,246 . Its county seat is Tierra Amarilla . Its northern border is the Colorado state line . Rio Arriba County comprises the Española , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Longest and most complete representation of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century railroading', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Santuario de Chimayó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Santuario_de_Chimayo', 'summary': 'El Santuario de Chimayó is a Roman Catholic church in Chimayó , New Mexico , United States . ( Santuario is Spanish for sanctuary . ) This shrine , a National Historic Landmark , is famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site . It receives almost 300,000 visitors per year and has been called no doubt the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1970 ( # 70000412 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chimayo 35°59′21″N 105°55′54″W / 35.989167°N 105.931667°W / 35.989167 ; -105.931667 ( El Santuario de Chimayó )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chimayo,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Chimayó is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Rio Arriba and Santa Fe counties in the U.S. state of New Mexico ; the name derives from a Tewa name for a local landmark , the hill of Tsi Mayoh . The town is unincorporated and includes many neighborhoods , called plazas or placitas , each with its own name , including El Potrero de Chimayó ( the plaza near Chimayó 's communal pasture ) and the Plaza del Cerro ( plaza by the hill ) . The cluster of plazas called Chimayó lies near Santa Cruz about 25 miles north of Santa Fe . The population was 3,177 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe County ( Spanish : Condado de Santa Fe ; meaning Holy faith in Spanish ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,170 , making it New Mexico 's third-most populous county , after Bernalillo County and Doña Ana County . Its county seat is Santa Fe , the state capital . Santa Fe County includes the Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic church , famous for the story of its founding and as a contemporary pilgrimage site', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folsom Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom_Site', 'summary': 'Folsom Site or Wild Horse Arroyo , designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 29CX1 , is a major archaeological site about 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Folsom , New Mexico . It is the type site for the Folsom tradition , a Paleo-Indian cultural sequence dating to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC . The Folsom Site was excavated in 1926 and found to have been a marsh-side kill site or camp where 23 bison had been killed using distinctive tools , known as Folsom points . This site is significant because it was the first time that artifacts indisputably made by humans were found directly associated with faunal remains from an extinct form of bison from the Late Pleistocene . The information culled from this site was the first of a set of discoveries that would allow archaeologists to revise their estimations for the time of arrival of Native Americans on the North American continent .'}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000473 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folsom 36°52′54″N 104°04′16″W / 36.88169°N 104.07108°W / 36.88169 ; -104.07108 ( Folsom Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folsom,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Folsom is a village in Union County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 56 at the 2010 census , down from 75 in 2000 . The town was named after Frances Folsom , the fiancée of President Grover Cleveland .'}]}, {'value': 'Colfax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colfax_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Colfax County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 13,750 . Its county seat is Raton . It is south from the Colorado state line . This county was named for Schuyler Colfax ( 1823-1885 ) , seventeenth Vice President of the United States under U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant . Colfax County is the home of Philmont Scout Ranch and the NRA Whittington Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Archaeological site ; type site for the Folsom tradition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaeological_site', 'summary': 'An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Type_site', 'summary': 'In archaeology a type site ( also known as a type-site or typesite ) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture . For example , the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho , in the West Bank . A type site is also often the eponym ( the site after which the culture is named ) . For example , the type site of the pre-Celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt , Austria . In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation etc . A type site contains artifacts , in an assemblage , that are typical of that culture . Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent . The use of this term is therefore similar to that of the specimen type in biology ( see biological types ) or locus typicus ( type locality ) in geology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Folsom_tradition', 'summary': 'The Complex Folsom is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America . The term was first used in 1927 by Jesse Dade Figgins , director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some restricted to the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada as well as adjacent areas to the west and south west . The Folsom Tradition was characterised by use of Folsom points as projectile tips and activities known from kill sites where slaughter and butchering of bison took place and Folsom tools were left behind . Some kill sites exhibit evidence of up to 50 bison being killed , although the Folsom diet apparently included mountain sheep , marmots , deer and cottontail rabbit as well . A Folsom site at Hanson , Wyoming , also revealed areas of hardstanding , which indicate possible dwellings . The type site is Folsom Site , near Folsom , New Mexico , in Colfax County ( 29CX1 ) , a marsh-side kill site found in about 1908 by George McJunkin , a cowboy and former slave who had lived in Texas as a child . Archaeologists excavated the site in 1926 . The Folsom Complex dates to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC and is thought to have derived from the earlier Clovis culture . The Lindenmeier Site in Colorado is a campsite that was used throughout a longer period , spanning this era .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Bayard Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bayard_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Fort Bayard Historic District encompasses the area that was the location of Fort Bayard , a United States Army military installation north of present-day Santa Clara , New Mexico . Founded in 1866 , the fort at first provided security ( mainly by African-American Buffalo Soldiers ) against Native American attacks on settlers during the settlement of the region in the 19th century . It was then converted into the army 's first tuberculosis sanitarium , and later became a VA hospital . The property is now the Fort Bayard Medical Center , a long-term nursing care facility operated by the state of New Mexico . The only surviving 19th-century elements of the fort are some of its landscaping , and the Fort Bayard National Cemetery . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 19 , 2004 ( # 02000726 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Clara 32°47′47″N 108°08′56″W / 32.796389°N 108.148889°W / 32.796389 ; -108.148889 ( Fort Bayard Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Clara,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Santa Clara is a village in Grant County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,686 at the 2010 census , down from 1,944 at the 2000 census . Today it is a bedroom community for nearby Silver City .'}]}, {'value': 'Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grant_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Grant County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 29,514 . Its county seat is Silver City . The county was founded in 1868 and named for Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States . Grant County comprises the Silver City , NM , Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Site of an 1866 post of Buffalo Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers', 'summary': 'Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Black Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866 :'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glorieta Pass Battlefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glorieta_Pass_Battlefield', 'summary': 'The Glorieta Pass Battlefield was the site of an American Civil War battle that ended Confederate ambitions to cut off the West from the Union . The Battle of Glorieta Pass took place on March 26-28 , 1862 , at Glorieta Pass , on the Santa Fe Trail between the Pecos River and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The pass , and the battlefield , are now bisected by Interstate 25 . Two portions of the battlefield , now publicly owned and operated by the National Park Service as part of Pecos National Historical Park , were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1961 ( # 66000486 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pecos 35°33′36″N 105°47′08″W / 35.56°N 105.785556°W / 35.56 ; -105.785556 ( Glorieta Pass Battlefield )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pecos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Pecos is a village in San Miguel County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,392 at the 2010 census , growing much faster than in other parts of San Miguel County , partly because Pecos is within commuting distance of Santa Fe . The village is built along the Pecos River , which flows from the north out of the Santa Fe National Forest . Notable locations nearby include Pecos National Historical Park , Glorieta Pass , Pecos Benedictine Monastery , and Lisboa Springs Trout Hatchery . It is also an entry point for hunting , fishing , hiking and camping in the Pecos Wilderness . The closest metropolitan area is the Santa Fe metropolitan area , approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe County ( Spanish : Condado de Santa Fe ; meaning Holy faith in Spanish ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,170 , making it New Mexico 's third-most populous county , after Bernalillo County and Doña Ana County . Its county seat is Santa Fe , the state capital . Santa Fe County includes the Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Site of American Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Civil_War', 'summary': "The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass', 'summary': 'The Battle of Glorieta Pass , fought from March 26-28 , 1862 , in the northern New Mexico Territory , was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War . Dubbed the Gettysburg of the West ( a term that serves the novelist better than the historian ) by some authors , it was intended as the decisive blow by Confederate forces to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains . It was fought at Glorieta Pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in what is now New Mexico , and was an important event in the history of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War . There was a skirmish on March 26 between advance elements from each army , with the main battle occurring on March 28 . Although the Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass , they had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses and mules killed or driven off . Eventually the Confederates had to withdraw entirely from the territory back into Confederate Arizona and then Texas . Glorieta Pass thus represented the climax of the campaign .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawikuh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawikuh_Ruins', 'summary': 'Hawikuh ( Hawikku , gum leaves in Zuni ) , was one of the largest of the Zuni pueblos at the time of the Spanish entrada . It was founded around 1400 AD . It was the first pueblo to be visited and conquered by Spanish explorers . The pueblo site is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of Zuni Pueblo , on the Zuni Indian Reservation in Cibola County , New Mexico . The site was designated a National Historic Landmark as the Hawikuh Ruins in 1960 , and is included as part of the Zuni-Cibola Complex of archaeological sites , a larger National Historic Landmark District designated in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1960 ( # 66000502 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zuni 34°56′18″N 108°59′57″W / 34.938404°N 108.999155°W / 34.938404 ; -108.999155 ( Hawikuh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zuni,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Zuni Pueblo ( Zuni : a : shiwi , also Zuñi Pueblo ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in McKinley County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census . It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people . The first contact with Spaniards occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban , an African American origin , Fred Marcos deniza entered Zuni territory seeking the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola . It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways .'}]}, {'value': 'Cibola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cibola_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Cibola County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,213 . Its county seat is Grants . It is New Mexico 's youngest county , and the third youngest county in the United States , created on June 19 , 1981 , from the westernmost four-fifths of the formerly much larger Valencia County . Cibola County comprises the Grants , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also part of the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Largest of the Zuni pueblos ; founded in the 13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Trampas Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Trampas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Las Trampas or just Trampas ( Spanish : traps ) , is a small unincorporated town in Taos County , northern New Mexico , the Southwestern United States . Founded in 1751 , its center retains the original early Spanish colonial defensive layout from that time , as well as the 18th-century San José de Gracia Church , one of the finest surviving examples of Spanish Colonial church architecture in the United States . The village center was designated a National Historic Landmark District ( the Las Trampas Historic District ) in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1967 ( # 67000007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Trampas 36°07′51″N 105°45′48″W / 36.130701°N 105.763285°W / 36.130701 ; -105.763285 ( Las Trampas Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Trampas,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Las Trampas or just Trampas ( Spanish : traps ) , is a small unincorporated town in Taos County , northern New Mexico , the Southwestern United States . Founded in 1751 , its center retains the original early Spanish colonial defensive layout from that time , as well as the 18th-century San José de Gracia Church , one of the finest surviving examples of Spanish Colonial church architecture in the United States . The village center was designated a National Historic Landmark District ( the Las Trampas Historic District ) in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded in 1751 by twelve Spanish families from Santa Fe ; known for the church of San José de Gracia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Historic_District_(Lincoln,_New_Mexico)', 'summary': "Lincoln Historic District is a historic district encompassing the community of Lincoln , New Mexico . The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The historic district contains 48 structures , some privately held , 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Capitan and 57 miles ( 92 km ) west of Roswell along U.S. Route 380 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960 . The National Park Service reviewer of the site , who visited in 1974 , believed that it was the best preserved frontier cow town in the United States . Seventeen of the buildings are owned by the state of New Mexico and operated as Lincoln Historic Site under the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs . Four of the buildings are open as museums year round , and two are open seasonally . It includes a number of buildings , including Wright House , Dr. Wood 's Office , the Watson House , Curry Saloon , Wortley Hotel , Penfield Shop and Home , Tunstall Store , Old Mill , Ellis Store , Old Courthouse , and Montano Store . The town is notable for its famous residents who participated in the Lincoln County War , and as the site of Billy the Kid 's most famous escape in April 1881 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1960 ( # 66000477 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln 33°29′41″N 105°22′56″W / 33.494722°N 105.382222°W / 33.494722 ; -105.382222 ( Lincoln Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Lincoln is an unincorporated village in Lincoln County , New Mexico , United States . It sits in the Bonito Valley between the Sacramento Mountains and the Capitan Mountains at an elevation of 5,696 feet . The village is located approximately 57 miles ( 92 km ) west of Roswell ( by road ) and just south of the Lincoln National Forest . Lincoln is the primary community in zip code 88338 , which had a population of 189 residents in the 2010 census . The village is centered around a 1 mile stretch of U.S. Route 380 ( also known as the Billy the Kid Trail ) , which is the village 's only street . Numerous historic structures dating as far back as the late 1800 's still remain , many of which have been preserved and now operate as public museums . Originally called La Placita del Rio Bonito ( The Place by the Pretty River ) by the Spanish families who settled it in the 1850s , the name of the community was changed to Lincoln when Lincoln County was created on January 16 , 1869 . Lincoln was at the center of the Lincoln County War , 1876-1879 , and is primarily known today for its historical ties to Billy the Kid . The village holds an annual festival called Old Lincoln Days in August featuring an open-air enactment of The Last Escape of Billy the Kid . Lincoln has been Federally designated as the Lincoln Historic District , and also as a New Mexico State Monument called the Lincoln Historic Site . These designations , along with the efforts of generations of local residents , have made Lincoln one of the best preserved old west towns left in existence and the most visited monument in the State of New Mexico . For about a year during World War II , the Old Raton Ranch , an abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp on the outskirts of Lincoln , was used to confine Japanese American railroad workers and their families ."}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 20,497 . Its county seat is Carrizozo , while its largest community is Ruidoso .'}]}, {'value': 'Well-preserved cow town', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory', 'summary': "Los Alamos National Laboratory ( Los Alamos or LANL for short ) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project . It is located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe , New Mexico in the southwestern US . Los Alamos was selected as the top secret location for bomb design in late 1942 , and officially commissioned the next year , under the management of University of California . At the time it was known as Project Y and was the center for weapon design and overall coordination . Other labs , today known as Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Hanford Site , concentrated on the production of uranium and plutonium bomb fuels . Los Alamos was the heart of the project , collecting together some of the world 's most famous scientists , among them numerous Nobel Prize winners . The site was known variously as Project Y , Los Alamos Laboratory , and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory through this period . The lab 's existence was announced to the world in the post-WWII era , when it became known universally as Los Alamos . In 1952 , the Atomic Energy Commission formed a second design lab under the direction of the University of California , Berkeley , becoming the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ) . Since that date the two labs have competed on a wide variety of bomb designs . With the ending of the Cold War , both labs turned their focus increasingly to civilian missions . Today , Los Alamos is one of the largest science and technology institutions in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1965 ( # 66000893 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Alamos 35°52′32″N 106°19′27″W / 35.875556°N 106.324167°W / 35.875556 ; -106.324167 ( Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Alamos ( Spanish : Los Álamos , meaning The Cottonwoods or The Poplars ) is a town in Los Alamos County , New Mexico , United States that is recognized as the development and creation place of the atomic bomb - the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II . The town is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau , and has a population of 12,019 . It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places ( CDPs ) ; the other is White Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Alamos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Los Alamos County ( English : The Poplars or Cottonwoods ) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 17,950 . The smallest county in area of this state was administered exclusively by the U.S. federal government during the Manhattan Project , but now has equal status to New Mexico 's other counties . The county has two population centers known as CDPs : Los Alamos ( the county seat ) and White Rock . Los Alamos County comprises the Los Alamos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area . The county is home to the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Los Alamos County is noted for having the lowest level of child poverty of any county in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) national laboratory ; major site of the Manhattan Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Project', 'summary': 'The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename , Development of Substitute Materials , for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $ 2 billion ( about $ 23 billion in 2018 dollars ) . Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material , with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons . Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war : a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon . The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium , and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium-238 , and with almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate the two .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mabel Dodge Luhan House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mabel_Dodge_Luhan_House', 'summary': 'The Mabel Dodge Luhan House , also known as the Big House , is a historic house at 240 Morada Lane in Taos , New Mexico , United States . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 . It is now used as a hotel and conference center . It was a home of arts supporter and writer Mabel Dodge Luhan ( 1879-1962 ) , where she orchestrated one of the most successful artistic salon environments in the early 20th century United States , hosting well-known writers , painters , photographers , and musicians , and nurturing the young Taos art colony .'}]}, {'value': 'December 4 , 1991 ( # 78001832 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos 36°24′29″N 105°33′52″W / 36.408056°N 105.564444°W / 36.408056 ; -105.564444 ( Mabel Dodge Luhan House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 32,937 . Its county seat is Taos . The county was formed in 1852 as one of the original nine counties in New Mexico Territory . Taos County comprises the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': "Artists ' haven of Mabel Dodge Luhan , now an inn", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mabel_Dodge_Luhan', 'summary': 'Mabel Evans Dodge Sterne Luhan ( pronounced LOO-hahn ; née Ganson ; February 26 , 1879 - August 13 , 1962 ) was a wealthy American patron of the arts , who was particularly associated with the Taos art colony .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuelito Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuelito_Complex', 'summary': 'The Manuelito Complex , also known as Manuelito Canyon Historic District , is a complex of archaeological sites in central western New Mexico . Located in and around Manuelito Canyon , roughly midway between Gallup , New Mexico and Lupton , Arizona , it includes an important collection of Anasazi ruins , with an estimated occupation period of 700-1350 AD . The area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000894 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuelito', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKinley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKinley_County,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "McKinley County is a county in the northwestern section of the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,492 . Its county seat is Gallup . The county was created in 1901 and named for President William McKinley . McKinley County is Gallup 's micropolitan statistical area ."}]}, {'value': 'Major post-Chaco culture sites', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current NHLs', 'section_text': "The NHLs are distributed across 22 of New Mexico 's 33 counties .", 'uid': 'List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_Mexico_0', 'intro': 'This is a complete List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico. New Mexico has 46 National Historic Landmarks (NHLs), including Raton Pass which is shared with Colorado, and listed by the National Park Service as in that state.'}
null
null
What is the date designated for the landmark that was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons ?
# 66000893
0908b2041d26ad85
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling', 'title': 'Stampede Wrestling', 'header': ['#', 'Year', 'Ring name ( Real name )', 'Inducted by', 'Inducted for'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stu Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stu_Hart', 'summary': "Stewart Edward Hart , CM ( May 3 , 1915 - October 16 , 2003 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler , wrestling booker , promoter , coach and trainer , football player , amateur wrestler , and sailor . He is best known for founding and handling Stampede Wrestling , a professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary , Alberta , teaching many individuals at its associated wrestling school The Dungeon and establishing a professional wrestling dynasty consisting of his relatives and close trainees . As the patriarch of the Hart wrestling family , Hart is the ancestor of many wrestlers , most notably being the father of Bret and Owen Hart as well as the grandfather of Natalya Neidhart , Teddy Hart and David Hart Smith . Hart was born to a poor Saskatchewan family but became a successful amateur wrestler during the 1930s and early 1940s , holding many national championships , as well as engaging in many other sports . He began wrestling for show in 1943 with the Royal Canadian Navy while serving in World War II as he could not go to the 1940 Summer Olympics due to the war . After leaving the service he travelled to America and debuted professionally for the New York wrestling territory [ d ] in 1946 . Hart was considered very handsome and a good in-ring performer , focusing on a submission-like and technical style of wrestling , but despite this and being popular in general he was not given a major spotlight by the writers , and soon after marrying Helen Smith , whom he met in New York City , he created his own promotion in Edmonton , Alberta which would be known as Stampede Wrestling [ e ] and took over the surrounding wrestling territory which covered most of western Canada and the US state of Montana . The territory would go on to become known as the Stampede territory thenceforth . In 1949 , Stu and Helen moved to Great Falls , Montana . Hart 's promotion featured a large variety of outside stars from the wrestling industry as well as homegrown talent for whom he booked storylines . Beginning from the 1950s Hart helped train a large number of people for his company and gained a reputation as one of the best teachers in the wrestling business . In October 1951 , Stu and Helen moved to Calgary , Alberta , into what would become the famous Hart House ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling and Promoting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion', 'summary': 'A professional wrestling promotion ( also federation or fed ) is a company or business that regularly performs shows involving professional wrestling . Promotion also describes a role which entails management , advertising and logistics of running a wrestling event ( see promoter ) . Within the convention of the show , the company is a sports governing body which sanctions wrestling matches and gives authority to the championships and is responsible for determining the divisions , rankings , etc . of wrestlers . In truth , the company serves as a touring theatre troupe , as well as event promotion body for its own events . Currently , the major national wrestling organizations in the United States are World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) , Impact Wrestling ( Impact ! ) , Ring of Honor ( ROH ) , Major League Wrestling ( MLW ) and National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The major Mexican lucha libre promotions are Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) and Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) . The top Japanese puroresu promotions are New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) , Pro Wrestling Noah , DDT Pro-Wrestling , and Dragon Gate . Additionally , there are smaller Independent promotions or territories around the world .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Taylor_(Canadian_wrestler)', 'summary': "Jack Taylor ( 1887 - May 19 , 1956 ) was a Canadian successful amateur and professional wrestler . Considered to be Canada 's first great wrestling superstar in his time he was the childhood idol of wrestling icon Stu Hart and trained Toots Mondt ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Mr . Murder Mills ( Adolph Mittlestadt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Thesz ( Aloysius Thesz )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Thesz', 'summary': "Aloysius Martin Lou Thesz ( April 24 , 1916 - April 28 , 2002 ) was an American professional wrestler . A fifteen-time world champion , he held the NWA World Heavyweight Championship three times for a combined total of 10 years , three months and nine days ( 3,749 days ) - longer than anyone else in history . Thesz is widely regarded as one of the greatest wrestlers of all time . In Japan , Thesz was known as a 'God of Wrestling ' and was called Tetsujin , which means 'Ironman ' , in respect for his speed , conditioning and expertise in catch wrestling . In addition to being a member of its inaugural class , he helped establish the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and is a charter member of several other halls of fame , including : WCW , Wrestling Observer Newsletter , Professional Wrestling and WWE 's Legacy Wing ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Riot Call Wright ( James Wright )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rube Wright ( Reuben Wright )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat McGill ( Patrick McGill )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sky Hi Lee ( Robert Leedy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sky_Hi_Lee', 'summary': 'Robert E. Leedy ( 9 February 1921 - 1974 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler , boxer and actor , better known by his ring name , Ski Hi Lee ( also spelled Sky Hi Lee , Sky High Lee , and Sky Hy Lee ) . Known for his great height and strength , he was described as the tallest professional wrestler of his era and as among the roughest in the business .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luther Lindsay ( Luther Goodall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luther_Lindsay', 'summary': "Luther Jacob Goodall ( December 30 , 1924 - February 21 , 1972 ) was an American professional football player and wrestler , known by his ringname Luther Lindsay or Lindsey , who competed throughout the United States with the National Wrestling Alliance as well as international promotions such as All Japan Pro Wrestling , Joint Promotions and Stampede Wrestling . One of the first African American wrestlers to become a major star , he was extremely popular in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlantic territory . A frequent rival and tag team partner of Shag Thomas , he also teamed with Bearcat Wright , Nick Bockwinkel , Pepper Gomez and was involved in feuds with Iron Mike DiBiase , Mad Dog Vachon , Beauregarde , Moondog Mayne , Tony Borne and Pat Patterson & The Hangman . For much of the early 1950s and '60s , Lindsay was billed as the U.S . Colored ( or Negro ) Heavyweight Champion and took part in the first interracial professional wrestling matches held in the United States . Between 1953 and 1956 , he faced NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz in a series of matches . Although largely resulting in time limit draws , he was the first African-American to make a challenge to the title and earned Thesz 's respect during these bouts publicly praising his wrestling ability . He was considered one of the top submission wrestlers of his day working with Don Leo Jonathan and Stu Hart . Lindsay was one of the few men who bested him in the infamous Hart Dungeon and later became one of Hart 's best friends . Hart reportedly carried a picture of him in his wallet until his death . He was held in high regard by his fellow wrestlers such as Lou Thesz , J.J. Dillon , Rip Hawk and Les Thatcher ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. Bill Miller ( William Miller )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Bill_Miller', 'summary': 'William M. Miller ( June 5 , 1927 - March 24 , 1997 ) was an American professional wrestler . He is a one time American Wrestling Association World champion and also wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance , the World Wrestling Association in Indianapolis and the World Wide Wrestling Federation . He was a Nine-letterman at Ohio State University , in Football , Wrestling , and Track . He was an All-American Heavyweight wrestler , a two-time Big Ten heavyweight champion , and Conference MVP his Sr. year . He was an All-American shot-put and discus track star , also . He was voted into the Ohio State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997 for both Wrestling and Track .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whipper Billy Watson ( William Potts )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whipper_Billy_Watson', 'summary': 'William John Potts , OOnt ( June 25 , 1915 - February 4 , 1990 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler best known by his ring name Whipper Billy Watson , and was a two-time world heavyweight wrestling champion .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Thunderbird ( Jean Baptiste Paul )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl McCready', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_McCready', 'summary': 'Earl Gray McCready ( June 5 , 1905 - December 9 , 1983 ) was a Canadian amateur wrestler . McCready competed in the U.S. for Oklahoma State University in folkstyle , and as a freestyle sport wrestler who competed for Canada in the 1928 Summer Olympics . Later in life he became a pro wrestler .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pat O'Connor ( Patrick O'Connor )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pat_O'Connor_(wrestler)", 'summary': "Patrick John O'Connor ( 22 August 1924 - 16 August 1990 ) , was a New Zealand professional wrestler . Regarded as one of the premier workers of his era , O'Connor held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship and NWA World Heavyweight Championship simultaneously , the latter of which he held for approximately two years . He was also the inaugural AWA World Heavyweight Champion ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilio DiPaolo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilio_DiPaolo', 'summary': 'Ilio DiPaolo ( November 7 , 1926 - May 10 , 1995 ) , was an Italian professional wrestler and restaurateur who lived in the Buffalo , New York area .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Édouard Carpentier ( Édouard Weiczorkiewicz )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Édouard_Carpentier', 'summary': 'Édouard Ignacz Weiczorkiewicz ( Russian : Эдуард Виецз ; July 17 , 1926 - October 30 , 2010 ) was a French-born Canadian professional wrestler better known by his ring name Édouard Carpentier . In a career that spanned from the 1950s into the 1970s , he garnered several world championships .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gorgeous George ( George Wagner )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorgeous_George', 'summary': 'George Raymond Wagner ( March 24 , 1915 - December 26 , 1963 ) was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name Gorgeous George . In the United States , during the First Golden Age of Professional Wrestling in the 1940s-1950s , Gorgeous George became one of the biggest stars of the sport , gaining media attention for his outrageous character , which was described as flamboyant and charismatic . He was posthumously inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2002 and the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina Rocca ( Antonino Biasetton )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina_Rocca', 'summary': 'Antonino Rocca ( born Antonino Biasetton , 13 April 1921 - 15 March 1977 ) was an Italian Argentinian professional wrestler . He tag teamed with partner Miguel Pérez . He was posthumously inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 1995 and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killer Kowalski ( Edward Spulnik )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killer_Kowalski', 'summary': 'Walter Kowalski ( born Edward Władysław Spulnik ; October 13 , 1926 - August 30 , 2008 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler . Kowalski wrestled for numerous promotions during his career , including the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) and World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF , now WWE ) , and was a known villain professional wrestler . He held numerous championships including the WWWF World Tag Team Championship with Big John Studd billed as The Executioners and managed by Lou Albano . After retiring in 1977 , Kowalski started a professional wrestling school in Malden , Massachusetts and trained many professional wrestlers , including Studd , Triple H , Chyna , Eddie Edwards , Kofi Kingston , Damien Sandow , Fandango , Brittany Brown , April Hunter , John Kronus , Perry Saturn , and Tommaso Ciampa .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czaya Nandor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling', 'summary': 'Professional wrestling , often shortened to pro wrestling or simply wrestling , is a form of performance art and entertainment that combines athletics with theatrical performance . It takes the form of events , held by touring companies , that mimic a title-match combat sport . The unique form of sport portrayed is fundamentally based on and evolved from classical and catch wrestling , with modern additions of striking attacks , strength-based holds and throws and acrobatic maneuvers . Much of these derive from the influence of various international martial arts . An additional aspect of combat with improvised weaponry is sometimes included . The matches have predetermined outcomes to heighten entertainment value and all combative maneuvers are executed with the full cooperation of those involved and carefully performed in specific manners intended to lessen the chance of actual injury . These facts were once kept highly secret but are now publicly acknowledged by both performers and promotions . To promote and sustain the willing suspension of disbelief by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude , the performing company avoids discussing the true nature of the performance in official media . Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media ( i.e. , interviews ) often directly acknowledge the dramatic and fixed nature of the spectacle . [ citation needed ]'}]}], 'section_title': 'Hall of Fame', 'section_text': "The Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame list professional wrestlers and others who have competed in Stampede Wrestling , from Stu Hart 's Klondike Wrestling to the original Stampede Wrestling promotion which closed in 1990 . [ 19 ]", 'uid': 'Stampede_Wrestling_2', 'intro': "Stampede Wrestling was a Canadian professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary, Alberta. For nearly 50 years, it was one of the main promotions in western Canada and the Canadian Prairies. Originally established by Stu Hart in 1948, the promotion competed with other promotions such as NWA All-Star Wrestling and Pacific Northwest Wrestling and regularly ran events in Calgary's Victoria Pavilion, Ogden Auditorium and the Stampede Corral between 1948 and 1984. Bought out by promoter Vince McMahon, the company was briefly run by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) before being sold back to the Hart family the following year. Run by Bruce Hart until January 1990, he and Ross Hart reopened the promotion in 1999 and began running events in the Alberta area. Along with its wrestling school known as The Dungeon, many of the promotion's former alumni becoming some of the most popular stars in the World Wrestling Federation and other American promotions during the 1980s and 1990s, the promotion produced one of the earliest televised professional wrestling programs (today considered the forerunner of today's WWE) that remained one of Calgary's most popular sports programs eventually airing in over 50 countries."}
null
null
What was the rank of the wrestler who was extremely popular in the Pacific Northwest and Mid-Atlantic territory ?
9
090a0e90359c19e8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Quebec', 'title': 'List of airports in Quebec', 'header': ['Community', 'Airport name', 'TC LID'], 'data': [{'value': 'Akulivik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akulivik', 'summary': 'Akulivik ( Inuktitut : ᐊᑯᓕᕕᒃ ) ( 2016 population 633 ) is an Inuit village in Nunavik , in northern Quebec , Canada . It is located on a peninsula that juts southwesterly into Hudson Bay across from Smith Island ( Qikirtajuaq ) . Akulivik lies 1,850 km north of Montreal . Akulivik , meaning central prong of a kakivak in the Nunavik dialect of Inuktitut , takes its name from the surrounding geography . Located on a peninsula between two bays , the area evokes the shape of a kakivak , a traditional , trident-shaped spear used for fishing . Telephone and internet are furnished by satellite . There is no hospital , but a clinic staffed by nurses provides non-critical care ; otherwise air ambulances are available . Policing is done by the Kativik Regional Police Force .'}]}, {'value': 'Akulivik Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akulivik_Airport', 'summary': 'Akulivik Airport ( IATA : AKV , ICAO : CYKO ) is located 1.5 nautical miles ( 2.8 km ; 1.7 mi ) southwest of Akulivik , Quebec , Canada . The town is located on the western or Hudson Bay side of the Ungava Peninsula . The airport features a 3,521 by 100 ft ( 1,073 by 30 m ) runway made of gravel . It is operated by the Kativik Regional Government .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Alma ( 2011 Town population : 30,904 ; CA Population 33,018 ; UA Population 26,016 ) is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Alma Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma_Airport', 'summary': 'Alma Airport ( IATA : YTF , ICAO : CYTF ) is located 2.2 nautical miles ( 4.1 km ; 2.5 mi ) south of Alma , Quebec , Canada . It mainly offers private flights , but it also has storage for private jets . Other services provided by Alma Airport are refuelling of Jet A type services , service of charters of helicopters and helicopter maintenance , service of refuelling of 100 LL type by Aviatech Products , air ambulance of the Quebec Government services , road maintenance , free parking next to the airport , and private terminals .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Alma ( 2011 Town population : 30,904 ; CA Population 33,018 ; UA Population 26,016 ) is a town in the Canadian province of Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Alma ( Rivière La Grande Décharge ) Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alma_(Rivière_La_Grande_Décharge)_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Alma ( Rivière La Grande Décharge ) Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CGD2 ) is located 1 nautical mile ( 1.9 km ; 1.2 mi ) northeast of Alma , Quebec , Canada and is open from the middle of April to the middle of November . For limited VFR advisory services , contact Bagotville terminal control 121.2 MHz .'}]}, {'value': 'CGD2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos,_Quebec', 'summary': "Amos is a town in northwestern Quebec , Canada , on the Harricana River . It is the seat of Abitibi Regional County Municipality . Amos is the main town on the Harricana River , and the smallest of the three primary towns - after Rouyn-Noranda and Val-d'Or - in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec . Its main resources are spring water , gold and wood products , including paper . In 2012 , Quebec Lithium Corp. re-opened Canada 's first lithium mine , which had operated as an underground mine from 1955-65 . They are planning to carve an open pit mine over pegmatite dikes . ( The pegmatite is about 1% lithium carbonate . ) The mine is about 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) north of Val-d'Or , 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) southeast of Amos , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) km west of Barraute . It is in the northeast corner of La Corne Township . Access to the mine is via paved road from Val d'Or . The smaller communities of Lac-Gauvin and Saint-Maurice-de-Dalquier are also within the municipal boundaries of Amos ."}]}, {'value': 'Amos ( Lac Figuery ) Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos_(Lac_Figuery)_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Amos ( Lac Figuery ) Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CSC6 ) is located 4 nautical miles ( 7.4 km ; 4.6 mi ) south of Amos , Quebec , Canada and is open from May until November .'}]}, {'value': 'CSC6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos,_Quebec', 'summary': "Amos is a town in northwestern Quebec , Canada , on the Harricana River . It is the seat of Abitibi Regional County Municipality . Amos is the main town on the Harricana River , and the smallest of the three primary towns - after Rouyn-Noranda and Val-d'Or - in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec . Its main resources are spring water , gold and wood products , including paper . In 2012 , Quebec Lithium Corp. re-opened Canada 's first lithium mine , which had operated as an underground mine from 1955-65 . They are planning to carve an open pit mine over pegmatite dikes . ( The pegmatite is about 1% lithium carbonate . ) The mine is about 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) north of Val-d'Or , 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) southeast of Amos , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) km west of Barraute . It is in the northeast corner of La Corne Township . Access to the mine is via paved road from Val d'Or . The smaller communities of Lac-Gauvin and Saint-Maurice-de-Dalquier are also within the municipal boundaries of Amos ."}]}, {'value': 'Amos/Magny Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos/Magny_Airport', 'summary': 'Amos/Magny Airport ( IATA : YEY , ICAO : CYEY ) is located 5 nautical miles ( 9.3 km ; 5.8 mi ) west of Amos , Quebec , Canada . It is a public airport operated by the Town of Amos in the province of Quebec . It features a 4,992 by 100 ft ( 1,522 by 30 m ) asphalt runway .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aupaluk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aupaluk', 'summary': 'Aupaluk ( Inuktitut : ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃ ) ( 2011 Population : 195 ) is a northern village in Nunavik , in the Nord-du-Québec region of Quebec . It is the least-populous Inuit community in Nunavik . The name means where the earth is red , referring to its iron-bearing ( ferruginous ) soil . Its population has been increasing : it was 174 in 2006 , up from 159 in 2001 . Aupaluk is located on the western shore of Ungava Bay , north of Tasiujaq and 80 km south of Kangirsuk . It is about 150 km northwest of Kuujjuaq . It is served by nearby Aupaluk Airport . Since 1996 , the Kativik Regional Police Force ( KRPF ) provides police services for the village .'}]}, {'value': 'Aupaluk Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aupaluk_Airport', 'summary': 'Aupaluk Airport ( IATA : YPJ , ICAO : CYLA ) is located 0.2 nautical miles ( 0.37 km ; 0.23 mi ) east of Aupaluk , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bagotville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Baie,_Quebec', 'summary': "La Baie ( French pronunciation : /la bɛ/ , Quebec French pronunciation : /la be/ ) is one of three boroughs in the city of Saguenay , Quebec , Canada . It was created during Quebec 's municipal reorganization in 2002 . From 1976 to 2001 , it was known as the Town of La Baie , a municipality composed of the Grande-Baie , Bagotville , and Port-Alfred sectors . It is located on the bank of the Ha ! Ha ! Bay ( French : baie des Ha ! Ha ! ) at the mouths of the Ha ! Ha ! River ( French : rivière Ha ! Ha ! ) and the Mars River ( French : rivière à Mars ) ."}]}, {'value': 'CFB Bagotville ( Bagotville Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFB_Bagotville', 'summary': "Canadian Forces Base Bagotville ( IATA : YBG , ICAO : CYBG ) , commonly referred to as CFB Bagotville , and also known as Bagotville Airport or Saguenay-Bagotville Airport , is a Canadian Forces base located 4.5 nautical miles ( 8.3 km ; 5.2 mi ) west of Bagotville in the city of Saguenay . Located in the centre of Quebec , less than 200 km ( 120 mi ) north of Quebec City , CFB Bagotville is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) and is one of two bases in the country using the CF-18 Hornet fighter/interceptor , the other being CFB Cold Lake . Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 3 Wing , commonly referred to as 3 Wing Bagotville . CFB Bagotville 's airfield is also used by civilian aircraft , with civilian operations at the base referring to the facility as Saguenay-Bagotville Airport ( French : Aéroport Saguenay-Bagotville ) . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers can handle civilian aircraft with no more than 30 passengers between 0800-1630 on weekdays . As of July 2019 , the base commander is Colonel Normand Gagné . As of 2018 , approximately 1,700 military and civilian people work at CFB Bagotville ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau ( [ be.kɔ.mo ] ; 2016 city population 21,536 ; CA population 27,692 ) is a city located approximately 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River , and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality . There are two urban area population centres within the city limits : Baie-Comeau proper , with a population of 9,610 , and Hauterive , with a population of 11,549 , as of the 2016 Canadian Census . The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay , which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau , a Québécois naturalist . Former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney is a native of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau_Airport', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau Airport ( IATA : YBC , ICAO : CYBC ) is located 5 nautical miles ( 9.3 km ; 5.8 mi ) south southwest of Baie-Comeau , Quebec , near the St. Lawrence River .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau ( [ be.kɔ.mo ] ; 2016 city population 21,536 ; CA population 27,692 ) is a city located approximately 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River , and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality . There are two urban area population centres within the city limits : Baie-Comeau proper , with a population of 9,610 , and Hauterive , with a population of 11,549 , as of the 2016 Canadian Census . The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay , which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau , a Québécois naturalist . Former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney is a native of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau/Héli-Manicouagan Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSN9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau ( [ be.kɔ.mo ] ; 2016 city population 21,536 ; CA population 27,692 ) is a city located approximately 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River , and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality . There are two urban area population centres within the city limits : Baie-Comeau proper , with a population of 9,610 , and Hauterive , with a population of 11,549 , as of the 2016 Canadian Census . The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay , which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau , a Québécois naturalist . Former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney is a native of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau ( Manic 1 ) Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau_(Manic_1)_Airport', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau ( Manic 1 ) Airport ( TC LID : CSL9 ) , is located 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ; 2.3 mi ) south southwest of Baie-Comeau , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CSL9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau ( [ be.kɔ.mo ] ; 2016 city population 21,536 ; CA population 27,692 ) is a city located approximately 420 kilometres ( 260 mi ) north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec , Canada . It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River near the mouth of the Manicouagan River , and is the seat of Manicouagan Regional County Municipality . There are two urban area population centres within the city limits : Baie-Comeau proper , with a population of 9,610 , and Hauterive , with a population of 11,549 , as of the 2016 Canadian Census . The city is named after the adjacent Comeau Bay , which is named in honour of Napoléon-Alexandre Comeau , a Québécois naturalist . Former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney is a native of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Baie-Comeau Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Comeau_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Baie-Comeau Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CSD6 ) , is located on the Manicouagan River , Quebec , Canada and is open from May until October . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers .'}]}, {'value': 'CSD6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baie-Saint-Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baie-Saint-Paul', 'summary': 'Baie-Saint-Paul ( 2011 Population 7,332 ; UA population 4,535 ) is a city in the Province of Quebec , Canada , on the northern shore of the Saint Lawrence River . Baie-Saint-Paul is the seat of Charlevoix Regional County Municipality . The city is situated at the mouth of the Gouffre River . It is known for its art galleries , shops and restaurants . The place gained some prominence in the 1770s when Doctor Philippe-Louis-François Badelard named a disease he was researching the Baie-Saint-Paul maladie . This illness was the subject of one of the first medical publications done in Lower Canada . It is also where Cirque du Soleil originated back in the early 1980s and the location of the first show using the name Cirque du Soleil during La Fete Foraine de Baie-Saint-Paul in 1984 . A visitor in the early 1800s noticed mineral springs and mineral resources in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Baie-Saint-Paul Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CTD4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrage Gouin Lodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Maurice_River', 'summary': "The Saint-Maurice River ( Atikamekw : Tapiskwan sipi ) flows North to South in central Quebec from Gouin Reservoir to empty into the Saint Lawrence River at Trois-Rivières , in the province of Quebec , in Canada . From its source at Gouin Reservoir , located at the same latitude as the Lac Saint-Jean , the river has a total drop of about 405 meters ( 1330 ' ) , to finally reach the St. Lawrence river at Trois-Rivières . The river is 563 km ( 350 miles ) in length and has a drainage basin of 43,300 km² ( 16,700 sq.miles ) . Saint-Maurice river is one of the most important tributaries of the St. Lawrence river . The main tributaries of the Saint-Maurice River are :"}]}, {'value': 'Barrage Gouin Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrage_Gouin_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Barrage Gouin Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CTP3 ) , is located on the St-Maurice River , Quebec , Canada and is open from the middle of May until the middle of November .'}]}, {'value': 'CTP3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bécancour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bécancour,_Quebec', 'summary': "Bécancour ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ bekɑ̃kuʁ ] ) is a city in the Centre-du-Québec region of Québec , Canada ; it is the seat of the Bécancour Regional County Municipality . It is located on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River at the confluence of the Bécancour River , opposite Trois-Rivières . Wôlinak , an Abenaki Indian reserve , is an enclave within the town of Bécancour . They arrived from Norridgewock , Maine ( formerly Acadia ) in the aftermath of Father Rale 's War . There was a small migration of Acadians to the village ( 1759 ) , after the British began the Expulsion of the Acadians from the Maritimes . Specifically , the Acadians migrated from present-day New Brunswick to avoid being killed or captured in the St. John River Campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'Bécancour Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heliports_in_Canada', 'summary': 'WThis is an alphabetical list of heliports in Canada . They are listed in the format :'}]}, {'value': 'CSV3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blanc-Sablon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blanc-Sablon,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Blanc-Sablon is the easternmost community in Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality , in the province of Quebec , Canada . With a population of 1,118 inhabitants , it is the most populous community in the county municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon_Airport', 'summary': 'Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport , ( IATA : YBX , ICAO : CYBX ) , is located 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ; 2.3 mi ) north of Blanc-Sablon , Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality , in administrative region of Côte-Nord , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Sea Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Sea_Lake', 'summary': 'Blue Sea Lake ( in French : Lac Blue Sea ) is a lake in the municipalities of Blue Sea and Messines , Quebec , Canada , about 90 kilometers ( 56 mi ) north of Gatineau . It is known for its crystal clear water and is surrounded by cottages on its shores . The blue waters of Blue Sea Lake , together with its dimensions and the absence of significant relief around , create the illusion of a sea . It feeds the Blue Sea River which empties into the Picanoc River , in turn a tributary of the Gatineau River . Its name first appeared on a map of Hull County in 1928 . Just over 10 kilometers ( 6.2 mi ) to the west , in Cayamant , is another , somewhat smaller lake called Lac de la Mer Bleue , which also means Blue Sea Lake . To distinguish between these two lakes , the English name is used for the larger one , even in French .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Sea Lake ( Outaouais Aviation ) Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Sea_Lake_(Outaouais_Aviation)_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Blue Sea Lake ( Outaouais Aviation ) Water Aerodrome ( TC LID : CBS6 ) is located on Blue Sea Lake , Quebec Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CBS6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonaventure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonaventure,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Bonaventure is a town on the Gaspé Peninsula in the Bonaventure Regional County Municipality of Quebec . It is located on Baie des Chaleurs near the mouth of the Bonaventure River . The town is situated on Route 132 between Saint-Siméon and New Carlisle . The Quebec Acadian Museum ( Musée Acadien du Québec ) is located in the town . The town was named after the Italian saint Bonaventure .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonaventure Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonaventure_Airport', 'summary': 'Bonaventure Airport ( IATA : YVB , ICAO : CYVB ) is located 1.6 nautical miles ( 3.0 km ; 1.8 mi ) northeast of Bonaventure , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bromont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bromont,_Quebec', 'summary': 'Bromont is a city in southwestern Quebec , Canada , at the base of Mont Brome ; it is in the Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality . The Bromont area and its resort , Ski Bromont , is well known as a tourist destination for its downhill skiing , mountain biking , BMX-riding and water slides . It also features golf and equestrian events in moderate weather . Bromont also boasts a high-tech industrial park , which includes IBM , General Electric , and Teledyne DALSA . Bromont ( Roland Désourdy ) Airport serves the region . In the southern portion of the city lies Lac Bromont , the largest lake within the city limits , and the smaller Lac Gale , near which is built BALNEA Spa , the largest bathhouse resort in Quebec . On June 9 , 2014 , the International Federation for Equestrian Sports ( FEI ) chose Bromont as the site of the 2018 FEI World Equestrian Games . The main venue for the games was supposed to be the Bromont Olympic Equestrian Park . On July 22 , 2016 , Bromont was forced to withdraw from hosting the event because of financial problems .'}]}, {'value': 'Bromont ( Roland Désourdy ) Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bromont_(Roland_Désourdy)_Airport', 'summary': 'The Roland-Désourdy Airport ( IATA : ZBM , ICAO : CZBM ) ( formerly known as Eastern Townships Regional Airport or simply Bromont Airport ) is located 3.4 nautical miles ( 6.3 km ; 3.9 mi ) west-southwest of Bromont , Quebec , Canada . Traffic at Roland-Désourdy Airport is represented mainly by small , single-engine aircraft ; jets and big aircraft are not common . The airport serves general aviation and has no scheduled flights . A commercial aircraft maintenance facility also operates in ZBM . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle commercial and general aviation aircraft , with no more than 15 passengers .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caniapiscau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caniapiscau,_Quebec', 'summary': "Caniapiscau ( English : /ˌkæniəˈpɪskoʊ/ ) is a vast unorganized territory in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec , Canada , part of Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality . The territory is home to the huge Caniapiscau Reservoir , the largest body of water in Quebec . The reservoir was named after Lake Caniapiscau that was flooded in 1981 during the formation of the reservoir . The name comes from the Cree or Innu term kaniapiskau or kaneapiskak which means rocky point or place where there is a rocky point . Albert Peter Low had noted in 1895 that a high rocky headland jutts into the lake . He probably referred to the northwest facing peninsula that gives the reservoir the shape of an arc as we know it now . In the 19th century , Lake Caniapiscau was frequented by hunters and fur traders . In 1834 , the Hudson 's Bay Company opened there an outpost to link its facilities in the James Bay region with those of Ungava Bay . The Kaniapiskau Post closed its doors in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Caniapiscau Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caniapiscau_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Caniapiscau Aerodrome ( TC LID : CCP6 ) is located near Caniapiscau in Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CCP6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caniapiscau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caniapiscau,_Quebec', 'summary': "Caniapiscau ( English : /ˌkæniəˈpɪskoʊ/ ) is a vast unorganized territory in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec , Canada , part of Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality . The territory is home to the huge Caniapiscau Reservoir , the largest body of water in Quebec . The reservoir was named after Lake Caniapiscau that was flooded in 1981 during the formation of the reservoir . The name comes from the Cree or Innu term kaniapiskau or kaneapiskak which means rocky point or place where there is a rocky point . Albert Peter Low had noted in 1895 that a high rocky headland jutts into the lake . He probably referred to the northwest facing peninsula that gives the reservoir the shape of an arc as we know it now . In the 19th century , Lake Caniapiscau was frequented by hunters and fur traders . In 1834 , the Hudson 's Bay Company opened there an outpost to link its facilities in the James Bay region with those of Ungava Bay . The Kaniapiskau Post closed its doors in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lac Pau ( Caniapiscau ) Water Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lac_Pau_(Caniapiscau)_Water_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Lac Pau ( Caniapiscau ) Water Aerodrome , ( TC LID : CTP4 ) , is located on Lac Pau near Caniapiscau , Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CTP4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of airports and heliports', 'section_text': 'The list is sorted by the name of the community served , click the sort buttons in the table header to switch listing order .', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_Quebec_0', 'intro': 'This is a complete list of airports, water aerodromes and heliports in the Canadian province of Quebec.'}
null
null
What is the name of the community whose airport mainly offers private flights , but it also has storage for private jets ?
Alma
090a6f056a633f2a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooloolaba_Triathlon', 'title': 'Mooloolaba Triathlon', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Country', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Mola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Mola', 'summary': 'Mario Mola ( born 23 February 1990 in Palma de Mallorca ) , is a Spanish professional triathlete . He is the 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ITU World Triathlon Series World Champion . He has placed 19th at the London Olympic Games 2012 and 8th at the Rio Olympic Games 2016 . In addition to his World Triathlon Series wins , he has placed second and third in 2014 and 2015 ITU World Triathlon Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '52:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Hauss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Hauss', 'summary': 'David Hauss ( born 1 February 1984 in Paris ) is a French professional triathlete and bronze medalist at the European Championships 2010 . Thanks to his 7th position at the World Championship Series triathlon in London ( 7 August 2011 ) , together with Laurent Vidal , he qualified for the Olympic Games 2012 , where he finished in 4th place , eighteen seconds behind bronze medalist Jonathan Brownlee . David Hauss is number 6 in the World Championship Series ranking 2011 and thus the best French elite triathlete . At the French Championship ( Olympic Distance ) in Villiers-sur-Loir ( 24 September 2011 ) he placed 10th . Like Emmie Charayron , Charlotte Morel , Laurent Vidal and other top triathletes , Hauss belongs to the Military Triathlon Team Equipe de France militaire de triathlon . Hauss also takes part in the prestigious French Club Championship Series Lyonnaise des Eaux . Like many of the French top triathletes , e.g . Emmie Charayron , he represents Lagardère Paris Racing . At the opening triathlon in Nice ( 24 April 2011 ) he placed 6th in the individual ranking and was the second best of his club behind Steffen Justus . At Dunkirk and Paris , Hauss was not present . In 2015 , he is part of ECS Triathlon club . David Hauss lives in Les Avirons , La Réunion , and in Saint-Raphaël , Var .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '55:22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Mola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Mola', 'summary': 'Mario Mola ( born 23 February 1990 in Palma de Mallorca ) , is a Spanish professional triathlete . He is the 2016 , 2017 and 2018 ITU World Triathlon Series World Champion . He has placed 19th at the London Olympic Games 2012 and 8th at the Rio Olympic Games 2016 . In addition to his World Triathlon Series wins , he has placed second and third in 2014 and 2015 ITU World Triathlon Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '54:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Gómez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Gómez_Noya', 'summary': "Francisco Javier Gómez Noya ( born 25 March 1983 ) is a Spanish triathlete . He is the winner of five ITU Triathlon World Championships , he holds three ITU Triathlon World Cup titles , and won the Silver medal for Spain at the 2012 Summer Olympics in men 's triathlon . He has also won world titles for Ironman 70.3 and XTERRA Triathlon . Born to Spanish immigrants ( both from Galicia ) in Basel , Switzerland , he returned to Spain and now lives in Pontevedra , Galicia ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:54:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Kerr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:49:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitchell Robins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell_Robins', 'summary': 'Mitchell Paul Robins ( born 21 June 1988 in Port Macquarie , New South Wales ) is an Australian professional triathlete who races primarily non-drafting Olympic distance and long-distance triathlons .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:51:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Kahlefeldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Kahlefeldt', 'summary': 'Bradley Kahlefeldt ( born 27 July 1979 ) is an Australian triathlete born in Temora , NSW . Kahlefeldt has lived in the city of Wagga Wagga since 1982 . Brad now splits his time between the Gold Coast and France during the European summer . He won the gold medal in the 2006 Commonwealth Games Triathlon . Brad has three World Championship Bronze Medals ( 2005 , 2007 , 2010 ) twice while it was called the World Championship and once while it was called the World Championship Series ( see ITU World Triathlon Series for details ) and also competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and 2012 London Olympic Games . Kahlefedlt was chosen as the 2008 Australia Day Ambassador for his home city of Wagga Wagga . He is an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:51:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courtney Atkinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtney_Atkinson', 'summary': "Courtney Atkinson ( born 15 August 1979 ) is a professional Australian triathlete born in Mackay , Queensland . Atkinson was a member of Australia 's 2008 Olympic triathlon team , where he finished 11th in men 's triathlon , and the 2012 Olympic triathlon team where he placed 18th . Additionally in his career Atkinson won the Men 's International Triathlon Union ( ITU ) 2009 World Cup races in Mooloolaba and Ishigaki and had won four consecutive Australian Junior Triathlon Championships from 1996 to 1999 . In 2002 , 2003 and 2004 he was Australias Triathlete of the Year . Atkinson moved to the 70.3 IRONMAN distance in 2013 and won his first event in Cairns"}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:52:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Gómez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Gómez_Noya', 'summary': "Francisco Javier Gómez Noya ( born 25 March 1983 ) is a Spanish triathlete . He is the winner of five ITU Triathlon World Championships , he holds three ITU Triathlon World Cup titles , and won the Silver medal for Spain at the 2012 Summer Olympics in men 's triathlon . He has also won world titles for Ironman 70.3 and XTERRA Triathlon . Born to Spanish immigrants ( both from Galicia ) in Basel , Switzerland , he returned to Spain and now lives in Pontevedra , Galicia ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:49:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brad Kahlefeldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Kahlefeldt', 'summary': 'Bradley Kahlefeldt ( born 27 July 1979 ) is an Australian triathlete born in Temora , NSW . Kahlefeldt has lived in the city of Wagga Wagga since 1982 . Brad now splits his time between the Gold Coast and France during the European summer . He won the gold medal in the 2006 Commonwealth Games Triathlon . Brad has three World Championship Bronze Medals ( 2005 , 2007 , 2010 ) twice while it was called the World Championship and once while it was called the World Championship Series ( see ITU World Triathlon Series for details ) and also competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and 2012 London Olympic Games . Kahlefedlt was chosen as the 2008 Australia Day Ambassador for his home city of Wagga Wagga . He is an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:49:22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'ITU men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Mooloolaba_Triathlon_0', 'intro': 'The Mooloolaba Triathlon is an annual triathlon held in Mooloolaba, Queensland, Australia since 1993. It begins with open water swimming, then cycling and running. USM EVENTS owns and manages the Mooloolaba Triathlon Festival. The Mooloolaba Triathlon Festival (MTF) celebrated its 20th year in 2012 and attracted approximately 7,000 age group and team competitors. Catering for participants of all abilities and age groups, the Mooloolaba Triathlon has grown into the second largest Olympic distance triathlon event in Australia. The Mooloolaba Triathlon is the centrepiece of a three-day multi-sport festival. In addition to attracting international and Australian elite sportsmen and women, the festival provides a range of opportunities for the not so elite athlete, including the Age Group Triathlon, Asics Twilight 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) Run, the Peregian Springs Mooloolaba Ocean Swim, and for the kids, The Courier- Mail Mooloolaba Superkidz Triathlon. The MTF also hosts a three-day Expo from Friday through to Sunday. The Expo is popular with a variety of festival partners and exhibitors showing, promoting and selling their products. Also staged in conjunction with the festival, is the International Triathlon Union Mooloolaba Triathlon World Cup; the only Australian leg of the ITU Triathlon World Cup Series. Being the first race of the series for the new year, this World Cup event consistently attracts thousands of spectators and a very strong international field. In 2011, the worlds top triathletes raced for a prize pool totalling US$100,000.'}
null
null
The winner from 2014 raced in how many Olympic Games ?
two
090b8a9c4c48979e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors', 'title': 'List of Jewish actors', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Nationality', 'Prominent roles'], 'data': [{'value': 'Reymond Amsalem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reymond_Amsalem', 'summary': 'Reymond Amsalem ( Hebrew : ריימונד אמסלם , born 19 July 1978 ) is an Israeli actress . She has appeared in more than 20 films since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '1978-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hostages', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hostages_(Israeli_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Hostages ( Hebrew : בני ערובה , romanized : Bnei Aruba ) is an Israeli drama television series that was first broadcast on Channel 10 in October 2013 . The series was created by Rotem Shamir and Omri Givon and produced by Chaim Sharir . The series originally aired on Channel 10 in Israel and has subsequently been broadcast or adapted in several other countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Dave Annable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Annable', 'summary': 'David Rodman Annable ( born September 15 , 1979 ) is an American actor . His roles include Justin Walker on the ABC television drama Brothers & Sisters ( 2006-11 ) , Henry Martin on the ABC supernatural drama 666 Park Avenue ( 2012-13 ) , and Pierce Harrison on the NBC medical drama Heartbeat ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1979-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiri Appleby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiri_Appleby', 'summary': "Shiri Freda Appleby ( born December 7 , 1978 ) is an American actress and director . She is best known for her leading roles as Liz Parker in the WB/UPN science fiction drama series Roswell ( 1999-2002 ) and Rachel Goldberg in the Lifetime/Hulu drama series Unreal ( 2015-2018 ) . Her major film credits include A Time for Dancing ( 2000 ) , Swimfan ( 2002 ) , Havoc ( 2005 ) , Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) , and The Devil 's Candy ( 2015 ) . Appleby also starred as intern Daria Wade in the final season of the NBC medical drama series ER ( 2008-2009 ) . She later starred as Cate Cassidy in The CW drama series Life Unexpected ( 2010-2011 ) and as Lucy Lambert in the web comedy series Dating Rules from My Future Self ( 2012 ) . Appleby also had recurring roles on the NBC drama series Chicago Fire ( 2012-2013 ) and the HBO comedy-drama series Girls ( 2013-2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1978-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roswell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Arquette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Arquette', 'summary': "David Arquette ( born September 8 , 1971 ) is an American actor , professional wrestler , film director , producer , screenwriter and fashion designer . A member of the Arquette acting family , he first became known during the mid-1990s after starring in several Hollywood films , such as the Scream series , Wild Bill , Never Been Kissed , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , See Spot Run and Eight Legged Freaks . He has since had several television roles , such as Jason Ventress on ABC 's In Case of Emergency . As a professional wrestler , he is remembered for his infamous stint in World Championship Wrestling where he was a one time WCW World Heavyweight Champion but has received praise in recent times , for his work on the independent circuit ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scream , See Spot Run', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mili Avital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mili_Avital', 'summary': 'Mili Avital ( Hebrew : מילי אביטל ; born 30 March 1972 ) is an Israeli-American actress , writer and director . Avital built an international career , starting in her native Israel , starring on stage , film and television . She won the Israeli Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1991 , moved to New York in 1993 to study theater in English , discovered by an agent while working in a restaurant , and acting in Hollywood almost immediately . She has maintained her career in both countries since .'}]}, {'value': '1972-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stargate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stargate', 'summary': 'Stargate ( Stylised as STARGᐰTE ) is a science fiction media franchise based on the film written by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich . The franchise is based on the idea of an alien Einstein-Rosen bridge device ( the Stargate ) that enables nearly instantaneous travel across the cosmos . The franchise began with the film Stargate , released on October 28 , 1994 , by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Carolco , which grossed US $ 197 million worldwide . In 1997 , Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner created a television series titled Stargate SG-1 as a sequel to the film . This show was joined by Stargate Atlantis in 2004 , Stargate Universe in 2009 , and a prequel web series , Stargate Origins , in 2018 . Also consistent with the same story are a variety of books , video games and comic books , as well as the direct-to-DVD movies Stargate : Children of the Gods , Stargate : The Ark of Truth , and Stargate : Continuum , which concluded the first television show after 10 seasons . In 2011 , Stargate Universe , the last Stargate program on television , ended its run . Brad Wright announced that there were no more plans to continue the same story in further productions . In 2016 , comic publisher American Mythology acquired the rights to publish new Stargate Atlantis stories set within the established franchise canon . This was expanded in 2017 to include new Stargate Universe comics as well , resolving the cliffhanger that ended the show . The predominant story arc thus ran for more than 15 years , including 18 seasons ( 364 episodes ) of programming , and 22 comic book issues as of January 2020 . However , a variety of other media either ignore this main continuity or resets it , while maintaining essential elements that define the franchise ( mainly , the inclusion of a Stargate device ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Balfour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Balfour', 'summary': "Eric Salter Balfour ( born April 24 , 1977 ) is an American actor and singer . He is the lead singer of Born as Ghosts , formerly known as Fredalba . He made his film debut in the drama Shattered Image ( 1998 ) , followed by roles in What Women Want ( 2000 ) and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) . His roles on television include Milo Pressman on the action-thriller TV series 24 , a recurring role in the HBO drama Six Feet Under as Claire 's boyfriend , and Duke Crocker in the supernatural series Haven ."}]}, {'value': '1977-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Banks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks', 'summary': "Elizabeth Banks ( born Elizabeth Irene Mitchell ; February 10 , 1974 ) is an American actress , director , writer , and producer . She is best known for starring as Effie Trinket in The Hunger Games film series ( 2012-2015 ) and as Gail Abernathy-McKadden in the Pitch Perfect film series ( 2012-2017 ) . Banks made her directorial film debut with Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , whose $ 69 million opening-weekend gross set a record for a first-time director . She also directed , wrote , produced , and starred in the action comedy film Charlie 's Angels ( 2019 ) . Banks made her film debut in the low-budget independent film Surrender Dorothy ( 1998 ) . She starred in the films Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Slither ( 2006 ) , Zack and Miri Make a Porno ( 2008 ) , Role Models ( 2008 ) , The Next Three Days ( 2010 ) , Man on a Ledge ( 2012 ) , What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) , The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) , Magic Mike XXL ( 2015 ) , Power Rangers ( 2017 ) , The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) , and Brightburn ( 2019 ) . On television , Banks had a recurring role as Avery Jessup on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , which earned her two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . She also had recurring roles on the comedy series Scrubs and Modern Family , the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Banks starred in the Netflix miniseries Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) . As of 2019 , she hosts a revival of the 1980s game show Press Your Luck on ABC ."}]}, {'value': '1974-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunger Games', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sendi Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sendi_Bar', 'summary': "Sendi Bar ( sometimes Sandy Bar ; Hebrew : סנדי בר ; born April 5 , 1976 ) is an Israeli actress and model . Bar appeared in commercials for Black and Wild beer , Milki and Isracart . She modeled for fashion companies Castro and Pilpel . Bar started her acting career in 1996 in the TV drama Deadly Fortune , directed by Eran Riklis . It was broadcast on prime time in Channel and was followed by roles in Zbeng ! and Zinzana . She resided for several years in Los Angeles with her husband , actor Aki Avni , and their son . They returned to Israel in 2008 , and separated . Sendi Baranes ( סנדי ברנס ) was born in Tel Aviv-Jaffa , Israel , to a Sephardic Jewish family . Her father is a Libyan-born Jew , whereas her mother is Israeli-born and of Iraqi-Jewish descent . She was married to Israel actor Aki Avni during the 2000 's . They had a son born in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '1976-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israeli', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacha Baron Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen', 'summary': "Sacha Noam Baron Cohen ( born 13 October 1971 ) is an English actor , comedian , writer , director and film producer . He is known for his creation and portrayal of several fictional satirical characters , including Ali G , Borat Sagdiyev , Brüno Gehard and Admiral General Aladeen . Like his idol Peter Sellers , Baron Cohen adopts a variety of accents and guises for his characters . He interacts with unsuspecting subjects , who do not realise they have been set up for self-revealing ridicule . On these interactions , The Observer states , his career has been built on winding people up , while keeping a deadpan face . Baron Cohens other work includes voicing King Julien XIII in the Madagascar film series ( 2005-2012 ) and appearing in films such as Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) , Hugo ( 2011 ) , and Les Misérables ( 2012 ) . He made a cameo as a BBC News Anchor in Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) . In 2016 , Baron Cohen appeared in the comedy film Grimsby and co-starred in the fantasy sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass . Two years later , he created and starred in Who Is America ? ( 2018 ) for Showtime , his first television project since Da Ali G Show , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy . The following year , Baron Cohen portrayed Eli Cohen in the limited series The Spy for OCS and Netflix , for which he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film . Baron Cohen was named Best Newcomer at the 1999 British Comedy Awards for The 11 O'Clock Show , and since then , he has received two BAFTA Awards for Da Ali G Show , several Emmy nominations , a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a Golden Globe for Best Actor for his work in the feature film Borat ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali G , Borat , Brüno , The Dictator', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Bartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bartha', 'summary': 'Justin Lee Bartha ( born July 21 , 1978 ) is an American actor , known for his roles as Riley Poole in the National Treasure film series , Doug Billings in The Hangover trilogy , and David Sawyer in the NBC comedy series The New Normal . He starred as Colin Morrello in the CBS All Access legal and political drama The Good Fight .'}]}, {'value': '1978-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gigli , National Treasure , The Hangover', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dani Behr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dani_Behr', 'summary': 'Dani Behr ( born 9 July 1974 ) is an English singer , actress and television presenter .'}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amber Benson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Benson', 'summary': 'Amber Nicole Benson ( born January 8 , 1977 ) is an American actress , writer , director , and producer . She is best known for her role as Tara Maclay on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and has also directed , produced and starred in her own films Chance ( 2002 ) and Lovers , Liars & Lunatics ( 2006 ) . She also co-directed the film Drones with fellow Buffy cast member Adam Busch . Amber Benson also starred as a waitress in the horror movie The Killing Jar .'}]}, {'value': '1977-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Berkley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley', 'summary': "Elizabeth Berkley ( born July 28 , 1972 ) [ a ] is an American actress and reality show personality . Berkley 's most notable roles were as Jessie Spano in the television series Saved by the Bell , and as Nomi Malone in the 1995 Paul Verhoeven film Showgirls ."}]}, {'value': '1972-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saved By The Bell , Showgirls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Bernstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Bernstein', 'summary': "Josh Bernstein ( born February 24 , 1971 ) is an American explorer , author , survival expert , anthropologist , and TV host best known as the host of Digging for the Truth . He later appeared for one season as the host of the Discovery Channel 's Into the Unknown with Josh Bernstein ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digging for the Truth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digging_for_the_Truth', 'summary': 'Digging for the Truth is a History Channel television series . The first three seasons of the show focused on host Josh Bernstein , who journeyed on various explorations of historical icons and mysteries . Bernstein is the president and CEO of BOSS ( Boulder Outdoor Survival School ) and has a degree in anthropology and psychology from Cornell University . The show airs every Monday night at 9:00 EST on the History Channel . The series premiered in January 2005 and at the time was the highest-rated series currently running on The History Channel , which was surprising [ according to whom ? ] given the previous show Time Titans from the production crew never made it past the pilot . The third season premiered on January 22 , 2007 , with a two-hour special event on the quest for Atlantis . Bernstein announced on February 20 , 2007 , that he would be leaving The History Channel and Digging for the Truth , and would , as of April , join The Discovery Channel as an executive producer and host of a new prime-time series and specials . Hunter Ellis , host of Tactical to Practical and Man , Moment , Machine for The History Channel , then replaced Bernstein as host . Each episode typically deals with an event or subject in history that is not completely understood by modern historians . As such , many of the topics covered are controversial in some respect . Bernstein usually mentioned the various theories that exist on the subject , although the episode may not have explored all of them .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Bernthal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Bernthal', 'summary': 'Jonathan Edward Bernthal ( /ˈbɜːrnθɔːl/ ; born September 20 , 1976 ) is an American actor . Bernthal began his career in theater before guest starring on various television shows . He gained critical acclaim and prominence for his portrayal of Shane Walsh on the AMC series The Walking Dead ( 2010-2012 ; 2018 ) . He later starred in supporting and leading roles in various critically acclaimed films including The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , Fury ( 2014 ) , Sicario ( 2015 ) , The Accountant ( 2016 ) , Baby Driver , Wind River ( both 2017 ) , Widows ( 2018 ) , and Ford v Ferrari ( 2019 ) . In 2015 , he was cast as Frank Castle / Punisher as part of the Netflix MCU web series . He debuted on Daredevil before starring in his own titular series The Punisher ( 2017-2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1976-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Walking Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror television series for AMC based on the comic book series by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The series features a large ensemble cast as survivors of a zombie apocalypse , trying to stay alive under near-constant threat of attacks from the mindless zombies , colloquially known as walkers . However , with the fall of humanity , these survivors also face conflict from other living survivors who have formed groups and communities with their own sets of laws and morals , often leading to hostile conflict between the human communities . Andrew Lincoln played the series 's lead character , Rick Grimes , until his departure during the ninth season . Other long-standing cast members have included Norman Reedus , Steven Yeun , Chandler Riggs , Melissa McBride , Lauren Cohan , Danai Gurira , Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos . The series is exclusively broadcast on AMC in the United States and internationally through the Fox Networks Group . The series premiered on October 31 , 2010 . The tenth season premiered on October 6 , 2019 , and has been renewed for an eleventh season . AMC stated their intent to continue further development of the series and related media . A spinoff series Fear the Walking Dead premiered on August 23 , 2015 , and is renewed for a sixth season . A second spinoff , The Walking Dead : World Beyond , is set to premiere in early 2020 . AMC has announced plans for three films to follow Rick 's story after Lincoln 's departure ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayim Bialik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayim_Bialik', 'summary': "Mayim Chaya Bialik ( /ˈmaɪəm biˈɑːlɪk/ MY-əm bee-AH-lik ; born December 12 , 1975 ) is an American actress , author , and neuroscientist . From 1991 to 1995 , she played the title character of the NBC sitcom Blossom . Bialik later played neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory from 2010 to 2019 . Outside of her acting career , she holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience . For her role as Fowler , Bialik has been nominated four times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 and 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1975-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blossom , The Big Bang Theory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Ian Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Ian_Black', 'summary': "Michael Ian Black ( born Michael Ian Schwartz ; August 12 , 1971 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , and director . He has starred in several TV comedy series , including The State , Viva Variety , Stella , Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp , Michael & Michael Have Issues , and Another Period . He also appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown several times . He released his first children 's book , Chicken Cheeks , in 2009 , and has since released six more , in addition to four books for adults ."}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selma Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selma_Blair', 'summary': "Selma Blair Beitner ( born June 23 , 1972 ) is an American actress . She played a number of small roles in films and on television before obtaining recognition for her leading role in the film Brown 's Requiem ( 1998 ) . Her breakthrough came when she starred as Zoe Bean on the WB sitcom Zoe , Duncan , Jack and Jane ( 1999-2000 ) , and as Cecile Caldwell in the cult film Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) . Blair continued to find success with the comedies Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) and The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , and achieved international fame with her portrayal of Liz Sherman in the big-budget fantasy films Hellboy ( 2004 ) and Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) . Her other notable film credits include Storytelling ( 2001 ) , A Guy Thing ( 2003 ) , A Dirty Shame ( 2004 ) , The Fog ( 2005 ) , WΔZ ( 2007 ) , Feast of Love ( 2007 ) , The Poker House ( 2008 ) , Dark Horse ( 2011 ) , In Their Skin ( 2012 ) , Ordinary World ( 2016 ) , Mothers and Daughters ( 2016 ) , Mom and Dad ( 2017 ) , After ( 2019 ) and A Dark Foe ( 2019 ) . On television , Blair starred as Kim in the American remake of Kath & Kim ( 2008-2009 ) ; as Kate Wales on the sitcom Anger Management ( 2012-2014 ) ; and as Kris Jenner in the first season of the FX drama series American Crime Story ( 2016 ) . In 2010 , Blair narrated the audiobook The Diary of Anne Frank , earning a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children ."}]}, {'value': '1972-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruel Intentions , Hellboy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruel_Intentions', 'summary': 'Cruel Intentions is a 1999 American teen romantic drama film written and directed by Roger Kumble and starring Sarah Michelle Gellar , Ryan Phillippe , Reese Witherspoon , and Selma Blair . The film is an adaptation of the novel Les Liaisons dangereuses , written by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos in 1782 , but set among wealthy teenagers attending high school in New York City instead of 18th-century France . The film started as a smaller budget independent film , but was picked up by Columbia Pictures and released on March 5 , 1999 . Despite mixed critical reviews , the performances of Gellar , Philippe , and Witherspoon were praised . Cruel Intentions was a box office success , earning $ 76 million , with two direct-to-video films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hellboy_(2004_film)', 'summary': 'Hellboy is a 2004 American supernatural-superhero film directed by Guillermo del Toro and loosely based on the Dark Horse Comics graphic novel Hellboy : Seed of Destruction by Mike Mignola . Ron Perlman stars as Hellboy , alongside Selma Blair , Jeffrey Tambor , Karel Roden , Rupert Evans , and John Hurt in supporting roles . In the film , a demonic beast-turned superhero known as Hellboy secretly works to keep the world safe from paranormal threats with his team , the Bureau of Paranormal Research and Defense . Released on April 4 , 2004 by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label , the film was a minor box office success , and was favorably received by critics . A sequel , Hellboy II : The Golden Army , was released on July 11 , 2008 , with Universal Pictures taking over distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex Borstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Borstein', 'summary': 'Alexandrea Borstein ( born February 15 , 1971 ) is an American actress , voice artist , comedian , writer and producer . She is known for voicing Lois Griffin on the animated comedy series Family Guy ( 1999-present ) , for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award from multiple nominations . Borstein also had lead roles as various characters on the sketch comedy series MADtv ( 1997-2009 ) , Dawn Forchette in the medical comedy series Getting On ( 2013-2015 ) , and Susie Myerson in the historical comedy-drama series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017-present ) , the latter of which has earned her two Primetime Emmy Awards . She had supporting roles in numerous films , including The Lizzie McGuire Movie ( 2003 ) , Catwoman ( 2004 ) , Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) , Dinner for Schmucks ( 2010 ) , Ted ( 2012 ) , ParaNorman ( 2012 ) , and A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) . Borstein spent her childhood in Deerfield , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , before moving with her family to Northridge , California , a neighborhood of Los Angeles . She graduated from Chatsworth High School in 1989 . Borstein is a graduate of San Francisco State University , where she studied rhetoric . She was trained in improvisational comedy at the ACME Comedy Theatre , near Hollywood , California , and was selected to join the cast of MADtv after being scouted by talent agents . Borstein was also a writer and voice actor for several television shows , including Casper , Pinky and the Brain , and Power Rangers Zeo , before joining the cast of MADtv in 1997 as a featured player , becoming a repertory player mid-season .'}]}, {'value': '1973-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Guy', 'summary': "Family Guy is an American animated sitcom television series created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series centers on the Griffins , a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois ; their children , Meg , Chris , and Stewie ; and their anthropomorphic pet dog , Brian . The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog , Rhode Island , and exhibits much of its surreal & dark humor in the form of metafictional cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture . The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films , The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve . MacFarlane redesigned the films ' protagonist , Larry , and his dog , Steve , and renamed them Peter and Brian , respectively . MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox in 1998 , and the show was greenlit and began production . Shortly after the third season of Family Guy had aired in 2002 , Fox canceled the series with one episode left unaired . Adult Swim aired that episode in 2003 , finishing the series ' original run . However , favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season , which began airing on May 1 , 2005 . Since its debut on January 31 , 1999 , 340 episodes of Family Guy have been broadcast . Its eighteenth season began on September 29 , 2019 . The show has been widely acclaimed , prompting Family Guy to be nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards , and has won three of each ."}]}, {'value': 'Caprice Bourret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caprice_Bourret', 'summary': 'Caprice Bourret ( born October 24 , 1971 ) is an American businesswoman , model , actress , and television personality . She lives in London where she runs her company , By Caprice .'}]}, {'value': '1971-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American/British', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Born in the 1970s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Jewish_actors_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Jewish actors and actresses.'}
null
null
When was this actor born who starred as Henry Martin on 666 Park Avenue ?
September 15 , 1979
090bd1ff30ce4d59
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_A_Championship', 'title': '2009 A Championship', 'header': ['Team', 'Base', 'Stadium'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bohemians A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohemians_F.C.', 'summary': "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ."}]}, {'value': 'Phibsborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phibsborough', 'summary': 'Phibsborough ( /ˈfɪbzbərə/ ; Irish : Baile Phib ) , also spelled Phibsboro , is a mixed commercial and residential neighbourhood on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . The Bradogue River crosses the area in a culvert , and the Royal Canal passes through its northern reaches , notably at Cross Guns Bridge . Formerly , a branch of the canal ran to the Broadstone basin , later the site of the Midland Great Western Railway Terminus and currently the headquarters of Bus Éireann . Mountjoy Prison is located in the district .'}]}, {'value': 'AUL Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AUL_Complex', 'summary': 'The Athletic Union League is an association football league featuring junior and amateur teams mainly from Northside , Dublin . The AUL currently operates thirteen divisions . Its senior division is known as the Premier A . Teams from the AUL also compete in the FAI Cup , the FAI Junior Cup and the Leinster Senior Cup . The AUL headquarters are at the AUL Complex at Clonshaugh/Swords , Dublin . The AUL is affiliated to both the Football Association of Ireland and the Leinster Football Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Bray Wanderers A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Bray Wanderers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Fánaithe Bhré ) are an Irish association football club playing in the League of Ireland First Division . The club in its present form was founded in 1942 in Bray , and was known until 2010 as Bray Wanderers A.F.C . It was elected to the League in 1985 , and plays its home matches at the Carlisle Grounds . Club colours are Green and White , and it goes by the nickname The Seagulls .'}]}, {'value': 'Bray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow', 'summary': 'Bray ( Irish : Bré [ bʲɾʲeː ] ) is a coastal town in north County Wicklow , Ireland . It is situated about 20 km ( 12 mi ) south of Dublin city centre on the east coast . It has a population of 32,600 making it the ninth largest urban area within Ireland ( at the 2016 census ) . Bray was a resort town , and its proximity to Dublin make it a destination for tourists and day-trippers from the capital . [ citation needed ] Bray is home to Ardmore Studios , and some light industry is located in the town , with some business and retail parks on its southern periphery . Commuter links between Bray and Dublin are provided by rail , Dublin Bus and the M11 and M50 motorways .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_Park,_Kilternan', 'summary': 'Jackson Park ( Irish : Páirc Uí Sheáin ) is an association football stadium in the Republic of Ireland based in Kilternan , Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown . It is currently the home of Wayside Celtic F.C . and DLR Waves .'}]}, {'value': 'F.C . Carlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Carlow', 'summary': 'F.C . Carlow ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ceatharlach ) was an Irish association football club based in County Carlow . Between 2009 and 2011 the club played in the A Championship . They also fielded teams in the League of Ireland U20/U19 Division . They were the first and to date so far , the only association football club from County Carlow to play in a senior national level league . During this time , the club also competed in the FAI Cup , the League of Ireland Cup and the Leinster Senior Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Ballon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballon,_County_Carlow', 'summary': 'Ballon ( Irish : Ballán ) is a village in County Carlow , Ireland . It is located on the N80 road near Carlow .'}]}, {'value': 'The Valley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobh Ramblers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobh_Ramblers_F.C.', 'summary': "Cobh Ramblers Football Club ( CRFC ) ( Irish : Cumann Peile Chóstóirí Chóbh ) is an Irish football club in the League of Ireland First Division . The club , founded in 1922 and elected to the League of Ireland in 1985 , hails from Cobh , County Cork and play their home matches at St. Colman 's Park . The club 's colours are claret and blue . The club was a founding member of the Cork AUL in 1947 and is the only one of the 14 founding clubs still in existence today . Stephen Henderson guided them to the First Division title for the first time on 10 November 2007 , which saw Cobh promoted to the top flight for the first time in 12 years . Henderson resigned at the end of the 2008 season after Ramblers were relegated from the Premier Division , wherethe battle went down to the last day and saw UCD , Ramblers and Finn Harps relegated . They subsequently failed to gain a licence for the League of Ireland First Division and thus played in the A Championship . In January 2013 , the FAI awarded the club a First Division licence , thus regaining League status after a four-year absence . On 19 January 2009 it was revealed that Dave Hill would return to the club to replace Henderson as manager . The club have a very successful under-2s team . They won the under-19 Southern Division in the 2011-12 season and were promoted to the Elite Division . The Football Association of Ireland on 24 January 2013 announced that Cobh Ramblers had been awarded a licence by the Independent Club Licensing Committee to compete in the 2013 Airtricity League First Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Cobh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cobh', 'summary': "Cobh ( /ˈkoʊv/ KOHV , Irish : An Cóbh ) , known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown , is a tourist seaport town on the south coast of County Cork , Ireland . Cobh is on the south side of Great Island in Cork Harbour and is home to Ireland 's only dedicated cruise terminal . Tourism in the area draws on the maritime and emigration legacy of the town . It was associated with the RMS Titanic , which was built in Belfast . Facing the town are Spike Island and Haulbowline Island . On a high point in the town stands the cathedral church of the diocese of Cloyne , St Colman 's , which is one of the tallest buildings in Ireland ."}]}, {'value': "St Colman 's Park", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Colman's_Park", 'summary': "St Colman 's Park is a football stadium in Cobh , County Cork . It is home to Cobh Ramblers F.C . of the League of Ireland First Division . The stadium was redeveloped during the mid-2000s . Construction on a new changing facility and press office along with a new chairman 's office was completed in 2006 along with new floodlights and a 900-seater stand replacing the old shed . The east stand , too was improved with 450 new seats being installed . [ citation needed ] A new surface was also added prior to the clubs admission to the Eircom/Airtricity League Premier Division in 2009 . [ citation needed ] The stadium has hosted international underage games including games in the 1994 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship qualifiers . Munster Schools Senior Cup games have also been staged at the stadium including the final which was won by local Cobh school , Coláiste Muire in 2010 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Cork City A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Cork City Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Chathair Chorcaí ) is an Irish association football club based in Cork . The club currently plays in the League of Ireland Premier Division . The club was founded and elected to the League of Ireland in 1984 . It was one of the first clubs in Ireland ( and the first in Cork ) to field a team of professional footballers . With the progression of professionalism at the club , continued development of the Turners Cross stadium and the transition to summer football , the club became one of the biggest and best supported clubs in the country . In 2008 , financial issues resulted in a period of examinership , and the club 's then holding company was wound-up in 2010 . A team was entered into the 2010 League of Ireland First Division , before the club re-acquired rights to the name Cork City Football Club , and was promoted back to the premier division for the 2012 season . Cork City FC won its third premier division title , and first FAI Cup double , during the 2017 season . City 's traditional colours are green and white with red trim , and the crest is a variant of the Cork coat of arms . The club play home games at Turners Cross ."}]}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_(city)', 'summary': "Cork ( /kɔːrk/ ; Irish : Corcaigh , pronounced [ ˈkoɾkɪɟ ] , from corcach , meaning marsh ) is the second largest city in Ireland . Located in the south-west of Ireland , in the province of Munster , since an extension to the city 's boundary in 2019 , its population is c.210,000 . The city centre is an island positioned between two channels of the River Lee which meet downstream at the eastern end of the city centre , where the quays and docks along the river lead outwards towards Lough Mahon and Cork Harbour , one of the largest natural harbours in the world . Originally a monastic settlement , Cork was expanded by Viking invaders around 915 . Its charter was granted by Prince John in 1185 . Cork city was once fully walled , and the remnants of the old medieval town centre can be found around South and North Main streets . The third largest city by population on the island of Ireland , the city 's cognomen of the rebel city originates in its support for the Yorkist cause in the Wars of the Roses . Corkonians sometimes refer to the city as the real capital , a reference to its opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the Irish Civil War ."}]}, {'value': "Turner 's Cross", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turners_Cross_(stadium)', 'summary': 'Turners Cross is an all-seater football stadium located in and synonymous with the district of Turners Cross in Cork , Ireland . It is home to the Munster Football Association , and League of Ireland side Cork City . It was the first all-seated , all-covered stadium in Ireland following redevelopment in 2009 , and it is currently one out of only two , the other being the Aviva Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Sporting Fingal A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Fingal_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sporting Fingal Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Fine Gall Spórtúil ) was an Irish association football club based in Fingal . Between 2008 and 2010 , the club played three seasons in the League of Ireland . During their first two seasons they played in the First Division before winning promotion to the Premier Division . During the 2009 and 2010 seasons , the club also entered a team in the A Championship . During their short stay in the League of Ireland , Sporting Fingal were relatively successful . As well as gaining promotion to the Premier Division , they also won both the 2009 FAI Cup and the 2010 A Championship Cup and qualified for the UEFA Europa League on two occasions . In addition to fielding teams in the League of Ireland , Sporting Fingal also organised Powerchair Football , Special Olympics football and futsal teams . Their futsal team won the 2010 FAI Futsal Cup and qualified for the 2010-11 UEFA Futsal Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Fingal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fingal', 'summary': "Fingal ( English : /ˈfɪŋɡəl/ FING-gəl ; from Irish Fine Gall , meaning 'foreign tribe ' ) is a county in Ireland . It is located in the province of Leinster and , within that , is part of the Dublin Region . Its name is derived from the medieval territory of Scandinavian foreigners ( Irish : gaill ) that settled in the area . Fingal County Council is the local authority for the county . In 2016 the population of the county was 296,214 , making it the second-most populous county in the state ."}]}, {'value': 'ALSAA Sports Complex', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Patrick 's Athletic A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Patrick's_Athletic_F.C.", 'summary': "St Patrick 's Athletic Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Lúthchleas Phádraig Naofa ) is a professional Irish association football club based in Inchicore , Dublin , that plays in the Irish Premier Division . Founded in May 1929 , they played originally in the Phoenix Park but they moved to their current ground Richmond Park in 1930 . St Patrick 's Athletic have won some trophies in Irish Club Football , including nine League Titles , the fifth most in Irish Football , as well as three FAI Cups and three League Cups . The current manager is Stephen ODonnell , who took over from Harry Kenny in 2019 . The club graduated through the ranks of the Leinster Senior League and duly took their place in the League of Ireland in 1951 , and won the Championship at their first attempt . The club 's glory years came in the 1950s and 1990s when they won 7 of their 9 league titles . The club also have the record for never having been relegated from the Premier Division . The club play in red and white colours , and their nicknames include The Saints , Supersaints and Pats . The Saints also have a lot of Dublin Derby games with the likes of Shelbourne , Shamrock Rovers and Bohemians ."}]}, {'value': 'Inchicore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inchicore', 'summary': 'Inchicore ( Irish : Inse Chór , meaning Island of Sheep ) is a suburb of Dublin , Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Park_(football_ground)', 'summary': "After the creation of the Irish Free State , and therefore the removal of the British Army , the ground lay idle for 3 years before League of Ireland club Brideville began using the ground in 1925 . In 1930 Brideville were forced to move to Harolds Cross Greyhound Stadium to accommodate St Patrick 's Athletic moving in . St. Pats continues to use and develop the ground until 1951 when they entered the League of Ireland . The league deemed the ground unsuitable and St. Pats were forced to use a variety of grounds in Dublin as they fought to upgrade Richmond Park . In 1960 , after serious development , the ground played host to St Pats first home league game in Inchicore . The ground closed for redevelopment in May 1989 , however due to St Pats hitting financially difficulties they did not return until 5 December 1993 . The ground lies behind a row of terraced housing in a natural valley and is often used for Republic of Ireland underage and women 's teams . It staged the League of Ireland Cup final in 1982 and 2003 . It has played host to a two Leinster Senior Cup finals , as well as many junior and intermediate finals . In 2001 , 2002 , 2003 and part of 2004 Shamrock Rovers played their home games in Richmond Park as tenants of St. Pats . In 2005 , Dublin City played the first 10 games of their season in the ground , under a similar arrangement . Richmond Park is usually used by non-league clubs in surrounding areas when they qualify for the FAI Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C._B', 'summary': 'Shamrock Rovers II is the reserve team of Shamrock Rovers . Throughout its history Rovers have entered reserve teams in various leagues including the Leinster Senior League , the League of Ireland B Division , the A Championship and the League of Ireland First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Tallaght', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallaght', 'summary': "Tallaght ( /ˈtælə/ TAL-ə ; Irish : Tamhlacht , IPA : [ ˈt̪ˠəul̪ˠəxt̪ˠ ] ) is the largest settlement , and county town , of South Dublin , Ireland , and the largest suburb of Dublin . The central village area , dating from at least the 1st century , held one of the earliest monastic settlements known in the eastern part of the island , which became one of medieval Ireland 's more important monastic centres . Up to the 1960s Tallaght was a small village in the traditional County Dublin ( now the Dublin Region ) , linked to several nearby rural areas which were part of the large civil parish of the same name - the local council estimates the then population at 2,500 . Suburban development began in the 1970s and a town centre area has been developing since the late 1980s . There is no legal definition of the boundaries of Tallaght , but the electoral divisions known as Tallaght followed by the name of a locality have , according to the 2016 census , a population of 76,119 , up from 69,454 over five years . There have been calls in recent years for Tallaght to be declared a city . The village core of the district is located north of , and near to , the River Dodder , and parts of the broader area within South Dublin are close to the borders of Dublin City , Kildare , Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown and County Wicklow . Several streams flow in the area , notably the Jobstown or Tallaght Stream ( a tributary of the Dodder ) , and the Fettercairn Stream ( a tributary of the River Camac ) , while the Tymon River , the main component of the River Poddle ( Liffey tributary ) , rises in Cookstown , near Fettercairn ."}]}, {'value': 'Tallaght Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallaght_Stadium', 'summary': 'Tallaght Stadium ( Irish : Staid Thamhlachta ) is an association football stadium in the Republic of Ireland based in Tallaght , South Dublin . Shamrock Rovers F.C . originally announced details of the stadium in July 1996 . The stadium is now owned and operated by South Dublin County Council with Shamrock Rovers as the anchor tenants .'}]}, {'value': 'Tralee Dynamos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tralee_Dynamos_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Tralee Dynamos A.F.C . is an Irish association football club based in Tralee , County Kerry . Their senior team currently plays in the Kerry District League.They have previously fielded teams in the League of Ireland U19 Division , the A Championship , the Munster Senior League and the Limerick Desmond League .'}]}, {'value': 'Tralee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tralee', 'summary': "Tralee ( /træˈliː/ tral-EE ; Irish : Trá Lí , formerly Tráigh Lí , IPA : [ t̪ˠɾˠaː ˈl̠ʲiː ] , meaning 'strand of the Lee River ' ) is the county town of County Kerry in the south-west of Ireland . The town is on the northern side of the neck of the Dingle Peninsula , and is the largest town in County Kerry . The town 's population including suburbs was 23,691 as of the 2016 [ update ] census making it the 8th largest town , and 14th largest urban settlement in Ireland . Tralee is well known for the Rose of Tralee International Festival which has been held annually in August since 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cahermoneen', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Group 2 -- Teams', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2009_A_Championship_2', 'intro': 'The 2009 A Championship was the second season of the A Championship. The season was sponsored by Newstalk. The league featured 18 teams. Shamrock Rovers A were the champions while the runners up, Salthill Devon, were promoted to the First Division.'}
null
null
What is the stadium for the team who played its first games at Park 's Polo Grounds ?
AUL Complex
090dfc74af6e8bfa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lewis_County,_West_Virginia', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis County, West Virginia', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annamede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annamede', 'summary': "Annamede , also known as Davisson-Blair Farm , is a historic home located near Walkersville , Lewis County , West Virginia . It was built in 1901 , and is a 2 1/2 story , 17 room red brick mansion in the Classical Revival style . The front facade features a massive , two-story . portico supported by large fluted Corinthian order columns . It also has a one-story front porch that extends 3/4 of the way around each side . Also on the property are a contributing carriage house , smoke house , caretaker 's cottage , stone grotto and goldfish pond , and three farm outbuildings . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 11 , 1987 ( # 87000218 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RD 1 , Box 126 , U.S. Route 19 38°52′35″N 80°26′35″W / 38.876389°N 80.443056°W / 38.876389 ; -80.443056 ( Annamede )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_19', 'summary': "U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) is a north-south U.S. Highway in the Eastern United States . Despite encroaching Interstate Highways , the route has remained a long-haul route , connecting the Gulf of Mexico with Lake Erie . The highway 's southern terminus is at Memphis , Florida , which is just south of St. Petersburg at an intersection with U.S. Route 41 . Its northern terminus is in Erie , Pennsylvania , at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 about two miles ( 3 km ) from the shores of Lake Erie . The length of the highway is 1,438 miles ( 2,314 km ) , including both U.S. Route 19E/U.S . Route 19W paths through North Carolina and Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': 'Walkersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walkersville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Walkersville is an unincorporated community in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . Walkersville is 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) south of Weston . Walkersville has a post office with ZIP code 26447 . There are several accounts regarding the origin of the name Walkersville .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan M. Bennett House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_M._Bennett_House', 'summary': 'Jonathan M. Bennett House , also known as Louis Bennett Public Library , is a historic home located at Weston , Lewis County , West Virginia . Its name reflects is builder , Jonathan M. Bennett , who represented Lewis County in the Virginia General Assembly and served as state auditor before the American Civil War . Bennett was a prominent local lawyer and businessman , who was allowed to hold office in West Virginia following its adoption of a new state Constitution in 1872 . He built this house in 1874-1875 ; the 17-room mansion reflects the High Victorian Italianate style . It features a 4 1/2 story entrance tower with a mansard roof . It also has heavy wooden brackets on the tower and verandah , a balustraded tower balcony , and an elaborate bargeboard . it was left by Mrs. Louis Bennett , Sr. , in 1922 to the citizens of Lewis County as a public library and community center . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . It is located in the Weston Downtown Historic District , listed in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 9 , 1978 ( # 78002804 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Court Ave. 39°02′11″N 80°27′55″W / 39.036389°N 80.465278°W / 39.036389 ; -80.465278 ( Jonathan M. Bennett House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jackson 's Mill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jackson's_Mill", 'summary': "Jackson 's Mill is a former grist mill in Lewis County , West Virginia , near the city of Weston . The mill , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 , is now the centerpiece of a state-owned museum property . It is significant as a well-preserved early grist mill , and as the boyhood home of Stonewall Jackson , a renowned Confederate general in the American Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1972 ( # 72001289 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "East of Jackson Mill on Route 1 39°05′46″N 80°27′59″W / 39.096111°N 80.466389°W / 39.096111 ; -80.466389 ( Jackson 's Mill )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jackson 's Mill State 4-H Camp Historic District", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jackson's_Mill_State_4-H_Camp_Historic_District", 'summary': "Jackson 's Mill State 4-H Camp Historic District , also known as West Virginia University Jackson 's Mill , is a historic 4-H camp and national historic district near Weston , Lewis County , West Virginia . The district includes 23 contributing buildings , 4 contributing sites , 4 contributing structures , and 2 contributing objects . The camp was established in 1921 as the first statewide 4-H camp in the United States . The district includes buildings related to the site 's inception as a homestead and agricultural area as well as its current manifestation as a youth camp facility and conference center . Notable contributing resources include the Mount Vernon Dining Hall ( 1926 ) , Assembly Hall ( 1923 ) , West Virginia Building ( 1934 ) , Council Circle ( 1922 ) , Amphitheatre ( 1940 ) , Vesper Rock ( 1925 ) , Teepi Shrine ( 1949 ) , Dominion Trail ( 1942 ) , 15 residential cottages , the Southeastern Learning Center ( c. 1940 ) , Electric Energy Center ( 1940 ) , Dorsey Resource Center ( 1978 ) , Registration Office/Old Health Center ( 1950 ) , Old Administration Building ( 1952 ) , McWhorter Cabin ( 1793 , 1927 ) , Informal Garden ( c. 1934 ) , Jackson Homestead Marker ( 1915 ) , Jackson Spring ( 1922 ) , Camp Gates ( 1942 ) , Camp Green ( 1922 ) , and Maintenance Garage ( 1935 ) . It is co-located with the separately listed Jackson 's Mill . The property was the boyhood home of Confederate General Thomas Stonewall Jackson from 1831 to 1842 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 4 , 2005 ( # 04001598 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "160 Jackson Mill Rd . 39°05′55″N 80°28′12″W / 39.098611°N 80.47°W / 39.098611 ; -80.47 ( Jackson 's Mill State 4-H Camp Historic District )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May-Kraus Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/May-Kraus_Farm', 'summary': 'May-Kraus Farm , also known as La Paix Herb Farm , is a historic home located near Alum Bridge , Lewis County , West Virginia . The original farmhouse was built about 1850 , and is a two-story log house appended as an ell to the rear of the main house . The main house is a two-story , wood frame I house . It features a two-story porch . Also on the property is a root cellar ( 1880 ) and chicken / pig shed ( 1880 ) . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 22 , 2006 ( # 06000175 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3052 Crooked Run Rd . 39°01′22″N 80°37′46″W / 39.022778°N 80.629444°W / 39.022778 ; -80.629444 ( May-Kraus Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alum Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alum_Bridge,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Alum Bridge is an unincorporated community in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . Alum Bridge is located on U.S. Route 33 and U.S. Route 119 along Leading Creek , 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Weston . Alum Bridge has a post office with ZIP code 26321 . Alum Bridge was named for the local bridge over Alum Fork .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Bernard Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Bernard_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'St. Bernard Church and Cemetery is a historic Roman Catholic church and cemetery near Camden , Lewis County , West Virginia . It was built in 1909 , and is a rectangular gable-roofed , one-story frame structure in the Gothic Revival style . It features a two-story entrance bell tower . The property includes the church cemetery ; it includes the grave of Father Thomas Aquinas Quirk ( 1845-1937 ) . Most of the settlers in the region , including the congregants of the church , were of Irish descent . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1985 ( # 85001583 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Routes 20/6 and 17/2 38°59′35″N 80°35′34″W / 38.993056°N 80.592778°W / 38.993056 ; -80.592778 ( St. Bernard Church and Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Camden is an unincorporated community in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . Camden is located on U.S. Route 33 and U.S. Route 119 5.5 miles ( 8.9 km ) west-northwest of Weston . Camden has a post office with ZIP code 26338 . The community was named after Johnson N. Camden , a United States Senator from West Virginia .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Glady School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Glady_School', 'summary': 'Upper Glady School is a historic one-room school building located near Crawford , Lewis County , West Virginia . It was built about 1900 , and is a frame building measuring 28 feet by 24 feet and painted white . Also on the property is a coal house used to store coal for fuel . The school operated until 1965 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2002 ( # 02000252 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Route 52 , 1.9 miles north of McCord Run Rd . 38°48′59″N 80°24′26″W / 38.816389°N 80.407222°W / 38.816389 ; -80.407222 ( Upper Glady School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawford,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Crawford is an unincorporated community in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . Crawford is 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) south-southeast of Weston . Crawford had a post office , which closed on January 21 , 1989 ; it still has its own ZIP code , 26343 . The community was named in honor of a pioneer settler .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walkersville Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walkersville_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Walkersville Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near Walkersville , Lewis County , West Virginia . It was built in 1903 , and is a Queen post truss bridge measuring 12 feet , 1 1/2 inches wide and 39 feet , 4 inches long . It has red board-and-batten siding and a standing seam metal roof . It was built to span the right fork of the West Fork River . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 4 , 1981 ( # 81000603 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On County Route 19/17 near U.S. Route 19 38°51′30″N 80°27′39″W / 38.858333°N 80.460833°W / 38.858333 ; -80.460833 ( Walkersville Covered Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_19', 'summary': "U.S. Route 19 ( US 19 ) is a north-south U.S. Highway in the Eastern United States . Despite encroaching Interstate Highways , the route has remained a long-haul route , connecting the Gulf of Mexico with Lake Erie . The highway 's southern terminus is at Memphis , Florida , which is just south of St. Petersburg at an intersection with U.S. Route 41 . Its northern terminus is in Erie , Pennsylvania , at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 about two miles ( 3 km ) from the shores of Lake Erie . The length of the highway is 1,438 miles ( 2,314 km ) , including both U.S. Route 19E/U.S . Route 19W paths through North Carolina and Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': 'Walkersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walkersville,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Walkersville is an unincorporated community in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . Walkersville is 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) south of Weston . Walkersville has a post office with ZIP code 26447 . There are several accounts regarding the origin of the name Walkersville .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston Colored School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Colored_School', 'summary': "Weston Colored School , also known as the Central West Virginia Genealogical & Historical Library and Museum and Frontier School , is a historic one-room school building located at Weston , Lewis County , West Virginia . It was built in 1882 , and is a single-story rubbed red brick building on a fieldstone foundation . It originally measured 22 feet by 28 feet , then enlarged in 1928 by 12 feet , 6 inches . It was used as an educational facility for the community 's African-American youth until desegregation in 1954 . It was subsequently used for storage , then an agricultural classroom for the Lewis County High School , and as a shop for mentally disabled students . It afterwards was used by the Central West Virginia Genealogical & Historical Library and Museum . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 . It is located in the Weston Downtown Residential Historic District , listed in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 9 , 1993 ( # 93000224 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '345 Center St. 39°02′23″N 80°27′53″W / 39.039722°N 80.464722°W / 39.039722 ; -80.464722 ( Weston Colored School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston Downtown Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Downtown_Historic_District', 'summary': "Weston Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Weston , Lewis County , West Virginia . The district includes 58 contributing buildings in the central business district of Weston . Most of the buildings were built between 1875 and 1920 , with the earliest dating to about 1845. Notable buildings include the U.S. Post Office ( 1933-1934 ) , the Art Deco style Citizens Bank of Weston ( 1930 ) , B & O Railroad Depot / Weston Municipal Building , Camden Building-Weston National Bank ( 1896-1897 ) , Old Citizen 's Bank Building ( 1893 ) , Bennett House ( c. 1830s ) , Fuccy-Koblegard Building ( c. 1901-1905 ) , and the East and West Second Street Truss Bridge ( 1922 ) . The district includes the separately listed Jonathan M. Bennett House . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 1985 ( # 85002468 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parts of Main , Center , and Court Aves. , plus 2nd and 3rd Sts . 39°02′13″N 80°28′05″W / 39.036944°N 80.468056°W / 39.036944 ; -80.468056 ( Weston Downtown Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston Downtown Residential Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston_Downtown_Residential_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Weston Downtown Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Weston , Lewis County , West Virginia . The district includes 193 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures in a primarily residential district . The dwellings are generally two-story and rest on stone foundations . They are reflective of popular architectural styles from the 19th and early-20th centuries . The earliest house dates to 1839 . The district includes the separately listed Weston Colored School . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 2 , 2005 ( # 04001596 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portions of Main , Center , and Court Aves , plus E. 1st , E. 3rd , E. 4th , E. 5th , and E. 6th Sts . 39°02′32″N 80°27′47″W / 39.042222°N 80.463056°W / 39.042222 ; -80.463056 ( Weston Downtown Residential Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston State Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trans-Allegheny_Lunatic_Asylum', 'summary': "The Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum , subsequently the Weston State Hospital , was a Kirkbride psychiatric hospital that was operated from 1864 until 1994 by the government of the U.S. state of West Virginia , in the city of Weston . Weston State Hospital got its name in 1913 which was used while patients occupied it , but was changed back to its originally commissioned , unused name , the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum , after being reopened as a tourist attraction . Designed by Gothic Revival and Tudor Revival styles by Baltimore architect Richard Snowden Andrews , it was constructed from 1858-1881 . Originally designed to hold 250 people , it became overcrowded in the 1950s with 2,400 patients . It was forcibly closed in 1994 due to changes in patient treatment . The hospital was bought by Joe Jordan in 2007 , and is opened for tours and other events to raise money for its restoration . The hospital 's main building is claimed to be one of the largest hand-cut stone masonry buildings in the United States , and the second largest hand-cut sandstone building in the world , with the only bigger one being in the Moscow Kremlin . As Weston Hospital Main Building , it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 1978 ( # 78002805 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'River St. 39°02′18″N 80°28′16″W / 39.038333°N 80.471111°W / 39.038333 ; -80.471111 ( Weston State Hospital )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Weston is a city in Lewis County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 4,110 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Lewis County , and home to the Museum of American Glass in West Virginia and the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lewis_County,_West_Virginia_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis County, West Virginia. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lewis County, West Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, 1 of which is a National Historic Landmark.'}
null
null
What was the date listed of the historic place that was named after a United States Senator from West Virginia ?
# 85001583
090e6b675bcde2ed
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_teams_in_Florida', 'title': 'Sports teams in Florida', 'header': ['Club', 'Sport', 'League', 'Venue', 'Championships ( Years )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_Jumbo_Shrimp', 'summary': 'The Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp , formerly known as the Jacksonville Suns , are a minor league baseball team based in Jacksonville , Florida . The team is a member of the Southern League and is the class Double-A affiliate of the Miami Marlins . Two teams named the Suns have played in Jacksonville since 1962 : a class Triple-A International League team from 1962-1968 , and the current Double-A team from 1970 to 2016 . From 1985-1990 the team was known as the Jacksonville Expos , when they were affiliated with the Montreal Expos MLB team . The team rebranded itself as the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp on November 2 , 2016 and began the 2017 season under the new name . The modern Jacksonville club has played in the Southern League longer than any other . The Suns won the International League title in 1968 and the Southern League championship in 1996 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 and 2014 . They play at the Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville , an 11,000-person capacity , $ 34 million park that opened in 2003 . Since moving to the facility the Suns were a top selling franchise in the Southern League . In 2016 , Forbes listed the Jumbo Shrimp as the 28th-most valuable Minor League Baseball team with a value of $ 27.5 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Southern League ( AA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Minor League Baseball ( MiLB ) is a hierarchy of professional baseball leagues in the Americas that compete at levels below Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and provide opportunities for player development and a way to prepare for the major leagues . All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses . Most are members of the umbrella organization formally known as National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues ( NAPBL ) , which operates under the Commissioner of Baseball within the scope of organized baseball . Several leagues , known as independent baseball leagues , do not have any official links to Major League Baseball . Except for the Mexican League , teams in the organized minor leagues are generally independently owned and operated but are directly affiliated with one major league team through a standardized Player Development Contract ( PDC ) . These leagues also go by the nicknames the farm system , farm club , or farm team ( s ) because of a joke passed around by major league players in the 1930s when St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey formalized the system , and teams in small towns were growing players down on the farm like corn . Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball teams may enter into a PDC for a two- or four-year term . At the expiration of a PDC term , teams may renew their affiliation , or sign new PDCs with different clubs , though many relationships are renewed and endure for extended time periods . For example , the Omaha Storm Chasers ( formerly the Omaha Royals and Omaha Golden Spikes ) have been the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals since the Royals joined the American League in 1969 , but the Columbus Clippers changed affiliations , after being associated with the New York Yankees from 1979 , to the Washington Nationals in 2007 , and have been affiliated with the Cleveland Indians since 2009 . A few minor league teams are directly owned by their major league parent club , such as the Springfield Cardinals , owned by the St. Louis Cardinals , and all of the Atlanta Braves ' affiliates except the Florida Fire Frogs . Minor League teams that are owned directly by the major league club do not have PDCs with the parent club and are typically not part of the reaffiliation shuffles that occur after each even-numbered season . Today , there are 14 MLB-affiliated minor leagues with a total of 160 revenue-generating teams , located in large , medium , and small cities and suburbs across the United States and Canada , and there are three MLB-affiliated rookie leagues with a total of 80 teams , located in Arizona , Florida , and the Dominican Republic , though these teams do not generate revenue ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_League_(baseball)', 'summary': 'The Southern League is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in the Southern United States . Classified a Double-A league , it is headquartered in the Atlanta suburb of Marietta . The league acquired its name in 1964 , after the South Atlantic League , which had started in 1936 , renamed itself to Southern League .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_Grounds_of_Jacksonville', 'summary': 'The 121 Financial Park ( formerly Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville ) is a baseball park in Jacksonville , Florida . It is the home stadium of the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp baseball team , who play in the Class Double-A Southern League . The facility opened in 2003 . In 2020 it was renamed to 121 Financial Park .'}]}, {'value': '6 ( 1968 , 1996 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pensacola Blue Wahoos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola_Blue_Wahoos', 'summary': 'The Pensacola Blue Wahoos are a Minor League Baseball team of the Southern League and the Double-A affiliate of the Minnesota Twins . They are based in Pensacola , Florida , and play their home games at Admiral Fetterman Field . The team , formerly the Southern League version of the Carolina Mudcats , began play in Pensacola in the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Southern League ( AA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pensacola Bayfront Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pensacola_Bayfront_Stadium', 'summary': 'Admiral Fetterman Field ( located in the Community Maritime Park ) is a multi-use park in Pensacola , Florida that includes a stadium , commercial buildings , a waterfront public park and amphitheater . The mixed use stadium holds 5,038 people and can be used for a number of events year-round , including baseball , soccer , football , festivals , graduations , and similar events . The multi-use stadium was originally designed to be the home field of the Pensacola Pelicans ; it hosts the Minnesota Twins Double-A affiliate , the Pensacola Blue Wahoos . The stadium is situated facing the Pensacola Bay .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradenton Marauders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradenton_Marauders', 'summary': "The Bradenton Marauders are a minor league baseball team based in Bradenton , Florida , that plays in the Florida State League . The Marauders are the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates . Their home games are played at LECOM Park , which also serves as the Pirates ' spring training facility ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_League', 'summary': "The Florida State League is a Minor League Baseball league based in the state of Florida . It is one of three leagues currently classified as Class A-Advanced , the third highest classification of minor leagues . Each team in the league is affiliated with a Major League Baseball team , and most play in their affiliate 's spring training facility . The league was founded in 1919 , and has continued almost entirely uninterrupted to the present day ."}]}, {'value': 'McKechnie Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKechnie_Field', 'summary': "LECOM Park is a baseball field located in Bradenton , Florida . It is the spring training home of the Pittsburgh Pirates and is named after a 15-year naming rights deal was signed with the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine , which has its main campus in Erie , Pennsylvania , and also a campus in Bradenton . It was formerly known as McKechnie Field , named for Bradenton resident and Baseball Hall of Fame great Bill McKechnie , who led the Pirates in 1925 and the Cincinnati Reds in 1940 to World Series titles . He was also a coach with the Cleveland Indians in 1948 . Several members of the Baseball Hall of Fame , such as Bert Blyleven , Roberto Clemente , Willie Stargell , Bill Mazeroski , Roberto Alomar , Wade Boggs , Roy Halladay , Jack Morris , Mariano Rivera , Ivan Rodriguez , Babe Ruth , Mike Schmidt and Ted Williams , have played at LECOM Park . The stadium also hosts minor league baseball games for the Bradenton Marauders , the Pirates ' High-A club in the Florida State League . LECOM Park 's nostalgic charms in its city neighborhood appeal to many baseball traditionalists and ballpark enthusiasts , some of whom consider the facility to be Florida 's version of Fenway Park . It is built in a Florida Spanish Mission style , with white stucco on the main grandstand and covered bleachers over the reserved seating section . The Pirates and the City of Bradenton celebrated their 40th anniversary together during the 2008 spring training season , which included an agreement between the city and the Pirates to continue their partnership through 2037 . The field is the oldest stadium still used for spring training as well as the second-oldest in the Florida State League ( behind Jackie Robinson Ballpark in Daytona Beach , built in 1914 ) . It is also the third oldest stadium currently used by a major league team after Fenway Park , built in 1912 , and Wrigley Field in 1914 . The stadium hosted an annual charity game between the Pirates and the State College of Florida , Manatee-Sarasota ."}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Stone Crabs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Stone_Crabs', 'summary': 'The Charlotte Stone Crabs are a minor league baseball team based in Port Charlotte , Florida . They are members of the Florida State League and are the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team . The Stone Crabs were originally the Vero Beach Dodgers ( later Vero Beach Devil Rays ) , who played in Vero Beach , Florida , from 1980 to 2008 . The team relocated to Port Charlotte after being purchased by Ripken Baseball . They play their home games at Charlotte Sports Park and are named for the Florida stone crab , which is indigenous to the Charlotte County region . The team has been affiliated with two different Major League Baseball teams during their existence : the Los Angeles Dodgers from 1980 to 2006 and the Tampa Bay Rays from 2007 to present day .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlotte Sports Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 ( 1983 , 1990 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clearwater Threshers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clearwater_Threshers', 'summary': "The Clearwater Threshers are a minor league baseball team that currently plays in the Florida State League . Since 2009 , the team competes in the North Division . The team plays its home games at Spectrum Field in Clearwater , Florida , which opened in 2004 . Spectrum Field seats more than 7,000 fans . A single-game attendance record of 9,090 was set on July 3 , 2008 . The team is the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies . The team has always been affiliated with the Phillies since 1985 , the franchise 's first season . From 1985 to 2003 , the Clearwater Threshers were called the Clearwater Phillies . While as the Clearwater Phillies , the team played at Jack Russell Memorial Stadium from 1985 to 2003 . When the team moved to the new Spectrum Field , it changed its name from Phillies to Threshers ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spectrum Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spectrum_Field', 'summary': "Spectrum Field ( formerly Bright House Networks Field and Bright House Field ) is a baseball stadium located in Clearwater , Florida , in the United States . The stadium was built in 2004 and has a maximum seating capacity of 8,500 people ( 7,000 fixed seats with additional grass berm seating for 1,500 ) . The ballpark is the spring training home of the Philadelphia Phillies , and also the home of their Class A affiliate , the Clearwater Threshers of the Florida State League . A sculpture titled The Ace - by artist Kevin Brady - stands at the ballpark 's west entrance plaza ."}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daytona Tortugas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daytona_Tortugas', 'summary': 'The Daytona Tortugas are a minor league baseball team based in Daytona Beach , Florida . The team plays in the Florida State League ( FSL ) . They are the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball . The team plays at Jackie Robinson Ballpark ; opened in 1914 , the park seats 5,100 fans . In 2015 , the inaugural season of Tortugas baseball , Daytona finished with a 77-58 record and won the Florida State League North Division Championship with a two-game sweep of the Clearwater Threshers in the first round of the playoffs . The club was previously known as the Daytona Cubs from 1993 to 2014 when the team was an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs . The team has won six Florida State League championships : in 1995 , 2000 , 2004 ( co-champions with the Tampa Yankees ) , 2008 , 2011 and 2013 . Their sixth FSL Championship came over the Charlotte Stone Crabs , winning 3-1 in a best-of-five series .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackie Robinson Ballpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Ballpark', 'summary': 'The Jackie Robinson Ballpark ( also known as Jackie Robinson Stadium or City Island Ball Park ) is a historic baseball field in Daytona Beach , Florida , United States . It is located at 105 East Orange Avenue on City Island , in the Halifax River .'}]}, {'value': '3 ( 1995 , 2004 , 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunedin Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin_Blue_Jays', 'summary': 'The Dunedin Blue Jays are a minor league baseball team based in Dunedin , Florida . They play in the Florida State League , and are the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays Major League Baseball club . They play their home games at TD Ballpark , which opened in 1990 and seats 5,509 fans . For the 2019 season , the team played at Jack Russell Memorial Stadium while TD Ballpark underwent renovations . Two teams named the Blue Jays , both affiliates of Toronto , have played in Dunedin : the original incarnation , from 1978 to 1979 , and the current team , established in 1987 . Since their inception they have won five division championships , in 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , and 2017 . In 2017 they were named co-champions of the FSL .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knology Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knology_Park', 'summary': 'TD Ballpark ( originally Dunedin Stadium at Grant Field ) is a baseball field located in Dunedin , Florida . The stadium was built in 1990 and holds 5,509 people . It is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as home to the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Class A Florida State League and the Dunedin High School Falcons baseball team . The stadium has also been known as Knology Park ( 2004-2008 ) , Florida Auto Exchange Stadium ( 2010-2017 ) and Dunedin Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Fire Frogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Fire_Frogs', 'summary': 'The Florida Fire Frogs are a minor league baseball team that plays as a member of the Florida State League and is currently based in North Port , Florida . Until 2020 , they were based in Kissimmee , Florida , part of the Greater Orlando metropolitan area . Founded in 2017 , the team is the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Atlanta Braves . They currently play their home games at CoolToday Park , having previously played at Osceola County Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Osceola County Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osceola_County_Stadium', 'summary': "Osceola County Stadium is an outdoor sports venue located in Kissimmee , Florida , part of the wider Orlando City SC Training Ground at Osceola Heritage Park . Originally a baseball park , it was converted into a soccer-specific stadium by Orlando City SC in 2019 to house the club 's USL League One reserve team Orlando City B ahead of the 2020 season . It had previously served as the home field for the Class A Florida State League 's Kissimmee Cobras ( 1995-2000 ) , Osceola Astros ( 1985-1994 ) and Florida Fire Frogs ( 2017-2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Myers Mighty Mussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers_Mighty_Mussels', 'summary': "The Fort Myers Mighty Mussels are the Class A Advanced Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Minnesota Twins Major League Baseball club , based in Fort Myers , Florida . Home games are played at the CenturyLink Sports Complex in Hammond Stadium , which has a capacity of 7,500 , and opened in 1991 . The park is also used as the Minnesota Twins ' spring training facility . Prior to Twins Spring training and the 2014 Florida State League season , Phase I of a two-part renovation was completed with the addition of an outfield boardwalk . The second phase of the renovation , which includes new sky suites , concessions , wider concourses and new offices for the Miracle staff , was completed before Spring training in 2015 . Due to the start of construction on Phase II in August 2014 , the Miracle played the final 10 home dates , including playoffs , at JetBlue Park . The majority owner is Kaufy Baseball , LLC , a privately held company managed by Andrew Kaufmann , who purchased a controlling interest in the club from Jason Hochberg of SJS Beacon Baseball , LLC in January 2019 . Musician Jimmy Buffett and actor Bill Murray were minority owners of the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hammond Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammond_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hammond Stadium is a baseball field located in the CenturyLink Sports Complex in South Fort Myers , Florida , United States . The stadium was built in 1991 , and underwent major renovations in 2014 and 2015 . The spring training home of the Minnesota Twins saw its seating capacity increased from 7,500 to 9,300 in the spring of 2015 . Class A Advanced affiliate , the Fort Myers Mighty Mussels , of the Florida State League finished out their 2014 season and FSL championship at JetBlue Park ( Spring home of the Boston Red Sox , also in Fort Myers ) in order to get the renovations done in time for catchers & pitchers to report in 2015 . The renovations will also increase the amount of walkable area , provide more shaded areas for sunny games and an expanded gift shop , among other amenities for fans and players .'}]}, {'value': '7 ( 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 2018 , 2018 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jupiter Hammerheads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter_Hammerheads', 'summary': 'The Jupiter Hammerheads are a minor league baseball team based in the town of Jupiter in Palm Beach County , Florida . The team plays in the Florida State League and is the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Miami Marlins major-league club . The Hammerheads play their home games at Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium . Opened in 1998 , the park seats 6,871 fans . They share the facility with the Palm Beach Cardinals , also of the FSL . On May 23 , 2011 , the Hammerheads gained national attention after playing in a 23 inning game against the Clearwater Threshers . In 2012 , the Hammerheads won the 2nd Half Division Title and went on to defeat the St. Lucie Mets in a decisive Game 3 of the Division Championship Series to capture their first ever Division crown . Jupiter would lose in the FSL Championship in the fifth and final game against the Lakeland Flying Tigers , despite holding a 2-1 lead after Game 3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Dean Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Dean_Stadium', 'summary': 'Roger Dean Stadium ( officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium ) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky-box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeland Flying Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland_Flying_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Lakeland Flying Tigers are a minor league baseball team based in Lakeland , Florida . Home games are played at Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium ; opened in 1966 and most recently renovated in 2017 . The park , which doubles as the Detroit Tigers spring training home , seats 8,500 fans . It plays in the Florida State League and has been the High-A affiliate of the Tigers since 1963 , one of the two longest unbroken affiliate relationships currently existing . Until November 2006 , the team was known as the Lakeland Tigers , with branding similar to the parent club . However the team originated in 1960 as the Lakeland Indians , an affiliate of the Cleveland Indians . After a one-year hiatus , the team was restarted in 1962 as the Lakeland Giants , and an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants . In 1997 , playing with the Flying Tigers , Gabe Kapler led the Florida State League in doubles and total bases , and tied for first in extra base hits . In 2012 , the Flying Tigers won their first FSL title in 20 years by defeating the Jupiter Hammerheads , three games to two . It was the fourth league title in club history .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joker Marchant Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joker_Marchant_Stadium', 'summary': "Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium is a baseball field in Lakeland , Florida . The 8,500-seat stadium was opened in 1966 and has had multiple renovations , most recently in 2017 . It was named after local resident and former Lakeland Parks and Recreation Director Marcus Joker Marchant . It is the spring training home of the Detroit Tigers and the regular-season home of the minor league affiliates Lakeland Flying Tigers and Gulf Coast Tigers . On March 15 , 2011 , the largest crowd in the stadium 's history ( 10,307 people ) watched a spring training game between the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox ."}]}, {'value': '3 ( 1976 , 1977 , 1992 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palm Beach Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Beach_Cardinals', 'summary': 'The Palm Beach Cardinals are a minor league baseball team based in the town of Jupiter in Palm Beach County , Florida . The team plays in the Florida State League and is the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals major-league club . The Cardinals play their home games at Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium . Opened in 1998 , the park seats 6,871 fans . They share the facility with the Jupiter Hammerheads , also of the FSL .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Dean Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Dean_Stadium', 'summary': 'Roger Dean Stadium ( officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium ) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky-box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2005 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Lucie Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lucie_Mets', 'summary': 'The St. Lucie Mets are a minor league baseball team based in Port St. Lucie , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tradition Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tradition_Field', 'summary': "Clover Park is a baseball stadium located in Port St. Lucie , Florida . The stadium was built in time for the 1988 season and holds 7,160 people . It is the spring training home of the New York Mets ( who moved from St. Petersburg 's Al Lang Stadium ) , as well as the home to the St. Lucie Mets Class A team and the Gulf Coast Mets Rookie League team . The stadium also sometimes hosts college games ."}]}, {'value': '5 ( 1988 , 1996 , 1998 , 2003 , 2006 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Tarpons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Tarpons', 'summary': 'The Tampa Tarpons are a Minor League Baseball team based in Tampa , Florida . They are members of the Florida State League ( FSL ) and are the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball team . Home games are played at George M. Steinbrenner Field , which is also the spring training home of the New York Yankees and incorporates design elements from old Yankee Stadium in the Bronx . The team was established in 1994 as the Tampa Yankees and played for 23 seasons under that name . Before the 2018 season , the team was rebranded as the Tampa Tarpons , reviving a name that had been used by an earlier FSL franchise for over thirty years . Since their inception , the club has won five league championships , in 1994 , 2001 , 2004 , 2009 , and 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MiLB , Florida State League ( A )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legends Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legends_Field', 'summary': "George M. Steinbrenner Field ( formerly known as Legends Field ) , is a baseball stadium located in Tampa , Florida across Dale Mabry Highway from Raymond James Stadium , home of the National Football League 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The ballpark was built in 1996 and holds 11,026 people with an addition in right field built in 2007 . This ballpark is the largest spring training ballpark in Florida . George M. Steinbrenner Field serves as the home of the Tampa Tarpons , the New York Yankees ' affiliate in the Class A Advanced Florida State League , and is the Yankees ' spring training home ."}]}, {'value': '5 ( 1994 , 2001 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeland Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland_Magic', 'summary': "The Lakeland Magic is an American professional basketball team based in Lakeland , Florida . The team is the NBA G League developmental affiliate of the NBA 's Orlando Magic . The Lakeland team began play in the 2017-18 season and plays their home games at the RP Funding Center . The franchise previously was based out of Erie , Pennsylvania , and known as the Erie BayHawks ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBA G League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBA_G_League', 'summary': "The NBA G League , or simply the G League , is the National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) official minor league basketball organization . The league was known as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) from 2001 to 2005 , and the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) from 2005 until 2017 . The league started with eight teams until NBA commissioner David Stern announced a plan to expand the NBA D-League to fifteen teams and develop it into a true minor league farm system , with each NBA D-League team affiliated with one or more NBA teams in March 2005 . At the conclusion of the 2013-14 NBA season , 33% of NBA players had spent time in the NBA D-League , up from 23% in 2011 . As of the 2019-20 season , the league consists of 28 teams , all of which are either single-affiliated or owned by an NBA team . In the 2017-18 season , Gatorade became the title sponsor of the D-League , and it was renamed the NBA G League ."}]}, {'value': 'RP Funding Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RP_Funding_Center', 'summary': "The RP Funding Center ( formerly the Lakeland Civic Center and the Lakeland Center ) is a multipurpose entertainment complex in Lakeland , Florida , comprising a convention center , arena and theater . Currently , it is home to the Florida Tropics SC of the Major Arena Soccer League and the Lakeland Magic , the Orlando Magic 's affiliate in the NBA G League ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daytona Beach Sharks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000–present)', 'summary': "The American Basketball Association ( ABA ) is an American semi-professional men 's basketball minor league that was founded in 1999 . The ABA has teams based in the United States and previously had international teams based in Canada and Mexico . In the past , there were traveling teams from countries such as Australia and Japan who played in the ABA . Additionally , there were players from other countries that were on a U.S. team to showcase other talented athletes in the country . The current ABA bears no relation to the original American Basketball Association ( 1967-1976 ) that was considered a major league , and merged with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksonville Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_Giants', 'summary': 'The Jacksonville Giants are a professional minor league basketball team based in Jacksonville , Florida . They were the 2012 , 2013 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , and 2019 National Champions of the new American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , which they joined as an expansion team for the 2010-2011 season . They play most home games at VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena . In addition to their six national championships , the Giants won regional titles in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . In 2014 , the team was recognized for their off-the-court achievements with the ABA National Charity Award for their work in the Jacksonville community .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VyStar_Veterans_Memorial_Arena', 'summary': 'VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena ( originally Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena located in Jacksonville , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '3 ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Midnites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Midnites', 'summary': 'The Miami Midnites were a professional minor league basketball team based in Miami , Florida . Established in 2014 , the club was an affiliate of the Maccabi Haifa B.C . of the Israeli Basketball Premier League , The team is owned by Jeffrey Rosen , CEO of Triangle Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association Florida Basketball Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The Florida Basketball Association ( FBA ) is a semi-professional men 's basketball league that began play in the fall of 2012 with teams in Orlando , Lake Wales , and Palm Beach Gardens . The commissioner of the FBA is former NBA player Greg Kite ."}]}, {'value': 'David Posnack Jewish Community Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 in the FBA )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Native Pride', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broward College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broward_College', 'summary': "Broward College is a public college in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . It is part of the Florida College System . It was established in 1959 as part of a move to broaden Florida 's two-year colleges . In 2008 it adopted its current name , reflecting that it is one of the schools designated a state college , meaning it can offer four-year bachelor 's degrees . In 2012 , Broward College was named one of the top 10 percent of community colleges in the nation by the Washington D.C.-based Aspen Institute ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Florida Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Florida_Gold', 'summary': "The South Florida Gold are a professional minor league basketball team in the American Basketball Association based in Lake Worth , Florida that began play in the 2013-14 ABA season . The team was found in an audit by Palm Beach County school district of posing under two different charities to get reduced rent for gym rental during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons . As of March 9 , 2014 [ update ] , the Gold have appeared on the league 's rankings at # 3 , putting them just behind the Jacksonville Giants and the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks . Finished 3rd in the nation out of 80 teams nationwide . As of March 11 , 2015 [ update ] , the Gold have appeared on the league 's rankings at # 3 , putting them just behind the Jacksonville Giants and the Shreveport-Bossier Mavericks . Finished 3rd in the nation out of 90 teams nationwide . As of April 11 , 2016 , the Gold have appeared on the league 's rankings at # 2 . Finished 3rd in the nation out of 110 teams nationwide . As of April 4 , 2017 , the Gold have appeared on the league 's rankings at # 1 for 3 consecutive weeks and maintained a top 4 spot throughout the season . Finished in the top 8 in the nation out of 120 teams nationwide . As of April 8 , 2018 [ update ] , the Gold have appeared on the league 's rankings at # 1 for 3 consecutive weeks , defeating teams such as the Kentucky Enforcers who had an undefeated record going into the top 8 . The South Florida Gold finished 3rd in the nation out of 120 teams nationwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Basketball Association', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coral Springs Arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Minor league and semi-pro teams', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_teams_in_Florida_1', 'intro': "Sports teams in Florida include many professional, semi-professional, amateur and college teams. In professional sports, Florida has three National Football League teams, two Major League Baseball teams, two National Basketball Association teams, two National Hockey League teams, two Major League Soccer teams, one Women's Soccer team and many minor league teams in various sports. Additionally, since the late 19th century Florida has been a significant spring training destination for Major League Baseball teams and their affiliates."}
null
null
What was the original name of the team that won exactly two championships ?
Vero Beach Dodgers
090eeea7b089ba46
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Methodist churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'City , State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Campbell Chapel AME Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Americus , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Americus,_Georgia', 'summary': "Americus is a city in Sumter County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 17,041 . Americus is the home of Habitat for Humanity 's international headquarters , the Windsor Hotel , The Fuller Center for Housing international headquarters , The Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving , Glover Foods and other organizations . The city is the county seat of Sumter County . Americus is the principal city of the Americus Micropolitan Statistical Area , a micropolitan area that covers Schley and Sumter counties and had a combined population of 36,966 at the 2000 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Arlington Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_South', 'summary': 'The Arlington United Methodist Church is the only Methodist church in Arlington , Georgia . The church congregation was founded in 1873 and met in a small schoolhouse , then built a white wooden church in 1876 . The present church was built in 1908 and was known as Arlington Methodist Episcopal Church , South . It is Romanesque Revival in style and was designed by architect T. Firth Lockwood , Sr . It is built of red brick and has two towers of different heights . The church changed its name in 1939 by dropping the word Episcopal and in 1969 by adding the word United . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as Arlington Methodist Episcopal Church , South . The original parsonage building ( c. 1957 ) , which in 1990 was an educational building , and a fellowship hall ( c. 1965 ) , were not included in the listing . It was designed by architect T. Firth Lockwood , Sr .'}]}, {'value': '1873 founded 1908 built 1990 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arlington , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Arlington is a city in Calhoun and Early counties , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 1,479 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wesleyan Methodist Campground and Tabernacle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashburn , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashburn,_Georgia', 'summary': "The city of Ashburn is the county seat of Turner County , Georgia , United States . As of 2010 , the city had a population of 4,152 . Ashburn 's government is classified as a council/manager form of municipal government . The City Manager of Ashburn is Ben Taylor . Ashburn is noted for its peanuts and a fire ant festival . Ashburn boasts a large peanut monument and is home to the Golden Peanut Company ."}]}, {'value': 'First African Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Georgia', 'summary': "Athens , officially Athens-Clarke County , is a consolidated city-county and college town in the U.S. state of Georgia . Athens lies about 70 mi ( 113 km ) northeast of downtown Atlanta , a global city . The University of Georgia , the state 's flagship public university and an R1 research institution , is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth . In 1991 , after a vote the preceding year , the original City of Athens abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County , referred to jointly as Athens-Clarke County . As of 2017 [ update ] , the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimated population of the consolidated city-county ( all of Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart ) was 125,691 ; the entire county including Winterville and Bogart had a population of 127,064 . Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia , and the principal city of the Athens metropolitan area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 209,271 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Metropolitan Athens is a component of the larger Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area , a trading area . The city is dominated by a pervasive student culture and music scene centered on downtown Athens , next to the University of Georgia 's North Campus . Major music acts associated with Athens include numerous alternative rock bands such as R.E.M. , the B-52 's , Widespread Panic , and Neutral Milk Hotel . The city is also known as a recording site for such groups as the Atlanta-based Indigo Girls ."}]}, {'value': 'Butler Street Colored Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Hope African Methodist Episcopal Church and Cemetery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Park Street Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Mark Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Mark_Methodist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)', 'summary': 'Saint Mark United Methodist Church is a United Methodist Church in midtown Atlanta , Georgia . The building was constructed between 1902 and 1903 by the congregation of Merritts Avenue Methodist Church after they outgrew their previous building . The architecture is notable for its use of Stone Mountain granite , triple entrance portal , and pot-metal stained-glass windows . The building is one of the few Gothic Revival granite churches in Atlanta . The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is also designated as a historic building by the City of Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': '1903 built 1987 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Jones Memorial United Methodist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Jones_Memorial_United_Methodist_Church', 'summary': "The Sam Jones Memorial United Methodist Church at 100 W. Church St. in Cartersville , Georgia was built in 1907 . It was designed by Atlanta architect Walter T. Downing . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 . The church was deemed significant architecturally as a fine example of a church built in the Classical Revival Style exemplified by the use of a full entablature and portico . It is also notable for its association with one of the county 's oldest Methodist churches , and for its namesake Sam P. Jones . It is named for Sam Jones ( 1847-1906 ) , native of Oak Bowery , Alabama . Lived in Cartersville from the age of twelve and is buried in Cartersville , was an evangelist who preached across the United States . After his sudden death during the construction of their new church , the Cartersville Methodist Episcopal Church South renamed itself in his honor ."}]}, {'value': '1907 built 1985 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cartersville , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Cartersville is a city in Bartow County in the U.S. state of Georgia ; it is located within the northwest edge of the Atlanta metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 19,731 . Cartersville is the county seat of Bartow County .'}]}, {'value': 'Chubb Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cave Spring , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cave_Spring,_Georgia', 'summary': "Cave Spring is a city in Floyd County , Georgia , United States . It is located 16 miles ( 26 km ) southwest of Rome , the county seat . The population of Cave Spring was 1,200 at the 2010 census , up from 975 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Rome , Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area . The town was named after the cave and water spring located in Rolater Park . The cave has impressive stalagmites and the legendary Devil 's Stool formation . The spring water has won awards for purity and taste . Many visitors bring jugs to fill at the spring and take home for drinking ."}]}, {'value': 'Daes Chapel Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarkesville , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarkesville,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Clarkesville is a city that is the county seat of Habersham County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,733 , up from 1,248 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Broad Street Methodist Episcopal Church South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Street_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_South', 'summary': "Broad Street Methodist Episcopal Church South ( Old Broad Street Methodist Episcopal Church South ) in Columbus , Georgia is a historic church built in 1873 . It is one of the oldest buildings on Broadway ( Columbus 's main street ) and is as the only Greek Revival church building surviving in Columbus . It has pilasters with corbelled brick capitals . It was added to the National Register in 1980 . It was home of the Columbus Ledger newspaper from 1915 to 1931 . It was listed on the National Register along with other historic properties identified in a large survey ."}]}, {'value': '1873 built 1980 NRHP-listd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia', 'summary': "Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City , Alabama , Columbus is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970 . Columbus is the third-largest city in Georgia and the fourth-largest metropolitan area . According to the 2017 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , Columbus has a population of 194,058 residents , with 303,811 in the Columbus metropolitan area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area , which has a 2017 estimated population of 499,128 . Columbus lies 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of Atlanta . Fort Benning , the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer , is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County . Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites , including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the United States Army 's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River ."}]}, {'value': 'Methodist Tabernacle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1873 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia', 'summary': "Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City , Alabama , Columbus is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970 . Columbus is the third-largest city in Georgia and the fourth-largest metropolitan area . According to the 2017 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , Columbus has a population of 194,058 residents , with 303,811 in the Columbus metropolitan area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area , which has a 2017 estimated population of 499,128 . Columbus lies 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of Atlanta . Fort Benning , the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer , is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County . Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites , including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the United States Army 's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockville Academy and St. Paul Methodist Church Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eatonton , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eatonton,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Eatonton is a city in and county seat of Putnam County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 6,480 . It was named after William Eaton , an officer and diplomat involved in the First Barbary War . The name consists of his surname with the English suffix ton , meaning town .'}]}, {'value': 'Cartecay Methodist Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cartecay_Methodist_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Cartecay Methodist Church and Cemetery , in Gilmer County , Georgia , near Ellijay , Georgia was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . The Cartecay Methodist Church was organized in 1834 . The listed church building was built upon two acres of land that were donated by Barnett Wilson in 1859 . The church , built c.1859 , is a frame structure with mortise-and-tenon construction , made of hand-hewn virgin pine . About 60 years later , a local craftsman and congregation member named Frank B. Haigler added an unusual faux bois finish to all interior surfaces other than the floor . The building was expanded by two Sunday school rooms added after World War II . The cemetery is laid out in a fairly regular gridiron pattern with a variety of modest stone grave markers and minimal landscaping . The modern Cartecay United Methodist Church , whose address is 7629 Highway 52 East , in Ellijay , has a new building behind the historic one . [ notes 1 ]'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellijay , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellijay,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Ellijay is a city in Gilmer County , Georgia , United States . The population was 1,619 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Gilmer County . Gilmer County is known as the Apple Capital of Georgia and the city holds an annual Georgia Apple Festival in October . Former President Jimmy Carter has a log cabin second home in Ellijay .'}]}, {'value': 'New Hope AME Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyton , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyton,_Georgia', 'summary': "Guyton is a city in Effingham County , Georgia , United States . The population was 1,684 at the 2010 census , up from 917 in 2000 . Guyton is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area and is located 28 miles ( 45 km ) northwest of that city 's center ."}]}, {'value': 'Epworth by the Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epworth_by_the_Sea', 'summary': "Epworth by the Sea is an 83-acre Christian conference and retreat center in Georgia , United States . It is used for Methodist-based events . It is located on the banks of the Frederica River below Gascoigne Bluff on Saint Simons Island , Georgia . The center was named Epworth by the Sea in honor of Epworth , the boyhood home of Charles and John Wesley , founders of Methodism . It is owned and operated by the South Georgia Conference of the United Methodist Church . Epworth is located on part of Hamilton Plantation which was purchased on October 29 , 1949 . It opened to the public in 1950 , under the leadership of Bishop Arthur James Moore . Moore , from Georgia , was an elected bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church , and also a leader of the Atlanta Area of the Methodist Church . At the start , the center featured only a few rural camp facilities and old plantation buildings . Epworth 's stated mission is to provide a Christian place for worship , study and fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Simons Island , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Simons,_Georgia', 'summary': "St. Simons Island ( or simply St. Simons ) is a barrier island and census-designated place ( CDP ) located on St. Simons Island in Glynn County , Georgia , United States . The names of the community and the island are interchangeable , known simply as St. Simons Island or SSI , or locally as The Island . St. Simons is part of the Brunswick , Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area , and according to the 2010 census , the CDP had a population of 12,743 . Located on the southeast Georgia coast , midway between Savannah and Jacksonville , St. Simons Island is both a seaside resort and residential community . It is the largest of Georgia 's renowned Golden Isles ( along with Sea Island , Jekyll Island , and privately owned Little St. Simons Island ) . Visitors are drawn to the Island for its warm climate , beaches , variety of outdoor activities , shops and restaurants , historical sites , and its natural environment . In addition to its base of permanent residents , the island enjoys an influx of both visitors and part-time residents throughout the year . The 2010 Census notes that 26.8% of total housing units are for seasonal , recreational , or occasional use . The vast majority of commercial and residential development is located on the southern half of the island . Much of the northern half remains marsh or woodland . A large tract of land in the northeast has been converted to a nature preserve containing trails , historical ruins , and undisturbed maritime forest . The tract , Cannon 's Point Preserve , is open to the public on specified days and hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartwell Methodist Episcopal Church , South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartwell , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartwell,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Hartwell is a city in Hart County , Georgia , United States . The population was 4,469 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Hart County .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Thomas African Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Thomas_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'St. Thomas African Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic African-American church in Hawkinsville , Georgia , located at 401 North Dooly Street . It is a large brick building on the northwest corner of North Dooly Street and Second Street , built 1908-1912 , replacing a wood building built in 1877 . Some of its historical integrity was lost due to non-historic additions and alterations . Restrooms were added in the 1950s , ceiling tiles in the 1960s , carpeting in 1982 , interior partitions and new windows in 1987 , new steps in 1988 , and new pews and air conditioning in 1989 . It has a steeply pitched gable-front roof . The interior has an open space with a pulpit , with three sections of pews . It is one of the last remaining buildings of a historically African-American neighborhood and was the largest and only brick building in the neighborhood . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 7 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawkinsville , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawkinsville,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Hawkinsville is a city in and the county seat of Pulaski County , Georgia , United States . The population was 4,589 at the 2010 census . Hawkinsville is known as the Harness Horse Capital of Georgia . The Lawrence Bennett Harness Horse Racing facility is owned by the city and serves as an important training ground during winter months . The Harness Festival takes place every April at the end of training before horses head north for the harness racing season .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Selected salient ones -- Georgia', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Methodist_churches_in_the_United_States_10', 'intro': 'This is a list of Methodist churches in the United States. It includes notable churches either where a church means a congregation (in the New Testament definition) or where a church means a building (in the colloquial sense). It also includes campgrounds and conference centers and retreats that are significant Methodist gathering places, including a number of historic sites of camp meetings. This very limited list includes only historically or architecturally significant buildings, and omits many of the currently very largest and influential congregations which do not meet that standard. Methodism was founded with a large component being a rejection of past churches and was developed by John Wesley and others in large open-air gatherings in Great Britain. In the United States, Methodists (along with Baptists and other Protestants) were major participants in the Second Great Awakening wherein people would travel from a large area to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, and pray. The list also includes selected notable Methodist theological buildings. In the United States, numerous Methodist churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on state and local historic registers, many reflecting the values of plainness, of Gothic architecture, of simple adornment. The Greek Revival style is also simple and came to be adopted for numerous American Methodist churches.'}
null
null
what city has a population of 19,731 and a church which was built in 1907 ?
Cartersville , Georgia
090f22399c433892
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Iraq', 'title': 'List of football stadiums in Iraq', 'header': ['Stadium', 'Location', 'Capacity', 'Sport', 'Occupant', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baghdad Sports City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yusufiyah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yusufiyah', 'summary': 'Yusufiyah ( Arabic : اليوسفية ; also transliterated as Yusafiyah , Youssifiyah or Yusifiyah , occasionally prefixed with Al- ) is a regional township in the country of Iraq , located in Baghdad Governorate .'}]}, {'value': '85,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proposed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tajiat Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baghdad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taji,_Iraq', 'summary': 'Taji ( Arabic : التاجي ) is a rural district north of the city of Baghdad , within Baghdad Governorate and Saladin Governorate . Taji District has about 400,000 inhabitants .'}]}, {'value': '60,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On hold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ammo Baba Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baghdad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baghdad', 'summary': 'Baghdad ( /ˈbæɡdæd , bəɡˈdæd/ ; Arabic : بغداد [ baɣˈdaːd ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world . Located along the Tigris River , the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate . Within a short time of its inception , Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural , commercial , and intellectual center of the Muslim world . This , in addition to housing several key academic institutions , including the House of Wisdom , as well as hosting a multiethnic and multireligious environment , garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the Centre of Learning . Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age , peaking at a population of more than a million . The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258 , resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires . With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state ( formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia ) in 1932 , Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture , with a population variously estimated at 6 or over 7 million . [ note 1 ] In contemporary times , the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage , most recently due to the United States-led 2003 invasion of Iraq , and the subsequent Iraq War that lasted until December 2011 . In recent years , the city has been frequently subjected to insurgency attacks . The war had resulted in a substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artifacts as well . As of 2018 [ update ] , Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live , ranked by Mercer as the worst major city for quality of life in the world .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Minaa Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Minaa_Stadium', 'summary': "New Minaa Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Basra , Iraq , that is currently under construction . Once completed , it will be used mostly for football matches and will host the home matches of Al-Minaa as a replacement for their venue Al Mina ' a Stadium . The stadium will have a capacity of 30,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Basra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basra', 'summary': "Basra ( Arabic : البصرة al-Baṣrah ) is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab . It had an estimated population of 2.5 million in 2012 . Basra is also Iraq 's main port , although it does not have deep water access , which is handled at the port of Umm Qasr . The city is one of the ports from which the fictional Sinbad the Sailor journeyed . It played an important role in early Islamic history and was built in 636 . Basra is consistently one of the hottest cities in Iraq , with summer temperatures regularly exceeding 50 °C ( 122 °F ) . In April 2017 , the Iraqi Parliament recognized Basra as Iraq 's economic capital ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Al-Mina ' a SC", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Al-Mina'a_SC", 'summary': "Al-Mina ' a Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الميناء الرياضي , lit . 'Port Sports Club ' ) is an Iraqi multi-sport club based in Al-Maqal , Basra that participates in the Iraqi Premier League , the top-flight of Iraqi football . They are one of the most popular clubs in Iraq , particularly in the south , and were the first club from outside Baghdad to win the Iraqi Premier League . Al-Mina ' a was founded on November 22 , 1931 , in Al-Maqal . In 1974 , the club was merged with another club called Al-Bareed to form a single club called Al-Muwasalat , and it was a strange situation because the Al-Bareed team were based in Baghdad while Al-Mina ' a were based in Basra and the two teams met in Baghdad on the day of the match only , so after just one season the club was dissolved and Al-Mina ' a returned in their place . In the 1978 , the team won the league title for the first time . After a lean period in the post-war years , the team finished second in the league in the 2004-05 season , and therefore qualified for the 2006 AFC Champions League , becoming the first Iraqi club from outside Baghdad to play in this tournament . For a long time , the club was considered to be one of the Iraqi football clubs that had its own style of play , and the team practiced only under the supervision and training of coaches who graduated from the club , until the beginning of 2011 , when the club started to depend on foreign coaches ."}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Babel Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hillah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillah', 'summary': 'Hillah ( Arabic : الحلة al-Ḥillah ) , also spelled Hilla , is a city in central Iraq on the Hilla branch of the Euphrates River , 100 km ( 62 mi ) south of Baghdad . The population is estimated at 364,700 in 1998 . It is the capital of Babylon Province and is located adjacent to the ancient city of Babylon , and close to the ancient cities of Borsippa and Kish . It is situated in a predominantly agricultural region which is extensively irrigated with water provided by the Hilla canal , producing a wide range of crops , fruit and textiles . Its name may be derived from the word beauty in Arabic . The river runs exactly in the middle of the town , and it is surrounded by date palm trees and other forms of arid vegetation , reducing the harmful effects of dust and desert wind . The city was once a major center of Islamic scholarship and education . The tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is reputed to be located in a nearby village , Al Kifl . It became a major administrative centre during the rule of the Ottoman and British Empires . In the 19th century , the Hilla branch of the Euphrates started to silt up and much agricultural land was lost to drought , but this process was reversed by the construction of the Hindiya Barrage in 1911-1913 , which diverted water from the deeper Hindiya branch of the Euphrates into the Hilla canal . It saw heavy fighting in 1920 during an uprising against the British , when 300 men of the Manchester Regiment were apparently defeated in the city . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Qasim SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Qasim_SC', 'summary': 'Al-Qasim Sport Club ( Arabic : نادي القاسم الرياضي ) is an Iraqi football team based in Al-Qasim City , Babil , that plays in Iraqi Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Sunbula Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diwaniyah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diwaniyah', 'summary': "Al Diwaniyah ( Arabic : الديوانية Ad Dīwānīyah ) , also spelt Diwaniya , is the capital city of Iraq 's Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate . In 2002 the population was estimated at 440,927 ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Diwaniya FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Diwaniya_FC', 'summary': 'Al-Diwaniya is a football club based in Al Diwaniyah , Al-Qādisiyyah , Iraq , the club was formed in 1965 and has played at its home ground , it currently play in the Iraqi Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Nasiriyah Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasiriyah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nasiriyah', 'summary': "Nasiriyah ( Arabic : الناصرية ; BGN : An Nāşirīyah ; also spelled Nassiriya or Nasiriya ) is a city in Iraq . It is situated along the banks of the Euphrates River , about 225 miles ( 370 km ) southeast of Baghdad , near the ruins of the ancient city of Ur . It is the capital of the Dhi Qar Governorate . Its population 2003 was about 560,000 , making it the fourth largest city in Iraq . It had a religiously diverse population of Muslims , Mandaeans and Jews in the early 20th century , but today its inhabitants are predominantly Shia Muslims . Nasiriyah was founded by the Muntafiq tribe in the late 19th century during the Ottoman era . It has since become a major hub for transportation . Nasiriyah is the center of a date-growing area . The city 's cottage industries include boat-building , carpentry and silver working . The city museum has a large collection of Sumerian , Assyrian , Babylonian , and Abbasid artifacts . The ruins of the ancient cities of Ur and Larsa are located nearby ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Nasiriya FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Nasiriya_FC', 'summary': 'An Nasiriyah Football Club ( Arabic : الناصرية ) - simply known as An Nasiriyah FC - , is an Iraqi football team based in An Nasiriyah , Dhi Qar Governorate . The club plays in the Iraq Division One and was founded on 21 October 1961 . An Nasiriyah FC is nicknamed Sons of Sumer ( Arabic : احفاد سومر ) . The An Nasiriyah Stadium is where An Nasiriyah FC play their home games . It is a multi-use stadium in An Nasiriyah , Iraq and has a maximum capacity of around 10,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Salah ad Din Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tikrit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tikrit', 'summary': "Tikrit ( Arabic : تكريت Tikrīt [ ˈtɪkriːt ] , Classical Syriac : ܬܓܪܝܬ Tagriṯ , Kurdish : Tikrît ) sometimes transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit , is a city in Iraq , located 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) northwest of Baghdad and 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River . It is the administrative center of the Saladin Governorate . As of 2012 [ update ] , it had a population of 160,000 . Under Ba'athism , Tikrit was notable as the birthplace of Saddam Hussein , and early on as a power base for the regime . In recent years the city has been the site of conflict culminating in the Second Battle of Tikrit from March through April 2015 , resulting in the displacement of 28,000 civilians . The Iraqi government regained control of the city from the Islamic State on March 31 , 2015 . But the city was recaptured at the end of 2015 and now is in peace ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salahaddin FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salahaddin_FC', 'summary': 'Salahaddin FC ( Arabic : نادي صلاح الدين ) is an Iraqi football team based in Tikrit .'}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ba'quba Stadium", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ba'quba_Stadium", 'summary': "Ba'quba Stadium , is a multi-use stadium in Baqubah , Diyala Governorate , Iraq . It was used for football matches and serves as the home stadium of Diyala football club . Now , it is under reconstruction to hold 30,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Baqubah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baqubah', 'summary': "Baqubah ( Arabic : بعقوبة ; BGN : Baqūbah ; also spelled Baquba and Baqouba ) is the capital of Iraq 's Diyala Governorate . The city is located some 50 km ( 31 mi ) to the northeast of Baghdad , on the Diyala River . In 2003 it had an estimated population of some 467,900 people . Baqubah served as a way station between Baghdad and Khorasan on the medieval Khorasan Road . During the Abbasid Caliphate , it was known for its date and fruit orchards , irrigated by the Nahrawan Canal . Situated on the main road and rail routes between Baghdad and Iran it is a centre of trade for agricultural produce . It is now known as the centre of Iraq 's commercial orange groves ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diyala FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diyala_FC', 'summary': 'Diyala football club ( Arabic : نادي ديالى ) , is an Iraqi football club based in Diyala . The team was demoted from the first division after the 2005-06 season and finally they got promoted and will compete in 2008-09 . After one year spell in the top division they got relegated to the Iraq second division'}]}, {'value': 'On hold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Mosul University Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Mosul_University_Stadium', 'summary': 'Al Mosul University Stadium , is a multi-use stadium in Mosul , Iraq . It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as the home stadium of Mosul FC . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Mosul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosul', 'summary': "Mosul ( Arabic : الموصل al-Mawṣil , Syriac : ܡܘܨܠ , romanized : Māwṣil , Kurdish : مووسڵ ) is a major city in northern Iraq . Located approximately 400 km ( 250 mi ) north of Baghdad , Mosul stands on the west bank of the Tigris , opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank . The metropolitan area has grown to encompass substantial areas on both the Left Bank ( east side ) and the Right Bank ( west side ) , as the two banks are described by the locals compared to the flow direction of Tigris . At the start of the 21st century , Mosul and its surroundings had an ethnically and religiously diverse population ; the majority of Mosul 's population were Arabs , with Assyrians , Armenians , Turkmens , Kurds , Yazidis , Shabakis , Mandaeans , Kawliya , Circassians in addition to other , smaller ethnic minorities . In religious terms , mainstream Sunni Islam was the largest religion , but with a significant number of followers of the Salafi movement and Christianity ( the latter followed by the Assyrians and Armenians ) , as well as Shia Islam , Sufism , Yazidism , Shabakism , Yarsanism and Mandaeism . Mosul 's population grew rapidly around the turn of the millennium and by 2004 , the city 's population was estimated to be 1,846,500 . In 2014 , the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized control of the city . The Iraqi government recaptured it in the Battle of Mosul three years later , during which the city sustained heavy damage . Historically , important products of the area include Mosul marble and oil . The city of Mosul is home to the University of Mosul and its renowned Medical College , which together was one of the largest educational and research centers in Iraq and the Middle East . Mosul , together with the nearby Nineveh plains , is one of the historic centers for the Assyrian people and their churches ; the Chaldean Catholic Church , the Syriac Orthodox Church , and the Assyrian Church of the East , containing the tombs of several Old Testament prophets such as Jonah , some of which were destroyed by ISIL in July 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Mosul FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Mosul_FC', 'summary': 'Mosul football club ( Arabic : نادي الموصل ) is an Iraqi football club based in Mosul .'}]}, {'value': 'On hold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'As Samawah Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_Samawah_Stadium', 'summary': 'As Samawah Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Samawah , Iraq . It is currently used mostly for football matches and serves as the home stadium of Samawa FC . The stadium holds 15,000 people . The stadium is currently under redevelopment to reach a capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Samawah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samawah', 'summary': 'Samawah or As-Samawah ( Arabic language : السماوة ) is a city in Iraq , 280 kilometres ( 174 mi ) southeast of Baghdad . The city of Samawah is the modern capital of the Al Muthanna Governorate . The city is located midway between Baghdad and Basra , at the northern edge of the governorate . The province was established in 1975 ; prior to that date it was a unified province along with Qadissiya ( Diwaniya ) and Najaf .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Samawa FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Samawa_FC', 'summary': "Samawa FC ( Arabic : نادي السماوة ) , is an Iraqi sports club based in As-Samawa , Al-Muthanna , Iraq , which plays in the Iraqi Premier League , the top tier of the Iraqi football . The club 's home stadium is As Samawah Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Al Zawraa Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baghdad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karkh', 'summary': 'Karkh or Al-Karkh ( Arabic : الكرخ ) is historically the name of the western half of Baghdad , Iraq , or alternatively , the western shore of the Tigris River as it ran through Baghdad . The eastern shore is known as Al-Rasafa . Its name is derived from the Syriac ( ܟܪܟܐ ) Karkha ; citadel . In a more limited sense Karkh is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad , with Mansour district to the west , Kadhimiya district to the northwest , and the Tigris to the north , east and south . The Green Zone ( International Zone ) is in this district . Today , it is also a neighborhood between the International Zone and the Tigris .'}]}, {'value': '16,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Al-Zawra ' a SC", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Al-Zawra'a_SC", 'summary': "Al-Zawraa Sport Club ( Arabic : نادي الزوراء الرياضي ) is an Iraqi sports club based in Utayfia , Karkh District , West Districts of the Tigris River , Baghdad . Their football team compete in the Iraqi Premier League , the top-flight of Iraqi football . Al-Zawraa are considered to be one of the biggest clubs in Iraq having won 14 league titles , more than any other Iraqi team , and having never been relegated . They won their most recent trophy in the 2018-19 season by claiming their 16th Iraq FA Cup title , also a national record . They have won the league unbeaten on a record four occasions and also hold the joint-record for the most Iraqi Elite Cups ( with three ) and the record for the most Iraqi Super Cups ( with four ) . They are one of only two teams to have won all four of the aforementioned trophies in the same season ( the 1999-2000 season ) , and they hold the joint-record for most consecutive league matches undefeated in Iraq ( 39 matches , from 1993 to 1994 ) . However , Al-Zawraa have not been able to replicate their domestic dominance on the continental stage and have not achieved any major continental honours . Their best continental achievements include finishing fourth at the 1996-97 Asian Club Championship and finishing as runners-up of the 1999-2000 Asian Cup Winners ' Cup where they lost the final to Japanese club Shimizu S-Pulse . Since the AFC Champions League was formed in 2002 , Al-Zawraa have never advanced past the group stages of the tournament , although they have reached the knockout rounds of the AFC Cup three times and the round of 16 at the Arab Club Champions Cup twice . The team 's home colour is white , thus the nickname Al-Nawaris , which means The Gulls ."}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Shorta Sports City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC', 'summary': "Al-Shorta Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الشرطة الرياضي , lit . 'Police Sports Club ' ) is an Iraqi sports club based in Rusafa District , East Districts of the Tigris River , Baghdad . It has teams in 18 different sports , more than any other Iraqi club . The oldest and best known section of the club is the football team , which was founded in 1932 under the name Montakhab Al-Shorta and they are the third-oldest existing football club in the country . They are one of Iraq 's most successful clubs and they are the only existing Iraqi team to win a major top-tier continental club competition , having lifted the Arab Champions League trophy in 1982 after a 4-2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh in the final . They also reached the final of the AFC Champions League in 1971 , where they refused to face Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv in protest at the Israeli occupation of Palestine , instead waving the Palestinian flag around the field . They were referred to as champions by the Arab media and were greeted with a heroes ' reception upon their return to Baghdad , holding an open top bus parade , with Israel being expelled from the AFC three years later . The club has added two stars above their logo to represent these two achievements . They are the reigning champions of the Iraqi Premier League , having won the title in the 2018-19 season . They also won a joint record three Iraqi Elite Cups , in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 , being the only team to win that trophy three consecutive times . Al-Shorta hold numerous Premier League records in Iraq , such as the longest unbeaten run , the fewest losses in a season , the fewest goals conceded in a season , the most consecutive wins in a season , the most consecutive games scored in and the most seasons played in the top-flight ."}]}, {'value': 'Baghdad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baghdad', 'summary': 'Baghdad ( /ˈbæɡdæd , bəɡˈdæd/ ; Arabic : بغداد [ baɣˈdaːd ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world . Located along the Tigris River , the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate . Within a short time of its inception , Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural , commercial , and intellectual center of the Muslim world . This , in addition to housing several key academic institutions , including the House of Wisdom , as well as hosting a multiethnic and multireligious environment , garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the Centre of Learning . Baghdad was the largest city in the world for much of the Abbasid era during the Islamic Golden Age , peaking at a population of more than a million . The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258 , resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires . With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state ( formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia ) in 1932 , Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture , with a population variously estimated at 6 or over 7 million . [ note 1 ] In contemporary times , the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage , most recently due to the United States-led 2003 invasion of Iraq , and the subsequent Iraq War that lasted until December 2011 . In recent years , the city has been frequently subjected to insurgency attacks . The war had resulted in a substantial loss of cultural heritage and historical artifacts as well . As of 2018 [ update ] , Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live , ranked by Mercer as the worst major city for quality of life in the world .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al-Shorta SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC', 'summary': "Al-Shorta Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الشرطة الرياضي , lit . 'Police Sports Club ' ) is an Iraqi sports club based in Rusafa District , East Districts of the Tigris River , Baghdad . It has teams in 18 different sports , more than any other Iraqi club . The oldest and best known section of the club is the football team , which was founded in 1932 under the name Montakhab Al-Shorta and they are the third-oldest existing football club in the country . They are one of Iraq 's most successful clubs and they are the only existing Iraqi team to win a major top-tier continental club competition , having lifted the Arab Champions League trophy in 1982 after a 4-2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh in the final . They also reached the final of the AFC Champions League in 1971 , where they refused to face Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv in protest at the Israeli occupation of Palestine , instead waving the Palestinian flag around the field . They were referred to as champions by the Arab media and were greeted with a heroes ' reception upon their return to Baghdad , holding an open top bus parade , with Israel being expelled from the AFC three years later . The club has added two stars above their logo to represent these two achievements . They are the reigning champions of the Iraqi Premier League , having won the title in the 2018-19 season . They also won a joint record three Iraqi Elite Cups , in 2000 , 2001 and 2002 , being the only team to win that trophy three consecutive times . Al-Shorta hold numerous Premier League records in Iraq , such as the longest unbeaten run , the fewest losses in a season , the fewest goals conceded in a season , the most consecutive wins in a season , the most consecutive games scored in and the most seasons played in the top-flight ."}]}, {'value': 'Under construction', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Future stadiums', 'section_text': 'Stadiums which are currently in development include :', 'uid': 'List_of_football_stadiums_in_Iraq_1', 'intro': 'The following is a list of football stadiums in Iraq, ordered by capacity.'}
null
null
Which fictional character is said to have journeyed from the city in Iraq home to Al-Mina ' a SC ?
Sinbad the Sailor
091013117a5026a5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_cardinal', 'title': 'External cardinal', 'header': ['Name', 'Cardinalate', 'External episcopate', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hugo Candidus , O.S.B.Clun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Candidus', 'summary': 'Hugh of Remiremont ( c.1020 - c.1099 ) , called Candidus or Blancus ( both meaning the white ) , was a medieval cardinal . Born in Lorraine , Hugh became a Benedictine at Remiremont Abbey , whence he was summoned to Rome by Pope Leo IX and created Cardinal-Priest of San Clemente in 1049 . After the death of Pope Nicholas II in 1061 , he adhered to the antipope Cadalous , but quickly submitted to Pope Alexander II . In 1063 he was sent as papal legate to Spain and southern France , where he stayed until 1068 . On his way to Spain he presided over synods at Auch , Toulouse , Girona , and Barcelona . In Spain he was successful in enforcing celibacy among priests and introducing the Roman in place of the Mozarabic liturgy , but being accused of simony he was recalled to Rome . In 1072 he was sent as legate to France , where he again committed acts of simony . He succeeded , however , in exculpating himself before Alexander II and his successor Pope Gregory VII . He had wielded great influence upon the election of the latter and was sent by him as legate to France and Spain in 1073 . On this embassy he committed new acts of simony . From ca . 1075 he was a bitter antagonist of Gregory VII , who finally deposed him on March 3 , 1078 and replaced him in his titulus .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1049-1089 , cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1089-1099', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Fermo in 1084', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Fermo', 'summary': 'The Archdiocese of Fermo ( Latin : Archidioecesis Firmana ) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in northern Italy , with its seat in the city of Fermo , Marche . It was established as the Diocese of Fermo in the 3rd century , and elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Sixtus V on 24 May 1589 . The archiepiscopal seat is Fermo Cathedral . The current archbishop is Rocco Pennacchio .'}]}, {'value': 'Excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII in 1078 , joined the obedience of Antipope Clement III in 1080 . In 1089 he was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Palestrina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/See_of_Palestrina', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina ( Latin : Diocesis Praenestina ) is a Roman Catholic suburbicarian diocese centered on the comune of Palestrina in Italy . The current Bishop of Palestrina is Domenico Sigalini , who from 3 November 2010 until 5 April 2014 was also appointed by Pope Benedict XVI to be the general ecclesiastical assistant of Italian Catholic Action .'}]}, {'value': 'Aicardo Cornazzano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardinal-deacon in 1160 , cardinal-priest in 1164', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Parma 1162-1167', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Parma', 'summary': "The Italian Catholic Diocese of Parma ( Latin : Dioecesis Parmensis ) has properly been called Diocese of Parma-Fontevivo since 1892 . The bishop 's seat is in Parma Cathedral . The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Modena-Nonantola . Originally the diocese of Parma was in the ecclesiastical province of Milan , but it subsequently became a suffragan of the Archbishop of Ravenna . In 1106 , Pope Paschal II removed Parma from the supervision of Ravenna , but in 1119 Pope Gelasius II restored the dioceses of Emilia to the jurisdiction of Ravenna . With the creation of the new archdiocese of Bologna in 1593 , Parma became subject to Bologna . In 1875 , the diocese of Parma became immediately subject to the Holy See ( papacy ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pseudocardinal of Antipope Victor IV . He was also podesta of the city of Parma 1164-67 . In 1167 he was expelled from Parma by the adherents of Pope Alexander III', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Konrad von Wittelsbach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konrad_von_Wittelsbach', 'summary': "Conrad of Wittelsbach ( ca . 1120/1125 - 25 October 1200 ) was the Archbishop of Mainz ( as Conrad I ) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death . He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . The son of Otto IV , Count of Wittelsbach , and brother of Otto I of Bavaria , he studied in Salzburg and Paris . At the Council of Lodi in 1161 , Frederick Barbarossa appointed him archbishop of Mainz to end a schism between Rudolf of Zähringen and Christian von Buch in that see . At that same council , Barbarossa appointed Victor IV antipope in opposition to Pope Alexander III . After Victor 's death in 1164 , Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne , chose as antipope Paschal III at Lucca . Conrad refused to support the new antipope and consequently fell out with Barbarossa . He fled to France and then Rome in 1165 and his see was bestowed on Christian von Buch , though Alexander III still recognised him as legal archbishop . On 18 December , the pope made him cardinal priest of San Marcello al Corso and then cardinal bishop of Sabina . The pope later created him bishop of Sora in Campania . Conrad fled before Christian took Rome with an imperial army ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1165-1166 , cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1166-1200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Mainz 1161-1177 and 1183-1200 , archbishop of Salzburg 1177-1183 , administrator of Sora 1167-after 1170', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz', 'summary': 'The Elector of Mainz was one of the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire . As both the Archbishop of Mainz and the ruling prince of the territory , the Elector of Mainz held a powerful position during the Middle Ages . The Archbishop-Elector was president of the electoral college , arch-chancellor of the empire and primate of Germany until the dissolution of the empire in 1806 . The origin of the title dates back to 747 , when the city of Mainz was made the seat of an archbishop , and a succession of able and ambitious prelates made the district under their rule a strong and vigorous state . Among these men were important figures in the history of Germany such as Hatto I , Siegfried III , Peter of Aspelt , and Albert of Mainz . There were several violent contests between rivals for the archbishopric , and their power struggles occasionally moved the citizens of Mainz to revolt . The lands of the elector lay around the city of Mainz on both banks of the Rhine ; their area reached 3200 sq . m by the end of the Empire . The last elector was Karl Theodor von Dalberg , who lost his temporal power when the archbishopric was secularized in 1803 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Salzburg', 'summary': 'The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg ( German : Fürsterzbistum Salzburg ) was an ecclesiastical principality and state of the Holy Roman Empire . It comprised the secular territory ruled by the archbishops of Salzburg , as distinguished from the much larger Catholic diocese founded in 739 by Saint Boniface in the German stem duchy of Bavaria . The capital of the archbishopric was Salzburg , the former Roman city of Iuvavum . From the late 13th century onwards , the archbishops gradually reached the status of Imperial immediacy and independence from the Bavarian dukes . Salzburg remained an ecclesiastical principality until its secularisation to the short-lived Electorate of Salzburg ( later Duchy of Salzburg ) in 1803 . Members of the Bavarian Circle from 1500 , the prince-archbishops bore the title of Primas Germaniae , though they never obtained electoral dignity ; actually of the six German prince-archbishoprics ( with Mainz , Cologne and Trier ) , Magdeburg , Bremen and Salzburg got nothing from the Golden Bull of 1356 . The last prince-archbishop exercising secular authority was Count Hieronymus von Colloredo , an early patron of Salzburg native Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart .'}]}, {'value': 'He was expelled from his archdiocese in 1165 by the adherents of Antipope Paschalis III . Until 1177 he resided in papal curia or acted as papal legate . The first instance of the legitimate cardinal who was also diocesan bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antipope_Paschalis_III', 'summary': 'Antipope Paschal III ( or Paschal III ) was , from 1164 to 20 September 1168 , the second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III .'}]}, {'value': 'Pietro da Pavia , Can.Reg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietro_da_Pavia', 'summary': 'Pietro da Pavia , Can.Reg . ( died 1 August 1182 ) was bishop-elect of Meaux ( 1171-1175 ) , Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono ( 1173-1179 ) and finally Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum ( in May 1179 ) . He was papal legate , together with Henri de Marsiac , in southern France against Cathars and Waldenses 1174-1178 . He participated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179 . Then he was sent again as papal legate to southern France and to Germany . He subscribed the papal bulls issued between October 14 , 1173 and July 14 , 1182 . In 1180 he was elected archbishop of Bourges but it seems that he did not assume that post .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1173-1179 , cardinal-bishop of Tusculum 1179-1182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop-elect of Meaux 1171-1175 , archbishop ( -elect ? ) of Bourges 1180-1182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pope Alexander III forced him to resign the see of Meaux in 1175 . His election to the archbishopric of Bourges remains obscure ; he continued to subscribe the documents only as cardinal-bishop of Tusculum until his death , which indicates that he probably did not take possession of this see . As cardinal , he frequently acted as legate in France and in 1175 resided in Meaux for a short time', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guillaume aux Blanches Mains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillaume_aux_Blanches_Mains', 'summary': "William of the White Hands ( French : Guillaume aux Blanches Mains ; 1135-1202 ) , also called William White Hands , was a French cardinal . William was born in Brosse , Île-de-France , France . He was a son of Theobald the Great , Count of Blois and Count of Champagne , and Matilda of Carinthia . William served as Bishop of Chartres in 1165 , Archbishop of Sens ( 1169-1176 ) , Archbishop of Reims ( 1175-1202 ) , and the first Peer of France to bear that title . He anointed his nephew , Philip II of France , as co-king on 1 November 1179 in Rheims . Pope Alexander III created him Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina in March 1179 ; as such , he signed the papal bulls between 8 April 1179 and 23 December 1201 . He died on 7 September 1202 . William was portrayed by actor Liam O'Callaghan in the 1978 BBC TV drama series The Devil 's Crown ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1179-1202', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Reims 1176-1202', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Reims', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims ( Latin : Archidioecesis Remensis ; French : Archidiocèse de Reims ) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France . Erected as a diocese around 250 by St. Sixtus , the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese around 750 . The archbishop received the title primate of Gallia Belgica in 1089 . In 1023 , Archbishop Ebles acquired the Countship of Reims , making him a prince-bishop ; it became a duchy and a peerage between 1060 and 1170 . The archdiocese comprises the arrondissement of Reims and the département of Ardennes while the province comprises the région of Champagne-Ardenne . The suffragan dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Reims are Amiens ; Beauvais , Noyon , and Senlis ; Châlons ; Langres ; Soissons , Laon , and Saint-Quentin ; and Troyes . The archepiscopal see is located in the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims , where the Kings of France were traditionally crowned . In 2014 it was estimated that there was one priest for every 4,760 Catholics in the diocese . Pope Francis appointed Éric de Moulins-Beaufort Archbishop of Reims in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruggiero di San Severino , O.S.B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruggiero_di_San_Severino', 'summary': "Roger of San Severino ( died December 1221 ) was the Archbishop of Benevento from 1179 until his death . He was probably a younger brother of Count William of San Severino , the most powerful lord in the Cilento and a royal justiciar . He may also have been a cousin of Count Robert of Caserta . He was a monk at Montecassino before becoming bishop at a young age . His high aristocratic lineage and monastic vows were both unusual for bishops of southern Italy at the time . He was appointed archbishop of Benevento and cardinal-priest of Sant'Eusebio by Pope Alexander III . In June 1180 Roger and five of his twenty-two suffragans and two other bishops visited Montecassino , where they issued an indulgence for one year 's penance to visitors of the abbey and one year and forty days ' penance to visitors on Saint Benedict 's day . In 1182 , when Roger dedicated the abbey church of Montevergine , he was accompanied by nine of his suffragans . In 1199 Roger 's own canons brought charges against him before Pope Innocent III , who sent a cardinal and the archbishop of Naples to investigate . Among the charges was that Roger had encouraged the citizens of Benevento to destroy the castle ( castellum ) of a neighbouring baron with whom they were in dispute . Therefore , the canons alleged , Roger was a participant in , and master of , civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Eusebio 1178/80-1221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Benevento 1179-1221', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Benevento', 'summary': "The Italian Catholic Archdiocese of Benevento ( Latin : Archidioecesis Beneventana ) has a long history ; it now has five suffragan dioceses : the diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia , the diocese of Avellino , the diocese of Cerreto Sannita-Telese-Sant'Agata de ' Goti , the Territorial Abbey of Montevergine , and the archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia ."}]}, {'value': 'It is not possible to establish whether he was created cardinal before , after or simultaneously with his appointment as archbishop', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uberto Crivelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Urban_III', 'summary': 'Pope Urban III ( Latin : Urbanus III ; died 20 October 1187 ) , born Uberto Crivelli , reigned from 25 November 1185 to his death in 1187 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso 1182-1185', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop-elect of Vercelli 1183-85 , archbishop of Milan 1185-1187', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan', 'summary': "The Archdiocese of Milan ( Italian : Arcidiocesi di Milano ; Latin : Archidioecesis Mediolanensis ) is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy which covers the areas of Milan , Monza , Lecco and Varese . It has long maintained its own Latin liturgical rite , the Ambrosian rite , which is still used in the greater part of the diocesan territory . Among its past archbishops , the better known are Saint Ambrose , Saint Charles Borromeo , Pope Pius XI and Saint Pope Paul VI . The Archdiocese of Milan is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of Milan , which includes the suffragan dioceses of Bergamo , Brescia , Como , Crema , Cremona , Lodi , Mantova , Pavia , and Vigevano . Milan 's Archdiocese is the largest in Europe , and the one having the most priests in the world , with 2,648 priests living in the diocese , among which 1,861 secular priests ."}]}, {'value': 'De facto curial cardinal . He became Pope Urban III ( 1185-1187 ) and as such , he retained the see of Milan until his death', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adelardo Cattaneo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelardo_Cattaneo', 'summary': 'Adelardo Cattaneo ( died before October 1214 ) was an Italian cardinal and bishop . His first name is also listed as Alardo . He was canon of the cathedral chapter of Verona . Pope Lucius III created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello in the consistory of 6 March 1185 ( or in December 1183 , or in 1184 ) . As such , he countersigned the papal bulls issued between 20 April 1185 and 28 October 1188 . He participated in the papal elections of 1185 and October 1187 , and possibly also in that of December 1187 and 1191 . In the pontificate of Pope Clement III he served as papal legate in the Holy Land . Towards the end of 1188 he was elected bishop of Verona ; he was confirmed by Clement III and took possession of the see in the following year ( 1189 ) . At that time he resigned his titular church of S. Marcello , but retained his cardinalate and signed the documents as Cardinal-Priest of the Holy Roman Church , humble bishop of Verona . He died after 17 July 1212 , but before 13 October 1214 , when his successor was elected .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1185-1188 , S.R.E . cardinalis 1188-1214', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Verona 1188-1214', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Verona', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Verona ( Latin : Dioecesis Veronensis ) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in northern Italy . It has its seat in Verona , Veneto .'}]}, {'value': 'First cardinal who after appointment as bishop renounced his titulus without renouncing of his cardinalate . In 1193 Pope Celestine III gave his former title of S. Marcello to cardinal Fidanzio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Clemente 1189-1199 , cardinal-bishop of Albano 1199-1210/11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Toscanella 1188-1199 ( from 1192 of Viterbo e Toscanella )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Viterbo', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo ( Latin : Dioecesis Viterbiensis ) is a Catholic ecclesiastical territory in central Italy . It was called historically ( from the 12th century ) the Diocese of Viterbo e Tuscania . Its territory was changed to Diocese of Viterbo , Acquapendente , Bagnoregio , Montefiascone , Tuscania and San Martino al Monte Cimino in 1986 , and shortened to Viterbo . The diocese is exempt , i.e . immediately subject to the Holy See , not belonging to any ecclesiastical province .'}]}, {'value': 'De facto curial cardinal ; in 1199 he was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Albano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/See_of_Albano', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Albano ( Latin : Albanensis ) is a suburbicarian see of the Roman Catholic Church in a diocese in Italy , comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome . Albano Laziale is situated some 15 kilometers from Rome , on the Appian Way . Under current arrangements it has both a titular bishop and a diocesan bishop .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruffino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1190-1191/92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Rimini 1185-1191/92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Rimini', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rimini ( Latin : Dioecesis Ariminensis ) is an ecclesiastical territory in Emilia Romagna , Italy . It is a suffragan of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia . It has a surface of 781 km² , extending over 28 communes of the area . It has 123 parishes and 303,365 Catholic inhabitants . Bishop Francesco Lambiasi is the current diocesan bishop .'}]}, {'value': 'De facto curial cardinal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soffredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soffredo', 'summary': 'Soffredo ( died 14 December 1210 , Pistoia ) was an Italian cardinal . His name is also given as Soffredo Errico Gaetani , whilst his Christian name is also spelled Soffrido or Goffredo in some sources .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1182-1193 , cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1193-1210', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patriarch-elect of Jerusalem in 1203', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pope Innocent III confirmed his election but shortly thereafter the cardinal ( legate in Outremer at that time ) resigned the see without being consecrated In 1201 he was elected also archbishop of Ravenna but this election was not ratified by the Holy See ( see below )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outremer', 'summary': 'The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal Christian states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor , Greece and the Holy Land , and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area . The name also refers to other territorial gains ( often small and short-lived ) made by medieval Christendom against Muslim and pagan adversaries . The Crusader states in the Levant - the Kingdom of Jerusalem , the Principality of Antioch , the County of Tripoli , and the County of Edessa - were the first examples of Europe overseas . Between them , they span the period from 1098 to 1291 . They are generally known by historians as Outremer , from the French outre-mer ( overseas in English ) . Frank French and Latin were used during the Crusades for Western Europeans , distinguishing them from Greeks .'}]}, {'value': 'Guy Paré , O.Cist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Paré', 'summary': 'Guy Paré ( died 1206 ) was a French Cistercian , who became general of his order , Archbishop of Reims , and a Cardinal . He was a papal legate to Germany . In 1204 he was made Archbishop by Pope Innocent III ; this position also made him a pair de France . In 1205 Innocent conferred on him the privilege of consecrating the Kings of France . He died in Liège of the plague , while engaged on a papal diplomatic mission . He is buried at Citeaux .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1200-1204 , S.R.E . cardinalis 1204-1206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Reims 1204-1206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He resigned his cardinalitial title without resigning the membership in the Sacred College . Shortly before his death Guido Papareschi was appointed new cardinal-bishop of Palestrina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uberto Pirovano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo 1206-1207 , S.R.E . cardinalis 1207-1211', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Milan 1206/7-1211', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He resigned his cardinalitial deaconry without resigning the membership in the Sacred College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Langton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Langton', 'summary': 'Stephen Langton ( c. 1150 - 9 July 1228 ) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 . The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his election was a major factor in the crisis which produced Magna Carta in 1215 . Cardinal Langton is also credited with having divided the Bible into the standard modern arrangement of chapters used today .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1206-1207 , S.R.E . cardinalis 1207-1228', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Canterbury 1206/7-1228', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury', 'summary': 'The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England , the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury . The current archbishop is Justin Welby , who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013 . Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury , the Apostle to the English , sent from Rome in the year 597 . Welby succeeded Rowan Williams . From the time of Augustine until the 16th century , the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome and usually received the pallium from the Pope . During the English Reformation , the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope . Thomas Cranmer became the first holder of the office following the English Reformation in 1533 , while Reginald Pole was the last Roman Catholic in the position , serving from 1556 to 1558 during the Counter-Reformation . In the Middle Ages there was considerable variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury and other bishops . At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral , the Pope , or the King of England . Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has been more explicitly a state church and the choice is legally that of the Crown ; today it is made by the reigning monarch on the advice of the British prime minister , who in turn receives a shortlist of two names from an ad hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'He resigned his cardinalitial title without resigning the membership in the Sacred College . The last instance of the cardinal being simultaneously diocesan bishop before the Great Western Schism', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerardo de Sessio , O.Cist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elected cardinal-bishop of Albano in 1211', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop-elect of Novara 1210-1211 , archbishop-elect of Milan 1211', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He never received episcopal consecration ; during his brief cardinalate he acted as papal legate in Lombardy', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Lists of the `` external '' cardinals -- Cardinals – diocesan bishops ( 11–13th century )", 'section_text': 'The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the bishop to the cardinalate or of the cardinal to the episcopate .', 'uid': 'External_cardinal_2', 'intro': 'In the category of the members of the College of Cardinals in the central Middle Ages (11th to 13th century), an external cardinal (as opposed to a curial cardinal) was a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church who did not reside in the Roman Curia, because of simultaneously being a bishop of the episcopal see other than suburbicarian, or abbot of an abbey situated outside Rome. In the wider sense, it may also concern cardinals who were appointed to the external episcopal sees and resigned their memberships in the College of Cardinals with this appointment. As well, it can concern cardinals who were generally curial cardinals, but for some time exercised the posts of administrators or prelates of the external churches. Today, the great majority of the cardinals are archbishops of the main metropolitan dioceses of the world and reside in their countries. Apart from the exclusive right of the election of the new pope, their dignity is purely honorific. However, originally the College of Cardinals was simply a college of the clergy of the City of Rome, constituted of the bishops of the seven dioceses (called suburbicarian sees) bordering the diocese of Rome (cardinal-bishops), priests of the parochial churches of Rome (cardinal-priests) and deacons heading the ecclesiastical regions of the city of Rome (cardinal-deacons). Unlike today, the cardinals had real jurisdiction over the dioceses, parochial churches (called tituli) or deaconries to which they were attached. The phenomenon of the external cardinalate in the late Middle Ages constituted the first exception to the rule, that cardinals - members of the clergy of the diocese of Rome - cannot serve simultaneously in another, external church, which is now common practice.'}
null
null
What is the `` External '' episcopate of the person who was a son of Theobald the Great ?
Archbishop of Reims 1204-1206
0913fd7e9ee441b5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'title': 'China at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minxia Wu He Zi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wu_Minxia', 'summary': 'Wu Minxia ( simplified Chinese : 吴敏霞 ; traditional Chinese : 吳敏霞 ; pinyin : Wú Mǐnxiá ; born 10 November 1985 ) is a Chinese diver , specializing in the 1 metre and 3 metre springboard , and synchronized 3 metre springboard events . Entering her first major championship in 2001 , Wu has represented China at every Asian Games , Olympic Games and FINA World Aquatics Championships up until 2016 . She is an eight-time world champion , and a five-time Olympic and Asian champion , which makes her one of the most decorated divers in history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/He_Zi', 'summary': 'He Zi ( Chinese : 何姿 ; pinyin : Hé Zī ; born 11 December 1990 in Nanning , Guangxi ) is a Chinese female diver , specialising in the 1 meter springboard , 3 meter springboard and 3 meter synchronised dive .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3m Synchro Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_3_m_synchro_springboard", 'summary': "The women 's synchronized 3 metre springboard competition at 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 16 with the preliminary round in the morning and the final in the evening session . These were the first gold medals awarded of the 2011 World Aquatics Championships . The top three teams advanced to the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '16 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qiu Bo Huo Liang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qiu_Bo', 'summary': 'Qiu Bo ( Chinese : 邱波 ; pinyin : Qiū Bō ; born 31 January 1993 ) is a Chinese diver . He won the silver medal in the 10 metre platform event at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is a four-time world champion at the World Aquatics Championships , winning the gold medal three times in the 10m platform event , consecutively in 2011 , 2013 and 2015 , and winning the gold medal in the synchronized 10m event in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Huo_Liang', 'summary': "Huo Liang ( Chinese : 火亮 ; pinyin : Huǒ Liàng ; born September 29 , 1989 , in Shanghai ) is a Chinese athlete who competes in diving . In addition to his gold medal in the 10m Platform Sync . event at the 2008 Summer Olympics , he dove for 10m Platform event , placing 4th in the final round . Huo is the only male diver who has won World Championships in Men 's synchronized 10-meter platform three consecutive times . Huo 's coach is Yan Hu ."}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10m Synchro Platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_10_m_synchro_platform", 'summary': "The men 's synchronized 10 metre platform competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 17 with the preliminary round held in the morning and the final in the evening session ."}]}, {'value': '17 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Shixin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Shixin', 'summary': 'Li Shixin ( Chinese : 李世鑫 ; pinyin : Lǐ Shìxīn ; born 12 February 1988 ) is a Chinese-born Australian diver who specialises in the 1 metre springboard event . Min won a gold medal in the 1 metre springboard event in the 2011 World Aquatics Championships . In 2019 , he choosed to represent Australia in international competitiones .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1m Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_1_m_springboard", 'summary': "The men 's 1 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 16 ( preliminary round ) and 18 ( final ) ."}]}, {'value': '18 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Hao Chen Ruolin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Hao_(diver)', 'summary': "Wang Hao ( Chinese : 汪皓 ; pinyin : Wāng Hào ; born December 26 , 1992 in Tianjin ) is a Chinese diver . She won the gold medal in women 's 10m synchronized platform with Chen Ruolin at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chen_Ruolin', 'summary': 'Chen Ruolin ( simplified Chinese : 陈若琳 ; traditional Chinese : 陳若琳 ; pinyin : Chén Ruòlín ; born 12 December 1992 ) is a female diver , she won the champion of synchronized 10 metre platform diving with her partner Liu Huixia at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10m Synchro Platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_10_m_synchro_platform", 'summary': "The women 's synchronized 10 metre platform competition at 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 18 with the preliminary round in the morning and the final in the evening session ."}]}, {'value': '18 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qin Kai Luo Yutong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qin_Kai_(diver)', 'summary': 'Qin Kai ( simplified Chinese : 秦凯 ; traditional Chinese : 秦凱 ; pinyin : Qín Kǎi ; born January 31 , 1986 ) is a Chinese athlete who competes in diving . He competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luo_Yutong', 'summary': "Luo Yutong ( Chinese : 罗玉通 ; pinyin : Luó Yùtōng ) ( born 6 October 1985 in Huicheng , Huizhou , Guangdong ) is an athlete from the People 's Republic of China . He competes in diving . Luo is of Hakka ancestry ."}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 3 m Synchro Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_3_m_synchro_springboard", 'summary': "The men 's synchronized 3 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 19 with the preliminary round held in the morning and the final in the evening session ."}]}, {'value': '19 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shi Tingmao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shi_Tingmao', 'summary': 'Shi Tingmao ( Chinese : 施廷懋 ; pinyin : Shī Tíngmào ; born 31 August 1991 ) is a Chinese diver representing Chongqing diving team . She has been dominant in the 3 metre springboard events in the 2010s . She has won two gold medals in the 2016 Olympics and eight golds in the World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1m Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_1_m_springboard", 'summary': "The women 's 1 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 17 with the preliminary round and the final on July 19 ."}]}, {'value': '19 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chen Ruolin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chen_Ruolin', 'summary': 'Chen Ruolin ( simplified Chinese : 陈若琳 ; traditional Chinese : 陳若琳 ; pinyin : Chén Ruòlín ; born 12 December 1992 ) is a female diver , she won the champion of synchronized 10 metre platform diving with her partner Liu Huixia at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 m Platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_10_m_platform", 'summary': "The women 's 10 metre platform competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 20 with the preliminary round held in the morning and the semifinal in the evening session . The final was held on July 21 ."}]}, {'value': '21 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He Chong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/He_Chong', 'summary': 'He Chong ( simplified Chinese : 何冲 ; traditional Chinese : 何衝 ; pinyin : Hé Chōng ; Cantonese Yale : Ho4 Chung1 ; born June 10 , 1987 in Zhanjiang , Guangdong ) is a Chinese diver . He is the 2008 Olympic Champion in the 3m springboard . He split with partner Wang Feng after they won a gold medal in the 3m synchronised springboard event at the 2005 World Championships . The two staged a reunion and won gold at the same event in the 2006 Diving World Cup in Changshu , China . At the 2008 Olympics He Chong defeated an elite field of divers including , the two time world champion Alexandre Despatie , the 2006 world cup champion Qin Kai , and eight time Olympic medalist Dmitri Sautin . He lit the flame at the 2010 Asian Games opening ceremony . He is often referred to as the greatest springboard diver in history due to having gone almost unbeaten from 2008 to 2016 . He is hoping to be the first diver to regain an individual diving Olympic title at the 2016 Rio Games , after a rare off day led to a loss of his title in 2012 where he won only bronze , his only loss in a Fina World Cup final , World Championships , or Olympics he competed in from 2008-2014 . He was left off the Chinese team for the 2016 Rio Games in favor of his own brother He Chao , the 2015 World 3 metre Champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 3m Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_3_m_springboard", 'summary': "The men 's 3 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 21 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and the final on 22 July ."}]}, {'value': '22 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wu Minxia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wu_Minxia', 'summary': 'Wu Minxia ( simplified Chinese : 吴敏霞 ; traditional Chinese : 吳敏霞 ; pinyin : Wú Mǐnxiá ; born 10 November 1985 ) is a Chinese diver , specializing in the 1 metre and 3 metre springboard , and synchronized 3 metre springboard events . Entering her first major championship in 2001 , Wu has represented China at every Asian Games , Olympic Games and FINA World Aquatics Championships up until 2016 . She is an eight-time world champion , and a five-time Olympic and Asian champion , which makes her one of the most decorated divers in history .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3m Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_3_m_springboard", 'summary': "The women 's 3 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 22 with the preliminary round and the semifinal and the final on 23 July ."}]}, {'value': '23 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qiu Bo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qiu_Bo', 'summary': 'Qiu Bo ( Chinese : 邱波 ; pinyin : Qiū Bō ; born 31 January 1993 ) is a Chinese diver . He won the silver medal in the 10 metre platform event at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is a four-time world champion at the World Aquatics Championships , winning the gold medal three times in the 10m platform event , consecutively in 2011 , 2013 and 2015 , and winning the gold medal in the synchronized 10m event in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 m Platform", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_10_m_platform", 'summary': "The men 's 10 metre platform competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 23 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and the final on 24 July ."}]}, {'value': '24 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ye Shiwen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ye_Shiwen', 'summary': 'Ye Shiwen ( Chinese : 叶诗文 ; pinyin : Yè Shīwén ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ jê ʂɻ̩́ wə̌n ] ; born 1 March 1996 ) is a Chinese swimmer . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won gold medals in the 400 metres and 200 metres individual medley , breaking the world record in the 400 m event and the Olympic record in the 200 m event .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 200m IM", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metre_individual_medley", 'summary': "The women 's 200 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 24 and 25 . The heats and semifinals took place July 24 and the final was held July 25 ."}]}, {'value': '25 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhao Jing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhao_Jing_(swimmer)', 'summary': "Zhao Jing ( simplified Chinese : 赵菁 ; traditional Chinese : 趙菁 ; pinyin : Zhào Jīng ; born December 31 , 1990 ) is a female Chinese former competitive swimmer , backstroke specialist , and world record-holder . Zhao swam at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics , winning a bronze medal in the women 's 4x100-meter medley relay in 2008 . She has also won gold medals as a member of Chinese teams at the 2009 , 2011 and 2013 World Aquatics Championships , and the 2010 short course world championships . She also won individual world titles in the 50-meter backstroke in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 and 2013 , and the 100-meter backstroke in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100m Backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_100_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships were held on July 25 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and July 26 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '26 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Yang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Yang', 'summary': 'Sun Yang ( Chinese : 孙杨 ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ swə́n.jǎŋ ] ; born 1 December 1991 ) is a Chinese Olympic and world-record-holding competitive swimmer . In 2012 , he became the first Chinese man to win an Olympic gold medal in swimming . Sun is the first male swimmer in history to earn Olympic and World Championship gold medals at every freestyle distance between 200 and 1500 metres . A three-time Olympic gold medallist and eleven-time world champion , he is the most decorated Chinese swimmer in history . NBC Sports described him as arguably the greatest freestyle swimmer of all time . Sun competed for China at the 2008 Summer Olympics . In 2010 , he won the 1500 metre freestyle at the Asian Games , setting a new Asian record . At the 2011 World Championships , he beat the 1500 metre freestyle world record , which was previously held by Grant Hackett in 2001 and the longest-held world record in swimming at the time . Sun won gold medals in the 400 and 1500 metre freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics . At the 2013 World Championships , he became the second swimmer , after Hackett , to win gold medals in all three long distance freestyle events ( 400 , 800 , and 1500 metres ) in a single World Championship . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , Sun won a gold medal in the 200 metre freestyle and a silver medal in the 400 metre freestyle . By winning the 200 metre freestyle , he became the first swimmer in history to win Olympic gold medals in the 200 , 400 , and 1500 metre freestyle events .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 800m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_800_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The men 's 800 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 26 with the heats and July 27 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '27 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jiao Liuyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiao_Liuyang', 'summary': "Jiao Liuyang ( simplified Chinese : 焦刘洋 ; traditional Chinese : 焦劉洋 ; pinyin : Jiāo Liúyáng ; born August 6 , 1991 in Harbin , Heilongjiang ) is a female Chinese swimmer , who currently owns the textile world record in the 200-metre butterfly . She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics and finished second in the 200 m butterfly at 2:04.72 , behind her teammate Liu Zige , who won the race in 2:04.18 . Both girls were under the former world record held by Australia 's Jessicah Schipper ( 2:05.40 ) . Before the Olympics , Jiao had competed at the 2007 World Swimming Championships in Melbourne , where she placed 4th in the 200 m butterfly ( 2:07.22 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 200m Butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The women 's 200 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 27 with the heats and the semifinals and July 28 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '28 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Yang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Yang', 'summary': 'Sun Yang ( Chinese : 孙杨 ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ swə́n.jǎŋ ] ; born 1 December 1991 ) is a Chinese Olympic and world-record-holding competitive swimmer . In 2012 , he became the first Chinese man to win an Olympic gold medal in swimming . Sun is the first male swimmer in history to earn Olympic and World Championship gold medals at every freestyle distance between 200 and 1500 metres . A three-time Olympic gold medallist and eleven-time world champion , he is the most decorated Chinese swimmer in history . NBC Sports described him as arguably the greatest freestyle swimmer of all time . Sun competed for China at the 2008 Summer Olympics . In 2010 , he won the 1500 metre freestyle at the Asian Games , setting a new Asian record . At the 2011 World Championships , he beat the 1500 metre freestyle world record , which was previously held by Grant Hackett in 2001 and the longest-held world record in swimming at the time . Sun won gold medals in the 400 and 1500 metre freestyle at the 2012 Summer Olympics . At the 2013 World Championships , he became the second swimmer , after Hackett , to win gold medals in all three long distance freestyle events ( 400 , 800 , and 1500 metres ) in a single World Championship . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , Sun won a gold medal in the 200 metre freestyle and a silver medal in the 400 metre freestyle . By winning the 200 metre freestyle , he became the first swimmer in history to win Olympic gold medals in the 200 , 400 , and 1500 metre freestyle events .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_1500_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The men 's 1500 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 30 with the heats and the semifinals and July 31 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '31 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huang Xuechen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huang_Xuechen', 'summary': 'Huang Xuechen ( 黄雪辰 , Huáng Xuěchén , born 25 February 1990 ) is a Chinese synchronised swimmer .'}]}, {'value': 'Synchronised Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The synchronised swimming competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held from July 17 to July 23 .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo Technical Routine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Solo_technical_routine', 'summary': 'The Solo technical routine competition of the Synchronised swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 17 with the preliminary round held in the morning and the final in the evening session .'}]}, {'value': '17 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'He Min', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/He_Min', 'summary': 'He Min ( Chinese : 何敏 , born August 16 , 1992 ) is a Chinese diver who specialises in the 1 metre springboard event . Min won a gold medal in the 1 metre springboard event at the 2010 Asian Games , and a silver of the same event in the 2011 World Aquatics Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1m Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_1_m_springboard", 'summary': "The men 's 1 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 16 ( preliminary round ) and 18 ( final ) ."}]}, {'value': '18 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huang Xuechen Liu Ou Luo Xi ( reserve )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huang_Xuechen', 'summary': 'Huang Xuechen ( 黄雪辰 , Huáng Xuěchén , born 25 February 1990 ) is a Chinese synchronised swimmer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liu_Ou', 'summary': "Liu Ou ( Chinese : 刘鸥 , born 13 November 1986 ) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer . Liu competed in the women 's team event at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she won a bronze medal . She followed up this success in the women 's duet and women 's team events at the 2012 Summer Olympics where she won a bronze ( with Huang Xuechen ) and silver medal respectively . After her retirement in 2013 , Liu Ou went to the United States to coach the Santa Clara Aquamaids ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Luo_Xi_(synchronised_swimmer,_born_1987)', 'summary': 'Luo Xi ( simplified Chinese : 罗茜 ; traditional Chinese : 羅茜 ; pinyin : Luó Xī ; born December 15 , 1987 ) is a Chinese female synchronised swimmer , reaching 166 centimetres ( 5 ft 5 in ) in height . She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London .'}]}, {'value': 'Synchronised Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The synchronised swimming competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held from July 17 to July 23 .'}]}, {'value': 'Duet Technical Routine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Duet_technical_routine', 'summary': 'The Duet technical routine competition of the Synchronised swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 17 with the preliminary round and the final on July 18 .'}]}, {'value': '18 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Han', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Han_(diver)', 'summary': 'Wang Han ( born 24 January 1991 ) is a Chinese diver who specialises in the 1 meter springboard event . Wang won a silver medal in the 1 meter springboard event in the 2011 World Aquatics Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The diving competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 16-24 , 2011 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Chinese divers dominated , winning all 10 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1m Springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_1_m_springboard", 'summary': "The women 's 1 metre springboard competition of the diving events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 17 with the preliminary round and the final on July 19 ."}]}, {'value': '19 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chang Si Huang Xuechen Jiang Tingting Jiang Wenwen Liu Ou Luo Xi Sun Wenyan Wu Yiwen Chen Xiaojun ( reserve ) Guo Li ( reserve )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chang_Si', 'summary': "Chang Si ( Chinese : 常思 ; pinyin : Cháng Sī ; November 15 , 1986 ) is a Chinese retired competitor in synchronized swimming . She won a silver medal in team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Chang Si 's paternal grandfather Chang Baohua was a famous comedian ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Huang_Xuechen', 'summary': 'Huang Xuechen ( 黄雪辰 , Huáng Xuěchén , born 25 February 1990 ) is a Chinese synchronised swimmer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jiang_Tingting', 'summary': 'Jiang Tingting ( simplified Chinese : 蒋婷婷 ; traditional Chinese : 蔣婷婷 ; pinyin : Jiǎng Tíngtíng ; born 25 September 1986 in Chengdu , Sichuan ) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer . She competed at the 2008 Olympics in the duet event with her twin sister Jiang Wenwen and the teams event . She also competed in the teams event at the 2012 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jiang_Wenwen_(synchronised_swimmer)', 'summary': 'Jiang Wenwen ( simplified Chinese : 蒋文文 ; traditional Chinese : 蔣文文 ; pinyin : Jiǎng Wénwén ; born 25 September 1986 in Chengdu , Sichuan ) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer . She competed at the 2008 Olympics in the duet event with her twin sister Jiang Tingting and the teams event . She also competed in the teams event at the 2012 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liu_Ou', 'summary': "Liu Ou ( Chinese : 刘鸥 , born 13 November 1986 ) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer . Liu competed in the women 's team event at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she won a bronze medal . She followed up this success in the women 's duet and women 's team events at the 2012 Summer Olympics where she won a bronze ( with Huang Xuechen ) and silver medal respectively . After her retirement in 2013 , Liu Ou went to the United States to coach the Santa Clara Aquamaids ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Luo_Xi_(synchronised_swimmer,_born_1987)', 'summary': 'Luo Xi ( simplified Chinese : 罗茜 ; traditional Chinese : 羅茜 ; pinyin : Luó Xī ; born December 15 , 1987 ) is a Chinese female synchronised swimmer , reaching 166 centimetres ( 5 ft 5 in ) in height . She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sun_Wenyan', 'summary': 'Sun Wenyan ( Chinese : 孙文雁 ; pinyin : Sūn Wényàn ; born 27 December 1989 ) is a Chinese competitor in synchronised swimming . She won a silver medal in team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics . At the 2016 Olympics , she won another silver in the team competition , and a silver in the duet event with Huang Xuechen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wu_Yiwen', 'summary': 'Wu Yiwen ( simplified Chinese : 吴怡文 ; traditional Chinese : 吳怡文 ; pinyin : Wú Yíwén ; born August 5 , 1986 in Shanghai ) is a Chinese female synchronized swimmer , reaching 168 centimetres ( 5 ft 6 in ) in height . She won a silver medal in team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics , and previously swam in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha and 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chen_Xiaojun', 'summary': 'Chen Xiaojun ( Chinese : 陈晓君 ; pinyin : Chén Xiǎojūn ; born August 3 , 1992 ) is a Chinese competitor in synchronized swimming . She won a silver medal in team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guo_Li', 'summary': 'Guo Li ( Chinese : 呙俐 , born 11 May 1993 ) is a Chinese competitor in synchronised swimming . She won a silver medal at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships and 3 silver medals at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships . She also won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Synchronised Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The synchronised swimming competition at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held from July 17 to July 23 .'}]}, {'value': 'Team Technical Routine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Team_technical_routine', 'summary': 'The Team technical routine competition of the Synchronised swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 18 with the preliminary round held and the final on July 19 .'}]}, {'value': '19 July', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'China_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_0', 'intro': 'China competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.'}
null
null
What medal did the athlete won two gold medals in the 2016 Olympics and eight golds in the World Championships receive ?
Gold
0915af618970a78b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyagi)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Miyagi)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kamezuka Kofun かめ塚古墳 Kamezuka kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iwanuma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iwanuma,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Iwanuma ( 岩沼市 , Iwanuma-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 44,738 , and a population density of 740 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 60.45 square kilometres ( 23.34 sq mi ) . Iwanuma is at the convergence of two ancient roads , the Tōkaidō and the Rikuzen-Hama Kaidō .'}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagiriya Haiji Site 菜切谷廃寺跡 Nagiriya Haiji ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kami,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kami ( 加美町 , Kami-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 24,004 and a population density of 52.1 persons per km2 in 8014 households . The total area of the town is 460.67 square kilometres ( 177.87 sq mi ) . .'}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toya-Hachiman Kofun 鳥屋八幡古墳 Toya-Hachiman kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwa,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Taiwa ( 大和町 , Taiwa-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 28,716 , and a population density of 127 persons per km² in 11,589 households . The total area of the town is 225.49 square kilometres ( 87.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daimachi Kofun Cluster 台町古墳群 Daimachi kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marumori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marumori,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Marumori ( 丸森町 , Marumori-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 October 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 13,979 , and a population density of 51.14 persons per km² in 5,089 households . The total area of the town is 273.30 square kilometres ( 105.52 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomizawa Magaibutsu 富沢磨崖仏群 Tomizawa magaibutsu-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shibata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shibata,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Shibata ( 柴田町 , Shibata-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 38,037 , and a population density of 704 persons per km² in 15,590 households . The total area of the town is 54.03 square kilometres ( 20.86 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takanosu Kofun Cluster 鷹の巣古墳群 Takanosu kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiroishi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiroishi,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Shiroishi ( 白石市 , Shiroishi-shi ) is a city in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 30 September 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 33,730 and a population density of 117 persons per km2 in 14,242 households . The total area of the city is 286.48 square kilometres ( 110.61 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Izumisawa Kofun Cluster 和泉沢古墳群 Izumisawa kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishinomaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ishinomaki ( 石巻市 , Ishinomaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 141,725 , and a population density of 256 persons per km² in 61,233 households . The total area of the city is 554.58 square kilometres ( 214.12 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toriyagasaki Kofun Cluster 鳥矢ヶ崎古墳群 Toriyagasaki kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedahara Shell Mound 平田原貝塚 Hedahara kaizuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higashimatsushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higashimatsushima,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Higashi-Matsushima ( 東松島市 , Higashimatsushima-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 39,236 and a population density of 387 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 101.36 square kilometres ( 39.14 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atagoyama Kofun - Yakushidō Kofun 愛宕山古墳・附薬師堂古墳 Atagoyama kofun tsuketari Yakushidō kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murata,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Murata ( 村田町 , Murata-machi ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 11,287 , and a population density of 144 persons per km2 in 3990 households . The total area of the town is 78.38 square kilometres ( 30.26 sq mi ) . In September 2014 , the 7.4 hectare old centre of town was protected as a Important Preservation District by the national government for its traditional merchant quarter architecture .'}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nitoda Shell Mound 仁斗田貝塚 Nitoda kaizuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishinomaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ishinomaki ( 石巻市 , Ishinomaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 141,725 , and a population density of 256 persons per km² in 61,233 households . The total area of the city is 554.58 square kilometres ( 214.12 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatsuganesan Sutra Mounds 田束山 経塚群 Tatsuganesan kyōzuka-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minamisanriku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minamisanriku,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Minamisanriku ( 南三陸町 , Minamisanriku-chō ) is a town in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , it had an estimated population of 11,259 , and a population density of 69 persons per km² in 4516 households . The total area of the town is 163.40 square kilometres ( 63.09 sq mi ) . It is a resort town on a coastline of wooded islands and mountainous inlets ; large sections of which suffered from damage due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami .'}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semine Ichirizuka 瀬峰一里塚 Semine ichirizuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ichirizuka', 'summary': 'Ichirizuka ( 一里塚 ) are historic Japanese distance markers akin to milestones . Comprising a pair of earthen mounds ( tsuka or zuka ) covered in trees and flanking the road , they denoted the distance in ri ( 3.927 kilometres ( 2.440 mi ) ) to Nihonbashi , the Bridge of Japan , erected in Edo in 1603 . Ichirizuka were encountered and described by Engelbert Kaempfer , c.1690 : serving as a milestone are two hills , facing each other , which are raised up on both sides of the road , and planted with one or more trees . [ note 1 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Kurihara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurihara,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Kurihara ( 栗原市 , Kurihara-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,925 , and a population density of 86.8 persons per km² in 24,894 households . The total area of the city is 804.97 square kilometres ( 310.80 sq mi ) . Parts of the city are within the borders of the Kurikoma Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neyaji Kofun Cluster 念南寺古墳群 Neyaji kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shikama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shikama,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Shikama ( 色麻町 , Shikama-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 7,059 , and a population density of 64.6 persons per km² in 2091 households.The total area of the town is 109.28 square kilometres ( 42.19 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshiokahigashi Government Offices Site 吉岡東官衙遺跡 Yoshiokahigashi kanga iseki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwa,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Taiwa ( 大和町 , Taiwa-chō ) is a town located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2017 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 28,716 , and a population density of 127 persons per km² in 11,589 households . The total area of the town is 225.49 square kilometres ( 87.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 16 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Prefectural Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 20 May 2019 , fifteen Sites have been designated as being of prefectural importance . [ 4 ] [ 9 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Miyagi)_1', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Miyagi.'}
null
null
What is the 2017 populace of Yoshiokahigashi Government Offices ' community ?
28,716
09187a37d52addc6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Seville_metro_stations', 'title': 'List of Seville metro stations', 'header': ['Name', 'Opened', 'Municipality', 'District'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ciudad Expo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciudad_Expo_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Ciudad Expo ( English : Expo City ) is one of the two end point stations of Seville Metro on the line 1 . It will also be a tram stop of the Aljarafe tram line . Ciudad Expo is a ground station located in the avenue of Los Descubrimientos in the municipality of Mairena del Aljarafe . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mairena del Aljarafe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mairena_del_Aljarafe', 'summary': 'Mairena del Aljarafe ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maiˈɾena ðel alxaˈɾafe ] ) is a municipality in the province of Seville , Spain . In 2009 had a population of 40,700 inhabitants . Its superficial extension is 17,7 km2 ( 6.83 sq . mi . ) and has a population density of 2,470.23 inhabitants/km2 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cavaleri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cavaleri_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Cavaleri is a station of line 1 of the Seville metro . It is located in the Jagüey Grande Square , in the municipality of Mairena del Aljarafe , Seville . Cavaleri is an underground type station , situated between Ciudad Expo and San Juan Alto on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mairena del Aljarafe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mairena_del_Aljarafe', 'summary': 'Mairena del Aljarafe ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maiˈɾena ðel alxaˈɾafe ] ) is a municipality in the province of Seville , Spain . In 2009 had a population of 40,700 inhabitants . Its superficial extension is 17,7 km2 ( 6.83 sq . mi . ) and has a population density of 2,470.23 inhabitants/km2 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan Alto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan_Alto_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'San Juan Alto ( English : Saint John High ) is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 named after it situation , in the high neighborhood of the municipality of San Juan de Aznalfarache , Seville . It is located close toA-8057 road and Clara Campoamor St. San Juan Alto is a semi-underground building , situated between Cavaleri and San Juan Alto stations on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mairena del Aljarafe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mairena_del_Aljarafe', 'summary': 'Mairena del Aljarafe ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maiˈɾena ðel alxaˈɾafe ] ) is a municipality in the province of Seville , Spain . In 2009 had a population of 40,700 inhabitants . Its superficial extension is 17,7 km2 ( 6.83 sq . mi . ) and has a population density of 2,470.23 inhabitants/km2 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan Bajo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan_Bajo_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'San Juan Bajo ( English : Saint John Low ) is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 named after it situation , in the low neighborhood of the municipality of San Juan de Aznalfarache , Seville . It is located in the outskirts of the city , close to A-49 road . San Juan Bajo is an elevated building , situated between San Juan Alto and Blas Infante stations on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mairena del Aljarafe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mairena_del_Aljarafe', 'summary': 'Mairena del Aljarafe ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maiˈɾena ðel alxaˈɾafe ] ) is a municipality in the province of Seville , Spain . In 2009 had a population of 40,700 inhabitants . Its superficial extension is 17,7 km2 ( 6.83 sq . mi . ) and has a population density of 2,470.23 inhabitants/km2 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blas Infante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blas_Infante_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Blas Infante is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is located at the avenue of Blas Infante , in the neighborhood of Los Remedios . Blas Infante is an underground station , located between San Juan Bajo and Parque de los Príncipes stations on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Remedios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Remedios', 'summary': 'Los Remedios is a district of Seville , the regional capital of Andalusia , Spain . It is located on the Isla de La Cartuja , south of the district of Triana , between two forks of the Guadalquivir river . It is linked by bridge to the city centre ( Casco Antiguo ) and the districts of Distrito Sur and Bellavista-La Palmera . From the western side of the island , it is linked by road bridge to the city of San Juan de Aznalfarache and shares a boundary in the Guadalquivir with the city of Gelves . The southern tip of La Cartuja is opposite the municipality of Dos Hermanas . Los Remedios takes its name from a Carmelite convent of the same name found in the district . Before urban development in the latter half of the 20th century , the convent was one of the few structures in what is now Los Remedios . The Port of Seville has been located in this district since silting forced it to leave the El Arenal neighbourhood in the city centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Parque de los Príncipes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parque_de_los_Príncipes_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Parque de los Príncipes ( English : Princes Park ) is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is located at the intersection of the avenues of República Argentina and López de Gomara , in the neighborhood of Los Remedios . Parque de los Príncipes is an underground station , located between Blas Infante and Plaza de Cuba stations on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 . Is expected that in the future , the station will have a connection with the line 4 of the subway ( that it is still in planning phase ) .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Remedios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Remedios', 'summary': 'Los Remedios is a district of Seville , the regional capital of Andalusia , Spain . It is located on the Isla de La Cartuja , south of the district of Triana , between two forks of the Guadalquivir river . It is linked by bridge to the city centre ( Casco Antiguo ) and the districts of Distrito Sur and Bellavista-La Palmera . From the western side of the island , it is linked by road bridge to the city of San Juan de Aznalfarache and shares a boundary in the Guadalquivir with the city of Gelves . The southern tip of La Cartuja is opposite the municipality of Dos Hermanas . Los Remedios takes its name from a Carmelite convent of the same name found in the district . Before urban development in the latter half of the 20th century , the convent was one of the few structures in what is now Los Remedios . The Port of Seville has been located in this district since silting forced it to leave the El Arenal neighbourhood in the city centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza de Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_de_Cuba_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Plaza de Cuba ( English : Cuba Square ) is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is located at the intersection of the avenue of República Argentina and Asunción St. , in the neighborhood of Los Remedios . Plaza de Cuba is an underground station , located between Parque de los Príncipes and Puerta Jerez stations on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Remedios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Remedios', 'summary': 'Los Remedios is a district of Seville , the regional capital of Andalusia , Spain . It is located on the Isla de La Cartuja , south of the district of Triana , between two forks of the Guadalquivir river . It is linked by bridge to the city centre ( Casco Antiguo ) and the districts of Distrito Sur and Bellavista-La Palmera . From the western side of the island , it is linked by road bridge to the city of San Juan de Aznalfarache and shares a boundary in the Guadalquivir with the city of Gelves . The southern tip of La Cartuja is opposite the municipality of Dos Hermanas . Los Remedios takes its name from a Carmelite convent of the same name found in the district . Before urban development in the latter half of the 20th century , the convent was one of the few structures in what is now Los Remedios . The Port of Seville has been located in this district since silting forced it to leave the El Arenal neighbourhood in the city centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerta Jerez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerta_Jerez_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Puerta Jerez ( English : Jerez Gate ) is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is also , a tram stop of the MetroCetro line . It is located at the intersection of Paseo de Cristina Av . and Almirante Lobo St. , in the district of Casco Antiguo . Puerta Jerez is an underground station , so far , it is the nearest at historic centre of the city . This centric station is located between Plaza de Cuba and Prado de San Sebastián on the same line . It was opened on 16 September 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 16 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Casco Antiguo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Centro,_Seville', 'summary': "The Casco Antiguo ( Spanish for Ancient District ) is the city centre district of Seville , the capital of the Spanish region of Andalusia . The Casco Antiguo comprises Seville 's old town , which lies on the east bank of the Guadalquivir river . It borders the districts of Macarena to the north , Nervión and San Pablo-Santa Justa to the east , and the Distrito Sur to the south . Bridges across the Guadalquivir link the Casco Antiguo to Los Remedios , Triana and La Cartuja ."}]}, {'value': 'Prado de San Sebastián', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prado_de_San_Sebastián_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': "Prado de San Sebastián ( English : Saint Sebastian 's meadow ) is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is also an interurban bus station , and a tram stop of the MetroCentro line . It is located at the intersection of Carlos V , Portugal , Menéndez y Pelayo Av . and San Fernando St. in the district of Casco Antiguo . Prado de San Sebastián is an underground station situated between Puerta Jerez and San Bernardo on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 . It is expected that by 2017 the station will have a connection with line 3 of the subway , which is still in the planning phase ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Sur / Casco Antiguo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Centro,_Seville', 'summary': "The Casco Antiguo ( Spanish for Ancient District ) is the city centre district of Seville , the capital of the Spanish region of Andalusia . The Casco Antiguo comprises Seville 's old town , which lies on the east bank of the Guadalquivir river . It borders the districts of Macarena to the north , Nervión and San Pablo-Santa Justa to the east , and the Distrito Sur to the south . Bridges across the Guadalquivir link the Casco Antiguo to Los Remedios , Triana and La Cartuja ."}]}, {'value': 'San Bernardo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Bernardo_(Railway_station)', 'summary': 'San Bernardo ( English : Saint Bernard ) is a railway interchange station of metro and suburban trains services of Seville , Andalusia . It is located at the intersection of the avenues of La Enramadilla and La Buhaira in the neighborhood of San Bernardo . San Bernardo is an underground station of line 1 of the metro and the lines C-1 and C-4 of the suburban trains ( Spanish : Cercanías ) . The suburban station was opened to the public in 1992 while the metro station was inaugurated on April 2 , 2009 , and opened on April 15 , 2011 . It is also a terminus for the Metrocentro tram line .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Sur / Nervión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nervión,_Seville', 'summary': "Nervión is a district of Seville , Spain . It lies to the east of the city centre ( the Casco Antiguo ) , to the north of the Distrito Sur , to the south of San Pablo-Santa Justa and to the west of Cerro-Amate . The district is an important commercial district of the city , where much of the regional capital 's business takes place . The population is 16,129 inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Nervión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nervión_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Nervión ( English : Nervion ) is an underground station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . The station is located at the intersection of the avenues of Eduardo Dato and San Fco . Javier , in the neighborhood of Nervión . Nervión station is located between San Bernardo and Gran Plaza stations on the same line . The station was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Nervión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nervión,_Seville', 'summary': "Nervión is a district of Seville , Spain . It lies to the east of the city centre ( the Casco Antiguo ) , to the north of the Distrito Sur , to the south of San Pablo-Santa Justa and to the west of Cerro-Amate . The district is an important commercial district of the city , where much of the regional capital 's business takes place . The population is 16,129 inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Gran Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gran_Plaza_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Gran Plaza ( English : Great Square ) is an underground station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is located at the intersection of Eduardo Dato and Cruzcampo avenues , in the neighborhood of Nervión . Gran Plaza station is located by the Gran Plaza square , between the stations Nervión and 1º de Mayo on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Nervión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nervión,_Seville', 'summary': "Nervión is a district of Seville , Spain . It lies to the east of the city centre ( the Casco Antiguo ) , to the north of the Distrito Sur , to the south of San Pablo-Santa Justa and to the west of Cerro-Amate . The district is an important commercial district of the city , where much of the regional capital 's business takes place . The population is 16,129 inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': '1º de Mayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1º_de_Mayo_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': '1º de Mayo ( English : 1 May ) is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 . It is located at the intersection of Federico Mayo Gayarre and Ronda del Tamarguillo avenues in the district of Cerro-Amate . 1º de Mayo is an underground station situated between Gran Plaza and Amate on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 . It is expected that by 2017 the station will have a connection with line 4 of the subway ( that it is still in planning phase ) .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Cerro-Amate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amate_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Amate is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is located at the intersection of Los Gavilanes Av . and Puerto del Escudo St. , in the neighborhood of Parque Amate . Amate is an underground station , located between 1º de Mayo and La Plata stations on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Cerro-Amate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Plata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Plata_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'La Plata ( English : The Silver ) is a station of the Seville Metro on the line 1 . It is located at the intersection of Los Gavilanes Av . and Virgen de la Saleta St. , in the neighborhood of Parque Amate . La Plata is an underground station , located between Amate and Cocheras on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Cerro-Amate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cocheras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cocheras_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Cocheras ( English : Garages ) is a station of line 1 of the metro . It is located in the intersection of Águila Marina and Águila de Oro streets , in the neighborhood of Cerro del Águila . Cocheras is an underground type station , situated between La Plata and Guadaíra on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Cerro-Amate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pablo de Olavide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pablo_de_Olavide_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Pablo de Olavide is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 named after the nearby Universidad Pablo de Olavide . This station will also be a tram stop for the Alcalá de Guadaíra tram line that is under construction and projected to be completed in 2019 . It is located in the outskirts of the city within the University Campus , close to Utrera road . Pablo de Olavide is an elevated building , situated between Guadaíra and Condequinto stations on the same line . It was opened on April 2 , 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Sur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Condequinto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Condequinto_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Condequinto is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 named after the neighborhood of Condequinto , Dos Hermanas . It is located close to Utrera road and Montequinto Av . Condequinto is a ground type building with elevated hall . The station is situated between Pablo de Olavide and Montequinto on the same line . It was opened on 2 April 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dos Hermanas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dos_Hermanas', 'summary': 'Dos Hermanas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdos eɾˈmanas ] ) is a Spanish city 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of Seville in Andalusia , with a population of 131,317 as of 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Montequinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montequinto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montequinto_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Montequinto is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 named after the neighborhood of Montequinto in the municipality Dos Hermanas , Seville . It is located in the instesection of Montequinto Av . and Ferrara St. Montequinto is an underground type station situated between Condequinto and Europa on the same line . It was opened on 23 November 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 23 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dos Hermanas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dos_Hermanas', 'summary': 'Dos Hermanas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdos eɾˈmanas ] ) is a Spanish city 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of Seville in Andalusia , with a population of 131,317 as of 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Montequinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europa_(Seville_Metro)', 'summary': 'Europa ( English : Europe ) is a station of the Seville Metro on line 1 in the municipality of Dos Hermanas , Seville . It is located in the instesection of Montequinto and Europa avenues , in the neighborhood of Montequinto . Europa is an underground type station situated between Montequinto and Olivar de Quintos on the same line . It was opened on 23 November 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 23 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dos Hermanas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dos_Hermanas', 'summary': 'Dos Hermanas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdos eɾˈmanas ] ) is a Spanish city 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of Seville in Andalusia , with a population of 131,317 as of 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Montequinto', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Sorted alphabetically -- In service', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Seville_metro_stations_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of stations of the Seville Metro system. The first line is administered by Seville Metro.'}
null
null
What island is a district located on that has a station in the city where a sailor departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth ?
Isla de La Cartuja
09189e989b72ee23
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_candies', 'title': 'List of candies', 'header': ['Name', 'Manufacturer', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fudge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fudge', 'summary': 'Fudge is a type of sugar candy that is made by mixing sugar , butter and milk , heating it to the soft-ball stage at 240 °F ( 116 °C ) , and then beating the mixture while it cools so that it acquires a smooth , creamy consistency . In texture , this crystalline candy falls in between fondants and hard caramels . Fruits , nuts , chocolate , caramel , candies , sweets and other flavors are sometimes added either inside or on top . A recent trend has been to create novel flavors of fudge , giving vibrant visual appeal at the same time . Fudge is often bought as a gift from a gift shop in tourist areas and attractions .'}]}, {'value': 'Various', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fudge is a type of confectionery which is made by mixing sugar , butter and milk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almond Joy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almond_Joy', 'summary': "Almond Joy is a candy bar manufactured by Hershey 's . Almond Joy is the sister product of Mounds , which is a similar confection but without the almond and coated instead with dark chocolate ; it also features similar packaging and logo design , but in a red color scheme instead of Almond Joy 's blue ."}]}, {'value': 'Hershey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hershey_Company', 'summary': "The Hershey Company , commonly known as Hershey , is an American multinational company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world . It also manufactures baked products , such as cookies , cakes , milk shakes , drinks and many more . Its headquarters are in Hershey , Pennsylvania , which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey 's Chocolate World . It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company , a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company . The Hershey Trust Company owns a minority stake , but retains a majority of the voting power within the company . Hershey 's chocolate is available across the United States , and in over 60 countries worldwide . They have three large distribution centers , with modern technology and labor management systems . In addition , Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation . It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Consists of a coconut -based center topped with two almonds , the combination enrobed in a layer of milk chocolate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coconut', 'summary': "The coconut tree ( Cocos nucifera ) is a member of the palm tree family ( Arecaceae ) and the only known living species of the genus Cocos . The term coconut ( or the archaic cocoanut ) can refer to the whole coconut palm , the seed , or the fruit , which botanically is a drupe , not a nut . The term is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese and Spanish word coco , meaning 'head ' or 'skull ' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features . Coconuts are known for their versatility of uses , ranging from food to cosmetics . The inner flesh of the mature seed , as well as the coconut milk extracted from it , forms a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics . Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid , called coconut water or coconut juice . Mature , ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds , or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh , charcoal from the hard shell , and coir from the fibrous husk . Dried coconut flesh is called copra , and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking - frying in particular - as well as in soaps and cosmetics . The hard shells , fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating . The coconut also has cultural and religious significance in certain societies , particularly in India , where it is used in Hindu rituals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Almond', 'summary': 'The almond ( Prunus dulcis , syn . Prunus amygdalus ) is a species of tree native to Iran and surrounding countries but widely cultivated elsewhere . The almond is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree . Within the genus Prunus , it is classified with the peach in the subgenus Amygdalus , distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell ( endocarp ) surrounding the seed . The fruit of the almond is a drupe , consisting of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed , which is not a true nut , inside . Shelling almonds refers to removing the shell to reveal the seed . Almonds are sold shelled or unshelled . Blanched almonds are shelled almonds that have been treated with hot water to soften the seedcoat , which is then removed to reveal the white embryo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrober', 'summary': "An enrober is a machine used in the confectionery industry to coat a food item with a coating medium , typically chocolate . Foods that are coated by enrobers include nuts , ice cream , toffee , biscuits and cookies . Enrobing with chocolate extends a confection 's shelf life . The enrober machine was invented in France in 1903 , brought to the United States , and perfected to perform the work of at least twenty people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milk_chocolate', 'summary': 'Chocolate is a range of foods derived from cocoa ( cacao ) , mixed with fat ( e.g. , cocoa butter ) and finely powdered sugar to produce a solid confectionery . There are several types of chocolate , classified according to the proportion of cocoa used in a particular formulation . The use of particular name designations is sometimes subject to international governmental regulation . Some governments assign chocolate solids and ranges of chocolate differently .'}]}, {'value': 'Aplets & Cotlets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aplets_&_Cotlets', 'summary': 'Aplet redirects here . For the similar-sounding computer programme , see Applet'}]}, {'value': 'Liberty Orchards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Orchards', 'summary': 'Liberty Orchards is a packaged food products company located in Cashmere , Washington . Founded as an apple farm in 1918 by Armenian business partners Armen Tertsagian and Mark Balaban , the company moved into canning and then confectionery during the 1930s and 1940s .'}]}, {'value': 'A lokum-type confection baked with apples and apricots', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayds', 'summary': "Ayds ( pronounced as aids ) Reducing Plan Candy was an appetite-suppressant candy that enjoyed strong sales in the 1970s and early 1980s and was originally manufactured by The Campana Company . It was available in chocolate , chocolate mint , butterscotch , and caramel flavors , and later a peanut butter flavor was introduced . The original packaging used the phrase Ayds Reducing Plan vitamin and mineral Candy ; a later version used the phrase appetite suppressant candy . The active ingredient was originally benzocaine , presumably to reduce the sense of taste to reduce eating , later changed in the candy ( as reported by The New York Times ) to phenylpropanolamine . By the mid-1980s , public awareness of the disease AIDS caused problems for the brand due to the phonetic similarity of names and the fact that the disease caused immense weight loss in patients . While initially sales were not affected , by 1988 the chair of Dep Corporation announced that the company was seeking a new name because sales had dropped as much as 50% due to publicity about the disease . While the product 's name was changed to Diet Ayds ( Aydslim in Britain ) , it was eventually withdrawn from the market ."}]}, {'value': 'The Campana Company ( original producer )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Campana_Company', 'summary': 'The Campana Company of Batavia , Illinois was a major manufacturer of cosmetics in the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': "Ayds was an appetite-suppressant candy which enjoyed strong sales in the 1970s and early 1980s . By the mid-1980s , public awareness of the disease AIDS caused problems for the brand due to the phonetic similarity of the names . While initially sales were not affected , by 1988 the chair of Dep Corporation announced that the company was seeking a new name because sales had dropped as much as 50% due to publicity about the disease . While the product 's name was changed to Diet Ayds ( 'Aydslim in Britain ) , it was eventually withdrawn from the market", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anorectic', 'summary': 'An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite , resulting in lower food consumption , leading to weight loss . By contrast , an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic . The term is ( from the Greek ἀν- ( an- ) = without and ὄρεξις ( órexis ) = appetite ) , and such drugs are also known as anorexigenic , anorexiant , or appetite suppressant .'}, {'url': '/wiki/AIDS', 'summary': 'Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms , or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness . Typically , this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms . If the infection progresses , it interferes more with the immune system , increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis , as well as other opportunistic infections , and tumors which are otherwise rare in people who have normal immune function . These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss . HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex ( including anal and oral sex ) , contaminated blood transfusions , hypodermic needles , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding . Some bodily fluids , such as saliva , sweat and tears , do not transmit the virus . HIV is a member of the group of viruses known as retroviruses . Methods of prevention include safe sex , needle exchange programs , treating those who are infected , pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis , and male circumcision . Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication . There is no cure or vaccine ; however , antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Hunk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Hunk', 'summary': 'Big Hunk is a candy bar made by Annabelle Candy Company . It first entered production in the 1950s , in the United States . It is a bar of roasted peanuts covered in chewy honey-sweetened nougat . It was featured in Steve Almonds book , Candyfreak , as being one of several successful candies made by a small company . Big Hunk was acquired by Annabelle Candy Company when the company purchased Golden Nugget Candy Company in 1970 . The brand is known for its bright , high energy and colorful advertisements such as the line PUT BIG PROFITS IN YOUR POCKET WITH BIG HUNK .'}]}, {'value': 'Annabelle Candy Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annabelle_Candy_Company', 'summary': "The Annabelle Candy Company , also known as Annabelle 's , is a Hayward , California , United States , based candy manufacturer . The company was founded in San Francisco , California in 1950 by Russian immigrant Sam Altshuler , who named the company after his daughter . The company manufactures ten candy bars ; the most popular being the Rocky Road candy bar , ( which features the Rocky road flavor of marshmallow , chocolate , and cashews ) ranked among the top 35-40 best selling chocolate bars on the West Coast of the United States . The company moved to its present location in 1965 . In 1972 , Annabelle Candy Company purchased the Golden Nugget Company and in 1978 the Cardinet Candy Company adding the Big Hunk , Look , U-NO and Abba Zaba candy bars to its line of products ."}]}, {'value': 'Bar of roasted peanuts covered in honey sweetened nougat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bit-O-Honey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bit-O-Honey', 'summary': "Bit-O-Honey is an American candy product ; it first appeared in 1924 and was made by the Schutter-Johnson Company of Chicago , Illinois . Bit-O-Honey was a new kind of candy bar consisting of six pieces wrapped in waxed paper and then packaged in a cover wrapper . The candy consists of almond bits embedded in a honey-flavored taffy , which makes for a long-chewing candy . Both a large bar and a small , bite-sized version are available for sale , the latter in bags of multiple units . In 1969 , Schutter-Johnson was merged into the Ward Candy Company of New York City , makers of other candies , including Chunky , Oh Henry ! , and Raisinets . Between the mid- and late-1970s , a chocolate-flavored version called Bit-O-Chocolate was made , but this product was later dropped . Other spin-offs included Bit o ' Licorice and Bit-O-Peanut Butter . In 2017 , Bit-O-Honey Chocolate was reintroduced . Bit-O-Honey and Ward 's other brands were acquired by Chicago-based Terson Company in 1981 . The eventual sale of Bit-O-Honey brand happened in 1984 , when the Terson Company sold Ward Candy Segment brands to Nestle Nestlé Company on January 9 , 1984 . In May 2013 , Nestlé sold the Bit-O-Honey brand to the Pearson 's Candy Company of Saint Paul , Minnesota . Bit-O-Honey is similar in style and packaging ( single pieces ) to Mary Jane made by Necco ."}]}, {'value': 'Nestlé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nestlé', 'summary': "Nestlé S.A. ( /ˈnɛsleɪ , -li , -əl/ ; [ citation needed ] French : [ nɛsle ] ) is a Swiss multinational food and drink processing conglomerate corporation headquartered in Vevey , Vaud , Switzerland . It is the largest food company in the world , measured by revenues and other metrics , since 2014 . It ranked No . 64 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2017 and No . 33 on the 2016 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list of largest public companies . Nestlé 's products include baby food , medical food , bottled water , breakfast cereals , coffee and tea , confectionery , dairy products , ice cream , frozen food , pet foods , and snacks . Twenty-nine of Nestlé 's brands have annual sales of over CHF1 billion ( about US $ 1.1 billion ) , including Nespresso , Nescafé , Kit Kat , Smarties , Nesquik , Stouffer 's , Vittel , and Maggi . Nestlé has 447 factories , operates in 189 countries , and employs around 339,000 people . It is one of the main shareholders of L'Oreal , the world 's largest cosmetics company . Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company , established in 1866 by brothers George and Charles Page , and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé , founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé . The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War , expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products . The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions , including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950 , Findus in 1963 , Libby 's in 1971 , Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988 , Klim in 1998 , and Gerber in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Introduced in 1924 and was made by the Schutter-Johnson Company . Acquired by the Nestlé Company in 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Candy Raisins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Candy_Raisins', 'summary': 'Candy Raisins are a soft jujube candy popular in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . The candy was produced from the 1930s until 2008 , discontinued , then revived in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Country Candies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A soft jujube candy popular in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . The candy was produced from the 1930s until 2008 , discontinued , then revived in 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jujube_(confectionery)', 'summary': 'Jujube ( /ˈdʒuːdʒuːb/ or /ˈdʒuːdʒuːbiː/ ) , or jube , or juju is a gummy type of candy drop .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee', 'summary': "Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s ."}]}, {'value': 'Good & Plenty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Good_&_Plenty', 'summary': 'Good & Plenty is a brand of licorice candy . The candy is a narrow cylinder of sweet black licorice , coated in a hard candy shell to form a capsule shape . The pieces are colored bright pink and white and presented in a purple box or bag .'}]}, {'value': 'Hershey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hershey_Company', 'summary': "The Hershey Company , commonly known as Hershey , is an American multinational company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world . It also manufactures baked products , such as cookies , cakes , milk shakes , drinks and many more . Its headquarters are in Hershey , Pennsylvania , which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey 's Chocolate World . It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company , a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company . The Hershey Trust Company owns a minority stake , but retains a majority of the voting power within the company . Hershey 's chocolate is available across the United States , and in over 60 countries worldwide . They have three large distribution centers , with modern technology and labor management systems . In addition , Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation . It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Licorice candy first produced in 1893 , and has been referred to as the oldest branded candy in the U.S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquorice_(confectionery)', 'summary': 'Liquorice ( British English ) or licorice ( American English ) is a confection usually flavoured and coloured black with the extract of the roots of the liquorice plant Glycyrrhiza glabra . A wide variety of liquorice sweets are produced around the world . In North America , black licorice is distinguished from similar confectionery varieties that are not flavoured and coloured black with liquorice extract but commonly manufactured in the form of chewy ropes or tubes . So called black licorice together with anise extract is also a widespread flavour in other forms of confectionery such as jellybeans . In addition to these , various other liquorice-based sweets are sold in the United Kingdom , such as liquorice allsorts . Dutch and Nordic liquorice characteristically contains ammonium chloride instead of sodium chloride , prominently so in salty liquorice . The essential ingredients of black liquorice confectionery are liquorice extract , sugar , and a binder . The base is typically starch/flour , gum arabic , gelatin or a combination thereof . Additional ingredients are extra flavouring , beeswax for a shiny surface , ammonium chloride and molasses . Ammonium chloride is mainly used in salty liquorice candy , with concentrations up to about 8% . However , even regular liquorice candy can contain up to 2% ammonium chloride , the taste of which is less prominent due to the higher sugar concentration . Some liquorice candy is flavoured with anise oil instead of or in combination with liquorice root extract .'}]}, {'value': 'Mounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mounds_(candy)', 'summary': "Mounds is a candy bar made by The Hershey Company . It consists of a filling made of shredded coconut , which is coated in dark chocolate . The Mounds bar 's sibling is Almond Joy , which is made the same way but with milk chocolate and a whole almond crowning the coconut . Mounds ' original slogan , Indescribably Delicious , was created when Mounds ran a contest to come up with the best two words to sell candy . Leon Weiss , who came up with the slogan , won $ 10 . Mounds continues to use the slogan in advertising and on the wrapper . Mounds uses a packaging and logo design similar to its sister product , with Almond Joy 's blue replaced by red , and the two candies are often advertised together . The candy 's 1970s ad campaign used a jingle , Sometimes you feel like a nut / sometimes you do n't / Almond Joy 's got nuts / Mounds do n't , written by Leon Carr . A limited-edition Mounds Island Orange candy bar was introduced in 2006 with orange-colored and orange-flavored coconut ."}]}, {'value': 'Hershey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hershey_Company', 'summary': "The Hershey Company , commonly known as Hershey , is an American multinational company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world . It also manufactures baked products , such as cookies , cakes , milk shakes , drinks and many more . Its headquarters are in Hershey , Pennsylvania , which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey 's Chocolate World . It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company , a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company . The Hershey Trust Company owns a minority stake , but retains a majority of the voting power within the company . Hershey 's chocolate is available across the United States , and in over 60 countries worldwide . They have three large distribution centers , with modern technology and labor management systems . In addition , Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation . It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Similar to Almond Joy , it consists of a coconut based center ; however , it is enrobed with dark chocolate rather than milk chocolate and does not contain almonds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almond_Joy', 'summary': "Almond Joy is a candy bar manufactured by Hershey 's . Almond Joy is the sister product of Mounds , which is a similar confection but without the almond and coated instead with dark chocolate ; it also features similar packaging and logo design , but in a red color scheme instead of Almond Joy 's blue ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coconut', 'summary': "The coconut tree ( Cocos nucifera ) is a member of the palm tree family ( Arecaceae ) and the only known living species of the genus Cocos . The term coconut ( or the archaic cocoanut ) can refer to the whole coconut palm , the seed , or the fruit , which botanically is a drupe , not a nut . The term is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese and Spanish word coco , meaning 'head ' or 'skull ' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features . Coconuts are known for their versatility of uses , ranging from food to cosmetics . The inner flesh of the mature seed , as well as the coconut milk extracted from it , forms a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics . Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid , called coconut water or coconut juice . Mature , ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds , or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh , charcoal from the hard shell , and coir from the fibrous husk . Dried coconut flesh is called copra , and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking - frying in particular - as well as in soaps and cosmetics . The hard shells , fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating . The coconut also has cultural and religious significance in certain societies , particularly in India , where it is used in Hindu rituals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrober', 'summary': "An enrober is a machine used in the confectionery industry to coat a food item with a coating medium , typically chocolate . Foods that are coated by enrobers include nuts , ice cream , toffee , biscuits and cookies . Enrobing with chocolate extends a confection 's shelf life . The enrober machine was invented in France in 1903 , brought to the United States , and perfected to perform the work of at least twenty people ."}]}, {'value': "Reese 's Pieces", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Reese's_Pieces", 'summary': "Reese 's Pieces are a peanut butter candy manufactured by The Hershey Company ; they are oblate spheroid in shape and covered in candy shells that are colored yellow , orange , or brown . They can be purchased in plastic packets , cardboard boxes , or cup-shaped travel containers . The candy was introduced in 1977 , and introduced to Canada in 1980 . The then relatively new product became very popular with the 1982 release of E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial , in which the candy is featured . These are also sold in the UK , but still manufactured in the US . Reese 's Pieces are a product extension of the Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups line ; they were designed to capitalize on the success of the chocolate-covered peanut butter cups , though unlike the cups , they have no chocolate ."}]}, {'value': 'Hershey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hershey_Company', 'summary': "The Hershey Company , commonly known as Hershey , is an American multinational company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world . It also manufactures baked products , such as cookies , cakes , milk shakes , drinks and many more . Its headquarters are in Hershey , Pennsylvania , which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey 's Chocolate World . It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company , a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company . The Hershey Trust Company owns a minority stake , but retains a majority of the voting power within the company . Hershey 's chocolate is available across the United States , and in over 60 countries worldwide . They have three large distribution centers , with modern technology and labor management systems . In addition , Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation . It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Peanut Butter candy , circular in shape and covered in candy shells that are colored yellow , orange , or brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peanut_Butter', 'summary': 'Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground , dry-roasted peanuts . It often contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture , such as salt , sweeteners , or emulsifiers . Peanut butter is popular in many countries . The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter and itself consumes $ 800 million of peanut butter annually . Peanut butter is served as a spread on bread , toast , or crackers , and used to make sandwiches ( notably the peanut butter and jelly sandwich ) . It is also used in a number of breakfast dishes and desserts , such as peanut-flavored granola , smoothies , crepes , cookies , brownies , or croissants . It is similar to other nut butters such as cashew butter and almond butter .'}]}, {'value': 'U-No Bar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U-No_Bar', 'summary': 'The U-NO Bar is produced by the Annabelle Candy Company . The U-NO is a truffle type bar with almond bits covered in a thin layer of chocolate , and wrapped in a silver foil-like wrapper . It is comparable to a 3 Musketeers bar in appearance but has a higher fat per gram ratio . Its center is a chocolate , truffle-like fluff covered in a thin layer of milk chocolate and ground almonds . U-NO bars used to come in two flavors : Original and mint . Annabelle Candy Company has since discontinued the mint flavor [ citation needed ] . U-NO was first produced by the Cardinet Candy Company in the 1920s [ citation needed ] , which was later acquired by the Annabelle Candy Company , in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Annabelle Candy Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annabelle_Candy_Company', 'summary': "The Annabelle Candy Company , also known as Annabelle 's , is a Hayward , California , United States , based candy manufacturer . The company was founded in San Francisco , California in 1950 by Russian immigrant Sam Altshuler , who named the company after his daughter . The company manufactures ten candy bars ; the most popular being the Rocky Road candy bar , ( which features the Rocky road flavor of marshmallow , chocolate , and cashews ) ranked among the top 35-40 best selling chocolate bars on the West Coast of the United States . The company moved to its present location in 1965 . In 1972 , Annabelle Candy Company purchased the Golden Nugget Company and in 1978 the Cardinet Candy Company adding the Big Hunk , Look , U-NO and Abba Zaba candy bars to its line of products ."}]}, {'value': 'Truffle type bar with almond bits , covered in chocolate and comes wrapped in a silver foil-like wrapper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jolly Rancher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jolly_Rancher', 'summary': 'Jolly Rancher is an American brand of sweet , somewhat tangy or sour/sweet hard candy , gummies , fruit chews , jelly beans , lollipops , gelatin desserts , gum , and sodas . It is currently owned by The Hershey Company . The product was originally produced by the Jolly Rancher Company , founded by Bill Harmsen of Golden , Colorado . The Jolly Rancher Company made ice cream , chocolate and candy sold at several Ranch Maid Ice Cream stores in the Denver area . The name was meant to suggest a hospitable , western company .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hershey Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hershey_Company', 'summary': "The Hershey Company , commonly known as Hershey , is an American multinational company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world . It also manufactures baked products , such as cookies , cakes , milk shakes , drinks and many more . Its headquarters are in Hershey , Pennsylvania , which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey 's Chocolate World . It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company , a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company . The Hershey Trust Company owns a minority stake , but retains a majority of the voting power within the company . Hershey 's chocolate is available across the United States , and in over 60 countries worldwide . They have three large distribution centers , with modern technology and labor management systems . In addition , Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation . It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twizzlers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twizzlers', 'summary': 'Twizzlers is the product of Y & S Candies , Inc. , of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , now a subsidiary of The Hershey Company . Twizzlers are made of corn syrup , wheat flour , sugar , cornstarch , and in smaller amounts palm oil , salt , artificial flavor , glycerin , citric acid , potassium sorbate , Red 40 , and soy lecithin .'}]}, {'value': 'Y & S Candies , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A liquorice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liquorice_(confectionery)', 'summary': 'Liquorice ( British English ) or licorice ( American English ) is a confection usually flavoured and coloured black with the extract of the roots of the liquorice plant Glycyrrhiza glabra . A wide variety of liquorice sweets are produced around the world . In North America , black licorice is distinguished from similar confectionery varieties that are not flavoured and coloured black with liquorice extract but commonly manufactured in the form of chewy ropes or tubes . So called black licorice together with anise extract is also a widespread flavour in other forms of confectionery such as jellybeans . In addition to these , various other liquorice-based sweets are sold in the United Kingdom , such as liquorice allsorts . Dutch and Nordic liquorice characteristically contains ammonium chloride instead of sodium chloride , prominently so in salty liquorice . The essential ingredients of black liquorice confectionery are liquorice extract , sugar , and a binder . The base is typically starch/flour , gum arabic , gelatin or a combination thereof . Additional ingredients are extra flavouring , beeswax for a shiny surface , ammonium chloride and molasses . Ammonium chloride is mainly used in salty liquorice candy , with concentrations up to about 8% . However , even regular liquorice candy can contain up to 2% ammonium chloride , the taste of which is less prominent due to the higher sugar concentration . Some liquorice candy is flavoured with anise oil instead of or in combination with liquorice root extract .'}]}, {'value': 'Opera cream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opera_cream', 'summary': 'Opera creams are a candy made of chocolate . They are most popularly associated with Cincinnati , Ohio , though they are sold in other Ohio cities , as well as Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A chocolate candy that is most popularly associated with Cincinnati , Ohio , though they are sold in other Ohio cities , as well as Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati', 'summary': "Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably ."}]}], 'section_title': 'North America -- United States', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_candies_34', 'intro': 'Candy, known also as sweets and confectionery, has a long history as a familiar food treat that is available in many varieties. Candy varieties are influenced by the size of the sugar crystals, aeration, sugar concentrations, colour and the types of sugar used. Simple sugar or sucrose is turned into candy by dissolving it in water, concentrating this solution through cooking and allowing the mass either to form a mutable solid or to recrystallize. Maple sugar candy has been made in this way for thousands of years, with concentration taking place from both freezing and heating. Other sugars, sugar substitutes, and corn syrup are also used. Jelly candies, such as gumdrops and gummies, use stabilizers including starch, pectin or gelatin. Another type of candy is cotton candy, which is made from spun sugar. In their Thanksgiving Address, Native peoples of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy give special thanks to the Sugar Maple tree as the leader of all trees to recognize its gift of sugar when the People need it most. In traditional times, maple sugar candy reduced from sap was an important food source in the lean times of winter in North America.'}
null
null
What entertainment venue besides Hershey 's Chocolate World is in the city where the company that makes Good & Plenty is headquartered ?
Hersheypark
091a79045586d164
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ardoyne Plantation House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardoyne_Plantation_House', 'summary': 'Ardoyne Plantation House is located on Highway 311 in Schriever , Louisiana , just northwest of Houma , Louisiana . It was built 1894 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 1 , 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1982 ( # 82000469 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest of Houma on Louisiana Highway 311 29°38′57″N 90°49′10″W / 29.649167°N 90.819444°W / 29.649167 ; -90.819444 ( Ardoyne Plantation House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_311', 'summary': 'The following is a list of state highways in the U.S. state of Louisiana designated in the 300-349 range .'}]}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argyle_(Houma,_Louisiana)', 'summary': 'Argyle is a historic house on a former sugarcane plantation in Houma , Louisiana . It was built circa 1906 for Phelin Bonvillain , a sugar planter . It belongs to the Ingram family since 1947 . The house was designed in the Eastlake architectural style , with a few Colonial Revival features . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 1 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1994 ( # 94000657 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3313 Bayou Black Dr. 29°34′22″N 90°45′04″W / 29.572778°N 90.751111°W / 29.572778 ; -90.751111 ( Argyle )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armitage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armitage_(Schriever,_Louisiana)', 'summary': 'Armitage is a historic house on a former plantation in Schriever , Louisiana , U.S . It was built in 1852 for Francis L. Mead , who lived in the house until 1859 , when it was purchased by Charles B. Armitage , his stepson-in-law . It was later acquired by Darden Roundtree , and inherited by his four sons . In 1948 , it was purchased by Frank Wurzlow and his wife , and they restored it . The house was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 12 , 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 12 , 1984 ( # 84001366 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana Highway 20 and Colonial Dr. 29°45′51″N 90°48′59″W / 29.764167°N 90.816389°W / 29.764167 ; -90.816389 ( Armitage )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_20', 'summary': 'Louisiana Highway 20 ( LA 20 ) is a state highway that serves Terrebonne Parish , Lafourche Parish , and St. James Parish . It spans a total of 36.6 miles ( 58.9 km ) as a two lane , undivided road .'}]}, {'value': 'Schriever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schriever,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Schriever is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 5,880 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The place name was for railroad official John George Schriever ( 1844-1898 ) , in connection with the 1870s opening of the rail line to Houma . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herman Albert Cook House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1995 ( # 95000107 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '515 W. Main St. 29°35′49″N 90°43′44″W / 29.596944°N 90.728889°W / 29.596944 ; -90.728889 ( Herman Albert Cook House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ducros Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ducros_Plantation', 'summary': 'The Ducros Plantation ( a.k.a . Old Jackson Plantation or Polmer Plantation ) is a Southern plantation located in Schriever , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1985 ( # 85002759 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana Highway 20 29°45′13″N 90°49′05″W / 29.753611°N 90.818056°W / 29.753611 ; -90.818056 ( Ducros Plantation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_20', 'summary': 'Louisiana Highway 20 ( LA 20 ) is a state highway that serves Terrebonne Parish , Lafourche Parish , and St. James Parish . It spans a total of 36.6 miles ( 58.9 km ) as a two lane , undivided road .'}]}, {'value': 'Schriever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schriever,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Schriever is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 5,880 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The place name was for railroad official John George Schriever ( 1844-1898 ) , in connection with the 1870s opening of the rail line to Houma . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fifth District High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 18 , 2018 ( # 100002590 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '918 Roussell St. 29°35′30″N 90°43′18″W / 29.5916°N 90.7218°W / 29.5916 ; -90.7218 ( Fifth District High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson Methodist Episcopal Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibson_Methodist_Episcopal_Church', 'summary': 'Gibson Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church on S. Bayou Black Drive in Gibson , Louisiana . It was built in 1849 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . History On May 17 , 1849 land was donated in Tigerville , Louisiana ( now formally known as Gibson ) by Cornelius C. Wallis and John Wallis . They donated this land to the Methodists for the construction of a cemetery and a Church . The church took approximately six months to build and was completely built by the end of the year . This church turned out to be the simplest and smallest church of the surrounding areas of Tigerville , Thibodaux , and Houma . At the time , it was known as the Sycamore Church because of the sycamore trees that grew in the yard . The common style during this time and the style of this church is a variation of the Greek Revival Style . Tobias Gibson , William Thompson , and John McIntyre were a few of the original members of the church . Tobias Gibson and his wife moved from Kentucky to Louisiana in the 1850s . Tobias owned Plantations named Holly Wood , Live Oak , and Oak Forest near Tigerville , Louisiana . They had eight children , but one child in particular was more eminent .'}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 1986 ( # 86001032 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Bayou Black Dr. 29°41′06″N 90°59′16″W / 29.685°N 90.987778°W / 29.685 ; -90.987778 ( Gibson Methodist Episcopal Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibson,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Gibson is an unincorporated community in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The zip code is 70356 . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma Elementary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 15 , 2015 ( # 15000347 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '711 Grinage St. 29°35′33″N 90°43′26″W / 29.5926°N 90.7239°W / 29.5926 ; -90.7239 ( Houma Elementary School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1983 ( # 83003640 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by E. Park Ave. and Main , Canal , Lafayette , Academy , High , Roussell , and Barrow Sts . ; also 7717 , 7719 , 7725 , 7801-09 , 7815-17 , 7819 W. Main , 407 , 425 , 507 Rousell , 7910 , 7932 , 7936 , 7942 W. Park Ave. 30°29′49″N 90°42′06″W / 30.496944°N 90.701667°W / 30.496944 ; -90.701667 ( Houma Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia_Plantation_(Schriever,_Louisiana)', 'summary': "Magnolia Plantation , built in 1832 , is a private residence located on Louisiana Highway 311 , west of New Orleans and 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of Schriever , Louisiana . The plantation was built to cultivate sugarcane , which was a critical part of Terrebonne Parish 's antebellum economy . The plantation house is one of six surviving Greek Revival plantation houses in the parish . A portion of the film 12 Years a Slave was filmed at the plantation . The plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 4 , 1983 ( # 83000548 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana Highway 311 29°42′53″N 90°49′08″W / 29.714722°N 90.818889°W / 29.714722 ; -90.818889 ( Magnolia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_311', 'summary': 'The following is a list of state highways in the U.S. state of Louisiana designated in the 300-349 range .'}]}, {'value': 'Schriever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schriever,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Schriever is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 5,880 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The place name was for railroad official John George Schriever ( 1844-1898 ) , in connection with the 1870s opening of the rail line to Houma . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montegut School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 7 , 1993 ( # 93001036 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1137 Louisiana Highway 55 29°28′39″N 90°33′20″W / 29.4775°N 90.555556°W / 29.4775 ; -90.555556 ( Montegut School )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_55', 'summary': 'Louisiana Highway 55 ( LA 55 ) is a state highway located in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana . It runs 14.09 miles ( 22.68 km ) in a north-south direction from a dead end south of Montegut to a junction with LA 24 in Klondyke . The route travels alongside Bayou Terrebonne , connecting Montegut with the community of Bourg , which is located just beyond Klondyke . LA 24 continues the route into Houma , the parish seat and nearest city . It also connects LA 55 to LA 1 at Larose , located on Bayou Lafourche . LA 55 is known locally as Montegut Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Montegut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montegut,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Montegut is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 1,803 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . It was the primary filming location for the 2012 film Beasts of the Southern Wild . This place name may have been related to the Montegut family of New Orleans .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orange Grove Plantation House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Grove_Plantation_House_(Houma)', 'summary': "The Orange Grove Plantation House is a historic house on a former plantation in Terrebonne Parish , about eight miles away from Houma , Louisiana . It was built in 1850 for John C. Beatty , a sugar planter who owned slaves . The plantation spanned 2,470 acres of land when it was sold at auction shortly after Beatty 's death in 1857 . Beatty 's slaves were sold with the property . The house was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 26 , 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 26 , 1980 ( # 80001764 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Houma on U.S. Route 90 29°35′19″N 90°49′23″W / 29.588611°N 90.823056°W / 29.588611 ; -90.823056 ( Orange Grove Plantation House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_90', 'summary': "U.S. Route 90 or U.S. Highway 90 ( US 90 ) is an east-west major United States highway in the Southern United States . Despite the 0 in its route number , US 90 never was a full coast-to-coast route ; it has always ended at Van Horn , Texas with the exception of a short-lived northward extension to US 62/US 180 near Pine Springs , Texas which lasted less than a year , and the signs on that segment were changed to Texas State Highway 54 , traveling from Interstate 10 ( I-10 ) at exit 140A and heading to its northern terminus at US 62/US 180 . On August 29 , 2005 , a number of the highway 's bridges in Mississippi and Louisiana were destroyed or damaged due to Hurricane Katrina , including the Bay St. Louis Bridge , the Biloxi Bay Bridge , and the Fort Pike Bridge . US 90 has seven exits on I-10 in the State of Florida . It also includes part of the DeSoto Trail between Tallahassee and Lake City , Florida . The highway 's eastern terminus is in Jacksonville Beach , Florida , at an intersection with Florida State Road A1A three blocks from the Atlantic Ocean . Its western terminus is in Van Horn , Texas at an intersection with Bus . I-10 , just north of I-10 and just west of State Highway 54 . This was its former intersection with US 80 , but the western segments of US 80 have been decommissioned in favor of I-10 and I-20 ."}]}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polmer Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polmer_Store', 'summary': 'The Polmer Store , built c. 1880 , is a well-preserved example of the once-common plantation store . The one-story frame structure in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 1996 ( # 96000607 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1849 Louisiana Highway 311 29°38′32″N 90°48′50″W / 29.642222°N 90.813889°W / 29.642222 ; -90.813889 ( Polmer Store )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_311', 'summary': 'The following is a list of state highways in the U.S. state of Louisiana designated in the 300-349 range .'}]}, {'value': 'Schriever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schriever,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Schriever is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 5,880 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The place name was for railroad official John George Schriever ( 1844-1898 ) , in connection with the 1870s opening of the rail line to Houma . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.S. R.M . Parker Jr. ( shipwreck and remains )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 7 , 2018 ( # 100002561 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cocodrie vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cocodrie,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Cocodrie is an unincorporated fishing , shrimping and crabbing village in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States , ten miles south of Chauvin and due south of the city of Houma . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The settlement is known for being very near the landfall location for Tropical Storm Matthew on October 10 , 2004 , and Hurricane Gustav on September 1 , 2008 . The name Cocodrie is an alternate spelling of the Louisiana French word cocodril which means crocodile . It is a waterfront town , located due west of Grand Isle , on an inlet of another bay blocked by several barrier islands along the Gulf of Mexico . Cocodrie is connected to Houma , due north , by Louisiana state highway 56 . It is at the end of the highway . Most buildings in Cocodrie are now elevated on pilings to minimize flood damage . Cocodrie is home to the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium ( LUMCON ) W. J. DeFelice Marine Center , which was completed in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence Plantation House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Residence_Plantation_House', 'summary': "The Residence Plantation House is a historic house on a former plantation in Houma , Louisiana , U.S . It was built in 1898 for Roberta Barrow , the daughter of sugar planter Robert Ruffin Barrow . Her father lived in a house on the plantation ; Roberta demolished her father 's antebellum home and built the current structure on its site . Her grandfather was the owner of Afton Villa . The house was designed in the Queen Anne architectural style , with Eastlake features . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 8 , 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 2001 ( # 01000943 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8951 Park Ave. 29°35′53″N 90°41′21″W / 29.598056°N 90.689167°W / 29.598056 ; -90.689167 ( Residence Plantation House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. George Plantation House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George_Plantation_House', 'summary': 'The St. George Plantation House , in or near Schriever , Louisiana was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It is a raised , one-story , frame and weatherboard plantation house reflecting late Greek Revival style . It has handsomely landscaped grounds in its semi-rural location on the edge of Schriever , in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana . Its most prominent architectural feature is its front facade . This composition is dominated by a heroically scaled colonnade of six sixteen-inch square columns rising 13-1/2 feet to support a massive entablature . The fenestration beyond this colonnade is composed of a center pair of large glazed doors with a transom , side lights and a heavy overdoor . The doors are balanced on each side by a pair of double hung windows which open to the floor level giving access from the gallery to the front rooms . The interior features a grand center hall which is 14 by 56 feet ( 4.3 m × 17.1 m ) in dimension , and has a large fireplace near its center .'}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 1982 ( # 82000470 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana Highway 24 29°44′20″N 90°48′28″W / 29.738889°N 90.807778°W / 29.738889 ; -90.807778 ( St. George Plantation House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_24', 'summary': "Louisiana Highway 24 ( LA 24 ) is a state highway located in southeastern Louisiana . It runs 35.65 miles ( 57.37 km ) in a general east-west direction from LA 20 in Schriever to LA 3235 in Larose . The route has two distinct sections , the longer of which travels through Terrebonne Parish on either side of Bayou Terrebonne . It serves as the main highway through the city of Houma , which is also the parish seat . This portion of the highway is bannered east-west , though it runs primarily north-south . Southeast of Houma , LA 24 does assume an east-west trajectory as it turns away from Bayou Terrebonne and proceeds to the Lafourche Parish community of Larose , located at the junction of Bayou Lafourche and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . LA 24 was designated in the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering , its two sections previously bearing different designations - State Route 69 along Bayou Terrebonne and State Route 966 along the Bourg-Larose Highway . Like many of the region 's older rural highways , the former evolved from the natural strip of high ground that formed on the banks of the bayou while the latter was constructed on a man-made embankment by the state highway department in the early 1930s ."}]}, {'value': 'Schriever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schriever,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Schriever is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 5,880 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The place name was for railroad official John George Schriever ( 1844-1898 ) , in connection with the 1870s opening of the rail line to Houma . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clifford Percival Smith House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_Percival_Smith_House', 'summary': 'The Clifford Percival Smith House , also known as the Walker House , is a historic house in Houma , Louisiana , U.S . It was built circa 1905 for Clifford Percival Smith and his wife , Clara . It belonged to the Smith family until 1986 . By the late 1980s , it belonged to the Walker family . The house was designed in the Queen Anne architectural style , with Colonial Revival features . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 20 , 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 20 , 1989 ( # 89000327 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '501 E. Park Ave. 29°35′59″N 90°43′08″W / 29.599722°N 90.718889°W / 29.599722 ; -90.718889 ( Clifford Percival Smith House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southdown Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southdown_Plantation', 'summary': 'Southdown Plantation is a historic Southern plantation in Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'January 18 , 1974 ( # 74002188 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 mile southwest of Houma on Louisiana Highway 311 29°35′17″N 90°43′52″W / 29.588056°N 90.731111°W / 29.588056 ; -90.731111 ( Southdown Plantation )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_311', 'summary': 'The following is a list of state highways in the U.S. state of Louisiana designated in the 300-349 range .'}]}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wesley House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 11 , 1982 ( # 82002799 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1210 E. Main St. 29°35′53″N 90°42′34″W / 29.598056°N 90.709444°W / 29.598056 ; -90.709444 ( Wesley House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Houma ( /ˈhoʊmə/ HOH-mə ) is the largest city in , and the parish seat of , Terrebonne Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is also the largest principal city of the Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city 's powers of government have been absorbed by the parish , which is now run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government . The population was 33,727 at the 2010 census , an increase of 1,334 over the 2000 tabulation of 32,393 . Many unincorporated areas are adjacent to the city of Houma . The largest , Bayou Cane , is an urbanized area commonly referred to by locals as being part of Houma , but it is not included in the city 's census counts , and is a separate census-designated place . If the populations of the urbanized census-designated places were included with that of the city of Houma , the total would exceed 60,000 residents . The city was named after the historic Native American tribe of Houma people , believed to be related to the Choctaw . The United Houma Nation Tribe is recognized by the state of Louisiana , but it has not achieved federal recognition . Houma was rated as an Affordable city by Demographia 's 2013 International Housing Survey ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the parish. Another property was once listed but has been removed.'}
null
null
What is the population of the town where Argyle is located ?
33,727
091ae0b58c2c5110
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Japanese_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1999 Japanese Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:37.470', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:37.820', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:38.239', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.769', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:38.696', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.226', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:38.975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.505', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:39.623', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.153', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:39.644', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.174', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:39.706', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.236', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_F1', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:39.717', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.247', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:39.721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.251', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:39.732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.262', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Hill', 'summary': "Damon Graham Devereux Hill , OBE ( born 17 September 1960 ) is a British former racing driver . He is the son of Graham Hill , and , along with Nico Rosberg , one of only two sons of a Formula One world champion to also win the title . He started racing on motorbikes in 1981 , and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars . Despite progressing steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989 , and often being competitive , he never won a race at that level . Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992 . He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese 's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix . During the mid-1990s , Hill was Michael Schumacher 's main rival for the Formula One Drivers ' Championship , which saw the two clash several times on and off the track . Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point . Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins , but was dropped by Williams for the following season . He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams , and in 1998 gave Jordan their first win . Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season . He has since launched several businesses and has made appearances playing the guitar with celebrity bands ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:40.140', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.670', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:40.140', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.670', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:40.261', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Wurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Wurz', 'summary': "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:40.303', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.833', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alessandro Zanardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alessandro_Zanardi', 'summary': 'Alessandro Zanardi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈaːleks dzaˈnardi ] ; born 23 October 1966 ) is an Italian professional racing driver and paracyclist . He won the CART championship in 1997 and 1998 in North America . He also raced in Formula One from 1991-1994 and again in 1999 ; his best result was a sixth-place finish in 1993 . He returned to CART in 2001 , but a major crash in the 2001 American Memorial resulted in the amputation of his legs . He returned to racing less than two years after the accident ; competing in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for BMW Team Italy-Spain between 2003 and 2009 . In addition to continuing to race cars , Zanardi took up competition in handcycling , a form of paralympic cycling , with the stated goal of representing Italy at the 2012 Summer Paralympics . In September 2011 , Zanardi won his first senior international handcycling medal , the silver medal in the H4 category time trial at the UCI World Road Para-Cycling Championships . In September 2012 he won gold medals at the London Paralympics in the individual H4 time trial and the individual H4 road race , followed by a silver medal in the mixed H1-4 team relay , and in September 2016 he won a gold and a silver medal at the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_F1', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:40.403', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.933', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Diniz', 'summary': "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:40.740', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.270', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Zonta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Zonta', 'summary': 'Ricardo Luiz Zonta ( born March 23 , 1976 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:40.861', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.391', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toranosuke Takagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toranosuke_Takagi', 'summary': 'Toranosuke Takagi , known simply as Tora Takagi ( 高木 虎之介 ; born 12 February 1974 ) is a Japanese former racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '1:41.067', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.597', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Gené', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gené', 'summary': "Marc Gené i Guerrero ( born 29 March 1974 ) is a Spanish professional racing driver . He is best known as a tester for Williams and Ferrari in Formula One , Minardi Formula One driver and factory driver for Peugeot 's Le Mans team , with which he won the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans . His brother Jordi is also a racing driver , competing in the WTCC for SEAT . He had 36 starts in Formula One , mostly through two seasons with the Minardi team , with which he scored a sixth-place finish at the attrition-filled 1999 European Grand Prix . Starting from the 2010 season , Gené commented on Formula One races for Spanish television on Antena 3 . In 2013 he became an expert analyst for Sky Sport F1 HD in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:41.529', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+4.059', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_Japanese_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 1999 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XXV Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 31 October 1999 at the Suzuka International Racing Course in Suzuka, Japan. It was the sixteenth and final round of the 1999 Formula One season. The 53-lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from second position. Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari with teammate Eddie Irvine finishing third. Häkkinen's victory confirmed him as 1999 Drivers' Champion. Ferrari were also confirmed as Constructors' Champions. This was the last F1 race to be held in the 1990s decade as well as the last race for Stewart Grand Prix, Toranosuke Takagi, Alessandro Zanardi and for 1996 World Champion Damon Hill."}
null
null
Which city did the racer that finished behind Olivier Panis at the Japanese Grand Prix of 1999 obtain his sole Formula One victory ?
Monaco
091c9b7f5a2dd43c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Santa_Barbara_County,_California', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Santa Barbara County, California', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '306', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burton Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burton_Mound', 'summary': 'Burton Mound ( also known as Syujtun or Syuxtun ) is a California Historical Landmark located in Santa Barbara , California , in the United States . It is believed to be a former Native American village that was discovered in 1542 by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo . Historically known as Syujtun , it was also visited and documented by Juan Crespí , Gaspar de Portolà , and eventually Don Luís Burton , the latter who purchased the property in 1860 . The California Department of Parks and Recreation has acknowledged that Burton Mound has yielded some of the most important archeological evidence found in California .'}]}, {'value': '129 W. Mason St. at Burton Circle 34°24′40″N 119°41′32″W / 34.410983°N 119.6921°W / 34.410983 ; -119.6921 ( Burton Mound )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '535', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carpinteria and Indian Village of Mishopshnow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpinteria_Valley_Museum_of_History', 'summary': 'The Carpinteria Valley Museum of History ( CVMH ) is a museum located in Carpinteria , California . It is operated by the non-profit Carpinteria Valley Historical Society primarily through membership dues , memorial donations , endowment income and fund-raising activities . The museum is staffed by volunteer docents .'}]}, {'value': 'Carpinteria Valley Museum of History , 950 Maple Ave 34°23′33″N 119°30′39″W / 34.39255°N 119.510917°W / 34.39255 ; -119.510917 ( Carpinteria and Indian Village of Mishopshnow )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpinteria_Valley_Museum_of_History', 'summary': 'The Carpinteria Valley Museum of History ( CVMH ) is a museum located in Carpinteria , California . It is operated by the non-profit Carpinteria Valley Historical Society primarily through membership dues , memorial donations , endowment income and fund-raising activities . The museum is staffed by volunteer docents .'}]}, {'value': 'Carpinteria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpinteria,_California', 'summary': "Carpinteria ( /kɑːrpɪntəˈriːə/ ; Spanish : La Carpintería ) is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County , California , east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura . The population was 13,040 at the 2010 census . Carpinteria Beach is known for its gentle slope and calm waves in certain sandy areas but also good surfing swells in some of the more rocky areas . Seals and sea lions can be seen in the area December through May at the rookery in the nearby Carpinteria Bluffs . Tidepools contain starfish , sea anemones , crabs , snails , octopuses and sea urchins . A popular campground is located adjacent to the beach . There is bird watching at Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve , established in 1977 and administered by the Natural Reserve System of the University of California . The Wardholme Torrey Pine , largest known Torrey pine tree on earth , is located in downtown Carpinteria . Since 1987 , the California Avocado Festival has been held in Carpinteria on the first weekend of October . The Santa Barbara Polo Club , one of the main equestrian polo fields in the country , is located in Carpinteria . The city is also home to Hollandia Produce , an organic produce company with 70 employees . [ citation needed ] lynda.com , an online software training company ranked as one of the fastest-growing private companies in the U.S. ( according to Inc. magazine 's 2010 500|5000 company listing ) had its headquarters in Carpinteria ."}]}, {'value': '721', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrillo Adobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hill-Carrillo_Adobe', 'summary': 'The Hill-Carrillo Adobe , also known as Carrillo Adobe , was built in 1825-26 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. , and is a California Historical Landmark site ( # 721 ) as well . It is a U-shaped building consisting of original rectangular 1825-26 section that faces the street and two wings added in the 1900s . It was built by Daniel Hill , originally from Billerica , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': '11 E Carrillo St. 34°25′19″N 119°42′06″W / 34.421944°N 119.701736°W / 34.421944 ; -119.701736 ( Carrillo Adobe )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '307', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casa de la Guerra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casa_de_la_Guerra', 'summary': "The Casa de la Guerra was the residence of the fifth commandant of the Presidio de Santa Barbara , José de la Guerra y Noriega from 1828 until his death in 1858 . Descendants of José lived in the home until 1943 . The site is currently owned and operated by the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation as a historic house museum . The address is 15 East De la Guerra Street , Santa Barbara , California . The time when José lived in the casa it was known to locals as the casa grande ( big house ) , as the thirteen room structure dwarfed the surrounding one room adobes . In the casa grande period , José added the altito structure . The altito structure no longer stands , but acted as José 's office and was where he stored his money . The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake did significant damage to the residence , and due to José 's declining health , his son Pablo spearheaded renovations . Pablo 's renovations reflected the change in style in the Santa Barbara area , modifying the home to give it a Victorian appearance . The most significant changes in this time were the removal of the adobe columns in favor of wooden columns and the addition of wooden siding to the house . The Casa is a Santa Barbara City Landmark , a California Historical Landmark . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places together with Paseo de la Guerra as El Paseo and Casa de la Guerra ."}]}, {'value': '808-818 State St. , 813-819 Anacapa St. , and 9-25 E. de la Guerra St. 34°25′13″N 119°41′57″W / 34.420278°N 119.699167°W / 34.420278 ; -119.699167 ( Casa de la Guerra )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapel of San Ramon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapel_of_San_Ramon', 'summary': 'Chapel of San Ramon ( also called the Benjamin Foxen Memorial Chapel and the Sisquoc Chapel ) is a chapel and cemetery located in Santa Maria , California in the United States . It is listed on the California Historical Landmarks list and is also the first historic landmark listed by the county of Santa Barbara . It is considered a quality example of the transition between the architecture of the old missions and the frame churches of the American settlers . It was also one of the first Catholic churches in the Santa Maria Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Tepusquet and Foxen Canyon Rds . 34°50′52″N 120°14′27″W / 34.847833°N 120.240917°W / 34.847833 ; -120.240917 ( Chapel of San Ramon )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Maria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Maria,_California', 'summary': "Santa Maria is a city near the Southern California coast in Santa Barbara County . It is approximately 65 miles ( 105 km ) northwest of Santa Barbara and 150 miles ( 240 km ) northwest of downtown Los Angeles . Its estimated 2018 population was 108,470 , making it the most populous city in the county and the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara , CA Metro Area . The city is notable for its wine industry and Santa Maria-style barbecue . Sunset magazine called Santa Maria The West 's Best BBQ Town ."}]}, {'value': '308', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covarrubias Adobe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '715 N Santa Barbara St. 34°25′16″N 119°41′48″W / 34.421045°N 119.696726°W / 34.421045 ; -119.696726 ( Covarrubias Adobe )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '248', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaviota Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaviota_Pass', 'summary': 'The Gaviota Tunnel ( officially known as the Gaviota Gorge Tunnel ) is a tunnel on U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 , most portions between San Francisco and Los Angeles follow the old El Camino Real ) completed in 1953 in the center of Gaviota State Park , 33 miles ( 53 km ) northwest of Santa Barbara , California . It is 420 feet ( 130 m ) long and 17.5 feet ( 5.3 m ) tall . Only the northbound lanes of US 101 pass through it , as the southbound lanes descend from Gaviota Pass through a narrow canyon to the west of the tunnel . Because it is the only major route between the Santa Barbara County South Coast and the Santa Ynez Valley , bicycles are allowed through it . There is a rest area for both southbound and northbound lanes on the southern end of the tunnel , the southernmost one along U.S. Route 101 . There are frequent rockslides in the area , especially during and following rain . Some of the hillsides and road cuts are covered in netting to prevent erosion . There are also fences made of netting along the roadway to stop rocks that do fall . An alternate bypass to this section of US 101 between Santa Barbara and Los Olivos is provided by State Route 154 ( SR 154 ) capped by the Cold Spring Canyon Arch Bridge near the summit of San Marcos Pass . SR 154 cuts directly between Santa Barbara and Los Olivos in a northwestern direction , whereas US 101 runs along the coast of the Pacific Ocean about 25 miles ( 40 km ) west before turning north passing through Buellton to meet up with SR 154 near Los Olivos .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 101 34°29′07″N 120°13′43″W / 34.485333°N 120.228533°W / 34.485333 ; -120.228533 ( Gaviota Pass )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_101_(California)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) is a major north-south United States Numbered Highway , stretching from Los Angeles , California to Tumwater , Washington . The California portion of US 101 is one of the last remaining and longest U.S . Routes still active in the state , and the longest highway of any kind in California . US 101 was also one of the original national routes established in 1926 . Significant portions of US 101 between the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area follow El Camino Real , the historic road connecting the former Alta California 's 21 missions . Although the highway has been superseded in overall importance for transportation through the state by Interstate 5 ( I-5 ) , US 101 continues to be the major coastal north-south route that links the Greater Los Angeles Area , the Central Coast , the San Francisco Bay Area , and the North Coast ( Redwood Empire ) . Generally referred to as 101 by residents of Northern California , in Southern California it is often called The 101 ( pronounced the one oh one ) . The highway has portions designated as the Santa Ana Freeway , the Hollywood Freeway , the Ventura Freeway , South Valley Freeway , and Bayshore Freeway . The Redwood Highway , the 350-mile-long ( 560 km ) northernmost segment of the highway , begins at the Golden Gate and passes through the world 's tallest and only extensive preserves of virgin , old-growth coast redwood trees ."}]}, {'value': 'Goleta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goleta,_California', 'summary': 'Goleta ( /ɡəˈliːtə/ ; Spanish : [ ɡoˈleta ] , schooner ) is a city in southern Santa Barbara County , California , USA . It was incorporated as a city in 2002 , after a long period as the largest unincorporated populated area in the county . As of the 2000 census , the census-designated place had a total population of 55,204 ; however , a significant portion of the census territory of 2000 did not incorporate into the new city . The population was 29,888 at the 2010 census . It is known for being near the University of California , Santa Barbara campus , although the CDP of Isla Vista is closer to the campus .'}]}, {'value': '559', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hastings Adobe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '412 W Montecito St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '340', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission La Purisima Concepción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Purisima_Mission', 'summary': "Mission La Purísima Concepción , or La Purísima Mission ( originally La Misión de la Purísima Concepción de la Santísima Virgen María , or The Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary ) is a Spanish mission in Lompoc , California . It was established on December 8 , 1787 ( the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , hence the mission 's name ) by the Franciscan order . The original mission complex south of Lompoc was destroyed by an earthquake in 1812 , and the mission was rebuilt at its present site a few miles to the northeast . The mission is part of the larger La Purísima Mission State Historic Park , part of the California State Parks system , and along with Mission San Francisco de Solano is one of only two of the Spanish missions in California that is no longer under the control of the Catholic Church . It is currently the only example in California of a complete Spanish Catholic mission complex , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 ."}]}, {'value': 'La Purisima Mission State Historic Park 34°40′14″N 120°25′15″W / 34.670683°N 120.420883°W / 34.670683 ; -120.420883 ( Mission La Purisima Concepción )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Purisima_Mission_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "La Purísima Mission State Historic Park is a state park unit of California , United States , containing La Purísima Mission , considered to be the most completely restored Spanish mission in California . Ten of the original buildings are fully restored and furnished , including the church , shops , quarters , and blacksmith shop . The mission gardens and livestock represent what would have been found at the mission during the 1820s . Special living history events are scheduled throughout the year . A visitor center features information , displays and artifacts , and a self-guided tour gives visitors the opportunity to step back in time for a glimpse of a brief , turbulent period in California 's history . Located outside Lompoc , California , the 1,934-acre ( 783 ha ) park was established in 1935 ."}]}, {'value': 'Lompoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lompoc,_California', 'summary': "Lompoc ( /ˈlɒmpoʊk/ , LOM-poke ) ( Purisimeño : Lompo ' , Stagnant Water ; Spanish : Lumpoco ) is a city in Santa Barbara County , California . The city was incorporated on August 13 , 1888 . The population was 42,434 at the 2010 census , up from 41,103 at the 2000 census . Before European settlers arrived , the area around Lompoc was inhabited by the Chumash people . The name of the city is derived from a Purisimeño term , Lum Poc , which means stagnant waters or lagoon . In 1837 , the Mexican government sold the area as the Rancho Lompoc land grant . After the United States gained control of California in the Mexican-American War ( 1846-48 ) , the valley was acquired by Thomas Dibblee , Albert Dibblee and William Welles Hollister . Hollister sold his share to the Lompoc Valley Land Company , and it was on that portion of the land that the present-day Lompoc was established as a temperance colony . Lompoc was originally intended to be named New Vineland , after the temperance colony in New Jersey . It then became a military town with the completion of nearby Camp Cooke ( now Vandenberg Air Force Base ) . The city is known as the flower seed capital of the world ."}]}, {'value': '361', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lobero Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lobero_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Lobero Theatre is a historic building in Santa Barbara , California . The theater was originally built as an opera house , in a refurbished adobe school building , by Italian immigrant José Lobero in 1873 . Located downtown at the corner of Anacapa and Canon Perdido streets , the Lobero Theatre is registered as a California Historical Landmark .'}]}, {'value': '33 E Canon Perdido St. 34°25′18″N 119°42′00″W / 34.4216°N 119.6999°W / 34.4216 ; -119.6999 ( Lobero Theatre )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '309', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Santa_Barbara', 'summary': 'Mission Santa Barbara , also known as Santa Barbara Mission , is a Spanish mission founded by the Franciscan order near present-day Santa Barbara , California . It was founded by Padre Fermín Lasuén on December 4 , 1786 , the feast day of Saint Barbara , as the tenth mission for the religious conversion of the indigenous local Chumash-Barbareño tribe of Native American people . The mission is the namesake of the city of Santa Barbara as well as of Santa Barbara County . The Mission grounds occupy a rise between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Ynez Mountains , and were consecrated by Father Fermín Lasuén , who had taken over the presidency of the California mission chain upon the death of Father Presidente Junípero Serra . Mission Santa Barbara is the only mission to remain under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since its founding , and today is a parish church of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles .'}]}, {'value': '2201 Laguna St. 34°26′18″N 119°42′50″W / 34.438333°N 119.713917°W / 34.438333 ; -119.713917 ( Mission Santa Barbara )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '305', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Santa Inés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Santa_Inés', 'summary': 'Mission Santa Inés ( sometimes spelled Santa Ynez ) was a Spanish mission in the present-day city of Solvang , California , and named after St. Agnes of Rome . Founded on September 17 , 1804 , by Father Estévan Tapís of the Franciscan order , the mission site was chosen as a midway point between Mission Santa Barbara and Mission La Purísima Concepción , and was designed to relieve overcrowding at those two missions and to serve the Indians living north of the Coast Range . The mission was home to the first learning institution in Alta California and today serves as a museum as well as a parish church of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles . It is also designated a National Historic Landmark , noted as one of the best-preserved of the 21 California missions .'}]}, {'value': '1760 Mission Dr. 34°35′40″N 120°08′12″W / 34.594489°N 120.136603°W / 34.594489 ; -120.136603 ( Mission Santa Inés )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solvang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solvang,_California', 'summary': "Solvang ( /ˈsɒlvæŋ/ ; Danish : [ ˈsoːlˌvaŋˀ ] ; Danish for sunny field ) is a city in Santa Barbara County , California . It is located in the Santa Ynez Valley . The population was 5,245 at the 2010 census , down from 5,332 at the 2000 census . Solvang was incorporated as a city on May 1 , 1985 . Solvang was founded in 1911 on almost 9,000 acres ( 3,600 ha ) of the Rancho San Carlos de Jonata Mexican land grant , by a group of Danes who traveled west to establish a Danish community far from the midwestern winters . The city is home to a number of bakeries , restaurants , and merchants offering a taste of Denmark in California . The architecture of many of the façades and buildings reflects traditional Danish style . There is a copy of the famous Little Mermaid statue from Copenhagen , as well as one featuring the bust of famed Danish fable writer Hans Christian Andersen . A replica of Copenhagen 's Round Tower or Rundetårn in the scale 1:3 was finished in 1991 and can be seen in the town center . Mission Santa Inés , one of the California missions ( National Historic Landmark ) , is located near the center of the town , at the junction of State Route 246 and Alisal Road ."}]}, {'value': '636', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidio of Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presidio_of_Santa_Barbara', 'summary': "El Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara , also known as the Royal Presidio of Santa Barbara , is a former military installation in Santa Barbara , California , USA . The presidio was built by Spain in 1782 , with the mission of defending the Second Military District in California . In modern times , the Presidio serves as a significant tourist attraction , museum and an active archaeological site as part of El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park . The park contains an original adobe structure called El Cuartel , which is the second oldest surviving building in California , only the chapel at Mission San Juan Capistrano , known as Father Junípero Serra 's Church , is older . The Presidio of Santa Barbara has the distinction of being the last military outpost built by Spain in the New World . The Presidio became a California Historical Landmark in 1958 and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park 34°25′21″N 119°41′50″W / 34.422567°N 119.6971°W / 34.422567 ; -119.6971 ( Presidio of Santa Barbara )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Presidio_de_Santa_Barbara_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': "El Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara , also known as the Royal Presidio of Santa Barbara , is a former military installation in Santa Barbara , California , USA . The presidio was built by Spain in 1782 , with the mission of defending the Second Military District in California . In modern times , the Presidio serves as a significant tourist attraction , museum and an active archaeological site as part of El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park . The park contains an original adobe structure called El Cuartel , which is the second oldest surviving building in California , only the chapel at Mission San Juan Capistrano , known as Father Junípero Serra 's Church , is older . The Presidio of Santa Barbara has the distinction of being the last military outpost built by Spain in the New World . The Presidio became a California Historical Landmark in 1958 and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '1037', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County_Courthouse', 'summary': "The Santa Barbara County Courthouse is located at 1100 Anacapa Street , in downtown Santa Barbara , California . The Spanish Colonial Revival style building was designed by William Mooser III and completed in 1929 . Architect Charles Willard Moore called it the grandest Spanish Colonial Revival structure ever built , and the prime example of Santa Barbara 's adoption of Spanish Colonial as its civic style . The building replaced a smaller Greek Revival courthouse built at the same location in 1872-88 and badly damaged in an earthquake on June 29 , 1925 . The complex was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005 for its architecture ."}]}, {'value': '1100 Anacapa St. 34°25′28″N 119°42′09″W / 34.42435°N 119.702461°W / 34.42435 ; -119.702461 ( Santa Barbara County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': '928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Site of original mission and remaining ruins of Mission La Purisima', 'urls': []}, {'value': "5085 'T ' St", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lompoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lompoc,_California', 'summary': "Lompoc ( /ˈlɒmpoʊk/ , LOM-poke ) ( Purisimeño : Lompo ' , Stagnant Water ; Spanish : Lumpoco ) is a city in Santa Barbara County , California . The city was incorporated on August 13 , 1888 . The population was 42,434 at the 2010 census , up from 41,103 at the 2000 census . Before European settlers arrived , the area around Lompoc was inhabited by the Chumash people . The name of the city is derived from a Purisimeño term , Lum Poc , which means stagnant waters or lagoon . In 1837 , the Mexican government sold the area as the Rancho Lompoc land grant . After the United States gained control of California in the Mexican-American War ( 1846-48 ) , the valley was acquired by Thomas Dibblee , Albert Dibblee and William Welles Hollister . Hollister sold his share to the Lompoc Valley Land Company , and it was on that portion of the land that the present-day Lompoc was established as a temperance colony . Lompoc was originally intended to be named New Vineland , after the temperance colony in New Jersey . It then became a military town with the completion of nearby Camp Cooke ( now Vandenberg Air Force Base ) . The city is known as the flower seed capital of the world ."}]}, {'value': '582', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Well , Hill 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unocal Corporation , Mission Hills District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unocal_Corporation', 'summary': 'Union Oil Company of California and Unocal Corporation , dba Unocal /ˈjuːnoʊkæl/ is a company that was a major petroleum explorer and marketer in the late 19th century , through the 20th century , and into the early 21st century . It was headquartered in El Segundo , California , United States . Unocal was involved in domestic and global energy projects . Unocal was one of the key players in the CentGas consortium , which attempted to build the Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline to run from the Caspian area , through Afghanistan , to the Indian Ocean , at a time after the recent Taliban siege of Kabul in 1996 . On August 10 , 2005 , Unocal merged its entire upstream petroleum business with Chevron Corporation and became a wholly owned subsidiary . Unocal has now ceased operations as an independent company , but continues to conduct many operations as Union Oil Company of California , a Chevron company .'}]}, {'value': 'Lompoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lompoc,_California', 'summary': "Lompoc ( /ˈlɒmpoʊk/ , LOM-poke ) ( Purisimeño : Lompo ' , Stagnant Water ; Spanish : Lumpoco ) is a city in Santa Barbara County , California . The city was incorporated on August 13 , 1888 . The population was 42,434 at the 2010 census , up from 41,103 at the 2000 census . Before European settlers arrived , the area around Lompoc was inhabited by the Chumash people . The name of the city is derived from a Purisimeño term , Lum Poc , which means stagnant waters or lagoon . In 1837 , the Mexican government sold the area as the Rancho Lompoc land grant . After the United States gained control of California in the Mexican-American War ( 1846-48 ) , the valley was acquired by Thomas Dibblee , Albert Dibblee and William Welles Hollister . Hollister sold his share to the Lompoc Valley Land Company , and it was on that portion of the land that the present-day Lompoc was established as a temperance colony . Lompoc was originally intended to be named New Vineland , after the temperance colony in New Jersey . It then became a military town with the completion of nearby Camp Cooke ( now Vandenberg Air Force Base ) . The city is known as the flower seed capital of the world ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Santa_Barbara_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'List table of the properties and districts - listed on the California Historical Landmarks - within Santa Barbara County, California.'}
null
null
What is the distance between Los Angeles ' downtown and the city which contains Chapel of San Ramon ?
150 miles
091d3fbbc6f4a04d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Central Florida alumni', 'header': ['Alumni', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Michelle Akers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Akers', 'summary': "Michelle Anne Akers ( born February 1 , 1966 ) is an American former soccer player who starred in the 1991 and 1999 Women 's World Cup and 1996 Olympics victories by the United States . At the 1991 World Cup , she won the Golden Shoe as the top scorer , with 10 goals . Akers is regarded as one of the greatest soccer players of all time . She was named FIFA Female Player of the Century in 2002 , an award she shared with China 's Sun Wen . In 2004 , Akers and Mia Hamm were the only two women named to the FIFA 100 , a list of the 125 greatest living soccer players selected by Pelé and commissioned by FIFA for that organization 's 100th anniversary . Akers is a member of the ( U.S. ) National Soccer Hall of Fame ; she was inducted in 2004 , along with Paul Caligiuri and Eric Wynalda ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Soccer player ; member of the U.S. championship teams of the 1991 ; 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup ; was named to the FIFA 100 ; FIFA 's Woman Player of the Century", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_(soccer)', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup", 'summary': "The 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup was the inaugural FIFA Women 's World Cup , the world championship for women 's national association football teams . It took place in Guangdong , China from 16 to 30 November 1991 . FIFA , football 's international governing body selected China as host nation as Guangdong had hosted a prototype world championship three years earlier , the 1988 FIFA Women 's Invitation Tournament . Matches were played in the state capital , Guangzhou , as well as in Foshan , Jiangmen and Zhongshan . The competition was sponsored by Mars , Incorporated , maker of M & M 's candy . With FIFA still reluctant to bestow their World Cup brand , the tournament was officially known as the 1st FIFA World Championship for Women 's Football for the M & M 's Cup . It was won by the United States , whose captain April Heinrichs formed a forward line dubbed the triple-edged sword with Carin Jennings and Michelle Akers-Stahl . Jennings was named player of the tournament while Akers-Stahl 's ten goals won the Golden Shoe . The United States defeated Norway 2-1 in the final in front of a crowd of 65,000 people at Guangzhou 's Tianhe Stadium . Total attendance for the tournament was 510,000 , an average per match of 19,615 . In the opening match at the same stadium , Norway was defeated 4-0 by hosts China . Chinese defender Ma Li scored the first goal in Women 's World Cup history , while goalkeeper Zhong Honglian , also of China , posted the first official clean sheet in the tournament ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup", 'summary': "The 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup was the third edition of the FIFA Women 's World Cup , the world championship for women 's national association football teams . It was hosted as well as won by the United States and took place from 19 June to 10 July 1999 at eight venues across the country . The tournament was the most successful FIFA Women 's World Cup in terms of attendance , television ratings , and public interest . The 1999 edition was the first to field sixteen teams , an increase from the twelve in 1995 , and featured an all-female roster of referees and match officials . It was played primarily in large American football venues due to expected demand following the successful 1996 Olympics women 's tournament . The average attendance was 37,319 spectators per match and the total attendance was 1.194 million , a record that stood until 2015 . The tournament earned a profit of $ 4 million on its $ 30 million operating budget . The final , played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , was attended by 90,185 people , setting an international record for spectators at a women 's sporting event . The United States won the tournament by defeating China in a penalty shootout after a scoreless draw . The 5-4 shootout ended with Brandi Chastain scoring the winning penalty with her team 's fifth kick , following an earlier miss by China 's Liu Ying . Chinese forward Sun Wen and Brazilian midfielder Sissi were the joint top goalscorers of the tournament , with seven goals each . The tournament was considered a watershed moment for women 's sports in the U.S. that increased interest and participation in women 's soccer ."}, {'url': "/wiki/FIFA_Women's_World_Cup", 'summary': "The FIFA Women 's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's international governing body . The competition has been held every four years since 1991 , when the inaugural tournament , then called the FIFA Women 's World Championship , was held in China . Under the tournament 's current format , national teams vie for 23 slots in a three-year qualification phase . The host nation 's team is automatically entered as the 24th slot . The tournament proper , alternatively called the World Cup Finals , is contested at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about one month . The eight FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments have been won by four national teams . The United States has won four times , and is the current champion after winning it at the 2019 tournament in France . The other winners are Germany , with two titles , and Japan and Norway with one title each . Six countries have hosted the Women 's World Cup . China and the United States have each hosted the tournament twice , while Canada , France , Germany , and Sweden have each hosted it once ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FIFA_100', 'summary': "The FIFA 100 is a list of the world-renowned Brazilian striker Pelé 's choice of the greatest living footballers . Unveiled on 4 March 2004 at a gala ceremony in London , England , the FIFA 100 marked part of the celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the international governing body of football . The figure 100 refers to the 100th anniversary of FIFA and not the number of players listed , which is actually 125 ; Pelé had been asked to select 50 active players and 50 retired players , for a total of 100 players , but found it too difficult to limit the number of former players to just 50 . The list contains 123 professional male and 2 female players . At the time the FIFA 100 was selected , 50 of the players were still active , with the remaining 75 retired from the game ."}]}, {'value': 'Amy Allmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amy_Allmann', 'summary': "Amy Griffin ( born October 25 , 1965 ) , née Allmann , is an American soccer coach and former player . As a player , Griffin played for the United States women 's national soccer team and won the 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup . She is currently the head coach of the United States deaf soccer women 's national team ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Goalkeeper for the 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup champion United States", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1991_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup", 'summary': "The 1991 FIFA Women 's World Cup was the inaugural FIFA Women 's World Cup , the world championship for women 's national association football teams . It took place in Guangdong , China from 16 to 30 November 1991 . FIFA , football 's international governing body selected China as host nation as Guangdong had hosted a prototype world championship three years earlier , the 1988 FIFA Women 's Invitation Tournament . Matches were played in the state capital , Guangzhou , as well as in Foshan , Jiangmen and Zhongshan . The competition was sponsored by Mars , Incorporated , maker of M & M 's candy . With FIFA still reluctant to bestow their World Cup brand , the tournament was officially known as the 1st FIFA World Championship for Women 's Football for the M & M 's Cup . It was won by the United States , whose captain April Heinrichs formed a forward line dubbed the triple-edged sword with Carin Jennings and Michelle Akers-Stahl . Jennings was named player of the tournament while Akers-Stahl 's ten goals won the Golden Shoe . The United States defeated Norway 2-1 in the final in front of a crowd of 65,000 people at Guangzhou 's Tianhe Stadium . Total attendance for the tournament was 510,000 , an average per match of 19,615 . In the opening match at the same stadium , Norway was defeated 4-0 by hosts China . Chinese defender Ma Li scored the first goal in Women 's World Cup history , while goalkeeper Zhong Honglian , also of China , posted the first official clean sheet in the tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Aline Reis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aline_Reis', 'summary': "Aline Villares Reis ( born 15 April 1989 ) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish club UD Granadilla Tenerife and the Brazil women 's national team . Aline grew up in Campinas , Brazil . At the age of 18 , she moved to Orlando , FL to play college soccer . Aline has been a standout player for every team she has been a part of . She is known for her athleticism , speed & agility , leaping ability and high technical level , being considered the Jorge Campos of women 's soccer ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Goalkeeper for the Brazil women 's national football team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Brazil_women's_national_football_team", 'summary': "The Brazil women 's national football team represents Brazil in women 's association football and is run by the Brazilian Football Confederation ( CBF ) . It has participated in eight editions of the FIFA Women 's World Cup , finishing as runner-up in 2007 , and seven editions of the Copa América Femenina . Brazil played their first game on 22 July 1986 against the United States , losing 2-1 . The team finished the 1999 World Cup in third place and the 2007 in second , losing to Germany in the final , 2-0 . Brazil won the silver medal twice in the Olympic Games , in 2004 and 2008 , after getting fourth place in the two previous editions . Brazil is the most successful women 's national team in South America , having won the first four editions of the Copa América championship . Since 1999 they have been contenders for the World title . In 1998 and 1999 , the team was the runner-up of the Women 's U.S. Cup . In 2017 , the Brazilian Football Confederation 's decision to fire head coach Emily Lima sparked protest among the team 's players . The dispute evolved into an argument for greater wages and more respect and recognition for the country 's female football players . As a result , players such as Cristiane , Rosana , and Francielle announced their retirement from international football , hoping that this decision might make a difference in the years to come ."}]}, {'value': 'Hadji Barry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hadji_Barry', 'summary': 'Hadji Barry ( born December 8 , 1992 ) is a Guinean professional footballer who plays as a forward for North Carolina FC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward for the Orlando City SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando_City_SC', 'summary': 'Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club in Orlando , Florida , that competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . Orlando City SC began play in 2015 as the 21st franchise in MLS , succeeding the USL Pro team of the same name . In doing so they became the first MLS team in Florida since Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny both folded following the 2001 season . The team plays at Exploria Stadium in Downtown Orlando .'}]}, {'value': 'Lou Cioffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Cioffi', 'summary': "Lou Cioffi is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the North American Soccer League , Major Indoor Soccer League and third American Soccer League . Cioffi transferred to the University of Central Florida where he played on the men 's soccer team in 1978 and 1979 . In February 1980 , Cioffi was cut by the Atlanta Chiefs during the preseason training camp . In May 1980 , the Chiefs signed Cioffi as a free agent after Victor Nogueira was injured . He then played the 1980-1981 NASL Indoor season with the Chiefs . He spent one more outdoor season with the Chiefs before moving to the New Jersey Rockets of the Major Indoor Soccer League in the fall of 1981 . In 1986 , he returned to Florida to complete his bachelor 's degree . In addition to attending school , he played for the independent Orlando Lions . In 1987 , he played for the Orlando Rockets . In 1989 , he returned to the Lions , now playing in the third American Soccer League ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former goalkeeper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winston DuBose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winston_DuBose', 'summary': "Winston DuBose is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who spent eight seasons in the North American Soccer League , four in the American Professional Soccer League and one in the American Indoor Soccer Association . He also earned fourteen caps with the United States men 's national soccer team ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former NASL player for the Tampa Bay Rowdies and the Tulsa Roughnecks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968–1984)', 'summary': "The North American Soccer League ( NASL ) was the top-level major professional soccer league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1968 to 1984 . It was the first soccer league to be successful on a national scale in the United States . The league final was called the Soccer Bowl from 1975 to 1983 and the Soccer Bowl Series in its final year , 1984 . The league was headed by Commissioner Phil Woosnam from 1969 to 1983 . The league 's popularity peaked in the late 1970s . The league averaged over 13,000 fans per game in each season from 1977 to 1983 , and the league 's matches were broadcast on network television from 1975 to 1980 . The league 's most prominent team was the New York Cosmos . During the mid-to-late 1970s , the Cosmos signed a number of the world 's best players - Pelé , Franz Beckenbauer , Carlos Alberto - and the Cosmos averaged over 28,000 fans for each season from 1977 to 1982 while having three seasons of the average attendance topping 40,000 spectators per game . Other internationally well-known players in the league included Giorgio Chinaglia , Johan Cruyff , Johan Neeskens , Gerd Müller , George Best , and Rodney Marsh . The league additionally sanctioned indoor soccer in various tournament forms in 1971 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 and 1983 , and in a season format in 1979-80 , 1980-81 , 1981-82 and 1983-84 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies_(1975–1993)', 'summary': 'The Tampa Bay Rowdies were an American professional soccer team based in Tampa , Florida , that competed in the original North American Soccer League ( NASL ) from 1975 to 1984 . They enjoyed broad popular support in the Tampa Bay area until the NASL folded in 1984 , after which the team played in various minor indoor and outdoor leagues before finally folding on January 31 , 1994 . The Rowdies played nearly all of their outdoor home games at Tampa Stadium and nearly all of their indoor games at the Bayfront Center Arena in nearby St. Petersburg , Florida . Although San Diego played indoors until 1996 , the Rowdies were the last surviving NASL franchise that played outdoor soccer on a regular basis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tulsa_Roughnecks_(1978–1984)', 'summary': 'The Tulsa Roughnecks ( 1978-1984 ) were a North American Soccer League ( NASL ) team from Tulsa , Oklahoma . It played its home games at Skelly Stadium on the campus of the University of Tulsa . The team , previously Team Hawaii , moved to Tulsa after the 1977 season . Former player and coach then General Manager of the 1983 Tulsa Roughnecks Alex Skotarek united one of the lowest budget teams and salary payouts to all franchises in NASL resulting in a NASL championship in 1983 Soccer Bowl in Vancouver BC with a 2-0 Tulsa defeating Toronto . Shortly after the Tulsa Roughnecks victory of the 1983 Soccer Bowl President Ronald Reagan sent congratulatory remarks to the team as they carried the trophy in a celebration parade through downtown Tulsa marking the Roughnecks as the first and only professional franchise to win a sports championship title in the state of Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': 'Sean Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Johnson_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Sean Everet Johnson ( born May 31 , 1989 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a goalkeeper for New York City in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper for the Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Luzunaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Luzunaris', 'summary': 'Matt Luzunaris ( born March 6 , 1989 ) is an American retired soccer player . During the 2000s and 2010s he played for clubs in Austria and the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Striker for the Orlando City Soccer Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Orlando_City_Soccer_Club', 'summary': 'Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club in Orlando , Florida , that competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . Orlando City SC began play in 2015 as the 21st franchise in MLS , succeeding the USL Pro team of the same name . In doing so they became the first MLS team in Florida since Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny both folded following the 2001 season . The team plays at Exploria Stadium in Downtown Orlando .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan McIntosh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_McIntosh_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Ryan McIntosh ( born March 19 , 1983 in Hollywood , Florida ) is a former American soccer goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper for the Atlanta Silverbacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Silverbacks', 'summary': "The Atlanta Silverbacks FC was an American professional soccer club based in Atlanta , Georgia . Founded in 1998 as Atlanta Ruckus , the club played in many leagues over the years before folding after the 2015 season . The team played its home games at Atlanta Silverbacks Park , a large soccer complex featuring a 5,000-seat soccer-specific stadium in Atlanta , 15 miles northeast of downtown . The team 's colors were red , black , grey , and white . The club had 2 independent supporter groups , Westside 109 and the Atlanta Ultras . The Ultras were established in 2011 & were known to support both the Silverbacks men 's and women 's side . The Ultras were also to be known for their fanatical support at Silverbacks Park , as well as away matches . They had a reputation for their unfriendly or challenging attitude towards fans from opposing clubs . The team had a Women 's Premier Soccer League counterpart in the Atlanta Silverbacks Women from 2005 through 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Vasquez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Vasquez', 'summary': "Eric Vasquez ( born November 18 , 1982 in Miami , Florida ) is an American soccer player , who last played as a midfielder for Miami FC . Vasquez played college soccer at the University of Central Florida from 2001 to 2003 . He was twice named to the All Atlantic Sun First Team and in 2003 a Second Team All American . He also played with the PDL League 's Central Florida Kraze . He was drafted in the second round , 20th overall , by the Columbus Crew in the 2005 MLS Supplemental Draft . Following the 2006 season , Vasquez was waived by the Crew . 2007 Saw Vasquez join the USL-1 Miami FC . There , he was the leading scorer for the team . In the fall of 2007 , he signed with the Orlando Sharks of the Major Indoor Soccer League . He later finished the 2008 season with USL-1 Miami FC . where he played the season under recent knee surgery . After the season according to official Miami FC statements he retired due to microfracture knee surgery ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder for Miami FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_FC_(2006)', 'summary': 'The Fort Lauderdale Strikers were an American professional soccer team based in Fort Lauderdale , Florida founded in 2006 , that last played in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) , the second tier of the American soccer pyramid in 2016 . They mostly played their home games in Central Broward Stadium . The Strikers were named after the original Strikers , who played in the old North American Soccer League from 1977 to 1983 . The team was known as Miami FC from 2006 until 2011 before re-branding as the Strikers in 2011 . They had an in-state rivalry with the Tampa Bay Rowdies .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim Wyant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Wyant', 'summary': "Kim Wyant ( born February 1964 ) is an American soccer coach and retired player . She is the head coach of the New York University men 's soccer team , the first and only woman to lead a men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) soccer program . She is also the head coach for the New York Athletic Club women 's soccer team , leading the team to the 2014 United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) Amateur Women 's National Championship . Wyant was the goalkeeper for the first United States women 's national soccer team , appearing in the inaugural US game in Italy in 1985 . She played 16 international games for the United States , and was the first goalkeeper for the women 's national team and recorded the team 's first shutout and win during a match against Canada in July 1986 . In 2008 , Wyant was the recipient of the Special Recognition Award by the National Soccer Hall of Fame honoring her contribution to the winning way of the Womens National Team . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper for the Long Island Lady Riders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Island_Lady_Riders', 'summary': "The Long Island Rough Riders , formerly known as the Long Island Lady Riders , is an American womens soccer team , based out of Long Island , New York . Founded in 1994 , the team was under the ownership of Chuck Jacob , who at the time also owned the men 's Long Island Rough Riders up until 1997 before selling it to Frank Boulton . At this time , the Rough Riders transitioned names and became known as the Lady Riders for several years . In 2007 , the Rough Riders acquired territorial and franchise rights to the women 's Lady Riders team . For the first time since 1997 , the men 's and women 's teams would be under the same name and they have been ever since . The team is a member of United Women 's Soccer , the second tier of womens soccer in the United States and Canada . The team competes in the Eastern Conference . The Rough Riders were an original member of the USL W-League and played in all 21 seasons before the league disbanded in late 2015 . Long Island plays its home games at Hofstra University Soccer Stadium . The club 's colors are blue and white . The team is a sister organization of the men 's Long Island Rough Riders team , which plays in the Premier Development League ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable alumni -- Sports', 'section_text': 'Sean Johnson', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Central_Florida_alumni_9', 'intro': "The University of Central Florida (UCF) is a metropolitan public research and space-grant university located on a 1,415-acre (5.73 km2) main campus in Orlando, Florida, United States. UCF is a member institution of the State University System of Florida and is the largest university in the United States in terms of undergraduate enrollment. It was founded in 1963 as Florida Technological University with the goal of providing highly trained personnel to support the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida's Space Coast. After the university's academic scope expanded in the mid and late 1970s to encompass a wider variety of disciplines, the school was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978. Initial enrollment in 1968 was 1,948 students; as of 2014, the university has 59,770 students from more than 140 countries, all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. Since the university's first graduating class in 1970, UCF has awarded more than 250,000 degrees, including 45,000 graduate and professional degrees, to over 200,000 alumni. UCF alumni have made research contributions to optics, modeling and simulation, digital media, engineering and computer science, business administration, education and hospitality management. Among the most notable are Gene Frantz('71), inventor of the Texas Instruments Speak and Spell, and father of digital signal processing. Numerous graduates have gained notoriety in the fields of law, government, and public policy, with alumni including a prime minister, a chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, a United States assistant secretary of state, a deputy assistant secretary at the Department of the Treasury, a director of the National Reconnaissance Office, and a director of the Secret Service; in addition to numerous members of the Florida Cabinet, Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronauts, and numerous officers in the armed forces through a unique partnership between the university and the U.S. military. Alumni have also achieved success as executives in major organizations and Fortune 500 companies, such as Boeing, Busch Entertainment Corporation, Darden Restaurants, Ericsson, Google, NASCAR, the Orlando Magic and Texas Rangers, Sun Sports and Fox Sports Florida, Raymond James Financial, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, and Yahoo! UCF graduates have also made notable contributions in the entertainment industry, including Cheryl Hines, widely known for her role as Cheryl David on the HBO television series Curb Your Enthusiasm, and Daniel Tosh, host of Tosh.0 on Comedy Central. In addition, The Blair Witch Project, which is considered one of the most successful independent films produced, was filmed by UCF students and directed by alumni Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sanchez."}
null
null
What is the name of the stadium where the team plays that is associated with the University of Central Florida alumni who is Guinean and graduated in 2015 ?
Exploria Stadium
0920c298ce4be372
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EX_postcode_area', 'title': 'EX postcode area', 'header': ['Postcode district', 'Post town', 'Coverage', 'Local authority area'], 'data': [{'value': 'EX1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXETER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter ( east ) , Heavitree ( north ) , Monkerton , Newtown , Pinhoe , West Clyst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exeter', 'summary': "Exeter ( /ˈɛksɪtər/ ( listen ) ) is a cathedral city in Devon , England , with a population of 130,428 ( mid-2018 est. ) . The city is located on the River Exe approximately 36 miles ( 58 km ) northeast of Plymouth and 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest of Bristol . It is the county town of Devon , and the base of Devon County Council . Also situated in Exeter are two campuses of the University of Exeter , Streatham Campus and St Luke 's Campus . In Roman Britain , Exeter was established as the base of Legio II Augusta under the personal command of Vespasian . Exeter became a religious centre during the Middle Ages and into the Tudor times : Exeter Cathedral , founded in the mid 11th century , became Anglican during the 16th-century English Reformation . During the late 19th century , Exeter became an affluent centre for the wool trade , although by the First World War the city was in decline . After the Second World War , much of the city centre was rebuilt and is now considered to be a centre for modern business and tourism in Devon and Cornwall . The administrative area of Exeter has the status of a non-metropolitan district under the administration of the County Council ; a plan to grant the city unitary authority status was scrapped under the 2010 coalition government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heavitree', 'summary': 'Heavitree is a historic village and parish situated formerly outside the walls of the City of Exeter in Devon , England , and is today an eastern suburb of that city . It was formerly the first significant village outside the city on the road to London . It was the birthplace of Thomas Bodley , and Richard Hooker , and until 1818 was a site for executions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Newtown,_Exeter', 'summary': "Newtown is an area of Exeter between St Sidwells and Heavitree and has been an area for the poor since Saxon times . A workhouse was built in 1671 on a site currently used as a car park , but Newtown remained largely rural up until the 19th century . Around 1700 a new workhouse was built on what is now the site of Heavitree Hospital . Brick and tile making were carried on in Exeter by the Romans from clay workings within the city wall . By the 16th century , the rich red clay of Newtown was exploited for brick making , the main brickworks being sited in the location of what is currently the dry ski-slope and golf driving range . Due to the Cholera epidemics of the 1830s the open sewer that ran along the bottom of the hill was covered over , to create Clifton Road . In the mid-19th century four streets of small terraced houses were built to house manual workers , labourers and their families . In the 1880s St Matthews Church was built . In May 1942 Exeter was heavily bombed in the Baedeker raids of the Second World War . Newtown was badly affected with many buildings destroyed , including the lower section of Newtown School . Post war development saw the creation of the Inner By-pass ( Western Way ) which cut through the northern part of Newtown , while regeneration work in the late 1960s saw new developments of blocks of flats , some of which were placed to 'disrupt ' the uniform Victorian street pattern ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pinhoe', 'summary': 'Pinhoe is a suburb on the north eastern outskirts of Exeter in the English county of Devon , which was incorporated into the city in 1966 . The 2001 census recorded a population of 6,108 people resident within Pinhoe Ward , one of 18 wards comprising the City of Exeter . The population increased to 6,454 at the 2011 Census'}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exeter_City_Council', 'summary': 'Exeter City Council is the council and local government of the city of Exeter , Devon . The City Council provides a range of services within the city including housing , refuse collections and recycling , planning , economic development , tourism , leisure and arts facilities and activities . The Council also provides housing and council tax benefits as well as collecting the council tax on behalf of the city council , county council , police and fire services . Services such as education , social services , transport and highways are provided in the city by Devon County Council .'}]}, {'value': 'EX2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXETER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter ( south ) , Heavitree ( south ) , St. Thomas ( south ) , Countess Wear , Wonford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Thomas,_Exeter', 'summary': "St Thomas ( St Thomas the Apostle 's ) is a large 3,700-acre ( 15 km2 ) civil parish in Devon , England , on the western side of the river Exe , connected to Exeter by Exe Bridge . It has a number of pubs , places of worship , several schools and a large shopping precinct . The population , according to the 2001 census , is 6,246 , increasing to 6,455 at the 2011 Census . St Thomas ward is currently politically represented by County and City Councillor , Rob Hannaford and City Councillor Adrian Fullam . It originally consisted of two detached parts , the main part of which was by Exeter , to the west of the River Exe . The urban area that built up here but was not originally part of Exeter . The other part , about a mile to the west of the main body of the parish , contained the hamlet of Oldridge and was transferred to the parish of Whitestone in 1884 . St Thomas the Apostle became an urban district in 1894 with the passing of the Local Government Act 1894 , and was incorporated into the municipal borough of Exeter in 1900 . The name survives for the central area of Exeter west of the river . A St Thomas Rural District existed from 1894 to 1974 . St Thomas is served by Exeter St Thomas railway station"}, {'url': '/wiki/Countess_Wear', 'summary': 'Countess Wear is a district within the city of Exeter , Devon , England . It lies about two miles south-east of the city centre , on the north bank of the estuary of the River Exe . Historically an estate known as Weare , part of the manor of Topsham , was in this area . From the late 13th century , the construction of weirs in the River Exe by the Countess , and later , the Earls of Devon damaged the prosperity of Exeter to the benefit of Topsham which was downstream of the obstructions , and was owned by the Earls . The bridges over the river and the adjacent Exeter Ship Canal were for many years a traffic bottleneck , until the completion of the last section of the M5 motorway , further downstream , in 1977 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wonford', 'summary': "Wonford is an area in the centre of Exeter covering parts of St Loyes and Heavitree . Originally , Wonford was a royal estate named after a stream ( now called Mincinglake ) that rose on the southern slopes of Stoke Hill and flowed through Northbrook Park . In 937 , the name was wynford meaning fair stream . The land surrounding Exeter had been part of the Celtic kings estates from before the Roman occupation and in 7th century these lands continued to be a large royal estate of the Saxon Kings . These lands were gradually reduced in size , until the only remaining hunting ground remaining at the Norman invasion was Duryard , north of the city . Historically it was part of Wonford Hundred , as was Exeter itself . Although St Michael 's Church in Heavitree is Victorian , it stands on the place of one of the oldest churches outside Exeter . The Wessex King Cenwealh , established a chapel at this position near the sacred head tree in Wonford in about 660 . The area became known as Heavitree , and Wonford shrank as Heavitree grew . Exeter 's main hospital , the Royal Devon and Exeter , is situated in Wonford . Wonford had a population of 7,686 in 2011 , taking almost all of the Priory ward and the western edge of the St Loyes ward . Wonford is situated in a large area of Exeter which remains unserved by rail which means all public transport in the area is bus based ."}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXETER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clyst St. George , Ebford , Exton , Topsham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Topsham,_Devon', 'summary': "Topsham ( /ˈtɒpʃəm/ , also /ˈtɒpsəm/ ) is a town in Exeter in the county of Devon , England , on the east side of the River Exe , immediately north of its confluence with the River Clyst and the former 's estuary , between Exeter and Exmouth . Although village-sized , with a current population of around 5,023 , increasing to 5,519 at the 2011 census for the electoral ward population which includes Countess Wear , which is its own individual settlement , Topsham was designated a town by a 1300 royal charter , until the Exeter urban district was formed . It is served by Topsham railway station on the branch line to Exmouth . In 2011 was the 150th anniversary of the railway coming to Topsham , on what is now called the Exeter-Exmouth Avocet Line ."}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXETER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exeter ( north ) , Exwick , St. Thomas ( north ) , Beacon Heath , Redhills , Pennsylvania , St. James , Whitestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exwick', 'summary': 'Exwick is an historic parish and manor in Devon , England , which today is a north-western suburb of the City of Exeter . Its name is derived from the River Exe , which forms its eastern boundary . It is also an Ecclesiastical parish and an electoral ward . Mentioned in the Doomsday book it was the site of farms , orchards and mills . Exwick meaning farm by the river Exe . Being on the edge of the Exe floodplain Milling was very important in Exwick . A leat from the Exe was dug before the Doomsday book was compiled . Other industries formally in the area : cloth making , aeroparts and baking . One that still carries on , wooden flooring . There were a number of large houses in the area including Cleve House which became a Guide Dogs for the Blind training centre in the 1950s . Later it became private houses and the site of a new primary school . The Mallet family bought Exwick Mill Another important family with an Exwick Connection were the Gibbs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania,_Exeter', 'summary': "Pennsylvania is a suburb situated on the high ground to the north of the city of Exeter in the county of Devon , England . It lies between the ancient deer park of Duryard and Stoke Hill and was the last area of the city to be developed , because of its steep-sided valleys . It was named after the US state by Joseph Sparkes , a Quaker banker who built the first terrace , Pennsylvania Park , in about 1821 . Its southern slopes , nearest to the city , include many spacious late Victorian and Edwardian houses , while on the steep higher hills , heading north out of Exeter , the housing is mainly 1920s-1970s , with a few newer estates on the city 's extremities . Its proximity within walking distance of Exeter University has made it popular with academics and students . J. K. Rowling was a resident of Pennsylvania while a student at Exeter University in the late 1980s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whitestone,_Devon', 'summary': 'Whitestone ( /ˈwɪtstən/ ) is a small village in Devon , England , approximately 4 miles west of Exeter . It is in the parish of Whitestone ; one of the 45 parish and town councils of Teignbridge District Council . Details of all Whitestone clubs , events and history can be found on the village website . It is the village where Chris Martin of Coldplay was raised .'}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXETER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradninch , Broadclyst , Cadbury , Clyst Honiton , Clyst St. Mary , Cranbrook , Newton St. Cyres , Silverton , Talaton , Whimple , Woodbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradninch', 'summary': 'Bradninch is a small town and former manor in Devon , England , lying about three miles south of Cullompton . Much of the surrounding farmland belongs to the Duchy of Cornwall . There is an electoral ward with the same name . At the 2011 Census the ward population was 2,041 . In 2012 , in research of 2,400 postcodes in England and Wales which took into account 60 separate factors of interest to young families , Bradninch was found to be the fifteenth most family friendly location in the country . The town is twinned with Landunvez in Brittany .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Broadclyst', 'summary': 'Broadclyst is a village and civil parish in the East Devon local government district . It lies approximately 5 miles northeast of the city of Exeter , Devon , England , on the B3181 . In 2001 its population was 2,830 , reducing at the 2011 Census to 1,467 . An electoral ward with the same name exists whose population at the above census was 4,842 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cadbury,_Devon', 'summary': 'Cadbury is a village in Devon , England . Cadbury Castle is nearby . The 15th-century Church of St Michael and All Angels features a Norman font . The church was restored in 1857 by William White , with Frederick Coleridge serving as its vicar from 1855-1906 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clyst_Honiton', 'summary': 'Clyst Honiton ( or Honiton Clyst ) is an English village and civil parish five miles from Exeter in the East Devon district , in the county of Devon . The church is St Michael and All Angels . Exeter International Airport which opened in 1938 is located on the outskirts of the village . The village was originally on the main A30 road from Exeter to Honiton but was bypassed in the 1990s . Another bypass to the east of the village linking the A30 to the new developments around Cranbrook opened in October 2013 . The parish is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Broad Clyst , Rockbeare , Aylesbeare , Farringdon and Sowton . In 2001 its population was 295 . The village is mentioned in the Robyn Hitchcock song Goodnight I Say .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clyst_St._Mary', 'summary': "Clyst St Mary is a small village and civil parish 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Exeter on the main roads to Exmouth and Sidmouth in East Devon . The name comes from the Celtic word clyst meaning 'clear stream ' . The village is a major part of the electoral ward of Clyst Valley . At the 2011 Census this ward population was 2,326 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cranbrook,_Devon', 'summary': "Cranbrook is a new town being developed in East Devon , England , initially consisting of 2,900 residential properties , rising to up to 6,551 properties by 2027 . It is located 9 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) east-north-east of the centre of Exeter , just north-west of the village of Rockbeare , between the B3174 road ( London Road ) and the West of England Main Line railway . The civil parish was formed on 1.4.2015 . The requirement to build extra housing in this area formed part of Devon 's 2001-2016 Structure Plan and was included in East Devon 's Local Plan 1995-2001 . The first houses as well as St Martin 's Primary school were completed in 2012 and at least 500 houses had been occupied by December 2013 . In March 2015 , Cranbrook 's population was estimated at 2,200 , with nearly 1,000 homes occupied . In September 2018 Cranbrook hosted the start of Stage 2 of the OVO Energy Tour of Britain cycle race . Cranbrook is in the Broadclyst ward of East Devon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newton_St._Cyres', 'summary': "Newton St Cyres /ˈsaɪriːz/ is a village , civil parish former manor and former ecclesiastical parish in Mid Devon , in the English county of Devon , located between Crediton and Exeter . It had a population of 562 at the 2011 Census . The village is part of the Newbrooke electoral ward . The ward population at the above census was 1,520 . Almost destroyed by fire in the early 1960s , its main point of interest is the Parish Church , built in the 15th century and dedicated to the martyrs St. Cyriac and his mother St. Julitta . Most of the church is in early Perpendicular style , built of local reddish 'trap ' , a volcanic stone from quarries at Posbury , with the exception of the nave pillars , which are of Beer stone . It contains the monument with standing effigy of John Northcote ( 1570-1632 ) of Hayne , lord of the manor of Newton St Cyres . Newton St Cyres railway station serves the Exeter to Barnstaple line . Newton St Cyres is home to two public houses : the Crown and Sceptre and the Beer Engine . Traditional cheeses can be bought from the Quickes Farm shop . The village has a recreation ground with two football pitches , a cricket pitch and two tennis courts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silverton,_Devon', 'summary': 'Silverton is a large village and civil parish , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Exeter , in the English county of Devon . It is one of the oldest villages in Devon and dates from the first years of the Saxon occupation . It has been suggested that the medieval manor of Burn , within the modern parish of Silverton , may be the estate listed as Mylenburnan ( Mill-on-the-Burn or Burn Mill ) in the will of King Alfred the Great of 899 , now in the British Museum , in which it was left to his youngest son Athelweard ( c.880-922 ) . In the year 2001 , its population was 1,905 , recounted to 1,494 at the United Kingdom Census 2011 . The electoral ward with the same name had a population of 1,875 at the above census . The parish has three pubs : The Lamb , The Ruffwell Inn and The Silverton Inn . The church , dating back to the fourteenth century , is dedicated to St Mary . It has a full set of bells which are rung regularly . Inside , the pews have doors at the end of each row which is unusual in this area . The village also has a further two churches - an Evangelical and a Methodist church ; both are popular with social and youth clubs . The village is on the old road from Exeter to Tiverton and as such was once a busy thriving place . Now it has become a dormitory for people working in Exeter although there are still a number of original families living in the village .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talaton', 'summary': "Talaton is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Devon . It lies approximately 6 miles to the west of Honiton , 3 miles to the north of Ottery St Mary , 2 miles to the west of Feniton and 2 miles to the east of Whimple . The parish of Talaton covers an area of 965 hectares ( 2,384 acres ) . Its total population was estimated to be 590 in 2012 The name Talaton ( Taleton DB 1086 ) means 'farmstead on the River Tale ' , a tributary of the River Otter , whose name is in turn derived from the Old English word getæl meaning 'quick , active or swift ' . The village has a public house , the Talaton Inn ; a manor house , Talaton House ; a church , St James the Great , and a village hall . There are a number of listed buildings within the village and a number of thatched cottages . There is also a shop within the village which is a community enterprise and has won a Prince of Wales award recognising its contribution to the community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whimple', 'summary': "Whimple is a village and civil parish in East Devon in the English county of Devon , approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) due east of the city of Exeter , and 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from the nearest small town , Ottery St Mary . It has a population of 1,642 , recounted to 1,173 for the village alone in the United Kingdom Census 2011 . The electoral ward with the same name had a population of 2,380 at the above census . It was listed in the Domesday Book as 'Winpla ' which according to the Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names was originally the name of the stream that runs through the village , a Brythonic Celtic name meaning 'white pool ' being a compound of the British words corresponding to Welsh gwyn , 'white ' and pwll , 'pool ' . In DB there was a place called Wympelwell in parochia de Taleton referring to the spot where the stream rises in neighbouring Talaton parish . The village is centred on the largely 19th century village square and rebuilt Norman church ( which W. G. Hoskins described as having little of interest 'except a few carved bench ends ' ) . Through the square runs a small stream which is one of many local tributaries of the River Clyst , which in turn feeds into the Exe . Whimple is large enough to support two public houses [ pubs ] , a village shop , Post office and a Church of England primary school , and was mainly notable during the 20th century as being the home of Whiteway 's cyder and perry products until its closure in 1985 . Although the factory lands were sold off for housing in the 1990s , the village is still surrounded by orchards of cider apples and in its heyday boasted the largest cyder apple orchards in the world . [ citation needed ] The East Devon Crematorium , located nearby on the south side of the old A30 road , was opened in April 2011 . The centre of the village is about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) north of the old A30 road , and 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from the new dual carriageway . Whimple railway station is on the West of England Main Line from London Waterloo to Exeter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodbury,_Devon', 'summary': 'Woodbury is a village and civil parish in East Devon in the English county of Devon , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south east of the city of Exeter . It is a commuter village and is primarily residential , since the majority of the workforce commute to Exeter . [ citation needed ] At the 2011 Census the village had a population of 1,605 , and the parish had a population of 3,466 . It lies on the east bank of the Exe Estuary , has borders - clockwise from the estuary - with the district of Exeter ( near to Topsham ) and then the parishes of Clyst St George , Clyst St Mary , Farringdon , Colaton Raleigh , Bicton and Lympstone . Woodbury is part of the electoral ward of Woodbury and Lympstone whose population at the 2011 Census was 5,260 . The village itself lies about four miles north of the centre of Exmouth on the B3179 road between Clyst St George and Budleigh Salterton . About two miles to the north lies the east-west A3052 road and about 1.5 miles to the west of the village the A376 road that follows the Exe Estuary from Exeter down to Exmouth passes through the parish . The small settlements of Ebford and Exton are on this road .'}]}, {'value': 'East Devon , Mid Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Devon', 'summary': "East Devon is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council has been based in Honiton since February 2019 , and the largest town is Exmouth ( with a population of 34,432 at the time of the 2011 census ) . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the borough of Honiton with the urban districts of Budleigh Salterton , Exmouth , Ottery St. Mary , Seaton , Sidmouth along with Axminster Rural District , Honiton Rural District and part of St Thomas Rural District . East Devon is covered by two Parliamentary constituencies , East Devon and Tiverton and Honiton . Both were retained in the 2010 general election by the Conservative Party , and are represented by Sir Hugo Swire and Neil Parish respectively . In the 2001 census it was found that a third of East Devon 's population were over 60 . The average for England was 24% . East Devon also had a higher number of people living in Medical and Care Establishments at 1.6% compared to the England average of 0.9% . The council area covers the area of Devon furthest to east , stretching all the way from Exeter to the county border with Dorset and Somerset . A large amount of East Devon is made up of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) , East Devon AONB and the Blackdown Hills . AONBs have the same level of protection as National parks of England and Wales which restricts new developments , which protects the natural beauty of this district . The entire East Devon coastline from Exmouth to the border with Dorset is part of the designated World Heritage Site called the Jurassic Coast ; the designated area itself continues up to Old Harry Rocks near Swanage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mid_Devon', 'summary': 'Mid Devon is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council is based in Tiverton . The district was formed under the Local Government Act 1972 , on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the borough of Tiverton and Crediton urban district together with Tiverton Rural District , and Crediton Rural District . It was originally called Tiverton District , but was renamed in 1978 by resolution of the district council .'}]}, {'value': 'EX6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXETER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christow , Cockwood , Dunsford , Kennford , Kenton , Mamhead , Exminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christow', 'summary': 'Christow is a village and civil parish in the Teignbridge district of Devon , England , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of Exeter . The village is in the Teign Valley , just off the B3193 road that links Chudleigh and Dunsford . Christow is on the eastern edge of Dartmoor National Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cockwood', 'summary': "Cockwood is a small village on the west side of the Exe Estuary in the county of Devon , England . Lying between the villages of Dawlish Warren and Starcross , it is separated from the estuary by the main railway line between Exeter and Torquay , and is set around a small tidal harbour which boats must reach via a bridge under the railway line . Cockwood has two public houses . The Anchor Inn which is on the harbour front and the Ship Inn , nearer the village hall . The Anchor Inn is over 450 years old and was originally opened as a Seamen 's Mission . It was a haven for seamen and smugglers and is said to be haunted by a friendly ghost and his dog . South of the village centre , the railway line is crossed by a pedestrian track leading to Cockwood Steps , with a landing for small boats and a view over the estuary . The railways tracks have occasionally been affected by flooding from the Exe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dunsford', 'summary': "Dunsford is a village in Devon , England , just inside the Dartmoor National Park . The place-name 'Dunsford ' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086 , where it appears as Dunesforda , meaning 'Dunn 's ford ' . The village has a number of traditional thatched cottages ; a primary school which has a swimming pool , climbing wall and sports field ; one village shop and post office ; a tea room and a public house . St Mary 's Church , built between 1420 and 1455 , is located in the village centre . Dunsford holds a village show at the beginning of July every year and the Dunsford Amateur Dramatic Society ( DADS ) produces a pantomime in the Village Hall in early January . The villagers also hold an annual fancy dress pancake race [ citation needed ] in the streets . Dunsford Halt was a station on the Teign Valley Line from Exeter to Heathfield station that served the village from 1928 to 1958 . Great Fulford House lies to the west of Dunsford ; a Domesday manor which has been the home of the Fulford family since at least 1190 . The present house was mainly built in the early 16th century and is a semi-fortified mansion house built round a central courtyard . It was the backdrop to the 2014 reality-television programme , Life Is Toff ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kennford', 'summary': "Kennford is a village situated in the Teignbridge district of Devon , England . Kennford is four miles ( 6 km ) to the south of Exeter in the civil parish of Kenn ; it is situated in one of the country 's main tourist areas . The village became prominent in the 1970s as the location of a new service station on the A38 Devon Expressway between Exeter and Plymouth , near the southern terminus of the then new M5 motorway . This service area is a popular stopping place for tourists on their way to South Devon and Cornwall . Close to the village is a caravan and camping park . The entertainer , Danny la Rue , was largely brought up in Kennford ( from the age of 6 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenton,_Devon', 'summary': 'Kenton is a small village located near Exeter , the capital of Devon , England . It has two restaurants , a pub , two hairdressers , a primary school , a mediaeval church and is near Powderham Castle . The centre of the village was rebuilt in brick immediately after a fire on 16 April 1856 which destroyed 24 dwellings . The church is dedicated to all of the saints and is a fine building of the 14th century . It is built of red sandstone and the arcades are of Beer stone . According to John Betjeman the full-aisled Devon plan at its best . The tower is handsome and the rood screen is massive and stately with ancient colour and a good series of figure-paintings . The pulpit is medieval and the reredos is by Charles Eamer Kempe . The adjacent almshouses were built in 1875 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mamhead', 'summary': 'Mamhead is a rural village and civil parish near Dawlish and Kenton in Devon , South West England , in the Teignbridge local authority area . On high ground on the Haldon Hills , dense woodlands open out into views of the coast and the estuary of the River Exe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Exminster', 'summary': 'Exminster is a village situated on the southern edge of the City of Exeter on the western side of the Exeter ship canal and River Exe in the county of Devon , England . It is around 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) south of the centre of Exeter , and has a population of 3,084 ( census 2001 ) , increasing to 3,368 at the 2011 census . Exminster is an ancient village associated with a Saxon minster or religious community , founded here in the 8th century . and left by King Alfred the Great to his youngest son Aethelweard in his will of 889 . In the 14th century , it was the seat of the Courtenay family , the Earls of Devon . William Courtenay , who was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1381 to 1396 , was born here . Exminster is a major part of the electoral ward of Kenn Valley . Its population at the above census was 5,906 Exminster Marshes , to the east of the village , are a major site for birds , especially migratory ones including the rare cirl bunting .'}]}, {'value': 'Teignbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teignbridge', 'summary': 'Teignbridge is a local government district in Devon , England . Its council is based in Newton Abbot . Other towns in the district include Ashburton , Dawlish and Teignmouth . It is named for the old Teignbridge hundred . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the Ashburton , Buckfastleigh , Dawlish , Newton Abbot and Teignmouth urban districts along with Newton Abbot Rural District and part of St Thomas Rural District .'}]}, {'value': 'EX7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DAWLISH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dawlish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dawlish', 'summary': 'Dawlish /ˈdɔːlɪʃ/ is an English seaside resort town and civil parish in Teignbridge on the south coast of Devon , 12 miles ( 19 km ) from the county town of Exeter and the larger resort of Torquay . Its population of 12,345 in 2001 rose to about 16,000 by 2018 , and was expected to grow strongly in coming years , as several large housing estates were under construction , mainly in the north and east of the town . It had grown in the 18th century from a small fishing port into a well-known seaside resort , as had its near neighbour , Teignmouth , in the 19th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Teignbridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EXMOUTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exmouth , Lympstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exmouth', 'summary': 'Exmouth /ˈɛksməθ/ is a port town , civil parish and seaside resort , sited on the east bank of the mouth of the River Exe and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Exeter . In 2011 it had a population of 34,432 , making Exmouth the 5th most populous settlement in Devon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lympstone', 'summary': "Lympstone is a village and civil parish in East Devon in the English county of Devon . It has a population of 1,754 . There is a harbour on the estuary of the River Exe , lying at the outlet of Wotton Brook between cliffs of red breccia . The promontory to the north of the harbour is topped by a flat pasture , Cliff Field , that is managed by the National Trust and used for football matches and other local events . Lympstone has rail services on the Avocet Line to Exmouth and Exeter from Lympstone Village railway station . It is known locally for Peter 's Tower , an Italianate riverfront brick clock tower built around 1885 by W.H . Peters as a memorial to his wife , and for its tradition of residents drying washing on the foreshore . The riverside houses back directly on to the shore , with no continuous seawall , and the passageways between them to the beach are equipped with metal flood gates that are closed by residents when they are warned of high tides by a local alert network . Near the village is the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines ( CTCRM ) , the principal military training centre for the Royal Marines . The training centre has its own dedicated railway halt , Lympstone Commando ( not in public use ) , on the Exeter-Exmouth branch line ."}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BUDLEIGH SALTERTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Budleigh Salterton , East Budleigh , Otterton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budleigh_Salterton', 'summary': 'Budleigh Salterton is a small town on the coast in East Devon , England , 15 miles ( 24 km ) south-east of Exeter . The town lies within the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . It forms a major part of the electoral ward of Budleigh , whose ward population at the 2011 census was 5,967 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Budleigh', 'summary': 'East Budleigh is a small village in East Devon , England . The villages of Yettington , Colaton Raleigh , and Otterton lie ( respectively ) to the west , north and east of East Budleigh , with the seaside town of Budleigh Salterton about two miles south . Until the River Otter to the east silted up , the village was a market town and port ; it was still being used by ships in the 15th century , according to John Leland . Sir Walter Raleigh was born in nearby Hayes Barton in c.1552 , and his parents are buried in All Saints churchyard in the village . The 14th-century church contains attractive pew ends including one bearing the Raleigh coat of arms . In 2006 a life-size bronze statue of Raleigh by sculptor Vivien Mallock was unveiled by the Duke of Kent and is positioned at the top of the village close to the church . The cost of £30,000 was met by British American Tobacco , and was unveiled in the week when new anti-smoking laws came into effect in England and Wales . [ citation needed ] Governor Roger Conant , founder of Salem , Massachusetts and the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , was born in East Budleigh in 1592 to Richard Conant . East Budleigh had a railway station that was situated between the village and Otterton , which was closed in 1967 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otterton', 'summary': 'Otterton is a village and civil parish in East Devon , England . The parish lies on the English Channel and is surrounded clockwise from the south by the parishes of East Budleigh , Bicton , Colaton Raleigh , Newton Poppleford and Harpford and Sidmouth . In 2001 its population was 700 , compared to 622 a hundred years earlier . At the 2011 census the population had reduced to 656 . Otterton is part of Raleigh electoral ward whose total population at the above census was 2,120 .'}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SIDMOUTH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sidmouth , Sidford , Sidbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidmouth', 'summary': 'Sidmouth /ˈsɪdməθ/ is a town situated on the English Channel coast in Devon , South West England , 14 miles ( 23 km ) east-southeast of Exeter . At the 2011 census the population was 12,569 , with a median age of 59 . It is a tourist resort and a gateway to the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site . A large part of the town has been designated a conservation area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sidford', 'summary': "Sidford is a small village in the civil parish of and on the outskirts of the town of Sidmouth in the English county of Devon . It has a population of just over 2100 people according to the 2001 Census . It is on the River Sid , which runs for four miles into Lyme Bay at Sidmouth . There is a 12th-century packhorse bridge over the river that was the site of a 1644 skirmish in the English Civil War . In the village centre there is a small Spar supermarket with a post office , a fish and chip shop , Bloaters . There is also a hairdresser , a sports injury clinic , a pub called the Rising Sun and a veterinary surgery . Sidford 's most famous pub is the Blue Ball Inn , a 14th-century lodging house that burned to the ground in 2007 and is now rebuilt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sidbury', 'summary': 'Sidbury is a large village north of Sidmouth on the A375 road in Devon , England . In 2011 the built-up area had a population of 457 . In 1951 the civil parish had a population of 2507 . It is situated on the River Sid , which rises at Crowpits Covert ( OSGB36 grid reference SY138963 ) and runs for 6 miles ( 10 km ) to Lyme Bay at Sidmouth . Above the village is Sidbury Castle , the site of an Iron Age hill fort . Sidbury is mentioned in the Domesday Book as the manor of Sideberia , held by Bishop Osbern of Exeter . The Church of St Peter and St Giles has a Norman tower topped with a spire , a Saxon crypt , a gunpowder storage room dating from the Napoleonic era and a 500-year-old font . The tower has eight bells , the earliest dating from 1662 and 1663 . Six more were hung in 1712 , 1750 , 1752 , 1776 and two in 1947 to complete the present eight . [ citation needed ] Both the tower and the rest of the church are Norman but the tower was accurately rebuilt in 1884 . The north aisle is possibly 13th century and the south porch Perpendicular . The windows are medieval and of various periods ; the octagonal font is Perpendicular .'}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OTTERY ST. MARY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottery St. Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottery_St._Mary', 'summary': "Ottery St Mary , known as Ottery , is a town and civil parish in the East Devon district of Devon , England , on the River Otter , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Exeter on the B3174 . At the 2001 census , the parish , which includes the villages of Metcombe , Fairmile , Alfington , Tipton St John , Wiggaton , and ( until 2017 ) West Hill , had a population of 7,692 . The population of the urban area alone at the 2011 census was 4,898 . There are two electoral wards in Ottery ( Rural and Town ) . The total population of both wards , including the adjacent civil parish of Aylesbeare , at the above census was 9,022 . Archaeological excavations in 2014 , in advance of a housing development at Island Farm , uncovered a medieval longhouse dating to AD.1250-1350 . Ottery is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086 , where it appears as 'Otri ' and 'Otrei ' . 'Oteri Sancte Marie ' is first mentioned in 1242 . The town takes its name from the River Otter on which it stands , the river taking its name from the animal . The 'St Mary ' element refers to the fact that the town belonged to the church of St Mary in Rouen in 1086 . Ottery 's notable buildings include the Tumbling Weir and St Mary 's church . The town is the site of The King 's School , now a comprehensive school , a former grammar school founded in 1545 by Henry VIII , and Ottery St Mary Primary School ."}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SEATON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaton , Beer , Axmouth , Branscombe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaton,_Devon', 'summary': "Seaton ( /ˈsiːtən/ ) is a seaside town , fishing harbour and civil parish in East Devon on the south coast of England , and is historically part of Axmouth ( to the east ) and Beer ( to the west ) . It faces onto Lyme Bay and is on the Dorset and East Devon Coast Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site . A sea wall provides access to the mostly shingle beach stretching for about a mile , and a small harbour , located mainly in the Axmouth area . Seaton 's recorded population at the 2011 Census , was 8,413 , whilst the Seaton and Beer Urban Area that includes Colyton had an estimated population of 12,815 in 2012 . The Seaton electoral ward , which includes Beer , Axmouth and Colyton , had a population of 7,096 at the above census ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beer,_Devon', 'summary': 'Beer is a village and civil parish in the East Devon district of Devon , England . The village faces Lyme Bay and is a little over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) west of the town of Seaton . It is situated on Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and its picturesque cliffs , including Beer Head , form part of the South West Coast Path . At the 2011 Census , the parish had a population of 1,317 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Axmouth', 'summary': 'Axmouth is a village , civil parish and former manor in the East Devon district of Devon , England , near the mouth of the River Axe . The village itself is about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) inland , although the parish extends to the sea . The village is near Seaton and Beer which are on the other side of the Axe estuary . According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 493 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Branscombe', 'summary': "Branscombe is a village in the East Devon district of the English county of Devon . The parish covers 3,440 acres ( 1,390 ha ) . Its permanent population in 2009 was estimated at 513 by the Family Health Services Authority , reducing to 507 at the 2011 Census . It is located within the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , overlooking Lyme Bay . Branscombe has one of the South West 's most scenic bus routes . [ citation needed ] AVMT Buses run service 899 from Seaton to Sidmouth via Beer & Branscombe ."}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AXMINSTER', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axminster', 'summary': 'Axminster is a market town and civil parish on the eastern border of the county of Devon in England , some 28 miles ( 45 km ) from the county town of Exeter . The town is built on a hill overlooking the River Axe which heads towards the English Channel at Axmouth , and is in the East Devon local government district . At the 2001 census , it had a population of 5,626 , increasing to 5,761 at the 2011 census . The town contains two electoral wards ( town and rural ) the total sum of both wards being a population of 7,110 . The market is still held every Thursday . Axminster gave its name to a type of carpet . An Axminster-type power loom is capable of weaving high quality carpets with many varying colours and patterns . While Axminster carpets are made in the town by Axminster Carpets Ltd , this type of carpet is now manufactured all over the world .'}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HONITON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honiton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honiton', 'summary': 'Honiton ( /ˈhʌnitən/ or /ˈhɒnitən/ ) is a market town and civil parish in East Devon , situated close to the River Otter , 17 miles ( 27 km ) north east of Exeter in the county of Devon . Honiton has a population estimated at 11,822 ( based on mid-year estimates for the two Honiton Wards in 2009 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'East Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CULLOMPTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cullompton , Plymtree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cullompton', 'summary': "Cullompton ( /kəˈlʌm ( p ) tən/ ) is a town and civil parish in the district of Mid Devon and the county of Devon , England . It is 13 miles ( 21 km ) north-east of Exeter and lies on the River Culm . In 2011 the parish as a whole had a population of 8,499 while the built-up area of the town had a population of 7,439 The earliest evidence of occupation is from the Roman period - there was a fort on the hill above the town and occupation in the current town centre . Columtune was mentioned in Alfred the Great 's will which left it to his youngest son Aethelweard ( c.880-922 ) . In the past the town 's economy had a large component of wool and cloth manufacture , then later leather working and paper manufacture . A large proportion of town 's inhabitants are commuters but there is some local manufacturing , including flour and paper mills . It has a monthly farmers ' market held on the second Saturday of every month which is the oldest event of its kind in the South West . It is home to two grade I listed buildings : the fifteenth-century St Andrew 's parish church and the seventeenth-century house known as The Walronds . The centre of the town is the only conservation area in Mid Devon and there are seven grade II* listed buildings and ninety grade II listed buildings in the parish ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Plymtree', 'summary': 'Plymtree is a small village and civil parish about 3.5 miles south of the town of Cullompton in the county of Devon , England . The parish is surrounded , clockwise from the north , by the parishes of Broadhembury , Payhembury , Clyst Hydon and Cullompton . In 2001 it had a population of 605 , compared to 359 in 1901 . The village website provides up to date information about local events http : //www.plymtree.org.uk/ The village has a public house called The Blacksmith Arms and a Church of England primary school ( https : //plymtree-primary.devon.sch.uk/devon/primary/plymtree ) which is part of the Culm Valley Federation with Kentisbeare and Culmstock Schools . There is a small community run village shop and post office , a village hall , playground and recreation field . The yearly country fayre is held on the August Bank Holiday which raises funds for the Village Hall and local Riding for the Disabled Group . It has a cricket club and tennis court .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TIVERTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiverton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon', 'summary': 'Tiverton ( /ˈtɪvərtən/ TIV-ər-tən ) is a town and civil parish in the English county of Devon and the main commercial and administrative centre of the Mid Devon district . It has also become a dormitory town for commuters to Exeter and Taunton . The built-up area had a population of 38,191 in 2019 according to the Devon Gov website .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CREDITON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crediton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crediton', 'summary': 'Crediton /ˈkrɛdɪtən/ is a town and civil parish in the Mid Devon district of Devon in England . It stands on the A377 Exeter to Barnstaple road at the junction with the A3072 road to Tiverton , about 7 miles ( 11 km ) north west of Exeter . It has a population of 6,837 , increasing to 7,835 at the 2011 Census . Crediton has two electoral wards ( Boniface and Lawrence ) . The combined population of these wards at the 2011 Census was 7,600 . The town is situated in the narrow vale of the River Creedy , between two steep hills and is divided into two parts , the north or old town ( Peoples park , QECC etc . ) and the south and east or new town . ( QECC Barnfield , Saxon Close etc . )'}]}, {'value': 'Mid Devon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EX18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHULMLEIGH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chulmleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chulmleigh', 'summary': "Chulmleigh ( /ˈtʃʌmli/ CHUM-lee ) is a small Saxon hilltop market town [ a ] and civil parish located in North Devon in the heart of the English county of Devon . It is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) north west of Exeter , just north of the Mid Devon boundary , linked by the A377 and B3096 roads . The parish is surrounded , clockwise from the north by the parishes of King 's Nympton , Romansleigh , Meshaw , East Worlington , Chawleigh , Wembworthy ( a short border only ) , Ashreigney , Burrington , and Chittlehamholt . In 2001 the population of the parish was 1,308 , decreasing to 1,017 at the 2011 census . An electoral ward with the same name also exists whose total population at the same census was 2,081 . Chulmleigh has some very old architecture with many cob and thatched buildings . It is located close to the Tarka Railway Line . King 's Nympton Railway Station is within the parish , although it is around 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from the town , and Eggesford station is closer to the town . Chulmleigh has a retained fire station which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service . The secondary school is Chulmleigh Community College , it has been amongst the highest in Devon 's GCSE league tables . The town 's pub is the Old Court House . on South Molton Street ."}]}, {'value': 'North Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Devon', 'summary': 'North Devon is a local government district in Devon , England . North Devon Council is based in Barnstaple . Other towns and villages in the North Devon District include Braunton , Fremington , Ilfracombe , Instow , South Molton , Lynton and Lynmouth . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the Barnstaple municipal borough , the Ilfracombe and Lynton urban districts , and the Barnstaple and South Molton rural districts . The wider geographic area of North Devon is divided between North Devon District and the district of Torridge , based in Bideford .'}]}, {'value': 'EX19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WINKLEIGH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winkleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winkleigh', 'summary': 'Winkleigh is a civil parish and small village in Devon , England . It is part of the local government area of Torridge District Council . The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 1,305 , compared to 1,079 in 1901 . The population of the electoral ward in 2011 was 2,068 .'}]}, {'value': 'Torridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torridge_District', 'summary': 'Torridge is a local government district in North Devon , England . Its council is based in Bideford . Other towns and villages in the district include Holsworthy , Great Torrington , Hartland and Westward Ho ! . The island of Lundy is administratively part of the district . To the south of the district bordering Cornwall , near Welcombe , the rugged coastline has a wild untouched beauty , due to its inaccessibility , but the South West Coast Path is well defined . The district is named after the River Torridge .'}]}, {'value': 'EX20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NORTH TAWTON , OKEHAMPTON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okehampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okehampton', 'summary': 'Okehampton ( /ˌoʊkˈhæmp.tən/ also /ˈoʊ.kæmp.tən/ ) is a town and civil parish in West Devon in the English county of Devon . It is situated at the northern edge of Dartmoor , and had a population of 5,922 at the 2011 census . Two electoral wards are based in the town ( east and west ) . Their joint population at the same census is 7,500 . Okehampton is 21 miles ( 33 km ) west of Exeter , 26 miles ( 42 km ) north of Plymouth and 24 miles ( 38 km ) south of Barnstaple .'}]}, {'value': 'West Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Devon', 'summary': 'West Devon is a local government district and borough in Devon , England . Towns in the district include Chagford , Okehampton , Princetown , and Tavistock , where the council is based . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , as a merger of the previous municipal borough of Okehampton , Okehampton Rural District , and Tavistock Rural District . West Devon contains most of Dartmoor .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Coverage', 'section_text': 'The approximate coverage of the postcode districts :', 'uid': 'EX_postcode_area_0', 'intro': 'The EX postcode area, also known as the Exeter postcode area, is a group of 33 postcode districts in South West England, which are subdivisions of 30 post towns. These cover north and east Devon, including Exeter, Barnstaple, Axminster, Beaworthy, Bideford, Braunton, Budleigh Salterton, Chulmleigh, Colyton, Crediton, Cullompton, Dawlish, Exmouth, Holsworthy, Honiton, Ilfracombe, Lynmouth, Lynton, North Tawton, Okehampton, Ottery St Mary, Seaton, Sidmouth, Sidford, Sidbury, South Molton, Tiverton, Torrington, Umberleigh, Winkleigh and Woolacombe, plus the northernmost part of Cornwall, including Bude.'}
null
null
What is the total population for the town in the postcode of EX20 ?
7,500
0921a244f6d6039e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup,_Euroleague_and_LEN_Champions_League_records_and_statistics', 'title': 'European Cup, Euroleague and LEN Champions League records and statistics', 'header': ['City', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Winning clubs', 'Runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Recco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recco', 'summary': "Recco ( Latin : Ricina / Recina ) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Genoa , region of Liguria , Italy . It is known for its focaccia al formaggio ( focaccia with cheese ) which is made with stracchino . The consortium that dictates the official recipe of the focaccia , supposedly the result of a Saracen attack in the 13th century , has obtained the European Union PGI status for the recipe . Recco is home to the September 8 fireworks festival honoring the Virgin Mary . The town is also known for its successful waterpolo team , Pro Recco . During World War II Recco 's railway was bombed by the Allies , destroying the town . It was rebuilt in the late forties and early 1950s ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Recco ( 8 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Recco', 'summary': 'A.S.D . Pro Recco ( Official name : Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Pro Recco ) is an Italian water polo club from Recco , in Liguria . It currently plays in Serie A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Recco ( 7 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Recco', 'summary': 'A.S.D . Pro Recco ( Official name : Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Pro Recco ) is an Italian water polo club from Recco , in Liguria . It currently plays in Serie A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade', 'summary': "Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/ BEL-grayd ; Serbian : Beograd / Београд , lit . 'White City ' , pronounced [ beǒɡrad ] ( listen ) ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula . The urban area of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million , while nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade ( which encompasses almost all of its metropolitan area ) , a quarter of the total population of Serbia . One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe , the Vinča culture , evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC . In antiquity , Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and , after 279 BC , Celts settled the city , naming it Singidūn . It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century . It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s , and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire , the Frankish Empire , the Bulgarian Empire , and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284 . In 1521 , Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo . It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule , which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars . Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841 . Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918 , when it was attached to the city , due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming the part of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes after World War I ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Partizan ( 7 ) , Crvena zvezda ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Partizan', 'summary': "Vaterpolo klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ватерполо клуб Партизан ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . VK Partizan is one of the sports clubs in Serbia that is part of sport society Partizan . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 . Partizan 's home terrain is the pool which is part of the Sportski centar Voždovac on Banjica complex . The club is supported by Grobari , fans of all sport clubs competing under the name of Partizan Belgrade . With 7 European champion titles ( the last in 2011 against Pro Recco ) , VK Partizan is the second most successful European team in waterpolo history along with Mladost and behind Pro Recco with 8 titles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/VK_Crvena_Zvezda', 'summary': 'VK Crvena zvezda ( full name : Vaterpolo klub Crvena zvezda ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . It is part of the SD Crvena Zvezda sports society . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Partizan ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Partizan', 'summary': "Vaterpolo klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Ватерполо клуб Партизан ) is a professional water polo club based in Belgrade , Serbia . VK Partizan is one of the sports clubs in Serbia that is part of sport society Partizan . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Serbian League and Regional League A1 . Partizan 's home terrain is the pool which is part of the Sportski centar Voždovac on Banjica complex . The club is supported by Grobari , fans of all sport clubs competing under the name of Partizan Belgrade . With 7 European champion titles ( the last in 2011 against Pro Recco ) , VK Partizan is the second most successful European team in waterpolo history along with Mladost and behind Pro Recco with 8 titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Budapest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budapest', 'summary': "Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/ , Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈbudɒpɛʃt ] ) is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary , and the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits . The city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres ( 203 square miles ) . Budapest is both a city and county , and forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area , which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres ( 2,944 square miles ) and a population of 3,303,786 , comprising 33% of the population of Hungary . The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum , the capital of Lower Pannonia . The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century , but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42 . Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century . The Battle of Mohács , in 1526 , was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule . After the reconquest of Buda in 1686 , the region entered a new age of prosperity , with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda , Óbuda , and Pest on 17 November 1873 , with the name 'Budapest ' given to the new capital . Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a great power that dissolved in 1918 , following World War I . The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Battle of Budapest in 1945 , and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Budapest is an Alpha − global city with strengths in commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment . It is Hungary 's financial centre and was ranked as the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orvosegyetem ( 2 ) , Vasas ( 2 ) , Újpest ( 1 ) , Honvéd ( 1 ) , FTC ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orvosegyetem_SC', 'summary': "Orvosegyetem Sport Club is a Hungarian water polo club from Budapest established in 1957 in the Semmelweis University . The club 's peak was the 1970s . Orvosegyetem won six national championships in a row between 1969 and 1974 , and in 1973 it won the European Cup , beating 4-times champion Partizan Belgrade in the final . In 1974 and 1975 also reached the European Cup 's final , but lost to MGU Moscow and Partizan respectively . In 1976 it played its fourth European final , losing the Cup Winners ' Cup to Mladost Zagreb . In 1978 and 1979 the team culminated its golden era winning its seventh national championship and its second European Cup . The team declined in subsequent years , but it still played in the Hungarian First Championship . However , with the team moving to XI . district in Budapest , and with the new title sponsor , A-HÍD Zrt . from the 2014-15 season was a very successful one , winning silver medal in both the Hungarian Cup and the Hungarian Championship , whilst also going three rounds in the LEN Champions League qualifiers before falling out against Szolnoki VSC ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Vasas_SC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': "The Vasas SC water polo team is a department of the Budapest-based sports association Vasas SC . One of the most successful teams in the country , they have won the Hungarian Championship 17 times and the Hungarian Cup 15 times . The club also had major successes on continental level as they won the LEN Euroleague ( formerly European Champions Cup ) , Europe 's premier water polo competition two times and took the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup title on three occasions as well . Starting from the 2010-11 season , the club is officially known as TEVA-Vasas-UNIQA due to sponsorship reasons ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Újpesti_TE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Újpesti Torna Egylet vízilabda szakosztály ( English : Újpesti Torna Egylet waterpolo department ) is a Hungarian water polo club from Újpest , Budapest , that is part of Újpesti TE sport society . The club was founded in 1885 , while the waterpolo department ( together with the swimming department ) was created in 1911 . During its history , the club have won 26 national championship titles , more than any other teams .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Budapesti_Honvéd_SE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Honvéd Sport Egyesület is a Hungarian water polo club , that is part of the Budapest-based multi-sports club with the same name . Founded in 1950 , they won six Hungarian championships and eight Hungarian cup titles . In 2004 , beside the domestic league success the team also collected the most prestigious continental cup , the LEN Euroleague , and later triumphed over LEN Cup winners CN Barcelona with a scoreline of 10-9 to win the LEN European Supercup . Since 1 July 2010 the club is officially known as Groupama Honvéd , following the club has agreed on a sponsorship deal with international insurance company Groupama .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Ferencvárosi_TC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Ferencvárosi Torna Club is a water polo club from Budapest , Hungary . The team competes in the Országos Bajnokság I .'}]}, {'value': 'Honvéd ( 3 ) , Orvosegyetem ( 2 ) , Újpest ( 2 ) , Vasas ( 1 ) , Budapesti VSC ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Budapesti_Honvéd_SE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Honvéd Sport Egyesület is a Hungarian water polo club , that is part of the Budapest-based multi-sports club with the same name . Founded in 1950 , they won six Hungarian championships and eight Hungarian cup titles . In 2004 , beside the domestic league success the team also collected the most prestigious continental cup , the LEN Euroleague , and later triumphed over LEN Cup winners CN Barcelona with a scoreline of 10-9 to win the LEN European Supercup . Since 1 July 2010 the club is officially known as Groupama Honvéd , following the club has agreed on a sponsorship deal with international insurance company Groupama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orvosegyetem_SC', 'summary': "Orvosegyetem Sport Club is a Hungarian water polo club from Budapest established in 1957 in the Semmelweis University . The club 's peak was the 1970s . Orvosegyetem won six national championships in a row between 1969 and 1974 , and in 1973 it won the European Cup , beating 4-times champion Partizan Belgrade in the final . In 1974 and 1975 also reached the European Cup 's final , but lost to MGU Moscow and Partizan respectively . In 1976 it played its fourth European final , losing the Cup Winners ' Cup to Mladost Zagreb . In 1978 and 1979 the team culminated its golden era winning its seventh national championship and its second European Cup . The team declined in subsequent years , but it still played in the Hungarian First Championship . However , with the team moving to XI . district in Budapest , and with the new title sponsor , A-HÍD Zrt . from the 2014-15 season was a very successful one , winning silver medal in both the Hungarian Cup and the Hungarian Championship , whilst also going three rounds in the LEN Champions League qualifiers before falling out against Szolnoki VSC ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Újpesti_TE_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Újpesti Torna Egylet vízilabda szakosztály ( English : Újpesti Torna Egylet waterpolo department ) is a Hungarian water polo club from Újpest , Budapest , that is part of Újpesti TE sport society . The club was founded in 1885 , while the waterpolo department ( together with the swimming department ) was created in 1911 . During its history , the club have won 26 national championship titles , more than any other teams .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Vasas_SC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': "The Vasas SC water polo team is a department of the Budapest-based sports association Vasas SC . One of the most successful teams in the country , they have won the Hungarian Championship 17 times and the Hungarian Cup 15 times . The club also had major successes on continental level as they won the LEN Euroleague ( formerly European Champions Cup ) , Europe 's premier water polo competition two times and took the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup title on three occasions as well . Starting from the 2010-11 season , the club is officially known as TEVA-Vasas-UNIQA due to sponsorship reasons ."}, {'url': "/wiki/BVSC_(men's_water_polo)", 'summary': 'Budapesti Vasutas Sport Club is a water polo club from Budapest , Hungary . The team competes in the Országos Bajnokság I .'}]}, {'value': 'Zagreb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zagreb', 'summary': "Zagreb ( /ˈzɑːɡrɛb , ˈzæɡrɛb , zɑːˈɡrɛb/ ; Croatian pronunciation : [ zǎːɡreb ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Croatia . It is located in the northwest of the country , along the Sava river , at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain . Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m ( 400 ft ) above sea level . The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 820,678 . The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,086,528 , approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia . Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from the Roman times to the present day . The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today 's Ščitarjevo . The name Zagreb is recorded in 1134 , in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094 . Zagreb became a free royal town in 1242 . In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor , Janko Kamauf . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county ( but separated from Zagreb County ) , and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of them are at a low elevation along the river Sava valley , whereas northern and northeastern city districts , such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain , making the city 's geographical image rather diverse ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HAVK Mladost ( 7 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HAVK_Mladost', 'summary': 'Hrvatski akademski vaterpolo klub Mladost ( English : Croatian Academic Water Polo Club Mladost ) or simply HAVK Mladost is a professional water polo club based in Zagreb , Croatia . The club was formed in 1946 and it is part of the Mladost sports society . As of the 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'HAVK Mladost ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HAVK_Mladost', 'summary': 'Hrvatski akademski vaterpolo klub Mladost ( English : Croatian Academic Water Polo Club Mladost ) or simply HAVK Mladost is a professional water polo club based in Zagreb , Croatia . The club was formed in 1946 and it is part of the Mladost sports society . As of the 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spandau 04 ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasserfreunde_Spandau_04', 'summary': 'The Wasserfreunde Spandau 04 is a swimming club in Spandau , Berlin , Germany . The club is known for the water polo team , which has won a record number of German championships . The club has over 3,500 members . The word Wasserfreunde is German for Water Friends .'}]}, {'value': 'Spandau 04 ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wasserfreunde_Spandau_04', 'summary': 'The Wasserfreunde Spandau 04 is a swimming club in Spandau , Berlin , Germany . The club is known for the water polo team , which has won a record number of German championships . The club has over 3,500 members . The word Wasserfreunde is German for Water Friends .'}]}, {'value': 'Dubrovnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubrovnik', 'summary': "Dubrovnik ( Croatian : [ dǔbroːʋniːk ] ( listen ) ; historically Latin : Ragusa ) is a city on the Adriatic Sea in southern Croatia . It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Mediterranean Sea , a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva County . Its total population is 42,615 ( census 2011 ) . In 1979 , the city of Dubrovnik joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage sites . The prosperity of the city was historically based on maritime trade ; as the capital of the maritime Republic of Ragusa , it achieved a high level of development , particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries , as it became notable for its wealth and skilled diplomacy . In 1991 , after the break-up of Yugoslavia , Dubrovnik was besieged by Serbian and Montenegrin soldiers of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) for seven months and suffered significant damage from shelling . After repair and restoration works in the 1990s and early 2000s , Dubrovnik re-emerged as one of the top tourist destinations in the Mediterranean ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jug Dubrovnik ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Jug_Dubrovnik', 'summary': 'Vaterpolski klub Jug ( English : Jug Water Polo Club ) is a professional water polo club based in Dubrovnik , Croatia . The club was established in 1923 as part of sports society JUG . As of the 2019-20 season , VK Jug competes in the Croatian League , Regional League A1 and LEN Champions League .'}]}, {'value': 'Jug Dubrovnik ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Jug_Dubrovnik', 'summary': 'Vaterpolski klub Jug ( English : Jug Water Polo Club ) is a professional water polo club based in Dubrovnik , Croatia . The club was established in 1923 as part of sports society JUG . As of the 2019-20 season , VK Jug competes in the Croatian League , Regional League A1 and LEN Champions League .'}]}, {'value': 'Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples', 'summary': "Naples ( /ˈneɪpəlz/ ; Italian : Napoli [ ˈnaːpoli ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : Napule [ ˈnɑːpələ , ˈnɑːpulə ] ; Ancient Greek : Νεάπολις , romanized : Neápolis ) [ a ] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy after Rome and Milan . In 2017 , around 967,069 people lived within the city 's administrative limits while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,115,320 residents . Its continuously built-up metropolitan area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Naples ) is the second or third largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the most densely populated cities in Europe . First settled by Greeks in the second millennium BC , Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world . In the ninth century BC , a colony known as Parthenope or Παρθενόπη was established on the Island of Megaride , later refounded as Neápolis in the sixth century BC . The city was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans . It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples ( 661-1139 ) , then of the Kingdom of Naples ( 1282-1816 ) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861 . Naples is also considered a capital of the Baroque since the arrival of Caravaggio in the 17th century , and due to the artistic revolution his arrival occasioned . Between 1925 and 1936 , Naples was expanded and upgraded by Benito Mussolini 's government but subsequently sustained severe damage from Allied bombing during World War II , which led to extensive post-1945 reconstruction work . Naples has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades , helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network , which includes the Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy , after Milan and Rome . The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe and home of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples , the NATO body that oversees North Africa , the Sahel and Middle East ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Posillipo ( 3 ) , Canottieri Napoli ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CN_Posillipo', 'summary': "Circolo Nautico Posillipo is an Italian water polo club from Naples established in 1925 . It is one of the most laureated Italian clubs , having won three Euroleague , one Cup Winners ' Cup and eleven Italian Championships between 1985 and 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CC_Napoli', 'summary': "Circolo Canottieri Napoli ( in English : Naples Rowing Club ) is one of the most prestigious and renowned Italian nautical clubs . Founded in 1914 and its headquarters are located in the green oasis gardens of Molosiglio , in San Ferdinando overlooking the bay of Naples in one of the most beautiful beaches of the city . With more than a thousand members in its ranks , houses several olympic games like boating , powerboat , swimming , water polo , tennis , triathlon and more . Napoli 's homecourt in downtown of the city housed in the municipal swimming pool in Ulisse Prota Giurleo street ."}]}, {'value': 'Canottieri Napoli ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CC_Napoli', 'summary': "Circolo Canottieri Napoli ( in English : Naples Rowing Club ) is one of the most prestigious and renowned Italian nautical clubs . Founded in 1914 and its headquarters are located in the green oasis gardens of Molosiglio , in San Ferdinando overlooking the bay of Naples in one of the most beautiful beaches of the city . With more than a thousand members in its ranks , houses several olympic games like boating , powerboat , swimming , water polo , tennis , triathlon and more . Napoli 's homecourt in downtown of the city housed in the municipal swimming pool in Ulisse Prota Giurleo street ."}]}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona ( 1 ) , Catalunya ( 1 ) , Atlètic-Barceloneta ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CN_Barcelona', 'summary': 'Club Natació Barcelona is a Spanish swimming and water polo club from Barcelona established in 1907 , which makes it the dean of both sports in Spain . It is also active in athletics , diving , karate , petanca , pilota , rugby , sailing and triathlon . Barcelona is the most successful club in Spanish water polo history with overall 59 national titles ( 40 Spanish Championships and 19 Spanish Leagues ) . The club has also won European Cup in 1982 and the LEN Trophy in 1995 and 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Catalunya', 'summary': "Club Natació Catalunya is a Catalan swimming and water polo from Barcelona established in 1931 . It also has athletics , squash and triathlon sections . Catalunya 's golden era started in 1987 , winning the national cup and reaching the Cup Winners ' Cup 's final , lost to Mornar Split . It lasted through the first half of the 1990s , winning the 1992 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1995 European Cup . It also reached the European Cup 's final in 1989 and 1994 , losing to Spandau 04 and Újpesti TE . In 1997 and 1998 it won its sixth national cup and its seventh national championships , its last titles to date . Its women 's team also won two championship in 1989 and 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Atlètic-Barceloneta', 'summary': 'Club Natació Atlètic-Barceloneta is a Spanish water polo club from Barcelona , established in 1913 . The club is the result of the merge of Club Natació Atlètic , founded in 1913 , and Barceloneta Amateur Club , founded in 1929 and renamed later on as Club Natació Barceloneta . The club is located in the coastline neighbourhood of Barceloneta . Barceloneta is one of the most successful water polo clubs in Spain , having won 19 league titles , 15 national cups and 14 national super cups . The team has also won the LEN Champions League in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Catalunya ( 2 ) , Montjuïc ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CN_Catalunya', 'summary': "Club Natació Catalunya is a Catalan swimming and water polo from Barcelona established in 1931 . It also has athletics , squash and triathlon sections . Catalunya 's golden era started in 1987 , winning the national cup and reaching the Cup Winners ' Cup 's final , lost to Mornar Split . It lasted through the first half of the 1990s , winning the 1992 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1995 European Cup . It also reached the European Cup 's final in 1989 and 1994 , losing to Spandau 04 and Újpesti TE . In 1997 and 1998 it won its sixth national cup and its seventh national championships , its last titles to date . Its women 's team also won two championship in 1989 and 1991 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CN_Montjuïc', 'summary': "Club Natació Montjuïc is a Spanish swimming and water polo club from Barcelona established in 1944 . It won eight national championships between 1972 and 1986 , and it reached the final of the 1979 European Cup and the 1983 Cup Winners ' Cup , lost respectively to Orvosegyetem SC and CSKA Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'Split', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Split,_Croatia', 'summary': "Split ( /ˈsplɪt/ , as the English word split ; Croatian pronunciation : [ splît ] ( listen ) ; see other names ) is the second-largest city of Croatia and the largest city of the region of Dalmatia , with about 250,000 people living in its urban area . It lies on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings . An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination , the city is linked to the Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula . Home to Diocletian 's Palace , built for the Roman emperor in AD 305 , the city was founded as the Greek colony of Aspálathos ( Aσπάλαθος ) in the 3rd or 2nd century BC . It became a prominent settlement around 650 when it succeeded the ancient capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia , Salona . After the sack of Salona by the Avars and Slavs , the fortified Palace of Diocletian was settled by Roman refugees . Split became a Byzantine city . Later it drifted into the sphere of the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia , with the Byzantines retaining nominal suzerainty . For much of the High and Late Middle Ages , Split enjoyed autonomy as a free city of the Dalmatian city-states , caught in the middle of a struggle between Venice and Croatia ( in union with Hungary ) for control over the Dalmatian cities . Venice eventually prevailed and during the early modern period Split remained a Venetian city , a heavily fortified outpost surrounded by Ottoman territory . Its hinterland was won from the Ottomans in the Morean War of 1699 , and in 1797 , as Venice fell to Napoleon , the Treaty of Campo Formio rendered the city to the Habsburg Monarchy . In 1805 , the Peace of Pressburg added it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and in 1806 it was included in the French Empire , becoming part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1809 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jadran Split ( 2 ) , POŠK Split ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Jadran_Split', 'summary': 'VK Jadran Split ( full name : Vaterpolski Klub Jadran ) is a professional water polo club based in Split , Croatia . As of 2019-20 season , the club competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/POŠK', 'summary': 'POŠK ( POmorski Športski Klub : Marine Sports Club ) , is a professional water polo club based in Split , Croatia . The club was founded in 1937 . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Croatian League and Regional League A2 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MGU Moscow ( 1 ) , CSKA Moscow ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSK_VMF_Moscow', 'summary': "CSK VMF Moscow ( Russian : ЦСК ВМФ Москва ) is the navy section of the multi-sport club CSKA Moscow and its water polo men 's team is one of the most successful teams in Europe , having won the LEN Champions League , the LEN Super Cup and the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Dynamo Moscow ( 3 ) , CSKA Moscow ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Moscow_(water_polo)', 'summary': "WPC Dynamo Moscow ( Russian : ВПК Динамо Москва ) is a Russian men 's water polo club , that is part of the traditional Moscow-based multi-sports club Dynamo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CSK_VMF_Moscow', 'summary': "CSK VMF Moscow ( Russian : ЦСК ВМФ Москва ) is the navy section of the multi-sport club CSKA Moscow and its water polo men 's team is one of the most successful teams in Europe , having won the LEN Champions League , the LEN Super Cup and the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Piraeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piraeus', 'summary': "Piraeus ( /paɪˈriːəs , pɪˈreɪəs/ ; Greek : Πειραιάς Pireás [ pireˈas ] , Ancient Greek : Πειραιεύς , Peiraieús , pronounced [ peːrai̯eús ] ) is a port city in the region of Attica , Greece . Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area , 12 kilometres ( 7 miles ) southwest from its city centre ( municipality of Athens ) , and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf . According to the 2011 census , Piraeus had a population of 163.688 people within its administrative limits , making it the fifth largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital , following the municipality of Athens . The municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area , with a total population of 448,997 , and is part οf Athens urban area . Piraeus has a long recorded history , dating to ancient Greece . The city was founded in the early 5th century BC , when this area was selected to become the new port of classical Athens and was built as a prototype harbour , concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens . During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to fortify Athens and its port ( Piraeus ) . Consequently , it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece , but declined gradually after the 3rd century B.C. , growing once more in the 19th century , after Athens ' declaration as the capital of Greece . In the modern era , Piraeus is a large city , bustling with activity and an integral part of Athens , acting as home to the country 's biggest harbour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial center . The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece , the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest in the world , servicing about 20 million passengers annually . With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs , Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in the Eastern Mediterranean . The municipality hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympiacos ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_Water_Polo_Club', 'summary': "Olympiacos Men 's Waterpolo ( Greek : Ολυμπιακός , [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , commonly referred to as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos CFP , is the men 's water polo department of the major Greek multi-sport club , Olympiacos CFP , based in Piraeus , Greece . The department was founded in 1925 , one of the founding members of the Hellenic Swimming Federation , and their home ground is the Papastrateio Hall in Piraeus . Olympiacos is one of the most successful teams in Europe and a traditional powerhouse of continental water polo , having won 2 LEN Champions Leagues ( 2001-02 , 2017-18 ) , 1 LEN Super Cup ( 2002 ) and 2 Triple Crowns ( 2002 , 2018 ) , the only Greek club to have been crowned European Champions . They have also been six times runners-up ( counting nine European finals overall ) , three in the LEN Champions League ( 2000-01 , 2015-16 , 2018-19 ) , two in the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ( 1997-98 , 1998-99 ) and one more in the LEN Super Cup ( 2018 ) . In 2001-02 , Olympiacos became the first club ever in waterpolo history to win all four competitions they claimed ( LEN Champions League , LEN Super Cup , Greek League and Greek Cup ) , completing a Continental Quadruple . They won their second Continental Quadruple in 2017-18 season ( LEN Champions League , Greek League , Greek Cup , Greek Super Cup ) . After the 2014-15 LEN Euro League win of the women 's department , parent club Olympiacos CFP became the second sports club in continental waterpolo history to have been crowned European Champions with both its men 's and women 's teams and the only one in Europe with both these departments currently active . Domestically , Olympiacos is the most titled club in Greek water polo history , as the club 's 57 domestic titles ( 60 overall ) are the most out of any Greek club . They have won 33 League titles , a record 20 Cups , a record 4 Super Cups and a record 17 Doubles . They are the dominant force since 1992 , having set a number of records including a winning streak of 163 straight wins in both the Greek League 's regular season and play-offs , which lasted from May 2013 to May 2019 . The men 's waterpolo department receives great support from the club 's large fanbase , as Olympiacos is the most popular sports club in Greece . Some of the greatest players in the world have played for Olympiacos over the years including : Thodoris Chatzitheodorou , Josip Pavić , Petar Trbojević , Andro Bušlje , Paulo Obradović , Maro Joković , Slobodan Nikić , Stefan Mitrović , Ivan Buljubašić , Giannis Fountoulis , Konstantinos Mourikis , Teo Đogaš , Mlađan Janović , Nikola Rađen , Makis Voltirakis , Antonis Vlontakis , Nikos Deligiannis , Thodoris Kalakonas , Themis Chatzis , Giannis Thomakos , Giorgos Psychos , Sakis Platanitis , Dimitris Kravaritis , Vangelis Delakas , Manolis Mylonakis , Tasos Schizas , Giorgos Afroudakis , Christos Afroudakis , Giorgos Ntoskas , Kyriakos Giannopoulos , Nikos Venetopoulos , Chris Humbert , Gavin Arroyo , Jesse Smith , Andrija Komadina , Blai Mallarach , Christodoulos Kolomvos , Angelos Vlachopoulos , Dimitris Mazis , Alexandros Gounas , Giorgos Dervisis and Konstantinos Genidounias ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympiacos ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympiacos_Water_Polo_Club', 'summary': "Olympiacos Men 's Waterpolo ( Greek : Ολυμπιακός , [ olimbiaˈkos ] ) , commonly referred to as Olympiacos , Olympiacos Piraeus or with its full name as Olympiacos CFP , is the men 's water polo department of the major Greek multi-sport club , Olympiacos CFP , based in Piraeus , Greece . The department was founded in 1925 , one of the founding members of the Hellenic Swimming Federation , and their home ground is the Papastrateio Hall in Piraeus . Olympiacos is one of the most successful teams in Europe and a traditional powerhouse of continental water polo , having won 2 LEN Champions Leagues ( 2001-02 , 2017-18 ) , 1 LEN Super Cup ( 2002 ) and 2 Triple Crowns ( 2002 , 2018 ) , the only Greek club to have been crowned European Champions . They have also been six times runners-up ( counting nine European finals overall ) , three in the LEN Champions League ( 2000-01 , 2015-16 , 2018-19 ) , two in the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ( 1997-98 , 1998-99 ) and one more in the LEN Super Cup ( 2018 ) . In 2001-02 , Olympiacos became the first club ever in waterpolo history to win all four competitions they claimed ( LEN Champions League , LEN Super Cup , Greek League and Greek Cup ) , completing a Continental Quadruple . They won their second Continental Quadruple in 2017-18 season ( LEN Champions League , Greek League , Greek Cup , Greek Super Cup ) . After the 2014-15 LEN Euro League win of the women 's department , parent club Olympiacos CFP became the second sports club in continental waterpolo history to have been crowned European Champions with both its men 's and women 's teams and the only one in Europe with both these departments currently active . Domestically , Olympiacos is the most titled club in Greek water polo history , as the club 's 57 domestic titles ( 60 overall ) are the most out of any Greek club . They have won 33 League titles , a record 20 Cups , a record 4 Super Cups and a record 17 Doubles . They are the dominant force since 1992 , having set a number of records including a winning streak of 163 straight wins in both the Greek League 's regular season and play-offs , which lasted from May 2013 to May 2019 . The men 's waterpolo department receives great support from the club 's large fanbase , as Olympiacos is the most popular sports club in Greece . Some of the greatest players in the world have played for Olympiacos over the years including : Thodoris Chatzitheodorou , Josip Pavić , Petar Trbojević , Andro Bušlje , Paulo Obradović , Maro Joković , Slobodan Nikić , Stefan Mitrović , Ivan Buljubašić , Giannis Fountoulis , Konstantinos Mourikis , Teo Đogaš , Mlađan Janović , Nikola Rađen , Makis Voltirakis , Antonis Vlontakis , Nikos Deligiannis , Thodoris Kalakonas , Themis Chatzis , Giannis Thomakos , Giorgos Psychos , Sakis Platanitis , Dimitris Kravaritis , Vangelis Delakas , Manolis Mylonakis , Tasos Schizas , Giorgos Afroudakis , Christos Afroudakis , Giorgos Ntoskas , Kyriakos Giannopoulos , Nikos Venetopoulos , Chris Humbert , Gavin Arroyo , Jesse Smith , Andrija Komadina , Blai Mallarach , Christodoulos Kolomvos , Angelos Vlachopoulos , Dimitris Mazis , Alexandros Gounas , Giorgos Dervisis and Konstantinos Genidounias ."}]}, {'value': 'Pescara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pescara', 'summary': "Pescara ( Italian pronunciation : [ peˈskaːra ] ( listen ) ; Abruzzese : Pescàrë ; Pescarese : Piscàrë ) is the capital city of the Province of Pescara , in the Abruzzo region of Italy . It is the most populated city in Abruzzo , with 119,217 ( 2018 ) residents ( and approximately 350,000 including the surrounding metropolitan area ) . Located on the Adriatic coast at the mouth of the Aterno-Pescara River , the present-day municipality was formed in 1927 joining the municipalities of the old Pescara fortress , the part of the city to the south of the river , and Castellamare Adriatico , the part of the city to the north of the river . The surrounding area was formed into the province of Pescara . The main commercial street of the city is Corso Umberto I , which runs between two squares , starting from Piazza della Repubblica and reaching the seacoast in Piazza Primo Maggio . The rectangle that it forms with Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and Via Nicola Fabrizi is home of the main shopping district , enclosed in a driving restriction zone , where several of the best fashion shops are located . Corso Manthoné , the course of the old Pescara , has , for many years , been the center of the nightlife of the city . City hall and the administration of the province are in Piazza Italia , near the river , and in the area between here and the D'Annunzio University campus to the south , a business district has grown up over the years , while the Marina is situated to the immediate south of the mouth of the river . Pescara is also served by an important international airport , the Abruzzo Airport , and one of the major touristic ports of Adriatic Sea and Italy , the Port of Pescara ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pescara ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ASP_Waterpolis_Pescara', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Waterpolis Pescara was an Italian water polo club based in Pescara , Abruzzo .'}]}, {'value': 'Pescara ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ASP_Waterpolis_Pescara', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Waterpolis Pescara was an Italian water polo club based in Pescara , Abruzzo .'}]}, {'value': 'Bečej', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bečej', 'summary': 'Bečej ( Serbian : Бечеј / Bečej , pronounced [ bɛ̌tʃɛːj ] , Hungarian : Óbecse , pronounced [ ˈoːbɛt͡ʃɛ ] ) is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina , Serbia . The town has a population of 23,895 , while the municipality has 37,351 inhabitants . It is a multiethnic town , predominantly inhabited by Serbs and Hungarians .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bečej ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Bečej', 'summary': 'VK Bečej ( full name : Vaterpolo klub Bečej ; lit . Water polo club Bečej ) , was a water polo club from Bečej , Serbia . Founded in 1947 , the club disbanded in 2002 due to the bad financial situation .'}]}, {'value': 'Bečej ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Bečej', 'summary': 'VK Bečej ( full name : Vaterpolo klub Bečej ; lit . Water polo club Bečej ) , was a water polo club from Bečej , Serbia . Founded in 1947 , the club disbanded in 2002 due to the bad financial situation .'}]}, {'value': 'Kotor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotor', 'summary': "Kotor ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Котор , pronounced [ kɔ̌tɔr ] ; Italian : Cattaro ) is a coastal town in Montenegro . It is located in a secluded part of the Gulf of Kotor . The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative center of Kotor Municipality . The old Mediterranean port of Kotor is surrounded by fortifications built during the Venetian period . It is located on the Bay of Kotor ( Boka Kotorska ) , one of the most indented parts of the Adriatic Sea . Some have called it the southern-most fjord in Europe , but it is a ria , a submerged river canyon . Together with the nearly overhanging limestone cliffs of Orjen and Lovćen , Kotor and its surrounding area form an impressive landscape . Since the early 2000s Kotor has seen an increase in tourists , many of them coming by cruise ship . Visitors are attracted by the natural environment of the Gulf of Kotor and by the old town of Kotor . Kotor is part of the World Heritage Site dubbed the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor . The fortified city of Kotor was also included in UNESCO 's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries : Stato da Terra - western Stato da Mar in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primorac Kotor ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Primorac_Kotor', 'summary': 'VK Primorac Kotor is a professional water polo club based in Kotor , Montenegro . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Montenegrin League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Primorac Kotor ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VK_Primorac_Kotor', 'summary': 'VK Primorac Kotor is a professional water polo club based in Kotor , Montenegro . As of 2019-20 season , it competes in the Montenegrin League and Regional League A1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Szolnok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Szolnok', 'summary': 'Szolnok ( Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈsolnok ] ) is the county seat of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county in central Hungary . Its location on the banks of the Tisza river , at the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain , has made it an important cultural and economic crossroads for centuries .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Szolnok ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Szolnoki_Vízilabda_SC', 'summary': 'Szolnoki Vízilabda Sport Club is a professional water polo team based Szolnok , Hungary . Founded in 1921 , it plays in OB I , the top division championship in the country , which they won on nine occasions . The club produced several of the most successful Hungarian water polo players , including Olympic champions Ottó Boros , István Hasznos , Tivadar Kanizsa and European champion István Pintér .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdeburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdeburg', 'summary': "Magdeburg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈmakdəbʊɐ̯k ] ( listen ) ; Low Saxon : Meideborg , [ ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐ̯x ] ) is the capital city and the second largest city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It is situated on the Elbe River . Otto I , the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg , was buried in the town 's cathedral after his death . Magdeburg 's version of German town law , known as Magdeburg rights , spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe . Until 1631 , Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League . Magdeburg has been destroyed twice in its history . The Catholic League sacked Magdeburg in 1631 , resulting in the death of 25,000 non-combatants , the largest loss of the Thirty Years ' War . Allies bombed the city in 1945 , destroying much of it . Magdeburg is the site of two universities , the Otto-von-Guericke University and the Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences . Magdeburg is situated on autobahn route 2 , and hence is at the connection point of the East ( Berlin and beyond ) with the West of Europe , as well as the North and South of Germany . As a modern manufacturing center , the production of chemical products , steel , paper , and textiles are of particular economic significance , along with mechanical engineering and plant engineering , ecotechnology and life-cycle management , health management and logistics . In 2005 Magdeburg celebrated its 1200th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdeburg ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SG_Dynamo_Magdeburg', 'summary': 'SG Dynamo Magdeburg ( Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Magdeburg ) was an East German water polo club .'}]}, {'value': 'Bucureşti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucureşti', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinamo Bucureşti ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CS_Dinamo_Bucureşti_(Water_polo)', 'summary': 'CS Dinamo București is a professional water polo club based in Bucharest , Romania .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hague', 'summary': "The Hague ( /heɪɡ/ ; Dutch : Den Haag [ dɛn ˈɦaːx ] ( listen ) or 's - Gravenhage [ ˌsxraːvə ( n ) ˈɦaːɣə ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea and the capital of the province of South Holland . It is also the seat of government of the Netherlands and hosts the International Court of Justice , one of the most important courts in the world . With a metropolitan population of more than 1 million , it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam and Rotterdam . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . The Hague is the seat of the Cabinet , the States General , the Supreme Court , and the Council of State of the Netherlands , but the city is not the constitutional capital of the Netherlands , which is Amsterdam . King Willem-Alexander lives in Huis ten Bosch [ a ] and works at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague , together with Queen Máxima . Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands are located in the city . The Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and other Dutch companies . The Hague is known as the home of international law and arbitration . The International Court of Justice , the main judicial arm of the United Nations , is located in the city , as well as the International Criminal Court , the Permanent Court of Arbitration , Europol , and approximately 200 other international governmental organisations ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zian ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HZ_Zian', 'summary': "Haagse Zwem Zian ( in English : Hague 's swimming ( club ) Zian ) or shortly Zian is a swimming and water polo club from Hague , Netherlands . The association organizes swimming lessons and also has sections for the competition in sports like water polo , diving and swimming competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Almaty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almaty', 'summary': "Almaty ( /ˈælməti/ ; Kazakh : Almaty , Алматы ; Yañalif : Almatь ; [ ɑlmɑˈtə ] ; Russian : Алматы , [ ɐlmɐˈtɨ ] ) , formerly known as Alma-Ata ( /ˌælmə.əˈtɑː/ ; Kazakh : Alma-Ata ; Russian : Алма-Ата , romanized : Alma-Ata ) and Verniy ( Russian : Верный , romanized : Vernyy ) , is the largest city in Kazakhstan , with a population of 2,039,376 people , about 11% of the country 's total population , and more than 2.7 million in its built-up area that encompasses Talgar , Boraldai , Otegen Batyr and many other suburbs . It served as capital of the Soviet and later independent Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1997 . In 1997 , the government relocated the capital to Astana ( known as Nur-Sultan as of 23 March 2019 ) in the north of the country and about 12 hours away by train . Almaty continues as the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan , as well as its most populous and most cosmopolitan city . The city is located in the mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan near the border with Kyrgyzstan in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 700-900 m ( 2,300-3,000 feet ) , where the Large and Small Almatinka rivers run into the plain . The city has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of music since November 2017 . The city was the host for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care where the Alma Ata Declaration was adopted , marking a paradigm shift in global public health ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dynamo Alma-Ata ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Alma-Ata', 'summary': 'Dynamo Alma-Ata ( Russian : Динамо Алма-Ата ) was a multi-sports club from the then capital of Kazakhstan , Almaty in the Soviet era . The club participated in wrestling , gymnastics , athletics , water polo , bandy and the most successful branch hockey . Several players combined bandy in the winter with hockey in the summer .'}]}, {'value': 'Alphen aan den Rijn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alphen_aan_den_Rijn', 'summary': "Alphen aan den Rijn ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑlfə ( n ) aːn dɛn ˈrɛi̯n ] ( listen ) , English : Alphen upon Rhine or Alphen on the Rhine ) is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands , in the province of South Holland , between Leiden and Utrecht . The town is situated on the banks of the river Oude Rijn ( Old Rhine ) , where the river Gouwe branches off . The municipality had a population of 110,986 in 2019 , and covers an area of 132.49 km2 ( 51.15 sq mi ) of which 5.91 km2 ( 2.28 sq mi ) is water . The municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn also includes the communities of Aarlanderveen , Zwammerdam , and Boskoop . The town is located in what is called the 'Green Heart ' of the Netherlands , which is a somewhat less densely populated centre area of the Randstad . The name Alphen is probably derived from the name of the Roman fort Albaniana , meaning settlement at the white water . [ citation needed ] Its remains still lie underneath the city centre ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alphen ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alphense_Zwemclub', 'summary': 'Alphense Zwemclub ( in English : Alphense Swim Club ) , shortly AZC or Alphen is a Dutch water polo and swimming club from Alphen aan den Rijn . The club has competitive departments for sports like water polo , synchronized swimming , competitive swimming , and diving . Additionally AZC has an active youth with mini water polo for children from 7 years .'}]}], 'section_title': 'General performances -- By city', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'European_Cup,_Euroleague_and_LEN_Champions_League_records_and_statistics_1', 'intro': 'This page details statistics of the European Cup, Euroleague and Champions League.'}
null
null
What river is the city situated on with the runner-up that includes `` SG Dynamo '' in its full name ?
Elbe
0922719548dbb684
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2009_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe', 'title': 'Athletics at the 2009 Games of the Small States of Europe', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Time', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eleni Artymata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleni_Artymata', 'summary': 'Eleni Artymata ( Greek : Ελένη Αρτυματά , born May 16 , 1986 in Paralimni ) is a track and field sprint athlete , who competes internationally for Cyprus .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '11.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe_records_in_athletics', 'summary': 'The Games of the Small States of Europe records in athletics set by athletes who are representing one of the eight European small states at the Games of the Small States of Europe . Records have been updated after the last Games , held in Reykjavík in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Ramona Papaioannou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Ramona_Papaioannou', 'summary': 'Anna Ramona Papaioannou ( Greek : Άννα Ραμόνα Παπαϊωάννου , born 15 June 1989 ) is a Cypriot sprinter . She competed in the 60 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships . Her father is the Greek-Brazilian football player Pavlos Papaioannou .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyprus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprus', 'summary': "Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '11.91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chantal Hayen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '12.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hrafnhild Eir Hermodsdottir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '12.39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diane Borg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Borg', 'summary': 'Diane Borg ( born September 12 , 1990 in Pietà , Malta ) is a Maltese sprinter . She competed in the 100 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics ; she ran the preliminaries in 12.00 seconds , qualifying her for Round 1 , and Round 1 in 11.92 seconds , which did not qualify her for the semifinals .'}]}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '12.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martina Pretelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martina_Pretelli', 'summary': 'Martina Pretelli ( born 28 December 1988 , Borgo Maggiore ) is an athlete from San Marino who competes in the 100 metres . Pretelli competed for San Marino at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London .'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': '12.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sammarinese_records_in_athletics', 'summary': 'The following are the national records in athletics in San Marino maintained by its national athletics federation : Federazione Sammarinese Atletica Leggera ( FSAL ) .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lara Scerri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '12.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sara Maroncelli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': '12.63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Athletics_at_the_2009_Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe_22', 'intro': 'Athletics competition at the 2009 Games of the Small States of Europe was held from 2-6 June 2009 in Nicosia, Cyprus.'}
null
null
When did the runner who finished behind Hrafnhild Eir Hermodsdottir at the 2009 Games of the Small States of Europe 100 metres compete in the Olympics ?
2012
0923fda478d795d9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India', 'title': 'List of World Heritage Sites in India', 'header': ['State', 'Exclusive sites', 'Shared sites'], 'data': [{'value': 'Assam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assam', 'summary': 'Assam ( /ˈæsæm/ , Assamese : [ ɔxɔm ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys . Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 ( 30,285 sq mi ) . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north ; Nagaland and Manipur to the east ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south ; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor , a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India . Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The state was the first site for oil drilling in Asia . Assam is home to the one-horned Indian rhinoceros , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds , and provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism to Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park , which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , look green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India ; this rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bihar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bihar', 'summary': "Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandigarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandigarh', 'summary': "Chandigarh ( local pronunciation : [ tʃə̃ˈɖiːɡəɽʱ ] ( listen ) ) is a city , district and union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana . The city is unique as it is not a part of either of the two states but is governed directly by the Union Government , which administers all such territories in the country . Chandigarh is bordered by the state of Punjab to the north , the west and the south , and by the state of Haryana to the east . It is considered to be a part of the Chandigarh capital region or Greater Chandigarh , which includes Chandigarh , and the city of Panchkula ( in Haryana ) and cities of Kharar , Kurali , Mohali , Zirakpur ( in Punjab ) . It is located 260 km ( 162 miles ) north of New Delhi and 229 km ( 143 miles ) southeast of Amritsar . It was one of the early planned cities in post-independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design . The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier , which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer . Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier , Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry . In 2015 , an article published by BBC named Chandigarh as one of the few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture , cultural growth and modernisation . Chandigarh 's Capitol Complex was in July 2016 declared by UNESCO as World Heritage at the 40th session of World Heritage Conference held in Istanbul . UNESCO inscription was under The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier an outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement . The Capitol Complex buildings include the Punjab and Haryana High Court , Punjab and Haryana Secretariat and Punjab and Haryana Assembly along with monuments Open hand , Martyrs Memorial , Geometric Hill and Tower of Shadow and the Rock Garden ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi', 'summary': "Delhi ( English : /ˈdɛli/ ; Hindi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Punjabi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Urdu : [ ˈdeɦli ] Dēhlī ) , officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India . It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east . The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the 2011 census , Delhi 's city proper population was over 11 million , the second-highest in India after Mumbai , while the whole NCT 's population was about 16.8 million . Delhi 's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries , and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurgaon and Noida in an area now called National Capital Region ( NCR ) and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people , making it the world 's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations . As of 2016 [ update ] , recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India . Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires . Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index . Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India . Furthermore , it is considered one of the world 's most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration . Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE . Through most of its history , Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires , most notably the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goa', 'summary': "Goa ( /ˈɡoʊə/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the region known as the Konkan , and geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats . It is surrounded by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south , with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast . It is India 's smallest state by area and the fourth-smallest by population . Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states , two and a half times that of the country . It was ranked the best-placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators . Panaji is the state 's capital , while Vasco da Gama is its largest city . The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese , who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter . Goa was a former state of the Portuguese Empire . The Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961 . Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year for its white sand beaches , nightlife , places of worship and World Heritage-listed architecture . It has rich flora and fauna , owing to its location on the Western Ghats range , a biodiversity hotspot ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gujarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujarat', 'summary': "Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himachal Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh', 'summary': "Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi : [ ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; lit . snow-laden province ) is a state in the northern part of India . Situated in the Western Himalayas , it is bordered by union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh on the north , Punjab state on the west , Haryana state on the southwest , Uttarakhand state on the southeast , and Tibet region on the east . At its southernmost point , it also touches the state of Uttar Pradesh . The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times having witnessed multiple waves of human migration from other areas . Through its history , the region was mostly ruled by local kingdoms some of which accepted suzerainty of larger empires . Prior to India 's independence from the British , Himachal comprised the hilly regions of Punjab Province of British India . After independence , many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner 's province of Himachal Pradesh which later became a union territory . In 1966 , hilly areas of neighbouring Punjab state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971 . Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them . Almost 90% of the state 's population lives in rural areas . Agriculture , horticulture , hydropower and tourism are important constituents of the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhya Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh', 'summary': "Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Odisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odisha', 'summary': "Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajasthan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajasthan', 'summary': "Rajasthan ( /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ Hindustani pronunciation : [ raːdʒəsˈtʰaːn ] ( listen ) ; literally , Land of Kings ) is a state in northern India . The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres ( 132,139 sq mi ) or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population . Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India , where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert ( also known as the Great Indian Desert ) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west , along the Sutlej-Indus river valley . Elsewhere it is bordered by five other Indian states : Punjab to the north ; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast ; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast ; and Gujarat to the southwest . Major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Kalibanga and Balathal , the Dilwara Temples , a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan 's only hill station , Mount Abu , in the ancient Aravalli mountain range and in eastern Rajasthan , the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur , a World Heritage Site known for its bird life . Rajasthan is also home to three national tiger reserves , the Ranthambore National Park in Sawai Madhopur , Sariska Tiger Reserve in Alwar and Mukundra Hill Tiger Reserve in Kota . The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana - the name adopted by the British Raj for its dependencies in the region - was merged into the Dominion of India . Its capital and largest city is Jaipur . Other important cities are Jodhpur , Kota , Bikaner , Ajmer and Udaipur . The economy of Rajasthan is the ninth-largest state economy in India with ₹9.24 lakh crore ( US $ 130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹108,000 ( US $ 1,500 ) . Rajasthan ranks 22nd among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uttarakhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttarakhand', 'summary': 'Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sikkim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sikkim', 'summary': "Sikkim ( /ˈsɪkɪm/ ) is a state in northeastern India . It borders Tibet in the north and northeast , Bhutan in the east , Nepal in the west , and West Bengal in the south . Sikkim is also located close to India 's Siliguri Corridor near Bangladesh . Sikkim is the least populous and second smallest among the Indian states . A part of the Eastern Himalaya , Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity , including alpine and subtropical climates , as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga , the highest peak in India and third highest on Earth . Sikkim 's capital and largest city is Gangtok . Almost 35% of the state is covered by the Khangchendzonga National Park . The Kingdom of Sikkim was founded by the Namgyal dynasty in the 17th century . It was ruled by a Buddhist priest-king known as the Chogyal . It became a princely state of British India in 1890 . After 1947 , Sikkim continued its protectorate status with the Republic of India . It enjoyed the highest literacy rate and per capita income among Himalayan states ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of heritage sites -- Sites by states', 'section_text': 'The list shows the number of the heritage Sites in India by statewise .', 'uid': 'List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India_1', 'intro': 'The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are important places of cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. There are 38 World Heritage Sites located in India. These include 30 cultural sites, seven natural sites and one mixed-criteria site. India has the sixth largest number of sites in the world.'}
null
null
How many sites are in the second most populous Indian state ?
3
0926ba14ab27c763
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Oklahoma_Senate', 'title': 'List of current members of the Oklahoma Senate', 'header': ['District', 'Name', 'Party', 'Hometown', 'First Elected', 'Seat Up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lt-Gov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'The Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is the second-highest executive official of the state government of Oklahoma . As first in the gubernatorial line of succession , the lieutenant governor becomes the new governor of Oklahoma upon the death , resignation , or removal of the governor . The lieutenant governor also serves as the president of the Oklahoma Senate , and may cast a vote to break ties in that chamber . The office of the lieutenant governor was created upon the adoption of the state constitution in 1907 and was preceded by a Secretary of Oklahoma Territory office . The 17th Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is Republican Matt Pinnell . His first term began on January 14 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Pinnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Pinnell', 'summary': 'Matt Pinnell ( born August 15 , 1979 ) is an American politician . He is the 17th lieutenant governor of Oklahoma , since 2019 . Pinnell is also serving as the first Oklahoma Secretary of Tourism & Branding .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma City ( /oʊkləˌhoʊmə -/ ) , often shortened to OKC , is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The county seat of Oklahoma County , the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population . The population grew following the 2010 Census , with the population estimated to have increased to 649,021 as of July 2018 . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,396,445 , and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,469,124 residents , making it Oklahoma 's largest municipality and metropolitan area by population . Oklahoma City 's city limits extend somewhat into Canadian , Cleveland , and Pottawatomie counties , though much of those areas outside the core Oklahoma County area are suburban tracts or protected rural zones ( watershed ) . The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by total area when including consolidated city-counties ; it is the second largest city in the United States by total area , following Houston , when not including consolidated cities . Lying in the Great Plains region , Oklahoma City has one of the world 's largest livestock markets . Oil , natural gas , petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy . The city is in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds . The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center ( these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department 's Enterprise Service Center , respectively ) . Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor , which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City . Located in the state 's Frontier Country region , the city 's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Micheal Bergstrom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Micheal_Bergstrom', 'summary': 'Micheal Ray Bergstrom ( born September 30 , 1957 ) is a Republican member of the Oklahoma State Senate , representing the 1st district . He was initially elected in November 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adair,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Adair is a town in Mayes County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 790 at the 2010 census , compared to 704 at the 2000 census . Named for two prominent Cherokee brothers , the town was established in 1883 . It opened a Cherokee school .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marty Quinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marty_Quinn_(politician)', 'summary': 'Marty Quinn may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claremore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremore,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Claremore is a city in and the county seat of Rogers County in northeastern Oklahoma , United States . The population was 18,581 at the 2010 census , a 17.1 percent increase from 15,873 at the 2000 census . Located in the Ozark Mountains foothills , the city is part of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area and home to Rogers State University . It is best known as the birthplace and home of early 20th-century entertainer Will Rogers . This area was part of the territory of the Osage , but they were forced out under a treaty with the United States . During the Indian Removal period and until statehood , this area was a reserve of the Cherokee Nation , which had been removed from its territory in the Southeast United States . This was within what was known as the Cherokee Cooweescoowee District .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Shaw_(politician)', 'summary': 'Wayne Earl Shaw is an American politician . He currently represents the 3rd District in the Oklahoma State Senate , where he has served since 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grove,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Grove is a city in Delaware County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 6,623 at the 2010 census , an increase of 27.6 percent from 5,131 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Allen_(politician)', 'summary': 'Mark Allen is an American businessman and Republican politician from Oklahoma . He is the current state senator for District 4 in the Oklahoma Senate . According to his campaign website , Allen is the owner of Allen Rathole , Inc. a family-owned business specializing in oil field service . Senate District 4 encompasses all of Le Flore County and the central and eastern sections of Sequoyah County including the city of Sallisaw .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spiro,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Spiro is a town in Le Flore County , Oklahoma , United States . It is part of the Fort Smith , Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 2,164 at the 2010 census , a 2.8 percent decline from 2,227 at the 2000 census . Developed as a railroad station in an agricultural area in the late 19th century , the small town is notable for its proximity to the Spiro Mounds . This is a Mississippian culture center that was active from about 900 to 1450 CE that was part of a culture in Eastern Oklahoma and Western Arkansas . Today the 80-acre site with several earthwork mounds is preserved as Oklahoma 's only State Archeological Park and one of North America 's most important archaeological sites . It is the westernmost site of the expansive Mississippian culture , which had associated centers through the Mississippi and tributary river valleys ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Silk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Silk_(politician)', 'summary': 'Joseph Silk ( born May 24 , 1986 ) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma . He currently serves in the Oklahoma Senate , representing the 5th district , which includes parts of Atoka , Choctaw , LeFlore , McCurtain and Pushmataha Counties .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broken Bow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Broken Bow is a city in McCurtain County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 4,120 at the 2010 census . It is named after Broken Bow , Nebraska , the former hometown of the city 's founders , the Dierks brothers ."}]}, {'value': '2014†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Bullard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Durant is a city in Bryan County , Oklahoma , United States and serves as the headquarters of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . The population was 15,856 at the 2010 census . Durant is the principal city of the Durant Micropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of 42,416 in 2010 . Durant ranks as the second largest city within the Choctaw Nation , following McAlester , and ahead of Poteau . Durant is also part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Combined Statistical Area , anchoring the northern edge . The city was founded by Dixon Durant , a Choctaw who lived in the area , after the MK & T railroad came through the Indian Territory in the early 1870s . It became the county seat of Bryan County in 1907 after Oklahoma statehood . Durant is home to Southeastern Oklahoma State University and the headquarters of the Choctaw Nation . The city is officially known as the Magnolia Capital of Oklahoma . The city and its micropolitan are a major part of the Texoma region .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Boggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Boggs', 'summary': 'Larry Boggs ( born September 4 , 1946 ) is an American politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate from the 7th district since 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Oak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Oak,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Red Oak is a town in Latimer County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 581 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Thompson_(politician)', 'summary': 'Roger Lynn Thompson ( born c. 1957 ) is a Republican member of the Oklahoma State Senate , representing the 8th district . He was initially elected in November 2014 . He is the president of the News Leader Company , Inc. , which owns the Okemah News Leader , in Okemah , Oklahoma .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okemah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okemah,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Okemah ( /ˌoʊˈkimə/ or /ˈʌkimə/ ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Okfuskee County , Oklahoma , United States . It is the birthplace of folk music legend Woody Guthrie . Thlopthlocco Tribal Town , a federally recognized Muscogee Indian tribe , is headquartered in Okemah . The population was 3,223 at the 2010 census , a 6.1 percent increase from 3,038 in 2000 . In that census , about 26.6 percent of the residents identified themselves as Native American .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dewayne Pemberton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dewayne_Pemberton', 'summary': 'Dewayne Pemberton ( born August 16 , 1956 ) is a Republican member of the Oklahoma State Senate , representing the 9th district . He was initially elected in November 2015 . He is a retired coach , teacher and education administrator .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muskogee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Muskogee ( /məˈskoʊɡiː/ ) is the eleventh-largest city in Oklahoma and the county seat of Muskogee County . Home to Bacone College , it lies approximately 48 miles ( 77 km ) southeast of Tulsa . The population of the city was 39,223 as of the 2010 census , a 2.4 percent increase from 38,310 at the 2000 census . The 1951 film Jim Thorpe - All-American , starring Burt Lancaster , was filmed on the campus of Bacone Indian College at Muskogee . Three feature films were recently shot in Muskogee : Salvation ( 2007 ) , Denizen ( 2010 ) , and American Honey ( 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Coleman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ponca City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Ponca City is a city in Kay County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The city was named after the Ponca tribe . Ponca City had a population of 25,387 at the time of the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Matthews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Matthews_(politician)', 'summary': 'Kevin Matthews ( born March 2 , 1960 ) is an American politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate from the 11th district since 2015 . He previously served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 73rd district from 2012 to 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Tulsa /ˈtʌlsə/ is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 45th-most populous city in the United States . As of July 2018 [ update ] , the population was 403,035 , an increase of 11,129 since the 2010 Census . It is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area , a region with 991,005 residents in the MSA and 1,251,172 in the CSA . The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County , the most densely populated county in Oklahoma , with urban development extending into Osage , Rogers , and Wagoner counties . Tulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe . For most of the 20th century , the city held the nickname Oil Capital of the World and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry . Historically , a robust energy sector fueled Tulsa 's economy ; however , today the city has diversified and leading sectors include finance , aviation , telecommunications and technology . Two institutions of higher education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level , Oral Roberts University and the University of Tulsa . It is situated on the Arkansas River between the Osage Hills and the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma , a region of the state known as Green Country . Considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma , Tulsa houses two art museums , full-time professional opera and ballet companies , and one of the nation 's largest concentrations of art deco architecture . The city has been called one of America 's most livable large cities by Partners for Livable Communities , Forbes , and Relocate America . FDi Magazine in 2009 ranked the city no ."}]}, {'value': '2015†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Leewright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Leewright', 'summary': 'James Leewright ( born c. 1972 ) is a Republican member of the Oklahoma State Senate , representing the 12th district . He was initially elected in November 2015 . He previously served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 2014 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristow,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Bristow is a city in Creek County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 4,222 at the 2010 census , down 2.4 percent from 4,325 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '2015†', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg McCortney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_McCortney', 'summary': 'Greg McCortney ( born May 30 , 1974 ) is an American politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate from the 13th district since 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Ada is a city in and the county seat of Pontotoc County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 16,810 at the 2010 census , an increase of 7.1 percent from 15,691 at the 2000 census . The city was named for Ada Reed , the daughter of an early settler , and was incorporated in 1901 . Ada is home to East Central University , and is the headquarters of the Chickasaw Nation . Ada is an Oklahoma Main Street City , an Oklahoma Certified City , and a Tree City USA member .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Simpson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Simpson_(politician)', 'summary': 'Frank Simpson ( born January 26 , 1945 ) is an American politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate from the 14th district since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ardmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardmore,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Ardmore is a business , cultural , and tourism city in and the county seat of Carter County , Oklahoma , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 24,283 , with an estimated population of 24,795 in 2018 . The Ardmore micropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 48,491 in 2013 . Ardmore is 90 miles ( 140 km ) from both Oklahoma City and Dallas/Fort Worth , Texas , at the junction of Interstate 35 and U.S. Highway 70 , and is generally considered the hub of the 10-county region of South Central Oklahoma , also known by state tourism pamphlets as Chickasaw Country and previously Lake and Trail Country . It is also a part of the Texoma region . Ardmore is situated about 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of the Arbuckle Mountains and is located at the eastern margin of the Healdton Basin , one of the most oil-rich regions of the United States . Ardmore was named after the affluent Philadelphia suburb and historic PRR Main Line stop of Ardmore , Pennsylvania , which was named after Ardmore in County Waterford , Ireland , by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1873 . The name Ardmore is Irish for high grounds or hills .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rob Standridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Standridge', 'summary': 'Rob Standridge is an American pharmacy owner and politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate since his election in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Norman ( /ˈnɔːrmən/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma located 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of downtown Oklahoma City . As the county seat of Cleveland County and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area , its population was 110,925 at the 2010 census . Norman 's estimated population of 122,843 in 2017 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma . Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889 , which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement . The city was named in honor of Abner Norman , the area 's initial land surveyor , and was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries , as it is home to the University of Oklahoma , the largest university in the state , with nearly 32,000 students enrolled . The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners , with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games . The university is home to several museums , including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university , as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . The National Weather Center , located in Norman , houses a unique collection of university , state , federal , and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth 's atmosphere . Norman lies within Tornado Alley , a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado-prone area in the world . The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) , a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) is located at the NWC ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary B. Boren', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Norman ( /ˈnɔːrmən/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma located 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of downtown Oklahoma City . As the county seat of Cleveland County and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area , its population was 110,925 at the 2010 census . Norman 's estimated population of 122,843 in 2017 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma . Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889 , which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement . The city was named in honor of Abner Norman , the area 's initial land surveyor , and was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries , as it is home to the University of Oklahoma , the largest university in the state , with nearly 32,000 students enrolled . The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners , with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games . The university is home to several museums , including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university , as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . The National Weather Center , located in Norman , houses a unique collection of university , state , federal , and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth 's atmosphere . Norman lies within Tornado Alley , a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado-prone area in the world . The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) , a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) is located at the NWC ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Sharp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Sharp', 'summary': 'Ron Sharp is a former teacher and tennis coach from Shawnee , Oklahoma and a Republican member of the Oklahoma Senate from the 17th district .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shawnee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawnee,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Shawnee is a city in Pottawatomie County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 29,857 in 2010 , a 4.9 percent increase from 28,692 at the 2000 census . The city is part of the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area ; it is also the county seat of Pottawatomie County and the principal city of the Shawnee Micropolitan Statistical Area . With access to Interstate 40 , Shawnee is about 45 minutes east of the attractions in downtown Oklahoma City . To the east and northeast , Shawnee is 112 miles from the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System which provides shipping barge access to the Gulf of Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim David', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_David', 'summary': 'Kim David is an American politician who has served in the Oklahoma Senate from the 18th district since 2010 . David was born in Porter , Oklahoma , but was raised in Owasso and graduated from Owasso High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wagoner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wagoner,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Wagoner is a city in Wagoner County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 8,323 at the 2010 census , compared to 7,669 at the 2000 census . It is the county seat of Wagoner County . It became the first city incorporated in Indian Territory on January 4 , 1896 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roland Pederson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roland_Pederson', 'summary': 'Roland Pederson ( born April 1950 ) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma . He currently serves in the Oklahoma Senate , representing the 19th district , as a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burlington,_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'Burlington is an agricultural center and town in northwestern Alfalfa County , Oklahoma , United States . The population was 152 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current senators', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_current_members_of_the_Oklahoma_Senate_0', 'intro': 'The Oklahoma Senate is composed of 48 members, each representing an electoral district in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2019, the majority of seats are held by Republicans. The current President Pro Tempore is Greg Treat of Oklahoma City.'}
null
null
The town where the movie `` Jim Thorpe '' was filmed is the hometown of a senator who is a retired what ?
coach , teacher and education administrator
09273d1216639ae3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dorchester_County,_South_Carolina', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Dorchester County, South Carolina', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Appleby 's Methodist Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Appleby's_Methodist_Church", 'summary': "Appleby 's Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located near St. George , Dorchester County , South Carolina . It was probably built about 1840-1850 , and is a one-story , wooden meeting house in the Greek Revival style . The building is clapboard and the medium gable roof is covered with asphalt shingles . Also on the property is a contributing late 19th-century cemetery . It was built in 1840 and added to the National Register in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 14 , 1978 ( # 78002505 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Southwest of St. George at the junction of State Highways 19 and 71 33°08′14″N 80°39′03″W / 33.137222°N 80.650833°W / 33.137222 ; -80.650833 ( Appleby 's Methodist Church )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_19', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 19 ( SC 19 ) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It connects Aiken directly with the Savannah River Site and Edgefield via U.S. Route 25 ( US 25 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_71', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 71 ( SC 71 ) is a 15-mile-long ( 24 km ) state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway travels in a west-east orientation , however it is designated and signed as a north-south highway . It runs from just east of Lowndesville east to Abbeville , completely within Abbeville County .'}]}, {'value': 'St. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Saint George is a town in Dorchester County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 2,084 at the 2010 census , a loss of 8 persons from 2000 . It has been the county seat of Dorchester County since the latter 's formation from Colleton County in 1897 . As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , and used by the U. S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes only , Saint George is included within the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley River Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_River_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Ashley River Historic District is a historic district located in the South Carolina Lowcountry near Charleston , South Carolina , United States . The Historic District includes land from five municipalities , almost equally split between Charleston and Dorchester counties . The district includes dry land , swamps , and marshes of the Rantowles Creek and Stono Swamp watershed . The historic district includes historic and archaeological resources associated with the rice culture and phosphate mining of the early-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century , and the hunting plantations and timber industry preserves of the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century . Historically , the Wando , Cooper , Ashley , Stono , and Edisto rivers served as the primary transportation routes in the Lowcountry . These waterways were used for exploration and settlement , the movement of goods , and the cultivation of staple crops . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 . Its boundaries were increased from 7,000 acres to 23,828.26 acres on October 22 , 2010 . It includes some of the following separately listed sites as contributing properties :'}]}, {'value': 'September 12 , 1994 ( # 93001514 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly along the Ashley River from just east of South Carolina Highway 165 to the Seaboard Coast Line railroad bridge 32°54′45″N 80°07′22″W / 32.9125°N 80.122778°W / 32.9125 ; -80.122778 ( Ashley River Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_River_(South_Carolina)', 'summary': 'The Ashley River is a blackwater / tidal river in South Carolina , rising from the Wassamassaw and Great Cypress Swamps in western Berkeley County . It consolidates its main channel about five miles west of Summerville , widening into a tidal estuary just south of Fort Dorchester . The river then flows for approximately 17 miles along the historical banks of the City of North Charleston before reaching peninsular Charleston . The much wider Ashley joins the Cooper River off the Battery in Charleston to form Charleston Harbor before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean . As of 2012 [ update ] the land around the Ashley River ( or in Ashley Barony , as the original land grant was called ) is mostly undeveloped . The river was named for Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and chief Lord Proprietor of the Carolina Colony by explorer Robert Sandford . In 1675 Cooper was granted 12,000 acres of land along the river after a permanent settlement was made at Albemarle Point in 1670 . This settlement was the first permanent European settlement in South Carolina and today Albemarle Point is known as Charles Towne Landing . The settlement would be moved to its current peninsular location across the river ten years later and is well known as Charleston . The land closest to the river was developed by plantation owners throughout the eighteenth century . During the Revolutionary War the British occupied the plantations from 1780 to 1782 . The major crops grown along the Ashley River included rice , indigo , and cotton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_165', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 165 ( SC 165 ) is a 28.4-mile ( 45.7 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It connects Yonges Island to U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) in Ravenel and US 17 Alternate in Summerville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Seaboard Coast Line Railroad ( reporting mark SCL ) is a former Class I railroad company operating in the Southeastern United States beginning in 1967 . Its passenger operations were taken over by Amtrak in 1971 . Eventually , the railroad was merged with its affiliate lines to create the Seaboard System in 1983 . At the end of 1970 , SCL operated 9,230 miles of railroad , not including A & WP-Clinchfield-CN & L-GM-Georgia-L & N-Carrollton ; that year it reported 31,293 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 512 million passenger-miles .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The city is the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley , Cooper , and Wando rivers . Charleston had an estimated population of 136,208 in 2018 . The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area , comprising Berkeley , Charleston , and Dorchester counties , was 787,643 residents as of 2018 , the third-largest in the state and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States . Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town , honoring King Charles II of England . Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River ( now Charles Towne Landing ) was abandoned in 1680 for its present site , which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years . One of the key cities in the British colonization of the Americas , Charles Town played a major role in the slave trade , which laid the foundation for the city 's size and wealth , and was dominated by a slavocracy of plantation owners and slave traders . Independent Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company , pioneering the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century . Historians estimate that nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrived in Charleston , most at Gadsden 's Wharf . Despite its size , it remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period ; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by London , England . Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes , and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley River Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_61', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 61 ( SC 61 ) is a 67-mile-long ( 108 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway is designated on a north-south direction , but physically travels in an east-west direction , from SC 30 in Charleston to U.S. Route 78 ( US 78 ) near Branchville . The portion of SC 61 from Church Creek Bridge and 10 miles ( 16 km ) north is designated a National Scenic Byway .'}]}, {'value': 'November 21 , 1983 ( # 83003831 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Highway 61 between Church Creek and South Carolina Highway 165 32°53′23″N 80°07′15″W / 32.889722°N 80.120833°W / 32.889722 ; -80.120833 ( Ashley River Road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_61', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 61 ( SC 61 ) is a 67-mile-long ( 108 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway is designated on a north-south direction , but physically travels in an east-west direction , from SC 30 in Charleston to U.S. Route 78 ( US 78 ) near Branchville . The portion of SC 61 from Church Creek Bridge and 10 miles ( 16 km ) north is designated a National Scenic Byway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_165', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 165 ( SC 165 ) is a 28.4-mile ( 45.7 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It connects Yonges Island to U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) in Ravenel and US 17 Alternate in Summerville .'}]}, {'value': 'Cooke Crossroads', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carroll Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carroll_Place', 'summary': 'Carroll Place , also known as Old Carroll Place , is a historic plantation house located near St. George , Dorchester County , South Carolina . Research completed circa 2012 at the South Carolina Archives in Columbia S.C. shows the house was built circa 1780 , and is a plain two-story , Georgian I-house dwelling . It is sheathed in clapboard single house and rests upon low brick pillars . It has a hip roofed verandah supported by six wooden posts . Its builder was likely Thomas Ferguson or David Campbell . In 2008 the house was donated to the Dorchester County Historical Society by current owners Fitzhugh Lee Sweatman Jr and his wife , Martha Westbury-Sweatman . The Dorchester County Historical Society under took an extensive restoration of the Colonial Era Plantation House and when completed , re-designated the house as the Koger-Murray-Carroll house for three of its previous owners who served in the South Carolina General Assembly : Joseph Koger ( married the daughter of David Campbell and inherited the house on her death ) , Soule Murray ( purchased the house and land from Joseph Koger ) , and James Parsons Carroll ( purchased the property circa 1850 ) . James Parsons Carroll also served in the South Carolina Court of Equity as a Chancellor and was a signer of the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession . Circa 1974 the house was added to the National Historical Register of Places as the Old Carroll Place for which it had become known . The last owner/occupants of the house were the late Fitzhugh Lee Sweatman Sr and his wife Eulalie Knight-Sweatman . Circa 1970 Mr and Mrs. Sweatman Sr built a smaller one story house off to the side of the Plantation House . Mr. Sweatman Sr died on the property in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 25 , 1974 ( # 74001849 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of Quaker and Wire Rds . 33°07′39″N 80°38′08″W / 33.1275°N 80.635556°W / 33.1275 ; -80.635556 ( Carroll Place )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Saint George is a town in Dorchester County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 2,084 at the 2010 census , a loss of 8 persons from 2000 . It has been the county seat of Dorchester County since the latter 's formation from Colleton County in 1897 . As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , and used by the U. S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes only , Saint George is included within the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cypress Methodist Camp Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cypress_Methodist_Camp_Ground', 'summary': 'Cypress Methodist Camp Ground is a historic Methodist camp meeting in Ridgeville , Dorchester County , South Carolina . Cypress Camp Ground was functional as early as 1794 , and an adjacent cemetery contains graves from the early 1800s . The campground is in the general shape of a rectangle of 34 tents , or cabins , made of rough-hewn lumber . These cabins , rectangular shaped , are generally 1 1/2-stories and contain earthen floors . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 1978 ( # 78002504 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East of Ridgeville on South Carolina Highway 182 33°06′18″N 80°10′27″W / 33.105°N 80.174167°W / 33.105 ; -80.174167 ( Cypress Methodist Camp Ground )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_182', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 182 ( SC 182 ) is a 9.6-mile-long ( 15.4 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The highway connects Fair Play and Oakway .'}]}, {'value': 'Ridgeville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ridgeville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Ridgeville is a town in Dorchester County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 1,979 at the 2010 census , up from 1,690 at the 2000 census . Ridgeville is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Fields Methodist Campground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Fields_Methodist_Campground', 'summary': 'Indian Field Methodist Campground is a camp meeting site for the Methodist Church in Dorchester County , South Carolina . It is on SC Route S-18-73 , off US Route 15 , about 5 mi ( 8 km ) north of Saint George . Indian Field was built in 1848 and has been a site for religious gatherings for over 160 years . It was named a historic district of the National Register of Historic Places on March 30 , 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1973 ( # 73001707 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'About 4 miles northeast of St. George on South Carolina Highway 73 33°13′22″N 80°32′46″W / 33.222778°N 80.546111°W / 33.222778 ; -80.546111 ( Indian Fields Methodist Campground )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_73', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 73 ( SC 73 ) was a primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . Established five times in the state , from 1926 to 2006 , its last routing was along Ocean Boulevard , in Myrtle Beach , a popular stretch of road lined with hotels , shops , tourist sites and access to the beach .'}]}, {'value': 'St. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Saint George is a town in Dorchester County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 2,084 at the 2010 census , a loss of 8 persons from 2000 . It has been the county seat of Dorchester County since the latter 's formation from Colleton County in 1897 . As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , and used by the U. S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes only , Saint George is included within the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middleton Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middleton_Place', 'summary': "Middleton Place is a plantation in Dorchester County , directly across the Ashley River from North Charleston and about 15 miles ( 24 km ) northwest of Charleston , in the U.S. state of South Carolina . Built in several phases during the 18th and 19th centuries , the plantation was the primary residence of several generations of the Middleton family , many of whom played prominent roles in the colonial and antebellum history of South Carolina . The plantation , now a National Historic Landmark District , is used as a museum , and is home to the oldest landscaped gardens in the United States . John Williams , an early South Carolina planter , probably began building Middleton Place in the late 1730s . His son-in-law Henry Middleton ( 1717-1784 ) , who later served as President of the First Continental Congress , completed the house 's main section and its north and south flankers , and began work on the elaborate gardens . Middleton 's son , Arthur Middleton ( 1742-1787 ) , a signer of Declaration of Independence , was born at Middleton Place , and lived at the plantation in the last years of his life . Arthur Middleton 's son and grandson , Henry Middleton ( 1770-1846 ) and Williams Middleton ( 1809-1883 ) , oversaw Middleton Place 's transition from a country residence to a more active rice plantation . In 1865 , toward the end of the U.S. Civil War , Union soldiers burned most of the house , leaving only the south wing and gutted walls of the north wing and main house . An earthquake in 1886 toppled the walls of the main house and north wing . The restoration of Middleton Place began in 1916 when Middleton descendant John Julius Pringle Smith ( 1887-1969 ) and his wife Heningham began several decades of meticulously rebuilding the plantation 's gardens . They had New York architect Bancel LaFarge design a stableyard complex of barn , stable , work buildings , and cottages ; the buildings were constructed of brick salvaged from the ruined main house . In the early 1970s , approximately 110 acres ( 45 ha ) of the 7,000-acre ( 2,800 ha ) plantation - including the south flanker , the gardens , and several outbuildings - were placed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 1971 ( # 71000770 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast of Summerville on U.S. Route 61 32°54′19″N 80°08′15″W / 32.905278°N 80.1375°W / 32.905278 ; -80.1375 ( Middleton Place )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_61', 'summary': "U.S. Route 61 or U.S. Highway 61 ( US 61 ) is a major United States highway which extends 1,400 miles ( 2,300 km ) between New Orleans , Louisiana and the city of Wyoming , Minnesota . The highway generally follows the course of the Mississippi River , and is designated the Great River Road for much of its route . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus in Wyoming , Minnesota , is at an intersection with Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) . Until 1991 , the highway extended north on what is now Minnesota State Highway 61 ( MN 61 ) through Duluth and across the Canada-U.S. border , near Grand Portage . Its southern terminus in New Orleans is at an intersection with U.S. Route 90 ( US 90 ) . The highway is often called the Blues Highway because it connects Saint Paul , Minnesota ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Memphis , Tennessee ; the Mississippi Delta , and New Orleans . The route was an important south-north connection in the days before the interstate highway system . Many southerners traveled north along US 61 while going to St. Louis and Saint Paul . The highway has a long musical history , being the supposed location where singer-songwriter Robert Johnson made a deal with the Devil for his successes . The road later gave its name to Minnesota native Bob Dylan 's album Highway 61 Revisited and to the song of the same name , which imagines all sorts of fantastical events ( including World War III ) occurring alongside it . Other notable songs named for the highway include a blues song recorded in 1957 by Sunnyland Slim ; one in 1962 by Johnny Young ; and a 1981 song , 61 Highway , by bluesman James Son Thomas . To denote US 61 's significance in blues music history , there are two markers on the route which are part of the Mississippi Blues Trail : 61 Highway in Vicksburg , Mississippi and Highway 61 Blues in Tunica , Mississippi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Summerville is a town in the U.S. state of South Carolina situated mostly in Dorchester County with small portions in Berkeley and Charleston counties . It is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Summerville at the 2010 census was 43,392 , and the estimated population was 50,213 as of June 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newington Plantation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newington_Plantation', 'summary': 'Newington Plantation is a historic archaeological site located near Stallsville , Dorchester County , South Carolina . The plantation was originally settled in the early or middle 1680s . Newington includes the remains of a series of house forms as they developed from an early single timber and clay structure destroyed sometime around the Yamasee War in 1715 to the fine , large brick structure built by Joseph Blake . The plantation included terraced gardens , a reflecting pool , brick outbuildings , and the main house . The house burned in 1845 , and the ruins stood until 1876 , when an attempt made to salvage the bricks failed . After years under the plow , many of the ruins on the surface have disappeared and the ornamental lake has silted and gone to ruin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 17 , 1974 ( # 74001850 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stallsville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dorchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Dorchester_State_Historic_Site', 'summary': "Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site sits along the Ashley River , near the town of Summerville in Dorchester County , South Carolina . In 1969 , the site was donated to the South Carolina State Park Service and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2 , 1969 . Currently the site of a 325-acre park , Old Dorchester State Park offers visitors a glimpse into South Carolina 's Colonial past . The park boasts one of the most well-preserved oyster-shell tabby forts in the country , St. George 's Bell Tower , log shipping wharves , burial sites and cemeteries , as well as on-going archaeological digs that are still unearthing the settlement 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'December 3 , 1969 ( # 69000165 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 miles south of Summerville on South Carolina Highway 642 32°57′01″N 80°10′13″W / 32.950278°N 80.170278°W / 32.950278 ; -80.170278 ( Old Dorchester )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_642', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 642 ( SC 642 , also known as Dorchester Road ) , is a 19.4-mile-long ( 31.2 km ) state highway in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Carolina . It travels within the Summerville and North Charleston areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Summerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Summerville is a town in the U.S. state of South Carolina situated mostly in Dorchester County with small portions in Berkeley and Charleston counties . It is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Summerville at the 2010 census was 43,392 , and the estimated population was 50,213 as of June 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old White Meeting House Ruins and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_White_Meeting_House_Ruins_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Old White Meeting House Ruins and Cemetery is a historic site near Summerville , Dorchester County , South Carolina . The meeting house was built about 1700 , burned during the American Revolution in 1781 , rebuilt in 1794 , then reduced to ruins by the Charleston earthquake of 1886 . The extant ruins include portions of each corner-the largest approximately 9 high-and significant remnants of the foundation of walls . Also on the property is a contributing cemetery . The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 8 , 2005 ( # 97000445 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina Highway 642 , approximately 0.5 miles southeast of its junction with South Carolina Highway 165 32°57′56″N 80°11′41″W / 32.965556°N 80.194722°W / 32.965556 ; -80.194722 ( Old White Meeting House Ruins and Cemetery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_642', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 642 ( SC 642 , also known as Dorchester Road ) , is a 19.4-mile-long ( 31.2 km ) state highway in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Carolina . It travels within the Summerville and North Charleston areas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_165', 'summary': 'South Carolina Highway 165 ( SC 165 ) is a 28.4-mile ( 45.7 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina . It connects Yonges Island to U.S. Route 17 ( US 17 ) in Ravenel and US 17 Alternate in Summerville .'}]}, {'value': 'Summerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Summerville is a town in the U.S. state of South Carolina situated mostly in Dorchester County with small portions in Berkeley and Charleston counties . It is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Summerville at the 2010 census was 43,392 , and the estimated population was 50,213 as of June 1 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. George Rosenwald School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2 , 2018 ( # 100003000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '205 Ann St. 33°11′13″N 80°34′57″W / 33.1869°N 80.5824°W / 33.1869 ; -80.5824 ( St. George Rosenwald School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Saint George is a town in Dorchester County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 2,084 at the 2010 census , a loss of 8 persons from 2000 . It has been the county seat of Dorchester County since the latter 's formation from Colleton County in 1897 . As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , and used by the U. S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes only , Saint George is included within the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Paul Camp Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul_Camp_Ground', 'summary': 'St. Paul Camp Ground , also known as St. Paul A.M.E. Zion Camp Ground , is a historic African Methodist Episcopal camp meeting and national historic district located near Harleyville , Dorchester County , South Carolina . The district encompasses 43 contributing buildings . It was established about 1880 , and the buildings and grounds are used for one week each year . The tabernacle is a one-story building clad in rough-sawn weatherboard . Also on the property are 54 tents , two stores , and a storage house . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 30 , 1998 ( # 98000424 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '940 St. Paul Rd . 33°12′17″N 80°28′57″W / 33.204722°N 80.4825°W / 33.204722 ; -80.4825 ( St. Paul Camp Ground )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harleyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harleyville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Harleyville is a town in Dorchester County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 677 at the 2010 census , up from 594 at the 2000 census . Harleyville is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area . As of 2018 the population is 886 .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summerville Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summerville_Historic_District_(Summerville,_South_Carolina)', 'summary': "Summerville Historic District is a national historic district located at Summerville , Dorchester County , South Carolina . The district encompasses 700 contributing buildings in the village of Summerville . About 70 percent of the buildings predate World War I . The buildings include raised cottages , Greek Revival influenced , and Victorian / Queen Anne and other turn of the 20th century structures are found throughout . In addition to residential structures , the district includes churches and commercial buildings - most dating from around 1900. Notable buildings include Tupper 's Drug Store , O. J. Sire 's Commercial Building , White Gables , Pettigru-Lebby House Gazebo , Summerville Presbyterian Church , Wesley United Methodist Church , and the Squirrel Inn . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1976 ( # 76001701 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by S. Railroad Ave. , Magnolia and Main Sts. , and the town boundary 33°00′53″N 80°10′59″W / 33.014722°N 80.183056°W / 33.014722 ; -80.183056 ( Summerville Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summerville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Summerville is a town in the U.S. state of South Carolina situated mostly in Dorchester County with small portions in Berkeley and Charleston counties . It is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population of Summerville at the 2010 census was 43,392 , and the estimated population was 50,213 as of June 1 , 2018 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dorchester_County,_South_Carolina_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Dorchester County, South Carolina. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Dorchester County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'}
null
null
Since when has this historic Methodist camp meeting ground been functional that is located in this city of 1,979 residents as of 2010 ?
1794
092833e05b79b776
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_Wars_Victoria_Cross_recipients', 'title': 'List of New Zealand Wars Victoria Cross recipients', 'header': ['Recipients', 'Unit', 'Campaign', 'Date', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'John Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Thornton_Down', 'summary': 'John Thornton Down VC ( 2 March 1842 - 27 April 1866 ) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '057 57th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/57th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': 'The 57th ( West Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot was a regiment of line infantry in the British Army , raised in 1755 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 77th ( East Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot to form the Middlesex Regiment in 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Taranaki War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Taranaki_War', 'summary': "The Second Taranaki War is a term used by some historians for the period of hostilities between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand between 1863 and 1866 . The term is avoided by some historians , who either describe the conflicts as merely a series of West Coast campaigns that took place between the Taranaki War ( 1860-1861 ) and Titokowaru 's War ( 1868-69 ) , or an extension of the First Taranaki War . The conflict , which overlapped the wars in Waikato and Tauranga , was fuelled by a combination of factors : lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays in resolving the issue ; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched by the government in late 1863 ; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire syncretic religion , which was strongly opposed to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity . The Hauhau movement became a unifying factor for Taranaki Māori in the absence of individual Māori commanders . The style of warfare after 1863 differed markedly from that of the 1860-61 conflict , in which Māori had taken set positions and challenged the army to an open contest . From 1863 the army , working with greater numbers of troops and heavy artillery , systematically took possession of Māori land by driving off the inhabitants , adopting a scorched earth strategy of laying waste to Māori villages and cultivations , with attacks on villages , whether warlike or otherwise . As the troops advanced , the Government built an expanding line of redoubts , behind which settlers built homes and developed farms . The effect was a creeping confiscation of almost a million acres ( 4,000 km² ) of land , with little distinction between the land of loyal or rebel Māori owners . The Government 's war policy was opposed by the British commander , General Duncan Cameron , who clashed with Governor Sir George Grey and offered his resignation in February 1865 . He left New Zealand six months later . Cameron , who viewed the war as a form of land plunder , had urged the Colonial Office to withdraw British troops from New Zealand and from the end of 1865 the Imperial forces began to leave , replaced by an expanding New Zealand military force . Among the new colonial forces were specialist Forest Ranger units , which embarked on lengthy search-and-destroy missions deep into the bush ."}]}, {'value': '1863-10-02 2 October 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poutoko , New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Heaphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Heaphy', 'summary': 'Charles Heaphy VC ( 1820 - 3 August 1881 ) was an English-born New Zealand explorer and recipient of the Victoria Cross ( VC ) , the highest military award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He was the first soldier of the New Zealand armed forces to be awarded the VC . He was also a noted artist and executed several works of early colonial life in New Zealand . Born in England , Heaphy joined the New Zealand Company in 1839 . He arrived in New Zealand later that year and was commissioned to create art for advertising the country to potential English migrants . Much of the next two and half years was spent travelling and executing paintings of landscapes and life around the centre of the country . When his contract with the company ended in 1842 , he lived in Nelson for several years and explored large parts of the West Coast . He later moved north to Auckland to take up employment as a surveyor . During the Invasion of the Waikato , his militia unit was mobilised and it was his conduct at Paterangi , where he rescued British soldiers under fire , that saw him awarded the VC . As well as being the first soldier of New Zealand armed forces to receive the VC , he was the first recipient to be a militiaman . After his military service ended , Heaphy served a term as Member of Parliament for Parnell . From 1870 to 1881 , he held a variety of civil service positions .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Militia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invasion of Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': '1864-02-11 11 February 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paterangi Pa , New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Lucas_(VC)', 'summary': 'John Lucas VC ( 1826 - 4 March 1892 ) was a British Army soldier and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '040 40th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': "The 40th ( the 2nd Somersetshire ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1717 in Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 82nd Regiment of Foot ( Prince of Wales 's Volunteers ) to form the Prince of Wales 's Volunteers ( South Lancashire Regiment ) in 1881 ."}]}, {'value': 'First Taranaki War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Taranaki_War', 'summary': "The First Taranaki War ( also known as the North Taranaki War ) was an armed conflict over land ownership and sovereignty that took place between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand 's North Island from March 1860 to March 1861 . The war was sparked by a dispute between the government and Māori landowners over the sale of a property at Waitara , but spread throughout the region . It was fought by more than 3,500 imperial troops brought in from Australia , as well as volunteer soldiers and militia , against Māori forces that fluctuated between a few hundred and about 1,500 . Total losses among the imperial , volunteer and militia troops are estimated to have been 238 , while Māori casualties totalled about 200 , although the proportion of Māori casualties was higher . The war ended in a ceasefire , with neither side explicitly accepting the peace terms of the other . Although there were claims by the British that they had won the war , there were widely held views at the time they had suffered an unfavourable and humiliating result . Historians have also been divided on the result . Historian James Belich has claimed that the Māori succeeded in thwarting the British bid to impose sovereignty over them , and had therefore been victorious . But he said the Māori victory was a hollow one , leading to the invasion of the Waikato . In its 1996 report to the Government on Taranaki land claims , the Waitangi Tribunal observed that the war was begun by the Government , which had been the aggressor and unlawful in its actions in launching an attack by its armed forces . An opinion sought by the tribunal from a senior constitutional lawyer stated that the Governor , Thomas Gore Browne , and certain officers were liable for criminal and civil charges for their actions . The term First Taranaki War is opposed by some historians , who refer only to the Taranaki Wars , rejecting suggestions that post-1861 conflict was a second war ."}]}, {'value': '1861-03-18 18 March 1861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waitara , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitara,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Waitara is a town in the northern part of the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand . Waitara is located just off State Highway 3 , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) northeast of New Plymouth . Its population was 6312 in the 2013 census , an increase of 24 from 2006 . Waitara was the site of the outbreak of the Taranaki Wars in 1860 following the attempted purchase of land for English settlers from its Māori owners . Disputes over land that was subsequently confiscated by the Government continue to this day . The commonly accepted meaning of the name Waitara is mountain stream , though Maori legend also states that it was originally Whai-tara - path of the dart . In 1867 the settlement was named Raleigh , after Sir Walter Raleigh . It reverted to its former name with the establishment of the borough of Waitara in 1904 .'}]}, {'value': 'William Manley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_George_Nicholas_Manley', 'summary': 'Surgeon General William George Nicholas Manley , VC , CB ( 17 December 1831 - 16 November 1901 ) was a British Army officer , surgeon and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He received awards from several other countries , and is the only person to have been awarded both the VC and the Iron Cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Artillery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Artillery', 'summary': "The Royal Regiment of Artillery , commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery ( RA ) and colloquially known as The Gunners , is the artillery arm of the British Army . The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments , King 's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments ."}]}, {'value': 'Tauranga Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign', 'summary': "The Tauranga campaign was a six-month-long armed conflict in New Zealand 's Bay of Plenty in early 1864 , and part of the New Zealand wars that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty . The campaign was a sequel to the invasion of Waikato , which aimed to crush the Māori King ( Kingitanga ) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the British monarchy . British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864 , with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite vastly outnumbering their Māori foe , but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga , in which more than 80 Māori were killed or fatally wounded , including their commander , Rawiri Puhirake ."}]}, {'value': '1864-04-29 29 April 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauranga , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga', 'summary': "Tauranga ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtaʉɾaŋa ] ) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region and the fifth most populous city of New Zealand , with an urban population of 141,600 ( June 2018 ) . It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century , by Europeans in the early 19th century , and was constituted as a city in 1963 . The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty , on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour . The city extends over an area of 168 square kilometres ( 65 sq mi ) , and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem , on the south-western outskirts of the city ; Greerton , on the southern outskirts of the city ; Matua , west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour ; Maungatapu ; Mount Maunganui , located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty ; Otumoetai ; Papamoa , Tauranga 's largest suburb , located on the Bay of Plenty ; Tauranga City ; Tauranga South ; and Welcome Bay . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's main centres for business , international trade , culture , fashion and horticultural science . The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand 's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's fastest growing cities , with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census , and 11% between the 2006 census and the 2013 census . This rapid population growth has seen Tauranga overtake Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas to become New Zealand 's fifth-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward McKenna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_McKenna', 'summary': 'Edward McKenna VC ( 15 February 1827 - 8 June 1908 ) was a British Army soldier and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '065 65th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/65th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': 'The 65th ( 2nd Yorkshire , North Riding ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1756 as the 2nd Battalion , 12th Regiment of Foot . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 84th ( York and Lancaster ) Regiment of Foot to become the 1st Battalion , York and Lancaster Regiment in 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'Invasion of Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': '1863-09-07 7 September 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameron Town , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameron_Town', 'summary': 'Camerontown or Cameron Town was a British Army supply depot used during the Invasion of the Waikato during the New Zealand Wars in 1863 , and later a small settlement .'}]}, {'value': 'John McNeill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Carstairs_McNeill', 'summary': 'Major General Sir John Carstairs McNeill , VC , GCVO , KCB , KCMG ( 28 March 1831 - 25 May 1904 ) was a senior British Army officer and Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '107 107th Bengal Infantry Regiment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/107th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Bengal_Light_Infantry)', 'summary': 'The 107th ( Bengal Infantry ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised by the Honourable East India Company in 1765 . Under the Childers Reforms , it amalgamated with the 35th ( Royal Sussex ) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Sussex Regiment .'}]}, {'value': 'Invasion of Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': '1864-03-30 30 March 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohaupo , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohaupo', 'summary': "Ohaupo railway station was a station on the North Island Main Trunk in New Zealand . It had a ladies ' waiting room , public vestibule , ticket lobby , stationmaster 's office , an asphalt platform , goods shed and a 7-room stationmaster 's house . In 1927 the station handled 2,686 tons of fertiliser ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Mitchell_(VC)', 'summary': 'Samuel Mitchell VC ( 8 September 1841 - 16 March 1894 ) was a Royal Navy sailor and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'HMS Harrier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Harrier_(1854)', 'summary': 'HMS Harrier was a Royal Navy Cruizer-class screw sloop launched in 1854 . She took part in the Crimean War , served on the Australia Station and took part in the New Zealand Wars . She was broken up in 1865'}]}, {'value': 'Tauranga Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign', 'summary': "The Tauranga campaign was a six-month-long armed conflict in New Zealand 's Bay of Plenty in early 1864 , and part of the New Zealand wars that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty . The campaign was a sequel to the invasion of Waikato , which aimed to crush the Māori King ( Kingitanga ) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the British monarchy . British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864 , with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite vastly outnumbering their Māori foe , but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga , in which more than 80 Māori were killed or fatally wounded , including their commander , Rawiri Puhirake ."}]}, {'value': '1864-04-29 29 April 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauranga , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga', 'summary': "Tauranga ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtaʉɾaŋa ] ) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region and the fifth most populous city of New Zealand , with an urban population of 141,600 ( June 2018 ) . It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century , by Europeans in the early 19th century , and was constituted as a city in 1963 . The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty , on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour . The city extends over an area of 168 square kilometres ( 65 sq mi ) , and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem , on the south-western outskirts of the city ; Greerton , on the southern outskirts of the city ; Matua , west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour ; Maungatapu ; Mount Maunganui , located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty ; Otumoetai ; Papamoa , Tauranga 's largest suburb , located on the Bay of Plenty ; Tauranga City ; Tauranga South ; and Welcome Bay . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's main centres for business , international trade , culture , fashion and horticultural science . The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand 's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's fastest growing cities , with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census , and 11% between the 2006 census and the 2013 census . This rapid population growth has seen Tauranga overtake Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas to become New Zealand 's fifth-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'John Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Murray_(VC)', 'summary': 'John Murray ( February 1837 - 7 November 1911 ) was a British Army soldier and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '068 68th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/68th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': "The 68th ( Durham ) Regiment of Foot ( Light Infantry ) was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1758 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 106th Bombay Light Infantry to form the Durham Light Infantry in 1881 , the 68th Regiment becoming the 1st Battalion , and the 106th Regiment becoming the 2nd Battalion in the regular Army . It saw action during the Seven Years ' War before being converted to Light Infantry in 1808 , fighting with distinction in the Peninsular Army under Arthur Wellesley . It would go on to fight with some distinction during the Crimean War , was present during the Indian Mutiny and the New Zealand wars before returning to India between 1872 and 1888 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tauranga Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign', 'summary': "The Tauranga campaign was a six-month-long armed conflict in New Zealand 's Bay of Plenty in early 1864 , and part of the New Zealand wars that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty . The campaign was a sequel to the invasion of Waikato , which aimed to crush the Māori King ( Kingitanga ) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the British monarchy . British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864 , with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite vastly outnumbering their Māori foe , but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga , in which more than 80 Māori were killed or fatally wounded , including their commander , Rawiri Puhirake ."}]}, {'value': '1864-06-21 21 June 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauranga , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga', 'summary': "Tauranga ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtaʉɾaŋa ] ) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region and the fifth most populous city of New Zealand , with an urban population of 141,600 ( June 2018 ) . It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century , by Europeans in the early 19th century , and was constituted as a city in 1963 . The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty , on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour . The city extends over an area of 168 square kilometres ( 65 sq mi ) , and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem , on the south-western outskirts of the city ; Greerton , on the southern outskirts of the city ; Matua , west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour ; Maungatapu ; Mount Maunganui , located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty ; Otumoetai ; Papamoa , Tauranga 's largest suburb , located on the Bay of Plenty ; Tauranga City ; Tauranga South ; and Welcome Bay . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's main centres for business , international trade , culture , fashion and horticultural science . The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand 's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's fastest growing cities , with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census , and 11% between the 2006 census and the 2013 census . This rapid population growth has seen Tauranga overtake Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas to become New Zealand 's fifth-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'William Odgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Odgers', 'summary': 'William Odgers VC ( 14 February 1834 - 20 December 1873 ) was a Royal Navy sailor and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'HMS Niger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Niger_(1846)', 'summary': 'HMS Niger was an 8-gun ( later 14-gun ) screw sloop launched on 18 November 1846 from Woolwich Dockyard . She had been intended as a sailing sloop but her design was lengthened to fit a steam engine , and she was fitted with screw propulsion at Deptford Dockyard in 1847-48 prior to completion . She was reclassified as a corvette in 1852 . She conducted important propulsion trials , finally proving the superiority of screw propulsion and served in West Africa , the Crimea , China , the East Indies and Australia . She took part in the New Zealand wars in 1860 and was sold for breaking in 1869 .'}]}, {'value': 'First Taranaki War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Taranaki_War', 'summary': "The First Taranaki War ( also known as the North Taranaki War ) was an armed conflict over land ownership and sovereignty that took place between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand 's North Island from March 1860 to March 1861 . The war was sparked by a dispute between the government and Māori landowners over the sale of a property at Waitara , but spread throughout the region . It was fought by more than 3,500 imperial troops brought in from Australia , as well as volunteer soldiers and militia , against Māori forces that fluctuated between a few hundred and about 1,500 . Total losses among the imperial , volunteer and militia troops are estimated to have been 238 , while Māori casualties totalled about 200 , although the proportion of Māori casualties was higher . The war ended in a ceasefire , with neither side explicitly accepting the peace terms of the other . Although there were claims by the British that they had won the war , there were widely held views at the time they had suffered an unfavourable and humiliating result . Historians have also been divided on the result . Historian James Belich has claimed that the Māori succeeded in thwarting the British bid to impose sovereignty over them , and had therefore been victorious . But he said the Māori victory was a hollow one , leading to the invasion of the Waikato . In its 1996 report to the Government on Taranaki land claims , the Waitangi Tribunal observed that the war was begun by the Government , which had been the aggressor and unlawful in its actions in launching an attack by its armed forces . An opinion sought by the tribunal from a senior constitutional lawyer stated that the Governor , Thomas Gore Browne , and certain officers were liable for criminal and civil charges for their actions . The term First Taranaki War is opposed by some historians , who refer only to the Taranaki Wars , rejecting suggestions that post-1861 conflict was a second war ."}]}, {'value': '1860-03-28 28 March 1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omata , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omata', 'summary': 'Omata is a locality in Taranaki , in the western North Island of New Zealand . It is located on State Highway 45 just southwest of New Plymouth . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Omata and its surrounds have a population of 540 , an increase of 66 people since the 2006 census . The area was the site of the Omata Stockade , built to house soldiers during tensions at the time of the First Taranaki War in 1860-61 , and is near the site of the Battle of Waireka on 28 March 1860 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Pickard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Frederick_Pickard', 'summary': 'Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Frederick Pickard VC , CB ( 12 April 1844 - 1 March 1880 ) was a British Army officer and courtier . For his actions in New Zealand in 1863 , he was awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . After further service and promotion in the Royal Artillery , Pickard was appointed an Equerry to the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn in 1871 ; seven years later , he was made Assistant Keeper of the Privy Purse and Assistant Private Secretary to the Queen and promoted to lieutenant-colonel , but died of tuberculosis in France , aged 35 , less than two years later .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Artillery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Artillery', 'summary': "The Royal Regiment of Artillery , commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery ( RA ) and colloquially known as The Gunners , is the artillery arm of the British Army . The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments , King 's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments ."}]}, {'value': 'Invasion of Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': '1863-11-20 20 November 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangiriri , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangiriri', 'summary': "Rangiriri is a rural community in the Waikato District and Waikato Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is located on the Waikato River near Lake Waikare in the Waikato District . State Highway 1 now bypasses Rangiriri . Rangiriri was the site of a major Māori defence structure during the time of the Invasion of the Waikato , the major campaign of the New Zealand Wars . The Battle of Rangiriri , which took place on 20-21 November 1863 , cost both sides more than any other engagement of the land wars and also resulted in the capture of 183 Māori prisoners , which impacted on their subsequent ability to oppose the far bigger British force ."}]}, {'value': 'John Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Ryan_(VC_1863)', 'summary': 'John Ryan VC ( 1839 - 29 December 1863 ) was a British Army soldier and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '065 65th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/65th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': 'The 65th ( 2nd Yorkshire , North Riding ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1756 as the 2nd Battalion , 12th Regiment of Foot . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 84th ( York and Lancaster ) Regiment of Foot to become the 1st Battalion , York and Lancaster Regiment in 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'Invasion of Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': '1863-09-07 7 September 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameron Town , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameron_Town', 'summary': 'Camerontown or Cameron Town was a British Army supply depot used during the Invasion of the Waikato during the New Zealand Wars in 1863 , and later a small settlement .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Shaw_(VC)', 'summary': 'Major General Hugh Shaw VC , CB ( 4 February 1839 - 25 August 1904 ) was a senior British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '018 18th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/18th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': 'The Royal Irish Regiment , until 1881 the 18th Regiment of Foot , was an infantry regiment of the line in the British Army , first raised in 1684 . Also known as the 18th ( Royal Irish ) Regiment of Foot and the 18th ( The Royal Irish ) Regiment of Foot , it was one of eight Irish regiments raised largely in Ireland , its home depot in Clonmel . It saw service for two and a half centuries before being disbanded with the Partition of Ireland following establishment of the independent Irish Free State in 1922 when the five regiments that had their traditional recruiting grounds in the counties of the new state were disbanded .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Taranaki War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Taranaki_War', 'summary': "The Second Taranaki War is a term used by some historians for the period of hostilities between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand between 1863 and 1866 . The term is avoided by some historians , who either describe the conflicts as merely a series of West Coast campaigns that took place between the Taranaki War ( 1860-1861 ) and Titokowaru 's War ( 1868-69 ) , or an extension of the First Taranaki War . The conflict , which overlapped the wars in Waikato and Tauranga , was fuelled by a combination of factors : lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays in resolving the issue ; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched by the government in late 1863 ; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire syncretic religion , which was strongly opposed to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity . The Hauhau movement became a unifying factor for Taranaki Māori in the absence of individual Māori commanders . The style of warfare after 1863 differed markedly from that of the 1860-61 conflict , in which Māori had taken set positions and challenged the army to an open contest . From 1863 the army , working with greater numbers of troops and heavy artillery , systematically took possession of Māori land by driving off the inhabitants , adopting a scorched earth strategy of laying waste to Māori villages and cultivations , with attacks on villages , whether warlike or otherwise . As the troops advanced , the Government built an expanding line of redoubts , behind which settlers built homes and developed farms . The effect was a creeping confiscation of almost a million acres ( 4,000 km² ) of land , with little distinction between the land of loyal or rebel Māori owners . The Government 's war policy was opposed by the British commander , General Duncan Cameron , who clashed with Governor Sir George Grey and offered his resignation in February 1865 . He left New Zealand six months later . Cameron , who viewed the war as a form of land plunder , had urged the Colonial Office to withdraw British troops from New Zealand and from the end of 1865 the Imperial forces began to leave , replaced by an expanding New Zealand military force . Among the new colonial forces were specialist Forest Ranger units , which embarked on lengthy search-and-destroy missions deep into the bush ."}]}, {'value': '1865-01-24 24 January 1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nukumaru , New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Smith', 'summary': 'Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Augustus Smith VC ( 18 November 1826 - 22 July 1887 ) was a British Army officer and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '043 43rd Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/43rd_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': 'The 43rd ( Monmouthshire ) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army , raised in 1741 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 52nd ( Oxfordshire ) Regiment of Foot ( Light Infantry ) to form the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Oxfordshire Light Infantry in 1881 . The regiment went on to become the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in 1908 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tauranga Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign', 'summary': "The Tauranga campaign was a six-month-long armed conflict in New Zealand 's Bay of Plenty in early 1864 , and part of the New Zealand wars that were fought over issues of land ownership and sovereignty . The campaign was a sequel to the invasion of Waikato , which aimed to crush the Māori King ( Kingitanga ) Movement that was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the British monarchy . British forces suffered a humiliating defeat in the Battle of Gate Pā on 29 April 1864 , with 31 killed and 80 wounded despite vastly outnumbering their Māori foe , but saved face seven weeks later by routing their enemy at the Battle of Te Ranga , in which more than 80 Māori were killed or fatally wounded , including their commander , Rawiri Puhirake ."}]}, {'value': '1864-01-21 21 January 1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauranga , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauranga', 'summary': "Tauranga ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtaʉɾaŋa ] ) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region and the fifth most populous city of New Zealand , with an urban population of 141,600 ( June 2018 ) . It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century , by Europeans in the early 19th century , and was constituted as a city in 1963 . The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty , on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour . The city extends over an area of 168 square kilometres ( 65 sq mi ) , and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem , on the south-western outskirts of the city ; Greerton , on the southern outskirts of the city ; Matua , west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour ; Maungatapu ; Mount Maunganui , located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty ; Otumoetai ; Papamoa , Tauranga 's largest suburb , located on the Bay of Plenty ; Tauranga City ; Tauranga South ; and Welcome Bay . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's main centres for business , international trade , culture , fashion and horticultural science . The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand 's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's fastest growing cities , with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census , and 11% between the 2006 census and the 2013 census . This rapid population growth has seen Tauranga overtake Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas to become New Zealand 's fifth-largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Dudley Stagpoole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dudley_Stagpoole', 'summary': 'Dudley Stagpoole , VC , DCM ( 1838 - 1 August 1911 ) was a British Army soldier and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': '057 57th Regiment of Foot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/57th_Regiment_of_Foot', 'summary': 'The 57th ( West Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot was a regiment of line infantry in the British Army , raised in 1755 . Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 77th ( East Middlesex ) Regiment of Foot to form the Middlesex Regiment in 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'Second Taranaki War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Taranaki_War', 'summary': "The Second Taranaki War is a term used by some historians for the period of hostilities between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand between 1863 and 1866 . The term is avoided by some historians , who either describe the conflicts as merely a series of West Coast campaigns that took place between the Taranaki War ( 1860-1861 ) and Titokowaru 's War ( 1868-69 ) , or an extension of the First Taranaki War . The conflict , which overlapped the wars in Waikato and Tauranga , was fuelled by a combination of factors : lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays in resolving the issue ; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched by the government in late 1863 ; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire syncretic religion , which was strongly opposed to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity . The Hauhau movement became a unifying factor for Taranaki Māori in the absence of individual Māori commanders . The style of warfare after 1863 differed markedly from that of the 1860-61 conflict , in which Māori had taken set positions and challenged the army to an open contest . From 1863 the army , working with greater numbers of troops and heavy artillery , systematically took possession of Māori land by driving off the inhabitants , adopting a scorched earth strategy of laying waste to Māori villages and cultivations , with attacks on villages , whether warlike or otherwise . As the troops advanced , the Government built an expanding line of redoubts , behind which settlers built homes and developed farms . The effect was a creeping confiscation of almost a million acres ( 4,000 km² ) of land , with little distinction between the land of loyal or rebel Māori owners . The Government 's war policy was opposed by the British commander , General Duncan Cameron , who clashed with Governor Sir George Grey and offered his resignation in February 1865 . He left New Zealand six months later . Cameron , who viewed the war as a form of land plunder , had urged the Colonial Office to withdraw British troops from New Zealand and from the end of 1865 the Imperial forces began to leave , replaced by an expanding New Zealand military force . Among the new colonial forces were specialist Forest Ranger units , which embarked on lengthy search-and-destroy missions deep into the bush ."}]}, {'value': '1863-10-02 2 October 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poutoko , New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Temple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Temple_(VC)', 'summary': 'Lieutenant Colonel William Temple VC ( 7 November 1833 - 13 February 1919 ) was a British Army officer and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Artillery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Artillery', 'summary': "The Royal Regiment of Artillery , commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery ( RA ) and colloquially known as The Gunners , is the artillery arm of the British Army . The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments , King 's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments ."}]}, {'value': 'Invasion of Waikato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Waikato', 'summary': "The Invasion of the Waikato was the biggest and most important campaign of the 19th century New Zealand Wars , fought in the North Island of New Zealand between the military forces of the colonial government and a federation of Māori tribes known as the Kingitanga Movement . The Waikato is a territorial region with a northern boundary somewhat south of the city of Auckland . Hostilities lasted for nine months , from July 1863 to April 1864 . The invasion was aimed at crushing Kingite power , which was seen as a threat to British authority , and also at driving Waikato Māori from their territory in readiness for occupation and settlement by Europeans . The campaign was fought by a peak of about 14,000 Imperial and colonial troops and about 4,000 Māori warriors drawn from more than half the major North Island tribal groups . Plans for the invasion were drawn up at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861 but were opposed by the Colonial Office and New Zealand General Assembly and suspended by incoming Governor Sir George Grey in December of that year . Grey reactivated the invasion plans in June 1863 amid mounting tension between Kingites and the colonial government and fears of a violent raid on Auckland by Kingite Māori . Grey used as the trigger for the invasion Kingite rejection of his ultimatum on 9 July 1863 that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River . Troops crossed into Waikato territory three days later and launched their first attack on 17 July at Koheroa , but were unable to advance for another 14 weeks . The subsequent war included the Battle of Rangiriri - which cost both sides more men than any other engagement of the New Zealand Wars - and the three-day-long Battle of Ōrākau , probably the best-known engagement of the New Zealand Wars and which inspired two films called Rewi 's Last Stand . The campaign ended with the retreat of the Kingitanga Māori into the rugged interior of the North Island and the confiscation of about 12,000 km2 of Māori land . The defeat and confiscations left the King Movement tribes with a legacy of poverty and bitterness that was partly assuaged in 1995 when the government conceded that the 1863 invasion and confiscation was wrongful and apologised for its actions ."}]}, {'value': '1863-11-20 20 November 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangiriri , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangiriri', 'summary': "Rangiriri is a rural community in the Waikato District and Waikato Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is located on the Waikato River near Lake Waikare in the Waikato District . State Highway 1 now bypasses Rangiriri . Rangiriri was the site of a major Māori defence structure during the time of the Invasion of the Waikato , the major campaign of the New Zealand Wars . The Battle of Rangiriri , which took place on 20-21 November 1863 , cost both sides more than any other engagement of the land wars and also resulted in the capture of 183 Māori prisoners , which impacted on their subsequent ability to oppose the far bigger British force ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_Zealand_Wars_Victoria_Cross_recipients_0', 'intro': 'The Victoria Cross (VC) was awarded to 15 recipients for action during the New Zealand Wars. The VC is a military decoration awarded for valour in the face of the enemy to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command. The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856, which was gazetted on 5 February 1856. The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War. Originally, the VC was not available to colonial troops, even if under British command, but this changed in 1867. The extension was made following a recommendation for gallantry regarding colonial soldier Major Charles Heaphy for action in the land wars in 1864. He was operating under British command and the VC was gazetted in 1867. Later that year, the Government of New Zealand assumed full responsibility for operations but no further recommendations for the Victoria Cross were raised for local troops who distinguished themselves in action. Following gallant actions by three New Zealand soldiers in November 1868 and January 1869 during the land wars, an Order in Council on 10 March 1869 created a Distinctive Decoration for members of the local forces without seeking permission from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Although the Governor was chided for exceeding his authority, the Order in Council was ratified by the Queen. The title Distinctive Decoration was later replaced by the title New Zealand Cross.'}
null
null
Who was the recipient for the Unit that was raised in 1717 in Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia ?
John Lucas
0929f62266b109fb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients', 'title': 'List of foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients', 'header': ['Name', 'Country of birth', 'Rank', 'Branch', 'Place of action', 'Date of action'], 'data': [{'value': 'William Ahern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Ahern_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'William Ahern ( 1861 - November 7 , 1916 ) was a sailor in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for valor during an engineering crisis that threatened his ship .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watertender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertender', 'summary': "A fireman , stoker or watertender is a person whose occupation it is to tend the fire for the running of a boiler , heating a building , or powering a steam engine . Much of the job is hard physical labor , such as shoveling fuel , typically coal , into the boiler 's firebox . On steam locomotives the title fireman is usually used , while on steamships and stationary steam engines , such as those driving saw mills , the title is usually stoker ( although the British Merchant Navy did use fireman ) . The German word Heizer is equivalent and in Dutch the word stoker is mostly used too . The United States Navy referred to them as watertenders ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Puritan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)', 'summary': 'The second USS Puritan was a Puritan-class monitor in the United States Navy , constructed in 1882 . She was the only ship in her class .'}]}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Anderson_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "William Anderson ( 1852-1908 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coxswain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coxswain', 'summary': 'The coxswain ( /ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən ) is the person in charge of a boat , particularly its navigation and steering . The etymology of the word gives a literal meaning of boat servant since it comes from cock , a cockboat or other small vessel kept aboard a ship , and swain , an Old English term derived from the Old Norse sveinn meaning boy or servant .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Powhatan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)', 'summary': "The first USS Powhatan was a sidewheel steam frigate in the United States Navy during the American Civil War . She was named for Powhatan , a Native American chief of eastern Virginia . She was one of the last , and largest , of the United States Navy 's paddle frigates . Powhatan 's keel was laid on 6 August 1847 at Norfolk Naval Shipyard , then Gosport Shipyard , at Portsmouth , Virginia . Her engines were constructed by Mehaffy & Company . She cost $ 785,000 . She was launched on 14 February 1850 by the Norfolk Navy Yard and commissioned on 2 September 1852 , Captain William Mervine in command ."}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Bates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Bates_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "Wyndham Richard Bates ( 1829-1889 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . A native of Wales , Bates immigrated to the U.S. and joined the Navy from the state of New York . By May 10 , 1866 , he was serving as a seaman on the USS De Soto . On that day , while the De Soto was off the coast of Eastport , Maine , he and two shipmates rescued two sailors from the USS Winooski from drowning . For this action , he and his shipmates , Captain of the Afterguard John Brown and Seaman Thomas Burke , were awarded the Medal of Honor three months later , on August 1 . Bates ' official Medal of Honor citation reads :"}]}, {'value': 'Wales , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastport , Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastport,_Maine', 'summary': 'Eastport is a small city ( consisting entirely of islands ) in Washington County , Maine , United States . The population was 1,331 at the 2010 census , making Eastport the least-populous city in Maine . The principal island is Moose Island , which is connected to the mainland by causeway . Eastport is the easternmost city in the United States ( although the nearby town of Lubec is the easternmost municipality ) .'}]}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinrich Behnke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinrich_Behnke_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': 'Heinrich Behnke ( April 10 , 1882 - June 19 , 1952 ) was a seaman first class serving in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for bravery .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)', 'summary': 'USS Iowa ( BB-4 ) was a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the United States Navy in the mid-1890s . The ship was a marked improvement over the previous Indiana-class battleships , correcting many of the defects in the design of those vessels . Among the most important improvements were significantly better seaworthiness owing to her greater freeboard and a more efficient arrangement of the armament . Iowa was designed to operate on the high seas , which had been the impetus to increase the freeboard . She was armed with a battery of four 12-inch ( 300 mm ) guns in two twin-gun turrets , supported by a secondary battery of eight 8-inch ( 200 mm ) guns . Upon entering service in June 1897 , Iowa conducted training operations in the Atlantic Ocean before moving to the Caribbean in early 1898 as tensions between the United States and Spain over Cuba grew , leading to the Spanish-American War . The ship took part in the bombardment of San Juan , Puerto Rico , and then participated in the blockade of Cuba during the war , and after the Spanish cruiser squadron was found in Santiago de Cuba , she patrolled off the harbor to block their escape . In the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July , Iowa assisted in the destruction of three of the four Spanish cruisers . After the war , Iowa spent the next several years conducting routine training exercises , serving with the Pacific Squadron from 1898 to 1902 , the South Atlantic Squadron until 1904 , and the North Atlantic Squadron until 1906 , when the latter two units were merged to form the Atlantic Fleet . Iowa was modernized between 1908 and 1910 ; she thereafter served as a training ship for naval cadets from the United States Naval Academy and for naval militia crews . Removed from service in 1913 and decommissioned in 1914 , she was reactivated after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , initially serving as a receiving ship and then as a training vessel and guard ship . She was decommissioned again in 1919 , renamed Coast Battleship No .'}]}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William H. Belpitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_H._Belpitt', 'summary': "William Henry Belpitt ( born May 3 , 1860 , date of death unknown ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain of the Afterguard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_of_the_Afterguard', 'summary': 'A petty officer ( PO ) is a non-commissioned officer in many navies and is given the NATO rank denotion OR-5 . In many nations , they are typically equal to a corporal or sergeant in comparison to other military branches . Often they may be superior to a seaman , generally the ( or one of the ) lowest ranks in a navy , and subordinate to a more senior non-commissioned officer , such as a chief petty officer .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Fuzhou , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuzhou', 'summary': "Fuzhou , alternately romanized as Foochow , is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province , China . Along with the many counties of Ningde , those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong ( lit . Eastern Fujian ) linguistic and cultural area . Fuzhou lies on the north ( left ) bank of the estuary of Fujian 's largest river , the Min River . All along its northern border lies Ningde , and Ningde 's Gutian County lies upriver . Its population was 7,115,370 inhabitants as of the 2010 census , of whom 4,408,076 inhabitants are urban representing around 61.95% , while rural population is at 2,707,294 representing around 38.05% . In 2015 , Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th fastest growing metropolitan area in the world by Brookings Institution . Fuzhou is listed as No . 20 in China Integrated City Index 2016 's total ranking , a study conducted by National Development and Reform Commission ."}]}, {'value': 'October 7 , 1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Benson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Benson_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "James Benson ( 1845 - August 4 , 1890 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Ossipee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Ossipee_(1861)', 'summary': "The first USS Ossipee was a wooden , screw sloop of war in the Union Navy during the American Civil War . She was named for the Ossipee River of New Hampshire and Maine . Ossipee 's keel was laid down in June 1861 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard , Kittery , Maine ; launched 16 November 1861 ; sponsored by Mrs. McFarland , wife of the editor of the Concord Statesman ; and commissioned 6 November 1862 Lieutenant Commander Robert Boyd in command . Ossipee was one of four sister ships which included USS Adirondack , USS Housatonic and USS Juniata ."}]}, {'value': 'June 20 , 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest H. Bjorkman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_H._Bjorkman', 'summary': "Ernest H. Bjorkman ( December 18 , 1881 - September 16 , 1912 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordinary Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ordinary_Seaman', 'summary': "An ordinary seaman ( OS ) is a naval rating of the deck department of a ship . The position is an apprenticeship to become an able seaman , and has been for centuries . In modern times , an OS is required to work on a ship for a specific amount of time , gaining what is referred to as sea time . For centuries , the term ordinary seaman was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years ' experience at sea , who showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain . Historically in some navies and the merchant marine a sailor with less experience was called a landsman . An OS is generally not required to stand watch , but must pass examinations on watchstanding skills such as performing lookout duty and being a helmsman . Thus an OS will often be found on a ship 's bridge after working hours taking a turn at the ship 's wheel or being familiarized with bridge equipment . During the apprenticeship , an OS performs a variety of duties concerned with the operation and upkeep of deck department areas and equipment . These duties vary with the type of ship , the type of voyage , the number of crewmembers , the weather , the supervisor , and any number of other variables . However , in most cases , one can expect an ordinary seaman to clean , to perform maintenance , to work with deck equipment , and to undergo on-the-job-training under the supervision of senior deck department members ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Block Island , Rhode Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Block_Island', 'summary': "Block Island is located off the coast of Rhode Island , approximately 14 miles ( 23 km ) east of Montauk Point , Long Island , and 9 miles ( 14 km ) south from mainland Rhode Island , from which it is separated by Block Island Sound . It was named after Dutch explorer Adriaen Block . The island shares the same area as the town of New Shoreham , Rhode Island . The United States Census Bureau defines Block Island as census tract 415 of Washington County , Rhode Island . As of the 2010 Census , the island 's population is 1,051 living on a land area of 9.734 square miles ( 25.211 km2 ) . The island is part of the Outer Lands region , a coastal archipelago . The Nature Conservancy added Block Island to its list of The Last Great Places , which consists of 12 sites in the Western Hemisphere , and about 40-percent of the island is set aside for conservation . Presidents Bill Clinton , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , and Ulysses S. Grant have visited Block Island . Other famous visitors include Amelia Earhart and Charles Lindbergh , who each visited the island in 1929 . Block Island is a popular summer tourist destination and is known for its bicycling , hiking , sailing , fishing , and beaches . It is also the location of two historic lighthouses : Block Island North Light on the northern tip of the island , and Block Island Southeast Light on the southeastern side . Much of the northwestern tip of the island is an undeveloped natural area and resting stop for birds along the Atlantic flyway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ( /ˌroʊd -/ ( listen ) , like road ) , officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh least populous , but it is also the second most densely populated . Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west , Massachusetts to the north and east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound . It also shares a small maritime border with New York . Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . On May 4 , 1776 , the Colony of Rhode Island was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown , and it was the fourth among the newly independent states to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 9 , 1778 . The state boycotted the 1787 convention which drew up the United States Constitution and initially refused to ratify it ; it was the last of the original 13 states to do so on May 29 , 1790 . Rhode Island 's official nickname is The Ocean State , a reference to the large bays and inlets that amount to about 14 percent of its total area ."}]}, {'value': 'January 21 , 1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Brown_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "John Brown ( born 1838 , date of death unknown ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . A native of Denmark , Brown immigrated to the U.S. and joined the Navy from Maryland . By May 10 , 1866 , he was serving as captain of the afterguard on the USS De Soto . On that day , while the De Soto was off the coast of Eastport , Maine , he and two shipmates rescued two sailors from the USS Winooski from drowning . For this action , he and his shipmates , Seaman Richard Bates and Seaman Thomas Burke , were awarded the Medal of Honor three months later , on August 1 . Brown 's official Medal of Honor citation reads :"}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain of the Afterguard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_of_the_Afterguard', 'summary': 'A petty officer ( PO ) is a non-commissioned officer in many navies and is given the NATO rank denotion OR-5 . In many nations , they are typically equal to a corporal or sergeant in comparison to other military branches . Often they may be superior to a seaman , generally the ( or one of the ) lowest ranks in a navy , and subordinate to a more senior non-commissioned officer , such as a chief petty officer .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastport , Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastport,_Maine', 'summary': 'Eastport is a small city ( consisting entirely of islands ) in Washington County , Maine , United States . The population was 1,331 at the 2010 census , making Eastport the least-populous city in Maine . The principal island is Moose Island , which is connected to the mainland by causeway . Eastport is the easternmost city in the United States ( although the nearby town of Lubec is the easternmost municipality ) .'}]}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Burke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Burke_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "Thomas Burke ( 1833 - 27 October 1883 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . A native of County Galway , Ireland , Burke immigrated to the U.S. and joined the Navy from the state of New York on 21 Jan 1862 . By May 10 , 1866 , he was serving as a seaman on the USS De Soto . On that day , while the De Soto was off the coast of Eastport , Maine , he and two shipmates rescued two sailors from the USS Winooski from drowning . For this action , he and his shipmates , Seaman Richard Bates and Captain of the Afterguard John Brown , were awarded the Medal of Honor three months later , on August 1 . Burke 's official Medal of Honor citation reads :"}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Eastport , Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastport,_Maine', 'summary': 'Eastport is a small city ( consisting entirely of islands ) in Washington County , Maine , United States . The population was 1,331 at the 2010 census , making Eastport the least-populous city in Maine . The principal island is Moose Island , which is connected to the mainland by causeway . Eastport is the easternmost city in the United States ( although the nearby town of Lubec is the easternmost municipality ) .'}]}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1866', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Cahey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cahey', 'summary': "Thomas Cahey ( April 13 , 1870 - January 5 , 1935 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor . Born in Belfast , Ireland , on April 13 , 1870 , Cahey immigrated to the United States and joined the U.S. Navy from New York . By March 31 , 1901 , he was serving as a seaman on the USS Petrel ( PG-2 ) . On that day , he helped rescue several crewmates during a fire on the ship . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later , on March 22 , 1902 . Cahey 's official Medal of Honor citation reads :"}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Manila Bay , Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manila_Bay', 'summary': 'Manila Bay ( Filipino : Look ng Maynila ) is a natural harbor which serves the Port of Manila ( on Luzon ) , in the Philippines . Strategically located around the capital city of the Philippines , Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighboring countries , becoming the gateway for socio-economic development even prior to Spanish occupation . With an area of 1,994 km2 ( 769.9 sq mi ) , and a coastline of 190 km ( 118.1 mi ) , Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by Cavite and Metro Manila on the east , Bulacan and Pampanga on the north , and Bataan on the west and northwest . Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km2 ( 6,563.7 sq mi ) of watershed area , with the Pampanga River contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx . With an average depth of 17 m ( 55.8 ft ) , it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters ( 28.9 cubic km ) . Entrance to the bay is 19 km ( 11.8 mi ) wide and expands to a width of 48 km ( 29.8 mi ) . However , width of the bay varies from 22 km ( 13.7 mi ) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) at its widest point . The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels , about 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) towards the North and 6.5 mi ( 10.5 km ) wide on the South side . Mariveles , in the province of Bataan , is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and Sangley Point is the former location of Cavite Naval Base . On either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage : 40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite . Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands , the largest of which is Corregidor , located 3 kilometers from Bataan and , along with the island of Caballo , separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels . In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance , and to the south , is Carabao Island .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August Chandron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/August_Chandron', 'summary': "August Chandron ( b. August , 15 1866 , d. March 28 , 1947 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman Apprentice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_Apprentice', 'summary': 'Seaman apprentice is the second lowest enlisted rate in the U.S. Navy , U.S. Coast Guard , and the U.S . Naval Sea Cadet Corps just above seaman recruit and below seaman ; this rank was formerly known as seaman second class . The current rank of seaman apprentice should not be confused with the rank of apprentice seaman which was the lowest Navy rank from 1904 to 1948 . In the old system apprentice seaman was followed by seaman 2nd class and seaman 1st class . ( The three tiered rank system for seamen dates from the 18th Century Royal Navy when the ranks were called landsman , ordinary seaman and able seaman . ) The actual title for an E-2 in the U.S. Navy varies based on the community to which the sailor belongs . Likewise , the color of their group rate marks also depends on their community .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandria , Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria', 'summary': 'Alexandria ( /ˌælɪɡˈzændriə/ or /-ˈzɑːnd-/ ; Arabic : الإسكندرية al-ʾIskandariyya ; Egyptian Arabic : اسكندرية Eskendereyya ; Coptic : ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Alexandria or ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ Rakote , Greek : Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandria ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic center . With a population of 5,200,000 , Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean , the sixth-largest city in the Arab world and the ninth-largest in Africa . The city extends about 40 km ( 25 mi ) at the northern coast of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea . Alexandria is a popular tourist destination , and also an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez . Alexandria was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great , king of Macedon and leader of the Greek League of Corinth , during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . An Egyptian village named Rhacotis existed at the location and grew into the Egyptian quarter of Alexandria . Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important center of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years , until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641 , when a new capital was founded at Fustat ( later absorbed into Cairo ) . Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Pharos ) , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ; its Great Library ( the largest in the ancient world ) ; and the Necropolis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages . Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural center of the ancient Mediterranean world for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity . It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome . The city was a major center of early Christianity and was the center of the Patriarchate of Alexandria , which was one of the major centers of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire . In the modern world , the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria both lay claim to this ancient heritage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'November 21 , 1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demetri Corahorgi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demetri_Corahorgi', 'summary': 'Demetri Corahorgi ( January 3 , 1880-October 15 , 1973 ) was a fireman first class serving in the United States Navy during who received the Medal of Honor for bravery .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fireman First Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petty_officer_first_class', 'summary': 'Petty officer first class ( PO1 ) is a rank found in some navies and maritime organizations . It is the sixth enlisted rate in the United States Navy , U.S. Coast Guard , and the U.S . Naval Sea Cadet Corps , ranking just above petty officer second class and directly below chief petty officer . It is designated as non-commissioned officer , as are all petty officer ratings . It is equivalent to the rank of staff sergeant in the Army and Marine Corps , and technical sergeant in the Air Force . They are all ranked E-6 , which refers to the enlisted numbering system associated with pay grades .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)', 'summary': 'USS Iowa ( BB-4 ) was a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the United States Navy in the mid-1890s . The ship was a marked improvement over the previous Indiana-class battleships , correcting many of the defects in the design of those vessels . Among the most important improvements were significantly better seaworthiness owing to her greater freeboard and a more efficient arrangement of the armament . Iowa was designed to operate on the high seas , which had been the impetus to increase the freeboard . She was armed with a battery of four 12-inch ( 300 mm ) guns in two twin-gun turrets , supported by a secondary battery of eight 8-inch ( 200 mm ) guns . Upon entering service in June 1897 , Iowa conducted training operations in the Atlantic Ocean before moving to the Caribbean in early 1898 as tensions between the United States and Spain over Cuba grew , leading to the Spanish-American War . The ship took part in the bombardment of San Juan , Puerto Rico , and then participated in the blockade of Cuba during the war , and after the Spanish cruiser squadron was found in Santiago de Cuba , she patrolled off the harbor to block their escape . In the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July , Iowa assisted in the destruction of three of the four Spanish cruisers . After the war , Iowa spent the next several years conducting routine training exercises , serving with the Pacific Squadron from 1898 to 1902 , the South Atlantic Squadron until 1904 , and the North Atlantic Squadron until 1906 , when the latter two units were merged to form the Atlantic Fleet . Iowa was modernized between 1908 and 1910 ; she thereafter served as a training ship for naval cadets from the United States Naval Academy and for naval militia crews . Removed from service in 1913 and decommissioned in 1914 , she was reactivated after the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , initially serving as a receiving ship and then as a training vessel and guard ship . She was decommissioned again in 1919 , renamed Coast Battleship No .'}]}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Cramen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Cramen', 'summary': "Thomas Cramen ( born 1848 , date of death unknown ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Boatswain 's Mate", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boatswain's_mate_(United_States_Navy)", 'summary': "The United States Navy occupational rating of boatswain 's mate ( abbreviated as BM ) is a designation given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel ( BUPERS ) to enlisted members who were rated or striking for the rating as a deck seaman . The colloquial form of address for a boatswain 's mate is Boats . The rating of Boatswain 's Mate dates from the American Revolutionary War and was one of the oldest U.S. Navy ratings in continuous existence from 1775 to present . For a period of three months at the end of 2016 , the rating ( along with all ratings in the Navy ) was scheduled for elimination , but the proposed change was unpopular with both sailors and Navy veterans and was reversed in December of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Portsmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Portsmouth_(1843)', 'summary': 'The second USS Portsmouth was a wooden sloop-of-war in the United States Navy in service during the mid-to-late 19th century . She was designed by Josiah Barker on the lines of a French-built privateer , and built at the Portsmouth Navy Yard , directly across the Piscataqua River from Portsmouth , New Hampshire . She was described as an improvement over USS Saratoga built in the same shipyard a year earlier . Portsmouth was launched on 23 October 1843 and commissioned on 10 November 1844 , with Commander John Berrien Montgomery in command .'}]}, {'value': 'February 7 , 1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Davis_(Medal_of_Honor,_1881)', 'summary': "John Davis ( 1854 - August 19 , 1903 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Ordinary Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ordinary_Seaman', 'summary': "An ordinary seaman ( OS ) is a naval rating of the deck department of a ship . The position is an apprenticeship to become an able seaman , and has been for centuries . In modern times , an OS is required to work on a ship for a specific amount of time , gaining what is referred to as sea time . For centuries , the term ordinary seaman was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years ' experience at sea , who showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain . Historically in some navies and the merchant marine a sailor with less experience was called a landsman . An OS is generally not required to stand watch , but must pass examinations on watchstanding skills such as performing lookout duty and being a helmsman . Thus an OS will often be found on a ship 's bridge after working hours taking a turn at the ship 's wheel or being familiarized with bridge equipment . During the apprenticeship , an OS performs a variety of duties concerned with the operation and upkeep of deck department areas and equipment . These duties vary with the type of ship , the type of voyage , the number of crewmembers , the weather , the supervisor , and any number of other variables . However , in most cases , one can expect an ordinary seaman to clean , to perform maintenance , to work with deck equipment , and to undergo on-the-job-training under the supervision of senior deck department members ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Toulon , France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toulon', 'summary': "Toulon ( UK : /ˈtuːlɒ̃/ , US : /tuːˈloʊn , -ˈlɔːn , -ˈlɒn/ , French : [ tulɔ̃ ] ; Provençal : Tolon ( classical norm ) , Touloun ( Mistralian norm ) , pronounced [ tuˈlun ] ) is a city in southern France and a large port on the Mediterranean coast , with a major French naval base . Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region , Toulon is the capital of the Var department . The Commune of Toulon has a population of 165,514 people ( 2009 ) , making it France 's 15th-largest city . It is the centre of an urban area with 559,421 inhabitants ( 2008 ) , the ninth largest in France . Toulon is the fourth-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille , Nice and Montpellier . Toulon is an important centre for naval construction , fishing , wine making , and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment , armaments , maps , paper , tobacco , printing , shoes , and electronic equipment . The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France 's Mediterranean coast , home of the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and her battle group . The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon ."}]}, {'value': 'February 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Dempsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Dempsey_(Medal_of_Honor)', 'summary': "John Dempsey ( 1848-1884 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Shanghai , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': 'January 23 , 1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin Denham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Denham', 'summary': "Austin Denham ( September 29 , 1850 - June 3 , 1948 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'England , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Seaman is a military rank used in many navies around the world . It is considered a junior enlisted rank and , depending on the navy , it may be a single rank on its own or a name shared by several similarly-junior ranks . In the Commonwealth , it is the lowest rank in the navy , while in the United States , it refers to the three lowest ranks of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Greytown , Nicaragua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greytown,_Nicaragua', 'summary': 'San Juan de Nicaragua , formerly known as San Juan del Norte or Greytown , is a town and municipality in the Río San Juan department of Nicaragua .'}]}, {'value': 'April 12 , 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Eadie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Eadie', 'summary': "Thomas Eadie ( April 8 , 1887 - November 14 , 1974 ) was a United States Navy diver and a recipient of America 's highest military decoration - the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': "Chief Gunner 's Mate", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Petty_Officer', 'summary': 'A chief petty officer is a senior non-commissioned officer in many navies and coast guards .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Gunner's_Mate", 'summary': "The United States Navy & United States Coast Guard occupational rating of gunner 's mate ( GM ) is a designation given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel ( BUPERS ) to enlisted sailors who either satisfactorily complete initial Gunner 's Mate A school training , or who strike for the rating by showing competence in the field of ordnance . When striking one is n't required to be a seaman , but must belong to one of three undesignated rates : Fireman ( FN ) , Seaman ( SN ) , or Airman ( AN ) . ( Striking is no longer authorized in the USCG ) It is also possible cross rate to Gunner 's Mate . Cross rating refers to the act of an enlisted sailor crossing from their current rating to another rating of their choice , provided their ASVAB scores are high enough and there are open slots for the rate . The Gunner 's Mate A school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes , Illinois and Yorktown , VA for the USCG . In its early years , the school was very hands-on , but it is now primarily conducted through technical educational tools , such as self-study computer-based training ( CBT ) . Training focuses on the operation , maintenance , and troubleshooting of naval guns , missile launchers and torpedoes as well as a strong emphasis on basic explosives , guidance and tracking systems , small arms , Naval ammunition classification , and safety . Upon completion of this basic training , enlisted members often continue on to a specialized C school , where they learn a particular weapons system ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Cape Cod , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Cod', 'summary': "Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts , in the northeastern United States . Its historic , maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months . As defined by the Cape Cod Commission 's enabling legislation , Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County , Massachusetts . It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest , and is bordered by Plymouth to the northwest . Since 1914 , most of Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal . The canal cuts 7 miles ( 11 km ) roughly across the base of the peninsula , though small portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne and Sandwich lie on the mainland side of the canal . Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal : the Sagamore Bridge and the Bourne Bridge . In addition , the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and limited passenger services onto the Cape . Cape territory is divided into 15 towns with many villages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Elmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Elmore', 'summary': "Walter Elmore ( born 1857 , date of death unknown ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'England , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landman_(rank)', 'summary': 'Landsman or landman ( the latter being an older term ) was a military rank given to naval recruits .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1878', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Everetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Everetts', 'summary': "John Everetts ( August 25 , 1873 - September 12 , 1956 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gunner 's Mate Third Class", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gunner's_Mate", 'summary': "The United States Navy & United States Coast Guard occupational rating of gunner 's mate ( GM ) is a designation given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel ( BUPERS ) to enlisted sailors who either satisfactorily complete initial Gunner 's Mate A school training , or who strike for the rating by showing competence in the field of ordnance . When striking one is n't required to be a seaman , but must belong to one of three undesignated rates : Fireman ( FN ) , Seaman ( SN ) , or Airman ( AN ) . ( Striking is no longer authorized in the USCG ) It is also possible cross rate to Gunner 's Mate . Cross rating refers to the act of an enlisted sailor crossing from their current rating to another rating of their choice , provided their ASVAB scores are high enough and there are open slots for the rate . The Gunner 's Mate A school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes , Illinois and Yorktown , VA for the USCG . In its early years , the school was very hands-on , but it is now primarily conducted through technical educational tools , such as self-study computer-based training ( CBT ) . Training focuses on the operation , maintenance , and troubleshooting of naval guns , missile launchers and torpedoes as well as a strong emphasis on basic explosives , guidance and tracking systems , small arms , Naval ammunition classification , and safety . Upon completion of this basic training , enlisted members often continue on to a specialized C school , where they learn a particular weapons system ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Petty_officer_third_class', 'summary': 'Petty officer third class is the fourth enlisted rank in the U.S. Navy , U.S. Coast Guard , and the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps , above seaman and below petty officer second class , and is the lowest rank of non-commissioned officer , equivalent to a corporal in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps . Petty officer third class shares the same pay grade as senior airman in the Air Force , which no longer has an NCO rank corresponding with E-4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'On board USS Cushing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Cushing_(TB-1)', 'summary': 'USS Cushing ( Torpedo Boat # 1/TB-1 ) was a torpedo boat in the United States Navy during the Spanish-American War . She was named for William B. Cushing . Cushing was launched on 23 January 1890 by the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company , Bristol , Rhode Island ; sponsored by Miss K. B. Herreshoff ; and commissioned on 22 April 1890 , Lieutenant C. M. Winslow in command .'}]}, {'value': 'February 11 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaac L. Fasseur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_L._Fasseur', 'summary': "Isaac Laurens Fasseur ( 1859 - after 1900 ) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military 's highest decoration , the Medal of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordinary Seaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ordinary_Seaman', 'summary': "An ordinary seaman ( OS ) is a naval rating of the deck department of a ship . The position is an apprenticeship to become an able seaman , and has been for centuries . In modern times , an OS is required to work on a ship for a specific amount of time , gaining what is referred to as sea time . For centuries , the term ordinary seaman was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years ' experience at sea , who showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain . Historically in some navies and the merchant marine a sailor with less experience was called a landsman . An OS is generally not required to stand watch , but must pass examinations on watchstanding skills such as performing lookout duty and being a helmsman . Thus an OS will often be found on a ship 's bridge after working hours taking a turn at the ship 's wheel or being familiarized with bridge equipment . During the apprenticeship , an OS performs a variety of duties concerned with the operation and upkeep of deck department areas and equipment . These duties vary with the type of ship , the type of voyage , the number of crewmembers , the weather , the supervisor , and any number of other variables . However , in most cases , one can expect an ordinary seaman to clean , to perform maintenance , to work with deck equipment , and to undergo on-the-job-training under the supervision of senior deck department members ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'Callao , Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1884', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Peacetime', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_foreign-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_14', 'intro': 'The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously. Although Medals of Honor can be awarded only to members of the U.S. armed forces, being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal. Since the American Civil War, hundreds of people born outside the United States have received the medal, the most recent of these recipients being Pedro Cano and Jesus S. Duran who received their medals in March 2014 for actions performed during World War II and the Vietnam War respectively. The large number of foreign-born recipients during the 19th and early 20th centuries was mostly due to immigration waves from Europe.'}
null
null
Who is the first born of the members on the list who received medals for action on the pre-dreadnought battleship ?
Demetri Corahorgi
0929fe3e2786b403
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambach_Formation', 'title': 'Tambach Formation', 'header': ['Taxon', 'Member', 'Material', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Amphisauropus kablikae ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rare , heavily eroded specimens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footprints likely created by seymouriamorphs such as Seymouria sanjuanensis . Tambach specimens may be misinterpreted examples of other ichnotaxa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seymouriamorph', 'summary': 'Seymouriamorpha were a small but widespread group of limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ) . They have long been considered reptiliomorphs , and most paleontologists may still accept this point of view , but some analyses suggest that seymouriamorphs are stem-tetrapods ( not more closely related to Amniota than to Lissamphibia ) . Many seymouriamorphs were terrestrial or semi-aquatic . However , aquatic larvae bearing external gills and grooves from the lateral line system have been found , making them unquestionably amphibians . The adults were terrestrial . They ranged from lizard-sized creatures ( 30 centimeters ) to crocodile-sized 150 centimeter long animals . They were reptile-like . If seymouriamorphs are reptiliomorphs , they were the distant relatives of amniotes . Seymouriamorphs form into three main groups , Kotlassiidae , Discosauriscidae , and Seymouriidae , a group that includes the best known genus , Seymouria . The last seymouriamorph became extinct by the end of Permian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seymouria_sanjuanensis', 'summary': 'Seymouria is an extinct genus of reptile-like tetrapods from the Early Permian of North America and Europe . Although they were amphibians ( in a biological sense ) , Seymouria were well-adapted to life on land , with many reptilian features - so many , in fact , that Seymouria was first thought to be a primitive reptile . It is primarily known from two species , Seymouria baylorensis and Seymouria sanjuanensis . The type species , S. baylorensis , is more robust and specialized , though its fossils have only been found in Texas . On the other hand , Seymouria sanjuanensis is more abundant and widespread . This smaller species is known from multiple well-preserved fossils , including a block of six skeletons found in the Cutler Formation of New Mexico , and a pair of fully grown skeletons from the Tambach Formation of Germany , which were fossilized lying next to each other . For the first half of the 20th century , Seymouria was considered one of the oldest and most primitive known reptiles . Paleontologists noted how the general body shape resembled that of early reptiles such as captorhinids , and that certain adaptations of the limbs , hip , and skull were also similar to that of early reptiles , rather than any species of modern or extinct amphibians known at the time . The strongly-built limbs and backbone also supported the idea that Seymouria was primarily terrestrial , spending very little time in the water . However , in the 1950s , fossilized tadpoles were discovered in Discosauriscus , which was a close relative of Seymouria in the group Seymouriamorpha . This shows that seymouriamorphs ( including Seymouria ) had a larval stage which lived in the water , therefore making Seymouria not a true reptile , but rather an amphibian which was closely related to reptiles . Though no longer considered the most primitive reptile , Seymouria is still an important transitional fossil documenting the acquisition of reptile-like skeletal features prior to the evolution of the amniotic egg , which characterizes amniotes ( reptiles , mammals , and birds ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgenthalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgenthalia', 'summary': 'Georgenthalia is an extinct genus of dissorophoid temnospondyl from the Lower Permian . It is an amphibamid which lived in what is now the Thuringian Forest of central Germany . It is known from the holotype MNG 11135 , a small , complete skull . It was found in the Bromacker locality of the Tambach Formation . It was first named by Jason S. Anderson , Amy C. Henrici , Stuart S. Sumida , Thomas Martens and David S. Berman in 2008 and the type species is Georgenthalia clavinasica .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNG 11135 ( holotype ) , a small but complete skull', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skull', 'summary': 'The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates . It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain . The skull is composed of two parts : the cranium and the mandible . In humans , these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone . The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation - housing the brain , and several sensory structures such as the eyes , ears , nose , and mouth . In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton . Functions of the skull include protection of the brain , fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision , and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds . In some animals such as horned ungulates , the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount ( on the frontal bone ) for the horns . The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle , while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον ( kranion ) . The skull is made up of a number of fused flat bones , and contains many foramina , fossae , processes , and several cavities or sinuses . In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae .'}]}, {'value': 'An amphibamiform dissorophoid temnospondyl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amphibamiform', 'summary': 'Amphibamiformes is an unranked clade with Dissorophoidea created by Schoch ( 2019 ) . It encompasses all of the taxa traditionally considered to be amphibamids ( subsequently restricted to Doleserpeton annectens and Amphibamus grandiceps by Schoch ) , branchiosaurids , and hypothetically lissamphibians under the traditional temnospondyl hypothesis of lissamphibian origins . These taxa are typically small-bodied dissorophoids and form the sister group to Olsoniformes , which comprises dissorophids and trematopids .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dissorophoidea', 'summary': 'Dissorophoideans are a clade of medium-sized , temnospondyl amphibians that appeared during the Moscovian in Euramerica , and continued through to the Late Permian and the Early Triassic of Gondwana . They are distinguished by various details of the skull , and many forms seem to have been well adapted for life on land . Since 2008 , Lissamphibia has been progressively widely considered part of this clade . It is possible that the small Permo-Carboniferous Micromelerpetontidae and the large Late Permian Melosauridae may also belong in this clade .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Temnospondyl', 'summary': 'Temnospondyli ( from Greek τέμνειν ( temnein , to cut ) and σπόνδυλος ( spondylos , vertebra ) ) is a diverse order of small to giant tetrapods - often considered primitive amphibians - that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous , Permian , and Triassic periods . A few species continued into the Cretaceous . Fossils have been found on every continent . During about 210 million years of evolutionary history , they adapted to a wide range of habitats , including fresh water , terrestrial , and even coastal marine environments . Their life history is well understood , with fossils known from the larval stage , metamorphosis , and maturity . Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic , although some were almost fully terrestrial , returning to the water only to breed . These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land . Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians , many had characteristics , such as scales , claws , and armour-like bony plates , that distinguish them from modern amphibians . Temnospondyls have been known since the early 19th century , and were initially thought to be reptiles . They were described at various times as batrachians , stegocephalians , and labyrinthodonts , although these names are now rarely used . Animals now grouped in Temnospondyli were spread out among several amphibian groups until the early 20th century , when they were found to belong to a distinct taxon based on the structure of their vertebrae . Temnospondyli means cut vertebrae , as each vertebra is divided into several parts .'}]}, {'value': 'Ichniotherium cottae', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Numerous specimens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footprints created by Diadectes absitus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diadectes_absitus', 'summary': 'Diadectes ( meaning crosswise-biter ) is an extinct genus of large , very reptile-like amphibians that lived during the early Permian period ( Artinskian-Kungurian stages of the Cisuralian epoch , between 290 and 272 million years ago ) . Diadectes was one of the very first herbivorous tetrapods , and also one of the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large size .'}]}, {'value': 'Ichniotherium sphaerodactylum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Numerous specimens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Footprints created by Orobates pabsti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orobates_pabsti', 'summary': 'Orobates is an extinct genus of diadectid . It lived in the middle Permian , about 260 million years ago . Its remains were found in Germany . A combination of primitive and derived traits ( i.e . autapomorphic and plesiomorphic ) distinguish it from all other well-known members of the Diadectidae , a family of herbivorous reptile-like amphibians . It weighed about 4 kg and appears to have been part of an upland fauna , browsing on high fibre plants .'}]}, {'value': 'Orobates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orobates', 'summary': 'Orobates is an extinct genus of diadectid . It lived in the middle Permian , about 260 million years ago . Its remains were found in Germany . A combination of primitive and derived traits ( i.e . autapomorphic and plesiomorphic ) distinguish it from all other well-known members of the Diadectidae , a family of herbivorous reptile-like amphibians . It weighed about 4 kg and appears to have been part of an upland fauna , browsing on high fibre plants .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four individuals are known from the specimens MNG 10181 ( holotype ) , MNG 8760 , 8980 , 11133 , 11134 ( paratypes )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A diadectid tetrapod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diadectid', 'summary': 'Diadectidae is an extinct family of early tetrapods that lived in what is now North America and Europe during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian , and in Asia during the Late Permian . They were the first herbivorous tetrapods , and also the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large sizes . Footprints indicate that diadectids walked with an erect posture . They were the first to exploit plant material in terrestrial food chains , making their appearance an important stage in both vertebrate evolution and the development of terrestrial ecosystems . The best known and largest representative of the family is Diadectes , a heavily built animal that attained a maximum length of several metres . Several other genera and various fragmentary fossil remains are also known . Although well known genera like Diadectes first appear in the Late Pennsylvanian , fragmentary remains of possible diadectids are known from much earlier deposits , including a piece of lower jaw found in Mississippian strata from Tennessee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tetrapod', 'summary': "Tetrapods ( /ˈtɛtrəpɒd/ ; from Greek : τετρα- four and πούς foot ) are four-limbed ( with a few exceptions , such as snakes ) animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda . It includes extant and extinct amphibians , reptiles ( including dinosaurs and therefore birds ) , and mammals . Tetrapods evolved from a group of animals known as the Tetrapodomorpha which , in turn , evolved from ancient Sarcopterygii ( lobe-finned fishes ) around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian period ; their forms were transitional between lobe-finned fishes and the four-limbed tetrapods . The first tetrapods ( from a traditional , apomorphy-based perspective ) appeared by the late Devonian , 367.5 million years ago ; the specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods , and the process by which they colonized Earth 's land after emerging from water remains unclear . The change from a body plan for breathing and navigating in water to a body plan enabling the animal to move on land is one of the most profound evolutionary changes known . The first tetrapods were primarily aquatic . Modern amphibians , which evolved from earlier groups , are generally semiaquatic ; the first stage of their lives is as fish-like tadpoles , and later stages are partly terrestrial and partly aquatic . However , most tetrapod species today are amniotes , most of those are terrestrial tetrapods whose branch evolved from earlier tetrapods about 340 million years ago ( crown amniotes evolved 318 million years ago ) . The key innovation in amniotes over amphibians is laying of eggs on land or having further evolved to retain the fertilized egg ( s ) within the mother . Amniote tetrapods began to dominate and drove most amphibian tetrapods to extinction . One group of amniotes diverged into the reptiles , which includes lepidosaurs , dinosaurs ( which includes birds ) , crocodilians , turtles , and extinct relatives ; while another group of amniotes diverged into the mammals and their extinct relatives . Amniotes include the tetrapods that further evolved for flight - such as birds from among the dinosaurs , and bats from among the mammals ."}]}, {'value': 'Rotaryus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotaryus', 'summary': 'Rotaryus is an extinct genus of Early Permian trematopid dissorophoid temnospondyl known from the Free State of Thuringia of central Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNG 10182 ( holotype ) , articulated partial well-preserved skull and both mandibles and a closely associated partial postcranial skeleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skull', 'summary': 'The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates . It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain . The skull is composed of two parts : the cranium and the mandible . In humans , these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone . The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation - housing the brain , and several sensory structures such as the eyes , ears , nose , and mouth . In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton . Functions of the skull include protection of the brain , fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision , and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds . In some animals such as horned ungulates , the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount ( on the frontal bone ) for the horns . The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle , while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον ( kranion ) . The skull is made up of a number of fused flat bones , and contains many foramina , fossae , processes , and several cavities or sinuses . In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mandible', 'summary': 'The mandible , lower jaw or jawbone is the largest , strongest and lowest bone in the human face . It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place . The mandible sits beneath the maxilla . It is the only movable bone of the skull ( discounting the ossicles of the middle ear ) . The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences , and the point where these sides join , the mandibular symphysis , is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline . Like other symphyses in the body , this is a midline articulation where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage , but this articulation fuses together in early childhood . The word mandible derives from the Latin word mandibula , jawbone ( literally one used for chewing ) , from mandere to chew and -bula ( instrumental suffix ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Postcrania', 'summary': 'Postcrania ( postcranium , adjective : postcranial ) in zoology and vertebrate paleontology refers to all or part of the skeleton apart from the skull . Frequently , fossil remains , e.g . of dinosaurs or other extinct tetrapods , consist of partial or isolated skeletal elements ; these are referred to as postcrania . Sometimes , there is disagreement over whether the skull and skeleton belong to the same or different animals . One example is the case of a Cretaceous sauropod skull of Nemegtosaurus found in association with the postcranial skeleton Opisthocoelicaudia . In paleoanthropological studies , reconstruction of relationship between various species/remains is considered to be better supported by cranial characters rather than postcranial characters . However , this assumption is largely untested .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skeleton', 'summary': "The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism . It can also be seen as the bony frame work of the body which provides support , shape and protection to the soft tissues and delicate organs in animals . There are several different skeletal types : the exoskeleton , which is the stable outer shell of an organism , the endoskeleton , which forms the support structure inside the body , the hydroskeleton , a flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure , and the cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasm of all cells , including bacteria , and archaea . The term comes from Greek σκελετός ( skeletós ) , meaning 'dried up ' ."}]}, {'value': 'A trematopid dissorophoid temnospondyl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trematopid', 'summary': 'Trematopidae is a family of dissorophoid temnospondyl spanning the late Carboniferous to the early Permian . Together with Dissorophidae , the family forms Olsoniformes , a clade comprising the medium-large terrestrial dissorophoids . Trematopids are known from numerous localities in North America , primarily in New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas , and from the Bromacker quarry in Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Seymouria sanjuanensis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seymouria_sanjuanensis', 'summary': 'Seymouria is an extinct genus of reptile-like tetrapods from the Early Permian of North America and Europe . Although they were amphibians ( in a biological sense ) , Seymouria were well-adapted to life on land , with many reptilian features - so many , in fact , that Seymouria was first thought to be a primitive reptile . It is primarily known from two species , Seymouria baylorensis and Seymouria sanjuanensis . The type species , S. baylorensis , is more robust and specialized , though its fossils have only been found in Texas . On the other hand , Seymouria sanjuanensis is more abundant and widespread . This smaller species is known from multiple well-preserved fossils , including a block of six skeletons found in the Cutler Formation of New Mexico , and a pair of fully grown skeletons from the Tambach Formation of Germany , which were fossilized lying next to each other . For the first half of the 20th century , Seymouria was considered one of the oldest and most primitive known reptiles . Paleontologists noted how the general body shape resembled that of early reptiles such as captorhinids , and that certain adaptations of the limbs , hip , and skull were also similar to that of early reptiles , rather than any species of modern or extinct amphibians known at the time . The strongly-built limbs and backbone also supported the idea that Seymouria was primarily terrestrial , spending very little time in the water . However , in the 1950s , fossilized tadpoles were discovered in Discosauriscus , which was a close relative of Seymouria in the group Seymouriamorpha . This shows that seymouriamorphs ( including Seymouria ) had a larval stage which lived in the water , therefore making Seymouria not a true reptile , but rather an amphibian which was closely related to reptiles . Though no longer considered the most primitive reptile , Seymouria is still an important transitional fossil documenting the acquisition of reptile-like skeletal features prior to the evolution of the amniotic egg , which characterizes amniotes ( reptiles , mammals , and birds ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNG 7727 , 8759 , 10553 , 10554 ( referred )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A seymouriid reptiliomorph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seymouriid', 'summary': 'Seymouria is an extinct genus of reptile-like tetrapods from the Early Permian of North America and Europe . Although they were amphibians ( in a biological sense ) , Seymouria were well-adapted to life on land , with many reptilian features - so many , in fact , that Seymouria was first thought to be a primitive reptile . It is primarily known from two species , Seymouria baylorensis and Seymouria sanjuanensis . The type species , S. baylorensis , is more robust and specialized , though its fossils have only been found in Texas . On the other hand , Seymouria sanjuanensis is more abundant and widespread . This smaller species is known from multiple well-preserved fossils , including a block of six skeletons found in the Cutler Formation of New Mexico , and a pair of fully grown skeletons from the Tambach Formation of Germany , which were fossilized lying next to each other . For the first half of the 20th century , Seymouria was considered one of the oldest and most primitive known reptiles . Paleontologists noted how the general body shape resembled that of early reptiles such as captorhinids , and that certain adaptations of the limbs , hip , and skull were also similar to that of early reptiles , rather than any species of modern or extinct amphibians known at the time . The strongly-built limbs and backbone also supported the idea that Seymouria was primarily terrestrial , spending very little time in the water . However , in the 1950s , fossilized tadpoles were discovered in Discosauriscus , which was a close relative of Seymouria in the group Seymouriamorpha . This shows that seymouriamorphs ( including Seymouria ) had a larval stage which lived in the water , therefore making Seymouria not a true reptile , but rather an amphibian which was closely related to reptiles . Though no longer considered the most primitive reptile , Seymouria is still an important transitional fossil documenting the acquisition of reptile-like skeletal features prior to the evolution of the amniotic egg , which characterizes amniotes ( reptiles , mammals , and birds ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reptiliomorph', 'summary': 'Reptiliomorpha is a clade containing the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians ( lissamphibians ) . It was defined by Michel Laurin ( 2001 ) and Vallin and Laurin ( 2004 ) as the largest clade that includes Homo sapiens , but not Ascaphus truei ( tailed frog ) . The informal variant of the name , reptiliomorphs , is also occasionally used to refer to stem-amniotes , i.e . a grade of reptile-like tetrapods that are more closely related to amniotes than they are to lissamphibians , but are not amniotes themselves ; the name is used in this meaning e.g . by Ruta , Coates and Quicke ( 2003 ) . An alternative name , Anthracosauria , is also commonly used for the group , but is confusingly also used for a more primitive grade of reptiliomorphs ( Embolomeri ) by Benton . As the exact phylogenetic position of Lissamphibia within Tetrapoda remains uncertain , it also remains controversial which fossil tetrapods are more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphibians , and thus , which ones of them were reptiliomorphs in any meaning of the word . The two major hypotheses for lissamphibian origins are that they are either descendants of dissorophoid temnospondyls or microsaurian lepospondyls . If the former ( the temnospondyl hypothesis ) is true , then Reptiliomorpha includes all tetrapod groups that are closer to amniotes than to temnospondyls . These include the diadectomorphs , seymouriamorphs , most or all lepospondyls , gephyrostegids , and possibly the embolomeres and chroniosuchians . In addition , several anthracosaur genera of uncertain taxonomic placement would also probably qualify as reptiliomorphs , including Solenodonsaurus , Eldeceeon , Silvanerpeton , and Casineria . However , if lissamphibians originated among the lepospondyls according to the lepospondyl hypothesis , then Reptiliomorpha refers to groups that are closer to amniotes than to lepospondyls .'}]}, {'value': 'Diadectes absitus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diadectes_absitus', 'summary': 'Diadectes ( meaning crosswise-biter ) is an extinct genus of large , very reptile-like amphibians that lived during the early Permian period ( Artinskian-Kungurian stages of the Cisuralian epoch , between 290 and 272 million years ago ) . Diadectes was one of the very first herbivorous tetrapods , and also one of the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large size .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four individuals are known from the specimens MNG 8853 ( holotype ) , MNG 7721 , 8747 , 8978 ( paratypes )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A diadectid tetrapod . May be its own genus , Silvadectes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diadectid', 'summary': 'Diadectidae is an extinct family of early tetrapods that lived in what is now North America and Europe during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian , and in Asia during the Late Permian . They were the first herbivorous tetrapods , and also the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large sizes . Footprints indicate that diadectids walked with an erect posture . They were the first to exploit plant material in terrestrial food chains , making their appearance an important stage in both vertebrate evolution and the development of terrestrial ecosystems . The best known and largest representative of the family is Diadectes , a heavily built animal that attained a maximum length of several metres . Several other genera and various fragmentary fossil remains are also known . Although well known genera like Diadectes first appear in the Late Pennsylvanian , fragmentary remains of possible diadectids are known from much earlier deposits , including a piece of lower jaw found in Mississippian strata from Tennessee .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tetrapod', 'summary': "Tetrapods ( /ˈtɛtrəpɒd/ ; from Greek : τετρα- four and πούς foot ) are four-limbed ( with a few exceptions , such as snakes ) animals constituting the superclass Tetrapoda . It includes extant and extinct amphibians , reptiles ( including dinosaurs and therefore birds ) , and mammals . Tetrapods evolved from a group of animals known as the Tetrapodomorpha which , in turn , evolved from ancient Sarcopterygii ( lobe-finned fishes ) around 390 million years ago in the middle Devonian period ; their forms were transitional between lobe-finned fishes and the four-limbed tetrapods . The first tetrapods ( from a traditional , apomorphy-based perspective ) appeared by the late Devonian , 367.5 million years ago ; the specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods , and the process by which they colonized Earth 's land after emerging from water remains unclear . The change from a body plan for breathing and navigating in water to a body plan enabling the animal to move on land is one of the most profound evolutionary changes known . The first tetrapods were primarily aquatic . Modern amphibians , which evolved from earlier groups , are generally semiaquatic ; the first stage of their lives is as fish-like tadpoles , and later stages are partly terrestrial and partly aquatic . However , most tetrapod species today are amniotes , most of those are terrestrial tetrapods whose branch evolved from earlier tetrapods about 340 million years ago ( crown amniotes evolved 318 million years ago ) . The key innovation in amniotes over amphibians is laying of eggs on land or having further evolved to retain the fertilized egg ( s ) within the mother . Amniote tetrapods began to dominate and drove most amphibian tetrapods to extinction . One group of amniotes diverged into the reptiles , which includes lepidosaurs , dinosaurs ( which includes birds ) , crocodilians , turtles , and extinct relatives ; while another group of amniotes diverged into the mammals and their extinct relatives . Amniotes include the tetrapods that further evolved for flight - such as birds from among the dinosaurs , and bats from among the mammals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silvadectes', 'summary': 'Diadectes ( meaning crosswise-biter ) is an extinct genus of large , very reptile-like amphibians that lived during the early Permian period ( Artinskian-Kungurian stages of the Cisuralian epoch , between 290 and 272 million years ago ) . Diadectes was one of the very first herbivorous tetrapods , and also one of the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large size .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambachia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambachia', 'summary': 'Tambachia is an extinct genus of dissorophoid temnospondyl within the family Trematopidae . It is known from the Early Permian Tambach Formation ( the lowermost unit of the Upper Rotliegend ) near the town of Tambach-Dietharz in Thuringia , Germany . Tambachia is the first trematopid to have been discovered outside the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambach-Sandstein Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNG 7722 ( holotype ) , a crushed skull and much of the postcranial skeleton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A trematopid dissorophoid temnospondyl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tambaroter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambaroter', 'summary': 'Tambaroter is an extinct genus of ostodolepid microsaur from the Early Permian of Germany . The type species T. carrolli was named in 2011 . Tambaroter is known from a single skull found in the Tambach Formation , which is the lowermost unit of the Upper Rotliegend . It is the only vertebrate that has been found outside the Bromacker Quarry , the most productive locality of the formation . It is also the first ostodolepid known from outside North America . Like other ostodolepids , Tambaroter has a pointed snout . Bones in the cheek region are indented upward , leaving a large gap in the bottom of the back of the skull . Tambaroter and other ostodolepids have prominent projections in the back of the lower jaws called retroarticular processes , which are not as well developed in other microsaurs .'}]}, {'value': 'Finsterbergen conglomerate Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MNG 14708 ( holotype ) , an almost complete skull', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An ostodolepid microsaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ostodolepid', 'summary': 'Ostodolepidae , also spelled Ostodolepididae , is an extinct family of Early Permian microsaurs . They are unique among microsaurs in that they were large , reaching lengths of up to 2 feet ( 61 cm ) , terrestrial , and presumably fossorial . Ostodolepid remains have been found from Early Permian beds in Texas , Oklahoma , and Germany . Ostodolepids have elongated trunks , with small , robust limbs and shortened tails . The occiput is high , but the skull narrows toward the snout . The snout is pointed and projects past the jaw . In dorsal view , the skull is roughly triangular . The ventral temporal margin is emarginated . At the back of the skull , there is a large cavity between the supraoccipital and the skull roof . The skull is well ossified , with tight sutures between bones . The skull roof is relatively smooth , although scattered pits and grooves are usually present . There are 32 to 45 presacral vertebrae , and three sacral vertebrae .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsaur', 'summary': 'Microsauria ( small lizards ) is an extinct order of amphibians from the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods . It is the most diverse and species-rich group of lepospondyls . Recently , Microsauria has been considered paraphyletic , as several other non-microsaur lepospondyl groups such as Lysorophia seem to be nested in it . Microsauria is now commonly used as a collective term for the grade of lepospondyls that were originally classified as members of Microsauria .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Paleobiota -- Basal Tetrapods', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tambach_Formation_2', 'intro': 'The Tambach Formation is an Early Permian-age geologic formation in central Germany. It consists of red to brown-colored sedimentary rocks (red beds) such as conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone, and is the oldest portion of the Upper Rotliegend within the Thuringian Forest Basin. The overall geology records a history with three distinct stages of sedimentation within a mountainous environment. First, tectonic activity forms a basin (the Tambach Basin) dominated by high-energy debris flows, sheetfloods, and braided rivers. These incise underlying rhyolitic rock, depositing a coarse conglomerate known as the Bielstein Conglomerate. Second, calmer conditions allow the basin to widen, and the conglomerate is marginalized by finer sediments which were previously only common at the center of the basin, such as the characteristic Tambach Sandstone. These finer sediments were deposited through repeated sequences of flooding, followed by calm water, followed by exposure to air. The overall climate would have been similar to modern tropical savannas, with hot and dry periods broken up by heavy rainfall, likely multiple times in a year. The third stage involves a return of tectonic conditions, this time inducing wide deposits of polymictic (heterogenous) conglomerate known as the Finsterbergen conglomerate. The Tambach Formation also includes one of the most important Permian fossil localities in Europe: the Bromacker locality. This former sandstone quarry and surrounding sites preserves several different facies types, with different fossil components. Thick sandstone channel fills in the lower section at Bromacker are overlain with mudstone from ephemeral lakes.'}
null
null
What are the items found for the extinct genus of reptile-like tetrapods from the Early Permian ?
MNG 7727 , 8759 , 10553 , 10554 ( referred )
092c6f7bbe58e7c5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region', 'title': 'List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region', 'header': ['Airport name', 'ICAO / TC LID ( IATA )', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edmonton International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport', 'summary': "Edmonton International Airport ( IATA : YEG , ICAO : CYEG ) is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of the Canadian province of Alberta . Operated by Edmonton Airports , it is located 14 nautical miles ( 26 km ; 16 mi ) south southwest of Downtown Edmonton in Leduc County on Highway 2 opposite of the city of Leduc . The airport offers scheduled non-stop flights to major cities in Canada , the United States , Mexico , the Caribbean , Central America and Europe . It is a hub facility for Northern Alberta and Northern Canada . The airport has a catchment area encompassing Central and Northern Alberta , northern British Columbia , and Yukon , the Northwest Territories and western Nunavut . Total catchment area is 1.8 million residents . It is Canada 's largest major airport by total land area , the 5th busiest airport by passenger traffic and 9th busiest by aircraft movements . It served 8,254,121 passengers in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'CYEG ( YEG )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nisku , Leduc County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nisku,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Nisku is a hamlet and an industrial/business park in Alberta , Canada within Leduc County . It has an elevation of 705 metres ( 2,313 ft ) . The hamlet and industrial/business park are located in census division No . 11 and in the federal riding of Edmonton - Wetaskiwin . The Hamlet of Nisku is located east of the intersection of Queen Elizabeth II Highway ( Highway 2 ) and Highway 625 , between the cities of Edmonton and Leduc . More specifically , the hamlet is located within an industrial/business park on the north side of Highway 625 ( 20 Avenue ) between Sparrow Drive and the Canadian Pacific Railway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leduc_County', 'summary': 'Leduc County is a municipal district located immediately south of the City of Edmonton . It spans 105 km ( 65 mi ) east to west and 32 km ( 20 mi ) north to south , and has a population of 13,524 . The municipal district is home to prairie parkland and several lakes and is home to the Edmonton International Airport , the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Genesee Power Plant .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Calmar ( Maplelane Farm ) Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Calmar_(Maplelane_Farm)_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Calmar ( Maplelane Farm ) Aerodrome , ( TC LID : CMF2 ) , is located 5.6 nautical miles ( 10.4 km ; 6.4 mi ) south southeast of Calmar , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CMF2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maplelane farm , ( Calmar , ) Leduc County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calmar,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Calmar is a town in central Alberta , Canada . It is located in Leduc County , on Highway 39 , 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) southwest from Edmonton . It was named in 1900 for Kalmar , Sweden , the home town of its first postmaster , C. J. Blomquist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leduc_County', 'summary': 'Leduc County is a municipal district located immediately south of the City of Edmonton . It spans 105 km ( 65 mi ) east to west and 32 km ( 20 mi ) north to south , and has a population of 13,524 . The municipal district is home to prairie parkland and several lakes and is home to the Edmonton International Airport , the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Genesee Power Plant .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Cooking Lake Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Cooking_Lake_Airport', 'summary': "Edmonton/Cooking Lake Airport , ( TC LID : CEZ3 ) , is a registered aerodrome located 15 kilometers east of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada on the west shore of Cooking Lake , north of the hamlet of South Cooking Lake , Alberta , Canada . Cooking Lake Airport is the largest of two public airports located within Strathcona County and currently serves 87 per cent of the County 's public aeronautical traffic . Established in 1926 , it is Canada 's oldest operating public airport , and Alberta 's only airport with both a floatplane base , Edmonton/Cooking Lake Water Aerodrome , and a conventional runway . The airport is operated on a non-profit basis entirely by volunteers ."}]}, {'value': 'CEZ3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Cooking Lake , Strathcona County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Cooking_Lake,_Alberta', 'summary': 'South Cooking Lake is a hamlet in Alberta , Canada within Strathcona County . It is located on Highway 14 , approximately 19 km ( 12 mi ) southeast of Sherwood Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Strathcona_County', 'summary': 'Strathcona County is a specialized municipality in central Alberta , Canada between Edmonton and Elk Island National Park . It is located in Division No . 11 and is also part of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . More than half of the population lives in Sherwood Park , a large community east of Edmonton that has opted to retain hamlet status . Strathcona County was designated as a specialized municipality on January 1 , 1996 , in order to accommodate the specific needs of an area that includes both urban and rural territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Gartner Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Gartner_Airport', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Gartner Airport , ( TC LID : CFQ7 ) , is located 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ; 17 mi ) south of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CFQ7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gartner farm , ( Rolly View , ) Leduc County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolly_View,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Rolly View is a hamlet in central Alberta , Canada within Leduc County . It is located approximately 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) west of Highway 21 and 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) east of Leduc on Highway 623 ( Rolly View Road ) at Range Road 324 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leduc_County', 'summary': 'Leduc County is a municipal district located immediately south of the City of Edmonton . It spans 105 km ( 65 mi ) east to west and 32 km ( 20 mi ) north to south , and has a population of 13,524 . The municipal district is home to prairie parkland and several lakes and is home to the Edmonton International Airport , the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Genesee Power Plant .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Josephburg Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Josephburg_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Josephburg Aerodrome , ( TC LID : CFB6 ) also known as Warren Thomas ( Josephburg ) Aerodrome , is located 0.7 nautical miles ( 1.3 km ; 0.81 mi ) north of Josephburg in Strathcona County , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CFB6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( Josephburg , ) Strathcona County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josephburg,_Alberta', 'summary': "Josephburg is a hamlet in Alberta , Canada , within Strathcona County . It is located on Highway 830 , 6.5 kilometres ( 4.0 mi ) east of Fort Saskatchewan . It is near Alberta 's Industrial Heartland , home to petrochemical industries . This farming community was once home to several businesses , including a Case dealership , UFA , Danny 's Cafe , Becker 's hardware store and Mrs. Hainault 's general store , as well as a feed mill , curling rink , four grain elevators , a United Church , and a community hall . Gymkhana Grounds are located just east of the community . There is also a local airport serving Strathcona County and the Industrial Heartland area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Strathcona_County', 'summary': 'Strathcona County is a specialized municipality in central Alberta , Canada between Edmonton and Elk Island National Park . It is located in Division No . 11 and is also part of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . More than half of the population lives in Sherwood Park , a large community east of Edmonton that has opted to retain hamlet status . Strathcona County was designated as a specialized municipality on January 1 , 1996 , in order to accommodate the specific needs of an area that includes both urban and rural territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Lechelt_Field_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Lechelt Field Aerodrome ( TC LID : CGF2 ) is a private aerodrome located 26 nautical miles ( 48 km ; 30 mi ) east of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CGF2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lechelt farm , ( Ardrossan , ) Strathcona County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardrossan,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Ardrossan is a hamlet in Alberta , Canada , within Strathcona County . It is located on Highway 824 , approximately 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) east of Sherwood Park . The community takes its name from Ardrossan , in Scotland . Ardrossan is located directly to the east of Sherwood Park , and is just south of the Yellowhead Highway on Range Road 222 . It can also be accessed by Township Road 530 coming out of Sherwood Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Strathcona_County', 'summary': 'Strathcona County is a specialized municipality in central Alberta , Canada between Edmonton and Elk Island National Park . It is located in Division No . 11 and is also part of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . More than half of the population lives in Sherwood Park , a large community east of Edmonton that has opted to retain hamlet status . Strathcona County was designated as a specialized municipality on January 1 , 1996 , in order to accommodate the specific needs of an area that includes both urban and rural territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Morinville ( Currie Field ) Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Morinville_(Currie_Field)_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Morinville ( Currie Field ) Aerodrome , ( TC LID : CCF6 ) , is located 4 nautical miles ( 7.4 km ; 4.6 mi ) west northwest of Morinville in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CCF6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Currie farm , ( Morinville , ) Sturgeon County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morinville', 'summary': 'Morinville is a town located within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . It is located approximately 34.3 kilometres ( 21.3 mi ) north of the City of Edmonton along Highway 2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_County', 'summary': "Sturgeon County is a municipal district in Alberta 's Edmonton Metropolitan Region , Canada . It begins at the north end of Edmonton , with 97th street turning into Highway 28 . It extends east to Fort Saskatchewan and west to Calahoo . It is located in Division No . 11 . The county was incorporated in the current boundaries in 1955 , as Municipal District of Sturgeon River No . 90 . It first achieved county status in 1961 , was subsequently disorganized , then established as a county again in 1997 . It was named for the Sturgeon River . Historically , the region was a part of a large ethnic block settlement of French-speaking Albertans . Today the county is less than 5% francophone . The area was first settled in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': "Edmonton/Morinville ( Mike 's Field ) Aerodrome", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Edmonton/Morinville_(Mike's_Field)_Aerodrome", 'summary': "Edmonton/Morinville ( Mike 's Field ) Aerodrome , ( TC LID : CMN6 ) , is located 4 nautical miles ( 7.4 km ; 4.6 mi ) northeast of Morinville in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region , Alberta , Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'CMN6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poworoznik farm , ( Morinville , ) Sturgeon County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morinville', 'summary': 'Morinville is a town located within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . It is located approximately 34.3 kilometres ( 21.3 mi ) north of the City of Edmonton along Highway 2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_County', 'summary': "Sturgeon County is a municipal district in Alberta 's Edmonton Metropolitan Region , Canada . It begins at the north end of Edmonton , with 97th street turning into Highway 28 . It extends east to Fort Saskatchewan and west to Calahoo . It is located in Division No . 11 . The county was incorporated in the current boundaries in 1955 , as Municipal District of Sturgeon River No . 90 . It first achieved county status in 1961 , was subsequently disorganized , then established as a county again in 1997 . It was named for the Sturgeon River . Historically , the region was a part of a large ethnic block settlement of French-speaking Albertans . Today the county is less than 5% francophone . The area was first settled in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': 'Parkland Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parkland_Airport', 'summary': 'Parkland Airport ( TC LID : CPL6 ) is a registered aerodrome located 5 nautical miles ( 9.3 km ; 5.8 mi ) southeast of Spruce Grove in Parkland County , Alberta , Canada . It opened in November 2013 . According to a CTV News report from November 2013 the airport had the Transport Canada location identifier of CPL6 . However , the aerodrome and code did not appear in the Canada Flight Supplement until April 3 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'CPL6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( Enoch Cree Nation 135 , ) Parkland County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation_135', 'summary': 'Enoch Cree Nation 135 , ( Cree : ᒪᐢᑫᑯᓯᐦᐠ , romanized : Maskêkosihk /məsˈkeɪɡoʊsiːk/ ) previously known as Stony Plain No . 135 , is an Indian reserve of the Enoch Cree Nation in Alberta . It is adjacent to the City of Edmonton to the east and Parkland County to the north , west , and south . The postal address of the reserve is Enoch , Alberta .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parkland_County', 'summary': 'Parkland County is a municipal district in central Alberta , Canada . Located west of Edmonton in Census Division No . 11 , its municipal office , Parkland County Centre , is located 0.25 km ( 0.16 mi ) north of the Town of Stony Plain on Highway 779 .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Twin Island Airpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Twin_Island_Airpark', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Twin Island Airpark , ( TC LID : CEE6 ) , also known as Twin Island Air Park , is located 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) southeast of Edmonton , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CEE6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twin Island Air Park , Strathcona County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strathcona_County', 'summary': 'Strathcona County is a specialized municipality in central Alberta , Canada between Edmonton and Elk Island National Park . It is located in Division No . 11 and is also part of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region . More than half of the population lives in Sherwood Park , a large community east of Edmonton that has opted to retain hamlet status . Strathcona County was designated as a specialized municipality on January 1 , 1996 , in order to accommodate the specific needs of an area that includes both urban and rural territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Villeneuve Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Villeneuve_Airport', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Villeneuve Airport or Villeneuve Airport ( ICAO : CZVL ) is located 1 nautical mile ( 1.9 km ; 1.2 mi ) west of Villeneuve in Sturgeon County , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CZVL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( Villeneuve , ) Sturgeon County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villeneuve,_Alberta', 'summary': "Villeneuve is a hamlet in central Alberta , Canada within Sturgeon County . It is located on Highway 44 , approximately 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) northwest of Edmonton 's city limits . It is home to the Michel First Nations band government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_County', 'summary': "Sturgeon County is a municipal district in Alberta 's Edmonton Metropolitan Region , Canada . It begins at the north end of Edmonton , with 97th street turning into Highway 28 . It extends east to Fort Saskatchewan and west to Calahoo . It is located in Division No . 11 . The county was incorporated in the current boundaries in 1955 , as Municipal District of Sturgeon River No . 90 . It first achieved county status in 1961 , was subsequently disorganized , then established as a county again in 1997 . It was named for the Sturgeon River . Historically , the region was a part of a large ethnic block settlement of French-speaking Albertans . Today the county is less than 5% francophone . The area was first settled in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': 'Edmonton/Villeneuve ( Rose Field ) Aerodrome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmonton/Villeneuve_(Rose_Field)_Aerodrome', 'summary': 'Edmonton/Villeneuve ( Rose Field ) Aerodrome ( TC LID : CRF3 ) is a private aerodrome located 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ; 2.3 mi ) southeast of Villeneuve in Sturgeon County , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CRF3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rose farm , ( Villeneuve , ) Sturgeon County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Villeneuve,_Alberta', 'summary': "Villeneuve is a hamlet in central Alberta , Canada within Sturgeon County . It is located on Highway 44 , approximately 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) northwest of Edmonton 's city limits . It is home to the Michel First Nations band government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_County', 'summary': "Sturgeon County is a municipal district in Alberta 's Edmonton Metropolitan Region , Canada . It begins at the north end of Edmonton , with 97th street turning into Highway 28 . It extends east to Fort Saskatchewan and west to Calahoo . It is located in Division No . 11 . The county was incorporated in the current boundaries in 1955 , as Municipal District of Sturgeon River No . 90 . It first achieved county status in 1961 , was subsequently disorganized , then established as a county again in 1997 . It was named for the Sturgeon River . Historically , the region was a part of a large ethnic block settlement of French-speaking Albertans . Today the county is less than 5% francophone . The area was first settled in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stony Plain ( Lichtner Farms ) Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stony_Plain_(Lichtner_Farms)_Airport', 'summary': 'Stony Plain ( Lichtner Farms ) Airport , ( TC LID : CSP3 ) , is located just west of Stony Plain , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CSP3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lichtner farm , ( Stony Plain , ) Parkland County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stony_Plain,_Alberta', 'summary': "Stony Plain is a town in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of Alberta , Canada within Parkland County . It is located west of Edmonton adjacent to the City of Spruce Grove . Stony Plain is known for its many painted murals representing various periods , events and people throughout the town 's history . The town was originally known as Dog Rump Creek ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Parkland_County', 'summary': 'Parkland County is a municipal district in central Alberta , Canada . Located west of Edmonton in Census Division No . 11 , its municipal office , Parkland County Centre , is located 0.25 km ( 0.16 mi ) north of the Town of Stony Plain on Highway 779 .'}]}, {'value': 'Warburg/Zajes Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warburg/Zajes_Airport', 'summary': 'Warburg/Zajes Airport , ( TC LID : CFH8 ) , is located 2.4 nautical miles ( 4.4 km ; 2.8 mi ) north of Warburg , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CFH8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zajes farm , ( Warburg , ) Leduc County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warburg,_Alberta', 'summary': "Warburg is a village in central Alberta , Canada . It is located 58 km west of the city of Leduc , along Highway 39 . The village is named for Varberg Fortress in Sweden . The fortress 's name was once spelled Warberg in English , but a spelling error resulted in the name Warburg . [ self-published source ? ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Leduc_County', 'summary': 'Leduc County is a municipal district located immediately south of the City of Edmonton . It spans 105 km ( 65 mi ) east to west and 32 km ( 20 mi ) north to south , and has a population of 13,524 . The municipal district is home to prairie parkland and several lakes and is home to the Edmonton International Airport , the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Genesee Power Plant .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX The following active airports serve the Edmonton Metropolitan Region in Alberta , Canada :', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_the_Edmonton_area_0', 'intro': 'The following active airports serve the Edmonton Metropolitan Region in Alberta, Canada:\n Communities in parentheses () indicates the airport is not in a community.'}
null
null
What is the location identifier for the airport located 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) southeast of Edmonton , Alberta ?
CEE6
092db190fc712eb3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Television', 'title': 'DreamWorks Television', 'header': ['Title', 'Years', 'Network', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Others', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Others_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The Others is an American television series created by John Brancato and Michael Ferris , and produced by Delusional Films , NBC Studios , and DreamWorks Television . It ran for thirteen 40-minute episodes from February 5 , 2000 , to June 10 , 2000 , airing on NBC . It concerned a group of people with various psychic talents as they encountered different , and often evil , paranormal forces . It was an ensemble show . It was part of the NBC 's Saturday night supernatural/paranormal programming block , Thrillogy ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with NBC Studios and Delusional Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Television', 'summary': "Universal Television LLC is an American television production subsidiary of NBCUniversal Content Studios and , by extension , the production arm of the NBC television network ( since a majority of the company 's shows air on NBC , and accounts for most of that network 's prime time programming ) . [ vague ] It was formerly known as Revue Studios , MCA/Universal , NBC Productions , NBC Studios , NBC Universal Television Studio , and Universal Media Studios . Both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Battery Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battery_Park_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Battery Park is an American sitcom television series starring Elizabeth Perkins and Justin Louis . The series premiered Thursday March 23 , 2000 at 9:30 p.m Eastern time on NBC . The show was cancelled after four episodes . The series was about a police department in Battery Park , Manhattan , New York City . [ clarification needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with Ubu Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubu_Productions', 'summary': "Ubu Productions , Inc. , is an independent production company founded in 1982 by television producer Gary David Goldberg . Ubu 's notable productions include Family Ties ( 1982-1989 ) , Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991-1993 ) , and Spin City ( 1996-2002 ) . Ubu co-produced many of its shows with Paramount Television and in later years , DreamWorks Television ."}]}, {'value': 'The Job', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Job_(2001_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Job is an American single-camera sitcom that aired on ABC between March 14 , 2001 and April 24 , 2002 . Many of the principal actors went on to either star or guest star in the FX network 's Denis Leary-produced Rescue Me . In Rescue Me , the lead character ( played by Leary ) is very similar to Mike McNeil , but is a fireman rather than a police officer ."}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'co-production with The Cloudland Company , Apostle and Touchstone Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cloudland_Company', 'summary': 'Peter James Tolan III ( born July 5 , 1958 ) is an American television producer , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apostle_(production_company)', 'summary': 'Apostle is a New York-based production company specializing in television production created by stand-up comedian and actor Denis Leary and his business partner Jim Serpico . Apostle created the hit TV series Rescue Me about a post-9/11 FDNY crew and the drama in their personal lives . In June 2007 , Apostle signed a 3-year production deal with Sony to create at least 8 new television shows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ABC_Studios', 'summary': 'Touchstone Television Productions , LLC , d/b/a ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television ( both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . ABC Studios was established as the Touchstone Television banner in 1985 and given its current name on May 28 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Band of Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(miniseries)', 'summary': "Band of Brothers is a 2001 American war drama miniseries based on historian Stephen E. Ambrose 's 1992 non-fiction book of the same name . The executive producers were Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks , who had collaborated on the 1998 World War II film Saving Private Ryan . The episodes first started airing on HBO September 9 , 2001 . The series won Emmy and Golden Globe awards in 2001 for best miniseries . The series dramatizes the history of Easy Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , of the 101st Airborne Division , from jump training in the United States through its participation in major actions in Europe , up until Japan 's capitulation and the end of World War II . The events are based on Ambrose 's research and recorded interviews with Easy Company veterans . The series took literary license , adapting history for dramatic effect and series structure . The characters portrayed are based on members of Easy Company . Some of the men were recorded in contemporary interviews , which viewers see as preludes to several episodes , with the men 's real identities revealed in the finale . The title for the book and series comes from the St Crispin 's Day Speech in William Shakespeare 's play Henry V , delivered by King Henry before the Battle of Agincourt . Ambrose quotes a passage from the speech on his book 's first page ; this passage is spoken by Carwood Lipton in the series finale ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HBO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HBO', 'summary': 'HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': 'miniseries ; co-production with Playtone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Playtone', 'summary': "Playtone ( Stylized as PLAY/TONE ) is an American film and television production company and record label established in 1998 by actor Tom Hanks and producer Gary Goetzman . It was named after the fictional record company of the same name in That Thing You Do ! , written and directed by Hanks ; it also uses the same company logo . The success of the film served as a spring-board to launch an actual Playtone Records label . Playtone has had an exclusive television development deal with HBO since the company was formed . Over the course of that time , Playtone 's projects for HBO have won 52 Emmy Awards , while garnering 107 Emmy Award nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Alienators : Evolution Continues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alienators:_Evolution_Continues', 'summary': "Alienators : Evolution Continues ( Known as Evolution : the Animated Series in some regions including the United Kingdom ) is an Franco-American animated comic science fiction television series based on the 2001 film Evolution . Created by Louis Gassin , the series is composed by 26 episodes of half an hour each ; it is produced by DIC Entertainment L.P. in association with The Montecito Picture Company , DreamWorks Pictures and Columbia TriStar Television . Although the Evolution intellectual property was owned by DreamWorks ( and is now the property of Paramount Pictures via its purchase of the studio 's pre-2006 live action back catalog ) , the series itself is now owned by WildBrain . The series was the basis for a Game Boy Advance game , that was developed by Digital Eclipse and published by Activision ."}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'produced by DreamWorks Television Animation in North America and Columbia TriStar Television outside North America with DIC Entertainment and The Montecito Picture Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_TriStar_Television', 'summary': 'Columbia TriStar Television , Inc. ( abbreviated as CTT ) was an American television production and distribution studio that was active for 8 years from 1994 to 2002 . It was operated as the third name of the early television studio Screen Gems and the fourth name of Pioneer Telefilms , both part of Sony Pictures Entertainment and the third company to use the Columbia and TriStar names together ( the first being Columbia TriStar Home Video , now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and the second ; Columbia TriStar International Television ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/DIC_Entertainment', 'summary': 'DIC Entertainment Corporation ( branded as The Incredible World of DiC and formally known as DIC Audiovisuel , DIC Enterprises , DIC Animation City and DIC Productions ) was an international film and television production company . In 2008 , DiC was acquired by the Cookie Jar Group and was folded into it . Most of the DiC library is currently owned by WildBrain ( formerly DHX Media ) after DHX acquired the Cookie Jar Group on October 22 , 2012 . In addition to animated and live-action television shows , while under Disney , DiC produced live-action feature films , including Meet the Deedles ( 1998 ) and Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) , and licensed various anime series such as Sailor Moon , Saint Seiya and Speed Racer X .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Montecito_Picture_Company', 'summary': 'The Montecito Picture Company is a film production company co-owned by Ivan Reitman and Tom Pollock . It is located on the Sony Pictures lot in Culver City , California , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Undeclared', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Undeclared', 'summary': 'Undeclared is an American sitcom created by Judd Apatow , which aired on Fox during the 2001-02 season . The show has developed a cult following , and in 2012 , Entertainment Weekly listed it at # 16 in the 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years .'}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'co-production with Apatow Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apatow_Productions', 'summary': 'Apatow Productions is an American film and television production company founded by Judd Apatow in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Off Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Off_Centre', 'summary': 'Off Centre is an American sitcom television series that aired on The WB network from October 14 , 2001 , to October 31 , 2002 . Created by Chris Weitz , Paul Weitz , and Danny Zuker , the series was heavily promoted as from the guys who brought you American Pie .'}]}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The WB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_WB', 'summary': "The WB Television Network ( commonly shortened to The WB and short for Warner Bros. ) was an American television network first launched on broadcast television on January 11 , 1995 , as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner and the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company , with the former acting as controlling partner . The network principally aired programs targeting teenagers and young adults between the ages of 12 and 34 , with its Children 's Division , Kids ' WB , geared toward children ages 6 to 12 . The common metonym of the network called The Frog , referring to a former mascot Michigan J. Frog . On January 24 , 2006 , CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. Entertainment announced plans to shut down the network and launch The CW later that same year . The WB Television Network shut down on September 17 , 2006 , with select programs from both it and competitor UPN ( which had shut down two days earlier ) moving to The CW when it launched the following day , September 18 . Time Warner re-used The WB brand for an online network that launched on April 28 , 2008 , over 19 months after The WB ceased broadcasting operations . Until it was discontinued in December 2013 , the website allowed users to watch shows aired on the former television network , as well as original programming and shows formerly hosted on the now-defunct In2TV service ( which itself was created prior to Time Warner 's spinoff of AOL ) . The website could only be accessed within the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'with Weitz , Weitz & Zuker and Warner Bros. Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Television ( WBTV ) is an American television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment , itself part of WarnerMedia . Alongside CBS Television Studios , it serves as a television production arm of The CW ( in which WarnerMedia has a 50% ownership stake ) , though it also produces shows for other networks , such as Shameless on Showtime and Westworld on HBO ( though WarnerMedia also owns HBO ) . As of 2015 , it is one of the world 's two largest television production companies measured by revenue and library ( along with Sony Pictures Television ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boomtown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boomtown_(2002_TV_series)', 'summary': "Boomtown is an American action drama television series created by Graham Yost , that aired on NBC from September 29 , 2002 to December 28 , 2003 . Created by Graham Yost , the show 's title is a nickname for its setting : Los Angeles , California ."}]}, {'value': '2002-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with Nemo Films and NBC Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Yost', 'summary': "Graham John Yost ( born September 5 , 1959 ) is a Canadian film and television screenwriter . His best-known works are the films Speed , Broken Arrow , and Hard Rain and the TV series Justified . In 2002 , he created the television drama series Boomtown . He has also written for the television series Herman 's Head and Band of Brothers . He also created the short-lived NBC drama Raines . Yost teamed up with Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg , along with two of his fellow Boomtown writers Michelle Ashford and Larry Andries , to write and direct episodes of the HBO miniseries The Pacific . Yost is the creator and executive producer of the FX series Justified , and an executive producer on the FX show The Americans . He is currently the head writer and executive producer of the Amazon Studios series Sneaky Pete . Born in Etobicoke , he graduated from the University of Toronto Schools and Trinity College at the University of Toronto . He is the son of Canadian television personality Elwy Yost , the longtime host of the public broadcaster TVOntario 's Saturday Night at the Movies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBC_Studios_(New_York)', 'summary': "NBC Studios are located in the historic 30 Rockefeller Plaza ( on Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets ) in the borough of Manhattan , New York City . The building houses the NBC television network headquarters , its parent NBCUniversal , and NBC 's flagship station WNBC ( Channel 4 ) , as well as cable news channel MSNBC . The first NBC Radio City Studios began operating in the early 1930s . Tours of the studios began in 1933 , suspended in 2014 and resumed on October 26 , 2015 . Because of the preponderance of radio studios , that section of the Rockefeller Center complex became known as Radio City ( and gave its name to Radio City Music Hall ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Taken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taken_(miniseries)', 'summary': 'Taken , also known as Steven Spielberg Presents Taken , is an American science fiction miniseries which first aired on the Sci-Fi Channel from December 2 to 13 , 2002 . Filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , it was written by Leslie Bohem , and directed by Breck Eisner , Félix Enríquez Alcalá , John Fawcett , Tobe Hooper , Jeremy Paul Kagan , Michael Katleman , Sergio Mimica-Gezzan , Bryan Spicer , Jeff Woolnough , and Thomas J. Wright . The executive producers were Leslie Bohem and Steven Spielberg . The show takes place from 1944 to 2002 and follows the lives of three families : the Crawfords , who seek to cover up the Roswell crash and the existence of aliens ; the Keys , who are subject to frequent experimentation by the aliens ; and the Clarkes , who sheltered one of the surviving aliens from the crash . As a result of the decades-long storyline , not a single actor or character appears in every episode of the series . Reception was positive . [ citation needed ] . The series won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Outstanding Miniseries or TV Movie . When the show was launched , the Sci-Fi Channel used the simultaneous establishment of the organization Coalition for Freedom of Information in its promotion campaign . Both the Sci-Fi Channel and the Coalition for Freedom of Information are clients of Washington , D.C. public relations firm PodestaMattoon , and this apparent co-mingling of clients was criticized . The Coalition for Freedom of Information is a group which seeks the release of classified governmental UFO files as well as scientific , Congressional , and media credibility for the study of this subject . Actors starring in the series include Joel Gretsch , Steve Burton , Eric Close , Heather Donahue , Matt Frewer , Catherine Dent , Ryan Hurst , Adam Kaufman , Karen Austin , Julie Benz , Tina Holmes , Willie Garson , John Hawkes , Jason Gray-Stanford , Andy Powers , Ryan Merriman , Michael Moriarty , Michael Jeter , James McDaniel , James Kirk , and Dakota Fanning ( who narrates as well as stars as Allie Keys ) .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syfy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syfy', 'summary': 'Syfy ( formerly Sci-Fi Channel and Sci Fi ; stylized as SYFY ) is an American pay television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group division of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The channel features science fiction , fantasy , horror , supernatural , paranormal , drama , and reality programming . Syfy is available to 92.4 million households in America .'}]}, {'value': 'miniseries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Beene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Beene', 'summary': "Oliver Beene is an American sitcom that premiered on Fox on March 9 , 2003 . The show was created by Howard Gewirtz . Set in 1962 and 1963 , the show chronicled the trials and tribulations of the 11-to-12-year-old Oliver Beene ( played by Grant Rosenmeyer ) , in first person perspective . Oliver Beene 's other main characters are his parents Jerry and Charlotte Beene , his older brother Ted Beene , and his two friends Joyce and Michael . The narrator , an older Oliver reflecting on his experience , is voiced by David Cross . Often in episodes , the story is interrupted by flashbacks and flash-forwards ."}]}, {'value': '2003-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'with Steven Levitan Productions , ge.wirtz Films and Twentieth Century Fox Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Levitan_Productions', 'summary': 'Steven Levitan Productions is a television production company founded by television producer and writer Steven Levitan . It is known for producing the long-running series Modern Family . In March 2014 , the company entered a four-year overall deal with 20th Century Fox Television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_Gewirtz', 'summary': 'Howard Gewirtz is an American television producer and writer , whose credits include Taxi , The Larry Sanders Show , Just Shoot Me , Wings , Oliver Beene , Everybody Hates Chris and The Simpsons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Fox_Television', 'summary': "Twentieth Century Fox Television ( or TCF TV or TCFTV , stylized as 20th Century Fox Television ) is a television-production studio owned by Walt Disney Television , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 20th Television is the syndication and distribution arm of 20th Century Fox Television . 20th Century Fox Television was part of Disney 's 2019 acquisition of the majority 21st Century Fox assets . Disney 's acquisition of 21st Century Fox was completed on March 20 , 2019. Notable shows produced by 20th Century Fox Television include : Batman , M*A*S*H , Glee , How I Met Your Mother , Bones , Empire , Family Guy , 24 , Modern Family , This Is Us , American Dad ! , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Futurama , King of the Hill , New Girl , American Horror Story and most notably The X-Files and The Simpsons ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Las Vegas is an American comedy-drama television series created by Gary Scott Thompson to be broadcast by NBC from September 22 , 2003 , to February 15 , 2008 . The show focused on a team of people working at the fictional Montecito Resort and Casino dealing with issues that arise within the working environment , ranging from valet parking and restaurant management to casino security . The series originally aired on Monday nights , though NBC later moved the series to Friday nights , first to 9 pm Eastern/8 pm Central and then to 10 pm Eastern/9 pm Central . The show entered syndication in the United States in September 2007 . In July 2013 , after a long run of weekday back-to-back episodes on TNT , Las Vegas reruns were moved to a graveyard slot of 4 am , then removed totally from TNT 's lineup . The series originally centered on Ed Deline ( James Caan ) , a strict ex-CIA officer who went from being head of security to becoming president of operations of the Montecito , whose job is to run the day-to-day operations of the casino . Following his departure from the series in season five , former Marine Danny McCoy ( Josh Duhamel ) , Ed 's former protégé , became the Montecito 's new president of operations . The series abruptly ended with a cliffhanger because NBC cancelled Las Vegas in the offseason following season five ."}]}, {'value': '2003-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'with Gary Scott Thompson Productions and NBC Studios , later NBC Universal Television Studio and later Universal Media Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Scott_Thompson', 'summary': "Gary Scott Thompson ( born October 7 , 1959 ) is an American screenwriter , television producer , and director . Thompson is notable for his work on The Fast and the Furious starring Vin Diesel , the sequel 2 Fast 2 Furious , Hollow Man with Kevin Bacon , Split Second , 88 Minutes , starring Al Pacino , and K-911 and K-9 : P.I . As creator , showrunner , writer , and executive producer of NBC 's hit series Las Vegas , Thompson also directed 4 episodes and made a brief appearance as a psychotherapy patient . Recently , Thompson wrote , co-developed , and executive produced NBC and TF1 's Taxi Brooklyn ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBC_Studios_(New_York)', 'summary': "NBC Studios are located in the historic 30 Rockefeller Plaza ( on Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets ) in the borough of Manhattan , New York City . The building houses the NBC television network headquarters , its parent NBCUniversal , and NBC 's flagship station WNBC ( Channel 4 ) , as well as cable news channel MSNBC . The first NBC Radio City Studios began operating in the early 1930s . Tours of the studios began in 1933 , suspended in 2014 and resumed on October 26 , 2015 . Because of the preponderance of radio studios , that section of the Rockefeller Center complex became known as Radio City ( and gave its name to Radio City Music Hall ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBC_Universal_Television_Studio', 'summary': "Universal Television LLC is an American television production subsidiary of NBCUniversal Content Studios and , by extension , the production arm of the NBC television network ( since a majority of the company 's shows air on NBC , and accounts for most of that network 's prime time programming ) . [ vague ] It was formerly known as Revue Studios , MCA/Universal , NBC Productions , NBC Studios , NBC Universal Television Studio , and Universal Media Studios . Both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Universal_Media_Studios', 'summary': "Universal Television LLC is an American television production subsidiary of NBCUniversal Content Studios and , by extension , the production arm of the NBC television network ( since a majority of the company 's shows air on NBC , and accounts for most of that network 's prime time programming ) . [ vague ] It was formerly known as Revue Studios , MCA/Universal , NBC Productions , NBC Studios , NBC Universal Television Studio , and Universal Media Studios . Both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios ."}]}, {'value': 'Line of Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Line_of_Fire_(2003_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Line of Fire is an American crime drama television series that was broadcast on ABC for 11 episodes in the winter of 2003-2004 . It starred Leslie Bibb and Jeffrey D. Sams . The show was canceled after just 11 episodes in June 2004 , though 13 episodes in all were produced . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '2003-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'with Battle Plan Productions , Steven Bochco Productions and Touchstone Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rod_Lurie', 'summary': 'Rod Lurie ( born May 15 , 1962 ) is an Israeli-American director , screenwriter and former film critic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steven_Bochco', 'summary': 'Steven Ronald Bochco ( December 16 , 1943 - April 1 , 2018 ) was a television producer and writer . He developed a number of television series , including Hill Street Blues , L.A. Law , Doogie Howser , M.D. , and NYPD Blue .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Touchstone_Television', 'summary': 'Touchstone Television Productions , LLC , d/b/a ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television ( both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . ABC Studios was established as the Touchstone Television banner in 1985 and given its current name on May 28 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rescue Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rescue_Me_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Rescue Me is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on FX on July 21 , 2004 and concluded on September 7 , 2011 . The series focuses on the professional and personal lives of a group of New York City firefighters . The protagonist and focal point of the series is veteran New York City firefighter Tommy Gavin ( Denis Leary ) . The series follows Tommy 's troubled family and co-workers as they deal with real-life issues , such as post-9/11 trauma or their own domestic problems . Tommy struggles with the loss of his cousin and best friend , firefighter Jimmy Keefe ( James McCaffrey ) , as well as 59 other firefighters whom he knew who died in the World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 . Jimmy frequently visits Tommy in ghostly dreams . Tommy is an impatient , self-loathing , hypocritical , manipulative relapsed alcoholic who suffers with severe survivor guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of 9/11 . In the pilot episode , he and his wife Janet ( Andrea Roth ) have already separated , although they are technically still married , and Tommy has moved across the street . Most of Tommy 's actions as a firefighter are heroic and brave , but his family members and fellow firefighters view him as selfish , despite his concern for others and passion for the job . Rescue Me was created by Leary and Peter Tolan , who also serve as executive producers and head writers , and is produced by Cloudland Company , Apostle , DreamWorks Television , and Sony Pictures Television ."}]}, {'value': '2004-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "FX is an American pay television channel owned by the Walt Disney Television unit of The Walt Disney Company through FX Networks , LLC . It is based at the 20th Century Fox lot in Century City , California . Originally launched on June 1 , 1994 , the network 's original programming aspires to the standards of premium cable channels such as HBO , Showtime , and Starz in regard to mature themes and content , high-quality writing , directing and acting , and sister channels such as FXX and FXM . FX also carries reruns of theatrical films and terrestrial-network sitcoms , and advertising-free content was available through the FX+ premium subscription service until it was shut down on August 21 , 2019 . As of September 2018 , FX is available to approximately 89.2 million television households ( 96.7% of households with cable ) in the United States . In addition to the flagship U.S. network , the FX name is licensed to a number of related pay television channels in various countries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'with The Cloudland Company , Apostle and Sony Pictures Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cloudland_Company', 'summary': 'Peter James Tolan III ( born July 5 , 1958 ) is an American television producer , director , and screenwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apostle_(production_company)', 'summary': 'Apostle is a New York-based production company specializing in television production created by stand-up comedian and actor Denis Leary and his business partner Jim Serpico . Apostle created the hit TV series Rescue Me about a post-9/11 FDNY crew and the drama in their personal lives . In June 2007 , Apostle signed a 3-year production deal with Sony to create at least 8 new television shows .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television', 'summary': "Sony Pictures Television Inc. ( or SPT ) is an American television production and distribution studio founded in 2002 as the successor to Columbia TriStar Television , TriStar Television , Columbia Pictures Television , Screen Gems and Pioneer Telefilms . Based in Culver City , it is a division of Sony Entertainment 's Sony Pictures Entertainment and a unit of the Japanese conglomerate Sony ."}]}, {'value': 'Father of the Pride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Father_of_the_Pride', 'summary': "Father of the Pride is an American animated sitcom created by Jeffrey Katzenberg for DreamWorks Animation that was part of a short-lived trend of CGI series in prime-time network television ( after Game Over ) . The series centers on a family of white lions , the patriarch of which stars in a Siegfried & Roy show in Las Vegas . Despite heavy promotion , the series was a flop and was cancelled after one season . Transmission and production were also delayed by the real-life on-stage injury of Roy Horn in October 2003 . The family was conceived by Katzenberg when he visited Siegfried & Roy 's Secret Garden in Las Vegas in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '2004-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'produced by DreamWorks Television Animation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Contender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Contender_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Contender is an American reality television series that initially aired from March 3 , 2005 to January 7 , 2009 on NBC , ESPN , and Versus and currently airs on Epix . Each season of the series follows a group of boxers as they compete with one another in an elimination-style competition , while their lives and relationships with each other and their families are depicted . The series was created and executive produced by Mark Burnett . The first three seasons of the show were hosted by Sugar Ray Leonard , who shared hosting duties in the first season with actor Sylvester Stallone . Leonard departed the series after season three and Tony Danza joined as his replacement . On January 22 , 2018 , it was announced that the series was being revived by premium cable network Epix for a fifth season which premiered on August 24 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC / ESPN / Versus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ESPN', 'summary': 'ESPN ( originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network ) is an American basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc. , owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company ( 80% ) and Hearst Communications ( 20% ) . The company was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen along with his son Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan . ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol , Connecticut . The network also operates offices in Miami , New York City , Seattle , Charlotte , and Los Angeles . James Pitaro currently serves as chairman of ESPN , a position he has held since March 5 , 2018 , following the resignation of John Skipper on December 18 , 2017 . While ESPN is one of the most successful sports networks , there has been much criticism of ESPN , which includes accusations of biased coverage , conflict of interest , and controversies with individual broadcasters and analysts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NBC_Sports_Network', 'summary': "NBCSN is an American pay television channel that is owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal . It originally launched on July 1 , 1995 , as the Outdoor Life Network ( OLN ) , which was dedicated to programming primarily involving fishing , hunting , outdoor adventure programs , and outdoor sports . By the turn of the 21st century , OLN became better known for its extensive coverage of the Tour de France but eventually began covering more mainstream sporting events , resulting in its relaunch as Versus in September 2006 . In 2011 , Comcast , the original owner of the network , acquired a majority stake in NBCUniversal . As a result , Comcast merged the operations of its pay channels with those of NBC . In particular , it aligned the operation of its sports channels with NBC 's sports division , NBC Sports . On January 1 , 2012 , Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network ( on-air branding later shortened to NBCSN ) to reflect these changes . As of September 15 , 2014 , the majority of NBC Sports ' operations , including NBCSN , is based in facilities in Stamford , Connecticut . As of September 2018 , NBCSN is available to approximately 83.3 million households ( 90.2% of households with cable ) in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'with Mark Burnett Productions and ESPN Original Entertainment ( seasons 2-3 ; 2006-07 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Burnett', 'summary': "Mark Burnett ( born 17 July 1960 ) is a British television producer who is the current Chairman of MGM Worldwide Television Group . He is best known for creating and producing the reality shows Survivor and The Apprentice . Burnett-produced TV series have been nominated for a total of 143 Emmys . He has personally won twelve Emmy Awards , five Producers Guild of America Awards , seven Critics ' Choice Television Awards , and six People 's Choice Awards . As of late 2018 , Burnett is the executive producer of six network television shows , as well as several cable series . Under Burnett 's leadership , MGM has expanded its cable TV business through the acquisitions of Evolution Media ( e.g. , Botched , Real Housewives of Beverly Hills , Real Housewives of Orange County ) and Big Fish Entertainment ( Live PD , Black Ink Crew ) . Burnett additionally produced the Christian faith-based series The Bible and A.D . The Bible Continues , as well as the feature films Son of God , Little Boy , Woodlawn , and Ben-Hur ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ESPN_Original_Entertainment', 'summary': 'ESPN Films ( formerly known as ESPN Original Entertainment ) is a production company which produces and distributes sports films and documentaries . It is owned by ESPN Inc. , a joint venture between the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company ( which owns a controlling 80% stake ) and the Hearst Communications ( which owns the remaining 20% ) . Created in March 2008 , ESPN Films produces films covering sports-related stories . Projects from the subsidiary include 30 for 30 ( and its offshoots 30 for 30 : Soccer Stories and the digital series 30 for 30 Shorts ) , the critically acclaimed Nine for IX series and SEC Storied .'}]}, {'value': 'Into the West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Into_the_West_(miniseries)', 'summary': 'Into the West is a 2005 miniseries produced by Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks , with six two-hour episodes ( including commercials ) . The series was first broadcast in the U.S. on Turner Network Television ( TNT ) on six Fridays starting on June 10 , 2005 . It was also shown in the UK on BBC2 and BBC HD from November 4 , 2006 , and in Canada on CBC Television . The series also aired in the U.S. on AMC during the summer ( June/July ) and fall ( autumn , September/October ) of 2012 . The miniseries begins in the 1820s and is told mainly through the third person narration of Jacob Wheeler ( Matthew Settle ) and Loved By the Buffalo ( Joseph M. Marshall III ) , although episodes outside the direct observation of both protagonists are also shown . The plot follows the story of two families , one white American , one Native American , as their lives become mingled through the momentous events of American expansion . The story intertwines real and fictional characters and events spanning the period of expansion of the United States in the American West , from 1825 to 1890 . The show has a large cast , with about 250 speaking parts . The series features well-known performers including Josh Brolin , Gary Busey , Michael Spears , Tonantzin Carmelo , Skeet Ulrich , Garrett Wang , Steve Reevis , Rachael Leigh Cook , Wes Studi , Irene Bedard , Alan Tudyk , Christian Kane , Russell Means , Jay Tavare , Keri Russell , Graham Greene , Sean Astin , Beau Bridges , Judge Reinhold , Zahn McClarnon , Tom Berenger , Gil Birmingham , David Paymer , Raoul Trujillo , Eric Schweig , Lance Henriksen , Simon R. Baker , Tyler Christopher , Tatanka Means , Gordon Tootoosis , Sheila Tousey , and Will Patton . It was filmed in Drumheller , Alberta and Santa Fe , New Mexico .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TNT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turner_Network_Television', 'summary': "TNT ( originally an abbreviation for Turner Network Television ) is an American subscription television network that is owned by WarnerMedia Entertainment , a unit of AT & T 's WarnerMedia . When TNT launched in October 1988 , the channel 's original purpose was to air classic films and television series to which Turner Broadcasting maintained spillover rights through its sister channel SuperStation TBS ( now simply TBS ) ; however , since June 2001 , its programming consists of television series and feature films with a focus on drama , along with some sports ( including NBA games , the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , UEFA Champions League , the UEFA Europa League Final and AEW Dynamite ) . As of September 2018 [ update ] , TNT was received by approximately 89.573 million households that subscribe to a subscription television service throughout the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'miniseries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miracle Workers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miracle_Workers_(2006_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Miracle Workers was the name of a reality television show on ABC that aired one season in 2006 . It featured seriously ill people who were unable to afford treatment , the show would cover any medical costs , and document the results .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dog Bites Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dog_Bites_Man', 'summary': 'Dog Bites Man was a partially improvised comedy television show on Comedy Central that aired in summer 2006 . It began airing on The Comedy Channel in Australia in June 2007 . The series was produced by DreamWorks Television .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_Central', 'summary': "Comedy Central is an American pay television channel owned by ViacomCBS through its ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks division 's Entertainment & Youth Group unit , based in Manhattan . The channel is geared for mature audiences and carries comedy programming in the form of both original , licensed , and syndicated series , stand-up comedy specials , and feature films . Since the early 2000s , Comedy Central has expanded globally with localized channels in Europe , India , Southeast Asia , Latin America , New Zealand , Middle East , and Africa . The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks . Comedy Central is available to approximately 86,723,000 households in the United States as of September 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On the Lot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On_the_Lot', 'summary': 'On the Lot was a single season reality show and online competition for filmmaking , produced by Steven Spielberg , Mark Burnett and David Goffin . The show , which aired on Fox , featured filmmakers competing in weekly elimination competitions , with the ultimate prize of a million-dollar development deal at DreamWorks . On the Lot premiered May 22 , 2007 , and aired Tuesdays . The On the Lot online Movie Video Making Challenge competition aired online simultaneously alongside the TV show . In the online competition which mirrored the show , competitors from around the globe created and submitted their short films that aired online and were voted on by judges and the national popular vote . The show was initially hosted by Chelsea Handler but she quit early on ; she later said , I quit because I smelled the disaster happening before it did . She was replaced by Adrianna Costa . Initial episodes narrowed 50 semi-finalists down to 18 finalists . After the audition stage , the program was a one-hour show , in which movies were screened : Film Premiere . The next day featured half-hour episodes of viewer reaction , entitled Box Office . Viewers could vote each week for their favorite directors , which resulted in the elimination of the directors with the lowest vote totals . Votes could be made online at thelot.com , in addition to landline calls and Verizon text messages , and were permitted for two hours after the show .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FOX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'in association with Amblin Entertainment and Mark Burnett Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment', 'summary': "Amblin Entertainment is an American film production company founded by director and producer Steven Spielberg , and film producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall in 1981 . The company 's headquarters are located on the backlot of Universal Studios in Universal City , California . The company distributes all of the films from Amblin Partners under the Amblin Entertainment name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Burnett', 'summary': "Mark Burnett ( born 17 July 1960 ) is a British television producer who is the current Chairman of MGM Worldwide Television Group . He is best known for creating and producing the reality shows Survivor and The Apprentice . Burnett-produced TV series have been nominated for a total of 143 Emmys . He has personally won twelve Emmy Awards , five Producers Guild of America Awards , seven Critics ' Choice Television Awards , and six People 's Choice Awards . As of late 2018 , Burnett is the executive producer of six network television shows , as well as several cable series . Under Burnett 's leadership , MGM has expanded its cable TV business through the acquisitions of Evolution Media ( e.g. , Botched , Real Housewives of Beverly Hills , Real Housewives of Orange County ) and Big Fish Entertainment ( Live PD , Black Ink Crew ) . Burnett additionally produced the Christian faith-based series The Bible and A.D . The Bible Continues , as well as the feature films Son of God , Little Boy , Woodlawn , and Ben-Hur ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpoolers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpoolers', 'summary': "Carpoolers is an American single-camera comedy series , that aired on ABC from October 2 , 2007 to March 4 , 2008 . The show was created by Bruce McCulloch , who also executive produced alongside Justin Falvey , Darryl Frank , David Miner , Marsh McCall , Joe Russo and Anthony Russo ( formerly of Arrested Development ) . Joe and Anthony Russo also directed the pilot . The series focused on the everyday lives of four male suburbanites with different occupations , who took their private lives and issues along for the ride during their daily commute to and from work . Produced by DreamWorks Television , ABC Studios , and 3 Arts Entertainment , the series was given a thirteen-episode order on May 11 , 2007. and originally aired Tuesdays at 8:30PM Eastern/7:30PM Central following Cavemen . After a brief hiatus , the show returned to ABC 's schedule on January 8 , 2008 at 9:30PM Eastern/8:30PM Central , following According to Jim . After the writers strike ended , ABC declined to order any additional episodes of Carpoolers . It has aired in Australia on the Seven Network in the timeslot of 11:30pm Tuesdays , first after Eli Stone , then after Lipstick Jungle ."}]}, {'value': '2007-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'with T.R.O.R.T. , 3 Arts Entertainment and ABC Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Studios', 'summary': 'Touchstone Television Productions , LLC , d/b/a ABC Studios is an American television production studio under the Disney Television Studios unit of Walt Disney Television ( both ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . ABC Studios was established as the Touchstone Television banner in 1985 and given its current name on May 28 , 2007 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'TV shows -- TV series produced by DWTV', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'DreamWorks_Television_1', 'intro': 'DreamWorks Television (or DWTV[citation needed]) was a television distribution and production company that was a division of DreamWorks. It folded into Amblin Television in 2013. [citation needed]'}
null
null
What is the name of the network that played series created by Gary Scott Thompson ?
NBC
092ee3b8de3448a6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts', 'title': 'List of NFL franchise post-season droughts', 'header': ['Seasons Since Win', 'Team', 'Last playoff game win', 'Loss Streak', 'Playoff Losses - Teams'], 'data': [{'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_Bengals_seasons', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Bengals franchise was founded in 1968 as a member of the West division of the American Football League ( AFL ) . The Bengals joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as a result of the AFL-NFL merger prior to 1970 . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1968 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Bengals have played over 750 games in their history , including two conference championships , eight division championships , and 12 playoff appearances . The franchise has experienced several extended periods of success in their history . These periods came from 1981 to 1990 when the Bengals qualified for the playoffs four times and played in two Super Bowls , and from 2009 to the present . However , during a 14-year span - 1991 to 2004 - the Bengals did not qualify for the playoffs . During this time , the franchise had nine seasons with 10 or more losses , and three of those seasons the franchise had the league 's worst record . Since 2005 the Bengals have been more successful , posting seven winning seasons , three division titles and seven wild card playoff berths ( including a streak of five consecutive playoff seasons , a first in franchise history ) ."}]}, {'value': '1990 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990–91_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 1990 season began on January 5 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV , 20-19 , on January 27 , at Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida . The league expanded its playoff system from a 10-team to a 12-team tournament , which is still in use . With these changes , three wild card teams ( those non-division champions with the conference 's best won-lost-tied percentages ) qualified , up from two the year before . The format consisted of the following :"}]}, {'value': '8 ♦', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Detroit_Lions_seasons', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . The Lions compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team began play in 1928 as an independent professional team . The 2015 season was their 88th in the NFL . The Lions have won four NFL championships , tied for 9th overall in total championships amongst all 32 NFL franchises ; although the last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals . The Lions were the first franchise to finish a full ( non-strike shortened ) regular season with no wins or ties since the move to sixteen season games in 1978 , going 0-16 during the 2008 NFL season . They are also one of four current teams , and the only one in the NFC , to have never played in the Super Bowl ."}]}, {'value': '1991 NFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1991 season began on December 28 , 1991 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Washington Redskins defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI , 37-24 , on January 26 , 1992 , at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': '9 ♣ ♣', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Buffalo_Bills_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Buffalo Bills American football franchise . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Bills ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Bills finished their most recent season ( 2019 ) with a record of ten wins and six losses ."}]}, {'value': '1995 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1995 season began on December 30 , 1995 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Dallas Cowboys defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX , 27-17 , on January 28 , 1996 , at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': '6 ♦', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville 2019 Wild Card - Houston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22**', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons', 'summary': 'The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the leagues four championships . While the National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns AAFC championships , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the teams championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1995 , then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the teams history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modells new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record-keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . In 2017 , the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history to suffer an 0-16 record .'}]}, {'value': '1994 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994–95_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 1994 season began on December 31 , 1994 . The postseason tournament concluded with the San Francisco 49ers defeating the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 49-26 , on January 29 , 1995 , at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami Dolphins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Miami_Dolphins_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL , from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL-NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league , playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6 . Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons , in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL . Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995 . After Shula retired in 1995 , the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt , but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times , reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since , and during the mid-2000s , briefly intensified the Dolphins-Patriots rivalry , when Nick Saban , a former Bill Belichick assistant was hired as the Dolphins head coach in 2005 and when he nearly signed quarterback Drew Brees with the Dolphins the following year . In 2007 , if not for their overtime victory over the Baltimore Ravens , would 've suffered an imperfect season , a year before the Detroit Lions became the first team to go winless since the NFL expanded to a 16-game schedule . That same season , the Dolphins became the first team in NFL history to win their division following a 1-15 season , and as of 2018 , marked the last non-Patriot division title in the AFC East . For complete team history , see History of the Miami Dolphins ."}]}, {'value': '2000 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2000 season began on December 30 , 2000 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Baltimore Ravens defeating the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV , 34-7 , on January 28 , 2001 , at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida . This would be the final season where the playoffs began in December . The following year , the league pushed the start of the season back one week ( to the weekend after Labor Day ) , which effectively pushed the start of playoffs one week later ( into January ) .'}]}, {'value': '4 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Vegas Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Las_Vegas_Raiders_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Las Vegas Raiders American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Raiders ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '2002 AFC Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs for the 2002 season began on January 4 , 2003 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII , 48-21 , on January 26 , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . Prior to the 2002-03 season , the league realigned its teams into eight divisions ( four in each conference ) . Thus , the 12-team playoff format was modified . The league still abides by this updated system today :'}]}, {'value': '2 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Buccaneers †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , an American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers are members of the South division in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Buccaneers first joined the NFL in 1976 as members of the AFC West . The following year , they moved to the NFC Central . The Tampa Bay expansion franchise was originally awarded to Tom McCloskey , a construction company owner from Philadelphia . It soon became apparent that McCloskey had financial problems , so the NFL found a replacement in Hugh Culverhouse . They were purchased by Malcolm Glazer in 1995 for $ 192 million , following Culverhouse 's death . The front office staff of the team includes Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , and Joel Glazer . The Buccaneers ' only Super Bowl championship was won in Super Bowl XXXVII , at the conclusion of the 2002 season . This was the teams ' only Super Bowl appearance , having reached the NFC conference championship on two other occasions . The Buccaneers have been divisional champions six times , three of them in the NFC Central and the other three in NFC South ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XXXVII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League ( NFL ) playoffs for the 2002 season began on January 4 , 2003 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeating the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII , 48-21 , on January 26 , at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California . Prior to the 2002-03 season , the league realigned its teams into eight divisions ( four in each conference ) . Thus , the 12-team playoff format was modified . The league still abides by this updated system today :'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the Washington Redskins American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Redskins ' franchise from 1932 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Redskins franchise was founded as the Boston Braves , named after the local baseball franchise . The team changed its name to the Redskins in 1933 and moved to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The Redskins have played over 1,000 games . In those games , the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls . The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They also played in and lost the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 Championship games , as well as Super Bowl VII and XVIII . They have made 24 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 23 wins and 19 losses . Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins : the New England Patriots ( eleven ) , the Dallas Cowboys , Pittsburgh Steelers , Denver Broncos ( eight ) , and San Francisco 49ers ( six ) ; the Redskins ' five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New York Giants and Green Bay Packers . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two ten-year spans ."}]}, {'value': '2005 NFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2005 season began on January 7 , 2006 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL , 21-10 , on February 5 , at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . After scrutiny in the Wild Card and Divisional rounds , the league reversed a three-year precedent , and returned to all star officiating crews for the Conference Championship games . [ citation needed ] Since the 2003-04 NFL playoffs , postseason officiating had been done by entire crews from the regular season .'}]}, {'value': '4 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Jets_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the New York Jets , formerly the New York Titans , an American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Jets ' franchise from 1960 to the present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Titans were a part of the inaugural season of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . In 1963 , the Titans changed their name to the Jets after a change in ownership . The New York Jets have won one National Football League championship in Super Bowl III . In their 53-year history , they have an overall regular season record of 373 wins , 439 losses , and 8 ties . They have made 14 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 12 wins and 13 losses ."}]}, {'value': '2010 AFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2010 season began on January 8 , 2011 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV , 31-25 , on February 6 , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first Super Bowl in which the NFC representative was a # 6 seed , and only the second time one has made the Super Bowl ( the previous being the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL ) . This was only the second postseason in NFL history that included a team with a losing record , and the first to occur with a full regular season . The Seattle Seahawks won their division with a 7-9 record , as all four teams in the NFC West had losing seasons in 2010 . Only the 1982-83 NFL playoffs , following the strike-shortened 1982 , had previously included teams with losing records ( under a modified 16-team tournament , with eight from each conference , the 1982 Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions qualified with records of 4-5 ) . Six days after winning the division , the Seahawks defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints to become the first playoff team with a losing record to win in the postseason . In the opening wildcard round of the playoffs , three of the four home teams had fewer wins than the away team . The exception was the Green Bay Packers-Philadelphia Eagles match , where both were 10-6 ( the Packers had defeated the Eagles in Week 1 of the season , but were on the road because they were the wild card team ) . But away teams finished 6-4 this playoff season for wins . This was the second time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the number one playoff seeds advanced to their conference 's respective championship game , the other time being in the 2008-09 NFL playoffs . Also , had the New York Jets also won their conference championship game it would have been the first # 6 vs # 6 seed in Super Bowl history ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Chicago_Bears_seasons', 'summary': "The Chicago Bears franchise was founded as the Decatur Staleys , a charter member of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) . The team moved to Chicago , Illinois , in 1921 and changed its name to the Bears in 1922 , the same year the APFA changed its name to the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the franchise 's completed seasons from 1920 to present , including postseason records and results from postseason games . The Chicago Bears have played over 1,000 games in their history , and have had eight NFL Championships victories and one Super Bowl win . The Bears ' nine championships are the second most by any team in NFL history . The franchise has captured 18 NFL divisional titles and four NFL conference championships . The Bears have also recorded more regular season victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise has experienced three major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1932 to 1946 when the Bears won six NFL Championships . In this period the Bears participated in the first National Football League playoff game , the first NFL Championship Game , and become the American football sports dynasty of the 1940s . The Bears played in four straight NFL Championship Games between 1940 and 1943 , winning three of them , including an NFL record 73-0 victory over the Washington Redskins in 1940 . The second period of success was between 1984 and 1991 when the Bears captured six NFC Central Division titles in eight years and won Super Bowl XX ."}]}, {'value': '2010 NFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2010 season began on January 8 , 2011 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Green Bay Packers defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV , 31-25 , on February 6 , at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first Super Bowl in which the NFC representative was a # 6 seed , and only the second time one has made the Super Bowl ( the previous being the 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL ) . This was only the second postseason in NFL history that included a team with a losing record , and the first to occur with a full regular season . The Seattle Seahawks won their division with a 7-9 record , as all four teams in the NFC West had losing seasons in 2010 . Only the 1982-83 NFL playoffs , following the strike-shortened 1982 , had previously included teams with losing records ( under a modified 16-team tournament , with eight from each conference , the 1982 Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions qualified with records of 4-5 ) . Six days after winning the division , the Seahawks defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints to become the first playoff team with a losing record to win in the postseason . In the opening wildcard round of the playoffs , three of the four home teams had fewer wins than the away team . The exception was the Green Bay Packers-Philadelphia Eagles match , where both were 10-6 ( the Packers had defeated the Eagles in Week 1 of the season , but were on the road because they were the wild card team ) . But away teams finished 6-4 this playoff season for wins . This was the second time since the 1979 NFL season where neither of the number one playoff seeds advanced to their conference 's respective championship game , the other time being in the 2008-09 NFL playoffs . Also , had the New York Jets also won their conference championship game it would have been the first # 6 vs # 6 seed in Super Bowl history ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay 2018 Wild Card - Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_New_York_Giants_seasons', 'summary': "The New York Giants are an American football team based in East Rutherford , New Jersey . They are a member of the National Football League ( NFL ) and play in the NFL 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In 95 completed seasons , the franchise has won eight NFL championships , including four Super Bowl victories . The Giants have won more than 600 games and appeared in the NFL playoffs 32 times . Though the Giants play home games in East Rutherford , they draw fans from throughout the New York metropolitan area . In 2010 , the team began playing in MetLife Stadium , formerly New Meadowlands Stadium . After Tim Mara paid $ 500 for the franchise , the Giants joined the NFL in the 1925 season and won their first championship two years later . In 1934 , the team won its second title , defeating the Chicago Bears in the NFL Championship Game . The Giants won another championship four years later , and made four appearances in the NFL Championship Game from 1939 to 1946 , losing each time . New York won its fourth NFL title in 1956 , with a 47-7 win over the Bears in the championship game . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants reached the NFL Championship Game five times , but were defeated on each occasion . Following the 1963 season , the franchise did not return to the playoffs until 1981 , only finishing .500 or better five times during the postseason drought ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XLVI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2011 season began on January 7 , 2012 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New York Giants defeating the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI , 21-17 , on February 5 , at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis . The Detroit Lions and Houston Texans both made team history with their clinching of playoff spots . The Lions had not been to the playoffs since 1999 while the Texans , who entered the league in 2002 , had never made the playoffs in their nine-season history . The Buffalo Bills , who were eliminated from playoff contention for the twelfth straight year then , were the only team that had not made the playoffs in the 21st century ( and would not do so again until 2017 ) . This team was tied with the Lions for the overall longest failure streak entering the season ( the Bills had also not made the playoffs since qualifying as a wild card in 1999 where they were defeated by the Tennessee Titans ) . Unless otherwise noted , all times listed are Eastern Standard Time ( UTC−05 )'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Wild Card - Green Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Baltimore_Ravens_seasons', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football franchise based in Baltimore , Maryland . They are a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; from 1996 to 2001 , they played in the AFC Central . The team began play in the 1996 season as a result of former Cleveland Browns team owner Art Modell 's decision to move the Browns to Baltimore . The Ravens have won two Super Bowl championships in franchise history : in 2000 , when the team defeated the New York Giants 34-7 in Super Bowl XXXV ; and in 2012 , when the team defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31 in Super Bowl XLVII . As of 2019 [ update ] they are the only team to reach the Super Bowl more than once and win each time . Until their defeat by the Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII , the 49ers were the only team to never lose in the Super Bowl with multiple appearances ."}]}, {'value': '2014 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2014 season began on January 3 , 2015 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX , 28-24 , on February 1 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona .'}]}, {'value': '3 ¤', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Divisional - New England 2018 Wild Card - Los Angeles Chargers 2019 Divisional - Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Cardinals_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Arizona Cardinals . The Cardinals are an American football franchise competing as a member of the West division of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cardinals ' franchise from 1920 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches ."}]}, {'value': '2015 NFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 NFC Championship - Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Carolina_Panthers_seasons', 'summary': "The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The team was founded in 1993 , when , along with the Jacksonville Jaguars , they were accepted into the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team . The Panthers are owned by David Tepper . The Carolina Panthers began play in 1995 , and spent their first 7 seasons in the NFC West division , making it to the NFC Championship game in 1996 , which was only their 2nd year as a football franchise . In 2002 , the Panthers were moved to the NFC South after the NFL realigned their divisions due to the Houston Texans joining the league as an expansion team . Over their 20 seasons in the NFL , the Panthers have played in over 300 games , winning 6 division titles ( one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South ) and reaching the NFL playoffs 8 times . The Panthers have never had back-to-back winning seasons , but recorded their first back-to-back-to-back playoff seasons in 2013 and 2014 , becoming the first team in the history of the NFC South to win consecutive division titles in the process . They won a third consecutive division title in 2015 , finishing with a league-best 15-1 record and securing homefield advantage in the playoffs for the first time in team history . The team 's worst regular season record was 2001 , where they finished 1-15 , worst in the league for that season ; although they won their first game , they lost each of the remaining 15 . Their best regular season record was accomplished in 2015 , when they finished 15-1 . The team has reached the Super Bowl twice ; in 2003 , when they lost Super Bowl XXXVIII 29-32 to the New England Patriots , and 2015 , when they lost Super Bowl 50 10-24 to the Denver Broncos . Overall , the team has recorded 7 winning seasons , 14 losing seasons , and three 8-8 seasons ; they have reached the playoffs 8 times ."}]}, {'value': '2015 NFC Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': "The National Football League playoffs for the 2015 season began on January 9 , 2016 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl 50 , on February 7 , when the Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California . For this year only , the Super Bowl decided not to use a Roman numeral ( L ) and instead used the standard numerals 50 . According to Jaime Weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , the primary reason was that the league 's graphic designers had difficulty designing a suitable , aesthetically pleasing logo with only the Roman numeral L ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Denver_Broncos_seasons', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are an American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . Founded by Bob Howsam on August 14 , 1959 , the team was one of the founder members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , which began in 1960 , before merging with the National Football League ( NFL ) ahead of the 1970 season , when the Broncos became part of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division ; they have been in the same division ever since . As of the end of the 2019 season , Denver has completed 60 seasons ( playing in over 950 combined regular season and playoff games ) , and has appeared in eight Super Bowls ; although they lost in each of their first four Super Bowl appearances , they have since won three of them , including Super Bowl 50 . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1976 to 1981 , when the Broncos did not have a losing season ( a season when the team has more losses than wins ) , and won two AFC West division titles , and one AFC championship . The second began in 1983 and ended in 1998 . During this period , the Broncos had just two losing seasons , were AFC champions five times and were Super Bowl champions for two consecutive years . This second period of success is best remembered for John Elway being the team 's quarterback . The most recent run of success began in 2011 , lasting until their victory in Super Bowl 50 at the end of the 2015 season . The five-year stretch was primarily spearheaded by the 2012 free agent acquisition of the then four-time League MVP former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning , and included five AFC West titles , two AFC championships , as well as the Super Bowl . From their inaugural season in 1960 until 1975 , they did not make either the AFL playoffs or NFL playoffs and had just two winning seasons . The Broncos were the only charter AFL franchise to never have a winning season during the AFL 's 10 years of existence ( although the team finished at 7-7 in 1962 ) , with their first winning season not occurring until 1973 , their fourth year as a member of the NFL 's AFC ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl 50', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_50', 'summary': "Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2015 season . The American Football Conference ( AFC ) champions Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champions Carolina Panthers , 24-10 . The game was played on February 7 , 2016 , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , in the San Francisco Bay Area . As this was the 50th Super Bowl game , the league emphasized the golden anniversary with various gold-themed initiatives during the 2015 season , as well as suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as Super Bowl L ) , so the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 5 and 0 . The Panthers finished the regular season with a 15-1 record , racking up the league 's top offense , and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49-15 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise began playing in 1995 . The Broncos finished the regular season with a 12-4 record , bolstered by having the league 's top defense . The Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 20-18 in the AFC Championship Game joining the Patriots , Dallas Cowboys , and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl . This record would later be broken the next season , in 2017 , when the Patriots advanced to their ninth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl LI . The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed . Denver recorded seven sacks and forced four turnovers . Carolina likewise kept pace by recording five sacks and forcing two turnovers ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3-game win streak', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers_seasons', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Steelers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC ; seven franchises in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) have longer tenures in the NFL . The team struggled to be competitive in its early history , posting winning records in just 8 of its first 39 seasons . Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 , however , it has appeared in eight Super Bowls and one of only two teams , along with the New England Patriots have won the Super Bowl six times . The six championships place the Steelers fourth in the league in terms of total championships ( including those prior to the first Super Bowl ) , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 championships ) , the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) and the New York Giants ( 8 ) . The club 's 15 AFC Championship Game appearances are second all-time , behind the Patriots ( 16 ) . In addition , they have hosted the second-most conference championship games ( 11 ) than any franchise in either conference , and are tied for second with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos with eight Super Bowl appearances ; the Patriots currently hold the record of eleven appearances , as of 2019 . From 1974 to 1979 the franchise became the first NFL franchise to win four Super Bowl titles in six seasons , a feat which is yet to be matched . The 2005 team was the first sixth-seeded team to advance to a conference championship game since the playoff field was expanded to 12 teams in 1990 ; the same team also became the first sixth-seed to win the Super Bowl . The Steelers are 6-2 in Super Bowls , winning Super Bowl IX , Super Bowl X , Super Bowl XIII , Super Bowl XIV , Super Bowl XL , Super Bowl XLIII and losing Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XLV . As of the start of the 2018 season , the Steelers franchise are second all-time in playoff appearances , with 31 , which is the most among active AFC franchises , as well as the most since the official start of the NFL-AFL merger in 1970 . The Giants , Cowboys , and Packers are all tied for first all-time in playoff appearances , with 32 each ."}]}, {'value': '2016 AFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The National Football League playoffs for the 2016 NFL season began on Saturday , January 7 , 2017 . The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl LI on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 , when the New England Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Atlanta_Falcons_seasons', 'summary': "This article is a list of seasons completed by the Atlanta Falcons American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Falcons ' franchise from 1966 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Falcons did not record consecutive winning seasons until 2008 with an 11-5 record , then in 2009 , the team won their final three games of the regular season and finished with a 9-7 record after winning their season finale against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Atlanta has since added its first stretch of five straight winning seasons , with a 13-3 record in 2010 , a 10-6 record in 2011 , and a 13-3 record in 2012 . The streak ended with a 4-12 record in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2017 NFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 NFL playoffs began on January 6 , 2018 , after the 2017 season , and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Several teams broke long playoff droughts , as the Buffalo Bills , Los Angeles Rams , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2008 , respectively . The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game , extending their own NFL record , and the Eagles snapping a 57-year championship drought and claiming their first in the Super Bowl era . For the first time since 2013-14 , no games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 Divisional - Philadelphia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacksonville Jaguars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Jacksonville_Jaguars_seasons', 'summary': "This is a list of seasons completed by the Jacksonville Jaguars American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season-by-season records of the Jaguars ' franchise from 1995 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Jaguars , along with the Carolina Panthers , joined the NFL as 1995 expansion teams . Jacksonville is one of four teams to have never played in a Super Bowl . They have played in the AFC Championship in the 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2017 AFC Divisional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 NFL playoffs began on January 6 , 2018 , after the 2017 season , and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Several teams broke long playoff droughts , as the Buffalo Bills , Los Angeles Rams , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2008 , respectively . The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game , extending their own NFL record , and the Eagles snapping a 57-year championship drought and claiming their first in the Super Bowl era . For the first time since 2013-14 , no games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 AFC Championship - New England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_Colts_seasons', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Colts , formerly the Baltimore Colts , are an American football team playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) . This list documents the season-by-season records of the Colts franchise from 1953 to present , including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches . In 1953 , a Baltimore-based group led by Carroll Rosenbloom gained the rights to a new Baltimore franchise . Rosenbloom was granted an NFL team , and was awarded the holdings of the defunct Dallas Texans organization . The new team was named the Colts after the previous team that folded after the 1950 NFL season . After 31 seasons in Baltimore , Colts owner Robert Irsay moved the team to Indianapolis , Indiana . The Colts have won two Super Bowl championships ( Super Bowl V and Super Bowl XLI ) . They also played in and lost Super Bowl III and Super Bowl XLIV . Before the AFL and NFL merged in 1970 , they won three NFL Championships ( 1958 , 1959 , and 1968 ) . By winning Super Bowl XLI the Colts became the first team that played its home games in a domed stadium to win a Super Bowl held in an outdoor stadium . After the Colts owner Jim Irsay hired Tony Dungy in 2002 , the Colts made the playoffs for nine straight seasons . They won five straight AFC South titles from 2003 to 2007 and had seven consecutive seasons of 12 or more victories from 2003 to 2009 , the first time that has been achieved in the NFL 's 90-year history ."}]}, {'value': '2018 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018-19_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 NFL playoffs began on Saturday , January 5 , 2019 , after the 2018 season , and concluded with the New England Patriots becoming champions by defeating the Los Angeles Rams in Super Bowl LIII on Sunday , February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . For the first time in NFL history , both conference championship games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Divisional - Kansas City', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Chargers_seasons', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football franchise based in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Chargers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The club was founded in 1959 by Barron Hilton and played the 1960 season in Los Angeles as part of the American Football League ( AFL ) . In the next season , the Chargers moved to San Diego . In 2017 , the Chargers relocated back to the Los Angeles area . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1960 to 1965 , when the Chargers were AFL West champions five times and AFL champions once . The second was from 1978 to 1982 , when the Chargers had winning seasons ( seasons with more wins than losses ) in each of these years , and won three consecutive division championships for the second time in franchise history . The most recent accomplishments range from 2004 to 2009 , with the franchise reaching the playoffs five times in six years . Their only Super Bowl appearance was in 1994 . The Chargers have experienced three notable periods of decline . Between 1970 and 1977 , the Chargers never won more games than they lost as part of a 13-year period without playing in the postseason , including four consecutive years last in their division from 1972 to 1975 , in which year they bottomed out before two late wins avoided the NFL 's first 0-14 season ."}]}, {'value': '2018 AFC Wild Card', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018-19_NFL_playoffs', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 NFL playoffs began on Saturday , January 5 , 2019 , after the 2018 season , and concluded with the New England Patriots becoming champions by defeating the Los Angeles Rams in Super Bowl LIII on Sunday , February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . For the first time in NFL history , both conference championship games went to overtime .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 Divisional - New England', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Active team droughts -- Playoff game victory droughts', 'section_text': 'Updated through the 2019–20 Playoffs Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0^0 Longest drought in team history 0†0 Tied for longest drought in team history 0♦0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0¤0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0♣ ♣0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history', 'uid': 'List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts_1', 'intro': "This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system. As of the 2018 NFL season, every active NFL team has qualified for and won a game in the playoffs. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play. Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four (4) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and the Texans). The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The seven (7) other clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers/Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL-NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title, leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at 72 seasons. Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 seasons. Since returning 21 years ago, they have only made the playoffs once, while the Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history."}
null
null
How many victories did the team with a loss streak of 6 have in their 2019 run ?
ten
092f00c599721465
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_McGinnis', 'title': 'Ryan McGinnis', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'iCarly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICarly', 'summary': "iCarly is an American teen sitcom created by Dan Schneider that ran on Nickelodeon from September 8 , 2007 until November 23 , 2012 . The series stars Miranda Cosgrove , Jennette McCurdy , Nathan Kress and Jerry Trainor , and tells the story of Carly Shay , a teenager who creates her own web show called 'iCarly ' with her best friends Sam Puckett and Freddie Benson , in the attic of her apartment loft with her older brother Spencer Shay . The web show quickly becomes an internet phenomenon and the trio must deal with their newfound fame , while also dealing with adolescence . During the first five seasons , the show was taped at Nickelodeon on Sunset before relocating to KTLA Studios in Hollywood for the sixth and final season . It was nominated for an Emmy award for Outstanding Children 's Program five times . The series finale , iGoodbye , aired on November 23 , 2012 . Although the show received mixed reviews from critics , it became popular with audiences . The most watched episode was iSaved Your Life , which aired January 18 , 2010 , to 11.2 million viewers ; this is the second-most-viewed telecast in Nickelodeon history ."}]}, {'value': 'Boy dancer # 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : iDream of Dance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IDream_of_Dance', 'summary': "iCarly is an American sitcom that originally aired on Nickelodeon from September 8 , 2007 , to November 23 , 2012 . The series stars Miranda Cosgrove as Carly Shay who becomes an Internet star . Nickelodeon promoted many episodes such as iDo , iHire an Idiot , iPity the Nevel , iDate Sam & Freddie , etc . as specials , despite their being regular episodes . The lower case i which begins the episode titles represents the internet , as in iCarly . The show was nominated for an Emmy award for Outstanding Children 's Program in 2009 . The series ended on November 23 , 2012 , with the one-hour special episode iGoodbye . A total of six seasons and 109 episodes were produced , broadcast as 97 aired episodes . The largest audience of the series was 11.2 million viewers , with the special episode iSaved Your Life premiered in January 2010 . When Carly ( Miranda Cosgrove ) and her sassy best friend Sam ( Jennette McCurdy ) act funny at a school talent show audition , tech-savvy Freddie ( Nathan Kress ) tapes it and posts it online without telling them . After seeing the girls ' strong chemistry and banter , the online audience clamors for more and the iCarly webcast is born . While grappling with typical issues of adolescence , Carly , Sam , and Freddie find out that they have also become online celebrities as their show - which features talent contests , recipes , problem-solving , and random dancing - garners international accolades ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Criminal Intent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Criminal_Intent', 'summary': "Law & Order : Criminal Intent is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City , where it was also primarily produced . Created and produced by Dick Wolf and René Balcer , the series premiered on September 30 , 2001 , as the third series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . Criminal Intent focuses on the investigations of the Major Case Squad in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department set in New York City 's One Police Plaza . In the style of the original Law & Order , episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on a real crime that received media attention . The series aired on NBC for the first six seasons but was moved to the NBCUniversal-owned USA Network starting with the seventh season to share costs and due to declining ratings . During its NBC run , each episode aired on USA the week after its original NBC airing . The 10th and final season premiered on Sunday , May 1 , 2011 , at 9 p.m. EDT with original cast members Vincent D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe starring as Detectives Robert Goren and Alexandra Eames , respectively , and featuring Jay O. Sanders as Captain Joseph Hannah . The series ended on June 26 , 2011 , after 10 seasons comprising 195 episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Cyrano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Family Values', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Family_Values_(Law_&_Order:_Criminal_Intent)', 'summary': "The eighth season of Law & Order : Criminal Intent premiered on the USA Network in the United States on April 19 , 2009 . It consisted of sixteen episodes , and concluded on August 9 , 2009 . The day following each episode 's broadcast on television , they are made available to purchase and download from the iTunes Store . Law & Order : Criminal Intent is an American police procedural television series set and filmed in New York City . It is the second spin-off of the long-running crime drama Law & Order , and was created by Dick Wolf and René Balcer . Law & Order : Criminal Intent follows the New York City Police Department 's Major Case Squad , which investigates high-profile murder cases . Season eight starred Vincent D'Onofrio as Detective Robert Goren , Kathryn Erbe as Detective Alexandra Eames , Julianne Nicholson as Detective Megan Wheeler , and Eric Bogosian as Captain Danny Ross . Jeff Goldblum joined the cast as Detective Zack Nichols . The season was executive produced by the following teams : Walon Green and Michael Chernuchin ; Ed Zuckerman and Tim Lea ; Dick Wolf and Peter Jankowski ; and Norberto Barba , Diana Son , Julie Martin , and Arthur W. Forney ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ugly Betty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ugly_Betty', 'summary': "Ugly Betty is an American comedy-drama television series developed by Silvio Horta , which was originally broadcast on ABC between 2006 and 2010 . It revolves around the character Betty Suarez , who despite her lack of style , lands a job at a prestigious fashion magazine . The series is based on Fernando Gaitán 's Colombian telenovela Yo soy Betty , la fea , which has had many other international adaptations . It was produced by Silent H , Ventanarosa , and Reveille Productions partnered with ABC Studios , with Salma Hayek , Silvio Horta , Ben Silverman , Jose Tamez , and Joel Fields serving as executive producers . The pilot was filmed in New York ; seasons one and two were filmed in Los Angeles and seasons three and four were filmed in New York City . During its first three seasons , it aired on Thursday nights , where it was mostly successful . However , viewership dropped significantly in the show 's third season , particularly in the important 18-49 age group . In October 2009 , the series was moved to Fridays , where it had trouble finding an audience . The backlash from its fans prompted ABC to move the show to Wednesdays at 10:00 pm Eastern/9:00 pm Central starting January 6 , 2010 , where it was thought to better complement its Wednesday hits Modern Family and Cougar Town . Despite this , on January 27 , 2010 , ABC announced it was cancelling the series due to low ratings . Since the show 's cancellation , it has gained a cult following . With the end of the series , talk arose of a push by Ana Ortiz and America Ferrera for an Ugly Betty movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Marley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Ugly_Betty_characters', 'summary': 'This article lists the characters featured in the American ABC comedy-drama series Ugly Betty .'}]}, {'value': '5 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorious', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorious', 'summary': "Victorious ( stylized as VICTORiOUS ) is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider that originally aired on Nickelodeon from March 27 , 2010 to February 2 , 2013 . The series revolves around aspiring singer Tori Vega ( portrayed by Victoria Justice ) , a teenager who attends a performing arts high school called Hollywood Arts High School , after taking her older sister Trina 's ( Daniella Monet ) place in a showcase while getting into screwball situations on a daily basis . On her first day at Hollywood Arts , she meets Andre Harris ( Leon Thomas III ) , Robbie Shapiro ( Matt Bennett ) , Rex Powers ( Robbie 's puppet ) , Jade West ( Elizabeth Gillies ) , Cat Valentine ( Ariana Grande ) , and Beck Oliver ( Avan Jogia ) . The series premiered after the 2010 Kids ' Choice Awards . The series won for Favorite TV Show award at the 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards and 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards , beating out iCarly . Victorious earned four Emmy nominations . On August 10 , 2012 , Victoria Justice stated that the series would not be renewed . Also , after the announcement of the series ' spin-off Sam & Cat was made , fans of Victorious expressed dismay that its spin-off series was the reason for its ending , but Dan Schneider himself stated otherwise . Although the Victorious cast only filmed three seasons , when the decision to end the series was made , Nickelodeon split the third season in half , making a fourth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Dancer # 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Tori the Zombie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Victorious_episodes', 'summary': 'Victorious is an American sitcom that originally aired on Nickelodeon from March 27 , 2010 until February 2 , 2013 . The series stars Victoria Justice as Tori Vega , a teenage girl who is given the opportunity to attend Hollywood Arts High School , a performing arts school with a group of students . It was announced on August 10 , 2012 , that the series would not be renewed .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trudeau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Good Wife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Good_Wife', 'summary': "The Good Wife is an American legal and political drama television series that aired on CBS from September 22 , 2009 , to May 8 , 2016 . It focuses on Alicia Florrick , the wife of the Cook County State 's Attorney who returns to her career in law after the events of a public sex and political corruption scandal involving her husband . The series was created by Robert and Michelle King and stars Julianna Margulies , Matt Czuchry , Christine Baranski , Josh Charles , Archie Panjabi , Makenzie Vega , Graham Phillips , Zach Grenier , Alan Cumming , and features Chris Noth in a recurring role . The executive producers included the Kings , Ridley and Tony Scott , Charles McDougall , and David W. Zucker . The Good Wife is a serialized show featuring several story arcs that play out over multiple episodes , as well as stand-alone storylines that are concluded by the end of each episode . The serial plots - a rarity on CBS , a network where most of the programming at that time was procedural - were especially showcased in its highly praised fifth season . The Good Wife won numerous awards , including five Emmys and the 2014 Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama . The performances of the show 's cast have been particularly recognized , with Julianna Margulies ' role as Alicia Florrick receiving significant praise . The show has especially received wide acclaim for its insight on social media and the internet in society , politics , and law . It is considered by several critics to be network television 's last great drama , producing full 22-episode seasons while other similarly acclaimed dramas often produce only 6 to 13 episodes per season . CBS announced on February 7 , 2016 , that the show was ending with its seventh season . The final episode aired on May 8 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenn Childs Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gayby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gayby', 'summary': 'Gayby is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Jonathan Lisecki and starring Jenn Harris , Matthew Wilkas , Mike Doyle , Anna Margaret Hollyman , Jack Ferver , and Jonathan Lisecki . It is based on the 2010 short film of the same name . It debuted on March 12 , 2012 at the South by Southwest film festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Logan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYC 22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYC_22', 'summary': 'NYC 22 ( pronounced NYC 2-2 ) is an American police procedural drama television series that aired on CBS from April 15 to August 11 , 2012 , as a mid-season replacement for CSI : Miami . On May 13 , 2012 , CBS canceled the series after one season .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Tanner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Jumpers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Special Victims Unit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit', 'summary': "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American crime drama television series created by Dick Wolf for NBC . It stars Mariska Hargitay as Captain Olivia Benson , the commanding officer of the Special Victims Unit and formerly a lead detective , located in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department . Christopher Meloni played the other lead detective , Elliot Stabler , until departing from the series after 12 seasons . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit follows the style of the original Law & Order in that episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . The show premiered on September 20 , 1999 as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . After the premiere of the 21st season in September 2019 , the series became the longest-running US live action series on television . As of February 13 , 2020 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 472 original episodes , surpassing the episode count of the original Law & Order series . It was nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series awarded to Mariska Hargitay ; the first Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . On March 29 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a record-breaking twenty-first season , which premiered on September 26 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Dawson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Girl Dishonored', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_14)', 'summary': "The fourteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit debuted with a two-part premiere episode on September 26 , 2012 , at 9pm/8c - 11pm/10c ( Eastern ) on NBC , which was the show 's weekly time slot . The fourteenth season picked up storyline-wise where the last season left off , with Captain Cragen ( Dann Florek ) awaking to a dead sex worker in his bed with her throat slit . The two-part season premiere was watched by 7.19 million total viewers and received generally positive reviews . The series ' landmark 300th episode fell this season and aired on October 24 , 2012 , watched by 6.77 million total viewers . This is the first season of SVU to have any kind of crossover with now-ended Law & Order spinoff Law & Order : Criminal Intent , with Kathryn Erbe guest starring in two episodes Acceptable Loss and Poisoned Motive as her LOCI character , Alexandra Eames , and Denis O'Hare guest starring in the episode Presumed Guilty as his LOCI character , Father Shea ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Americans', 'summary': "The Americans is an American period spy thriller television series created by Joe Weisberg for the FX television network . Set during the Cold War , it follows the story of Elizabeth ( Keri Russell ) and Philip Jennings ( Matthew Rhys ) , two Soviet KGB officers posing as an American married couple living in Falls Church , a Virginia suburb of Washington , D.C. with their children , Paige ( Holly Taylor ) and Henry ( Keidrich Sellati ) . The show also explores the conflict between Washington 's FBI office and the KGB Rezidentura by following the perspectives of agents on both sides , including the Jennings ' neighbor Stan Beeman ( Noah Emmerich ) , an FBI agent working in counterintelligence . The series begins in the aftermath of the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan in January 1981 and concludes in December 1987 , shortly before the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . The Americans premiered in the United States on January 30 , 2013 , and concluded on May 30 , 2018 , after six seasons . The series was acclaimed by critics , who considered it among the best of its era ; its writing , characters , and acting were often singled out . Although The Americans went relatively ignored by major award shows during its first seasons , the series 's final season earned Rhys the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , while Weisberg and co-lead writer Joel Fields won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ; it was also awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Drama . Additionally , Margo Martindale won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series twice for her performance in the third and fourth seasons , and the series became one of the rare drama shows to receive two Peabody Awards during its run ( the first time since Breaking Bad ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Martial Eagle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martial_Eagle_(The_Americans)', 'summary': 'Martial Eagle is the ninth episode of the second season of the American television drama series The Americans , and the 22nd overall episode of the series . It originally aired on FX in the United States on April 23 , 2014 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ryan_McGinnis_(actor)_0', 'intro': 'Ryan McGinnis is an American actor and dancer, known for his role in the ABC comedy series Ugly Betty as Austin Marley. He also appeared as Glenn Childs Jr. in two episodes of the second season of the CBS drama series The Good Wife.'}
null
null
Who does Victoria Justice play in the show in which Ryan McGinnis played Dancer number 1 in 2010 ?
Tori Vega
093019b743f77e4e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa', 'title': 'List of ethnic groups of Africa', 'header': ['Major ethnic groups', 'Region', 'Countries', 'Language family', 'Pop . ( millions ) ( year )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Akan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akan_people', 'summary': 'The Akan ( /əˈkæn/ ) are a meta-ethnicity living in the southern regions of present-day Ghana , formerly known as the Gold Coast . Akans who migrated from Ghana also make up a plurality of the ethnic population in the Ivory Coast . The Akan language ( also known as Twi/Fante ) is a group of dialects within the Central Tano branch of the Potou-Tano subfamily of the Niger-Congo family . Subgroups of the Akan people include :'}]}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghana , Ivory Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Coast', 'summary': "Ivory Coast , formally Côte d'Ivoire , [ a ] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country located on the south coast of West Africa . Ivory Coast 's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country , while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Gulf of Guinea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the south . The official language of the republic is French , with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé , Dioula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total , there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has large populations of Muslims , Christians ( primarily Roman Catholics ) and various indigenous religions . Before its colonization by Europeans , Ivory Coast was home to several states , including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960 , led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993 . Relatively stable by regional standards , Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West , especially France . Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars , first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010-2011 . In 2000 , the country adopted a new constitution ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Kwa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abyssinians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abyssinian_people', 'summary': "Habesha peoples ( Ge'ez : ሓበሻ , ሐበሻ , romanized : Ḥabäša , Habesha , Abesha ; or rarely used exonyms , Abyssinian people ) is a common pan-ethnic and meta-ethnic term used to refer to both Ethiopians and Eritreans as a whole . Conservatively-speaking with a narrow archaic definition , the Ethiosemitic-speaking and Agwa-speaking Cushitic peoples inhabiting the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea were considered the core linguistically , culturally and ancestrally related ethnic groups that historically constituted the pan-ethnic group Habesha peoples , but in a broader contemporary sense includes all Ethiopian-Eritrean ethnic groups . Population groups that make up the Habesha peoples trace their culture and ancestry back to the Kingdom of Dʿmt , the Kingdom of Aksum , and the various constituent kingdoms and predecessor states of the Ethiopian Empire in the Horn of Africa . Some Scholars have classified the Tigrayans and the Amhara as Abyssinians proper under an ultra-neo-conservative theory postulated by a few scholars and political parties but not widely accepted by the general public or by most indigenous scholars of the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Horn of Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia , Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': 'Afro-Asiatic , Semitic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amhara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amharas', 'summary': "Amharas ( Amharic : አማራ , Āmara ; Ge'ez : አምሐራ , ʾÄməḥära ) are a Habesha Ethiosemitic-speaking ethnic group traditionally inhabiting parts of the northwest Highlands of Ethiopia , particularly in the Amhara Region . According to the 2007 national census , Amharas numbered 19,867,817 individuals , comprising 26.9% of Ethiopia 's population and they are mostly Orthodox Christians members of Ethiopian Orthodox Church . They are also found within the Ethiopian expatriate community , particularly in North America . They speak Amharic , an Afro-Asiatic language of the Semitic branch , a member of the Ethiosemitic group , which serves as the official language of Ethiopia . Some Scholars have classified the Tigrayans and the Amhara as Abyssinians proper under an ultra-neo-conservative definition of Habesha identity postulated by a few Western scholars and Ethiopian ethno-nationalist political parties but not widely accepted by the general public or by most indigenous scholars of the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Horn of Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Afro-Asiatic , Semitic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 ( 2007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chewa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chewa_people', 'summary': "The Chewa are a Bantu ethnic group native to central and southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in Malawi . The Chewa are closely related to people in surrounding regions such as the Tumbuka and Nsenga . They are historically also related to the Bemba , with whom they share a similar origin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . As with the Nsenga and Tumbuka , a small part of Chewa territory came under the influence of the Ngoni , who were of Zulu or Natal/Transvaal origin . An alternative name , often used interchangeably with Chewa , is Nyanja . Their language is called Chichewa . Internationally , the Chewa are mainly known for their masks and their secret societies , called Nyau , as well as their agricultural techniques . The Chewa ( like the Nyanja , Tumbuka , Senga , Nsenga , Mang'anja ) are a remnant of the Maravi ( Malawi ) people or empire . There are two large Chewa clans , the Phiri and the Banda , with a population of 1.5 million people . The Phiri are associated with the kings and aristocracy , the Banda with healers and mystics ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malawi , Zambia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malawi', 'summary': "Malawi ( /məˈlɔːwi/ , /məˈlɑːwi/ or /ˈmæləwi/ ; Chichewa : [ maláβi ] or [ maláwi ] ) , officially the Republic of Malawi , is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland . It is bordered by Zambia to the west , Tanzania to the north and northeast , and Mozambique surrounding on the east , south and southwest . Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 ( 45,747 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 18,143,217 ( as of July 2018 ) . Lake Malawi takes up about a third of Malawi 's area . Its capital is Lilongwe , which is also Malawi 's largest city ; the second largest is Blantyre , the third largest is Mzuzu and the fourth largest is its old capital Zomba . The name Malawi comes from the Maravi , an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area . The country is nicknamed The Warm Heart of Africa because of the friendliness of the people . The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century . Centuries later in 1891 the area was colonised by the British . In 1953 Malawi , then known as Nyasaland , a protectorate of the United Kingdom , became a protectorate within the semi-independent Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . The Federation was dissolved in 1963 . In 1964 the protectorate over Nyasaland was ended and Nyasaland became an independent country under Queen Elizabeth II with the new name Malawi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zambia', 'summary': "Zambia ( /ˈzæmbiə/ ) , officially the Republic of Zambia , is a landlocked country in Southern-Central Africa ( although some sources consider it part of East Africa ) . Its neighbors are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Tanzania to the north-east , Malawi to the east , Mozambique to the southeast , Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south , Namibia to the southwest , and Angola to the west . The capital city is Lusaka , located in the south-central part of Zambia . The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest , the core economic hubs of the country . Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples , the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century . Following European explorers in the eighteenth century , the British colonised the region into the British protectorates of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century . These were merged in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia . For most of the colonial period , Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company . On 24 October 1964 , Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president . Kaunda 's socialist United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) maintained power from 1964 until 1991 . Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy , cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) , Angola , and Namibia . From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto One Zambia , One Nation ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 ( 2007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fulani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fula_people', 'summary': 'The Fula , Fulani , or Fulɓe people ( Fula : Fulɓe ; French : Peul ; Hausa : Fulani or Hilani ; Portuguese : Fula ; Wolof : Pël ; Bambara : Fulaw ) are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa , widely dispersed across the region . Inhabiting many countries , they live mainly in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa but also in South Sudan , Sudan , and regions near the Red Sea coast . There are an estimated 40 million people of Fulani descent in West Africa in total . A significant proportion of the Fula - a third , or an estimated 12 to 13 million - are pastoralists , and their ethnic group has the largest nomadic pastoral community in the world . The majority of the Fula ethnic group consisted of semi-sedentary people as well as sedentary settled farmers , artisans , merchants , and nobility . As an ethnic group , they are bound together by the Fula language , their history and their culture . More than 96% of the Fula are Muslims . Many West African leaders are of the Fulani descent including the President of Nigeria , Muhammadu Buhari ; the President of Senegal , Macky Sall ; the President of Gambia , Adama Barrow ; the Vice President of Sierra Leone , Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh ; and the Prime Minister of Mali , Boubou Cisse . They also lead major international institutions , such as the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations , Amina J. Mohammed ; President-Elect of the United Nations General Assembly , Tijjani Muhammad-Bande ; and the Secretary-General of OPEC , Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo .'}]}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauritania , Gambia . Guinea-Bissau , Guinea , Nigeria , Cameroon , Senegal , Mali , Burkina Faso , Benin , Niger , Chad , Sudan , CAR , Ghana , Togo , Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauritania', 'summary': "Mauritania ( /ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə , ˌmɔːrɪ-/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : موريتانيا , Mūrītānyā , French : Mauritanie ; Berber : Agawej or Cengit : Pulaar : Moritani ; Wolof : Gànnaar ; Soninke : Murutaane ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( Arabic : جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية ) , is a country in Northwest Africa . It is the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west , Western Sahara to the north and northwest , Algeria to the northeast , Mali to the east and southeast , and Senegal to the southwest . The country derives its name from the ancient Berber kingdom of Mauretania , which existed from the 3rd century BCE into the 7th century CE in the far north of modern-day Morocco and Algeria . Approximately 90% of Mauritania 's land is within the Sahara ; consequently , the population is concentrated in the south , where precipitation is slightly higher . The capital and largest city is Nouakchott , located on the Atlantic coast , which is home to around one-third of the country 's 4.4 million people . The government was overthrown on 6 August 2008 , in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz . On 16 April 2009 , Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections , which he won ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gambia', 'summary': "The Gambia ( /ˈɡæmbiə/ ( listen ) ; Mandinka : Kambiya ; Wolof : Gámbi ) , officially the Republic of The Gambia , is a country in Western Africa that is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal with the exception of its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean . It is the smallest country within mainland Africa . The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River , the nation 's namesake , which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean . It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres ( 4,127 sq mi ) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census . Banjul is the Gambian capital and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama . The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade , which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River , first by the Portuguese , during which era it was known as A Gâmbia . Later , on 25 May 1765 , The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control , establishing the Province of Senegambia . In 1965 , The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara , who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup . Adama Barrow became The Gambia 's third president in January 2017 , after defeating Jammeh in the December 2016 elections . Jammeh initially accepted the results , then refused to accept them , which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States , resulting in his exile . The Gambia 's economy is dominated by farming , fishing and , especially , tourism . In 2015 , 48.6% of the population lived in poverty ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinea-Bissau', 'summary': "Guinea-Bissau ( /ˌɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ ( listen ) ; Portuguese : Guiné-Bissau ) , officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( Portuguese : República da Guiné-Bissau [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw ] ) , is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres ( 13,948 sq mi ) with an estimated population of 1,874,303 . It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east . Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , as well as part of the Mali Empire . Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century , while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century . In the 19th century , it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea . Upon independence , declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974 , the name of its capital , Bissau , was added to the country 's name to prevent confusion with Guinea ( formerly French Guinea ) . Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence , and only one elected president ( José Mário Vaz ) has successfully served a full five-year term . Only about 2% of the population speaks Portuguese , the official language , as a first language and 33% as a second language . As for Creole , the national language , also considered language of unity , 54% of population speak it as a first language and about 52% speaks it as a second language ( According to a study conducted in 2012 pertaining to language policy in Guinea-Bissau ) The remainder speak a variety of native African languages . There are diverse religions in Guinea-Bissau with no one religion having a majority . The CIA World Factbook ( 2008 estimate ) states there are about 40% Muslims , 22% Christians , 15% Animists , and 18% unspecified or other . The country 's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinea', 'summary': "Guinea ( /ˈɡɪni/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Guinea ( French : République de Guinée ) , is a west-coastal country in West Africa . Formerly known as French Guinea ( French : Guinée française ) , the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from other countries with Guinea in the name and the eponymous region , such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea . Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres ( 94,926 sq mi ) . The sovereign state of Guinea is a republic with a president who is directly elected by the people ; this position is both head of state and head of government . The unicameral Guinean National Assembly is the legislative body of the country , and its members are also directly elected by the people . The judicial branch is led by the Guinea Supreme Court , the highest and final court of appeal in the country . The country is named after the Guinea region . Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea . It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel . The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guiné , which emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus , a generic term for the black African peoples south of the Senegal River , in contrast to the tawny Zenaga Berbers above it , whom they called Azenegues or Moors . Guinea is a predominantly Islamic country , with Muslims representing 85 percent of the population . Guinea 's people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Senegal', 'summary': "Senegal ( /ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl , -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen ) ; French : Sénégal ; Wolof : Senegaal ) officially the Republic of Senegal ( French : République du Sénégal ; Wolof : Réewum Senegaal ) is a country in West Africa . Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north , Mali to the east , Guinea to the southeast , and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest . Senegal also surrounds The Gambia , a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River , which separates Senegal 's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country . Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde . Senegal 's economic and political capital is Dakar . The unitary presidential republic is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World , or Afro-Eurasia , and owes its name to the Senegal River , which borders it to the east and north . Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres ( 76,000 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of about 16 million . The climate is typically Sahelian , though there is a rainy season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mali', 'summary': "Mali ( /ˈmɑːli/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mali ] ) , officially the Republic of Mali ( French : République du Mali ; Bambara : Mali ka Fasojamana ; N'Ko script : ߡߊߟߌ ߝߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ ) is a landlocked country in West Africa . Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa , with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) . The population of Mali is 19.1 million . 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017 . Its capital is Bamako . The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert , while the country 's southern part , where the majority of inhabitants live , features the Niger and Senegal rivers . The country 's economy centers on agriculture and mining . Some of Mali 's prominent natural resources include gold , being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent , and salt . Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade : the Ghana Empire ( for which Ghana is named ) , the Mali Empire ( for which Mali is named ) , and the Songhai Empire . During its golden age , there was a flourishing of mathematics , astronomy , literature , and art . At its peak in 1300 , the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa . In the late 19th century , during the Scramble for Africa , France seized control of Mali , making it a part of French Sudan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Burkina_Faso', 'summary': "Burkina Faso ( UK : /bɜːrˌkiːnə ˈfæsoʊ/ , US : /- ˈfɑːsoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French : [ buʁkina faso ] ) , officially the Republic of Burkina Faso ( Mossi : Repibilik báága Burkĩna Faso ) , is a landlocked country in West Africa . It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres ( 105,900 sq mi ) and is surrounded by six countries : Mali to the north ; Niger to the east ; Benin to the southeast ; Togo to the southeast ; Ghana to the south ; and Ivory Coast to the southwest . The July 2019 population estimate by the United Nations was 20,321,378 . The countrys official language of government and business is French . Roughly 50% of the population speaks the Mossi language natively . Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta ( 1958-1984 ) , the country was renamed Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara . Its citizens are known as Burkinabé ( /bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bur-KEE-nə-bay ) . Its capital is Ouagadougou . The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community , and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence , with Maurice Yaméogo as President . After protests by students and labour union members , Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d'état , led by Sangoulé Lamizana , who became President . His rule coincided with the Sahel drought and famine , and facing problems from the country 's traditionally powerful trade unions he was deposed in the 1980 coup d'état , led by Saye Zerbo . Encountering resistance from trade unions again , Zerbo 's government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d'état , led by Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Benin', 'summary': "Benin ( /bɛˈniːn/ ( listen ) ben-EEN , /bɪˈniːn/ bin-EEN ; French : Bénin [ benɛ̃ ] ) , officially the Republic of Benin ( French : République du Bénin ) and formerly Dahomey , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Togo to the west , Nigeria to the east , Burkina Faso to the north-west , and Niger to the north-east . The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin , part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean . The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo , but the seat of government is in Cotonou , the country 's largest city and economic capital . Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres ( 44,310 sq mi ) and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million . Benin is a tropical nation , highly dependent on agriculture , and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil . Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming . The official language of Benin is French , with several indigenous languages such as Fon , Bariba , Yoruba and Dendi also being commonly spoken . The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism , followed closely by Islam , Vodun ( commonly referred to as Voodoo outside the country ) and Protestantism . Benin is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , La Francophonie , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority . Little is known of Benin 's early history . From the 17th to the 19th century , the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey , along with the city-state of Porto-Novo , and a large area with many different nations to the north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Niger', 'summary': "Niger or the Niger ( /niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : [ niʒɛʁ ] ) , officially the Republic of the Niger , is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River . Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast , Chad to the east , Nigeria to the south , Benin to the southwest , Burkina Faso and Mali to the north-west , Burkina Faso to the south-west , and Algeria to the northwest . Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 ( 490,000 sq mi ) , making it the largest country in West Africa . Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert . The country 's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country . The capital and largest city is Niamey , located in Niger 's southwest corner . Niger is a developing country , which consistently ranks near the bottom in the United Nations ' Human Development Index ( HDI ) ; it was ranked 187th of 188 countries for 2015 and 189th out of 189 countries in the 2018 report . Many of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification . The economy is concentrated around subsistence , with some export agriculture in the more fertile south , and export of raw materials , especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position , desert terrain , inefficient agriculture , high fertility rates without birth control , and the resulting overpopulation , the poor educational level and poverty of its people , lack of infrastructure , poor healthcare , and environmental degradation . Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state . Historically , what is now Niger has been on the fringes of several large states . Since independence , Nigeriens have lived under five constitutions and three periods of military rule ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chad', 'summary': "Chad ( /tʃæd/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : تشاد Tshād , Arabic pronunciation : [ tʃaːd ] ; French : Tchad , pronounced [ tʃa ( d ) ] ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad ( Arabic : جمهورية تشاد Jumhūriyyat Tshād ; French : République du Tchad ) , is a landlocked country in north-central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon to the south-west , Nigeria to the southwest ( at Lake Chad ) , and Niger to the west . Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . The capital N'Djamena is the largest city . Chad 's official languages are Arabic and French . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . The most popular religion of Chad is Islam ( at 55% ) , followed by Christianity ( at 40% ) . Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium AD , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CAR', 'summary': "The Central African Republic ( CAR ; Sango : Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka ; French : République centrafricaine pronounced [ ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn ] , or Centrafrique [ sɑ̃tʁafʁik ] ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the southeast , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south , the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west . The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres ( 240,000 sq mi ) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018 [ update ] . As of 2020 [ update ] , the CAR is the scene of a civil war , ongoing since 2012 . Most of the CAR consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas , but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south . Two thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin ( which flows into the Congo ) , while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari , which flows into Lake Chad . What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia ; however , the country 's current borders were established by France , which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century . After gaining independence from France in 1960 , the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders , including an abortive attempt at a monarchy ; by the 1990s , calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993 . Ange-Félix Patassé became president , but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup . The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and , despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011 , civil war resumed in 2012 . Despite its significant mineral deposits and other resources , such as uranium reserves , crude oil , gold , diamonds , cobalt , lumber , and hydropower , as well as significant quantities of arable land , the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world , with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017 . As of 2019 [ update ] , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , the country had the second lowest level of human development , ranking 188th out of 189 countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Togo', 'summary': "Togo ( /ˈtoʊɡoʊ/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Togolese Republic ( French : République togolaise ) , is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west , Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north . The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea , where its capital Lomé is located . Togo covers 57,000 square kilometres ( 22,008 square miles ) , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa , with a population of approximately 7.9 million , as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than 115 km ( 71 mi ) between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor , Benin . From the 11th to the 16th century , various tribes entered the region from all directions . From the 16th century to the 18th century , the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves , earning Togo and the surrounding region the name The Slave Coast . In 1884 , Germany declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called Togoland . After World War I , rule over Togo was transferred to France . Togo gained its independence from France in 1960 . In 1967 , Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état after which he became president of an anti-communist , single-party state . Eventually , in 1993 , Eyadéma faced multiparty elections , which were marred by irregularities , and won the presidency three times . At the time of his death , Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in modern African history , having been president for 38 years . In 2005 , his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Senegambian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hausa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hausa_people', 'summary': 'The Hausa ( autonyms for singular : Bahaushe ( m ) , Bahaushiya ( f ) ; plural : Hausawa and general : Hausa ; exonyms : Ausa ; Francophonic spelling : Haoussa ) are the largest ethnic group in Africa and the second largest language after Arabic in the Afroasiatic family of languages . The Hausa are a diverse but culturally homogeneous people based primarily in the Sahelian and the sparse savanna areas of southern Niger and northern Nigeria respectively , numbering over 70 million people with significant indegenized populations in Benin , Cameroon , Ivory Coast , Chad , Sudan , Central African Republic , Republic of the Congo , Togo , Ghana , Eritrea , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Senegal and the Gambia . Predominantly Hausa-speaking communities are scattered throughout West Africa and on the traditional Hajj route north and east traversing the Sahara , with an especially large population in and around the town of Agadez . Other Hausa have also moved to large coastal cities in the region such as Lagos , Port Harcourt , Accra , Abidjan , Banjul and Cotonou as well as to parts of North Africa such as Libya over the course of the last 5,000 years . The Hausa , traditionally live in small villages as well as in precolonial towns and cities where they grow crops , raise livestock including cattle as well as engage in trade , both local and long distance across Africa . They speak the Hausa language , an Afro-Asiatic language of the Chadic group . The Hausa aristocracy had historically developed an equestrian based culture . Still a status symbol of the traditional nobility in Hausa society , the horse still features in the Eid day celebrations , known as Ranar Sallah ( in English : the Day of the Prayer ) . Daura city is the cultural center of the Hausa people . The town predates all the other major Hausa towns in tradition and culture .'}]}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria , Niger , Benin , Ghana , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Niger', 'summary': "Niger or the Niger ( /niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : [ niʒɛʁ ] ) , officially the Republic of the Niger , is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River . Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast , Chad to the east , Nigeria to the south , Benin to the southwest , Burkina Faso and Mali to the north-west , Burkina Faso to the south-west , and Algeria to the northwest . Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 ( 490,000 sq mi ) , making it the largest country in West Africa . Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert . The country 's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country . The capital and largest city is Niamey , located in Niger 's southwest corner . Niger is a developing country , which consistently ranks near the bottom in the United Nations ' Human Development Index ( HDI ) ; it was ranked 187th of 188 countries for 2015 and 189th out of 189 countries in the 2018 report . Many of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification . The economy is concentrated around subsistence , with some export agriculture in the more fertile south , and export of raw materials , especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position , desert terrain , inefficient agriculture , high fertility rates without birth control , and the resulting overpopulation , the poor educational level and poverty of its people , lack of infrastructure , poor healthcare , and environmental degradation . Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state . Historically , what is now Niger has been on the fringes of several large states . Since independence , Nigeriens have lived under five constitutions and three periods of military rule ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Benin', 'summary': "Benin ( /bɛˈniːn/ ( listen ) ben-EEN , /bɪˈniːn/ bin-EEN ; French : Bénin [ benɛ̃ ] ) , officially the Republic of Benin ( French : République du Bénin ) and formerly Dahomey , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Togo to the west , Nigeria to the east , Burkina Faso to the north-west , and Niger to the north-east . The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin , part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean . The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo , but the seat of government is in Cotonou , the country 's largest city and economic capital . Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres ( 44,310 sq mi ) and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million . Benin is a tropical nation , highly dependent on agriculture , and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil . Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming . The official language of Benin is French , with several indigenous languages such as Fon , Bariba , Yoruba and Dendi also being commonly spoken . The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism , followed closely by Islam , Vodun ( commonly referred to as Voodoo outside the country ) and Protestantism . Benin is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , La Francophonie , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority . Little is known of Benin 's early history . From the 17th to the 19th century , the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey , along with the city-state of Porto-Novo , and a large area with many different nations to the north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chad', 'summary': "Chad ( /tʃæd/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : تشاد Tshād , Arabic pronunciation : [ tʃaːd ] ; French : Tchad , pronounced [ tʃa ( d ) ] ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad ( Arabic : جمهورية تشاد Jumhūriyyat Tshād ; French : République du Tchad ) , is a landlocked country in north-central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon to the south-west , Nigeria to the southwest ( at Lake Chad ) , and Niger to the west . Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . The capital N'Djamena is the largest city . Chad 's official languages are Arabic and French . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . The most popular religion of Chad is Islam ( at 55% ) , followed by Christianity ( at 40% ) . Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium AD , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Afro-Asiatic , Chadic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hutu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hutu_people', 'summary': 'The Hutu /ˈhuːtuː/ , also known as the Abahutu , are a Bantu ethnic or social group native to the African Great Lakes region of Africa , an area now primarily in Burundi and Rwanda . They mainly live in Rwanda , Burundi , and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , where they form one of the principal ethnic groups alongside the Tutsi and the Twa .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rwanda , Burundi , Democratic Republic of Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rwanda', 'summary': "Rwanda ( /ruˈɑːndə , -ˈæn-/ ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : u Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwaː.nda ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Ruanda , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y ' u Rwanda ; Swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda or République Rwandaise ) , is a country in Central Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland , and its capital city is Kigali . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 sq . km of land , and therefore it is the most densely populated mainland African country . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as additional official languages . The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Burundi', 'summary': "Burundi ( /bəˈrʊndi/ ( listen ) , /-ˈrʌn-/ ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Kirundi : Republika y'Uburundi , [ u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi ] ; French : République du Burundi , [ buʁundi ] or [ byʁyndi ] ) , is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge . It is bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and southeast , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border . The capital is Bujumbura . The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation . Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the economy undeveloped and the population as one of the world 's poorest . The presidents of Rwanda and Burundi , both Hutus , died together when their aeroplane was shot down in April 1994 . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Igbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Igbo_people', 'summary': 'The Igbo people ( English : /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh , also US : /ˈɪɡboʊ/ ; also spelled Ibo and formerly also Iboe , Ebo , Eboe , Eboans , Heebo ; natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ ìɡ͡bò ] ( listen ) ) are an ethnic group native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria . There has been much speculation about the origins of the Igbo people , as it is unknown how exactly the group came to form . Geographically , the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River - an eastern ( which is the larger of the two ) and a western section . The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa . The Igbo language is a part of the Niger-Congo language family . It is divided into numerous regional dialects , and somewhat mutually intelligible with the larger Igboid cluster . The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River , east and south of the Edoid and Idomoid groups , and west of the Ibibioid ( Cross River ) cluster . In rural Nigeria , Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen , farmers and traders . The most important crop is the yam . Other staple crops include cassava and taro . Before British colonial rule in the 20th century , the Igbo were a politically fragmented group , with a number of centralized chiefdoms such as Nri , Aro Confederacy , Agbor and Onitsha . Frederick Lugard introduced the Eze system of Warrant Chiefs .'}]}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Volta-Niger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34 ( 2017 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanuri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanuri_people', 'summary': 'The Kanuri people ( Kanouri , Kanowri , also Yerwa , Bare Bari and several subgroup names ) are an African ethnic group living largely in the lands of the former Kanem and Bornu Empires in Niger , Nigeria and Cameroon . Those generally termed Kanuri include several subgroups and dialect groups , some of whom identify as distinct from the Kanuri . Most trace their origins to ruling lineages of the medieval Kanem-Bornu Empire , and its client states or provinces . In contrast to the neighboring Toubou or Zaghawa pastoralists , Kanuri groups have traditionally been sedentary , engaging in farming , fishing the Chad Basin , and engaged in trade and salt processing .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria , Niger , Chad and Cameroon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Niger', 'summary': "Niger or the Niger ( /niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : [ niʒɛʁ ] ) , officially the Republic of the Niger , is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River . Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast , Chad to the east , Nigeria to the south , Benin to the southwest , Burkina Faso and Mali to the north-west , Burkina Faso to the south-west , and Algeria to the northwest . Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 ( 490,000 sq mi ) , making it the largest country in West Africa . Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert . The country 's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country . The capital and largest city is Niamey , located in Niger 's southwest corner . Niger is a developing country , which consistently ranks near the bottom in the United Nations ' Human Development Index ( HDI ) ; it was ranked 187th of 188 countries for 2015 and 189th out of 189 countries in the 2018 report . Many of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification . The economy is concentrated around subsistence , with some export agriculture in the more fertile south , and export of raw materials , especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position , desert terrain , inefficient agriculture , high fertility rates without birth control , and the resulting overpopulation , the poor educational level and poverty of its people , lack of infrastructure , poor healthcare , and environmental degradation . Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state . Historically , what is now Niger has been on the fringes of several large states . Since independence , Nigeriens have lived under five constitutions and three periods of military rule ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chad', 'summary': "Chad ( /tʃæd/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : تشاد Tshād , Arabic pronunciation : [ tʃaːd ] ; French : Tchad , pronounced [ tʃa ( d ) ] ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad ( Arabic : جمهورية تشاد Jumhūriyyat Tshād ; French : République du Tchad ) , is a landlocked country in north-central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon to the south-west , Nigeria to the southwest ( at Lake Chad ) , and Niger to the west . Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . The capital N'Djamena is the largest city . Chad 's official languages are Arabic and French . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . The most popular religion of Chad is Islam ( at 55% ) , followed by Christianity ( at 40% ) . Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium AD , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}]}, {'value': 'Nilo-Saharan , Saharan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kongo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kongo_people', 'summary': 'The Kongo people ( Kongo : Esikongo , singular : Mwisikngo ; also Bakongo , singular : Mukongo ) are a Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as the speakers of Kikongo ( Kongo languages ) . They have lived along the Atlantic coast of Central Africa , in a region that by the 15th century was a centralized and well-organized Kingdom of Kongo , but is now a part of three countries . Their highest concentrations are found south of Pointe-Noire in the Republic of the Congo , southwest of Pool Malebo and west of the Kwango River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and north of Luanda , Angola . They are the largest ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of Congo , and one of the major ethnic groups in the other two countries they are found in . In 1975 , the Kongo population was reported as 4,040,000 . The Kongo people were among the earliest sub-Saharan Africans to welcome Portuguese traders in 1483 CE , and began converting to Catholicism in the late 15th century . They were among the first to protest slavery in letters to the King of Portugal in the 1510s and 1520s , then succumbed to the demands for slaves from the Portuguese through the 16th century . The Kongo people were a part of the major slave raiding , capture and export trade of African slaves to the European colonial interests in 17th and 18th century . The slave raids , colonial wars and the 19th-century Scramble for Africa split the Kongo people into Portuguese , Belgian and French parts . In the early 20th century , they became one of the most active ethnic groups in the efforts to decolonize Africa , helping liberate the three nations to self governance . They now occupy influential positions in the politics , administration and business operations in the three countries they are most found in .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo , Angola , Republic of the Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Angola', 'summary': "Angola ( /ænˈɡoʊlə/ ( listen ) ; Portuguese : [ ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ ] ) , officially the Republic of Angola ( Portuguese : República de Angola ) , is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa , bordered by Namibia to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north , Zambia to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . Angola has an exclave province , the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda . The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era , hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups , tribes and kingdoms . The nation state of Angola originated from Portuguese colonisation , which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded in the 16th century . In the 19th century , European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the interior . The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century because of resistance by groups such as the Cuamato , the Kwanyama and the Mbunda . After a protracted anti-colonial struggle , independence was achieved in 1975 as the Marxist-Leninist People 's Republic of Angola , a one-party state supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba . The civil war between the ruling People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and the insurgent anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) , supported by the United States and apartheid South Africa , lasted until 2002 . The sovereign state has since become a relatively stable unitary , presidential constitutional republic . Angola has vast mineral and petroleum reserves , and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world , especially since the end of the civil war ; however , the standard of living remains low for most of the population , and life expectancy in Angola is among the lowest in the world , while infant mortality is among the highest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': "The Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République du Congo , Kongo : Repubilika ya Kôngo ) , also known as Congo-Brazzaville , the Congo Republic , RotC , or simply the Congo , is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa . It is bordered by five countries : Gabon to its west ; Cameroon to its northwest and the Central African Republic to its northeast ; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to its south ; and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest . The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago , who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin . Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa . The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 but gained independence from France in 1960 . It was a Marxist-Leninist state from 1969 to 1992 , under the name People 's Republic of the Congo . The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992 , although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War , and President Denis Sassou Nguesso , who first came to power in 1979 , has ruled for 35 of the past 40 years . The Republic of the Congo has become the fourth-largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea , providing the country with a degree of prosperity despite political and economic instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide . Congo 's economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector , and economic growth has slowed considerably since the post-2015 drop in oil prices ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luba_people', 'summary': 'The Luba people or Baluba are an ethno-linguistic group indigenous to the south-central region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Majority of them live in this country , residing mainly in its Katanga , Kasai , and Maniema provinces . The Baluba consist of many sub-groups who speak various dialects of Luba ( e.g . Luba-Kasai , Luba-Katanga ) or other languages , such as Swahili . The Baluba developed a society and culture by about the 400s CE , later developing a well-organised community in the Upemba Depression known as the Baluba confederation . Luba society consisted of miners , smiths , woodworkers , potters , crafters , and people of various other professions . Their success and wealth grew greatly over time , but this also caused their gradual decline to marauding bands of slavers , robbers , and terrorists from among Portuguese and Omani led or influenced invasions .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maghrebis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maghrebis', 'summary': 'Maghrebis or Maghrebians ( Arabic : مغاربيون ; a modern Arabic term meaning Westerners , mainly referring to the western part of the Arab world ) are the inhabitants of Maghreb region , the westernmost part of North Africa and the Arab world . Maghrebis were known in medieval times as Roman Africans or Moors . The term Moor is derived from Mauri , the Roman name for the Berbers of Mauretania , land of the Moors , the Roman name for the western part of the Maghreb . The vast majority of Maghrebis are Arab-Berbers , Arabs , Arabized Berbers and Berbers , who are native to the region and synonymous with the term in older and historiographical literature .'}]}, {'value': 'North Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maghreb ( Mauritania , Morocco , Western Sahara ) , Algeria , Tunisia , and Libya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maghreb', 'summary': "The Maghreb ( /ˈmʌɡrəb/ ; Arabic : المغرب al-Maghrib , the west ) , also known as Northwest Africa , the Arab Maghreb ( المغرب العربي al-Maghrib al-ʻArabī ) , and Barbary , is a region of North Africa that is effectively a western part of the Arab world and is predominantly Muslim . The region includes Algeria , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , and Tunisia , which are all member states of the Arab Maghreb Union ( AMU ) . The Maghreb additionally includes the disputed territories of Western Sahara ( controlled mostly by Morocco and partly by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ) and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla ( both are controlled by Spain but claimed by Morocco ) . As of 2018 , the region had a population of over 100 million people . Through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , English and European sources often referred to the region as the Barbary Coast or the Barbary States , a term derived from the Berbers . Sometimes , the region is referred to as the Land of the Atlas , derived from the Atlas Mountains found in the region . In Berber languages , Tamazgha refers to the Maghreb region together with smaller parts of Mali , Niger , Egypt , and the Spanish Canary Islands - the lands traditionally inhabited by Arab-Berbers . The Maghreb is usually defined as much of northern Africa , including a large portion of Africa 's Sahara Desert , but excludes Egypt and Sudan , which are considered to be in the Mashriq , the eastern part of the Arab world . The traditional definition of the Maghreb , which restricted it to the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , and Libya , was expanded by the inclusion of Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara . During the era of Al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula ( 711-1492 ) , the Maghreb 's inhabitants , the Muslim Berbers or Maghrebi , were known by Europeans as Moors , or as Afariqah ( Roman Africans ) . [ need quotation to verify ] Morocco transliterates into Arabic as al-Maghreb ( The Maghreb ) . Before the establishment of modern nation states in the region during the 20th century , Maghreb most commonly referred to a smaller area , between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains in the south ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mauritania', 'summary': "Mauritania ( /ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə , ˌmɔːrɪ-/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : موريتانيا , Mūrītānyā , French : Mauritanie ; Berber : Agawej or Cengit : Pulaar : Moritani ; Wolof : Gànnaar ; Soninke : Murutaane ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( Arabic : جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية ) , is a country in Northwest Africa . It is the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west , Western Sahara to the north and northwest , Algeria to the northeast , Mali to the east and southeast , and Senegal to the southwest . The country derives its name from the ancient Berber kingdom of Mauretania , which existed from the 3rd century BCE into the 7th century CE in the far north of modern-day Morocco and Algeria . Approximately 90% of Mauritania 's land is within the Sahara ; consequently , the population is concentrated in the south , where precipitation is slightly higher . The capital and largest city is Nouakchott , located on the Atlantic coast , which is home to around one-third of the country 's 4.4 million people . The government was overthrown on 6 August 2008 , in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz . On 16 April 2009 , Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections , which he won ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Sahara', 'summary': "Western Sahara ( Arabic : الصحراء الغربية aṣ-Ṣaḥrā ' al-Gharbīyah ; Berber languages : Taneẓroft Tutrimt ; Spanish and French : Sahara Occidental ) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa , partially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by neighboring Morocco . Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres ( 103,000 sq mi ) . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world , mainly consisting of desert flatlands . The population is estimated at just over 500,000 , of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune , the largest city in Western Sahara . Occupied by Spain until the late 20th century , Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand . It is the most populous territory on that list , and by far the largest in area . In 1965 , the UN General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara , asking Spain to decolonize the territory . One year later , a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination . In 1975 , Spain relinquished the administrative control of the territory to a joint administration by Morocco ( which had formally claimed the territory since 1957 ) and Mauritania . A war erupted between those countries and a Sahrawi nationalist movement , the Polisario Front , which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( SADR ) with a government in exile in Tindouf , Algeria . Mauritania withdrew its claims in 1979 , and Morocco eventually secured de facto control of most of the territory , including all the major cities and natural resources . The United Nations considers the Polisario Front to be the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people , and maintains that the Sahrawis have a right to self-determination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tunisia', 'summary': "Tunisia [ a ] , officially the Republic of Tunisia [ b ] , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa , covering 163,610 square kilometres ( 63,170 square miles ) . Its northernmost point , Cape Angela , is also the northernmost point on the African continent . Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest , Libya to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east . Tunisia 's population was 11.5 million in 2017 . Tunisia 's name is derived from its capital city , Tunis ( Berber native name : Tunest ) , which is located on its northeast coast . Geographically , Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains , and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert . Much of the rest of the country 's land is fertile soil . Its 1,300 kilometres ( 810 miles ) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and , by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel , feature the African mainland 's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar . Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is considered to be the only fully democratic sovereign state in the Arab world . It has a high human development index . It has an association agreement with the European Union ; is a member of La Francophonie , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa , the Arab Maghreb Union , the Arab League , the OIC , the Greater Arab Free Trade Area , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Union , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Group of 77 ; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Libya', 'summary': "Libya ( /ˈlɪbiə/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : ليبيا , romanized : Lībiyā ) , officially the State of Libya ( Arabic : دولة ليبيا , romanized : Dawlat Lībiyā ) , [ dubious - discuss ] is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa , bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , Egypt to the east , Sudan to the southeast , Chad to the south , Niger to the southwest , Algeria to the west , and Tunisia to the northwest . The sovereign state is made of three historical regions : Tripolitania , Fezzan and Cyrenaica . With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres ( 700,000 sq mi ) , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa , and is the 16th largest country in the world . Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world . The largest city and capital , Tripoli , is located in western Libya and contains over one million of Libya 's six million people . The second-largest city is Benghazi , which is located in eastern Libya . The Latin name Libya is based on the name the region west of the Nile ( Λιβύη ) used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for all of North Africa , and was first adopted during the Italian colonization since 1911 . Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures . The Phoenicians established trading posts in western Libya , and ancient Greek colonists established city-states in eastern Libya . Libya was variously ruled by Carthaginians , Persians , Egyptians and Greeks before becoming a part of the Roman Empire . Libya was an early centre of Christianity . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century , when invasions brought Islam to the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Afro-Asiatic , Semitic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mongo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongo_people', 'summary': 'The Mongo people are a Bantu ethnic group who live in the equatorial forest of Central Africa . They are the second largest ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of Congo , highly influential in its north region . A diverse collection of sub-ethnic groups , they are mostly residents of a region north of the Kasai and the Sankuru Rivers , south of the main Congo River bend . Their highest presence is in the province of Équateur and the northern parts of the Bandundu Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo', 'summary': 'The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( pronunciation ( help·info ) French : République démocratique du Congo [ kɔ̃ɡo ] ) , also known as DR Congo , the DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . It was formerly called Zaire ( 1971-1997 ) . It is , by area , the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa , the second-largest in all of Africa ( after Algeria ) , and the 11th-largest in the world . With a population of over 84 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country , the fourth-most-populous country in Africa , and the 16th-most-populous country in the world . Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of ongoing military conflict in Kivu , since 2015 . Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , his colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber . From 1885 to 1908 , millions of the Kongo people died as a consequence of disease and exploitation .'}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nilotes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nilotic_peoples', 'summary': 'The Nilotic peoples are peoples indigenous to the Nile Valley who speak Nilotic languages , which constitute a large sub-group of the Nilo-Saharan languages spoken in South Sudan , Uganda , Kenya , and northern Tanzania . In a more general sense , the Nilotic peoples include all descendants of the original Nilo-Saharan speakers . Among these are the Luo , Datooga , Kalenjin , Dinka , Nuer , Atuot , Ateker and the Maa-speaking peoples , each of which is a cluster of several ethnic groups . The Nilotes constitute the majority of the population in South Sudan , an area that is believed to be their original point of dispersal . After the Bantu peoples , they constitute the second-most numerous group of peoples inhabiting the African Great Lakes region around the Eastern Great Rift . They make up a notable part of the population of southwestern Ethiopia as well . The Nilote peoples primarily adhere to Christianity and traditional faiths , including the Dinka religion .'}]}, {'value': 'Nile Valley , East Africa , Central Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Sudan , Sudan , Chad , Central African Republic , Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Sudan', 'summary': 'South Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn , -ˈdæn/ ) , officially known as the Republic of South Sudan ( Dinka : Paguot Thudän ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It gained independence from the Republic of the Sudan in 2011 , making it the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition . Its capital and largest city is Juba . South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north , Ethiopia to the east , Kenya to the southeast , Uganda to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west . It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd , formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal ( Arabic : بحر الجبل ) , meaning Mountain Sea . Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956 . Following the First Sudanese Civil War , the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983 . A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out , ending in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement . Later that year , southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed . South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011 , following 98.83% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum . It has suffered ethnic violence and endured a civil war since 2013 . South Sudan has a population of 12 million , mostly of the Nilotic peoples , and it is demographically among the youngest nations in the world , with roughly half under 18 years old .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chad', 'summary': "Chad ( /tʃæd/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : تشاد Tshād , Arabic pronunciation : [ tʃaːd ] ; French : Tchad , pronounced [ tʃa ( d ) ] ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad ( Arabic : جمهورية تشاد Jumhūriyyat Tshād ; French : République du Tchad ) , is a landlocked country in north-central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon to the south-west , Nigeria to the southwest ( at Lake Chad ) , and Niger to the west . Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . The capital N'Djamena is the largest city . Chad 's official languages are Arabic and French . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . The most popular religion of Chad is Islam ( at 55% ) , followed by Christianity ( at 40% ) . Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium AD , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_African_Republic', 'summary': "The Central African Republic ( CAR ; Sango : Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka ; French : République centrafricaine pronounced [ ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn ] , or Centrafrique [ sɑ̃tʁafʁik ] ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the southeast , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south , the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west . The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres ( 240,000 sq mi ) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018 [ update ] . As of 2020 [ update ] , the CAR is the scene of a civil war , ongoing since 2012 . Most of the CAR consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas , but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south . Two thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin ( which flows into the Congo ) , while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari , which flows into Lake Chad . What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia ; however , the country 's current borders were established by France , which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century . After gaining independence from France in 1960 , the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders , including an abortive attempt at a monarchy ; by the 1990s , calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993 . Ange-Félix Patassé became president , but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup . The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and , despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011 , civil war resumed in 2012 . Despite its significant mineral deposits and other resources , such as uranium reserves , crude oil , gold , diamonds , cobalt , lumber , and hydropower , as well as significant quantities of arable land , the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world , with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017 . As of 2019 [ update ] , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , the country had the second lowest level of human development , ranking 188th out of 189 countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Uganda', 'summary': "Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Uganda ; Luganda : Eggwanga Yuganda ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the UK , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by violent conflicts , including an 8-year-long far right military dictatorship led by Idi Amin . Additionally , a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region led by Joseph Kony , has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tanzania', 'summary': "Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Nilo-Saharan , Nilotic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 ( 2007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oromo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oromo_people', 'summary': "The Oromo People ( pron . /ˈɒrəmoʊ/ or /ɔːˈroʊmoʊ/ ; ( Oromo : Oromoo ) are a Cushitic People and an ethnic group native to Ethiopia who speak the Oromo language . They are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and represent 34.5% of Ethiopia 's population . Oromos speak the Oromo language as a mother tongue ( also called Afaan Oromoo and Oromiffa ) , which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family . The word Oromo appeared in European literature for the first time in 1893 and slowly became common in the second half of the 20th century . The Oromo people followed their traditional religion Waaqeffanna and used the gadaa system of governance . A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power only for 8 years , with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years . From the 18th century to the 19th century , Oromos were the dominant influence in northern Ethiopia during the Zemene Mesafint period ."}]}, {'value': 'Horn of Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Afro-Asiatic , Cushitic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 5 ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shona_people', 'summary': 'The Shona ( /ˈʃoʊnə/ ) are a Bantu ethnic group native to Southern Africa , primarily the country of Zimbabwe where they form a vast majority . The people are divided into five major clans and adjacent to other groups of very similar culture and languages .'}]}, {'value': 'East Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zimbabwe and Mozambique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe', 'summary': 'Zimbabwe ( /zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ , -wi/ ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , formerly Rhodesia , is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . The second largest is Bulawayo . A country of roughly 14 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most common . Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations , from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then-government , and from which it withdrew in December 2003 . The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) . It was once known as the Jewel of Africa for its great prosperity . Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mozambique', 'summary': "Mozambique ( /ˌmoʊzæmˈbiːk/ ) , officially the Republic of Mozambique ( Portuguese : Moçambique or República de Moçambique , Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ ] ; Chichewa : Mozambiki ; Swahili : Msumbiji ; Tsonga : Muzambhiki ) , is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east , Tanzania to the north , Malawi and Zambia to the northwest , Zimbabwe to the west , and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) and South Africa to the southwest . The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros , Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east . The capital and largest city of Mozambique is Maputo ( formerly known as Lourenço Marques from 1876 to 1976 ) . Between the first and fifth centuries AD , Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to present-day Mozambique from farther north and west . Northern Mozambique lies within the monsoon trade winds of the Indian Ocean . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , a series of Swahili port towns developed here , which contributed to the development of a distinct Swahili culture and language . In the late medieval period , these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia , Ethiopia , Egypt , Arabia , Persia , and India . The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese , who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505 . After over four centuries of Portuguese rule , Mozambique gained independence in 1975 , becoming the People 's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter . After only two years of independence , the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992 . In 1994 , Mozambique held its first multiparty elections , and has since remained a relatively stable presidential republic , although it still faces a low-intensity insurgency . Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantoid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 ( 2000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somalis', 'summary': 'The Somali ( Somali : Soomaalida ) are an ethnic group belonging to the Cushitic peoples native to Greater Somalia . The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language , which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic ( formerly Hamito-Semitic ) family . They are predominantly Sunni Muslim . Ethnic Somalis number around 28-30 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia ( around 18 million ) , Ethiopia ( 8.5 million ) , , Kenya ( 2.4-3 million ) , and Djibouti ( 534,000 ) . Somali diasporas are also found in parts of the Middle East , North America , Western Europe , African Great Lakes region , Southern Africa and Oceania .'}]}, {'value': 'Horn of Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somalia', 'summary': "Somalia ( /səˈmɑːliə/ sə-MAH-lee-ə ; Somali : Soomaaliya ; Arabic : الصومال , romanized : aṣ-Ṣūmāl ) , officially the Federal Republic of Somalia ( Somali : Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya ; Arabic : جمهورية الصومال الاتحادية , romanized : Jumhūrīyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Itihadiya ) is a sovereign country located in the Horn of Africa . It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west , the Gulf of Aden to the north , the Guardafui Channel and Somali Sea to the east , and Kenya to the southwest . The country claims a border with Djibouti through the disputed territory of Somaliland . Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa 's mainland , and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus , plains , and highlands . Climatically , hot conditions prevail year-round , with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall . Somalia has an estimated population of around 15 million and has been described as the most culturally homogeneous country in Africa . Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis , who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country . Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the southern regions . The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic . Most people in the country are Muslims , the majority of whom belong to the Sunni sect of Islam . In antiquity , Somalia was an important commercial centre . It is among the most probable locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Djibouti', 'summary': 'Djibouti ( /dʒɪˈbuːti/ ( listen ) jih-BOO-tee ; Afar : Yibuuti , Arabic : جيبوتي Jībūtī , French : Djibouti , Somali : Jabuuti , officially the Republic of Djibouti ) is a country located in the Horn of Africa . It is bordered by Somalia in the south , Ethiopia in the south and west , Eritrea in the north , and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the east . Across the Gulf of Aden lies Yemen , which does not share a land border with Djibouti . The country has a total area of 23,200 km2 ( 8,958 sq mi ) . The state of Djibouti is predominantly inhabited by two ethnic groups , the Somali and the Afar people , with the former comprising the majority of the population . In antiquity , the territory together with Somalia was part of the Land of Punt . Nearby Zeila , now in Somalia , was the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates . In the late 19th century , the colony of French Somaliland was established following treaties signed by the ruling Somali and Afar sultans with the French and its railroad to Dire Dawa ( and later Addis Ababa ) allowed it to quickly supersede Zeila as the port for southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden . It was subsequently renamed to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas in 1967 . A decade later , the Djiboutian people voted for independence . This officially marked the establishment of the Republic of Djibouti , named after its capital city . The sovereign state joined the United Nations the same year , on 20 September 1977 In the early 1990s , tensions over government representation led to armed conflict , which ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000 between the ruling party and the opposition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Afro-Asiatic , Cushitic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 ( 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoruba_people', 'summary': "The Yoruba people ( Yoruba : Ìran Yorùbá ) are an African ethnic group that inhabits western Africa , mainly Nigeria and Benin . The Yoruba constitute about 44 million people in total . The vast majority of this population is from Nigeria , where the Yoruba make up 16% of the country 's population , making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa . Most Yoruba people speak the Yoruba language , which is the Niger-Congo language with the largest number of native speakers . The Yoruba share borders with the very closely related Itsekiri to the south-east in the North West Niger delta , Bariba to the north in Benin and Nigeria , the Nupe also to the north and the Ebira to the northeast in central Nigeria . To the east are the Edo , Ẹsan and the Afemai groups in mid-western Nigeria . Adjacent to the Ebira and Edo groups are the related Igala people found in the northeast , on the left bank of the Niger River . To the southwest are the Gbe speaking Mahi , Gun , Fon and Ewe who border Yoruba communities in Benin and Togo . To the southeast are Itsekiri who live in the north-west end of the Niger delta . They are ancestrally related to the Yoruba but chose to maintain a distinct cultural identity . Significant Yoruba populations in other West African countries can be found in Ghana , Benin , Ivory Coast [ citation needed ] , and Sierra Leone . The Yoruba diaspora consists of two main groupings ; one of them includes relatively recent migrants , the majority of which moved to the United Kingdom and the United States after major economic and political changes in the 1960s to 1980s ."}]}, {'value': 'West Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria , Benin , Togo , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Benin', 'summary': "Benin ( /bɛˈniːn/ ( listen ) ben-EEN , /bɪˈniːn/ bin-EEN ; French : Bénin [ benɛ̃ ] ) , officially the Republic of Benin ( French : République du Bénin ) and formerly Dahomey , is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Togo to the west , Nigeria to the east , Burkina Faso to the north-west , and Niger to the north-east . The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin , part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean . The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo , but the seat of government is in Cotonou , the country 's largest city and economic capital . Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres ( 44,310 sq mi ) and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million . Benin is a tropical nation , highly dependent on agriculture , and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil . Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming . The official language of Benin is French , with several indigenous languages such as Fon , Bariba , Yoruba and Dendi also being commonly spoken . The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism , followed closely by Islam , Vodun ( commonly referred to as Voodoo outside the country ) and Protestantism . Benin is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Economic Community of West African States , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone , La Francophonie , the Community of Sahel-Saharan States , the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority . Little is known of Benin 's early history . From the 17th to the 19th century , the main political entities in the area were the Kingdom of Dahomey , along with the city-state of Porto-Novo , and a large area with many different nations to the north ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Togo', 'summary': "Togo ( /ˈtoʊɡoʊ/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Togolese Republic ( French : République togolaise ) , is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west , Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north . The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea , where its capital Lomé is located . Togo covers 57,000 square kilometres ( 22,008 square miles ) , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa , with a population of approximately 7.9 million , as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than 115 km ( 71 mi ) between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor , Benin . From the 11th to the 16th century , various tribes entered the region from all directions . From the 16th century to the 18th century , the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves , earning Togo and the surrounding region the name The Slave Coast . In 1884 , Germany declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called Togoland . After World War I , rule over Togo was transferred to France . Togo gained its independence from France in 1960 . In 1967 , Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état after which he became president of an anti-communist , single-party state . Eventually , in 1993 , Eyadéma faced multiparty elections , which were marred by irregularities , and won the presidency three times . At the time of his death , Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in modern African history , having been president for 38 years . In 2005 , his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivory_Coast', 'summary': "Ivory Coast , formally Côte d'Ivoire , [ a ] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country located on the south coast of West Africa . Ivory Coast 's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country , while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Gulf of Guinea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the south . The official language of the republic is French , with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé , Dioula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total , there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has large populations of Muslims , Christians ( primarily Roman Catholics ) and various indigenous religions . Before its colonization by Europeans , Ivory Coast was home to several states , including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960 , led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993 . Relatively stable by regional standards , Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West , especially France . Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars , first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010-2011 . In 2000 , the country adopted a new constitution ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people', 'summary': 'The Sierra Leone Creole people ( or Krio people ) is an ethnic group in Sierra Leone . The Creole people are descendants of freed African American , West Indian , and Liberated African slaves who settled in the Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885 . The colony was established by the British , supported by abolitionists , under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen . The settlers called their new settlement Freetown . Today , the Creoles comprise about 2% of the population of Sierra Leone . Like their Americo-Liberian neighbors and sister ethnic group in Liberia , Creoles have varying degrees of European ancestry due to the close historical relations between the ethnicities through decades of indenture , slavery and sexual abuse , and voluntary unions and marriages in North America . Some have Native American ancestry as well . In Sierra Leone , some of the settlers intermarried with other English or Europeans . Through the Jamaican Maroons , some Creoles probably also have indigenous Jamaican Amerindian Taíno ancestry . The Americo-Liberians and the Creoles are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American , Liberated African , and West Indian descent in West Africa . The Creole culture is primarily westernized . The only Sierra Leonean ethnic group whose culture is similar ( in terms of its integration of Western culture ) are the Sherbro , who had developed close connections with Europeans and English traders from the early years of contact .'}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Volta-Niger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zulu_people', 'summary': "The Zulu ( /zuːluː/ ; Zulu : amaZulu ) , or also known as Amazulu , are a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa . The Zulu are the largest ethnic group in South Africa with an estimated 10-12 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal . The Zulu originated from Ngini communities who took part in the Bantu migrations . As the clans integrated together , the rulership of Shaka brought success to the Zulu nation due to his perfected military policies . The Zulu take pride in their ceremonies such as the Umhlanga , or Reed Dance , and their various forms of beadwork . The art and skill of beadwork takes part in the identification of Zulu people and acts as a form of communication . The men and women both serve different purposes in society in order to function as a whole . The Zulu predominately believe in Christianity , but have created a syncretic religion that is combined with the Zulu 's prior belief systems ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Niger-Congo , Bantu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 ( 2016 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Lists -- Major ethnic groups', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ethnic_groups_in_Africa_1', 'intro': "The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each population generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan populations. The official population count of the various ethnic groups in Africa is highly uncertain, both due to limited infrastructure to perform censuses and due to the rapid population growth. There have also been accusations of deliberate misreporting in order to give selected ethnicities numerical superiority (as in the case of Nigeria's Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo people). A 2009 genetic clustering study, which genotyped 1327 polymorphic markers in various African populations, identified six ancestral clusters. The clustering corresponded closely with ethnicity, culture and language. A 2018 whole genome sequencing study of the world's populations observed similar clusters among the populations in Africa. At K=9, distinct ancestral components defined the Afrosiatic-speaking populations inhabiting North Africa and Northeast Africa; the Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations in Northeast Africa and East Africa; the Ari populations in Northeast Africa; the Niger-Congo-speaking populations in West-Central Africa, West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa; the Pygmy populations in Central Africa; and the Khoisan populations in Southern Africa."}
null
null
Which part of its continent contains the nation home to the Amhara ?
Horn of Africa
09307dc97c0bda8c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies', 'title': 'List of emerging technologies', 'header': ['Emerging technology', 'Status', 'Potential applications'], 'data': [{'value': '5G cellular communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5G', 'summary': "5G is the fifth generation wireless technology for digital cellular networks that began wide deployment in 2019 . As with previous standards , the covered areas are divided into regions called cells , serviced by individual antennas . Virtually every major telecommunication service provider in the developed world is deploying antennas or intends to deploy them soon . The frequency spectrum of 5G is divided into millimeter waves , mid-band and low-band . Low-band uses a similar frequency range as the predecessor , 4G . 5G millimeter wave is the fastest , with actual speeds often being 1-2 Gbit/s down . Frequencies are above 24 GHz reaching up to 72 GHz which is above the extremely high frequency band 's lower boundary . The reach is short , so more cells are required . Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and windows , so indoor coverage is limited . 5G mid-band is the most widely deployed , in over 20 networks . Speeds in a 100 MHz wide band are usually 100-400 Mbit/s down . In the lab and occasionally in the field , speeds can go over a gigabit per second ."}]}, {'value': 'Research and development , Early commercialization', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smartphones , Tablets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smartphones', 'summary': "Smartphones are a class of mobile phones and of multi-purpose mobile computing devices . They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems , which facilitate wider software , internet ( including web browsing over mobile broadband ) , and multimedia functionality ( including music , video , cameras , and gaming ) , alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging . Smartphones typically contain a number of metal-oxide-semiconductor ( MOS ) integrated circuit ( IC ) chips , include various sensors that can be leveraged by their software ( such as a magnetometer , proximity sensors , barometer , gyroscope , or accelerometer ) , and support wireless communications protocols ( such as Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , or satellite navigation ) . Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market , attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital assistant ( PDA ) devices with support for cellular telephony , but were limited by their bulky form , short battery life , slow analog cellular networks , and the immaturity of wireless data services . These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels ( Moore 's law ) , the improved lithium-ion battery , faster digital mobile data networks ( Edholm 's law ) , and more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers . In the 2000s , NTT DoCoMo 's i-mode platform , BlackBerry , Nokia 's Symbian platform , and Windows Mobile began to gain market traction , with models often featuring QWERTY keyboards or resistive touchscreen input , and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet . Since the unveiling of the iPhone in 2007 , the majority of smartphones have featured thin , slate-like form factors , with large , capacitive screens with support for multi-touch gestures rather than physical keyboards , and offer the ability for users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized store , and use cloud storage and synchronization , virtual assistants , as well as mobile payment services . Improved hardware and faster wireless communication ( due to standards such as LTE ) have bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry . In the third quarter of 2012 , one billion smartphones were in use worldwide . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tablet_computer', 'summary': 'A tablet computer , commonly shortened to tablet , is a mobile device , typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry , and a rechargeable battery in a single , thin and flat package . Tablets , being computers , do what other personal computers do , but lack some input/output ( I/O ) abilities that others have . Modern tablets largely resemble modern smartphones , the only differences being that tablets are relatively larger than smartphones , with screens 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or larger , measured diagonally , and may not support access to a cellular network . The touchscreen display is operated by gestures executed by finger or digital pen ( stylus ) , instead of the mouse , trackpad , and keyboard of larger computers . Portable computers can be classified according to the presence and appearance of physical keyboards . Two species of tablet , the slate and booklet , do not have physical keyboards and usually accept text and other input by use of a virtual keyboard shown on their touchscreen displays . To compensate for their lack of a physical keyboard , most tablets can connect to independent physical keyboards by Bluetooth or USB ; 2-in-1 PCs have keyboards , distinct from tablets . The form of the tablet was conceptualized in the middle of the 20th century ( Stanley Kubrick depicted fictional tablets in the 1968 science fiction film A Space Odyssey ) and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century . In 2010 , Apple released the iPad , the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity . Thereafter tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and soon became a large product category used for personal , educational and workplace applications , with sales stabilizing in the mid-2010s .'}]}, {'value': '6G cellular communications', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conceptual', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smartphone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smartphone', 'summary': "Smartphones are a class of mobile phones and of multi-purpose mobile computing devices . They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems , which facilitate wider software , internet ( including web browsing over mobile broadband ) , and multimedia functionality ( including music , video , cameras , and gaming ) , alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging . Smartphones typically contain a number of metal-oxide-semiconductor ( MOS ) integrated circuit ( IC ) chips , include various sensors that can be leveraged by their software ( such as a magnetometer , proximity sensors , barometer , gyroscope , or accelerometer ) , and support wireless communications protocols ( such as Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , or satellite navigation ) . Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market , attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital assistant ( PDA ) devices with support for cellular telephony , but were limited by their bulky form , short battery life , slow analog cellular networks , and the immaturity of wireless data services . These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels ( Moore 's law ) , the improved lithium-ion battery , faster digital mobile data networks ( Edholm 's law ) , and more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers . In the 2000s , NTT DoCoMo 's i-mode platform , BlackBerry , Nokia 's Symbian platform , and Windows Mobile began to gain market traction , with models often featuring QWERTY keyboards or resistive touchscreen input , and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet . Since the unveiling of the iPhone in 2007 , the majority of smartphones have featured thin , slate-like form factors , with large , capacitive screens with support for multi-touch gestures rather than physical keyboards , and offer the ability for users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized store , and use cloud storage and synchronization , virtual assistants , as well as mobile payment services . Improved hardware and faster wireless communication ( due to standards such as LTE ) have bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry . In the third quarter of 2012 , one billion smartphones were in use worldwide . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ambient intelligence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambient_intelligence', 'summary': 'In computing , ambient intelligence ( AmI ) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people . Ambient intelligence was a projection on the future of consumer electronics , telecommunications and computing that was originally developed in the late 1990s by Eli Zelkha and his team at Palo Alto Ventures for the time frame 2010-2020 . Ambient intelligence would allow devices to work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities , tasks and rituals in an intuitive way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices ( for example : The Internet of Things ) . As these devices grew smaller , more connected and more integrated into our environment , the technological framework behind them would disappear into our surroundings until only the user interface remains perceivable by users . The ambient intelligence paradigm builds upon pervasive computing , ubiquitous computing , profiling , context awareness , and human-centric computer interaction design , of which , is characterized by systems and technologies that are :'}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artificial brain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artificial_brain', 'summary': 'An artificial brain ( or artificial mind ) is software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain . Research investigating artificial brains and brain emulation plays three important roles in science :'}]}, {'value': 'Research', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treatment of neurological disease , artificial intelligence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artificial_intelligence', 'summary': "In computer science , artificial intelligence ( AI ) , sometimes called machine intelligence , is intelligence demonstrated by machines , in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans . Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of intelligent agents : any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals . Colloquially , the term artificial intelligence is often used to describe machines ( or computers ) that mimic cognitive functions that humans associate with the human mind , such as learning and problem solving . As machines become increasingly capable , tasks considered to require intelligence are often removed from the definition of AI , a phenomenon known as the AI effect . A quip in Tesler 's Theorem says AI is whatever has n't been done yet . For instance , optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI , having become a routine technology . Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech , competing at the highest level in strategic game systems ( such as chess and Go ) , autonomously operating cars , intelligent routing in content delivery networks , and military simulations . Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1955 , and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism , followed by disappointment and the loss of funding ( known as an AI winter ) , followed by new approaches , success and renewed funding . For most of its history , AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other . These sub-fields are based on technical considerations , such as particular goals ( e.g . robotics or machine learning ) , the use of particular tools ( logic or artificial neural networks ) , or deep philosophical differences . Subfields have also been based on social factors ( particular institutions or the work of particular researchers ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Artificial general intelligence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence', 'summary': 'Artificial general intelligence ( AGI ) is the intelligence of a machine that has the capacity to understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can . It is a primary goal of some artificial intelligence research and a common topic in science fiction and futures studies . AGI can also be referred to as strong AI , full AI , or general intelligent action . ( Some academic sources reserve the term strong AI for machines that can experience consciousness . ) Some authorities emphasize a distinction between strong AI and applied AI ( also called narrow AI or weak AI ) : the use of software to study or accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks . Weak AI , in contrast to strong AI , does not attempt to perform the full range of human cognitive abilities . As of 2017 , over forty organizations were doing research on AGI .'}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical , experiments ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creating intelligent devices and robots ; AI can counsel ( or even take charge ) in scientific projects , government , army , corporate governance , film and books creation , inventions etc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robot', 'summary': "A robot is a machine - especially one programmable by a computer - capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically . Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within . Robots may be constructed on the lines of human form , but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to their aesthetics . Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda 's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility ( ASIMO ) and TOSY 's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot ( TOPIO ) to industrial robots , medical operating robots , patient assist robots , dog therapy robots , collectively programmed swarm robots , UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator , and even microscopic nano robots . By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements , a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own . Autonomous things are expected to proliferate in the coming decade , with home robotics and the autonomous car as some of the main drivers . The branch of technology that deals with the design , construction , operation , and application of robots , as well as computer systems for their control , sensory feedback , and information processing is robotics . These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes , or resemble humans in appearance , behavior , or cognition . Many of today 's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics . These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics : soft robotics . From the time of ancient civilization there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans , designed primarily as entertainment . As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age , there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines , remote-control and wireless remote-control ."}]}, {'value': 'Atomtronics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atomtronics', 'summary': 'Atomtronics is an emerging sub-field of ultracold atomic physics which encompasses a broad range of topics featuring guided atomic matter waves . The systems typically include components analogous to those found in electronic or optical systems , such as beam splitters and transistors . Applications range from studies of fundamental physics to the development of practical devices .'}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Augmented reality', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augmented_reality', 'summary': "Augmented reality ( AR ) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information , sometimes across multiple sensory modalities , including visual , auditory , haptic , somatosensory and olfactory . An augogram is a computer generated image that is used to create AR . Augography is the science and practice of making augograms for AR . AR can be defined as a system that fulfills three basic features : a combination of real and virtual worlds , real-time interaction , and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects . The overlaid sensory information can be constructive ( i.e . additive to the natural environment ) , or destructive ( i.e . masking of the natural environment ) . This experience is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment . In this way , augmented reality alters one 's ongoing perception of a real-world environment , whereas virtual reality completely replaces the user 's real-world environment with a simulated one . Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms : mixed reality and computer-mediated reality . The primary value of augmented reality is the manner in which components of the digital world blend into a person 's perception of the real world , not as a simple display of data , but through the integration of immersive sensations , which are perceived as natural parts of an environment . The earliest functional AR systems that provided immersive mixed reality experiences for users were invented in the early 1990s , starting with the Virtual Fixtures system developed at the U.S. Air Force 's Armstrong Laboratory in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blockchain or distributed ledger technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blockchain_(database)', 'summary': 'A blockchain , originally block chain , is a growing list of records , called blocks , that are linked using cryptography . Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block , a timestamp , and transaction data ( generally represented as a Merkle tree ) . By design , a blockchain is resistant to modification of the data . It is an open , distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way . For use as a distributed ledger , a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for inter-node communication and validating new blocks . Once recorded , the data in any given block can not be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks , which requires consensus of the network majority . Although blockchain records are not unalterable , blockchains may be considered secure by design and exemplify a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance . Decentralized consensus has therefore been claimed with a blockchain . Blockchain was invented by a person ( or group of people ) using the name Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin . The identity of Satoshi Nakamoto is unknown . The invention of the blockchain for bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server . The bitcoin design has inspired other applications , and blockchains that are readable by the public are widely used by cryptocurrencies .'}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminating or lowering transaction costs ; distributed , open and transparent record keeping ; non-hierarchical networked systems ; cryptography', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor', 'summary': 'A carbon nanotube field-effect transistor ( CNTFET ) refers to a field-effect transistor that utilizes a single carbon nanotube or an array of carbon nanotubes as the channel material instead of bulk silicon in the traditional MOSFET structure . First demonstrated in 1998 , there have been major developments in CNTFETs since .'}]}, {'value': 'Research and development', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Extending Moore 's law", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Moore's_law", 'summary': "Moore 's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years . The observation is named after Gordon Moore , the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and was the CEO of Intel , whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade . In 1975 , looking forward to the next decade , he revised the forecast to doubling every two years , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 40% . The doubling period is often misquoted as 18 months because of a prediction by Moore 's colleague , Intel executive David House . In 1975 , House noted that Moore 's revised law of doubling transistor count every 2 years in turn implied that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months ( with no increase in power consumption ) . Moore 's law is closely related to MOSFET scaling , as the rapid scaling and miniaturization of metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistors ( MOSFETs , or MOS transistors ) is the key driving force behind Moore 's law . Moore 's prediction proved accurate for several decades and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development ( R & D ) . Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore 's law : quality-adjusted microprocessor prices , memory capacity ( RAM and flash ) , sensors , and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras . Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries . Moore 's law describes a driving force of technological and social change , productivity , and economic growth . Moore 's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend . It is an empirical relationship and not a physical or natural law ."}]}, {'value': 'Civic technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civic_technology', 'summary': 'Civic technology , or civic tech , enhances the relationship between the people and government with software for communications , decision-making , service delivery , and political process . It includes information and communications technology supporting government with software built by community-led teams of volunteers , nonprofits , consultants , and private companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Research and development , projects', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smart cities , more responsive government', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smart_cities', 'summary': "A Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of Things ( IoT ) sensors to collect data and then use insights gained from that data to manage assets , resources and services efficiently . This includes data collected from citizens , devices , and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems , power plants , utilities , water supply networks , waste management , crime detection , information systems , schools , libraries , hospitals , and other community services . The Smart city concept integrates information and communication technology ( ICT ) , and various physical devices connected to the IoT network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens . Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving . ICT is used to enhance quality , performance and interactivity of urban services , to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government . Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses . A Smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple transactional relationship with its citizens . Yet , the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore , open to many interpretations . Major technological , economic and environmental changes have generated interest in smart cities , including climate change , economic restructuring , the move to online retail and entertainment , ageing populations , urban population growth and pressures on public finances . The European Union ( EU ) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving 'smart ' urban growth for its metropolitan city-regions . The EU has developed a range of programmes under 'Europe 's Digital Agenda . In 2010 , it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life ."}]}, {'value': 'Cryptocurrency', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cryptocurrency', 'summary': 'A cryptocurrency ( or crypto currency ) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions , control the creation of additional units , and verify the transfer of assets . Cryptocurrencies use decentralized control as opposed to centralized digital currency and central banking systems . The decentralized control of each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology , typically a blockchain , that serves as a public financial transaction database . Bitcoin , first released as open-source software in 2009 , is generally considered the first decentralized cryptocurrency . Since the release of bitcoin , over 6,000 altcoins ( alternative variants of bitcoin , or other cryptocurrencies ) have been created .'}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Money supply , World reserve currency', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Money_supply', 'summary': 'Commercial banks play a role in the process of money creation , especially under the fractional-reserve banking system used throughout the world . In this system , money is created whenever a bank gives out a new loan . This is because the loan , when drawn on and spent , mostly finishes up as a deposit in the banking system , which is counted as part of money supply . After putting aside a part of these deposits as mandated bank reserves , the balance is available for the making of further loans by the bank . This process continues multiple times , and is called the multiplier effect . This new money makes up the non-M0 components in the M1-M3 statistics . In short , there are two types of money in a fractional-reserve banking system :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Reserve_currency', 'summary': "A reserve currency ( or anchor currency ) is a foreign currency that is held in significant quantities by central banks or other monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves . The reserve currency can be used in international transactions , international investments and all aspects of the global economy . It is often considered a hard currency or safe-haven currency . By the end of the 20th century , the United States dollar was considered the world 's dominant reserve currency . The world 's need for dollars has allowed the United States government as well as Americans to borrow at lower costs , giving the United States an advantage in excess of $ 100 billion per year ."}]}, {'value': 'DNA digital data storage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DNA_digital_data_storage', 'summary': "DNA digital data storage is the process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA . While DNA as a storage medium has enormous potential because of its high storage density , its practical use is currently severely limited because of its high cost and very slow read and write times . In June 2019 , scientists reported that all 16 GB of text from Wikipedia 's English-language version have been encoded into synthetic DNA ."}]}, {'value': 'Experiments', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mass data storage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exascale computing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exascale_computing', 'summary': 'Exascale computing refers to computing systems capable of at least one exaFLOPS , or a billion billion ( i.e . a quintillion ) calculations per second . Such capacity represents a thousandfold increase over the first petascale computer that came into operation in 2008 . ( One exaflop is a thousand petaflops or a quintillion , 1018 , double precision floating point operations per second . ) At a supercomputing conference in 2009 , Computerworld projected exascale implementation by 2018 . Although the exascale wall for FLOPS was not broken in 2019 , the Oak Ridge National Laboratory performed a 1.8×1018 operation calculation per second ( which is not the same as 1.8×1018 flops ) on the Summit OLCF-4 Supercomputer while analyzing genomic information in 2018 . They were Gordon Bell Award winners at Supercomputing 2018 . Exascale computing would be a significant achievement in computer engineering , as an exascale computer would have processing power on the order of the estimated processing power of the human brain at the neural level ( although the functional power required to simulate a human brain might be lower ) . The Human Brain Project targets exascale computing capability .'}]}, {'value': 'Projects', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gesture recognition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gesture_recognition', 'summary': 'Gesture recognition is a topic in computer science and language technology with the goal of interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithms . Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand . Current [ when ? ] focuses in the field include emotion recognition from face and hand gesture recognition . Users can use simple gestures to control or interact with devices without physically touching them . Many approaches have been made using cameras and computer vision algorithms to interpret sign language . However , the identification and recognition of posture , gait , proxemics , and human behaviors is also the subject of gesture recognition techniques . Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human body language , thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive text user interfaces or even GUIs ( graphical user interfaces ) , which still limit the majority of input to keyboard and mouse and interact naturally without any mechanical devices . Using the concept of gesture recognition , it is possible to point a finger at this point will move accordingly . This could make conventional input on devices such and even redundant .'}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internet of Things', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Internet_of_Things', 'summary': 'The Internet of things ( IoT ) is a system of interrelated computing devices , mechanical and digital machines , objects , animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers ( UIDs ) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction . The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies , real-time analytics , machine learning , commodity sensors , and embedded systems . Traditional fields of embedded systems , wireless sensor networks , control systems , automation ( including home and building automation ) , and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things . In the consumer market , IoT technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the smart home , covering devices and appliances ( such as lighting fixtures , thermostats , home security systems and cameras , and other home appliances ) that support one or more common ecosystems , and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem , such as smartphones and smart speakers . There are a number of serious concerns about dangers in the growth of IoT , especially in the areas of privacy and security , and consequently industry and governmental moves to begin to address these .'}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerging memory technologies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In development', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerging magnetic data storage technologies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In development ( HAMR , BPM ) ; diffusion ( SMR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heat-Assisted_Magnetic_Recording', 'summary': 'Heat-assisted magnetic recording ( HAMR ) is a magnetic storage technology for greatly increasing the amount of data that can be stored on a magnetic device such as a hard disk drive by temporarily heating the disk material during writing , which makes it much more receptive to magnetic effects and allows writing to much smaller regions ( and much higher levels of data on a disk ) . The technology was initially seen as extremely difficult to achieve , with doubts expressed about its feasibility in 2013 . The regions being written must be heated in a tiny area - small enough that diffraction prevents the use of normal laser focused heating - and requires a heating , writing and cooling cycle of less than 1 nanosecond , while also controlling the effects of repeated spot-heating on the drive platters , the drive-to-head contact , and the adjacent magnetic data which must not be affected . These challenges required the development of nano-scale surface plasmons ( surface guided laser ) instead of direct laser-based heating , new types of glass platters and heat-control coatings that tolerate rapid spot-heating without affecting the contact with the recording head or nearby data , new methods to mount the heating laser onto the drive head , and a wide range of other technical , development and control issues that needed to be overcome . In February 2019 , Seagate Technology announced that HAMR would be launched commercially in 2019 , having been extensively tested at partners during 2017 and 2018 . The first drives will be 16 TB , with 20 TB expected in 2020 , 24 TB drives in advanced development , and 40 TB drives by around 2023 . Its planned successor , known as heated-dot magnetic recording ( HDMR ) , or bit-pattern recording , is also under development , although not expected to be available until at least 2025 or later . HAMR drives have the same form factor ( size and layout ) as existing traditional hard drives , and do not require any change to the computer or other device in which they are installed ; they can be used identically to existing hard drives . HAMR is expected to be delayed commercially until 2022 , with 10-platter hard drives using perpendicular recording ( expected to be followed by SMR ) being used as a stopgap solution .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patterned_media', 'summary': 'Patterned media ( also known as bit-patterned media or BPM ) is a potential future hard disk drive technology to record data in magnetic islands ( one bit per island ) , as opposed to current hard disk drive technology where each bit is stored in 20-30 magnetic grains within a continuous magnetic film . The islands would be patterned from a precursor magnetic film using nanolithography . It is one of the proposed technologies to succeed perpendicular recording due to the greater storage densities it would enable . BPM was introduced by Toshiba in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shingled_Magnetic_Recording', 'summary': 'Shingled magnetic recording ( SMR ) is a magnetic storage data recording technology used in hard disk drives ( HDDs ) to increase storage density and overall per-drive storage capacity . Conventional hard disk drives record data by writing non-overlapping magnetic tracks parallel to each other ( perpendicular recording ) , while shingled recording writes new tracks that overlap part of the previously written magnetic track , leaving the previous track narrower and allowing for higher track density . Thus , the tracks partially overlap similar to roof shingles . This approach was selected because physical limitations prevent recording magnetic heads from having the same width as reading heads , leaving recording heads wider . :7-9 The overlapping-tracks architecture may slow down the writing process since writing to one track overwrites adjacent tracks , and requires them to be rewritten as well . Device-managed SMR devices hide this complexity by managing it in the firmware , presenting an interface like any other hard disk , while other SMR devices are host-managed and depend on the operating system to know how to handle the drive , and only write sequentially to certain regions of the drive . :11 ff . Seagate has been shipping device-managed SMR hard drives since September 2013 , while referring to an increase in overall hard disk drive capacity of about 25% , compared to non-shingled storage . In September 2014 , HGST announced a 10 TB drive filled with helium that uses host-managed shingled magnetic recording , although in December 2015 it followed this with a 10 TB helium-filled drive that uses conventional non-shingled perpendicular recording . In November 2018 , HGST introduced 14- and 15-TB drives .'}]}, {'value': 'Greatly improved storage density compared to current HDDs , can be combined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fourth-generation optical discs ( 3D optical data storage , Holographic data storage )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Optical_disc', 'summary': 'In computing and optical disc recording technologies , an optical disc ( OD ) is a flat , usually circular disc which encodes binary data ( bits ) in the form of pits ( binary value of 0 or off , due to lack of reflection when read ) and lands ( binary value of 1 or on , due to a reflection when read ) on a special material ( often aluminium ) on one of its flat surfaces . The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate ( usually polycarbonate ) which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer . The encoding pattern follows a continuous , spiral path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track . The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine , and can be accessed when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the disc at speeds of about 200 to 4,000 RPM or more , depending on the drive type , disc format , and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc ( inner tracks are read at a higher disc speed ) . Most optical discs exhibit a characteristic iridescence as a result of the diffraction grating formed by its grooves . This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material , usually lacquer . The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label , sometimes made of paper but often printed or stamped onto the disc itself . Unlike the 3\u200b1⁄2-inch floppy disk , most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and are therefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches , fingerprints , and other environmental problems . Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm ( 3 to 12 in ) in diameter , with 12 cm ( 4.75 in ) being the most common size . A typical disc is about 1.2 mm ( 0.05 in ) thick , while the track pitch ( distance from the center of one track to the center of the next ) ranges from 1.6 μm ( for CDs ) to 320 nm ( for Blu-ray discs ) . An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types : read-only ( e.g . : CD and CD-ROM ) , recordable ( write-once , e.g .'}, {'url': '/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage', 'summary': "3D optical data storage is any form of optical data storage in which information can be recorded or read with three-dimensional resolution ( as opposed to the two-dimensional resolution afforded , for example , by CD ) . This innovation has the potential to provide petabyte-level mass storage on DVD-sized discs ( 120 mm ) . Data recording and readback are achieved by focusing lasers within the medium . However , because of the volumetric nature of the data structure , the laser light must travel through other data points before it reaches the point where reading or recording is desired . Therefore , some kind of nonlinearity is required to ensure that these other data points do not interfere with the addressing of the desired point . No commercial product based on 3D optical data storage has yet arrived on the mass market , although several companies are actively developing the technology and claim that it may become available 'soon ' ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Holographic_data_storage', 'summary': 'Holographic data storage is a potential technology in the area of high-capacity data storage . While magnetic and optical data storage devices rely on individual bits being stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of the recording medium , holographic data storage records information throughout the volume of the medium and is capable of recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles . Additionally , whereas magnetic and optical data storage records information a bit at a time in a linear fashion , holographic storage is capable of recording and reading millions of bits in parallel , enabling data transfer rates greater than those attained by traditional optical storage .'}]}, {'value': 'Research , prototyping', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storing and archiving data previously erased for economic reasons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General-purpose computing on graphics processing units', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPGPU', 'summary': 'General-purpose computing on graphics processing units ( GPGPU , rarely GPGP ) is the use of a graphics processing unit ( GPU ) , which typically handles computation only for computer graphics , to perform computation in applications traditionally handled by the central processing unit ( CPU ) . The use of multiple video cards in one computer , or large numbers of graphics chips , further parallelizes the already parallel nature of graphics processing . In addition , even a single GPU-CPU framework provides advantages that multiple CPUs on their own do not offer due to the specialization in each chip . Essentially , a GPGPU pipeline is a kind of parallel processing between one or more GPUs and CPUs that analyzes data as if it were in image or other graphic form . While GPUs operate at lower frequencies , they typically have many times the number of cores . Thus , GPUs can process far more pictures and graphical data per second than a traditional CPU . Migrating data into graphical form and then using the GPU to scan and analyze it can create a large speedup . GPGPU pipelines were developed at the beginning of the 21st century for graphics processing ( e.g. , for better shaders ) . These pipelines were found to fit scientific computing needs well , and have since been developed in this direction .'}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion of non standardized methods', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Order of magnitude faster processing of parallelizable algorithms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parallel_computing', 'summary': "Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously . Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones , which can then be solved at the same time . There are several different forms of parallel computing : bit-level , instruction-level , data , and task parallelism . Parallelism has long been employed in high-performance computing , but it 's gaining broader interest due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling . As power consumption ( and consequently heat generation ) by computers has become a concern in recent years , parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture , mainly in the form of multi-core processors . Parallel computing is closely related to concurrent computing - they are frequently used together , and often conflated , though the two are distinct : it is possible to have parallelism without concurrency ( such as bit-level parallelism ) , and concurrency without parallelism ( such as multitasking by time-sharing on a single-core CPU ) . In parallel computing , a computational task is typically broken down into several , often many , very similar sub-tasks that can be processed independently and whose results are combined afterwards , upon completion . In contrast , in concurrent computing , the various processes often do not address related tasks ; when they do , as is typical in distributed computing , the separate tasks may have a varied nature and often require some inter-process communication during execution . Parallel computers can be roughly classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism , with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements within a single machine , while clusters , MPPs , and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task . Specialized parallel computer architectures are sometimes used alongside traditional processors , for accelerating specific tasks . In some cases parallelism is transparent to the programmer , such as in bit-level or instruction-level parallelism , but explicitly parallel algorithms , particularly those that use concurrency , are more difficult to write than sequential ones , because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs , of which race conditions are the most common . Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks are typically some of the greatest obstacles to getting optimal parallel program performance ."}]}, {'value': 'Exocortex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exocortex', 'summary': 'A brain-computer interface ( BCI ) , sometimes called a neural-control interface ( NCI ) , mind-machine interface ( MMI ) , direct neural interface ( DNI ) , or brain-machine interface ( BMI ) , is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device . BCI differs from neuromodulation in that it allows for bidirectional information flow . BCIs are often directed at researching , mapping , assisting , augmenting , or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions . Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) under a grant from the National Science Foundation , followed by a contract from DARPA . The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain-computer interface in scientific literature . Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain , signals from implanted prostheses can , after adaptation , be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels . Following years of animal experimentation , the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Diffusion of primitive amplifications ; working prototypes of more ; Hypothetical , experiments on more substantial amplification', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'IT and communications', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_emerging_technologies_9', 'intro': 'Emerging technologies are those technical innovations that represent progressive innovations within a field for competitive advantage.'}
null
null
What is the status of the emerging technology that was originally developed in the late 1990s by Eli Zelkha and his team at Palo Alto Ventures ?
Hypothetical
0932b2aa0d858664
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'title': 'All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship', 'header': ['GAA county', 'Province', 'Provincial championships'], 'data': [{'value': 'Clare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clare_GAA', 'summary': 'The Clare County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Contae an Chláir ) or Clare GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Clare . Clare plays its home games at Cusack Park in Ennis . The Clare Hurling team compete in the Munster championship which it has won six times , most recently in 1998 . Clare has won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship four times in its history . They won their first title in 1914 and it took another 81 years for them to win their next title in 1995 , which remains the record wait for a successive title in Senior Championship history . Clare won their most recent two titles in 1997 and 2013 . Clare compete in Division 1 of the National Hurling League .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_GAA', 'summary': "The Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Chorcaí ) or Cork GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Cork and the Cork inter-county teams . It is one of the constituent counties of Munster GAA . Cork is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both Gaelic football and hurling . As of the end of the 2015 National Leagues , Cork compete in the top division of both sports . However , despite both teams competing at the top level of the game for most of the county 's history , the hurling team has experienced more success , winning the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 30 times . By comparison , Cork has only won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship seven times . Traditionally football is strongest in the western half of the county , with the O'Donovan Rossa club of Skibbereen the only Cork team from outside the city to have an All-Ireland Club Football title . Hurling is the dominant sport in the east , with teams such as Sarsfields and Midleton having won Cork 's club championship multiple times . Naturally , there are exceptions to this rule of thumb , with hurling pockets in football areas and vice versa . One example is Fermoy in east Cork , which has seven Cork football titles to its name . The city of Cork traditionally has strong teams in both sports , with Nemo Rangers being the record-holders for All-Ireland Club Football Championships won , and Blackrock having three All-Ireland Club Hurling titles . As well as this , the St Finbarr 's club in the city has eight Cork football titles and 25 in hurling ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_GAA', 'summary': 'The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath ) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Region and the Dublin inter-county teams . The team and its fans are known as The Dubs or Boys in Blue . The fans have a special affiliation with the Hill 16 end of Croke Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Galway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galway_GAA', 'summary': "The Galway County Boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na Gaillimhe ) or Galway GAA are one of the 32 GAA county boards in Ireland ; they are responsible for Gaelic games in County Galway , and for the Galway inter-county teams . Galway is one of the few 'dual counties ' in Ireland , competing in a similar level in both hurling and gaelic football . The two sports are run by separate county boards in Galway , which is unusual , even for a dual county ."}]}, {'value': 'Connacht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connacht_GAA', 'summary': 'Connacht GAA ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Chonnacht ) or formally the Connacht Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association is the governing body for Gaelic games that are played in the province of Connacht , Ireland . It performs a supervisory and appeal role for the five County Boards within the province ( listed below ) . Anomalously , it also exercises its functions for an additional two County Boards that are not located in the province : London GAA and New York GAA . Teams from these administrative areas play in the Connacht Senior Football Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Kilkenny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA', 'summary': 'The Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( Kilkenny GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Cill Chainnigh ) is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland and is responsible for Gaelic Games in County Kilkenny . The county board has its head office and main grounds at Nowlan Park and is also responsible for Kilkenny inter-county teams in all codes at all levels . The Kilkenny branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1887 . In hurling , the dominant sport in the county , Kilkenny compete annually in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won thirty-six times ( a national record ) , the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship , which they have won seventy one times , and the National Hurling League , which they have won eighteen times . Brian Cody has been manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team since the 1999 championship . Colin Fennelly is senior hurling captain for the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Limerick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limerick_GAA', 'summary': 'The Limerick County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael , Coiste Chontae Luimneach ) or Limerick GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Limerick . The county board is also responsible for the Limerick inter-county teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Laois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laois_GAA', 'summary': 'The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Laois ) or Laois GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}, {'value': 'Tipperary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tipperary_GAA', 'summary': "The Tipperary County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Thiobraid Árann ) or Tipperary GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Tipperary and the Tipperary inter-county teams . County Tipperary holds an honoured place in the history of the GAA as the organisation was founded in Hayes ' Hotel , Thurles , on 1 November 1884 ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterford_GAA', 'summary': "The Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Phort Láirge ) or Waterford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for all levels of Gaelic games in County Waterford . The County Board is also responsible for the Waterford inter-county teams . The county board 's offices are based at Walsh Park in the city of Waterford . The Waterford County Board was founded in 1886 . Hurling is generally regarded the dominant sport , with the county having won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship twice . While Gaelic football is the secondary sport in the county , it is widely played nonetheless . Waterford 's greatest achievement in Gaelic football was reaching the 1898 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final , losing to Dublin ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_GAA', 'summary': 'The Munster Council is a Provincial Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Munster .'}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': 'The Munster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Munster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Munster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Munster Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Munster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Munster final , like their counterparts in the Leinster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Munster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Munster Championship . Two of the most successful teams in hurling , namely Cork and Tipperary , play their provincial hurling in the Munster Championship . Between them , these teams have won the provincial title on 92 occasions while they have also claimed 56 All-Ireland titles . The title has been won at least once by all six of the Munster counties , five of which have won the title more than once . The all-time record-holders are Cork , who have won the competition 52 times .'}]}, {'value': 'Wexford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wexford_GAA', 'summary': 'The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) ( Irish : Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae Loch Garman ) or Wexford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Wexford . The county board is also responsible for the Wexford inter-county teams . Wexford is one of the few counties to have won the All-Ireland Senior Championship in both football and hurling . Wexford have won five Football Championships , with the most recent in 1918 .'}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_GAA', 'summary': "The Leinster Council is a Provincial council of the Gaelic Athletic Association sports of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie , rounders and handball in the province of Leinster . The Leinster Council has been partnered with the European County Board to help develop Gaelic Games in Europe . Leinster Council 's main contribution to this goal is the provision of referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Hurling_Championship', 'summary': "The Leinster GAA Hurling Senior Championship , known simply as the Leinster Championship , is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Leinster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA ) . It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in the province of Leinster , and has been contested every year since the 1888 championship . The final , usually held on the first Sunday in July , serves as the culmination of a series of games played during May and June , and the results determine which team receives the Bob O'Keeffe Cup . The championship was previously played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship , however , as of 2018 the championship will use a round-robin system . The Leinster Championship is an integral part of the wider GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship . The winners of the Leinster final , like their counterparts in the Munster Championship , are rewarded by advancing directly to the semi-final stage of the All-Ireland series of games . The losers of the Leinster final enter the All-Ireland series at the quarter-final stage , while the third-placed team advances to the preliminary quarter-finals . Five teams currently participate in the Leinster Championship . The most successful team in hurling , namely Kilkenny , play their provincial hurling in the Leinster Championship . They have won the provincial title on 71 occasions while they have also claimed 36 All-Ireland titles . Fifteen teams have competed since the inception of the Leinster Championship in 1888 . The title has been won at least once by six teams , all of whom have won the title more than once ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Championship tiers , 2020', 'section_text': 'Liam MacCarthy Cup ( tier 1 )', 'uid': 'All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_1', 'intro': 'The GAA Hurling All-Ireland Senior Championship, known simply as the All-Ireland Championship, is an annual inter-county hurling competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It is the highest inter-county hurling competition in Ireland, and has been contested every year except one since 1887. The final, currently held on the third Sunday in August, is the culmination of a series of games played during July and August, with the winning team receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup. The All-Ireland Championship has always been played on a straight knockout basis whereby once a team loses they are eliminated from the championship. The qualification procedures for the championship have changed several times throughout its history. Currently, qualification is limited to teams competing in the Leinster Championship, the Munster Championship and the two finalists in the Joe McDonagh Cup. Twelve teams currently participate in the All-Ireland Championship, with the most successful teams coming from the provinces of Leinster and Munster. Kilkenny, Cork and Tipperary are considered the big three of hurling. They have won 94 championships between them. The title has been won by 13 different teams, 10 of whom have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are Kilkenny, who have won the championship on 36 occasions. Tipperary are the current champions.'}
null
null
How many teams currently participate in the provincial championship associated with the GAA county in which the GAA was founded on 1 November 1884 ?
Five teams
0933b4cbb4207097
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_P._Nayarambalam', 'title': 'Benny P. Nayarambalam', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Director'], 'data': [{'value': 'First Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Bell', 'summary': 'First bell is a 1992 Indian Malayalam film , directed by PG Vishwambharan , starring Jayaram , Jagadish , Anusha and Sainudeen in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'P. G. Viswambharan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P._G._Viswambharan', 'summary': 'P. G. Viswambharan ( 1947 - 16 June 2010 ) was an Indian film director who worked in Malayalam cinema . Viswambharan directed 63 Malayalam films , in a career spanning close to four decades .'}]}, {'value': 'Koushalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koushalam', 'summary': 'Koushalam is a 1993 Indian Malayalam film , directed by T. S. Mohan and starring Siddique and Urvashi in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T. S. Mohan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keerthanam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keerthanam', 'summary': 'Keerthanam is a 1995 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Venu B. Nair , starring Mukesh and Pragathi in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venu B Nair', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manthramothiram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manthramothiram', 'summary': 'Manthra Mothiram is a 1997 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Sasi Shanker . The film stars Dileep , Nedumudi Venu and Kalabhavan Mani in the lead roles . The film has musical score by Johnson .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sasi Shanker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sasi_Shanker', 'summary': 'Sasi Shanker ( 1957 - 10 August 2016 ) was an Indian film director . He directed one Tamil film and ten Malayalam films . He won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1993 for his film Naaraayam . He died on 10 August 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Junior Mandrake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_Mandrake', 'summary': "Junior Mandrake is a 1997 Malayalam comedy film directed by Ali Akbar . Jagadish , Jagathy Sreekumar , Rajan P. Dev and Janardhanan plays the lead roles in this film . The film did excellent business in the box office and also gained the present cult following release of the movie in Home videos and Cable television networks . A sequel of Junior Mandrake namely Senior Mandrake was released in 2010 by the same director , but it was n't a success at the box office due to poor script ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Akbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ali_Akbar_(director)', 'summary': 'Ali Akbar is an Indian film lyricist , screenwriter , and director in Malayalam movies . He directed more than 20 Malayalam movies , including Junior Mandrake , Kudumba Vaarthakal and Pai Brothers . He contested in Kozhikkode corporation for BJP .'}]}, {'value': 'Five Star Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Five_Star_Hospital', 'summary': 'Five Star Hospital is a 1997 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Thaha . The film stars George Vishnu , Jagadish , Jagathy Sreekumar and Thilakan in the lead roles . The film has musical score by Bombay Ravi .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thaha', 'summary': 'Thaha is a Malayali Indian film director and writer known primarily for his slapstick comedy movies . He has also directed pachuvum & kovalanum .'}]}, {'value': 'Grama Panchayath', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Akbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ali_Akbar_(director)', 'summary': 'Ali Akbar is an Indian film lyricist , screenwriter , and director in Malayalam movies . He directed more than 20 Malayalam movies , including Junior Mandrake , Kudumba Vaarthakal and Pai Brothers . He contested in Kozhikkode corporation for BJP .'}]}, {'value': 'Achammakkuttiyude Achayan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajan P. Dev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajan_P._Dev', 'summary': 'Rajan P. Dev ( 20 May 1951 - 29 July 2009 ) was an Indian film actor and stage actor . He was born in Cherthala in the Alappuzha district of the former state Thiru-Kochi ( present day Kerala ) . He had acted in over 200 films in Malayalam , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada languages . He was noted for his villain roles laced with a touch of humour . He came into the limelight for his characterisation of Kochuvava in the play Kattukuthira . Rajan P. Dev died in Kochi Wednesday 29 July 2009 due to a liver disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Aakasha Ganga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aakasha_Ganga', 'summary': 'Aakasha Ganga is a 1999 Indian Malayalam-language horror-thriller film directed by Vinayan , starring Divya Unni and Mukesh and produced by Aakash Films . It was dubbed in Tamil as Avala Aaviya and in Hindi as Maaya Ka Saaya . A sequel of the movie Aakasha Ganga 2 has been released on November 1,2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vinayan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinayan', 'summary': 'T. G. Vinayakumar ( born 16 May 1960 ) , better known by his stage name Vinayan is an Indian film director , screenwriter , producer , and lyricist , who works predominantly in Malayalam cinema and occasionally in Tamil cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Vazhunnor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vazhunnor', 'summary': 'Vazhunnor is a 1999 Indian Malayalam language action thriller film , written by Benny P. Nayarambalam and directed by Joshiy . The film stars Suresh Gopi , Samyuktha Varma , Sangeetha , Janardanan and Jagathy Sreekumar in the lead roles . The film has musical score by S. P. Venkatesh and songs by Ouseppachan . Upon release , the movie garnered positive reviews and became the second highest-grossing movie of the year , after Pathram .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joshy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshy', 'summary': 'Joshiy ( born 19 July 1952 ) is an Indian film director from Varkala of Trivandrum in Kerala who works predominantly in the Malayalam film industry . He made his debut with Tiger Salim ( 1978 ) and has directed over 90 films including films with Mammootty and Mohanlal . He has also directed a few Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . In the beginning of his career , he received national fame when he directed Dharm Aur Qanoon ( 1984 ) starring Rajesh Khanna and Dharmendra in the lead roles , with Khanna in double roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Naranathu Thampuran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naranathu_Thampuran', 'summary': 'Naranathu Thampuran is a Malayalam language film directed by Viji Thampi . It was released in 2001 and was one of the hits of Jayaram and ran more than 75 days in most of the centres . This was Jayarams third release in 2001 after Vakkalath Narayanan Kutty and Sharjah to Sharjah .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viji Thampi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viji_Thampi', 'summary': 'Viji Thampi is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam films . After making his directorial debut with the 1988 film David David Mr. David , Thampi directed a series of comedy films in the 1990s which turned out to be commercial hits . Viji Thampi is known for appearing in cameo roles in his own films . He has also directed the Malayalam crime thriller television series Black and White and later , the mythological television serial Devimahathmyam .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalyanaraman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalyanaraman_(2002_film)', 'summary': "Kalyanaraman ( transl . Wedding Raman ) is a 2002 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film directed by Shafi and written by Benny P. Nayarambalam , starring Dileep and Navya Nair . The plot follows Ramankutty and family who runs a catering service and the events that follows after they take the work of Thekkedathu Achuthankutty 's sister 's wedding . The music was composed by Berny-Ignatius . The film was remade in Telugu as Kalyana Ramudu ( 2003 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shafi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shafi', 'summary': "The Shafii ( Arabic : شافعي Shāfiʿī , alternative spelling Shafei ) madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafii , a pupil of Malik , in the early 9th century . The other three schools of Sunni jurisprudence are Hanafi , Maliki and Hanbali . The Shafi school predominantly relies on the Quran and the Hadiths for Sharia . Where passages of Quran and Hadiths are ambiguous , the school first seeks religious law guidance from Ijma - the consensus of Scholars ( Community of Islamic scholars ) . If there was no consensus , the Shafii school relies on individual opinion ( Ijtihad ) of the companions of Muhammad , followed by analogy . The Shafii school was , in the early history of Islam , the most followed ideology for Sharia . [ citation needed ] However , with the Ottoman Empire 's expansion and patronage , it was replaced with the Hanafi school in many parts of the Muslim world . One of the many differences between the Shafii and Hanafi schools is that the Shafii school does not consider Istihsan ( judicial discretion by suitably qualified legal scholars ) as an acceptable source of religious law because it amounts to human legislation of Islamic law . [ not specific enough to verify ] The Shafii school is now predominantly found in Somalia , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti , eastern Egypt , the Swahili coast , Hijaz , Yemen , Kurdish regions of the Middle East , Dagestan , Chechen and Ingush regions of the Caucasus , Indonesia , Malaysia , Sri Lanka , Maldives , Kerala and some other coastal regions in India , Singapore , Myanmar , Thailand , Brunei , and the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Kunjikoonan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunjikoonan_(2002_film)', 'summary': 'Kunjikoonan is a 2002 Malayalam film directed by Sasi Shanker and starring Dileep , Manya and Navya Nair . Dileep played dual roles in this movie . Dileep won Asianet Film Awards for Best actor This movie was later remade to Tamil as Perazhagan , starring Surya Sivakumar and Jyothika . It was also remade to Kannada as Manmatha in 2006 and in Odia as Rasika Naagara .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sasi Shanker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sasi_Shanker', 'summary': 'Sasi Shanker ( 1957 - 10 August 2016 ) was an Indian film director . He directed one Tamil film and ten Malayalam films . He won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1993 for his film Naaraayam . He died on 10 August 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Thommanum Makkalum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thommanum_Makkalum', 'summary': 'Thommanum Makkalum ( English : Thomman and Sons ) is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language action comedy film directed by Shafi , written by Benny P. Nayarambalam , and produced by Lal under his production house Lal Creations . The film stars Mammootty , Lal , and Rajan P. Dev in the main roles . It tells the story of Thomman ( Rajan P. Dev ) and his two adopted sons Shivan ( Mammootty ) and Sathyan ( Lal ) . The film was among the highest grossing Malayalam films of 2005 . Shafi remade the film in Tamil cinema as Majaa ( 2005 ) . and in Kannada as Kaamannana Makkalu with Sudeep .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shafi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shafi', 'summary': "The Shafii ( Arabic : شافعي Shāfiʿī , alternative spelling Shafei ) madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafii , a pupil of Malik , in the early 9th century . The other three schools of Sunni jurisprudence are Hanafi , Maliki and Hanbali . The Shafi school predominantly relies on the Quran and the Hadiths for Sharia . Where passages of Quran and Hadiths are ambiguous , the school first seeks religious law guidance from Ijma - the consensus of Scholars ( Community of Islamic scholars ) . If there was no consensus , the Shafii school relies on individual opinion ( Ijtihad ) of the companions of Muhammad , followed by analogy . The Shafii school was , in the early history of Islam , the most followed ideology for Sharia . [ citation needed ] However , with the Ottoman Empire 's expansion and patronage , it was replaced with the Hanafi school in many parts of the Muslim world . One of the many differences between the Shafii and Hanafi schools is that the Shafii school does not consider Istihsan ( judicial discretion by suitably qualified legal scholars ) as an acceptable source of religious law because it amounts to human legislation of Islamic law . [ not specific enough to verify ] The Shafii school is now predominantly found in Somalia , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti , eastern Egypt , the Swahili coast , Hijaz , Yemen , Kurdish regions of the Middle East , Dagestan , Chechen and Ingush regions of the Caucasus , Indonesia , Malaysia , Sri Lanka , Maldives , Kerala and some other coastal regions in India , Singapore , Myanmar , Thailand , Brunei , and the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Chanthupottu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chanthupottu', 'summary': 'Chanthupottu is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language comedy drama film directed by Lal Jose , written by Benny P. Nayarambalam , and produced by Lal . The film was based on a play of the same name , which in turn , was based on the life of an actual man with feminine mannerisms . The story is about a man named Radhakrishnan ( Dileep ) who was brought up like a girl by his grandmother . This film was a commercial success at the box office .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lal Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lal_Jose', 'summary': "Lal Jose is an Indian film director and producer who works in Malayalam film industry . Lal Jose started his film career as an assistant director to Kamal . Lal Jose worked on a slew of Kamal 's films during the 1990s . His directional debut was the film Oru Maravathoor Kanavu ( 1998 ) . His popular films include Chandranudikkunna Dikhil ( 1999 ) , Meesa Madhavan ( 2002 ) , Chanthupottu ( 2005 ) , Classmates ( 2006 ) , Arabikkatha ( 2007 ) , Neelathaamara ( 2009 ) , Diamond Necklace ( 2012 ) , Ayalum Njanum Thammil ( 2012 ) , Immanuel ( 2013 ) , and Vikramadithyan ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Majaa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majaa', 'summary': "Majaa is a 2005 Tamil action masala film directed by Shafi , starring Vikram , Asin , Vadivelu , Pasupathy , Anu Prabhakar , Vijayakumar , Manivannan , Sindhu Tolani , Murali and Biju Menon . The music is composed by Vidyasagar . It tells the story of two adopted children changing from their old , mischievous ways of life . The film is a remake of Shafi 's own Malayalam film Thommanum Makkalum . The movie was dubbed in Telugu with the same title . The movie was later dubbed into Hindi as Dada No . 1 by Cinecurry and Royal Film Company ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shafi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shafi', 'summary': "The Shafii ( Arabic : شافعي Shāfiʿī , alternative spelling Shafei ) madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafii , a pupil of Malik , in the early 9th century . The other three schools of Sunni jurisprudence are Hanafi , Maliki and Hanbali . The Shafi school predominantly relies on the Quran and the Hadiths for Sharia . Where passages of Quran and Hadiths are ambiguous , the school first seeks religious law guidance from Ijma - the consensus of Scholars ( Community of Islamic scholars ) . If there was no consensus , the Shafii school relies on individual opinion ( Ijtihad ) of the companions of Muhammad , followed by analogy . The Shafii school was , in the early history of Islam , the most followed ideology for Sharia . [ citation needed ] However , with the Ottoman Empire 's expansion and patronage , it was replaced with the Hanafi school in many parts of the Muslim world . One of the many differences between the Shafii and Hanafi schools is that the Shafii school does not consider Istihsan ( judicial discretion by suitably qualified legal scholars ) as an acceptable source of religious law because it amounts to human legislation of Islamic law . [ not specific enough to verify ] The Shafii school is now predominantly found in Somalia , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti , eastern Egypt , the Swahili coast , Hijaz , Yemen , Kurdish regions of the Middle East , Dagestan , Chechen and Ingush regions of the Caucasus , Indonesia , Malaysia , Sri Lanka , Maldives , Kerala and some other coastal regions in India , Singapore , Myanmar , Thailand , Brunei , and the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Pothan Vava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pothan_Vava', 'summary': "Pothan Vava is a 2006 Malayalam film directed by Joshi starring Mammootty in the title role . Famous Indian pop and bollywood singer Usha Uthup made her first screen appearance through this film . She played the role of Mammootty 's mother ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joshy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshy', 'summary': 'Joshiy ( born 19 July 1952 ) is an Indian film director from Varkala of Trivandrum in Kerala who works predominantly in the Malayalam film industry . He made his debut with Tiger Salim ( 1978 ) and has directed over 90 films including films with Mammootty and Mohanlal . He has also directed a few Hindi , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada films . In the beginning of his career , he received national fame when he directed Dharm Aur Qanoon ( 1984 ) starring Rajesh Khanna and Dharmendra in the lead roles , with Khanna in double roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Chotta Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chotta_Mumbai', 'summary': 'Chotta Mumbai is a 2007 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy mafia action film directed by Anwar Rasheed , written by Benny P. Nayarambalam , and co-produced by Maniyanpilla Raju . The film stars Mohanlal , Siddique , Saikumar , Bhavana , Jagathy Sreekumar , Indrajith Sukumaran , Manikuttan , Bijukuttan , Kalabhavan Mani , and Rajan P. Dev . Rahul Raj composed the score and songs of the film . The plot follows Vasco da Gama ( Thala ) and his gang of friends , all unemployed and leading a happy-go-lucky life . The film released on 6 April 2007 opened to positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anwar Rasheed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anwar_Rasheed', 'summary': 'Anwar Rasheed is an Indian film director and producer who works in Malayalam films . He made his debut in 2005 with Rajamanikyam , a masala film . He continued to do successful action-comedy films , such as Chotta Mumbai ( 2007 ) and Annan Thambi ( 2008 ) . His directorial drama Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . He has produced commercially successful films like Bangalore Days and Premam under the banner Anwar Rasheed Entertainments .'}]}, {'value': 'Annan Thambi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annan_Thambi', 'summary': 'Annan Thambi is a 2008 Indian Malayalam-language directed by Anwar Rasheed , starring Mammootty , Lakshmi Rai and Gopika . Mammootty plays twins Achu and Appu in the film . The film was a success at the box office .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anwar Rasheed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anwar_Rasheed', 'summary': 'Anwar Rasheed is an Indian film director and producer who works in Malayalam films . He made his debut in 2005 with Rajamanikyam , a masala film . He continued to do successful action-comedy films , such as Chotta Mumbai ( 2007 ) and Annan Thambi ( 2008 ) . His directorial drama Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . He has produced commercially successful films like Bangalore Days and Premam under the banner Anwar Rasheed Entertainments .'}]}, {'value': 'LollyPop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LollyPop', 'summary': 'LolliPop is a 2008 Indian Malayalam-language action comedy film directed by Shafi and written by Benny P. Nayarambalam . It stars Prithviraj Sukumaran , Jayasurya , Kunchacko Boban , Bhavana , Roma . The film started filming on 17 August 2008 . The main locations are Kochi and Bangkok . It released on 21 December 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shafi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shafi', 'summary': "The Shafii ( Arabic : شافعي Shāfiʿī , alternative spelling Shafei ) madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Arab scholar Al-Shafii , a pupil of Malik , in the early 9th century . The other three schools of Sunni jurisprudence are Hanafi , Maliki and Hanbali . The Shafi school predominantly relies on the Quran and the Hadiths for Sharia . Where passages of Quran and Hadiths are ambiguous , the school first seeks religious law guidance from Ijma - the consensus of Scholars ( Community of Islamic scholars ) . If there was no consensus , the Shafii school relies on individual opinion ( Ijtihad ) of the companions of Muhammad , followed by analogy . The Shafii school was , in the early history of Islam , the most followed ideology for Sharia . [ citation needed ] However , with the Ottoman Empire 's expansion and patronage , it was replaced with the Hanafi school in many parts of the Muslim world . One of the many differences between the Shafii and Hanafi schools is that the Shafii school does not consider Istihsan ( judicial discretion by suitably qualified legal scholars ) as an acceptable source of religious law because it amounts to human legislation of Islamic law . [ not specific enough to verify ] The Shafii school is now predominantly found in Somalia , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti , eastern Egypt , the Swahili coast , Hijaz , Yemen , Kurdish regions of the Middle East , Dagestan , Chechen and Ingush regions of the Caucasus , Indonesia , Malaysia , Sri Lanka , Maldives , Kerala and some other coastal regions in India , Singapore , Myanmar , Thailand , Brunei , and the Philippines ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Benny_P._Nayarambalam_0', 'intro': "Benny P. Nayarambalam is an Indian screenwriter who works in Malayalam films and theatre. He wrote his first theatrical play Athyunnathangalil Deivathinu Sthuthi at the age of 19, for the production company owned by Rajan P. Dev, in which he also performed as Rajan's son. He has a post-graduate degree in Malayalam literature. He made his debut in films as screenwriter through First Bell (1992), directed by P. G. Viswambharan. Benny had a successful career as a screenwriter, with most of his films turning into blockbusters. And two of his theatre plays Vikalanga Varsham and Arabikkadalum Adbudavilakkum were made into films, Kunjikoonan (2002) and Chanthupottu (2005) respectively. In Chanthupottu, Dileep and Lal played the roles Benny and Rajan P. Dev portrayed in the original play."}
null
null
What are the main locations of Benny P. Nayarambalam 's last film ?
Kochi and Bangkok
09351ffb2d0fc5a3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films', 'title': 'List of highest-grossing Indian films', 'header': ['Rank', 'Film', 'Year', 'Director', 'Studio ( s )', 'Worldwide gross'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amazon Obhijaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazon_Obhijaan', 'summary': 'Amazon Obhijaan ( lit . The Amazon expedition ) is a 2017 Indian Bengali-language action-adventure film written and directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee and produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films . Starring Dev in the lead role of Shankar , it is the sequel to 2013 film Chander Pahar and the second installment of Chander Pahar film franchise . The film revolves around Shankar , an adventurer who along with a lady and her father , travels the Amazon in search of the City of Gold , El dorado . Amazon Obhijaan happens to be the 100th film of the production house . The highest grossing Bengali film ever , it was released theatrically on 22 December 2017 . On 5 January 2018 , the film was dubbed and released in five languages : Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Odia and Assamese . It is also the first Bengali film to release theatrically in United Kingdom on 12 January 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamaleswar Mukherjee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamaleswar_Mukherjee', 'summary': 'Kamaleswar Mukherjee is a Bengali film director and ad maker . He directed Chander Pahar ( 2013 ) and Meghe Dhaka Tara ( 2013 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Shree Venkatesh Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shree_Venkatesh_Films', 'summary': "SVF Entertainment Pvt . Ltd. is an Indian media and entertainment company headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal Founded by Shrikant Mohta . Apart from producing and distributing Bengali films , SVF also distributes Bollywood and Hollywood films in Eastern India . The other divisions of the company include Exhibition , TV Content Production , Digital Cinema , Music , New Media and IPR syndication . SVF was in Anandabazar Patrika 's powerlist for 2008 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '₹ 48.63 crore ( US $ 6.8 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chander Pahar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chander_Pahar_(film)', 'summary': "Chander Pahar ( released as Mountains of the Moon in the United States ) is a 2013 Indian Bengali-language action-adventure film based on Chander Pahar by Bengali novelist Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay , directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee and produced by Mahendra Soni and Shrikant Mohta under the banner of their production house Shree Venkatesh Films . It features Bengali actor Dev in the lead role as Shankar . This is the first collaboration between Dev and Mukherjee , the latter having made only two films before : Uro Chithi and Meghe Dhaka Tara . Shooting commenced on 20 April 2013 . The film released on 20 December 2013 . The trailer was released at the Nicco park at 5 pm , on the occasion of Children 's Day on 14 November 2013 . This is the first Indian film to be extensively shot in South Africa . Chander Pahar is the most successful film in Bengali cinema . Critics consider it Dev 's most memorable and recognizable work . It is the first installment of Chander Pahar film franchise and was followed by Amazon Obhijaan in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamaleswar Mukherjee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamaleswar_Mukherjee', 'summary': 'Kamaleswar Mukherjee is a Bengali film director and ad maker . He directed Chander Pahar ( 2013 ) and Meghe Dhaka Tara ( 2013 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Shree Venkatesh Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shree_Venkatesh_Films', 'summary': "SVF Entertainment Pvt . Ltd. is an Indian media and entertainment company headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal Founded by Shrikant Mohta . Apart from producing and distributing Bengali films , SVF also distributes Bollywood and Hollywood films in Eastern India . The other divisions of the company include Exhibition , TV Content Production , Digital Cinema , Music , New Media and IPR syndication . SVF was in Anandabazar Patrika 's powerlist for 2008 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '₹ 15 crore ( US $ 2.1 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boss 2 : Back to Rule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boss_2:_Back_to_Rule', 'summary': 'Boss 2 : Back to Rule is a 2017 India-Bangladesh joint production Bengali action crime thriller film directed by Baba Yadav . It is a sequel to his 2013 film , Boss : Born to Rule and the second installment of the Boss film series . The film features Jeet , Subhasree Ganguly and Nusraat Faria in the leading roles . Jeet Gannguli composed the music for the film . The film was released in West Bengal on 23 June and in Bangladesh on 26 June 2017 and in rest of India on 30 June 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baba Yadav', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baba_Yadav', 'summary': 'Baba Yadav is Bengali and Bollywood film choreographer and director .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeetz Fireworks Walzen Media Works Jaaz Multimedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeet_(actor)', 'summary': "Jeet ( born Jeetendra Madnani ) is an Indian actor , producer and television presenter who predominantly works in Bengali cinema . Jeet started his modeling career in 1993 . His first acting assignment was Bishabriksha ( 1994-95 ) , a Bengali TV series directed by Bishnu Palchaudhuri . He made his big screen debut with Chandu ( 2001 ) a Telugu film . His first success came in 2002 , opposite Priyanka Trivedi , through Sathi , a highly successful romantic drama , directed by Haranath Chakraborty , for which he won the Bengal Film Journalists ' Association - Most Promising Actor Award and Anandalok Awards for Best Actor . In the same year , he acted in the Bengali remake of Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar . This initial success was followed by other critical and commercial successes , including Nater Guru , Sangee , Bandhan and Yuddho . In 2005 , he acted alongside Koel Mallick in Nater Guru , which released to critical and commercial success and fetched him his second Anandalok Award for Best Actor . This success was short-lived as Jeet starred in some commercial failures , including Saathihara , Priyotoma and Ghatak but this failure was short-lived as Jeet starred in Jor , which became a box office hit . 2010 proved to be a commercially successful year for Jeet as he starred in Wanted and Dui Prithibi , both of which were critically and commercially successful ventures ; the latter being the highest grosser of 2010 , according to a study conducted by FICCI & Deloitte . In 2013 , he appeared in the crime thriller Boss : Born to Rule , which was Jeet 's first pan-India release . The film proved to be one of the biggest hits of 2013 , grossing ₹67.5 million ( US $ 950,000 ) and also earned him his first Filmfare Awards East nomination ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jaaz_Multimedia', 'summary': 'Jaaz Multimedia is a film production and distribution house in Bangladesh .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 10.50 crore ( US $ 1.5 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nabab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nabab', 'summary': "Nabab is a 2017 film directed by Joydip Mukherjee and stars Bangladeshi star Shakib Khan . The film is a Bangladesh-India joint venture produced by Abdul Aziz and Himanshu Dhanuka under the banner of Jaaz Multimedia and Eskay Movies . The story revolves around an intelligence agent from Bangladesh ( Shakib Khan ) tasked with a secret operation in West Bengal , India . The film also stars Subhasrhee Ganguly as Khan 's love interest and features Sabyasachi Chakrabarty , Amit Hasan , Aparajita Adhya , Kharaj Mukherjee and Arindam Saha in supporting roles . The soundtrack album and background score of the film was composed by Savvy Gupta and Akassh . The film was released on 26 June 2017 on the occasion of Eid in Bangladesh and released in India on 28 July 2017 . The film marks the second collaboration of Shakib Khan with Joydip Mukherjee after success of Shikari ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joydip Mukherjee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joydip_Mukherjee', 'summary': 'Joydip Mukherjee or Joydeep Mukherjee is an Indian film director , actor and writer primarily associated with Bengali language films .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaaz Multimedia , Eskay Movies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaaz_Multimedia', 'summary': 'Jaaz Multimedia is a film production and distribution house in Bangladesh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eskay_Movies', 'summary': 'Eskay Movies is an Indian media and entertainment company which started in 1988 by Ashok Dhanuka and Himanshu Dhanuka . The expanded Eskay Movies into becoming one of the biggest media and entertainment houses in eastern India . In the film industry , Eskay Movies has following divisions : Production , Distribution , Exhibition , Digital Cinema and Music and Online Store . The production house is headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal and prominently produces Bengali language films . Digital movie distribution firm United Mediaworks ( UMW ) has expanded its operations into Bangladesh by distributing and co-producing films with Bangladeshi companies , such as Jaaz Multimedia . Under the new partnership , United Mediaworks will provide its digital cinema production and distribution technology to over 256 screens in Bangladesh . With this expansion , UMW claims to have a distribution chain present across 550 screens in both India and Bangladesh .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 9.10 crore ( US $ 1.3 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rangbaaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangbaaz_(2013_film)', 'summary': "An auto driver ( Kushal Chakraborty ) , sees Lucky Bhai ( Rahul Dev ) murder a journalist . The auto driver manages to capture Lucky Bhai & his henchman , and hold them until the Police arrive . Afterwards , the auto driver returns home to his wife and son , Raj . Unfortunately , Lucky Bhai & his henchmen break into their house that night . The auto driver is killed and his wife is severely injured . Raj survives uninjured . Raj 's mother is in a critical condition but he & his uncle do n't have enough money to pay for her operation . The local mafia leader 's son has committed murder and offers Raj a deal . In order to pay for his mother 's surgery , Raj has to go to prison for the crime . Twelve years later , Raj is released from prison . When he meets his uncle again , he finds out that his mother has died . Raj also falls in love with Madhurima who lives with her father ( Rajatava Dutta ) ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raja Chanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raja_Chanda', 'summary': 'Raja Chanda is an Indian film director who concentrates into Bengali language film and commercial ad films . He is one of the leading ad film makers in Kolkata and has made 450+ ad films . His filmworks include Challenge 2 , Le Halua Le , Rangbaaz and Target : The Final Mission . He is one of the leading film directors in the Kolkata film industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Surinder Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surinder_Films', 'summary': 'Surinder Films ( SF ) is an Indian media company . SF has produced prime-time television shows for Star Jalsa , Zee Bangla , Sun Bangla , Rupashi Bangla and Mahuaa Bangla . Their previous shows include Ekhane Aakash Neel , Khushi , Dhonni Meye , and Ghore Pherar Gaan .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 9 crore ( US $ 1.3 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Praktan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Praktan', 'summary': 'Praktan ( প্রাক্তন meaning Former ) is a 2016 Indian Bengali film directed by Shiboprosad Mukherjee and Nandita Roy . The film starred award-winning actor Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta . The film released to a huge reception on 27 May 2016 worldwide . It also received the International Film Business Award 2016 for becoming the Highest Grossing Movie of the Year - Bengal alongside films like Kabaali , Sultan , Sairat and Action Hero Biju , at Indywood Film Carnival at Ramoji Film City . Praktan is also remade in Bollywood with the name Jalebi . The music is released by Amara Muzik .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiboprosad_Mukherjee', 'summary': 'Shiboprosad Mukherjee ( pronounced [ ʃiboprosad̪ mukʰärdʒi ] , Bengali : pronunciation ( help·info ) , born 20 May 1974 ) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker , writer and actor . He , collaborating with Nandita Roy , debuted with their film Icche , which garnered both critical acclaim as well as commercial success . The director duo is known for making socially relevant films which are also entertaining to the viewers . They have also directed some of the popular most new age Bengali films like Praktan , Bela Seshe , Icche , Muktodhara , Accident , Alik Sukh and Ramdhanu , which were critically acclaimed as well as enjoyed commercial success . He also serves as a partner at Windows Productions . His film , Praktan , bagged multiple National Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nandita_Roy', 'summary': 'Nandita Roy ( born April 3 , 1955 ) is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter . She made her directorial debut with the film Icche ( 2011 ) along with her co-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee . The two have also directed Accident , Muktodhara , Alik Sukh , Ramdhanu , Bela Seshe , Haami , Praktan and Posto ( film ) . She has been a part of several projects and has worked with many renowned directors .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': '₹ 8.5 crore ( US $ 1.2 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khoka 420', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khoka_420', 'summary': 'Khoka 420 is a Bengali romantic comedy film directed by Rajib Biswas . The film stars Dev , Subhashree Ganguly , Nusrat Jahan , Tapas Paul , Rajatava Dutta and others . The film is a remake of the 2010 Telugu film Brindavanam starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr. , Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Kajal Agarwal . The film was dubbed into Hindi as Mere Ustas 420 .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajiv Kumar Biswas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajiv_Kumar_Biswas', 'summary': 'Rajiv Kumar Biswas also known as Rajib Biswas or Rajiv Kumar is an Indian film director who works in Bengali films .'}]}, {'value': 'Eskay Movies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eskay_Movies', 'summary': 'Eskay Movies is an Indian media and entertainment company which started in 1988 by Ashok Dhanuka and Himanshu Dhanuka . The expanded Eskay Movies into becoming one of the biggest media and entertainment houses in eastern India . In the film industry , Eskay Movies has following divisions : Production , Distribution , Exhibition , Digital Cinema and Music and Online Store . The production house is headquartered in Kolkata , West Bengal and prominently produces Bengali language films . Digital movie distribution firm United Mediaworks ( UMW ) has expanded its operations into Bangladesh by distributing and co-producing films with Bangladeshi companies , such as Jaaz Multimedia . Under the new partnership , United Mediaworks will provide its digital cinema production and distribution technology to over 256 screens in Bangladesh . With this expansion , UMW claims to have a distribution chain present across 550 screens in both India and Bangladesh .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1.1 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Posto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Posto_(film)', 'summary': 'Posto ( Here , a name for the child character of film . Meaning : Poppy Seeds ) is a 2017 Bengali film directed by Shiboprosad Mukherjee and Nandita Roy . The film features Jisshu Sengupta and Mimi Chakraborty . The film was released on 12 May 2017 in 100 theatres across West Bengal , India and overseas ( United States , Canada , Japan , Dubai , United Kingdom , Netherlands ) on the same day . The film received critical acclaim as it portrayed the relationships in a very subtle way . The storyline is similar to the English film Kramer Vs. Kramer .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiboprosad_Mukherjee', 'summary': 'Shiboprosad Mukherjee ( pronounced [ ʃiboprosad̪ mukʰärdʒi ] , Bengali : pronunciation ( help·info ) , born 20 May 1974 ) is an Indian Bengali filmmaker , writer and actor . He , collaborating with Nandita Roy , debuted with their film Icche , which garnered both critical acclaim as well as commercial success . The director duo is known for making socially relevant films which are also entertaining to the viewers . They have also directed some of the popular most new age Bengali films like Praktan , Bela Seshe , Icche , Muktodhara , Accident , Alik Sukh and Ramdhanu , which were critically acclaimed as well as enjoyed commercial success . He also serves as a partner at Windows Productions . His film , Praktan , bagged multiple National Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nandita_Roy', 'summary': 'Nandita Roy ( born April 3 , 1955 ) is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter . She made her directorial debut with the film Icche ( 2011 ) along with her co-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee . The two have also directed Accident , Muktodhara , Alik Sukh , Ramdhanu , Bela Seshe , Haami , Praktan and Posto ( film ) . She has been a part of several projects and has worked with many renowned directors .'}]}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': []}, {'value': '₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1.1 million )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest-grossing films by language -- Bengali', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of highest-grossing Bengali films Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been known by the nickname Tollywood , a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932 .', 'uid': 'List_of_highest-grossing_Tollywood_films_1', 'intro': 'This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources. There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India, and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates. Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century. As of 2003, there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. During the first decade of the 21st century, there was a steady rise in the ticket price, a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released, which led to a large increase in the box office collections. The majority of highest-grossing Indian films are Bollywood (Hindi) films. As of 2014, Bollywood represents 43% of the net box office revenue in India, while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36%, and other regional industries constitute 21%. See List of highest-grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures.'}
null
null
Who is the director of the film that 's a remake of the Telugu film Brindavanam ?
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
0935d3067f6c4445
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Francophone_Album_of_the_Year', 'title': 'Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner ( s )', 'Album', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1992', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1992 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 29 March 1992 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Rick Moranis was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television from 9 pm Eastern . Nominations were announced 12 February 1992 . Bryan Adams was nominated in 7 categories to set a Juno record , while Tom Cochrane received nominations in 6 . Adams sparked controversy in the Canadian music industry several months earlier when he openly criticised Canadian content regulations when his album project , Waking Up the Neighbours , was disqualified as Canadian for radio airplay purposes . That album was created largely with the help of non-Canadian producer Robert John Mutt Lange , therefore the songs fell below the legal Canadian content threshold . However , Adams qualified for the 1992 Juno nominations as an individual Canadian citizen . The 1992 Juno Awards thus became viewed as a showdown between Adams and Tom Cochrane , as the latter met Canadian content requirements . When all the 1992 Juno Awards were presented , Tom Cochrane was the major winner with 4 Junos , compared to 3 for Adams . 1992 's awards also featured an unprecedented three-way tie for winners in the Best Jazz Album category ."}]}, {'value': 'Luc de Larochellière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_de_Larochellière', 'summary': 'Luc De Larochellière ( born 27 April 1966 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauvez mon âme', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Album du peuple - Tome 1 - François Pérusse Kathleen - Kathleen Snob - Les B.B . Vilain Pingouin - Vilain Pingouin", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Album_du_peuple_–_Tome_1", 'summary': "L'Album du peuple - Tome 1 is the first comedy album from François Pérusse . He received a Félix award for his work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/François_Pérusse', 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_(singer)', 'summary': "Kathleen Sergerie , known professionally as Kathleen , is a Canadian pop singer from Quebec , who records only under her first name . She released several albums and scored hits on the Canadian charts in the early 1990s with songs such as Où aller and Ça va bien ! Her 1993 album Ça va bien ! was written and produced by Jean-Pierre Isaac . As of 2006 , she joined with the Ville Émard Blues Band and performed in Montreal . Although she has not released a solo album since 1996 , she told the newspaper L'Avantage gaspésien in 2017 that she was beginning work on her fourth album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_B.B.', 'summary': "Les B.B . ( pronounced leh beh beh ) was a Canadian band from the province of Quebec . It had great success in the 1980s and the early 1990s . It is made up of Patrick Bourgeois ( vocals , guitar , bass ) , Alain Lapointe ( keyboards , guitar , bass and backing vocals ) and François Jean ( drums ) . Bourgeois was the main songwriter for the band 's releases , but he died in November 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vilain_Pingouin', 'summary': 'Vilain Pingouin is a rock band from Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1993', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1993 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 21 March 1993 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Celine Dion was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television at 8 pm Toronto time . This year , all performers at the ceremonies would be Canadians , in contrast to some ceremonies in previous years . Nominations were announced 9 February 1993 . Celine Dion received 7 nominations , tying the record set by Bryan Adams at the 1992 awards . Bryan Adams and Tom Cochrane were prominent male nominees this year ."}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': 'Dion chante Plamondon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dion_chante_Plamondon', 'summary': 'Dion chante Plamondon ( meaning Dion Sings Plamondon ) is the tenth studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion . It was originally released on 4 November 1991 by Columbia Records and features French-language songs with words written by French-Canadian lyricist , Luc Plamondon . In Francophone countries in Europe , the album was renamed Des mots qui sonnent , meaning Words That Resonate . It includes French hit song , Un garçon pas comme les autres ( Ziggy ) . Dion chante Plamondon won the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year and Félix Award for Best Selling Album of the Year . It topped the chart in Quebec and reached number four in France .'}]}, {'value': 'Quand on se donne - Francis Martin À contre-jour - Julie Masse Aux portes du matin - Richard Séguin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Martin_(musician)', 'summary': 'Francis Martin Lavergne ( born August 28 , 1968 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian musician and author . He has recorded and performed under the stage names Francis Martin and , as of 2011 , Kaya ; under the latter name and as James K. Field , he has also published several works of spiritual literature .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Masse', 'summary': 'Julie Masse ( born June 3 , 1970 ) is a Canadian pop singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Séguin', 'summary': "Richard Séguin ( born March 27 , 1952 in Pointe-aux-Trembles , Québec ) is a Québécois songwriter , musician and singer . His music career began in the 1970s with the duo Les Séguin , with his twin sister Marie-Claire . The duo achieved considerable popular success in Québec . Their folk reprise of Felix Leclerc 's Le train du nord enjoyed huge radio play and record sales , along with other titles . Richard Séguin has led a solo career since 1979 , frequently collaborating with his sister Marie Claire on many of her own solo albums . Séguin has received several prizes , including Felix Awards from the Québec music industry association ADISQ . Some of his albums were certified platinum ( sales of over 100 000 copies ) . [ clarification needed ] Séguin 's songwriting features a delicately intertwined tapestry of blues , folk and rock music influences , feeding from the works of many musicians from Québec and abroad , a reflection of the artist 's wide-open range of inspiration . Séguin 's lyrics abound with powerful , striking metaphors , illustrating how power relationships not only modify social structures , but personal life as well . A few of his songs have been translated and recorded in English by Gary U.S. Bonds . In addition to his lifelong involvement in songwriting , Séguin has also developed considerable skills as a visual artist . His wood engravings borrow altogether from traditional Québec folk art , Native American Art , German Expressionism and Arte Povera ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1994', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1994 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies , which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television . Nominations were announced 8 February 1994 . Starting in 1994 , the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories . Reggae also received its own category , after years of being included under banners such as world beat or mixed with calypso . A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson . The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George , the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain , because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions . His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all , and a final compromise revising Red Sky 's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony . Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies , there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg . However , Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards . Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994 , winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'François Pérusse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Pérusse', 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}]}, {'value': "L'Album du peuple - Tome 2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Album_du_peuple_–_Tome_2", 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ça va bien - Kathleen Corridors - Laurence Jalbert Pelchat - Mario Pelchat Europe Tour - Roch Voisine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_(singer)', 'summary': "Kathleen Sergerie , known professionally as Kathleen , is a Canadian pop singer from Quebec , who records only under her first name . She released several albums and scored hits on the Canadian charts in the early 1990s with songs such as Où aller and Ça va bien ! Her 1993 album Ça va bien ! was written and produced by Jean-Pierre Isaac . As of 2006 , she joined with the Ville Émard Blues Band and performed in Montreal . Although she has not released a solo album since 1996 , she told the newspaper L'Avantage gaspésien in 2017 that she was beginning work on her fourth album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Jalbert', 'summary': 'Laurence Jalbert ( born Lise Jalbert , 18 August 1959 in Rivière-au-Renard , Quebec ) is a pop and rock singer-songwriter from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Pelchat', 'summary': 'Mario Pelchat ( born 1 February 1964 ) is a Canadian Francophone singer from Quebec . He received the Felix Award in 1990 and 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe_Tour', 'summary': 'Europe Tour is a 1992 album by Canadian singer Roch Voisine containing some of his best live performances in Europe with 22 of his hits , 18 in French and 4 in English . The album was successful on the chart . In France , the album spawned a sole single : La légende Oochigeas , which was released in live version and hit number four on the singles chart and remained in the top 50 for 20 weeks . Europe Tour debuted at # 15 on 21 October 1992 on the SNEP Albums Chart and had a peak at number two seven weeks later . It totaled ten weeks in the top ten and 20 weeks in the top 50 . In 1993 , the album was certified Platinum disc for over 300,000 copies sold .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roch_Voisine', 'summary': 'Joseph Armand Roch Voisine , OC ONB ( born 26 March 1963 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter , actor , and radio and television host who lives in Montreal , Quebec and Paris , France . He writes and performs material in both English and French . He won the Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year in 1994 . In 1997 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1995', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1995 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 26 March 1995 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Mary Walsh , Rick Mercer and other regulars of the television series This Hour Has 22 Minutes were the hosts for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television . Almost 10,000 people were in attendance , and over 6,500 public tickets were sold . Nominees were announced on 1 February 1995 . Susan Aglukark and Jann Arden were among the prominent nominees this year . Vancouver rock band 54-40 's album Smilin ' Buddha Cabaret was accidentally left off the nomination list for Best Alternative Album ; after realizing the error , the Academy decided to add them to the category , and rather than remove another band 's album simply widened the category to six nominees . Leonard Rambeau , the long-time manager of Anne Murray , received a special lifetime achievement award ; Rambeau died later that year of cancer ."}]}, {'value': 'Roch Voisine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roch_Voisine', 'summary': 'Joseph Armand Roch Voisine , OC ONB ( born 26 March 1963 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter , actor , and radio and television host who lives in Montreal , Quebec and Paris , France . He writes and performs material in both English and French . He won the Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year in 1994 . In 1997 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Coup de tête', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coup_de_tête_(album)', 'summary': 'Coup de tête is a 1994 French language album by Canadian singer Roch Voisine . It includes the hit singles Laisse-la rêver and Jean Johnny Jean .'}]}, {'value': "Obsession - Éric Lapointe Déchaînée - France d'Amour Johanne Blouin chante Noel - Johanne Blouin Y - Lynda Lemay", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Lapointe_(singer)', 'summary': "Éric Lapointe ( born 28 September 1969 ) is a francophone lead singer and guitarist for his eponymous band . His band is characterized by a heavy metal style containing elements of punk , grunge , pop and hard rock from guitarist Stéphane Dufour 's riffs . Lapointe has released eight studio albums , three compilation albums , and two live albums . He is currently the most successful male music artist in French Canadian history in terms of sales , having sold more than one million total discs . [ citation needed ] He has also made appearances on film ."}, {'url': "/wiki/France_d'Amour", 'summary': "France Rochon ( born 30 March 1967 in Mont-Rolland , Sainte-Adèle , Quebec , Canada ) , better known as France D'Amour , is a French Canadian singer songwriter from Quebec . She studied music at Collège Lionel-Groulx in Sainte-Thérèse , Quebec specialising in jazz and playing guitar . Later , she was part of various musical formations , notably U-Bahn , The Answer and France . In 1992 , she gained great fame with her debut album Animal that was certified gold in Quebec . In 2002 , she had success in France as well through her collaboration with Jean-Jacques Goldman , who co-wrote the album with his team ( Robert Goldman , Jacques Veneruso , Christophe Battaglia , Erick Benzi and Gildas Arzel ) . She has also appeared on stage and in film . In 1998 , she played the role of Esmeralda in a French tour version of the musical comedy Notre-Dame-de-Paris . She also appeared in a secondary role in the film Les Boys 3 as well as in the film 's soundtrack . France d'Amour has a son , François , born in 1988 . In April 2011 , she also confirmed during a popular talk programme on Quebec television Tout le monde en parle that she followed the Church of Scientology for almost 20 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johanne_Blouin', 'summary': 'Johanne Blouin ( born September 19 , 1955 ) , is a Canadian singer-songwriter . She won the Félix Award twice for her albums Merci Félix ( 1988 ) and Johanne Blouin ( 1989 ) . Blouin was born in Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1996', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1996 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 10 March 1996 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Anne Murray was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television . Quebec-based independent classical label Analekta Records boycotted the Junos after failing to receive a Juno nomination after attempts for five years . Analekta claimed its sales were twice that of CBC Records . Several record stores such as CD Plus , HMV , Sunrise and Music World also intended to boycott the Junos because competing music retailer Columbia House had signed on as a Juno advertiser . Nominations were announced 31 January 1996 . Prominent nominees were Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain who had recent internationally successful albums who both won Grammy Awards on 28 February 1996 . Alanis Morissette won in five Juno categories , becoming this year 's major winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': "D'eux", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/D'eux", 'summary': "D'eux ( French for Of Them , About Them , or From Them ; homophonic with deux [ dø ] , meaning two ) is the third French-language studio album on a major label by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released by Columbia Records on 30 March 1995 in Canada and on 3 April 1995 in France . It was issued in other countries in the following months . In the United States , it was released under the title The French Album . D'eux was preceded by the lead hit single , Pour que tu m'aimes encore . The album was mainly written and produced by French singer-songwriter , Jean-Jacques Goldman . It garnered favorable reviews from music critics and became the best-selling French-language album of all time , with sales of over ten million copies worldwide ."}]}, {'value': "Beau Dommage - Beau Dommage Carpe diem - Lara Fabian C'est la vie - Mario Pelchat Bohémienne - Marjo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beau_Dommage', 'summary': "Beau Dommage is a rock band from Montreal , Quebec , Canada , who achieved popular success in Quebec and France in the 1970s . The group 's style included rich vocal harmonies and elements borrowed from folk and country music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carpe_diem_(Lara_Fabian_album)', 'summary': "Carpe diem is Lara Fabian 's second French album released in 1994 . The album sold more than 250,000 copies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lara_Fabian', 'summary': 'Lara Sophie Katy Crokaert ( born 9 January 1970 ) , better known as Lara Fabian , is a Canadian-Belgian singer , songwriter , musician , actress and producer . She has sold over 20 million records worldwide as of September 2017 and is one of the best-selling Belgian artists of all time . She was born in Etterbeek , Brussels to a Belgian father and a Sicilian mother . Since 1996 she holds a Canadian citizenship alongside her original Belgian citizenship . As of 2015 she lived in Walloon Brabant province in Belgium just outside Brussels . She has since moved back to Montreal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Pelchat', 'summary': 'Mario Pelchat ( born 1 February 1964 ) is a Canadian Francophone singer from Quebec . He received the Felix Award in 1990 and 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marjo', 'summary': 'Marjolène Morin ( born 2 August 1953 ) , professionally known as Marjo , is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Quebec .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1997', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1997 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 9 March 1997 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Jann Arden was host for the major ceremonies which were broadcast on CBC Television . Nominations were announced on 29 January 1997 . Major winners were Celine Dion and The Tragically Hip .'}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': 'Live à Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Live_à_Paris', 'summary': "Live à Paris ( meaning Live in Paris ) is the third live album by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released on 21 October 1996 by Columbia Records . It features primarily French-language songs , mainly from D'eux ( 1995 ) , but also includes The Power of Love , River Deep , Mountain High and a studio version of To Love You More as a bonus track . Live à Paris topped the charts in France , Belgium , Switzerland and Quebec , and was certified 2× Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , denoting sales of over two million copies in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Quatre saisons dans le désordre - Daniel Bélanger Pure - Lara Fabian Luce Dufault - Luce Dufault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quatre_saisons_dans_le_désordre', 'summary': 'Quatre saisons dans le désordre ( free English translation : Four Seasons Unsorted ) is the second album by Québécois singer and musician Daniel Bélanger . It was released by Audiogram on May 12 , 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Bélanger', 'summary': 'Daniel Bélanger ( born December 26 , 1961 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter . His music is eclectic , inspired by alternative rock , folk and electronic music , sometimes humorous , sometimes wistful .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pure_(Lara_Fabian_album)', 'summary': "Lara Fabian 's third studio album Pure , was a three million-selling album , which reached Diamond status in France , from which came the anti-homophobia anthem La Différence . The album went platinum in less than two weeks . Lara again was bestowed with awards , being awarded a Félix Award for Popular Album Of The Year at the 1997 ADISQ gala and was also nominated for two Juno Awards of 1997 in the Best Female Singer and Best Selling French Album categories . Pure has become one of the best-selling French-language albums of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lara_Fabian', 'summary': 'Lara Sophie Katy Crokaert ( born 9 January 1970 ) , better known as Lara Fabian , is a Canadian-Belgian singer , songwriter , musician , actress and producer . She has sold over 20 million records worldwide as of September 2017 and is one of the best-selling Belgian artists of all time . She was born in Etterbeek , Brussels to a Belgian father and a Sicilian mother . Since 1996 she holds a Canadian citizenship alongside her original Belgian citizenship . As of 2015 she lived in Walloon Brabant province in Belgium just outside Brussels . She has since moved back to Montreal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luce_Dufault', 'summary': "Luce Dufault ( born August 19 , 1966 in Orleans , Ontario ) is a Canadian singer . She is of French descent . She played in two musicals from Luc Plamondon , La Légende de Jimmy and Starmania . She recorded a few hits including Soirs de scotch , Au delà des mots and Ce qu'il reste de nous . In March 2019 , she was one of 11 singers from Quebec , alongside Ginette Reno , Diane Dufresne , Céline Dion , Isabelle Boulay , Louise Forestier , Laurence Jalbert , Catherine Major , Ariane Moffatt , Marie Denise Pelletier and Marie-Élaine Thibert , who participated in a supergroup recording of Renée Claude 's 1971 single Tu trouveras la paix after Claude 's diagnosis with Alzheimer 's disease was announced ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1998', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1998 were presented in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The primary ceremonies at GM Place before an audience of 10 000 on 22 March 1998 . Actor Jason Priestley of the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 hosted these ceremonies which were televised by CBC . A backstage internet telecast was also introduced for this year . Performers included Jann Arden , Econoline Crush , Leahy , Sarah McLachlan , Ron Sexsmith , and Shania Twain . Nominations were announced on 11 February 1998 . The previously combined Blues/Gospel category became separate Best Blues Album and Best Gospel Album categories as of this year . The Canadian Music Hall of Fame welcomed David Foster as its 1998 inductee .'}]}, {'value': 'Marie-Michèle Desrosiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie-Michèle_Desrosiers', 'summary': "Marie-Michèle Desrosiers ( born March 6 , 1950 ) is a Canadian pop and rock singer from Quebec . She is most noted as a former member of the influential rock group Beau Dommage , and for her album Marie Michèle Desrosiers chante les classiques de Noël , which won the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1998 . Desrosiers studied piano at Collège Lionel-Groulx and acting at the National Theatre School of Canada before joining Beau Dommage as a singer and keyboardist . She appeared on all of the band 's four albums during its original run in the 1970s ; on Passagers , she received her first songwriting credit for Le Coeur endormi . Following the band 's breakup in the late 1970s , Desrosiers pursued a solo career , releasing her self-titled debut album in 1980 . She released a second album , Plus fort , in 1983 before participating in Beau Dommage 's 1984 reunion concert . She followed up in 1985 with Aimer pour aimer , and recorded vocals for François Dompierre 's soundtrack to the 1985 film The Alley Cat ( Le Matou ) . Throughout this time she also took a number of acting roles , predominantly in stage and musical theatre . She participated in the recording of Beau Dommage 's reunion album in 1994 . She released Marie Michèle Desrosiers chante les classiques de Noël , her first album of Christmas music , in November 1996 . Her most commercially successful album , it sold over 100,000 copies in Quebec within just a few weeks of its release . In addition to the album 's Juno Award win , it was a shortlisted finalist for Album of the Year , and Desrosiers for Female Singer of the Year , at the Prix Félix in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marie-Michèle Desrosiers chante les classiques de Noël', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miserere - Bruno Pelletier La force de comprendre - Dubmatique Versions Reno - Ginette Reno Parle pas si forte - Térez Montcalm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Pelletier', 'summary': 'Bruno Pelletier ( born August 7 , 1962 ) is a Québécois singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dubmatique', 'summary': "Dubmatique is a French Canadian hip hop group formed in 1992 in Montreal , Quebec . The group 's original line up consisted of OTMC , DiSoul , and Dj Choice . Dubmatique is often regarded as one of the groups that launched French Canadian Hip Hop , and within this category they are the only group to have an album certified Platinum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ginette_Reno', 'summary': 'Ginette Reno , OC CQ ( born 28 April 1946 ) is a Québécois author , composer , singer , and actress . She has received nominations for the Genie and Gemini Awards and is a multi-recipient of the Juno Award . She is a gold and platinum selling Canadian musician .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Térez_Montcalm', 'summary': "Térez Montcalm ( born Thérèse Montcalm in 1963 ) is a Canadian jazz singer and songwriter . She sings and plays acoustic guitar , which she has played since a young age , as well as double bass . She describes herself as a jazz singer with a very 'rock ' attitude . Her influences include Jimi Hendrix , Elvis Presley , and Billie Holiday , and her music has been compared to that of Edith Piaf and Janis Joplin . Her career started in 1981 . During her early years as a musician , she performed as a warm-up act for the Cowboy Junkies . Her first album , Risque , was released in 1994 and she was nominated for five ADISQ awards in 1995 . The tour following the release of the album consisted of over 100 shows in Canada and around Europe . Her second album , Parle Pas Si Fort , was brought out in 1997 and this was followed by an eponymous album in 2002 . In 2006 , she released the album Voodoo , her first sung in the English language . The album achieved a peak position of No . 43 in the French albums chart , and was on the chart for 30 weeks ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1999', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1999 honouring Canadian music industry achievements were held in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . The primary ceremonies at Copps Coliseum on 7 March 1999 were broadcast by CBC Television and hosted by Mike Bullard . Nominations were announced 27 January 1999 from the Glenn Gould Studio in Toronto . CBC technicians under the Communications , Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada were on strike in early 1999 . However , the union chose not to picket the Juno Awards broadcast . Luc Plamondon was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': "S'il suffisait d'aimer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/S'il_suffisait_d'aimer", 'summary': "S'il suffisait d'aimer ( retitled S'il suffisait d'aimer ( If Only Love Could Be Enough ) for the US release ) is a French-language studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released by Columbia Records on 7 September 1998 . The album was mainly written and produced by French singer-songwriter , Jean-Jacques Goldman . It garnered favorable reviews from music critics and became the second best-selling French-language album of all time , after Dion 's own D'eux ( 1995 ) . It includes three hit singles : Zora sourit , S'il suffisait d'aimer and On ne change pas . S'il suffisait d'aimer won the Juno Award for Best Selling Francophone Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': "Enchantée - Carmen Campagne L'Album du peuple , volume 1 - François Pérusse Grand parleur , petit faiseur - Kevin Parent Lynda Lemay - Lynda Lemay", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Campagne', 'summary': "Carmen Campagne CM ( September 8 , 1959 - July 4 , 2018 ) was a Canadian singer and children 's entertainer . She , along with Connie Kaldor , received a Juno Award at the 1989 Award ceremony in the category Best Children 's Album for Lullaby Berceuse . A Fransaskois from Willow Bunch , Saskatchewan , she was a member of the folk music band Folle Avoine in the 1970s . Her brother Paul Campagne and sisters Suzanne Campagne , Michelle Campagne and Annette Campagne , her bandmates in Folle Avoine , have also continued in music with the folk band Hart-Rouge . In 2013 , she was made a Member of the Order of Canada for her contributions as a singer , songwriter and composer enhancing music for young children and using music in French-language education . Campagne died of cancer at age 58 on July 4 , 2018 , in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts , Quebec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/François_Pérusse', 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Parent', 'summary': 'Kevin Parent ( born 12 December 1972 ) is a bilingual Québécois singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2000', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2000 were held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada during the weekend of 11-12 March 2000 . The primary ceremonies were hosted by The Moffatts at the SkyDome ( now Rogers Centre ) on 12 March 2000 and broadcast on CBC Television . This marked the first year that the award ceremonies were divided over two days , with non-televised award categories presented on 11 March . The following award categories were nationally televised :'}]}, {'value': 'La Chicane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Chicane', 'summary': "La Chicane is a Canadian francophone rock band based in Val-d'Or , Quebec . Their sound is described as jazz-rock or lounge rock ."}]}, {'value': 'En catimini', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'autres rives - Bruno Pelletier Les fourmis - Jean Leloup Live - Lynda Lemay Notre-Dame de Paris , version integrale - various artists", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Pelletier', 'summary': 'Bruno Pelletier ( born August 7 , 1962 ) is a Québécois singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_fourmis', 'summary': 'Les Fourmis ( English : The Ants ) is a 1991 science fiction novel by French writer Bernard Werber . It was released in English as Empire of the Ants . The book sold more than two million copies and has been translated into more than 30 languages . [ citation needed ] It was also taken to video game format . Les Fourmis is the first novel of La Saga des Fourmis trilogy ( also known as La Trilogie des Fourmis ( The Trilogy of the Ants ) , followed by Le Jour des fourmis ( The Day of the Ants , 1992 ) and La Révolution des fourmis ( The Revolution of the Ants , 1996 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Leloup', 'summary': 'Jean Leclerc ( born May 14 , 1961 ) is a Québécois singer-songwriter and author from Sainte-Foy , Quebec , Canada . He is popularly known as Jean Leloup ( which he likes to translate to John the Wolf ) , a stage name he kept using until 2006 , when he temporarily changed his name to Jean Leclerc , only to resurrect his wolf character in August 2008 . He is known for his colourful personality and unique musical style in the francophone rock community .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)', 'summary': 'Notre-Dame de Paris is a sung-through French musical which debuted on 16 September 1998 in Paris . It is based upon the novel Notre-Dame de Paris ( The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ) by the French novelist Victor Hugo . The music was composed by Riccardo Cocciante ( also known as Richard Cocciante ) and the lyrics are by Luc Plamondon . Since its debut , it has been professionally played in Belgium , Canada , China , France , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Poland , Russia , Singapore , South Korea , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Turkey , United Kingdom and United States , and has been translated into eight languages ( English , Spanish , Italian , Russian , Korean , Flemish , Polish , and Kazakh ) . A shorter version in English was performed in 2000 in Las Vegas , Nevada ( United States ) and a full-length London production , also in English , ran for seventeen months . Several songs from the show , such as Vivre , Belle and Le temps des cathédrales , have been released as singles with a huge success in French speaking countries . Notre-Dame de Paris , according to the Guinness Book of Records , had the most successful first year of any musical ever . The score has been recorded at least seven times to date ( 2007 ) : the original French concept album , which featured Israeli singer Achinoam Nini ( aka Noa ) as Esmeralda was followed by a live , complete recording of the original Paris cast . A complete recording of the score in Italian was made , along with a single disc of highlights in Spanish from the Barcelona production . The original London cast album featured several of the original Paris stars , but only preserved a fraction of the score in English .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2001', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2001 were held in Hamilton , Ontario Canada during the weekend of 3-4 March 2001 . The primary ceremonies were hosted by Rick Mercer at Copps Coliseum on 4 March 2001 and broadcast on CBC Television . Performers during the telecast included : Deborah Cox , Nelly Furtado , The Guess Who , Jacksoul , Michie Mee , The Moffatts and Treble Charger . Nominations were announced 24 January 2001 . Nelly Furtado received five nominations and won four of these . The 2001 awards were the last Junos broadcast on CBC Television until 2018 . From 2002 to 2017 , the awards would move to CTV . Up to 2001 , every primary Juno ceremony had been aired on the CBC since the first Juno telecast in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginette Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginette_Reno', 'summary': 'Ginette Reno , OC CQ ( born 28 April 1946 ) is a Québécois author , composer , singer , and actress . She has received nominations for the Genie and Gemini Awards and is a multi-recipient of the Juno Award . She is a gold and platinum selling Canadian musician .'}]}, {'value': "Un grand Noël d'amour", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Seul - Garou Mieux qu'ici bas - Isabelle Boulay Scènes d'amour - Isabelle Boulay L'Opéra du mendiant - Nicola Ciccone", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seul_(album)', 'summary': 'Seul is the debut album recorded by the Canadian singer Garou . Released in November 2000 , this album was a great success in the francophone countries , reaching the top of the charts in France and Belgium ( Wallonia ) and becoming the best-selling album of 2001 . It contains the hit single Seul which also topped the charts in these countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Garou_(singer)', 'summary': 'Pierre Garand ( born 26 June 1972 ) , known by his stage name Garou ( a diminutive of his last name Garand ) , is a Canadian singer and actor from Sherbrooke , Quebec . He is known for his work in the musical Notre-Dame de Paris ( playing Quasimodo in both the original French and English casts ) and the No . 1 hits Belle , Seul , Sous le vent , and La Rivière de notre enfance . He currently holds the SNEP record for most weeks at No . 1 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Boulay', 'summary': 'Isabelle Boulay , CQ ( born 6 July 1972 ) is a French Canadian singer .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Scènes_d'amour", 'summary': "Scènes d'amour is francophone Canadian pop singer Isabelle Boulay 's first live album , released in 2000 . Most tracks on the album were recorded in 1999 during the Les FrancoFolies de Montréal annual summer festival in Montreal , where she appeared on stage and sang with a host of famous guest stars . Tracks 8-9 were recorded in Studio Piccolo ; the 17th was recorded when Boulay was on tour with Francis Cabrel during the fall of 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Boulay', 'summary': 'Isabelle Boulay , CQ ( born 6 July 1972 ) is a French Canadian singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicola_Ciccone', 'summary': "Nicola Ciccone is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter , novelist and writer of Italian origin , based in Quebec . His songs have been in English , Italian , French , and Spanish . To date , he has released seven albums , nominated for many ADISQ , CRIA and Juno prizes and has authored two novels , L'Étoile enfant and Dans les yeux d'Ophelia and an autobiography Cuore ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2002', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2002 were presented in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada during the weekend of 13-14 April 2002 . Nominations were announced 11 February 2002 at a news conference hosted by Mike Bullard . Awards for the secondary categories were presented in a non-televised gala on 13 April . The primary ceremonies were conducted on 14 April at Mile One Stadium and televised by CTV , the first time for the private broadcaster . CBC Television had previously held the broadcast rights for the primary Juno ceremonies . The telecast was hosted by members of Barenaked Ladies and attracted the highest ratings in several years ( approximately 1.4 million viewers ) . Diana Krall won awards three categories based on her album The Look of Love . Nickelback also won three Junos on the strength of their album Silver Side Up , whose recording engineer won an additional Juno . Daniel Lanois was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Parent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Parent', 'summary': 'Kevin Parent ( born 12 December 1972 ) is a bilingual Québécois singer-songwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Les vents ont changé', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Etc ... - Gabrielle Destroismaisons Cordial - La Bottine Souriante Disparu - La Chicane Du coq à l'âme - Lynda Lemay", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etc...', 'summary': "Et cetera ( English : /ɛtˈsɛtərə/ , Latin : [ ɛt ˈkeːtɛra ] ) , abbreviated to etc. , etc , & c. , or & c , is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean and other similar things , or and so forth . Translated literally from Latin , et means 'and ' , while cētera means 'the rest ' ; thus the expression means 'and the rest ( of such things ) ' . It is a calque of the Koine Greek καὶ τὰ ἕτερα kai ta hetera , 'and the other things ' . ( The usual Modern Greek form is και τα λοιπά kai ta loipá , 'and the remainder ' . )"}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabrielle_Destroismaisons', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Destroismaisons ( born December 29 , 1982 in Saint-Lin-Laurentides , Quebec ) is a Québécois singer . In 2000 , she released her debut album Etc. , which sold more than 100,000 copies in a few months and led to Destroismaisons being awarded one win and two nominations at the 2002 Félix Awards and a nomination at the 2002 Juno Awards . She participated in the 20 year anniversary show of La fureur as a guest singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cordial_(album)', 'summary': "Cordial is the tenth studio album from Québécois band La Bottine Souriante . It was released in 2001 through the band 's own label , Les Productions Mille-Pattes . Like in the band 's recent albums , contemporary instruments are added in to give the songs a modern sound . In this album , synthesizers , drums and mixing ( track 16 ) are introduced . The first track is even mixed with traditional arabic music . All the songs and reels are still mostly traditional ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Bottine_Souriante', 'summary': "La Bottine Souriante is a folk band from Canada . The band specializes in traditional French Canadian folk music , often with a modern twist . Formed in 1976 by Yves Lambert , Andre Marchand , and Mario Forest , they have toured extensively through Europe and North America . In 1990 , the band integrated a four-piece horn section with traditional instruments such as accordion , fiddle , guitar , piano and double bass , in order to add an element of jazz to their music . In 1998 , they contributed a song to the Canadian Celtic music compilation by The Chieftains , Fire in the Kitchen . The group 's name means the smiling boot , which refers to the appearance of a work boot with worn-out soles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Chicane', 'summary': "La Chicane is a Canadian francophone rock band based in Val-d'Or , Quebec . Their sound is described as jazz-rock or lounge rock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients -- Best Selling Francophone Album ( 1992–2002 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Juno_Award_for_Francophone_Album_of_the_Year_0', 'intro': 'The Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year is an annual award presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) for the best French-language album in Canada. From 1993 to 2003, it was awarded as the Best Selling Francophone Album, based entirely on album sales, but is now chosen by a jury vote.'}
null
null
In what year was Garou considered to win the award ?
2001
093657345204731e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Santos_FC_season', 'title': '2006 Santos FC season', 'header': ['P', 'Name', 'Age', 'Moving from', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Domingos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Domingos_Nascimento_dos_Santos_Filho', 'summary': 'Domingos Nascimento dos Santos Filho ( born December 12 , 1985 in Muniz Ferreira ) , or simply Domingos , is a Brazilian central defender who plays for Aparecidense .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grêmio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_FBPA', 'summary': "Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾẽmju ˌfutʃˈbɔw ˌpoɾtw ɐlɛˈɡɾẽsi ] ) , commonly known as Grêmio , is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The club plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system , and the Campeonato Gaúcho , Rio Grande do Sul 's top state league . The club was founded in 1903 . The club 's home ground is the Arena do Grêmio , to which it moved in 2013 , having previously played at Estádio Olímpico Monumental since 1954 . Grêmio was the first club outside the Southeast of Brazil to become World Champion , after beating Hamburger SV in 1983 ( 2-1 ) . Also , Grêmio is the Brazilian club that most won the Copa Libertadores da América ( 3 ) , alongside São Paulo ( 3 ) and Santos ( 3 ) . As of 2017 , Grêmio was ranked number one in the CBF club rankings and is listed by Forbes as the third most valuable football club in the Americas with an estimated value of $ 295.5 million . Grêmio has won 38 Campeonato Gaúcho , 2 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , 1 Supercopa do Brasil , 1 Copa Sul and 5 Copa do Brasil . Internationally , Grêmio has won 1 Intercontinental Cup , 3 Copa Libertadores de América , 2 Recopa Sudamericana and 1 Sanwa Bank Cup . Grêmio usually plays in a tricolor ( blue , black and white ) striped shirt , black shorts and white socks . Grêmio has a fierce rivalry with Internacional , which is widely considered the most heated in Brazil and one of the most heated in the world . Matches between the two teams are known as Grenal ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan return', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Neto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darcy_Dolce_Neto', 'summary': 'Darcy Dolce Neto , or simply Neto ( born February 7 , 1981 ) , is a retired Brazilian football right-back .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paraná Clube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paraná_Clube', 'summary': "Paraná Clube is a Brazilian football club , established on the 19th of December , 1989 , in the Vila Capanema district of Curitiba , Paraná . It is one of several Brazilian clubs called Tricolor da Vila ( tricolored of the town ) by its fans because it has three team colors . Paraná 's three colors are red , white and blue . Apart from football , other sports sponsored at the club are bowling , futsal , martial arts , tennis , volleyball and weight-lifting ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Jonas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Gonçalves_Oliveira', 'summary': 'Jonas Gonçalves Oliveira ( born 1 April 1984 ) , known as Jonas ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈʒõːnas ] ) , is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker . A Brazilian international on twelve occasions , he could also play as an attacking midfielder . Jonas started his career in Brazil with Guarani , later joining Santos , Grêmio ( Bola de Prata in 2010 ) and Portuguesa before moving to Spanish side Valencia in 2011 . Three years later , he joined Benfica in Portugal , collecting several individual awards since , most notably the Primeira Liga Player of the Year ( 2015 , 2016 ) and the Bola de Prata ( 2016 , 2018 ) . Moreover , collectively , he won four Primeira Liga titles , one Taça de Portugal , two Taça da Liga and two Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guarani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Guarani Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . It is also known as Bugre , a popular term for an Indigenous Brazilian , and its supporters are known as bugrinos .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fábio Costa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fábio_Costa', 'summary': 'Fabio Costa ( born 27 November 1977 in Camaçari , Bahia ) is a former Brazilian goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_José_de_Noronha_Silva', 'summary': 'Roger José de Noronha Silva , or simply Roger is a Brazilian football goalkeeper . He signed a contract run until December 2008 in September 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Maldonado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudio_Maldonado', 'summary': 'Claudio Andrés del Tránsito Maldonado Rivera ( born 3 January 1980 ) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder in Colo-Colo .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruzeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruzeiro_EC', 'summary': "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ kɾuˈzejɾu esˈpoɾtʃi ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known as Cruzeiro and nicknamed Raposa ( English : Fox ) , is one of the biggest Brazilian ( and South American ) multisport clubs ; based in Barro Preto , Belo Horizonte . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Cruzeiro is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Campeonato Mineiro , [ nb 1 ] the state of Minas Gerais 's premier state league , as well as in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B , [ nb 2 ] the second tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded on January 2 , 1921 by sportsmen from the Italian colony of Belo Horizonte , some members of Yale Atlético Clube and many Italian immigrant workers decided to create a new club called Societá Sportiva Ypiranga , changing the name months later to Palestra Mineiro and after one game to Palestra Itália . As a result of the Second World War , the Brazilian federal government banned the use of any symbols referring to the Axis powers in 1942 . The club board members rebaptized the club with the name of a leading national symbol : the Cruzeiro do Sul 's constellation . Cruzeiro play their home games at the Mineirão stadium , which currently holds up to 62,547 spectators . Cruzeiro 's regular kit colours are blue shirts and white shorts with blue socks ( although the team has worn white socks with their home kit for certain periods of time ) . Umbro are the side 's current kit manufacturers . Cruzeiro is one of Brazil 's most successful clubs despite its relatively young age ( compared with other major Brazilian clubs ) . It won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time in 1966 , after defeating Santos ' Os Santásticos in the final series . Cruzeiro has won the Brasileirão again in 2003 , 2013 and 2014 , obtaining the best campaign in the present format of the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabinho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fábio_Alves_Félix', 'summary': 'Fábio Alves Félix or simply Fabinho ( born January 10 , 1980 ) , is a Brazilian former defensive midfielder , born in São Bernardo do Campo . He currently works as an assistant manager for Corinthians .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cerezo Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka', 'summary': 'Cerezo Osaka ( セレッソ大阪 , Seresso Ōsaka ) is a Japanese football team , currently playing in the J1 League , the top tier of football in Japan . The team name Cerezo ( Spanish for cherry tree ) is also the flower of Osaka City . The official home town for the team are Osaka City and Sakai City .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Julio Manzur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julio_Manzur', 'summary': 'Julio César Manzur Caffarena ( born 22 January 1981 in Asunción ) is a Paraguayan former football player who last played for Rubio Ñu of the Paraguayan Primera División .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guaraní', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Guaraní', 'summary': 'Club Guaraní is a Paraguayan football team , based in the neighbourhood of Pinoza in outer Asunción . Founded on 12 October 1903 , it is one of the oldest and most successful in the country , with eleven Primera División titles .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Galvão', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Antônio_Martins_Galvão', 'summary': 'José Antônio Martins Galvão ( born July 8 , 1982 ) , also known simply as Galvão , is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker . He played in the top division in Brazil , Switzerland and Japan .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraty_Sport_Club', 'summary': 'Iraty Sport Club , or simply Iraty , is a Brazilian football team from Irati in Paraná , founded on April 21 , 1914 . Their home stadium is the Coronel Emílio Gomes stadium , capacity 8,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Reinaldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reinaldo_da_Cruz_Oliveira', 'summary': 'Reinaldo da Cruz Oliveira or simply Reinaldo ( born 14 March 1979 in Itaguaí , Brazil ) is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a forward . On 11 July 2019 it was announced , that Reinaldo had retired .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kashiwa Reysol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol', 'summary': "Kashiwa Reysol ( 柏レイソル , Kashiwa Reisoru ) is a Japanese professional football club based in Kashiwa , Chiba . The team currently competes in the J1 League . Formed in 1940 , Reysol were founding members of Japan Soccer League in 1965 and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of Japanese football . They have been Japanese league champions twice , in 1972 and 2011 , and have won three Emperor 's Cups . Reysol have a rivalry with neighbours JEF United Chiba and the two sides contest the Chiba derby . The club have been based at Hitachi Kashiwa Soccer Stadium since 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Gilmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilmar_Silva_Santos', 'summary': 'Gilmar Silva Santos or simply Gilmar ( born March 9 , 1984 in Ubatã ) , is a Brazilian attacking midfielder who currently plays for Itumbiara . He signed for French team EA Guingamp after a very good 2008/09 season with Náutico . In 2010 , Guingamp loaned him to Prudente to play the Brazilian first league .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitória', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vitória', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Vitória , usually known simply as Vitória , is a Brazilian football team from Salvador in Bahia , founded on May 13 , 1899 . The team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B and the Campeonato Baiano . Vitória 's home games are played at the club 's own stadium , Manoel Barradas , capacity 35,632 . The team plays in red and black horizontal striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . The stripes have changed over time : they have been sometimes vertical , horizontal , wide and narrow . The youth system of the club is one of the most successful of the world , holding , between 1995 and 2000 , at its peak , at least 21 international titles . Recent names that started playing in the club are Bebeto , Vampeta , Dida , Júnior , Hulk , David Luiz , Dudu Cearense , Marcelo Moreno , Gabriel Paulista and others . The rivals of Vitória are Esporte Clube Bahia . Their matches are known as Ba-Vi ( Ba from Bahia and Vi from Vitória ) . It is one of the most intense rivalries in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Cléber Santana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cléber_Santana', 'summary': 'Cléber Santana Loureiro ( 27 June 1981 - 28 November 2016 ) was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a central midfielder . He won state championships with Sport , Vitória , Santos and Avaí . He also had spells abroad , with Kashiwa Reysol in Japan and Atlético Madrid and Mallorca in Spain . Santana was the captain of the Chapecoense team aboard LaMia Flight 2933 that crashed , killing him and 70 others .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kashiwa Reysol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol', 'summary': "Kashiwa Reysol ( 柏レイソル , Kashiwa Reisoru ) is a Japanese professional football club based in Kashiwa , Chiba . The team currently competes in the J1 League . Formed in 1940 , Reysol were founding members of Japan Soccer League in 1965 and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of Japanese football . They have been Japanese league champions twice , in 1972 and 2011 , and have won three Emperor 's Cups . Reysol have a rivalry with neighbours JEF United Chiba and the two sides contest the Chiba derby . The club have been based at Hitachi Kashiwa Soccer Stadium since 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronaldo Guiaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronaldo_Guiaro', 'summary': 'Ronaldo Guiaro ( born 18 February 1974 ) , known as Ronaldo , is a Brazilian manager and retired footballer who played as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Besiktas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beşiktaş_J.K.', 'summary': "Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü ( English : Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club ) , also known simply as Beşiktaş ( Turkish pronunciation : [ beˈʃiktaʃ ] ) , is a Turkish sports club founded in 1903 , and based in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul , Turkey . The club 's football team is one of the most successful teams in Turkey , having never been relegated to a lower division . The team last won the Turkish Süper Lig championship during the 2016-17 season . The home ground of Beşiktaş is Vodafone Park , a 41,903 capacity all-seater stadium located next to Dolmabahçe Palace . The club also competes in other branches including basketball , volleyball , handball , athletics , boxing , wrestling , chess , bridge , gymnastics , rowing , table tennis , paralympic sports , Esports , and beach football ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Magnum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnum_Rafael_Farias_Tavares', 'summary': 'Magnum Rafael Farias Tavares or simply Magnum ( born March 24 , 1982 in Belém ) is a Brazilian professional footballer , who plays as left-sided attacking midfielder . Magnum previously played for Paysandu , Vitória Santos , Japanese side Kawasaki Frontale and Nagoya Grampus .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraty_Sport_Club', 'summary': 'Iraty Sport Club , or simply Iraty , is a Brazilian football team from Irati in Paraná , founded on April 21 , 1914 . Their home stadium is the Coronel Emílio Gomes stadium , capacity 8,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Tabata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_Tabata', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Barbosa Tabata ( born November 19 , 1980 in Araçatuba , Brazil ) or simply Rodrigo Tabata , is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Qatari club Al-Rayyan and the Qatar national football team .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goiás', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goiás_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Goiás Esporte Clube is a Brazilian sports club , best known for its association football team , located in Goiânia , Goiás state . It 's the biggest club of the Central-Western . Goiás has won Brazilian 's second tier Série B twice , also 28 Campeonato Goiano and 3 Copa Centro-Oeste . Goiás ' football team has been a mainstay in premiere Brazilian league Série A and has been promoted to Latin America 's Copa Libertadores twice and South America 's Copa Sudamericana six times . Its main rival is Vila Nova . Goiás has a wide advantage in matches between the two teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio de Nigris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_de_Nigris', 'summary': 'Antonio de Nigris Guajardo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ anˈtonjo ðe ˈniɣɾis ] ; 1 April 1978 - 15 November 2009 ) was a Mexican footballer who played as a striker . During his career , which was cut short at 31 by a fatal heart attack , he played in six different countries , also representing twelve clubs in nine years .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Monterrey', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Monterrey is a Mexican football club from Monterrey , Nuevo León which currently plays in the Liga MX . Founded on 28 June 1945 , it is the oldest active team in the professional division from the northern part of Mexico . The club is owned by FEMSA , Latin America 's largest bottling company . Its home games have been played in the Estadio BBVA since 2015 . Monterrey has won five league titles , two domestic cups , and four CONCACAF Champions League titles ( notably , three consecutive tournaments in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ) . The team is commonly known as the Rayados ( the striped ones ) , due to the club 's traditional navy blue striped uniform . The uniform is reflected in the club 's current crest , which is also decorated with stars above the crest representing the club 's league titles and stars below the crest representing continental titles . In terms of overall performance , it is the strongest club from Mexico and all of CONCACAF at the FIFA Club World Cup , with a third-place ranking in the all-time table . The club 's oldest rival is Tigres UANL of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León . The local derby , known as the Clásico Regiomontano , is known for being one of the most intensely competed derbies in Mexican football and is regarded by people in the city of Monterrey as the most important Mexican derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Tiuí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_Tiuí', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Bonifácio da Rocha ( born 4 December 1985 in Taboão da Serra , São Paulo ) , nicknamed Tiuí , is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Clube Atlético Barra da Tijuca as a forward .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noroeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Noroeste', 'summary': 'Esporte Clube Noroeste , usually known simply as Noroeste , is a Brazilian football ( soccer ) club based in Bauru , as of 2012 competing in the São Paulo State second division ( Campeonato Paulista Série A2 ) . Named after a now-defunct railway , Noroeste is a very traditional team within São Paulo state . Their home ground is Alfredo de Castilho stadium ( supports approximately 18,840 people ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Wellington Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Paulista', 'summary': 'Wellington Pereira do Nascimento ( born 22 April 1984 ) , known as Wellington Paulista , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Fortaleza .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Juventus', 'summary': 'The Clube Atlético Juventus ( Latin for Youth ) , usually known simply as Juventus , is a professional Brazilian football club based in Mooca , a São Paulo neighborhood . Although it was a Campeonato Brasileiro Série B ( Taça de Prata ) winner once , Juventus nowadays competes only in São Paulo tournaments , like Campeonato Paulista . The team typically plays in maroon shirts and white shorts , and is nicknamed Moleque Travesso ( the Prankster Boy ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Dênis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dênis_Oliveira_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Dênis Oliveira de Souza or simply Dênis ( born September 21 , 1983 in Ipatinga ) , is a retired Brazilian right back . Denis was discovered by Santos when his team Ipatinga eliminated them from Brazil Cup on penalty shootout , in 2006 . Denis was signed right after this elimination game . He conquered the right-back spot and played well in 2006 until a knee injury knocked him out of the season . When he recovered , already in 2007 , his spot was covered by new signing Pedro . When he finally displaced Pedro ( who ended up being released and joined Sporting ) , he injured himself again against Caracas FC . He is expected to return in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ipatinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ipatinga_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Ipatinga Esporte Clube , is a Brazilian football club based in Ipatinga , state of Minas Gerais , founded on May 21 , 1998 . During the 2013 season club played in Betim , shortly after returned to Ipatinga in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Signed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'André Oliveira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Oliveira_de_Lima', 'summary': 'André Oliveira de Lima ( born 20 April 1985 ) , known as André Oliveira or André Beleza , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder . He moved to 2 . Bundesliga side Köln after Iraty sold him to the German club on 3 January 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraty_Sport_Club', 'summary': 'Iraty Sport Club , or simply Iraty , is a Brazilian football team from Irati in Paraná , founded on April 21 , 1914 . Their home stadium is the Coronel Emílio Gomes stadium , capacity 8,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loaned', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- In', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2006_Santos_FC_season_1', 'intro': "The 2006 season was Santos Futebol Clube's ninety-fourth season in existence and the club's forty-seventh consecutive season in the top flight of Brazilian football. This season, Santos announced the return of the manager Vanderlei Luxemburgo, who had left the club in the last season and failed at Real Madrid. On 9 April 2006, Santos won the Campeonato Paulista for sixteenth time in history, by beating Portuguesa 2-0 in the last match. On 31 August, they signed Brazilian midfielder Zé Roberto who was free agent since he left FC Bayern Munich, until June 2007. In the Campeonato Brasileiro, Santos ended in the 4th place, securing a place in the 2007 Copa Libertadores. In the Copa do Brasil, Santos were knocked out by Ipatinga in the quarter-finals. Santos also competed in the Copa Sudamericana, being eliminated in the round of 16 after a 1-3 loss on aggregate to San Lorenzo."}
null
null
What team did the player who has won four Primeira Liga titles , one Taça de Portugal and two Taça da Liga move from ?
Guarani
0936a8f41228c054
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venues_of_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'title': 'Venues of the 2003 Pan American Games', 'header': ['Venue', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tennis Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Tennis at the 2003 Pan American Games was played at the Centro Nacional de Tenis .'}]}, {'value': '3,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Handball Tournament at the 2003 Pan American Games took place at Handball Hall in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There was two competitions with one each for each gender . Cuba was the defending champion in the men 's while Brazil were the defending champion in the women . The tournament took place between August 2 to 11 with the winning sides of both the mens and womens tournament will directly qualify for the 2004 Olympic Handball Tournaments . That nation would be Brazil who would win both tournaments over Argentina ."}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting Pavilion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'This page shows the results of the Weightlifting Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games , held from August 12 to August 16 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were a total number of fifteen medal events , eight for men and seven for women .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Park Football Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_(disambiguation)', 'summary': 'Football at the 2003 Pan American Games may refer to :'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Table Tennis Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Table tennis competitions at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo were held in August 7 to 13 , 2003 at the Table tennis center . The winners of the tournament secured a place at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '2,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastic Pavilion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics ( Artistic and Rhythmic )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'This page shows the results of the Gymnastics Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games , held from August 2 to August 5 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hockey Field - East Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The field hockey tournament at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in the Santo Domingo Stadium , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic from August 1-17 , 2003 . It served as a qualification tournament for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . First place received a ticket for the Olympic tournament . The men competed for the tenth time at the Pan Americans , the women for the fifth time .'}]}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archery field - East Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'This page shows the results of the Archery Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games , held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic .'}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'East Park Cluster', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_1', 'intro': 'The 2003 Pan American Games were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and surrounding area. The Pan American Games ran from in July and August 2003. This is a list of competition venues that were used during the games. 34 Venues will be used, with a majority of them being built for the games.'}
null
null
Which venue hosted an event between August 12 and August 16 2003 ?
Weightlifting Pavilion
0937db911ca50b3c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_the_British_and_Irish_Lions_and_other_countries', 'title': 'History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries', 'header': ['', 'Date', 'Year', 'Venue', 'City', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulawayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulawayo', 'summary': "Bulawayo ( /ˌbʊləˈweɪəʊ , -ˈwɑjoʊ/ ; Ndebele : koBulawayo ) is the second largest city in Zimbabwe , and the largest city in the country 's Matabeleland . The city 's population is disputed ; the 2012 census listed it at 653,337 , while the Bulawayo City Council claimed it to be about 1.2 million . Bulawayo covers an area of about 1,707 square kilometres ( 659 sq mi ) in the western part of the country , along the Matsheumhlope River . Along with the capital Harare , Bulawayo is one of two cities in Zimbabwe that is also a province . Bulawayo was founded around 1840 as the kraal of Mzilikazi , the Ndebele king . His son , Lobengula , succeeded him in the 1860s , and ruled from Bulawayo until 1893 , when the settlement was captured by British South Africa Company soldiers during the First Matabele War . That year , the first white settlers arrived and rebuilt the town . The town was besieged by Ndebele warriors during the Second Matabele War . Bulawayo attained municipality status in 1897 , and city status in 1943 . Historically Bulawayo has been the principal industrial centre of Zimbabwe ; its factories produce cars and car products , building materials , electronic products , textiles , furniture , and food products . Bulawayo is also the hub of Zimbabwe 's rail network and the headquarters of the National Railways of Zimbabwe . In recent years , the city 's economy has struggled , as many factories either closed or moved operations to Harare ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 11 - 24 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harare', 'summary': "Harare ( /həˈrɑːreɪ/ ; officially Salisbury until 1982 ) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe . The city proper has an area of 960.6 km2 ( 371 mi2 ) and an estimated population of 1,606,000 in 2009 , with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area in 2006 . Situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country 's Mashonaland region , Harare is a metropolitan province , which also incorporates the municipalities of Chitungwiza and Epworth . The city sits on a plateau at an elevation of 1,483 metres ( 4,865 feet ) above sea level and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category . The city was founded in 1890 by the Pioneer Column , a small military force of the British South Africa Company , and named Fort Salisbury after the UK Prime Minister Lord Salisbury . Company administrators demarcated the city and ran it until Southern Rhodesia achieved responsible government in 1923 . Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian ( later Rhodesian ) government and , between 1953-63 , the capital of the Central African Federation . It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 , when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 3 - 16 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombo', 'summary': "Colombo ( /kəˈlʌmboʊ/ ; Sinhala : කොළඹ , romanized : Kolamba , pronunciation [ ˈkəlɐmbɞ ] ; Tamil : கொழும்பு , romanized : Koḻumpu , Tamil pronunciation : [ koɻumbu ] ) is the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population . According to the Brookings Institution , Colombo metropolitan area has a population of 5.6 million , and 752,993 in the city proper . It is the financial centre of the island and a tourist destination . It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to the Greater Colombo area which includes Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , the legislative capital of Sri Lanka and Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia . Colombo is often referred to as the capital since Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is within the urban area of , and a suburb of , Colombo . It is also the administrative capital of the Western Province and the district capital of Colombo District . Colombo is a busy and vibrant place with a mixture of modern life and colonial buildings and ruins . Due to its large harbour and its strategic position along the East-West sea trade routes , Colombo was known to ancient traders 2,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] It was made the capital of the island when Sri Lanka was ceded to the British Empire in 1815 , and its status as capital was retained when the nation became independent in 1948 . In 1978 , when administrative functions were moved to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , Colombo was designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka . Like many cities , Colombo 's urban area extends well beyond the boundaries of a single local authority , [ citation needed ] encompassing other municipal and urban councils such as Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council , Dehiwala Mount Lavinia Municipal Council , Kolonnawa Urban Council , Kaduwela Municipal Council and Kotikawatte Mulleriyawa Pradeshiya Sabha . [ citation needed ] The main city is home to a majority of Sri Lanka 's corporate offices , restaurants and entertainment venues ."}]}, {'value': 'Ceylon 0 - 45 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceylon_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national rugby union team has yet to make their debut at the Rugby World Cup . They have the longest tradition of organised club rugby in Asia , dating back to 1879 , which was just 8 years after the founding of the world 's first rugby union in England . They regularly compete in the Asian Five Nations tournament and are currently in Division I . In the 2010 tournament , they made it to the finals beating Chinese Taipei 37 to 7 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harare', 'summary': "Harare ( /həˈrɑːreɪ/ ; officially Salisbury until 1982 ) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe . The city proper has an area of 960.6 km2 ( 371 mi2 ) and an estimated population of 1,606,000 in 2009 , with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area in 2006 . Situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country 's Mashonaland region , Harare is a metropolitan province , which also incorporates the municipalities of Chitungwiza and Epworth . The city sits on a plateau at an elevation of 1,483 metres ( 4,865 feet ) above sea level and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category . The city was founded in 1890 by the Pioneer Column , a small military force of the British South Africa Company , and named Fort Salisbury after the UK Prime Minister Lord Salisbury . Company administrators demarcated the city and ran it until Southern Rhodesia achieved responsible government in 1923 . Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian ( later Rhodesian ) government and , between 1953-63 , the capital of the Central African Federation . It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 , when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 11 - 25 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulawayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulawayo', 'summary': "Bulawayo ( /ˌbʊləˈweɪəʊ , -ˈwɑjoʊ/ ; Ndebele : koBulawayo ) is the second largest city in Zimbabwe , and the largest city in the country 's Matabeleland . The city 's population is disputed ; the 2012 census listed it at 653,337 , while the Bulawayo City Council claimed it to be about 1.2 million . Bulawayo covers an area of about 1,707 square kilometres ( 659 sq mi ) in the western part of the country , along the Matsheumhlope River . Along with the capital Harare , Bulawayo is one of two cities in Zimbabwe that is also a province . Bulawayo was founded around 1840 as the kraal of Mzilikazi , the Ndebele king . His son , Lobengula , succeeded him in the 1860s , and ruled from Bulawayo until 1893 , when the settlement was captured by British South Africa Company soldiers during the First Matabele War . That year , the first white settlers arrived and rebuilt the town . The town was besieged by Ndebele warriors during the Second Matabele War . Bulawayo attained municipality status in 1897 , and city status in 1943 . Historically Bulawayo has been the principal industrial centre of Zimbabwe ; its factories produce cars and car products , building materials , electronic products , textiles , furniture , and food products . Bulawayo is also the hub of Zimbabwe 's rail network and the headquarters of the National Railways of Zimbabwe . In recent years , the city 's economy has struggled , as many factories either closed or moved operations to Harare ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 11 - 45 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Racecourse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombo', 'summary': "Colombo ( /kəˈlʌmboʊ/ ; Sinhala : කොළඹ , romanized : Kolamba , pronunciation [ ˈkəlɐmbɞ ] ; Tamil : கொழும்பு , romanized : Koḻumpu , Tamil pronunciation : [ koɻumbu ] ) is the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population . According to the Brookings Institution , Colombo metropolitan area has a population of 5.6 million , and 752,993 in the city proper . It is the financial centre of the island and a tourist destination . It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to the Greater Colombo area which includes Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , the legislative capital of Sri Lanka and Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia . Colombo is often referred to as the capital since Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is within the urban area of , and a suburb of , Colombo . It is also the administrative capital of the Western Province and the district capital of Colombo District . Colombo is a busy and vibrant place with a mixture of modern life and colonial buildings and ruins . Due to its large harbour and its strategic position along the East-West sea trade routes , Colombo was known to ancient traders 2,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] It was made the capital of the island when Sri Lanka was ceded to the British Empire in 1815 , and its status as capital was retained when the nation became independent in 1948 . In 1978 , when administrative functions were moved to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , Colombo was designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka . Like many cities , Colombo 's urban area extends well beyond the boundaries of a single local authority , [ citation needed ] encompassing other municipal and urban councils such as Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council , Dehiwala Mount Lavinia Municipal Council , Kolonnawa Urban Council , Kaduwela Municipal Council and Kotikawatte Mulleriyawa Pradeshiya Sabha . [ citation needed ] The main city is home to a majority of Sri Lanka 's corporate offices , restaurants and entertainment venues ."}]}, {'value': 'Ceylon 6 - 44 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceylon_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Sri Lanka national rugby union team has yet to make their debut at the Rugby World Cup . They have the longest tradition of organised club rugby in Asia , dating back to 1879 , which was just 8 years after the founding of the world 's first rugby union in England . They regularly compete in the Asian Five Nations tournament and are currently in Division I . In the 2010 tournament , they made it to the finals beating Chinese Taipei 37 to 7 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windhoek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windhoek', 'summary': "Windhoek ( /ˈwɪndhʊk/ , Afrikaans : [ ˈvəntɦuːk ] , German : [ 'vɪnthʊk ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia . It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area , at around 1,700 metres ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level , almost exactly at the country 's geographical centre . The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 325,858 , growing continually due to an influx from all over Namibia . The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities . It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner , Captain of the Orlam , settled here in 1840 and built a stone church for his community . In the decades following , multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement . Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German Army Major Curt von François , when the territory was colonised by the German Empire . Windhoek is the social , economic , political , and cultural centre of the country . Nearly every Namibian national enterprise , governmental body , educational and cultural institution is headquartered there ."}]}, {'value': 'South-West Africa 0 - 9 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Namibia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Welwitschias , are a tier-two nation in the World Rugby tier system , and have participated in five Rugby World Cup competitions since their first appearance in 1999 . They are governed by the Namibia Rugby Union . Namibia has been playing international rugby since the early 1900s . As well as having competed at the World Cup , Namibia annually competes in the Africa Cup . Until independence , players for Namibia were also eligible to represent South Africa , with Namibian-born Springboks including Jan Ellis . As of 23 September 2019 , they are ranked 23rd in the world .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhokana Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitwe', 'summary': "Kitwe is the third largest city in terms of infrastructure development and second largest city in terms of size and population in Zambia . With a population of 522,092 ( 2010 census provisional ) Kitwe is one of the most developed commercial and industrial areas in the nation , alongside Ndola and Lusaka . It has a complex of mines on its north-western and western edges . Kitwe is made up of townships and suburban areas including Parklands , Riverside , Buchi , Chimwemwe , Kwacha , Nkana East , Nkana West , Garneton , Ndeke , Miseshi , Wusakile , Mindolo , Chachacha and Race Course , to mention a few . The city is sometimes referred to as Kitwe-Nkana . Kitwe has both private and public schools which include Lechwe School , Mpelembe Secondary School , Kitwe Boys Secondary School , Parklands Secondary School , Mukuba Secondary School , Nkana Trust School and Helen Kaunda Secondary School . It is also home to Zambia 's second highest learning institution The Copperbelt University"}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 14 - 27 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Police Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harare', 'summary': "Harare ( /həˈrɑːreɪ/ ; officially Salisbury until 1982 ) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe . The city proper has an area of 960.6 km2 ( 371 mi2 ) and an estimated population of 1,606,000 in 2009 , with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area in 2006 . Situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country 's Mashonaland region , Harare is a metropolitan province , which also incorporates the municipalities of Chitungwiza and Epworth . The city sits on a plateau at an elevation of 1,483 metres ( 4,865 feet ) above sea level and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category . The city was founded in 1890 by the Pioneer Column , a small military force of the British South Africa Company , and named Fort Salisbury after the UK Prime Minister Lord Salisbury . Company administrators demarcated the city and ran it until Southern Rhodesia achieved responsible government in 1923 . Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian ( later Rhodesian ) government and , between 1953-63 , the capital of the Central African Federation . It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 , when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 12 - 16 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RFUEA Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RFUEA_Ground', 'summary': "The RFUEA Ground is a rugby union stadium located on the Ngong Road in Nairobi , Kenya . It was purpose built to be the home of the national team and to serve as the headquarters of the Rugby Football Union of Kenya ( RFUK ) . [ a ] Coincidentally , the RFUEA ground has another parallel with Twickenham Stadium in the United Kingdom in that it also serves as the home ground for the Kenya Harlequin Football Club , just as their sister club the London Harlequins once played at Twickenham . Many internationally renowned teams have played here including the British Lions ( 1955 & 1962 ) , the Barbarians ( 1958 ) , the Springboks ( 1961 ) and Wales ( 1964 ) . The 2009 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy took place on this site ( with some games also being played on the neighbouring Impala RFC ground ) . As the site for one of the largest and most prestigious annual sevens tournaments in Africa , the Safari Sevens , the RFUEA ground has hosted matches between such diverse teams as Samoa , Emerging Springboks , Zimbabwe , British Army , Public School Wanderers , Bristol University and Université de Grenoble . At an altitude of 1,650 metres ( 5,410 ft ) above sea-level , it is higher than three of the four vaunted stadia of South Africa 's highveld ; Loftus Versfeld Stadium Pretoria at 1,214 metres ( 3,983 ft ) , the Free State Stadium Bloemfontein 1,400 metres ( 4,600 ft ) and Royal Bafokeng Stadium Rustenburg 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) . Only Ellis Park in Johannesburg at 1,750 metres ( 5,740 ft ) is higher ."}]}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'East Africa 12 - 39 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Africa_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'Established in 1950 , The East Africa rugby union team is a multi-national rugby union team drawing players from Kenya , Uganda and Tanzania , though the vast majority of these came from Kenya which has traditionally been the strongest rugby playing nation in this part of the world . The team has played against incoming international , representative and club touring sides and it conducted seven tours between 1954 and 1982 . Though East Africa do play under the Tuskers nickname it is used exclusively when they are on tour ; for all matches played at home they are referred to as East Africa . This tradition has come into being because the team had existed for five years by the time of the first external tour in 1954 when the touring side adopted the Tuskers moniker , as have all subsequent tours . For 30 years the team lay dormant , though the Rugby Football Union of East Africa ( RFUEA ) continued to exist as the governing body of rugby within the three countries , until ( on 9 July 2011 at an event at the RFUEA Ground ) the team was re-launched by Mwangi Muthee ( Chairman of the Kenya Rugby Football Union ) , William Blick ( President of the Uganda Rugby Union ) , George Kariuki ( Rugby Football Union of East Africa ) and John Lloyd ( Rugby Patrons Society ) . The team played its first fixture in almost exactly 30 years against England Counties XV at the RFUEA grounds in early June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia 11 - 16 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The British Columbia Rugby Union ( BCRU ) is the provincial administrative body for rugby union in British Columbia , Canada . The BCRU consists of nine sub-unions and 65 clubs . It was originally organized in New Westminster in 1889 where Alfred St. George Hamersley , the former England rugby union captain and recent immigrant to Vancouver , and member of Vancouver Football ( Rugby ) Club , became the first President . The same man is credited with founding the Amateur Athletic Club of British Columbia . and previously had introduced the game of rugby to the youth of South Canterbury , New Zealand . The current headquarters is on the west side of Vancouver . British Columbia is considered a hotspot for rugby in Canada , as its mild weather allows the sport to be played year round . The BCRU is responsible for organizing the Canadian Direct Insurance Premier League , the provincial men 's club championship , and the Ruth Hellerud-Brown Senior Women 's Premier Competition . It also oversees provincial representative teams which compete for national championships organised by Rugby Canada . The BCRU also has a British Columbia Rugby Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Canada 6 - 70 British Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartsfield Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulawayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulawayo', 'summary': "Bulawayo ( /ˌbʊləˈweɪəʊ , -ˈwɑjoʊ/ ; Ndebele : koBulawayo ) is the second largest city in Zimbabwe , and the largest city in the country 's Matabeleland . The city 's population is disputed ; the 2012 census listed it at 653,337 , while the Bulawayo City Council claimed it to be about 1.2 million . Bulawayo covers an area of about 1,707 square kilometres ( 659 sq mi ) in the western part of the country , along the Matsheumhlope River . Along with the capital Harare , Bulawayo is one of two cities in Zimbabwe that is also a province . Bulawayo was founded around 1840 as the kraal of Mzilikazi , the Ndebele king . His son , Lobengula , succeeded him in the 1860s , and ruled from Bulawayo until 1893 , when the settlement was captured by British South Africa Company soldiers during the First Matabele War . That year , the first white settlers arrived and rebuilt the town . The town was besieged by Ndebele warriors during the Second Matabele War . Bulawayo attained municipality status in 1897 , and city status in 1943 . Historically Bulawayo has been the principal industrial centre of Zimbabwe ; its factories produce cars and car products , building materials , electronic products , textiles , furniture , and food products . Bulawayo is also the hub of Zimbabwe 's rail network and the headquarters of the National Railways of Zimbabwe . In recent years , the city 's economy has struggled , as many factories either closed or moved operations to Harare ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 9 - 38 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South West Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windhoek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windhoek', 'summary': "Windhoek ( /ˈwɪndhʊk/ , Afrikaans : [ ˈvəntɦuːk ] , German : [ 'vɪnthʊk ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia . It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area , at around 1,700 metres ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level , almost exactly at the country 's geographical centre . The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 325,858 , growing continually due to an influx from all over Namibia . The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities . It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner , Captain of the Orlam , settled here in 1840 and built a stone church for his community . In the decades following , multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement . Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German Army Major Curt von François , when the territory was colonised by the German Empire . Windhoek is the social , economic , political , and cultural centre of the country . Nearly every Namibian national enterprise , governmental body , educational and cultural institution is headquartered there ."}]}, {'value': 'South-West Africa 6 - 14 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Namibia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Welwitschias , are a tier-two nation in the World Rugby tier system , and have participated in five Rugby World Cup competitions since their first appearance in 1999 . They are governed by the Namibia Rugby Union . Namibia has been playing international rugby since the early 1900s . As well as having competed at the World Cup , Namibia annually competes in the Africa Cup . Until independence , players for Namibia were also eligible to represent South Africa , with Namibian-born Springboks including Jan Ellis . As of 23 September 2019 , they are ranked 23rd in the world .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RFUEA Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RFUEA_Ground', 'summary': "The RFUEA Ground is a rugby union stadium located on the Ngong Road in Nairobi , Kenya . It was purpose built to be the home of the national team and to serve as the headquarters of the Rugby Football Union of Kenya ( RFUK ) . [ a ] Coincidentally , the RFUEA ground has another parallel with Twickenham Stadium in the United Kingdom in that it also serves as the home ground for the Kenya Harlequin Football Club , just as their sister club the London Harlequins once played at Twickenham . Many internationally renowned teams have played here including the British Lions ( 1955 & 1962 ) , the Barbarians ( 1958 ) , the Springboks ( 1961 ) and Wales ( 1964 ) . The 2009 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy took place on this site ( with some games also being played on the neighbouring Impala RFC ground ) . As the site for one of the largest and most prestigious annual sevens tournaments in Africa , the Safari Sevens , the RFUEA ground has hosted matches between such diverse teams as Samoa , Emerging Springboks , Zimbabwe , British Army , Public School Wanderers , Bristol University and Université de Grenoble . At an altitude of 1,650 metres ( 5,410 ft ) above sea-level , it is higher than three of the four vaunted stadia of South Africa 's highveld ; Loftus Versfeld Stadium Pretoria at 1,214 metres ( 3,983 ft ) , the Free State Stadium Bloemfontein 1,400 metres ( 4,600 ft ) and Royal Bafokeng Stadium Rustenburg 1,500 metres ( 4,900 ft ) . Only Ellis Park in Johannesburg at 1,750 metres ( 5,740 ft ) is higher ."}]}, {'value': 'Nairobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nairobi', 'summary': "Nairobi ( /naɪˈroʊbi/ ) is the capital and the largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to cool water , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census , while the metropolitan area has a population of 9,354,580 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Mombasa as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . [ citation needed ] The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . According to the 2019 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 4,397,073 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 ( 269 sq mi ) . Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organizations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent ."}]}, {'value': 'East Africa 0 - 50 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Africa_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'Established in 1950 , The East Africa rugby union team is a multi-national rugby union team drawing players from Kenya , Uganda and Tanzania , though the vast majority of these came from Kenya which has traditionally been the strongest rugby playing nation in this part of the world . The team has played against incoming international , representative and club touring sides and it conducted seven tours between 1954 and 1982 . Though East Africa do play under the Tuskers nickname it is used exclusively when they are on tour ; for all matches played at home they are referred to as East Africa . This tradition has come into being because the team had existed for five years by the time of the first external tour in 1954 when the touring side adopted the Tuskers moniker , as have all subsequent tours . For 30 years the team lay dormant , though the Rugby Football Union of East Africa ( RFUEA ) continued to exist as the governing body of rugby within the three countries , until ( on 9 July 2011 at an event at the RFUEA Ground ) the team was re-launched by Mwangi Muthee ( Chairman of the Kenya Rugby Football Union ) , William Blick ( President of the Uganda Rugby Union ) , George Kariuki ( Rugby Football Union of East Africa ) and John Lloyd ( Rugby Patrons Society ) . The team played its first fixture in almost exactly 30 years against England Counties XV at the RFUEA grounds in early June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_Stadium_(Vancouver)', 'summary': "Empire Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium that stood at the Pacific National Exhibition site at Hastings Park in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Track and field and Canadian football , as well as soccer and musical events , were held at the stadium . The stadium was originally constructed for the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games . The stadium ( which sat 32,375 upon opening , but 30,229 after 1974 ) hosted both Elvis Presley and The Beatles . It saw most of its use as the home of the BC Lions of the CFL from 1954 to 1982 , in which the venue also played host to the first Grey Cup game held west of Ontario in 1955 . Empire Stadium also hosted the Grey Cup game in 1958 , 1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1971 , and 1974 ; seven times in total . Empire Stadium was often home to the Shrine Bowl Provincial Championship for provincial senior high school . The stadium was also home to the Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League during the 1970s and early 1980s , as well as the Vancouver Royals of the same league for their only year of play in 1968 . Just before the 1966 Grey Cup game , the stadium had the new gooseneck or slingshot goal posts erected invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman , marking the first time these goalposts were used at any level of football in a championship game . They were first used a week earlier at Montreal 's Autostade for the 1966 Eastern Conference final ; this model goalpost would soon become the standard design in the NFL and CFL . In 1970 , it became the first facility in Canada to have artificial playing surface installed made by 3M , under the brand name Tartan Turf . Both the Lions and Whitecaps moved to BC Place Stadium for the 1983 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'British Columbia 8 - 3 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Columbia_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The British Columbia Rugby Union ( BCRU ) is the provincial administrative body for rugby union in British Columbia , Canada . The BCRU consists of nine sub-unions and 65 clubs . It was originally organized in New Westminster in 1889 where Alfred St. George Hamersley , the former England rugby union captain and recent immigrant to Vancouver , and member of Vancouver Football ( Rugby ) Club , became the first President . The same man is credited with founding the Amateur Athletic Club of British Columbia . and previously had introduced the game of rugby to the youth of South Canterbury , New Zealand . The current headquarters is on the west side of Vancouver . British Columbia is considered a hotspot for rugby in Canada , as its mild weather allows the sport to be played year round . The BCRU is responsible for organizing the Canadian Direct Insurance Premier League , the provincial men 's club championship , and the Ruth Hellerud-Brown Senior Women 's Premier Competition . It also oversees provincial representative teams which compete for national championships organised by Rugby Canada . The BCRU also has a British Columbia Rugby Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada 8 - 19 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Canada national rugby union team ( French : Équipe du Canada de rugby à XV ) is governed by Rugby Canada , and play in red and white . Canada is classified by World Rugby as a tier two rugby nation . There are ten tier one nations , and thirteen tier two nations . Canada competes in competitions such as the Americas Rugby Championship and the Rugby World Cup . Canada has been playing international rugby since their 1932 debut against Japan . Canada have competed at every World Cup since the tournament was first staged in 1987 , the only North American team to do so . Canada achieved their best result at the World Cup in 1991 , where they reached the quarterfinals . Canada was once the dominant power of North American rugby and was the second best team in the Americas ; Canada currently ranks fourth in the region after Argentina , the US and Uruguay . The team has achieved victories over Six Nations teams such as France , Wales , Italy , and Scotland on at least one occasion in past years , mostly during the amateur era . Canada is currently ranked 22nd in the World Rugby Rankings .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Police Ground', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harare', 'summary': "Harare ( /həˈrɑːreɪ/ ; officially Salisbury until 1982 ) is the capital and most populous city of Zimbabwe . The city proper has an area of 960.6 km2 ( 371 mi2 ) and an estimated population of 1,606,000 in 2009 , with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area in 2006 . Situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country 's Mashonaland region , Harare is a metropolitan province , which also incorporates the municipalities of Chitungwiza and Epworth . The city sits on a plateau at an elevation of 1,483 metres ( 4,865 feet ) above sea level and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category . The city was founded in 1890 by the Pioneer Column , a small military force of the British South Africa Company , and named Fort Salisbury after the UK Prime Minister Lord Salisbury . Company administrators demarcated the city and ran it until Southern Rhodesia achieved responsible government in 1923 . Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian ( later Rhodesian ) government and , between 1953-63 , the capital of the Central African Federation . It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 , when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhodesia 6 - 32 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Zimbabwe national rugby union team , nicknamed the Sables , represents the African nation of Zimbabwe in international competition , and is administered by the Zimbabwe Rugby Union . While sides representing the colony of Rhodesia have played as early as 1910 , the modern day Zimbabwe rugby team did not play its first test until 1981 , against Kenya . Zimbabwe has competed in two World Cups , in 1987 and 1991 , in place of South Africa , who were sanctioned by the IRB at the time due to apartheid . Zimbabwe is categorized as Tier 3 Development One , which prioritizes Zimbabwe over other nations due to historical success as well as popularity of rugby in the nation . During the colonial days , the team had an association with touring British Isles teams , who would regularly play matches against them in their tours of South Africa ; the earliest tour being in 1910 when Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia . The side has also played New Zealand on several occasions , the first being in the late 1920s ; Zimbabwe is the only non-Tier 1 nation to defeat the All Blacks , as the Southern Rhodesia side defeated New Zealand in 1947 . Zimbabwe currently compete in the Africa Gold Cup , considered the equivalent of the Six Nations in Africa . Zimbabwe have won the competition once , in 2012 Africa Cup , and finished runners up in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . Excluding the Springboks , Zimbabwe is one of only 3 nations in Africa to qualify for the Rugby World Cup , the others being Namibia and the Ivory Coast . The Sables maintain fierce rivalries with regional neighbors Namibia and Kenya , as the respective three nations have vied for African supremacy since the 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South West Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windhoek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windhoek', 'summary': "Windhoek ( /ˈwɪndhʊk/ , Afrikaans : [ ˈvəntɦuːk ] , German : [ 'vɪnthʊk ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia . It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area , at around 1,700 metres ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level , almost exactly at the country 's geographical centre . The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 325,858 , growing continually due to an influx from all over Namibia . The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities . It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner , Captain of the Orlam , settled here in 1840 and built a stone church for his community . In the decades following , multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement . Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German Army Major Curt von François , when the territory was colonised by the German Empire . Windhoek is the social , economic , political , and cultural centre of the country . Nearly every Namibian national enterprise , governmental body , educational and cultural institution is headquartered there ."}]}, {'value': 'South-West Africa 0 - 23 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Namibia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Welwitschias , are a tier-two nation in the World Rugby tier system , and have participated in five Rugby World Cup competitions since their first appearance in 1999 . They are governed by the Namibia Rugby Union . Namibia has been playing international rugby since the early 1900s . As well as having competed at the World Cup , Namibia annually competes in the Africa Cup . Until independence , players for Namibia were also eligible to represent South Africa , with Namibian-born Springboks including Jan Ellis . As of 23 September 2019 , they are ranked 23rd in the world .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South West Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windhoek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windhoek', 'summary': "Windhoek ( /ˈwɪndhʊk/ , Afrikaans : [ ˈvəntɦuːk ] , German : [ 'vɪnthʊk ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia . It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area , at around 1,700 metres ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level , almost exactly at the country 's geographical centre . The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 325,858 , growing continually due to an influx from all over Namibia . The city developed at the site of a permanent hot spring known to the indigenous pastoral communities . It developed rapidly after Jonker Afrikaner , Captain of the Orlam , settled here in 1840 and built a stone church for his community . In the decades following , multiple wars and armed hostilities resulted in the neglect and destruction of the new settlement . Windhoek was founded a second time in 1890 by Imperial German Army Major Curt von François , when the territory was colonised by the German Empire . Windhoek is the social , economic , political , and cultural centre of the country . Nearly every Namibian national enterprise , governmental body , educational and cultural institution is headquartered there ."}]}, {'value': 'South-West Africa 16 - 23 British Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Namibia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Welwitschias , are a tier-two nation in the World Rugby tier system , and have participated in five Rugby World Cup competitions since their first appearance in 1999 . They are governed by the Namibia Rugby Union . Namibia has been playing international rugby since the early 1900s . As well as having competed at the World Cup , Namibia annually competes in the Africa Cup . Until independence , players for Namibia were also eligible to represent South Africa , with Namibian-born Springboks including Jan Ellis . As of 23 September 2019 , they are ranked 23rd in the world .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Matches in minor rugby playing nations', 'section_text': 'The Lions played Rhodesia ( a territory which , at different times in history comprised one or more of the modern day countries of Malawi , Zambia and Zimbabwe ) , South-West Africa ( now Namibia ) and East Africa ( a British colony composed of Kenya , Tanzania/Tanganyika and Uganda ) on some of their earlier South African tours . Whilst travelling to or from Australia , New Zealand or Argentina , the Lions also played matches against teams in Canada , Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) and Fiji .', 'uid': 'History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_the_British_and_Irish_Lions_and_other_countries_0', 'intro': 'Since 1989, the British and Irish Lions have developed a regular 12-year cycle of tours visiting one of the following three Southern Hemisphere nations, in turn, every four years:'}
null
null
Which city did the team with the longest tradition of organised club rugby in Asia win ?
Colombo
093a72b165ce86b0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Five', 'title': 'Carrier Air Wing Five', 'header': ['Code', 'Squadron', 'Nickname', 'Assigned Aircraft'], 'data': [{'value': 'VFA-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-27', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 27 ( VFA-27 ) , also known as the Royal Maces , are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni . They are a part of Carrier Air Wing 5 and are attached to the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan . Their tail code is NF .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Maces', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18E Super Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet', 'summary': 'The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'VFA-102', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 102', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-102', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 102 ( VFA-102 ) is a United States Navy Strike Fighter squadron based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni . Their call sign is Dback , with the tail code NF , and they fly the F/A-18F Super Hornet .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamondbacks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18F Super Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet', 'summary': 'The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'VFA-115', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 115', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-115', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 115 ( VFA-115 ) is known as the Eagles , callsign Talon , a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni . Their tail code is NF . It was established as Torpedo Squadron VT-11 on 10 October 1942 , redesignated VA-12A on 15 November 1946 , VA-115 on 15 July 1948 , then finally VFA-115 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18E Super Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet', 'summary': 'The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'VFA-195', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 195', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VFA-195', 'summary': 'Strike Fighter Squadron 195 ( VFA-195 ) , also known as the Dambusters , is a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni , Japan . They are a part of Carrier Air Wing Five ( CVW-5 ) and their tail code is NF . Their radio callsign is Chippy .'}]}, {'value': 'Dambusters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F/A-18E Super Hornet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet', 'summary': 'The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are twin-engine , carrier-capable , multirole fighter aircraft variants based on the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . The F/A-18E single-seat and F/A-18F tandem-seat variants are larger and more advanced derivatives of the F/A-18C and D Hornet . The Super Hornet has an internal 20 mm M61 rotary cannon and can carry air-to-air missiles and air-to-surface weapons . Additional fuel can be carried in up to five external fuel tanks and the aircraft can be configured as an airborne tanker by adding an external air refueling system . Designed and initially produced by McDonnell Douglas , the Super Hornet first flew in 1995 . Low-rate production began in early 1997 with full-rate production starting in September 1997 , after the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing the previous month . The Super Hornet entered service with the United States Navy in 2001 , replacing the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , which was retired in 2006 ; the Super Hornet serves alongside the original Hornet . The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) , which has operated the F/A-18A as its main fighter since 1984 , ordered the F/A-18F in 2007 to replace its aging F-111C fleet . RAAF Super Hornets entered service in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'VAW-125', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 125', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VAW-125', 'summary': "Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 125 ( VAW-125 ) , known as the Torch Bearers or Tigertails , was established on 1 October 1968 , at Naval Air Station Norfolk . The squadron 's initial supporting command was Carrier Air Wing Three ( CVW-3 ) deploying aboard USS Saratoga . The squadron is equipped with the E-2 Hawkeye . It was the first east coast squadron with E-2B 's in 1968 , among the first to operate the E-2C in 1975 , receiving the E-2C 2000 in its first operational year in 2003 , and the first unit to operate the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tiger Tails', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E-2D Hawkeye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye', 'summary': "The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather , carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning ( AEW ) aircraft . This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier , piston-engined E-1 Tracer , which was rapidly becoming obsolete . The aircraft 's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B , and E-2C versions , where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics . The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D , which first flew in 2007 . The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for its role , as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe , such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry . Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960 , giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft . The E-2 also received the nickname Super Fudd because it replaced the WF ( later E-1 ) Willy Fudd . In recent decades , the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the Hummer because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines , quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines . In addition to U.S. Navy service , smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the armed forces of Egypt , France , Israel , Japan , Mexico , Singapore , and Taiwan ."}]}, {'value': 'VAQ-141', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electronic Attack Squadron 141', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VAQ-141', 'summary': 'Electronic Attack Squadron 141 ( VAQ-141 ) , also known as the Shadowhawks , is an EA-18G Growler squadron of the United States Navy that is based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni , located in Iwakuni , Yamaguchi , Japan . VAQ-141 falls under the cognizance of Commander , Electronic Attack Wing Pacific ( COMVAQWINGPAC ) and flies in support of Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier , USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN-76 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Shadowhawks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EA-18G Growler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA-18G_Growler', 'summary': "The Boeing EA-18G Growler is an American carrier-based electronic warfare aircraft , a specialized version of the two-seat F/A-18F Super Hornet . The EA-18G replaced the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowlers in service with the United States Navy . The Growler 's electronic warfare capability is primarily provided by Northrop Grumman . The EA-18G began production in 2007 and entered operational service with the US Navy in late 2009 . Australia has also purchased twelve EA-18Gs , which entered service with the Royal Australian Air Force in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'VRC-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 Det . 5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VRC-30', 'summary': 'Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 ( VRC-30 ) , also known as the Providers , is a United States Navy Fleet Logistics Support squadron based at Naval Air Station North Island consisting of 5 detachments . VRC-30 is one of only two active , carrier-capable , Fleet Logistics Support squadrons , the other being VRC-40 .'}]}, {'value': 'Providers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C-2A Greyhound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-2_Greyhound', 'summary': 'The Grumman C-2 Greyhound is a twin-engine , high-wing cargo aircraft , designed to carry supplies , mail , and passengers to and from aircraft carriers of the United States Navy . Its primary mission is carrier onboard delivery ( COD ) . The aircraft provides critical logistics support to carrier strike groups . The aircraft is mainly used to transport high-priority cargo , mail , and passengers between carriers and shore bases , and can also deliver cargo like jet engines and special stores . Prototype C-2s first flew in 1964 , and production followed the next year . The initial Greyhound aircraft were overhauled in 1973 . In 1984 , more C-2As were ordered under designation Reprocured C-2A or C-2A ( R ) . In 2010 all C-2A ( R ) aircraft received updated propellers ( from four to eight blades ) and navigational updates ( glass cockpit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'HSC-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSC-12', 'summary': 'Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 12 ( HSC-12 ) Golden Falcons is a United States Navy helicopter squadron formerly designated HS-2 , based at Naval Air Facility Atsugi , in Japan . They are attached to Carrier Air Wing Five with the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan . In early 2009 , HS-2 Golden Falcons transitioned to the MH-60S Seahawk and were re-designated HSC-12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Golden Falcons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MH-60S Seahawk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SH-60_Seahawk', 'summary': 'The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk ( or Sea Hawk ) is a twin turboshaft engine , multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family . The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships . The U.S. Navy uses the H-60 airframe under the model designations SH-60B , SH-60F , HH-60H , MH-60R , and MH-60S . Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate , destroyer , cruiser , fast combat support ship , amphibious assault ship , or aircraft carrier , the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , anti-surface warfare ( ASUW ) , naval special warfare ( NSW ) insertion , search and rescue ( SAR ) , combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) , vertical replenishment ( VERTREP ) , and medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'HSM-77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSM-77', 'summary': 'Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron Seven Seven ( HSM-77 ) Saberhawks is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Facility , Atsugi , Japan . HSM-77 is attached to Carrier Air Wing Five and deploys aboard USS Ronald Reagan and air capable ships attached to Carrier Strike Group Five ( CSG-5 ) . The squadron was established as Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron ( Light ) Forty Seven ( HSL-47 ) on 25 September 1987 and was redesignated HSM-77 on 2 Apr 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Saberhawks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MH-60R Seahawk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MH-60R_Seahawk', 'summary': 'The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk ( or Sea Hawk ) is a twin turboshaft engine , multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family . The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships . The U.S. Navy uses the H-60 airframe under the model designations SH-60B , SH-60F , HH-60H , MH-60R , and MH-60S . Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate , destroyer , cruiser , fast combat support ship , amphibious assault ship , or aircraft carrier , the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) , anti-surface warfare ( ASUW ) , naval special warfare ( NSW ) insertion , search and rescue ( SAR ) , combat search and rescue ( CSAR ) , vertical replenishment ( VERTREP ) , and medical evacuation ( MEDEVAC ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Subordinate units', 'section_text': 'CVW-5 consists of eight Squadrons and one Fleet Logistics Squadron Detachment [ 6 ] CVW-5 aircraft in 2012 . CVW-5 aircraft flying over the USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN-76 ) in 2019', 'uid': 'Carrier_Air_Wing_Five_0', 'intro': "Carrier Air Wing Five (CVW-5) is a United States Navy aircraft carrier air wing based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni and Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan. The air wing is attached to the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan. It was initially formed in 1943. It has participated in the Second World War, the Korean War, the Gulf War, Operation Southern Watch, the War in Afghanistan, and the War in Iraq. The wing's officially stated mission is 'To conduct carrier air warfare operations and assist in the planning, control, coordination and integration of seven air wing squadrons in support of carrier air warfare including; Interception and destruction of enemy aircraft and missiles in all-weather conditions to establish and maintain local air superiority. All-weather offensive air-to-surface attacks, Detection, localization, and destruction of enemy ships and submarines to establish and maintain local sea control. Aerial photographic, sighting, and electronic intelligence for naval and joint operations. Airborne early warning service to fleet forces and shore warning nets. Airborne electronic countermeasures. In-flight refueling operations to extend the range and the endurance of air wing aircraft and Search and rescue operations.' The fixed-wing squadrons of the air wing transferred to Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni in Yamaguchi prefecture in 2017 and early 2018."}
null
null
What is the Assigned Aircraft of the squadron that is also known as the Torch Bearers ?
E-2D Hawkeye
093aff55a1881808
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Allsvenskan', 'title': '2010 Allsvenskan', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Arena', 'Capacity', 'Average attendance', 'Manager'], 'data': [{'value': 'AIK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AIK_Fotboll', 'summary': "AIK Fotboll ( LSE : 0DI2 ) , more commonly known simply as AIK ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɑ̂ːiːˌkoː ] ) , an abbreviation for Allmänna Idrottsklubben ( meaning the public or general sports club ) , is a Swedish football club competing in Allsvenskan , the top flight of Swedish football . The club was founded 1891 in Stockholm and the football department was formed in 1896 . AIK 's home ground is Friends Arena , located in Solna in Central Stockholm County . League champions 2018 , AIK has 12 championship titles and is third in the all-time Allsvenskan table . The club holds the record for having played the most seasons in the Swedish top flight . In addition , in this century AIK is the club that has finished top three in Allsvenskan the most times ( 11 ) , and finished top three six times in a row ( 2013-2018 ) . AIK is consequently the Swedish club that has qualified for UEFA club competitions the most times this century . Affiliated with the Stockholm Football Association , AIK is the only side from Stockholm to have qualified for the group stage of a UEFA competition ; the club reached the quarter-finals of the 1996-97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , qualified for the 1999-2000 UEFA Champions League group stage , and competed in the 2012-13 UEFA Europa League group stage ."}]}, {'value': 'Solna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solna_Municipality', 'summary': "Solna Municipality ( Swedish : Solna kommun or Solna stad , IPA : [ ˈsôːlna ] ) is a municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden , located just north of the Stockholm City Centre . Its seat is located in the town of Solna , which is a part of the Stockholm urban area . The municipality is a part of Metropolitan Stockholm . None of the area is considered rural , which is unusual for Swedish municipalities , which normally are of mixed rural/urban character . Solna is the third smallest municipality in Sweden in terms of area . Solna borders Stockholm Municipality to the south , southeast and northwest ; to Sundbyberg Municipality to the west ; to Sollentuna Municipality to the north ; and finally to Danderyd Municipality to the northeast . The boundary with Danderyd Municipality is delineated by the Stocksundet sea strait . There are two parishes in Solna Municipality : Råsunda ( population 29,677 ) and Solna ( population 28,317 ) . Solna is divided into eight traditional parts with no administrative functions : Bergshamra , Haga , Hagalund , Huvudsta , Järva , Råsunda , Skytteholm and Ulriksdal . The largest districts are Råsunda , Hagalund and Huvudsta , with the Solna Centrum in between them . With few exceptions , Solna 's built-up areas have a suburban character , but there are also several large parks and Friends Arena , Sweden 's new national football stadium adjacent to the Solna station of Stockholm commuter rail . The final matches of both the 1958 FIFA ( men 's ) World Cup and the 1995 FIFA Women 's World Cup were played at Råsunda Stadium , the national football stadium from 1937 to 2012 ( demolished in 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Råsunda Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Råsunda_Stadion', 'summary': 'Råsunda Stadium ( Swedish : [ ˈrôːˌsɵnːda ] ( listen ) ; also known as Råsunda Fotbollsstadion , Råsundastadion or just Råsunda ) was the Swedish national football stadium . It was located in Solna Municipality in Stockholm and named after the district in Solna where it is located . In November 2012 it was closed down and replaced by the newly built Friends Arena about 1 km from Råsunda Stadium . Råsunda Stadium was completely demolished in 2013 and flats and offices was built on the old ground .'}]}, {'value': '36,608', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Miller', 'summary': 'Alex Miller ( born 4 July 1949 ) is a Scottish football manager and former player . As a player , he had a 15-year career with Rangers . As a manager , he won the 1991 Scottish League Cup with Hibernian . He subsequently worked for Premier League club Liverpool for nine years , assisting Gérard Houllier and Rafael Benítez .'}]}, {'value': 'IF Brommapojkarna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Brommapojkarna , more commonly known as Brommapojkarna ( meaning the Bromma boys ) or simply BP , is a Swedish football club located in the borough of Bromma , in the western parts of Stockholm municipality . Brommapojkarna is the largest football club in Europe in terms of the number of active teams of all ages - in 2007 there were 247 teams and 3,000 players . The women 's team plays in Elitettan , the Second tier . There is also a floorball department . The club is famous for its youth academy , which has produced numerous top-quality Swedish players throughout the years . The club is affiliated to the Stockholms Fotbollförbund ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Grimsta IP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grimsta_IP', 'summary': 'Grimsta IP is a multi-use stadium in Vällingby , Sweden . It is currently used for football matches and is the home stadium of IF Brommapojkarna . The stadium holds 5000 people after the latest expansion . The latest expansion took place between 2015 and 2017 with the construction of the new stand that cost 57 million kronor , it includes also the construction of new locker rooms , a new press stand and a new bar . The new stand , with more than 2000 seats , fulfills the requirement of the Swedish football association for having the license for playing in Superettan and Allsvenskan . The inauguration of the New Grimsta IP was celebrated on 8 April 2017 with the Superettan football game between IF Brommapojkarna and Örgryte ( 3-0 ) in front of 1,722 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '4,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,262', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Bergstrand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djurgårdens IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djurgårdens_IF_Fotboll', 'summary': "Djurgårdens IF Fotbollsförening - commonly known as Djurgårdens IF , Djurgården Fotboll ( official name ) , Djurgården ( IPA : [ ˈjʉ̂ːrˌɡoːɖɛn ] ) , and ( especially locally ) Djurgår ' n ( IPA : [ ˈjʉ̌ː ( r ) ɡɔɳ ] ) , Dif or DIF [ A ] - is the association football department of Djurgårdens IF . Founded 1891 on the island Djurgården , the club 's home ground is Tele2 Arena , situated in the Johanneshov district of Stockholm . Competing in the highest Swedish tier , Allsvenskan , the club has won the league twelve times and the cup five times . The league titles have mainly been won during three separate eras . The first period was the 1910s , when they won four league titles . The second era occurred in the 1950s and 60s , when Djurgården also won the league four times . The most recent era was the first half of the 00s when they won both the league and the cup three times . Fans of the club , called djurgårdare , are found all over Stockholm and Sweden . However , Östermalm , where Djurgården 's former home ground Stadion is situated , is by some considered the club 's heartland . Djurgården is affiliated to the Stockholms Fotbollförbund ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Stockholms Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholms_Stadion', 'summary': 'Stockholm Olympic Stadium ( Swedish : Stockholms Olympiastadion ) , most often called Stockholms stadion or ( especially locally ) simply Stadion , is a stadium in Stockholm , Sweden . Designed by architect Torben Grut , it was opened in 1912 , its original use was as a venue for the 1912 Olympic Games . At the 1912 Games , it hosted the athletics , some of the equestrian , some of the football , gymnastics , the running part of the modern pentathlon , tug of war , and wrestling events . It has a capacity of 13,145-14,500 depending on usage and a capacity of nearly 33,000 for concerts .'}]}, {'value': '14,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,178', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lennart Wass Carlos Banda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IF Elfsborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IF_Elfsborg', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Elfsborg , more commonly known as IF Elfsborg or simply Elfsborg ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɛ̌lfsbɔrj ] ) , is a professional football club based in Borås , Sweden , and is affiliated to the Västergötlands Fotbollförbund . They play in the Allsvenskan and have spent most of their history in the top tier of Swedish football . Their homeground is Borås Arena , where they have played since 17 April 2005 . The club was founded in 1904 by a group of 19 youngsters which all were 14-15 years old . Borås Fotbollslag was formed in Ordenshuset at Landala ( today Knalleland ) on 26 June 1904 . The main protagonist in the formation , Carl Larson , who in addition to football also practiced athletics and wrestling . Claimed the reason was that the main sports club in the city , Borås Athletic and Sports Society , would not exert football in their program . Carl Larson , however , found that there were too many clubs containing the city name Borås which contributed to the name change in 1906 by Riksidrottsförbundet to the current , IF Elfsborg . The name is derived from Älvsborg County where instead of making use of the modern spelling Älvsborg , they used out of the older spelling with an E. The same goes for the club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , yellow and black . Colors that are taken from Älvsborg Regiment , Elfsborg would not only represent a city but a whole region . A recurring motto of the club is Vi Tillsammans ( We together ) . The club 's homeground Borås Arena is also called Elfsborg Fortress , since Elfsborg is Allsvenskan home strongest team in the 2000s ( decade ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Borås', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borås', 'summary': 'Borås ( UK : /bʊˈrɔːs/ buu-RAWSS , US : /buːˈrɔːs , buːˈroʊs/ boo-RAWSS , boo-ROHSS , Swedish : [ bʊˈroːs ] ( listen ) ) is a city ( officially , a locality ) and the seat of Borås Municipality , Västra Götaland County , Sweden . It had 66,273 inhabitants in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Borås Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borås_Arena', 'summary': "The Borås Arena is a football stadium in Borås , Sweden . It is the home ground of IF Elfsborg and Norrby IF and was opened in 2005 . Borås Arena has an artificial turf pitch , GreenFields MX by GreenFields , and has a capacity of 14,500-17,800 depending on usage . Both clubs presently using the stadium previously had Ryavallen as their home ground . Until recently it was the only stadium in Allsvenskan built in the last 40 years . The arena is located in Knalleland and is very close to the newly built athletics hall Ryahallen . The first game at Borås Arena was IF Elfsborg vs Örgryte IS on 17 April 2005 in the top Swedish league , Allsvenskan . The game ended in a 1-0 victory for Elfsborg , Daniel Mobaeck scoring the goal . The current record attendance is 17,070 and was set 4 July 2005 in a game between IF Elfsborg and Kalmar FF which marked the return of both Anders Svensson and Mathias Svensson . The stadium was originally scheduled to be a tournament site for the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , but a sponsorship conflict with Max fast food chain 's location at the stadium and official UEFA sponsor McDonald 's , plus a contractual requirement for official sponsors to have a monopoly over the stadium 's area , and a refusal to close the restaurant led to it losing its status as a site for the tournament . Borås Arena did n't only open a new era for IF Elfsborg but also for other clubs in Allsvenskan , Elfsborg was the first club to build a new arena owned by their investment company . Many other clubs have built new arenas copying the model Elfsborg set up , trying to own their arena which gives big economic resources ."}]}, {'value': '17,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,423', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnus Haglund', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GAIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GAIS', 'summary': "Göteborgs Atlet- och Idrottssällskap ( meaning Gothenburg 's Athletics and Sports Association ) , commonly referred to as GAIS or Gais , [ A ] is a Swedish football club based in Gothenburg . The club is affiliated to the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gamla Ullevi . Fans also refers to the club as Grönsvart ( green-black ) or Makrillarna ( the Mackerels ) because of the traditional shirt colours . GAIS is one of the oldest football clubs in Sweden . The club was a founding member of Allsvenskan and also the first champions of the league . They have won a total of four national championship titles , five league championship titles and one national cup title . Even though GAIS have played 49 seasons in Allsvenskan they only spent six years in the top division during a 30-year period from 1976 to 2005 , with another six seasons of that time spent as low as the third division . The club thus gained the reputation of being a yo-yo club , constantly going up and down through the league system . After their promotion in 2005 the club played seven straight seasons in Allsvenskan which was a feat not achieved since the degradation in 1955 . After relegation in 2012 they finished seventh in Superettan in 2013 and has remained there since ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothenburg', 'summary': "Gothenburg ( /ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated Gbg ; Swedish : Göteborg [ jœtɛˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is the second-largest city in Sweden , fifth-largest in the Nordic countries , and capital of the Västra Götaland County . It is situated by Kattegat , on the west coast of Sweden , and has a population of approximately 570,000 in the city proper and about 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area . Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified , primarily Dutch , trading colony , by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus . In addition to the generous privileges ( e.g . tax relaxation ) given to his Dutch allies from the then-ongoing Thirty Years ' War , the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast . At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv , where Scandinavia 's largest drainage basin enters the sea , the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries . Gothenburg is home to many students , as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology . Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 . The original parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city . Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca . Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km ( 19 mi ) southeast of the city center . The smaller Göteborg City Airport , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the city center , was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamla Ullevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamla_Ullevi', 'summary': "Gamla Ullevi ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɡâmːla ˈɵ̂lːɛˌviː ] ) is a football stadium in Gothenburg , Sweden , that opened on 5 April 2009 . The stadium replaced the city 's previous main football stadium , also called Gamla Ullevi , and is the home ground of GAIS , IFK Göteborg and Örgryte IS . It is also the national stadium for the Sweden women 's national football team . The new stadium was built on the ground of the now-demolished old stadium . The construction of the stadium was surrounded by controversy , regarding the cost of the project , the alleged low standard of the finished stadium , as well as its name . The first competitive match at the stadium on 5 April 2009 was also a derby between Örgryte IS and GAIS , attracting 17,531 spectators . The current attendance record of 18,276 was , however , set about a week later when IFK Göteborg played their first game at Gamla Ullevi against Djurgårdens IF ."}]}, {'value': '18,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,666', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Axén', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gefle IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gefle_IF', 'summary': "Gefle Idrottsförening , also known simply as Gefle IF , Gefle ( pronounced [ ˈjɛ̌ːvlɛ ] , as if spelled Gävle ) , or locally Gif ( pronounced [ ˈɡɪfː ] ) , are a Swedish professional football club based in Gävle . The club is affiliated with Gestriklands Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gavlevallen since the 2015 season . The club colours are blue and white . Formed on 5 December 1882 as Gefle SK , the club have played fifteen seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , with the first season being 1933-34 . The club is currently playing in Division 1 , the third tier of Swedish football ."}]}, {'value': 'Gävle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gävle', 'summary': "Gävle ( pronounced [ ˈjɛ̌ːvlɛ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Sweden , the seat of Gävle Municipality and the capital of Gävleborg County . It had 100 603 inhabitants in 2017 , which makes it the 13th most populated city in Sweden . It is the oldest city in the historical Norrland ( Sweden 's Northern Lands ) , having received its charter in 1446 from Christopher of Bavaria . However , Gävle is far nearer the greater Stockholm region than it is to the other major settlements in Norrland . In recent years , the city has received a lot of international attention due to its large Yule Goat figure made of straw - the Gävle Goat . The goat is erected in December each year and is often subsequently vandalised , usually by someone setting it on fire . The goat has now become a symbol for the city and is being used for various marketing purposes ."}]}, {'value': 'Strömvallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strömvallen', 'summary': 'Strömvallen is a football stadium in Gävle , Sweden . It was the home ground of Gefle IF until 2015 . The stadium holds 6,703 people and was initially opened in 1903 , with a dedicated spectator area built in 1923 .'}]}, {'value': '7,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Per Olsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halmstads BK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halmstads_BK', 'summary': "Halmstads Bollklubb , also known simply as Halmstad ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhǎlmsta ( d ) ] ) or ( especially locally ) HBK or Bollkubben , is a Swedish football club located in Halmstad in the county of Halland . The club , formed 7 February 1914 and approved membership in Riksidrottsförundet on 6 March 1914 , competes in the second tier of Swedish football , Superettan , and has won 4 national championship titles and 1 national cup title . HBK is a member controlled club . The club gained some European recognition in 1995 , when they defeated the successful Italian club Parma A.C. 3-0 at Gamla Ullevi ( in Gothenburg ) in the first of two matches in the Cup Winners ' Cup . However , their second encounter , in Parma , ended with a crushing 0-4 defeat , eliminating them from the tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Halmstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halmstad', 'summary': "Halmstad ( Swedish : [ ˈhâlmsta ( d ) ] ( listen ) ) is a port , university , industrial and recreational city at the mouth of the Nissan river , in the province of Halland on the Swedish west coast . Halmstad is the seat of Halmstad Municipality and the capital of Halland County . The city had a population of 92,797 in 2012 , out of a municipal total of over 90,000 ( 18th most populous - 2012 ) . Halmstad is Sweden 's 20th-largest city by population and located about midway between Gothenburg ( the second most populous ) and Malmö ( the third ) . Timber framing architecture is common ."}]}, {'value': 'Örjans Vall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Örjans_Vall', 'summary': 'Örjans Vall is a football stadium in Halmstad , Sweden , built in 1922 .'}]}, {'value': '15,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Jacobsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Jacobsson', 'summary': 'Lasse Jacobsson ( born 10 December 1960 in Jönköping ) is a Swedish football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsingborgs IF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF', 'summary': 'Helsingborgs IF ( alternative spelling Hälsingborgs IF ) , commonly referred to as Helsingborg ( Swedish : [ hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) , or ( especially locally ) HIF ( IPA : [ ˈhôːiːˌɛf ] ) , is a Swedish professional football club located in Helsingborg . They played in the Swedish second tier , Superettan in 2018 , but were promoted to Allsvenskan ahead of the 2019 season . Formed in 1907 , the club has won five national championship titles and five national cup titles . Helsingborgs IF have also won Allsvenskan on two occasions when the title of Swedish champions was not decided by the outcome of that league . [ A ] Helsingborg was a founder member of Allsvenskan , and between 1924 and 1968 they spent all but two seasons in the top division , and won the league five times . At the end of the 1968 season , HIF was relegated , and while most people initially expected a quick return , they went on to spend the next 24 seasons in the lower leagues before finally getting promoted back to the top flight in 1992 . Having returned to Allsvenskan in 1993 , Helsingborg remained in the top division until 2016 , winning the league twice in 1999 and 2011 . The club is affiliated to the Skånes Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': 'Helsingborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsingborg', 'summary': "Helsingborg ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋbɔːrɡ/ , US also /-bɔːr ( jə ) , -bɔːri , ˌhɛlsɪŋˈbɔːri/ , Swedish : [ hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) , Danish : [ hɛlseŋˈpɒˀ ] ; spelled Hälsingborg between 1912 and 1970 ) is a town and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality , Scania , Sweden . It had 108,334 inhabitants in 2017 . Helsingborg is the centre of the northern part of western Scania and Sweden 's closest point to Denmark : the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km ( 2 mi ) to the west on the other side of the Øresund . The HH Ferry route across the sound has more than 70 car ferry departures from each harbour every day . [ citation needed ] Following the Swedish orthography reform of 1906 the spelling of many place names in Sweden was modernized . In 1912 it was decided to use the form Hälsingborg . In preparation for the local government reform in 1971 , Hälsingborg city council proposed that the new , enlarged municipality should be spelled Helsingborg ; this form was adopted by the Government of Sweden from 1 January 1971 . Historic Helsingborg , with its many old buildings , is a scenic coastal city . The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress ( Kärnan ) in the city centre , and more modern commercial buildings . The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways . Kullagatan , the main pedestrian shopping street in the city , was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Olympia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympia_(stadium)', 'summary': "Olympia , sometimes referred to as Olympiastadion ( English : Olympic Stadium ) , is a football stadium in Helsingborg , Sweden . It was opened in 1898 , but has been rebuilt in 1993 , 1997 and 2014-2017 , and has a capacity of 17,200 ( 9,673 seated and about 7,500 ground attendance stands ) . All stands can be converted into seaters , giving a capacity of around 13,000 ) . It is the home ground of Allsvenskan side Helsingborgs IF . On October 22 , 2014 the Helsingborg City Council , who owns Olympia , unanimously voted to renovate and rebuild the stadium . The construction will start after the 2014 Allsvenskan season and will be finished in early to mid 2017 . This will be the fourth updating of the arena since 1985 . Before 1985 the arena was in a dreadful state with athletic running tracks , wooden stands , and a very poor lighting system . The name of this arena has no actual connection to the Olympic Games , but since the modern Olympic 's started in 1896 and Olympia was opened two years later , it seems a possible thought that the name was influenced by the at the time renewed Olympic Games . The record for attendance is 26,154 and was set 14 May 1954 , when Helsingborgs IF played Malmö FF . In 1958 the stadium hosted two FIFA World Cup matches , and seven matches in FIFA Women 's World Cup 1995 . At the Helsingborgs IF matches Hey Jude by The Beatles is played during halftime and when Helsingborgs IF win a game What a Beautiful Day by The Levellers is played ."}]}, {'value': '17,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,543', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conny Karlsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conny_Karlsson_(footballer)', 'summary': "Conny Karlsson ( born 21 November 1953 in Oskarshamn ) is a Swedish football manager who currently is coaching the women 's team of Stattena IF . Born in Oskarshamn , he played for local club IFK Oskarshamn before moving to Swedish giants IFK Göteborg , where he won the 1981-82 UEFA Cup . After a short stint with the Toronto Blizzard , he ended his playing career at Örgryte IS . He was capped 5 times for Sweden . He began his coaching career at Örgryte IS , first as an assistant-coach , then as first-team coach . He also managed Landskrona BoIS ( which he got promoted to Allsvenskan in 1993 ) , HamKam , FK Haugesund , Kalmar FF , Assyriska Föreningen , Trelleborgs FF , Sarpsborg 08 FF and Helsingborgs IF . After winning Allsvenskan with Helsingborgs IF in 2011 , Karlsson decided to withdraw as head coach on 14 June 2012 and was replaced by Åge Hareide ."}]}, {'value': 'BK Häcken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BK_Häcken', 'summary': "Bollklubben Häcken , more commonly known as BK Häcken or simply Häcken ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈhɛ̌kːɛn ] ) , is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg . The club is affiliated to Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Bravida Arena . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are yellow and black . Formed on 2 August 1940 , the club has played sixteen seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1983 . The club plays in Allsvenskan , the top tier of Swedish football ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothenburg', 'summary': "Gothenburg ( /ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated Gbg ; Swedish : Göteborg [ jœtɛˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is the second-largest city in Sweden , fifth-largest in the Nordic countries , and capital of the Västra Götaland County . It is situated by Kattegat , on the west coast of Sweden , and has a population of approximately 570,000 in the city proper and about 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area . Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified , primarily Dutch , trading colony , by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus . In addition to the generous privileges ( e.g . tax relaxation ) given to his Dutch allies from the then-ongoing Thirty Years ' War , the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast . At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv , where Scandinavia 's largest drainage basin enters the sea , the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries . Gothenburg is home to many students , as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology . Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 . The original parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city . Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca . Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km ( 19 mi ) southeast of the city center . The smaller Göteborg City Airport , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the city center , was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rambergsvallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rambergsvallen', 'summary': 'Ramsbergvallen was a multi-use stadium on Hisingen in Gothenburg , Sweden . It was used mostly for football matches and served as the home ground of BK Häcken . The stadium held 7,000 people and was opened August 18 , 1935 . Media related to Rambergsvallen at Wikimedia Commons'}]}, {'value': '7,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Gerhardsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFK Göteborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IFK_Göteborg', 'summary': "Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Göteborg ( officially IFK Göteborg Fotboll ) , commonly known as IFK Göteborg , IFK ( especially locally ) or simply Göteborg , is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg . Founded in 1904 , it is the only club in the Nordic countries that has won one of the main UEFA competitions , having won the UEFA Cup in both 1982 and 1987 . IFK is affiliated with Göteborgs Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Gamla Ullevi . The club colours are blue and white , colours shared both with the sports society which the club originated from , Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna , and with the coat of arms of the city of Gothenburg . Besides the two UEFA Cup titles , IFK have won 18 Swedish championship titles , second most in Swedish football after Malmö FF , and have the third most national cup titles with seven . The team has qualified for four group stages of the UEFA Champions League , and reached the semi-finals of the 1985-86 European Cup . IFK Göteborg is the only club team in any sport to have won the Radiosportens Jerringpris , an award for best Swedish sports performance of the year voted by the Swedish people , for the 1982 UEFA Cup victory . IFK is the most popular football club in Sweden , with diverse country-wide support . IFK Göteborg play in the highest Swedish league , Allsvenskan , where they have played for the majority of their history . They have played in the Swedish first tier continuously since 1977 , which is the longest ongoing top-flight tenure in Sweden . The club won its first Swedish championship in 1908 , four years after the founding , and has won at least one championship title in every decade since , except the 1920s , 1970s and 2010s . IFK Göteborg 's most successful period was from 1982 to 1996 , when the team prospered in European football and won 10 out of 15 Swedish championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothenburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothenburg', 'summary': "Gothenburg ( /ˈɡɒθənbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated Gbg ; Swedish : Göteborg [ jœtɛˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is the second-largest city in Sweden , fifth-largest in the Nordic countries , and capital of the Västra Götaland County . It is situated by Kattegat , on the west coast of Sweden , and has a population of approximately 570,000 in the city proper and about 1 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area . Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified , primarily Dutch , trading colony , by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus . In addition to the generous privileges ( e.g . tax relaxation ) given to his Dutch allies from the then-ongoing Thirty Years ' War , the king also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast . At a key strategic location at the mouth of the Göta älv , where Scandinavia 's largest drainage basin enters the sea , the Port of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries . Gothenburg is home to many students , as the city includes the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology . Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927 . The original parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city . Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca . Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km ( 19 mi ) southeast of the city center . The smaller Göteborg City Airport , 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the city center , was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamla Ullevi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gamla_Ullevi', 'summary': "Gamla Ullevi ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɡâmːla ˈɵ̂lːɛˌviː ] ) is a football stadium in Gothenburg , Sweden , that opened on 5 April 2009 . The stadium replaced the city 's previous main football stadium , also called Gamla Ullevi , and is the home ground of GAIS , IFK Göteborg and Örgryte IS . It is also the national stadium for the Sweden women 's national football team . The new stadium was built on the ground of the now-demolished old stadium . The construction of the stadium was surrounded by controversy , regarding the cost of the project , the alleged low standard of the finished stadium , as well as its name . The first competitive match at the stadium on 5 April 2009 was also a derby between Örgryte IS and GAIS , attracting 17,531 spectators . The current attendance record of 18,276 was , however , set about a week later when IFK Göteborg played their first game at Gamla Ullevi against Djurgårdens IF ."}]}, {'value': '18,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,489', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefan Rehn Jonas Olsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Rehn', 'summary': 'Jan Stefan Rehn ( born 22 September 1966 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player who is the manager of Division 1 club Utsiktens BK .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Olsson_(footballer_born_1970)', 'summary': 'Jonas Olsson ( born 14 January 1970 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalmar FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalmar_FF', 'summary': "Kalmar Fotbollsförening , more commonly known as Kalmar FF , Kalmar or ( especially locally ) KFF , is a Swedish professional football club based in Kalmar . The club is affiliated to Smålands Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Guldfågeln Arena . Formed on 10 January 1910 as IF Göta , the club have won one national championship title ( 2008 ) and three national cup titles ( 1981 , 1987 & 2007 ) . Kalmar FF 's local rivals are Kalmar AIK and Östers IF ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalmar', 'summary': "Kalmar ( /ˈkælmɑːr/ , also US : /ˈkɑːlmɑːr/ , Swedish : [ ˈkǎlmar ] ( listen ) ) is a city in the southeast of Sweden , situated by the Baltic Sea . It had 36,392 inhabitants in 2010 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality . It is also the capital of Kalmar County , which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 236,399 inhabitants ( 2015 ) . From the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries , Kalmar was one of Sweden 's most important cities . Between 1602 and 1913 it was the episcopal see of Kalmar Diocese , with a bishop , and the Kalmar Cathedral from 1702 is still a fine example of classicistic architecture . It became a fortified city , with the Kalmar Castle as the center . After the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 , Kalmar 's importance diminished , until the industry sector was initiated in the 19th century . The city is home to parts of Linnaeus University . Kalmar is adjacent to the main route to the island of Öland over the Öland Bridge ."}]}, {'value': 'Fredriksskans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredriksskans', 'summary': 'Fredriksskans is a stadium in Kalmar , Sweden that is Kalmar SK : s home arena . Coordinates : 56°40′7″N 16°21′39″E / 56.66861°N 16.36083°E / 56.66861 ; 16.36083 It was the previous home ground of Kalmar FF .'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,285', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanne Bergstrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanne_Bergstrand', 'summary': 'Kurt Arne Nanne René Bergstrand ( born April 28 , 1956 ) is a Swedish football manager and former football player . He has previously coached Helsingborgs IF , Östers IF , Kalmar FF and Hammarby IF in Allsvenskan . His over ten-year tenure as manager of Kalmar FF made him the tenth longest-serving manager in European first-division football at the time according to UEFA . During the later years of his career at Kalmar FF he was sometimes referred to as the Swedish equivalent to Alex Ferguson .'}]}, {'value': 'Malmö FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmö_FF', 'summary': 'Malmö Fotbollförening , commonly known as Malmö FF , Malmö , or MFF , is the most successful football club in Sweden in terms of trophies won . Formed in 1910 and affiliated with the Scania Football Association , Malmö FF are based at Eleda Stadion in Malmö , Scania . The club have won the most Swedish championship titles , 20 , a record 23 league titles , and a record 14 national cup titles . [ A ] The club won their first Championship in 1944 . The powerhouse of Swedish football in recent years , Malmö FF also saw glory in the 1970s , winning five Swedish championships and four Svenska Cupen titles . What is more , MFF is the only club from the Nordic countries to have reached the final of the European Cup , the predecessor of the UEFA Champions League . They were runners-up in the 1979 European Champions Cup final , which they lost 1-0 to English club Nottingham Forest . For this feat , Malmö FF were awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal . Malmö FF is also the only Nordic club to have been represented at the Intercontinental Cup ( succeeded by FIFA Club World Cup ) in which they competed for the 1979 title . Malmö FF are the leaders of the overall Allsvenskan table maratontabellen where Malmö FF is the team that has scored the most goals and won the most matches , despite having played fewer seasons than other teams . In recent years the team qualified for two consecutive group stages of the Champions League in 2014 and 2015 . In 2019 , Malmö played in the knockout stage of the UEFA Europa League , losing 5-1 on aggregate against eventual champions Chelsea .'}]}, {'value': 'Malmö', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmö', 'summary': 'Malmö ( /ˈmælmoʊ , ˈmɑːlmɜː/ ; Swedish : [ ˈmâlmøː ] ( listen ) ; Danish : Malmø [ ˈmælmˌøˀ ] ) is the largest city of the Swedish county of Skåne County , the third-largest city in Sweden , after Stockholm and Gothenburg , and the sixth-largest city in Scandinavia , with a population of 316,588 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 338,230 in 2018 . The Malmö Metropolitan Region is home to over 700,000 people , and the Øresund Region , which includes Malmö , is home to 4 million people . Malmö was one of the earliest and most industrialized towns of Scandinavia , but it struggled with the adaptation to post-industrialism . Since the construction of the Öresund Bridge , Malmö has undergone a major transformation , producing new architectural developments , supporting new biotech and IT companies , and attracting students through Malmö University and other higher education facilities . The city contains many historic buildings and parks , and is also a commercial center for the western part of Scania .'}]}, {'value': 'Swedbank Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedbank_Stadion', 'summary': "Eleda Stadion is a football stadium in Malmö , Sweden and the home of Allsvenskan club Malmö Fotbollförening , commonly known as Malmö FF . In UEFA competitions , the stadium has also been known as Malmö New Stadium and formerly known as Swedbank Stadion for sponsorship reasons as well as Stadion . The stadium was named after Swedish based banking group Swedbank , which owned its naming rights between 2007 and 2017 . Apart from being the home of Malmö FF , Stadion has also hosted senior and youth international matches . The stadium is the third largest used by a Swedish football club , behind AIK 's Friends Arena and Djurgårdens IF 's and Hammarby IF 's Tele2 Arena , both located in Stockholm . In league matches , the stadium has a capacity of 22,500 , of which 18,000 are seated , and 4,500 are standing . In European matches , the 4,500 standing places are converted to 3,000 seats , making the stadium a 21,000-capacity all-seater . Stadion opened in April 2009 , and replaced Malmö Stadion , where Malmö FF had been based since 1958 . The new ground was originally budgeted to cost 398 million kronor , but ultimately cost 695 million kronor ( €79.7 ) . It is a UEFA category 4-rated stadium , and is thus able to host all UEFA club competition matches , except for finals . The ground 's record attendance , 24,148 , was set in an Allsvenskan match between Malmö FF and Mjällby AIF on 7 November 2010 : in this match , Malmö FF won 2-0 and clinched that year 's national championship ."}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,194', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roland Nilsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roland_Nilsson', 'summary': "Roland Nilsson ( born 27 November 1963 ) is a Swedish football manager . As a player , Nilsson played 116 games for Sweden , making him the sixth most capped player in the Swedish national team . He also won the UEFA Cup and played in the semi-finals of the World Cup , the European Championships , and the European Cup during a playing career lasting over two decades . He won his first major honour as a manager in 2010 with Malmö FF when the team won Allsvenskan . On 1 April 2011 FC Copenhagen confirmed Nilsson as the club 's new manager to replace Ståle Solbakken who left Copenhagen to become manager of 1 . FC Köln in the summer of 2011 . Nilsson joined F.C . Copenhagen on 1 June 2011 but was sacked after six months on 9 January 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mjällby AIF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mjällby_AIF', 'summary': "Mjällby Allmänna Idrottsförening , also known simply as Mjällby AIF , Mjällby or ( especially locally ) MAIF , is a Swedish professional football club based in Hällevik . The club is affiliated to Blekinge Fotbollförbund and play its home games at Strandvallen . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are yellow and black . Formed on 1 April 1939 , the club have played eight seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1980 . The club are currently playing in Superettan ( 2nd level ) . With eight seasons in the top division Allsvenskan most recent in 2014 , Mjällby AIF is the most successful football team from the province of Blekinge . Former Sweden national football team players Christian Wilhelmsson and Mattias Asper began their careers at the club . Both players also ended their playing careers in Mjällby ."}]}, {'value': 'Mjällby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mjällby', 'summary': 'Mjällby is a locality situated in Sölvesborg Municipality , Blekinge County , Sweden with 1,254 inhabitants in 2010 . It is located on the Listerlandet peninsula . The town has traditionally lived of fishing . The nearby harbour of Nogersund is the third largest fishery harbour in Sweden . The fishery industry is also dominant on the peninsula . Listerlandet is also the fur farming centre of Sweden . Fur farming is currently under heavy political debate in Sweden . Mjällby is known for its football team which has played in the Swedish national football league a few times . Among footballfans in Sweden the team of Mjällby AIF is known as the team that always returns . In September 2009 the team once again qualified for the highest division and played five seasons in Allsvenskan before being relegated at the end of the 2014 season . The mathematician Lars Hörmander was born in Mjällby . A suburb of the town built by a local housing company was unofficially known for around 40 years by locals as Negerby ( Negro village ) because of the black chimneys on the houses .'}]}, {'value': 'Strandvallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strandvallen', 'summary': 'Strandvallen is a multi-use stadium in Hällevik , Sweden . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Mjällby AIF . The stadium holds 7,000 people and was built in 1953 .'}]}, {'value': '7,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,380', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Swärdh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trelleborgs FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trelleborgs_FF', 'summary': 'Trelleborgs Fotbollsförening , more commonly known as Trelleborgs FF or simply Trelleborg , is a Swedish football club located in Trelleborg . Formed 6 December 1926 , the club plays in Superettan , the second tier in the Swedish Football system . Trelleborgs FF has participated 17 times in Allsvenskan and once in the UEFA Cup where the team eliminated Blackburn Rovers in the 1994-1995 season . Trelleborg have had a reputation of being a less fashionable provincial side , making the most of limited resources and a small fan base . The team has typically been recognised by performing goalkeepers , a strong defense and a good home record . In 2006 the team broke the Superettan record for longest period without conceding a goal . The club is affiliated to the Skånes Fotbollförbund .'}]}, {'value': 'Trelleborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trelleborg', 'summary': 'Trelleborg ( Swedish pronunciation : [ trɛlɛˈbɔrj ] ) is a town in Skåne , Sweden , with 43,359 inhabitants as of December 31 , 2015 . It is the southernmost town in Sweden located some 10-15 kilometres ( 6.2-9.3 mi ) west from the southernmost point of Sweden and the Scandinavian peninsula . It is one of the most important ferry towns in Scandinavia as well as around the Baltic Sea , and the main town of the Söderslätt agricultural areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Vångavallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vångavallen', 'summary': 'Vångavallen is a multi-purpose stadium in Trelleborg , Sweden . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Trelleborgs FF . The stadium was opened on 5 June 1933 . It has a capacity of 7,000 spectators , 3,000 of which is seated .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Prahl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Prahl', 'summary': 'Tom Prahl ( born 5 January 1949 in Smedstorp ) is a Swedish retired former football player and manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Åtvidabergs FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Åtvidabergs_FF', 'summary': 'Åtvidabergs Fotbollförening , also known simply as Åtvidabergs FF , Åtvidaberg , Åtvid or ( especially locally ) ÅFF , is a Swedish professional football club based in Åtvidaberg . The club is affiliated with Östergötlands Fotbollförbund and plays their home games at Kopparvallen . The club colours , reflected in their crest and kit , are blue and white . Formed on 1 July 1907 as Åtvidabergs IF , the club was most successful during the 1970s when they won two national championship titles and two national cup titles . With a population of around 7,000 , Åtvidaberg is the smallest town ever to bring home a Swedish league title . They currently play in Division 1 , where the season lasts from April to November .'}]}, {'value': 'Åtvidaberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Åtvidaberg', 'summary': 'Åtvidaberg is a locality and the seat of Åtvidaberg Municipality , Östergötland County , Sweden with 6,859 inhabitants in 2010 . The name is a compound word which can be translated as towards wide mountains or , jokingly , ate wide mountains , thanks to the homonym nature of the Swedish word åt .'}]}, {'value': 'Kopparvallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kopparvallen', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Thomsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Örebro SK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Örebro_SK', 'summary': "Örebro Sportklubb , more commonly known as Örebro SK , Örebro or ( especially locally ) ÖSK , are a Swedish professional football club based in Örebro . The club are affiliated to Örebro Läns Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Behrn Arena . The club colours are black and white . Formed on 28 October 1908 the club have played 50 seasons in Sweden 's highest football league Allsvenskan , the club 's first season in the league was in 1946-47 ."}]}, {'value': 'Örebro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Örebro', 'summary': 'Örebro ( /ˌɜːrəˈbruː/ UR-ə-BROO , Swedish : [ œrɛˈbruː ] ( listen ) ) is a city with 124,027 inhabitants , the seat of Örebro Municipality and the capital of Örebro County in Sweden . It is the sixth largest city in Sweden and one of the largest inland hubs of the country . It is located near the lake of Hjälmaren , although a few kilometres inland along the small river Svartån . Örebro is home to Örebro University , a major university hospital , a medieval castle , the water park Gustavsvik as well as several large shopping malls and the Oset-Rynningeviken nature reserve at the lakefront .'}]}, {'value': 'Behrn Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Behrn_Arena', 'summary': "Behrn Arena , mostly known by its previous name Eyravallen , is a football stadium in Örebro , Sweden and home stadium for Örebro SK in Swedish top flight Allsvenskan . The stadium holds 12,645 people and was built in 1923 . The stadium has been developed during the last couple of years . The attendance record at the arena was against the local rival of Degerfors IF having 20,066 people watching the game 8 June 1961 , and the record in the modern-day arena is 12,523 being during the game against Hammarby IF , on 13 May 2018 . The stadium 's grass is astroturf since 2003 , and Örebro was the first top-flight club in Sweden to have that playing surface . This was in part due to the harsher winters in Örebro compared to coastal and further southern areas . Football club KIF Örebro and American football club Örebro Black Knights also became tenants of the stadium ."}]}, {'value': '14,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,704', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sixten Boström', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Overview', 'section_text': 'Råsunda Stadium AIK – Capacity 36.608 Swedbank Stadion Malmö FF – Capacity : 24.000 Gamla Ullevi IFK Göteborg and GAIS Capacity 18.800', 'uid': '2010_Allsvenskan_1', 'intro': 'The 2010 Allsvenskan, part of the 2010 Swedish football season, was the 86th Allsvenskan season. It began on 13 March 2010 and ended on 7 November 2010. AIK were the defending champions. Malmö FF secured their 16th title in the last round after winning with 2-0 against Mjällby AIF.'}
null
null
Who founded this football club whose home stadium held a match against Örgryte IS in 2005 ?
a group of 19 youngsters
093cf2a7301e895e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummerSlam', 'title': 'SummerSlam', 'header': ['#', 'Event', 'Date', 'City', 'Venue', 'Main Event'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1988 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1988)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 1988 ) was the inaugural SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event , produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 29 , 1988 , in Madison Square Garden , located in New York City , New York . The pay-per-view was created to help the company compete against rival promotion World Championship Wrestling ( formerly Jim Crockett Promotions ) . It was one of the first four annual pay-per-view events produced by the WWF , along with WrestleMania , the Royal Rumble , and Survivor Series . The event consisted of ten professional wrestling matches . The preliminary matches included a title defense by Intercontinental Champion The Honky Tonk Man against a surprise challenger , who turned out to be The Ultimate Warrior . The Ultimate Warrior won the match in just 31 seconds to end Honky Tonk 's 14 month title reign , the longest Intercontinental Championship reign in history . The main event was a match pitting The Mega Powers ( Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage ) against their long-time rivals , The Mega Bucks ( Ted DiBiase and André the Giant ) . Hogan and Savage won the match after Miss Elizabeth , Savage 's manager , distracted André and DiBiase , by removing her skirt to reveal her panties ."}]}, {'value': 'August 29 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Madison Square Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden', 'summary': "Madison Square Garden , colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG , is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City . Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets , it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station . It is the fourth venue to bear the name Madison Square Garden ; the first two ( 1879 and 1890 ) were located on Madison Square , on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue , with the third Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street . The Garden is used for professional ice hockey and basketball , as well as boxing , concerts , ice shows , circuses , professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment . It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks , including the Empire State Building , Koreatown , and Macy 's at Herald Square . It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and was home to the New York Liberty ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2017 . Originally called Madison Square Garden Center , the Garden opened on February 11 , 1968 , and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area . It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association . In 2016 , MSG was the second-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales , behind The O2 Arena in London . Including two major renovations , its total construction cost is approximately $ 1.1 billion , and it has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built . It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex , named for the railway station . Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name ."}]}, {'value': 'The Mega Powers ( Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage ) vs . The Mega Bucks ( André The Giant and Ted DiBiase ) with special guest referee Jesse Ventura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mega_Powers', 'summary': "The Mega Powers was a tag team in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) from 1987 to 1989 , consisting of Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage , and managed by Savage 's wife , Miss Elizabeth . Lust and jealousy surrounding her led to the team 's demise and subsequent feud . They briefly reformed in World Championship Wrestling in 1994 as The Monster Maniacs , and interacted sporadically thereafter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hulk_Hogan', 'summary': "Terry Gene Bollea ( /bəˈleɪə/ , born August 11 , 1953 ) , better known by his ring name as Hulk Hogan , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , television personality , entrepreneur , and musician . According to IGN , Hogan is the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s . Hogan began his professional wrestling career in 1977 , but gained worldwide recognition after signing for World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1983 . There , his persona as a heroic all-American helped usher in the 1980s professional wrestling boom , where he headlined the first nine editions of WWF 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . During his initial run , Hogan also won the WWF Championship five times , with his first reign holding the record for the second-longest in company history . Additionally , he is the first wrestler to win consecutive Royal Rumble matches , winning in 1990 and 1991 . In 1994 , he departed the WWF to sign for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Hogan subsequently won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship six times , and also holds the record for the longest reign in company history . In 1996 , he adopted the villainous persona of Hollywood Hulk Hogan , leading the popular New World Order ( NWO ) stable . As a result , he became a major figure during the Monday Night Wars , another boom of mainstream professional wrestling . Hogan also headlined WCW 's annual flagship event Starrcade three times , including the most profitable WCW pay-per-view ever at the event 's 1997 edition . Aside from those promotions , Hogan also performed for the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Randy_Savage', 'summary': "Randy Poffo ( November 15 , 1952 - May 20 , 2011 ) , better known by his ring name Randy Savage , was an American professional wrestler , actor , rapper and commentator best known for his time in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and later World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . His best known nickname was Macho Man . Savage was described by ESPN 's Bill Simmons as one of the greatest pro wrestlers who ever lived - a statement echoed by multiple industry performers . He was recognizable by wrestling fans for his distinctively deep and raspy voice , his flamboyant ring attire , intensity exhibited in and out of the ring , his use of Pomp and Circumstance as his entrance music , and his signature catch phrase , Oooh yeah ! For most of his tenures in the WWF and WCW , Savage was managed by his real-life wife , Miss Elizabeth Hulette . He won 29 titles during a 32-year career , including two WWF World Heavyweight Championships and four WCW World Heavyweight Championships . As WWF World Heavyweight Champion , Savage held similar drawing power to that of Hulk Hogan . A one-time WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion , Savage was named by WWE as the greatest titleholder of all time and was credited for bringing a higher level of credibility to the title through his amazing in-ring performances . Aside from championships , Savage was the 1987 WWF King of the Ring and the 1995 WCW World War 3 winner . He headlined many pay-per-view events throughout his career , including WrestleManias IV , V and VIII ( being part of a double main event at the last of those presentations ) , four of the first five SummerSlam shows , and the 1995 Starrcade . He was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame upon its inception in 1996 , with a posthumous WWE Hall of Fame induction following in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Mega_Bucks', 'summary': "The Mega Bucks were a professional wrestling tag team that competed in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in 1988 . The team , consisting of The Million Dollar Man Ted DiBiase and André the Giant , was formed in a storyline that saw DiBiase purchase André 's contract from fellow manager Bobby Heenan . André was to win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship from Hulk Hogan , but then he attempted to sell the belt to DiBiase . The title was vacated , but DiBiase and André were then scheduled to face Hogan and Macho Man Randy Savage in a match at SummerSlam , which Hogan and Savage won . After the match , DiBiase and André went their separate ways and the team was dissolved ."}, {'url': '/wiki/André_The_Giant', 'summary': 'André René Roussimoff ( May 19 , 1946 - January 27 , 1993 ) , best known as André the Giant , was a French professional wrestler and actor . He famously feuded with Hulk Hogan , culminating at WrestleMania III in 1987 . His best-remembered film role was that of Fezzik , the giant in The Princess Bride . His size was a result of gigantism caused by excess growth hormone , which later resulted in acromegaly . It also led to his being called The Eighth Wonder of the World . In the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now known as WWE ) , Roussimoff was a one-time WWF World Heavyweight Champion and a one-time WWF Tag Team Champion . In 1993 , he was the inaugural inductee into the newly created WWF Hall of Fame and he was later a charter member of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_DiBiase', 'summary': 'Theodore Marvin DiBiase Sr. ( born January 18 , 1954 ) is an American former professional wrestler , manager , ordained minister and color commentator . He is signed with WWE working in their Legends program . DiBiase achieved championship success in a number of wrestling promotions , holding thirty titles during his professional wrestling career . He is best recalled by mainstream audiences for his time in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , where he wrestled as The Million Dollar Man Ted DiBiase . IGN called DiBiase one of the most gifted technical wrestlers to ever grace the squared-circle ; he has been named as one of the greatest villains in pro wrestling history . Among other accolades in the WWF/E , DiBiase was the first WWF North American Heavyweight Champion , a three-time WWF Tag Team Champion ( with Irwin R. Schyster ) , a one-time WWE 24/7 Champion , and winner of the 1988 King of the Ring tournament . He held the WWF World Heavyweight Championship once , although recognition of this reign was withdrawn by the company . DiBiase also awarded himself the Million Dollar Championship , which was held by various associated wrestlers . He appeared in the main event of multiple WWF cards , including WrestleMania IV and the first-ever SummerSlam in 1988 . DiBiase also headlined the 2010 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony , being inducted by his sons , Ted Jr. and Brett .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Special_guest_referee', 'summary': "In professional wrestling , a referee is an authority figure present in or near the ring during matches . The referee 's on-stage ( kayfabe ) purpose is similar to that of referees in combats such as boxing or mixed martial arts , that is , as an arbiter of the rules and the person charged with rendering decisions . In reality , the referee is , like the wrestlers , a participant in executing a match in accordance with its script including its pre-determined outcome , and is responsible for controlling the flow of the match and for relaying information or instructions from backstage officials to the wrestlers . Like wrestlers , referees are also responsible for maintaining kayfabe , and must render decisions in accordance with the promotion 's kayfabe rules ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Ventura', 'summary': "Jesse Ventura ( born James George Janos ; July 15 , 1951 ) is an American media personality , actor , author , retired professional wrestler , and former politician who served as the Mayor of Brooklyn Park from 1991 to 1995 and as the 38th Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003 . He was the first and only candidate of the Reform Party to win a major government position . Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War . After leaving the military , he embarked on a professional wrestling career from 1975 to 1986 , taking the ring name Jesse The Body Ventura . He had a long tenure in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) as a performer and color commentator , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2004 . In addition to wrestling , Ventura pursued an acting career , appearing in films such as Predator and The Running Man ( both 1987 ) . Ventura first entered politics in 1991 when he was elected mayor of Brooklyn Park , Minnesota , a position he held until 1995 . Three years later , Ventura was the Reform Party candidate in the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 1998 , running a low-budget campaign centered on grassroots events and unusual ads that urged citizens not to vote for politics as usual . Ventura 's campaign was unexpectedly successful , with him narrowly defeating both the Democratic and Republican candidates . The highest elected official to ever win an election on a Reform Party ticket , Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office amid internal fights for control over the party . As governor , Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota 's property tax as well as the state 's first sales tax rebate . Other initiatives taken under Ventura included construction of the METRO Blue Line light rail in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area , and cuts in income taxes ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1989 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1989)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1989 ) was the second annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 28 , 1989 , in the Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The main event was a tag team match between the team of WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and Brutus Beefcake ( who would later be known as The Mega-Maniacs in the 1990s ) and the team of Randy Savage and Zeus . The main matches on the undercard were Ted DiBiase versus Jimmy Snuka , Ultimate Warrior versus Rick Rude for the WWF Intercontinental Championship and Jim Duggan and Demolition ( Ax and Smash ) versus André the Giant and The Twin Towers ( Akeem and Big Boss Man ) .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Rutherford , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "East Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 8,913 , reflecting an increase of 197 ( +2.3% ) from the 8,716 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 814 ( +10.3% ) from the 7,902 counted in the 1990 Census . It is an inner-ring suburb of New York City , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Midtown Manhattan . Under the terms of an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17 , 1889 , a portion of the old Union Township was incorporated under the name of Boiling Springs Township . The new township took its name from a spring in the community . On March 28 , 1894 , the Borough of East Rutherford was created , based on the results of a referendum held the previous day , and Boiling Springs Township was dissolved . While there was no change in its borders , the name and form of government were changed . The borough was the second formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County , in which 26 boroughs were formed in the county in 1894 alone . East Rutherford is the home of the Meadowlands Sports Complex , which includes Meadowlands Arena and MetLife Stadium , and was previously the location of Giants Stadium . The arena is best known as the former home of the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association and the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League , and also hosted college basketball , arena football , concerts , and other events . MetLife Stadium is home of the New York Giants and New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the New York Guardians of the XFL , and hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , which made East Rutherford the smallest city ever to host a Super Bowl . Giants Stadium , which hosted the Giants and Jets until 2009 , was also the original home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Brendan Byrne Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meadowlands_Arena', 'summary': "Meadowlands Arena ( formerly Brendan Byrne Arena , Continental Airlines Arena and IZOD Center ) is an indoor venue located in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States . The arena is located on New Jersey Route 120 and is across the highway from MetLife Stadium and the Meadowlands Racetrack . The arena was originally built to accommodate a move of the New York Nets basketball team to New Jersey and opened in 1981 . In 1982 , the Colorado Rockies hockey team joined the Nets in the new building and became known as the New Jersey Devils . The Nets and Devils were joined by the Seton Hall Pirates men 's collegiate basketball program in 1985 . In 2007 , the Prudential Center opened in nearby Newark and the New Jersey Devils moved out . Seton Hall , whose campus in South Orange is closer to Newark than East Rutherford , followed and moved their basketball games there . The Nets remained for three more seasons before moving to Newark , where they played two seasons before departing New Jersey for Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The men 's basketball team from Fordham University played four home games during the 2010-11 season at the arena . Following the departure of all three of its major tenants , the arena continued to host occasional non-sporting events , such as touring shows and concerts , and other local events . The state-owned facility reported losses for 2013 , and was projected to have $ 8.5 million in losses for 2015 . On January 15 , 2015 , the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority ( NJSEA ) voted to shut down Izod Center , and have Prudential Center acquire hosting rights to events scheduled for the arena over the next two years in a $ 2 million deal ."}]}, {'value': 'Brutus Beefcake and Hulk Hogan vs. Randy Savage and Zeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brutus_Beefcake', 'summary': 'Edward Harrison Leslie ( born April 21 , 1957 ) is an American retired professional wrestler , best known for his work in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) under the ring name Brutus The Barber Beefcake . He later worked for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) under a variety of names . Leslie held nine titles throughout his career , and is a former WWF World Tag Team Champion with Greg Valentine . He also competed for major singles titles on pay-per-view and television , headlining the Starrcade 1994 , in a match against then-WCW World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan as well challenging then-Intercontinental Champion The Honky Tonk Man at WrestleMania IV . Leslie was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2019 by Hulk Hogan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hulk_Hogan', 'summary': "Terry Gene Bollea ( /bəˈleɪə/ , born August 11 , 1953 ) , better known by his ring name as Hulk Hogan , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , television personality , entrepreneur , and musician . According to IGN , Hogan is the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s . Hogan began his professional wrestling career in 1977 , but gained worldwide recognition after signing for World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1983 . There , his persona as a heroic all-American helped usher in the 1980s professional wrestling boom , where he headlined the first nine editions of WWF 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . During his initial run , Hogan also won the WWF Championship five times , with his first reign holding the record for the second-longest in company history . Additionally , he is the first wrestler to win consecutive Royal Rumble matches , winning in 1990 and 1991 . In 1994 , he departed the WWF to sign for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Hogan subsequently won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship six times , and also holds the record for the longest reign in company history . In 1996 , he adopted the villainous persona of Hollywood Hulk Hogan , leading the popular New World Order ( NWO ) stable . As a result , he became a major figure during the Monday Night Wars , another boom of mainstream professional wrestling . Hogan also headlined WCW 's annual flagship event Starrcade three times , including the most profitable WCW pay-per-view ever at the event 's 1997 edition . Aside from those promotions , Hogan also performed for the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Randy_Savage', 'summary': "Randy Poffo ( November 15 , 1952 - May 20 , 2011 ) , better known by his ring name Randy Savage , was an American professional wrestler , actor , rapper and commentator best known for his time in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and later World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . His best known nickname was Macho Man . Savage was described by ESPN 's Bill Simmons as one of the greatest pro wrestlers who ever lived - a statement echoed by multiple industry performers . He was recognizable by wrestling fans for his distinctively deep and raspy voice , his flamboyant ring attire , intensity exhibited in and out of the ring , his use of Pomp and Circumstance as his entrance music , and his signature catch phrase , Oooh yeah ! For most of his tenures in the WWF and WCW , Savage was managed by his real-life wife , Miss Elizabeth Hulette . He won 29 titles during a 32-year career , including two WWF World Heavyweight Championships and four WCW World Heavyweight Championships . As WWF World Heavyweight Champion , Savage held similar drawing power to that of Hulk Hogan . A one-time WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion , Savage was named by WWE as the greatest titleholder of all time and was credited for bringing a higher level of credibility to the title through his amazing in-ring performances . Aside from championships , Savage was the 1987 WWF King of the Ring and the 1995 WCW World War 3 winner . He headlined many pay-per-view events throughout his career , including WrestleManias IV , V and VIII ( being part of a double main event at the last of those presentations ) , four of the first five SummerSlam shows , and the 1995 Starrcade . He was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame upon its inception in 1996 , with a posthumous WWE Hall of Fame induction following in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Lister,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Thomas Tiny Lister Jr. ( born June 24 , 1958 ) is an American character actor and occasional professional wrestler known for his roles as the neighborhood bully Deebo in the film Friday and its first sequel and as President Lindberg in The Fifth Element . He had two short professional wrestling stints , wrestling Hulk Hogan in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) after appearing as Zeus in the 1989 movie No Holds Barred and resuming the feud as Z-Gangsta in 1996 for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . He is blind in his right eye .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1990 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1990)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 1990 ) was the third annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 27 , 1990 , at The Spectrum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The card consisted of ten televised matches , including two main events . The Ultimate Warrior successfully defended his WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Rick Rude in a steel cage match , and Hulk Hogan defeated Earthquake by countout . The pay-per-view also included two other title matches . Mr . Perfect lost his WWF Intercontinental Championship to the Texas Tornado , who was a substitute for Brutus Beefcake , who had been injured in a real-life parasailing accident . The Hart Foundation won the WWF Tag Team Championship from Demolition in a two out of three falls match . Each of the matches was built up through feuds scripted by the WWF 's writers , and the matches that took place at the event had pre-determined outcomes that had been decided by the WWF ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Spectrum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spectrum_(arena)', 'summary': 'The Spectrum ( later known as CoreStates Spectrum , First Union Spectrum and Wachovia Spectrum ) was an indoor arena in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . Opened in the fall of 1967 as part of what is now known as the South Philadelphia Sports Complex , after several expansions of its seating capacity it accommodated 18,168 for basketball and 17,380 for ice hockey , arena football , indoor soccer , and box lacrosse . The last event at the Spectrum was a Pearl Jam concert on October 31 , 2009 . The arena was demolished between November 2010 and May 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Ultimate Warrior ( c ) vs. Rick Rude in a Steel Cage match for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ultimate_Warrior', 'summary': 'Warrior ( born James Brian Jim Hellwig ; June 16 , 1959 - April 8 , 2014 ) was an American professional wrestler , who most famously wrestled under the ring name The Ultimate Warrior for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) from 1987 to 1991 and again in 1992 and 1996 . During his 1998 stint in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , he was known as The Warrior . Before WWF , he was known in World Class Championship Wrestling ( WCCW ) as Dingo Warrior . While in the WWF , Warrior became a two-time WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion and won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship once when he pinned Hulk Hogan in the main event at WrestleMania VI in Toronto , making him the first wrestler to hold both titles concurrently . He retired from professional wrestling in 1998 and embarked on a public speaking career , but wrestled one final match in Spain in 2008 . Warrior died on April 8 , 2014 , at the age of 54 in Scottsdale , Arizona . Over the preceding three days , he had been inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame , appeared at WrestleMania XXX and made his final public appearance on Raw , returning to the promotion after an acrimonious separation since 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rick_Rude', 'summary': "Richard Erwin Rood ( December 7 , 1958 - April 20 , 1999 ) , better known by his ring name Ravishing Rick Rude , was an American professional wrestler who performed for many promotions , including World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , and Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) . Rude wrestled from 1982 until his 1994 retirement due to injury , with a final match following in 1997 . Among other accolades , he was a three-time WCW International World Heavyweight Champion , a one-time WCWA World Heavyweight Champion , a one-time WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion , and a one-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion . Rude also challenged for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship on pay-per-view cards , headlining several such events during his career . Following his retirement , Rude managed multiple wrestlers . In late 1997 , Rude founded the D-Generation X stable alongside Shawn Michaels , Triple H , and Chyna . On November 17 of that year , in the midst of the Monday Night Wars , he became the only person to appear on the WWF 's Raw and WCW 's Monday Nitro programs on the same night , as the former was pre-recorded and Rude had left for WCW in the interim . He was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steel_Cage_match', 'summary': "Many types of wrestling matches , sometimes called concept or gimmick matches in the jargon of the business , are performed in professional wrestling . Some of them occur relatively frequently while others are developed so as to advance an angle and such match types are used rarely . Because of professional wrestling 's long history over decades , many things have been recycled ( many match types often being variations of previous match types ) . These match types can be organized into several loose groups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_World_Heavyweight_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1991 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1991)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 1991 ) was the fourth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 26 , 1991 , at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . SummerSlam 1991 is remembered for the on-screen wedding of Randy Savage and Miss Elizabeth , dubbed A Match Made in Heaven by announcer Gene Okerlund . Savage and Elizabeth had been married in real life since December 1984 . WWF personalities shown at the reception afterward included Bobby Heenan , Gene Okerlund , J.J. Dillon , The Undertaker , and Jake Roberts . The last two were uninvited guests . Roberts proceeded to frighten Elizabeth with his snake while Undertaker attacked Savage with an urn . This was contrasted with A Match Made in Hell , the main event of the show , which was a handicap tag team match between WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior against Sgt . Slaughter , General Adnan and Colonel Mustafa . It was Slaughter 's final on-screen appearance as an Iraqi sympathizer , a storyline fueled by the Gulf War . Among the other on-screen highlights of the event was The Legion of Doom defeating The Nasty Boys to win the WWF Tag Team Championship . The team became the only tag team in wrestling history to have held the WWF Tag Team Championship , the NWA World Tag Team Championship , and the AWA World Tag Team Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Madison Square Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden', 'summary': "Madison Square Garden , colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG , is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City . Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets , it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station . It is the fourth venue to bear the name Madison Square Garden ; the first two ( 1879 and 1890 ) were located on Madison Square , on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue , with the third Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street . The Garden is used for professional ice hockey and basketball , as well as boxing , concerts , ice shows , circuses , professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment . It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks , including the Empire State Building , Koreatown , and Macy 's at Herald Square . It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and was home to the New York Liberty ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2017 . Originally called Madison Square Garden Center , the Garden opened on February 11 , 1968 , and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area . It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association . In 2016 , MSG was the second-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales , behind The O2 Arena in London . Including two major renovations , its total construction cost is approximately $ 1.1 billion , and it has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built . It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex , named for the railway station . Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name ."}]}, {'value': 'Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior vs. Sgt . Slaughter , General Adnan , and Colonel Mustafa in a Handicap elimination match with special guest referee Sid Justice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulk_Hogan', 'summary': "Terry Gene Bollea ( /bəˈleɪə/ , born August 11 , 1953 ) , better known by his ring name as Hulk Hogan , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , television personality , entrepreneur , and musician . According to IGN , Hogan is the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s . Hogan began his professional wrestling career in 1977 , but gained worldwide recognition after signing for World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1983 . There , his persona as a heroic all-American helped usher in the 1980s professional wrestling boom , where he headlined the first nine editions of WWF 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . During his initial run , Hogan also won the WWF Championship five times , with his first reign holding the record for the second-longest in company history . Additionally , he is the first wrestler to win consecutive Royal Rumble matches , winning in 1990 and 1991 . In 1994 , he departed the WWF to sign for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Hogan subsequently won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship six times , and also holds the record for the longest reign in company history . In 1996 , he adopted the villainous persona of Hollywood Hulk Hogan , leading the popular New World Order ( NWO ) stable . As a result , he became a major figure during the Monday Night Wars , another boom of mainstream professional wrestling . Hogan also headlined WCW 's annual flagship event Starrcade three times , including the most profitable WCW pay-per-view ever at the event 's 1997 edition . Aside from those promotions , Hogan also performed for the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Ultimate_Warrior', 'summary': 'Warrior ( born James Brian Jim Hellwig ; June 16 , 1959 - April 8 , 2014 ) was an American professional wrestler , who most famously wrestled under the ring name The Ultimate Warrior for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) from 1987 to 1991 and again in 1992 and 1996 . During his 1998 stint in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , he was known as The Warrior . Before WWF , he was known in World Class Championship Wrestling ( WCCW ) as Dingo Warrior . While in the WWF , Warrior became a two-time WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion and won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship once when he pinned Hulk Hogan in the main event at WrestleMania VI in Toronto , making him the first wrestler to hold both titles concurrently . He retired from professional wrestling in 1998 and embarked on a public speaking career , but wrestled one final match in Spain in 2008 . Warrior died on April 8 , 2014 , at the age of 54 in Scottsdale , Arizona . Over the preceding three days , he had been inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame , appeared at WrestleMania XXX and made his final public appearance on Raw , returning to the promotion after an acrimonious separation since 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter', 'summary': 'Robert Rudolph Remus ( born August 27 , 1948 ) better known by his ring name Sgt . Slaughter , is an American retired professional wrestler currently signed in WWE in the ambassador program . From the late 1970s to the early 1980s , Slaughter had success in the National Wrestling Alliance , American Wrestling Association , and the World Wrestling Federation . He won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship , and headlined WrestleMania VII , in 1991 . Slaughter also captured the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship twice . He is a Hall of Famer , inducted as part of the class of 2004 . As Sgt . Slaughter , Remus became known for his dark sunglasses , his large hat , and his Vietnam War-era military fatigues . In the 1980s , an alternate version of the Sgt . Slaughter character was incorporated into the G.I . Joe : A Real American Hero toy line as well as its animated series and comic books . Though Remus was born in Detroit , Michigan , he was raised in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where he attended Eden Prairie High School in Eden Prairie , where he wrestled and played football .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adnan_Al-Kaissie', 'summary': 'Adnan Bin Abdul Kareem Ahmed Alkaissy El Farthie ( born March 1 , 1939 ) , better known professionally as Adnan Al-Kaissie , is an Iraqi former professional wrestler and manager best known as Sheik Adnan Al-Kaissey , Billy White Wolf , or General Adnan . In 1971 he defeated André the Giant in Al-Shaab Stadium in Baghdad , under the auspices of his former friend at high school Saddam Hussein . He competed in the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) . On December 7 , 1976 , he won the WWWF World tag team championship with Chief Jay Strongbow . In 1981 , Adnan Al-Kaissie joined the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , in 1990 he joined the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF formerly WWWF ) , where he managed Sgt . Slaughter under the name General Adnan . He competed at SummerSlam 1991 with his partners Sgt . Slaughter and Col. Mustafa in a Handicap match with Sid Justice as special guest referee against Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Iron_Sheik', 'summary': 'Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri ( Persian : حسین خسرو علی وزیری ; born March 15 , 1942 ) , better known by his ring name The Iron Sheik , is an Iranian-American retired professional wrestler , amateur wrestler and actor . Vaziri is the first-and-only Iranian world champion in WWE history , having won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in 1983 . Coming off the Iranian hostage crisis , The Iron Sheik is considered to be one of the greatest heels of all time . His villainous character peaked during the 1980s WWF wrestling boom and his rivalry with Hulk Hogan turned Hogan into one of the greatest television heroes of the decade . He would later form a tag team with Nikolai Volkoff , with whom he won the WWF Tag Team Championship at the inaugural WrestleMania event . In 2005 , he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame . A heel throughout the 1980s , he later gained popularity on Kidd Chris , The Howard Stern Show , and on the internet due to his shoot interviews , vulgar language , and his intense dislike for some of his fellow professional wrestlers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Handicap_match', 'summary': "Many types of wrestling matches , sometimes called concept or gimmick matches in the jargon of the business , are performed in professional wrestling . Some of them occur relatively frequently while others are developed so as to advance an angle and such match types are used rarely . Because of professional wrestling 's long history over decades , many things have been recycled ( many match types often being variations of previous match types ) . These match types can be organized into several loose groups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elimination_match', 'summary': 'Much like Singles match , tag team professional wrestling matches can and have taken many forms . Just about any singles or melee match type can be adapted to tag teams ; for example , hardcore tag team matches are commonplace . Tag team ladder match and variations are also frequently used as a title feud blow-off match . Stipulations , such as I quit or loser leaves town may also be applied . The following are match variations that are specific to tag team wrestling .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Special_guest_referee', 'summary': "In professional wrestling , a referee is an authority figure present in or near the ring during matches . The referee 's on-stage ( kayfabe ) purpose is similar to that of referees in combats such as boxing or mixed martial arts , that is , as an arbiter of the rules and the person charged with rendering decisions . In reality , the referee is , like the wrestlers , a participant in executing a match in accordance with its script including its pre-determined outcome , and is responsible for controlling the flow of the match and for relaying information or instructions from backstage officials to the wrestlers . Like wrestlers , referees are also responsible for maintaining kayfabe , and must render decisions in accordance with the promotion 's kayfabe rules ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sid_Eudy', 'summary': "Sidney Raymond Eudy ( born December 16 , 1960 ) is an American actor , softball player and retired professional wrestler . He is best known under the ring names Sid Vicious , Sid Justice , Sycho Sid , or simply Sid , and for his work in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , later WWE ) . Between those promotions , Eudy has enjoyed major championship success and performed to an international television audience in four decades from the 1980s to the 2010s . Eudy is a six-time world champion , having won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship twice , the WCW World Heavyweight Championship twice , and the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship twice . In addition to world title success , Eudy held the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship once , among other accolades . During his tenures with the WWF and WCW , Eudy headlined multiple pay-per-views for both organizations , main-eventing WrestleManias VIII and 13 in 1992 and 1997 respectively , as well as WCW 's counterpart to that event , Starrcade , in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1992 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1992)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 1992 ) was the fifth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on Saturday August 29 , 1992 , at Wembley Stadium , London , England , but did n't air on pay-per-view until Monday August 31 . It was the first major WWF pay-per-view to take place outside North America . The pay-per-view included two main event matches . In the first , The Ultimate Warrior challenged Macho Man Randy Savage for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . The Warrior won the match by countout but did not win the title . In the other main event , British Bulldog Davey Boy Smith pinned Bret Hart to win the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship . The undercard also included The Natural Disasters retaining the WWF Tag Team Championship against the Beverly Brothers and Shawn Michaels and Rick Martel wrestling to a double countout in a match with the stipulation that the wrestlers were banned from hitting each other in the face . WWE considers the crowd to be the fourth largest live audience ever to attend a WWF/E event , with 80,355 in attendance ; WrestleMania 29 in 2013 is reported as having 80,676 fans in attendance , WrestleMania III in 1987 is reported as having 93,173 fans in attendance and WrestleMania 32 in 2016 is reported as having 101,763 fans in attendance . Some writers believe that the WWF inflated the attendance figure for WrestleMania III , however , and that SummerSlam 1992 had a larger crowd . Between ticket prices and merchandise sales , the WWF made over $ 3,650,000 in revenue . Reviews of the event are almost all positive , and the Smith-Hart match has been rated the best match in SummerSlam history ."}]}, {'value': 'August 29 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London,_England', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Wembley Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)', 'summary': "The original Wembley Stadium ( /ˈwɛmbli/ ; formerly known as the Empire Stadium ) was a football stadium in Wembley Park , London , which stood on the same site now occupied by its successor . Wembley hosted the FA Cup final annually , the first in 1923 , the League Cup final annually , five European Cup finals , the 1966 World Cup Final , and the final of Euro 96 . Brazilian footballer Pelé once said of the stadium : Wembley is the cathedral of football . It is the capital of football and it is the heart of football , in recognition of its status as the world 's best-known football stadium . The stadium hosted the 1948 Summer Olympics , rugby league 's Challenge Cup final , and the 1992 and 1995 Rugby League World Cup Finals . It also hosted numerous music events , including the 1985 Live Aid charity concert ."}]}, {'value': 'Bret Hart ( c ) vs . The British Bulldog for the WWF Intercontinental Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bret_Hart', 'summary': "Bret Sergeant Hart ( born July 2 , 1957 ) is a Canadian-American retired professional wrestler , amateur wrestler , writer and actor . A member of the Hart wrestling family and a second-generation wrestler , he has an amateur wrestling background , wrestling at Ernest Manning High School and Mount Royal College . A major international draw within professional wrestling , he has been credited with changing the perception of mainstream North-American professional wrestling in the early 1990s by bringing technical in-ring performance to the fore . Hart is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time ; Sky Sports noted that his legacy is that of one of , if not the greatest , to have ever graced the squared circle . For most of his career , he used the nickname Hitman . Hart joined his father Stu Hart 's promotion Stampede Wrestling in 1976 as a referee and made his in-ring debut in 1978 . He gained championship success during the 1980s and 1990s in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he helmed The Hart Foundation stable . He left for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) following the controversial Montreal Screwjob in November 1997 , where he remained until October 2000 . Having been inactive from in-ring competition since January 2000 , owing to a December 1999 concussion , he officially retired in October 2000 , shortly after his departure from the company . He returned to sporadic in-ring competition from 2010-2011 with WWE , where he won his final championship , headlined the 2010 SummerSlam event , and served as the general manager of Raw . Throughout his career , Hart headlined WrestleMania IX , X , and XII , and participated in the main event of Starrcade 1997 and 1999 - as a special enforcer and referee in the former . [ c ] Hart has held championships in five decades from the 1970s to the 2010s , with a total of 32 held throughout his career , and 17 held between the WWF/WWE and WCW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_British_Bulldog', 'summary': "David Smith ( 27 November 1962 - 18 May 2002 ) was a British professional wrestler . Born in Golborne , Lancashire , Smith is best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation under the ring names Davey Boy Smith and The British Bulldog . He was trained by Ted Betley in Winwick , England before relocating to Calgary , Alberta , Canada to further his training under Stu Hart . While training with Hart , Smith met Stu and Helen Hart 's youngest daughter Diana , whom he married on 7 October 1984 . One of their two children , Harry , is also a professional wrestler . Smith won titles within the WWF in three decades , from the 1980s to the 2000s . He headlined multiple pay-per-view events in the WWF and WCW , in which he challenged for the WWF and WCW world heavyweight championships , and defeated his real-life brother-in-law Bret Hart for the WWF Intercontinental Championship in the main event of SummerSlam 1992 at London 's Wembley Stadium , in front of 80,355 people . He was the inaugural WWF European Champion and holds the records for longest single reign ( 206 days ) and total days as champion ( 253 ) ; he also held the title on the sole occasion where a match for that championship headlined a pay-per-view event , at One Night Only in 1997 . Prior to finding singles success , Smith achieved stardom as one half of The British Bulldogs tag team , alongside his cousin Dynamite Kid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_Intercontinental_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Intercontinental Championship is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by the American promotion WWE , currently defended on their SmackDown brand . It is one of three secondary championships in WWE , along with the WWE United States Championship on Raw and the NXT North American Championship on NXT . The current champion is Braun Strowman , who is in his first reign . The championship was established by the then-World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) on September 1 , 1979 , after inaugural champion Pat Patterson unified ( kayfabe ) the WWF North American Heavyweight and South American Heavyweight championships . It is the third oldest championship currently active in WWE , behind the WWE Championship ( 1963 ) and United States Championship ( 1975 ) , but the second oldest tenured championship , as the WWE has only owned the U.S. title since 2001 . Although generally contested in the midcard at WWE shows , the Intercontinental Championship was defended in the main events of presentations such as WrestleMania VI , SummerSlam in 1992 , the third and eighth In Your House shows , Backlash in 2001 , and at Extreme Rules in 2018 . It has been called a stepping stone to a WWE world championship . In November 2001 , the then-WCW United States Championship was unified into the Intercontinental Championship . In 2002 after the first brand split , it became exclusive to Raw and the WWF was renamed WWE . Later that year , the European and Hardcore championships were unified into the Intercontinental Championship , which itself was unified into the World Heavyweight Championship . The next year , it was reactivated for Raw , followed by the United States Championship 's reactivation as a counterpart on SmackDown . In 2019 , NXT was promoted as WWE 's third major brand , adding their North American Championship as a third secondary title for WWE ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1993 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1993)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1993 ) was the sixth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 30 , 1993 , at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills , Michigan . All three championships were defended at SummerSlam . The Steiner Brothers defended the WWF Tag Team Championship against The Heavenly Bodies , and Shawn Michaels defended the WWF Intercontinental Championship against Mr . Perfect . The main event saw Lex Luger challenge Yokozuna for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . In addition to the title matches , Bret Hart and Jerry Lawler were scheduled to wrestle to settle their feud and determine who would be named Undisputed King of the World Wrestling Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'August 30 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn Hills , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Hills,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Auburn Hills ( formerly Pontiac Township ) is a city in Oakland County , in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 21,412 at the 2010 census . It is one of the wealthiest cities in the state , and home to the U.S. headquarters of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , The Palace of Auburn Hills ( former home of the Detroit Pistons and several other teams ) , and Oakland University .'}]}, {'value': 'The Palace of Auburn Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Palace_of_Auburn_Hills', 'summary': "The Palace of Auburn Hills , commonly referred to as The Palace , is a defunct multi-purpose arena located in Auburn Hills , Michigan . It was the home of the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Detroit Shock of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League , the Detroit Safari of the Continental Indoor Soccer League , and the Detroit Fury of the Arena Football League . The Palace was one of eight basketball arenas owned by their respective NBA franchises ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokozuna ( c ) vs. Lex Luger for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yokozuna_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Rodney Agatupu Anoaʻi ( October 2 , 1966 - October 23 , 2000 ) was an American professional wrestler best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , where he wrestled under the ring name Yokozuna . The name was a reference to the highest rank in professional sumo wrestling in Japan . Although the Yokozuna character was portrayed as a champion sumo wrestler , Anoaʻi never competed as an actual sumotori . Though Yokozuna wrestled as a representative of Japan , in real life Anoaʻi was Samoan American and was accordingly billed as hailing from Polynesia . However , he was managed by the Japanese character Mr. Fuji ( in reality a Japanese American ) , who would follow Anoaʻi to the ring with a wooden bucket of salt and waving a Japanese flag . In the WWF , Anoaʻi was a two-time WWF World Heavyweight Champion and two-time WWF Tag Team Champion ( with Owen Hart ) , as well as the winner of the 1993 Royal Rumble . Anoaʻi was the first wrestler of Samoan descent to hold the WWF World Heavyweight Championship as well as the first Royal Rumble winner who as a result of a direct stipulation received a WWF 's world championship title shot at WrestleMania . He defeated WWE Hall of Famers Bret Hart and Hulk Hogan , in consecutive pay-per-view victories in the main event of WrestleMania IX and the 1993 King of the Ring , to win his two WWF World Heavyweight Championships , and also headlined WrestleMania X against Hart . He was the third-fastest newcomer after Brock Lesnar and Sheamus to win the WWF or WWE Championship after his debut . Anoaʻi was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lex_Luger', 'summary': 'Lawrence Wendell Pfohl ( born June 2 , 1958 ) better known by the ring name Lex Luger , is an American retired professional wrestler , television producer and football player . In 2011 he began working with WWE on their wellness policy . He is best known for his work with Jim Crockett Promotions , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . Luger is a two-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion and one-time WWA World Heavyweight Champion . He is also a five-time NWA/WCW United States Heavyweight Champion who holds the records for consecutive days and total days as champion . Although he never won a championship in the WWF , he challenged for every title in the organization ( including WWF World Heavyweight Championship matches at SummerSlam in 1993 and WrestleMania X in 1994 ) and was the 1994 Royal Rumble co-winner with Bret Hart . Pro Wrestling Illustrated readers voted Luger the Most Popular Wrestler of the Year in 1993 . Luger is the second WCW Triple Crown Champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_World_Heavyweight_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1994)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1994 ) was the seventh annual SummerSlam , a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) on August 29 , 1994 , at the newly opened United Center in Chicago , Illinois , which had opened eleven days earlier . The pay-per-view had two main events . The first pitted Owen Hart against his brother Bret Hart in a steel cage match . Bret won the match , but the storyline feud escalated after Owen and his brother-in-law Jim Neidhart attacked Bret after the match . The other main event was a match between the real Undertaker ( portrayed by Mark Calaway ) and an impostor Undertaker ( portrayed by Brian Lee ) . The real Undertaker won the match , and the impostor character did not appear in the WWF again . The undercard included a match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship between Diesel and Razor Ramon , which Ramon won to regain the title . The other major angle going into SummerSlam was a feud in which Tatanka accused Lex Luger of joining the Million Dollar Corporation , a stable of heel wrestlers . This storyline turned out to be a swerve , as Tatanka was revealed to have secretly joined the corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29 , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'United Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Center', 'summary': "United Center is an indoor arena on the Near West Side of Chicago , Illinois , United States . It is home to the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , named after its corporate sponsor , United Airlines . United Center 's predecessor , the Chicago Stadium , was demolished after the new arena opened in 1994 . The first event at United Center was WWF Summerslam . Due to a lockout , the Blackhawks did not move in until the 1994-95 NHL season . The east side of the arena features statues of Michael Jordan , Bobby Hull and Stan Mikita , while a statue of various Blackhawks sits to the north on Madison Street , where the Chicago Stadium was located . United Center also hosted the 1996 Democratic National Convention , at which a new style of four-screen speech prompting system for speakers was pioneered in the United States , consisting of two glass teleprompters , accompanied by an inset lectern monitor , and for the first time , a large under-camera confidence monitor ."}]}, {'value': 'The Undertaker vs . The Undertaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Undertaker', 'summary': "Mark William Calaway ( born March 24 , 1965 ) , better known by the ring name The Undertaker , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE . Widely regarded as the greatest professional wrestler of all time , Calaway began his career in 1987 , working under various gimmicks for World Class Championship Wrestling ( WCCW ) and other affiliate promotions . After signing for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in 1989 , he enjoyed a brief stint as a mid-card performer named Mean Mark Callous , before joining the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1990 . In the WWF , Calaway was rebranded as The Undertaker and gained significant mainstream popularity as a horror-themed , macabre entity who employed scare tactics and held links to the supernatural . The Undertaker became one of the most prominent figures of the Attitude Era , featuring in various pivotal storylines and matches as WWF sustained a boom period in business in the late 1990s . His character transitioned into a biker in the early 2000s , before returning to a refined version of his previous gimmick in 2004 . The Undertaker is known for The Streak , a series of 21 straight victories at WWE 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . Calaway has held 17 championships . Within WWF/E , he is a four-time WWF/E Champion , a three-time World Heavyweight Champion , a six-time WWF World Tag Team Champion , a one-time WWF Hardcore Champion , and a one-time WCW Tag Team Champion ( during the Invasion angle ) . Outside of WWE , a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion and a one-time WCWA Texas Heavyweight Champion . The Undertaker has headlined multiple pay-per-view ( PPV ) events for WWE , including four WrestleManias ( 13 , XXIV , XXVI and 33 ) . He is also the second most prolific pay-per-view performer in WWE history , wrestling in 172 matches , behind his storyline brother , Kane ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Lee_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Brian Lee Harris ( born November 26 , 1966 ) is an American retired professional wrestler . He is best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling , Smoky Mountain Wrestling and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name Brian Lee and with the World Wrestling Federation as Chainz and an imposter version of The Undertaker . Lee enjoyed most of his success in SMW , becoming the promotion 's inaugural Heavyweight Champion in 1992 , winning it a total of two times . He also held the Tag Team Championship and the Beat the Champ Television Championship twice each and was a mainstay of the promotion throughout its existence between 1991 and 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1995 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1995)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1995 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It was the eighth annual SummerSlam event on August 27 , 1995 , at the Pittsburgh Civic Arena in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The main event that was for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship competed between Diesel and King Mabel . Diesel retained the championship , pinning Mabel after performing a clothesline off the second rope . There were three matches on the undercard that had more build-up than other matches : The Undertaker defeated Kama in a Casket match ; Bret Hart defeated Isaac Yankem by disqualification after Yankem and Jerry Lawler attacked Hart while Hart was in the hangman position . The third match on the undercard that had significant build-up was Shawn Michaels versus Razor Ramon in a feud for the WWF Intercontinental Championship . The two faced off in a Ladder match , with Michaels retaining the title . The pay-per-view received a 0.9 buyrate , equivalent to approximately 205,000 buys in 1995 ( 1.0 equated to roughly 230,000 homes in the domestic market that year ) . Although this was up on the buyrate for the In Your House 2 pay-per-view which took place the previous month , the buyrate was down on the 1994 SummerSlam event , which received a 1.3 buyrate .'}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Civic Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civic_Arena_(Pittsburgh)', 'summary': "The Civic Arena , formerly the Civic Auditorium and later Mellon Arena , was an arena located in Downtown Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Civic Arena primarily served as the home to the Pittsburgh Penguins , the city 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) franchise , from 1967 to 2010 . Constructed in 1961 for use by the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera ( CLO ) , it was the brainchild of department store owner Edgar J. Kaufmann . It was the first retractable roof major-sports venue in the world , covering 170,000 square feet ( 16,000 m2 ) , constructed with nearly 3,000 tons of Pittsburgh steel and supported solely by a massive 260-foot ( 79 m ) long cantilevered arm on the exterior . Even though it was designed and engineered as a retractable-roof dome , the operating cost and repairs to the hydraulic jacks halted all full retractions after 1995 , and the roof stayed permanently closed after 2001 . The first roof opening was during a July 4 , 1962 Carol Burnett show to which she exclaimed Ladies and Gentlemen.I present the sky ! The Civic Arena hosted numerous concerts , the circus , political and religious rallies , roller derbies as well as contests in hockey , basketball , fish tournament weigh-ins , pro tennis , boxing , wrestling , lacrosse , football , ice skating championships , kennel shows , and soccer . The structure was used as the backdrop for several major Hollywood films , most prominently Sudden Death in 1995 . Prior to its demise , it was known as Mellon Arena , named for Mellon Financial , specifically American businessman and 49th Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon , which purchased the naming rights in 1999 . Their naming rights expired on August 1 , 2010 , and the arena was once again known as the Civic Arena . The Civic Arena closed on June 26 , 2010 . The former Mellon naming rights expired soon after , and the Penguins and all other events moved across the street to the new Consol Energy Center - now PPG Paints Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Diesel ( c ) vs. King Mabel for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Nash', 'summary': "Kevin Scott Nash ( born July 9 , 1959 ) is a retired American professional wrestler , best known for his tenures with World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) and World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . He has wrestled under several ring names , but is best known for his work under his real name in WCW , as well as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and as Diesel in the WWF . In 1994 while in the WWF , Nash ( then known as Diesel ) won the WWF World , Intercontinental and Tag Team Championships ( the WWF Triple Crown ) and at that year 's Slammy Awards won the MVP ( now Superstar of the Year ) and ( with Shawn Michaels ) Best Tag Team ( now Tag Team of the Year ) awards . Between WWE , WCW and TNA , Nash has won a total of 21 championships , including being a five-time world champion ( four-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion and one-time WWF Champion ) and a 12-time world tag team champion between the three promotions . Nash 's 358-day WWF Championship reign is the longest of the 1990s . During his time in WCW , Nash became the first wrestler to defeat Goldberg and in the process ended his undefeated streak of 173-0 at Starrcade in 1998 . Following a college basketball career for the University of Tennessee , Nash played professionally for German Bundesliga squad Gießen 46ers for a short time , until a knee injury ended his career . Nash was a member of The Kliq , an influential backstage group that included Shawn Michaels , Triple H , Scott Hall and Sean Waltman . He is also one of the three founding members of the New World Order ( nWo ) , along with Hulk Hogan and Scott Hall . Nash was inducted individually into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015 , and he will be inducted for the second time in 2020 as a member of the New World Order alongside Hogan , Hall , and Waltman ."}, {'url': '/wiki/King_Mabel', 'summary': "Nelson Frazier Jr. ( February 14 , 1971 - February 18 , 2014 ) was an American professional wrestler , best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWF/WWE ) in the 1990s and 2000s under the ring names Mabel , Viscera , and Big Daddy V. A former WWF World Tag Team Champion and WWF Hardcore Champion , he won the 1995 King of the Ring tournament and consequently challenged for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in the main event of that year 's SummerSlam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_World_Heavyweight_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1996 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1996)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1996 ) was the ninth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 18 , 1996 , at the Gund Arena in Cleveland , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'August 18 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Gund Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_FieldHouse', 'summary': "Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse is a multi-purpose arena in downtown Cleveland , Ohio . The building is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League . It also serves as a secondary arena for Cleveland State Vikings men 's and women 's basketball . The arena opened in October 1994 as part of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex with adjacent Progressive Field , which opened in April of that year . The facility replaced the Richfield Coliseum as the primary entertainment facility for the region and the home of the Cavaliers , and supplanted the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University , which opened in 1990 , as the primary concert and athletic venue in downtown Cleveland . From its opening in October 1994 until August 2005 , it was known as Gund Arena , named for former Cavaliers owner Gordon Gund , after he paid for the naming rights . After purchasing a majority of the Cavaliers in March 2005 , Dan Gilbert bought the naming rights in August 2005 and renamed the building Quicken Loans Arena after his mortgage lending company Quicken Loans . It was renamed in April 2019 for Quicken Loans ' online mortgage lending service , Rocket Mortgage , as part of the facility 's renovation and expansion . Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse seats 19,432 people in its basketball configuration and up to 18,926 for ice hockey , making it one of the largest arenas in the NBA by seating capacity . It is a frequent site for concerts and other athletic events such as the men 's and women 's basketball tournaments of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , hosting the men 's tournament since 2000 and the women 's tournament since 2001 . It has also been the host venue for the 2007 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Final Four , opening and regional semi-final games in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , the U.S . Figure Skating Championships in 2000 and 2009 , and the 2016 Republican National Convention ."}]}, {'value': 'Shawn Michaels ( c ) vs. Vader for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Michaels', 'summary': "Michael Shawn Hickenbottom ( born July 22 , 1965 ) , better known by his ring name Shawn Michaels , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , and television presenter . Regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers in history , he is known by the nicknames Heartbreak Kid and Mr. WrestleMania . Michaels wrestled consistently for WWE , formerly the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , from 1988 until a back injury forced his first retirement in 1998 . He performed in non-wrestling roles for the next two years and returned to the ring for a match in his own Texas Wrestling Academy ( TWA ) in 2000 . Michaels resumed his wrestling career with WWE in 2002 and retired ceremoniously in 2010 , before being assigned as a trainer in 2016 . He returned for a final match in 2018 . In the WWF/WWE , Michaels headlined pay-per-view events between 1989 and 2018 , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , five times . He was the co-founder and original leader of the successful stable , D-Generation X. Michaels also wrestled in the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , where he founded The Midnight Rockers with Marty Jannetty in 1985 . After winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship twice , the team continued to the WWF as The Rockers and had a high-profile breakup in January 1992 . Within the year , Michaels twice challenged for the WWF Championship and won his first Intercontinental Championship , heralding his arrival as one of the industry 's premier singles stars . Michaels is a four-time world champion , having held the WWF Championship three times and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( and the first man to win the match as the number one entrant ) , the first WWF Grand Slam Champion and the fourth WWF Triple Crown Champion , as well as a two time WWE Hall of Fame ( 2011 as singles wrestler and 2019 as part of D-Generation X ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_Van_Vader', 'summary': 'Leon Allen White ( May 14 , 1955 - June 18 , 2018 ) , better known by his ring names Big Van Vader or simply Vader , was an American professional wrestler and professional football player . Throughout his career , he performed for New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , and All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) during the 1990s and 2000s . According to CBS Sports , White is widely regarded as one of the greatest super-heavyweight pro wrestlers of all time . White performed as a monstrous wrestler capable of aerial maneuvers : his diving moonsault was voted the Best Wrestling Maneuver of 1993 by Wrestling Observer Newsletter ( WON ) readers . Among other accolades in WCW and Japan , he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the WCW World Heavyweight Championship three times each , the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship twice , the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship once , and won the battle royal main event of the 1993 Battlebowl pay-per-view . Vader was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_World_Heavyweight_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1997 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1997)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1997 ) was the tenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 3 , 1997 , at the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'August 3 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Rutherford , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "East Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 8,913 , reflecting an increase of 197 ( +2.3% ) from the 8,716 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 814 ( +10.3% ) from the 7,902 counted in the 1990 Census . It is an inner-ring suburb of New York City , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Midtown Manhattan . Under the terms of an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17 , 1889 , a portion of the old Union Township was incorporated under the name of Boiling Springs Township . The new township took its name from a spring in the community . On March 28 , 1894 , the Borough of East Rutherford was created , based on the results of a referendum held the previous day , and Boiling Springs Township was dissolved . While there was no change in its borders , the name and form of government were changed . The borough was the second formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County , in which 26 boroughs were formed in the county in 1894 alone . East Rutherford is the home of the Meadowlands Sports Complex , which includes Meadowlands Arena and MetLife Stadium , and was previously the location of Giants Stadium . The arena is best known as the former home of the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association and the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League , and also hosted college basketball , arena football , concerts , and other events . MetLife Stadium is home of the New York Giants and New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the New York Guardians of the XFL , and hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , which made East Rutherford the smallest city ever to host a Super Bowl . Giants Stadium , which hosted the Giants and Jets until 2009 , was also the original home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental Airlines Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meadowlands_Arena', 'summary': "Meadowlands Arena ( formerly Brendan Byrne Arena , Continental Airlines Arena and IZOD Center ) is an indoor venue located in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States . The arena is located on New Jersey Route 120 and is across the highway from MetLife Stadium and the Meadowlands Racetrack . The arena was originally built to accommodate a move of the New York Nets basketball team to New Jersey and opened in 1981 . In 1982 , the Colorado Rockies hockey team joined the Nets in the new building and became known as the New Jersey Devils . The Nets and Devils were joined by the Seton Hall Pirates men 's collegiate basketball program in 1985 . In 2007 , the Prudential Center opened in nearby Newark and the New Jersey Devils moved out . Seton Hall , whose campus in South Orange is closer to Newark than East Rutherford , followed and moved their basketball games there . The Nets remained for three more seasons before moving to Newark , where they played two seasons before departing New Jersey for Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The men 's basketball team from Fordham University played four home games during the 2010-11 season at the arena . Following the departure of all three of its major tenants , the arena continued to host occasional non-sporting events , such as touring shows and concerts , and other local events . The state-owned facility reported losses for 2013 , and was projected to have $ 8.5 million in losses for 2015 . On January 15 , 2015 , the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority ( NJSEA ) voted to shut down Izod Center , and have Prudential Center acquire hosting rights to events scheduled for the arena over the next two years in a $ 2 million deal ."}]}, {'value': 'The Undertaker ( c ) vs. Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship with special guest referee Shawn Michaels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Undertaker', 'summary': "Mark William Calaway ( born March 24 , 1965 ) , better known by the ring name The Undertaker , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE . Widely regarded as the greatest professional wrestler of all time , Calaway began his career in 1987 , working under various gimmicks for World Class Championship Wrestling ( WCCW ) and other affiliate promotions . After signing for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in 1989 , he enjoyed a brief stint as a mid-card performer named Mean Mark Callous , before joining the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1990 . In the WWF , Calaway was rebranded as The Undertaker and gained significant mainstream popularity as a horror-themed , macabre entity who employed scare tactics and held links to the supernatural . The Undertaker became one of the most prominent figures of the Attitude Era , featuring in various pivotal storylines and matches as WWF sustained a boom period in business in the late 1990s . His character transitioned into a biker in the early 2000s , before returning to a refined version of his previous gimmick in 2004 . The Undertaker is known for The Streak , a series of 21 straight victories at WWE 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . Calaway has held 17 championships . Within WWF/E , he is a four-time WWF/E Champion , a three-time World Heavyweight Champion , a six-time WWF World Tag Team Champion , a one-time WWF Hardcore Champion , and a one-time WCW Tag Team Champion ( during the Invasion angle ) . Outside of WWE , a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion and a one-time WCWA Texas Heavyweight Champion . The Undertaker has headlined multiple pay-per-view ( PPV ) events for WWE , including four WrestleManias ( 13 , XXIV , XXVI and 33 ) . He is also the second most prolific pay-per-view performer in WWE history , wrestling in 172 matches , behind his storyline brother , Kane ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bret_Hart', 'summary': "Bret Sergeant Hart ( born July 2 , 1957 ) is a Canadian-American retired professional wrestler , amateur wrestler , writer and actor . A member of the Hart wrestling family and a second-generation wrestler , he has an amateur wrestling background , wrestling at Ernest Manning High School and Mount Royal College . A major international draw within professional wrestling , he has been credited with changing the perception of mainstream North-American professional wrestling in the early 1990s by bringing technical in-ring performance to the fore . Hart is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time ; Sky Sports noted that his legacy is that of one of , if not the greatest , to have ever graced the squared circle . For most of his career , he used the nickname Hitman . Hart joined his father Stu Hart 's promotion Stampede Wrestling in 1976 as a referee and made his in-ring debut in 1978 . He gained championship success during the 1980s and 1990s in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he helmed The Hart Foundation stable . He left for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) following the controversial Montreal Screwjob in November 1997 , where he remained until October 2000 . Having been inactive from in-ring competition since January 2000 , owing to a December 1999 concussion , he officially retired in October 2000 , shortly after his departure from the company . He returned to sporadic in-ring competition from 2010-2011 with WWE , where he won his final championship , headlined the 2010 SummerSlam event , and served as the general manager of Raw . Throughout his career , Hart headlined WrestleMania IX , X , and XII , and participated in the main event of Starrcade 1997 and 1999 - as a special enforcer and referee in the former . [ c ] Hart has held championships in five decades from the 1970s to the 2010s , with a total of 32 held throughout his career , and 17 held between the WWF/WWE and WCW ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_World_Heavyweight_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Special_guest_referee', 'summary': "In professional wrestling , a referee is an authority figure present in or near the ring during matches . The referee 's on-stage ( kayfabe ) purpose is similar to that of referees in combats such as boxing or mixed martial arts , that is , as an arbiter of the rules and the person charged with rendering decisions . In reality , the referee is , like the wrestlers , a participant in executing a match in accordance with its script including its pre-determined outcome , and is responsible for controlling the flow of the match and for relaying information or instructions from backstage officials to the wrestlers . Like wrestlers , referees are also responsible for maintaining kayfabe , and must render decisions in accordance with the promotion 's kayfabe rules ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Michaels', 'summary': "Michael Shawn Hickenbottom ( born July 22 , 1965 ) , better known by his ring name Shawn Michaels , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , and television presenter . Regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers in history , he is known by the nicknames Heartbreak Kid and Mr. WrestleMania . Michaels wrestled consistently for WWE , formerly the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , from 1988 until a back injury forced his first retirement in 1998 . He performed in non-wrestling roles for the next two years and returned to the ring for a match in his own Texas Wrestling Academy ( TWA ) in 2000 . Michaels resumed his wrestling career with WWE in 2002 and retired ceremoniously in 2010 , before being assigned as a trainer in 2016 . He returned for a final match in 2018 . In the WWF/WWE , Michaels headlined pay-per-view events between 1989 and 2018 , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , five times . He was the co-founder and original leader of the successful stable , D-Generation X. Michaels also wrestled in the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , where he founded The Midnight Rockers with Marty Jannetty in 1985 . After winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship twice , the team continued to the WWF as The Rockers and had a high-profile breakup in January 1992 . Within the year , Michaels twice challenged for the WWF Championship and won his first Intercontinental Championship , heralding his arrival as one of the industry 's premier singles stars . Michaels is a four-time world champion , having held the WWF Championship three times and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( and the first man to win the match as the number one entrant ) , the first WWF Grand Slam Champion and the fourth WWF Triple Crown Champion , as well as a two time WWE Hall of Fame ( 2011 as singles wrestler and 2019 as part of D-Generation X ) ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1998 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1998)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1998 ) was the eleventh annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 30 , 1998 , at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The main event was a Singles match for the WWF Championship between Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker . Austin won the match via pinfall after a Low Blow and Stunner to retain the WWF Championship . The main match on the undercard featured a ladder match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship between Triple H and The Rock , which Triple H won to win the Intercontinental Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'August 30 , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Madison Square Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden', 'summary': "Madison Square Garden , colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG , is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City . Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets , it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station . It is the fourth venue to bear the name Madison Square Garden ; the first two ( 1879 and 1890 ) were located on Madison Square , on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue , with the third Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street . The Garden is used for professional ice hockey and basketball , as well as boxing , concerts , ice shows , circuses , professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment . It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks , including the Empire State Building , Koreatown , and Macy 's at Herald Square . It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and was home to the New York Liberty ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2017 . Originally called Madison Square Garden Center , the Garden opened on February 11 , 1968 , and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area . It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association . In 2016 , MSG was the second-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales , behind The O2 Arena in London . Including two major renovations , its total construction cost is approximately $ 1.1 billion , and it has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built . It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex , named for the railway station . Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name ."}]}, {'value': 'Stone Cold Steve Austin ( c ) vs . The Undertaker for the WWF Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin', 'summary': "Steve Austin ( born Steven James Anderson on December 18 , 1964 , later Steven James Williams ) , better known by the ring name Stone Cold Steve Austin , is an American actor , producer , television host and retired professional wrestler . Austin enjoyed a successful career as Stunning Steve Austin in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) from 1991 to 1995 . After a brief stint in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) in late 1995 , he signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) as The Ringmaster . Rebranded as Stone Cold Steve Austin the following year , he gained significant mainstream popularity as a brazen , vulgar , beer-drinking antihero who routinely defied the establishment and his boss , company chairman Vince McMahon . This persona of Austin 's became the poster boy of the Attitude Era , a boom period in WWF business in the late 1990s and early 2000s . He also introduced the long-standing What ? chant in professional wrestling . A number of prominent industry figures , including McMahon , have declared Austin to be the biggest star in WWF/WWE history and stressed that he surpassed the popularity of Hulk Hogan . Veteran professional wrestling journalist Wade Keller remarked that Austin is in every conversation for the greatest wrestling act of all time , as well as for the most profitable and the most influential . Austin held 19 championships throughout his wrestling career , as he is a six-time WWF World Heavyweight Champion , a two-time Intercontinental Champion and a four-time WWF Tag Team Champion - thus making him the fifth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history - while also being a two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WCW World Television Champion , a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion and a one-time NWA World Tag Team Champion in WCW . He was also the winner of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament as well as the 1997 , 1998 and 2001 Royal Rumbles , making him the only three-time winner of the event . Furthermore , he was awarded the unsanctioned Million Dollar Championship by Ted DiBiase ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Undertaker', 'summary': "Mark William Calaway ( born March 24 , 1965 ) , better known by the ring name The Undertaker , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE . Widely regarded as the greatest professional wrestler of all time , Calaway began his career in 1987 , working under various gimmicks for World Class Championship Wrestling ( WCCW ) and other affiliate promotions . After signing for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in 1989 , he enjoyed a brief stint as a mid-card performer named Mean Mark Callous , before joining the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1990 . In the WWF , Calaway was rebranded as The Undertaker and gained significant mainstream popularity as a horror-themed , macabre entity who employed scare tactics and held links to the supernatural . The Undertaker became one of the most prominent figures of the Attitude Era , featuring in various pivotal storylines and matches as WWF sustained a boom period in business in the late 1990s . His character transitioned into a biker in the early 2000s , before returning to a refined version of his previous gimmick in 2004 . The Undertaker is known for The Streak , a series of 21 straight victories at WWE 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . Calaway has held 17 championships . Within WWF/E , he is a four-time WWF/E Champion , a three-time World Heavyweight Champion , a six-time WWF World Tag Team Champion , a one-time WWF Hardcore Champion , and a one-time WCW Tag Team Champion ( during the Invasion angle ) . Outside of WWE , a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion and a one-time WCWA Texas Heavyweight Champion . The Undertaker has headlined multiple pay-per-view ( PPV ) events for WWE , including four WrestleManias ( 13 , XXIV , XXVI and 33 ) . He is also the second most prolific pay-per-view performer in WWE history , wrestling in 172 matches , behind his storyline brother , Kane ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(1999)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 1999 ) was the twelfth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 22 , 1999 , at the Target Center in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This event is one of two events where the three major titles in the WWE ( world , intercontinental and tag ) all changed hands on the same night , the other being the 2009 edition of TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs .'}]}, {'value': 'August 22 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': 'Target Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Target_Center', 'summary': "Target Center is a multi-purpose arena located in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Target Center hosts major family shows , concerts , sporting events , graduations and private events . Target Corporation is the original and current naming rights partner of the arena . Seating over 20,000 for a concert , it contains 702 club seats and 68 suites . The arena is home to the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Minnesota Lynx of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The facility has also hosted the LFL 's Minnesota Valkyrie , the RHI 's Minnesota Arctic Blast and the Arena Football League 's Minnesota Fighting Pike in the past ."}]}, {'value': 'Stone Cold Steve Austin ( c ) vs. Mankind vs . Triple H in a Triple Threat match for the WWF Championship with special guest referee Jesse Ventura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin', 'summary': "Steve Austin ( born Steven James Anderson on December 18 , 1964 , later Steven James Williams ) , better known by the ring name Stone Cold Steve Austin , is an American actor , producer , television host and retired professional wrestler . Austin enjoyed a successful career as Stunning Steve Austin in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) from 1991 to 1995 . After a brief stint in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) in late 1995 , he signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) as The Ringmaster . Rebranded as Stone Cold Steve Austin the following year , he gained significant mainstream popularity as a brazen , vulgar , beer-drinking antihero who routinely defied the establishment and his boss , company chairman Vince McMahon . This persona of Austin 's became the poster boy of the Attitude Era , a boom period in WWF business in the late 1990s and early 2000s . He also introduced the long-standing What ? chant in professional wrestling . A number of prominent industry figures , including McMahon , have declared Austin to be the biggest star in WWF/WWE history and stressed that he surpassed the popularity of Hulk Hogan . Veteran professional wrestling journalist Wade Keller remarked that Austin is in every conversation for the greatest wrestling act of all time , as well as for the most profitable and the most influential . Austin held 19 championships throughout his wrestling career , as he is a six-time WWF World Heavyweight Champion , a two-time Intercontinental Champion and a four-time WWF Tag Team Champion - thus making him the fifth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history - while also being a two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WCW World Television Champion , a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion and a one-time NWA World Tag Team Champion in WCW . He was also the winner of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament as well as the 1997 , 1998 and 2001 Royal Rumbles , making him the only three-time winner of the event . Furthermore , he was awarded the unsanctioned Million Dollar Championship by Ted DiBiase ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mick_Foley', 'summary': "Michael Francis Mick Foley ( born June 7 , 1965 ) is an American actor , author , retired professional wrestler and color commentator . He is currently signed to WWE . Foley worked for many wrestling promotions , including the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , and National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) , as well as numerous promotions in Japan . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wrestlers in the history of WWE , and participated in the main event of WrestleMania in 1999 and 2000 ( as a special guest referee in the former ) . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2013 . Foley has wrestled under his real name and various personas . His main persona during his time in WCW and ECW from 1991 to 1996 was Cactus Jack , a bloodthirsty and uncompromisingly physical brawler who often wrestled with sharp and/or solid metallic objects , such as barbed wire , thumbtacks , or metal trashcans . When Foley got to the WWF in 1996 , he debuted the persona known as Mankind , a masked , mentally deranged loner who stuffed a smelly gym sock in his opponents ' mouths and spent his spare time dwelling in boiler rooms ; and later Foley debuted Dude Love , a relaxed , fun-loving , jive-talking , tie-dyed shirt wearing hippie . These personas were known as the Three Faces of Foley , and Cactus Jack made his debut in the WWF in 1997 . He is a four-time world champion ( three WWF Championships and one TNA World Heavyweight Championship ) , an 11-time world tag team champion ( eight WWF Tag Team Championships , two ECW World Tag Team Championships and one WCW World Tag Team Championship ) , a one-time TNA Legends Champion , and the inaugural WWF Hardcore Champion . Foley 's dedicated and physical style of wrestling led him to often participate in violent and brutal matches that involved him taking dangerous bumps and putting his body through a considerable physical toll , and would sometimes cause him or his opponents to bleed copiously , earning him the moniker The Hardcore Legend ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Triple_H', 'summary': "Paul Michael Levesque ( born July 27 , 1969 ) , better known by the ring name Triple H , is an American business executive , professional wrestler , and actor . He has been the Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative for WWE since 2013 , as well as being the founder and senior producer of NXT . Levesque was born and raised in Nashua , New Hampshire , and began his professional wrestling career in 1992 with the International Wrestling Federation ( IWF ) under the ring name Terra Ryzing . In 1994 , he joined World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he was soon repackaged as a French-Canadian aristocrat named Jean-Paul Lévesque , and was later repackaged in 1995 when he signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he became Hunter Hearst Helmsley , and later , Triple H. In WWF , Triple H gained industry fame after co-founding the influential D-Generation X stable , which became a major element of the Attitude Era in the 1990s . After winning his first WWF Championship in 1999 , he became a fixture of the company 's main event scene , and was widely regarded as the best wrestler in North America by the turn of the millennium . Triple H has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , seven times . [ a ] Triple H has also won a number of championships in his career , being a five-time Intercontinental Champion , a three-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team Championship reigns , and one Unified WWE Tag Team Championship reign ) , a two-time European Champion , and a fourteen-time world champion , making him the company 's seventh Triple Crown Champion and second Grand Slam Champion . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble match winner , and a King of the Ring tournament winner . Later in his career , Triple H gained notability for his behind-the-scenes work at WWE , founding the developmental branch NXT , and gaining praise for his business acumen in professional wrestling . Outside of wrestling , Triple H has been a figure of substantial media attention due to his marriage to Stephanie McMahon , daughter of Vince and Linda McMahon , who are majority owners of WWE . In 2019 , he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the D-Generation X stable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Triple_Threat_match', 'summary': "Many types of wrestling matches , sometimes called concept or gimmick matches in the jargon of the business , are performed in professional wrestling . Some of them occur relatively frequently while others are developed so as to advance an angle and such match types are used rarely . Because of professional wrestling 's long history over decades , many things have been recycled ( many match types often being variations of previous match types ) . These match types can be organized into several loose groups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Special_guest_referee', 'summary': "In professional wrestling , a referee is an authority figure present in or near the ring during matches . The referee 's on-stage ( kayfabe ) purpose is similar to that of referees in combats such as boxing or mixed martial arts , that is , as an arbiter of the rules and the person charged with rendering decisions . In reality , the referee is , like the wrestlers , a participant in executing a match in accordance with its script including its pre-determined outcome , and is responsible for controlling the flow of the match and for relaying information or instructions from backstage officials to the wrestlers . Like wrestlers , referees are also responsible for maintaining kayfabe , and must render decisions in accordance with the promotion 's kayfabe rules ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Ventura', 'summary': "Jesse Ventura ( born James George Janos ; July 15 , 1951 ) is an American media personality , actor , author , retired professional wrestler , and former politician who served as the Mayor of Brooklyn Park from 1991 to 1995 and as the 38th Governor of Minnesota from 1999 to 2003 . He was the first and only candidate of the Reform Party to win a major government position . Ventura was a member of the U.S. Navy Underwater Demolition Team during the Vietnam War . After leaving the military , he embarked on a professional wrestling career from 1975 to 1986 , taking the ring name Jesse The Body Ventura . He had a long tenure in the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) as a performer and color commentator , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2004 . In addition to wrestling , Ventura pursued an acting career , appearing in films such as Predator and The Running Man ( both 1987 ) . Ventura first entered politics in 1991 when he was elected mayor of Brooklyn Park , Minnesota , a position he held until 1995 . Three years later , Ventura was the Reform Party candidate in the Minnesota gubernatorial election of 1998 , running a low-budget campaign centered on grassroots events and unusual ads that urged citizens not to vote for politics as usual . Ventura 's campaign was unexpectedly successful , with him narrowly defeating both the Democratic and Republican candidates . The highest elected official to ever win an election on a Reform Party ticket , Ventura left the Reform Party a year after taking office amid internal fights for control over the party . As governor , Ventura oversaw reforms of Minnesota 's property tax as well as the state 's first sales tax rebate . Other initiatives taken under Ventura included construction of the METRO Blue Line light rail in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area , and cuts in income taxes ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2000)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 2000 ) was the thirteenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It took place on August 27 , 2000 , at the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena in Raleigh , North Carolina . The main event was a triple threat match for the WWF Championship involving champion The Rock , Triple H , and Kurt Angle . The Rock won the match and retained the title after pinning Triple H following a People 's Elbow . One of the predominant matches on the undercard was Kane versus The Undertaker , which ended in a no contest after Undertaker unmasked Kane . Another featured match on the undercard was the first Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match for the Tag Team Championship involving champions Edge and Christian , The Hardy Boyz ( Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy ) , and The Dudley Boyz ( Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley ) . Edge and Christian won the match by retrieving the belts suspended above the ring ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raleigh , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Raleigh ( /ˈrɑːli/ ; RAH-lee ) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States . Raleigh is the second-largest city in the state , after Charlotte . Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its many oak trees , which line the streets in the heart of the city . The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles ( 370 km2 ) . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 469,298 as of July 1 , 2018 . It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country . The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County . Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University ( NCSU ) and is part of Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) , together with Durham ( home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University ) and Chapel Hill ( home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham and Wake counties , among the three cities and their universities . The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013 . The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 . Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County , with a very small portion extending into Durham County ."}]}, {'value': 'Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PNC_Arena', 'summary': "PNC Arena ( originally Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena and formerly the RBC Center ) is an indoor arena located in Raleigh , North Carolina . The arena seats 19,722 for basketball and 18,680 for ice hockey , including 59 suites , 13 loge boxes and 2,000 club seats . The building has three concourses and a 300-seat restaurant . PNC Arena is home to the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League and the NC State Wolfpack men 's basketball team of NCAA Division I . The arena neighbors Carter-Finley Stadium , home of Wolfpack Football ; the North Carolina State Fairgrounds and Dorton Arena ( on the Fairgrounds ) . The arena also hosted the Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League from 2000 to 2002 . It is the fourth-largest arena in the ACC ( after the Carrier Dome , KFC Yum ! Center and the Dean Smith Center ) and the eighth-largest arena in the NCAA ."}]}, {'value': 'The Rock ( c ) vs. Kurt Angle vs . Triple H in a Triple Threat match for the WWF Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson', 'summary': "Dwayne Douglas Johnson ( born May 2 , 1972 ) , also known by his ring name , The Rock , is an American actor , producer , investor and retired professional wrestler . Johnson was a professional wrestler for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) for eight years prior to pursuing an acting career . His films have grossed over $ 3.5 billion in North America and over $ 10.5 billion worldwide , making Johnson one of the most successful and highest-grossing box-office stars of all time . Johnson was a college football player for the University of Miami , with whom he won a national championship in 1991 . He initially aspired for a professional career in football and entered the 1995 NFL Draft , but he went undrafted . As a result , Johnson signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , but was cut from the team in the middle of his first season . Shortly after , he began training as a professional wrestler . In 1996 , Johnson secured a contract with the WWF and was promoted as the first third-generation wrestler in the company 's history , as he is the son of Rocky Johnson and grandson of Peter Maivia . He rose to prominence after developing a charismatic persona of a boastful trash-talking wrestler named The Rock . He subsequently won his first WWF Championship in 1998 and helped usher the WWF into the Attitude Era , a boom period in the company 's business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s which still hold professional wrestling records for television ratings . In 2004 , he left the WWE to pursue an acting career and went on a seven-year hiatus before returning in 2011 as a part-time performer until 2013 , before wholly retiring in 2019 . Considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers and biggest draws of all-time , The Rock headlined the most-bought professional wrestling pay-per-view event ever , WrestleMania XXVIII , and was featured in among the most watched episodes of WWE 's television shows , WWE Raw and WWE SmackDown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Angle', 'summary': "Kurt Steven Angle ( born December 9 , 1968 ) is an American actor , retired professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler , currently signed to WWE where he works as a backstage producer . While at Clarion University of Pennsylvania , Angle won numerous accolades , including being a two-time National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . After graduating from college , Angle won a gold medal in freestyle wrestling at the 1995 World Wrestling Championships . He then won the freestyle wrestling gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics . He is one of four people to complete an amateur wrestling Grand Slam ( Junior Nationals , NCAA , World Championships , and Olympics ) . In 2006 , he was named by USA Wrestling as the greatest shoot wrestler ever and one of the top 15 college wrestlers of all time . He was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame in 2016 for his amateur accomplishments . Angle made his first appearance at a pro-wrestling event in 1996 , and signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) in 1998 . Noted for his rapid comprehension of the business , he had his debut match that August within the company 's developmental system after mere days of training , and participated in his first televised WWF storyline in March 1999 . After months of unaired matches , Angle made his televised in-ring debut in November and received his first major push in the company in February 2000 , when he held the European and Intercontinental Championships simultaneously . Four months later , he won the 2000 King of the Ring tournament and soon thereafter began pursuing the WWF Championship , which he won in October . This capped off a WWF rookie year which is considered by many to be the greatest in history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Triple_H', 'summary': "Paul Michael Levesque ( born July 27 , 1969 ) , better known by the ring name Triple H , is an American business executive , professional wrestler , and actor . He has been the Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative for WWE since 2013 , as well as being the founder and senior producer of NXT . Levesque was born and raised in Nashua , New Hampshire , and began his professional wrestling career in 1992 with the International Wrestling Federation ( IWF ) under the ring name Terra Ryzing . In 1994 , he joined World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he was soon repackaged as a French-Canadian aristocrat named Jean-Paul Lévesque , and was later repackaged in 1995 when he signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he became Hunter Hearst Helmsley , and later , Triple H. In WWF , Triple H gained industry fame after co-founding the influential D-Generation X stable , which became a major element of the Attitude Era in the 1990s . After winning his first WWF Championship in 1999 , he became a fixture of the company 's main event scene , and was widely regarded as the best wrestler in North America by the turn of the millennium . Triple H has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , seven times . [ a ] Triple H has also won a number of championships in his career , being a five-time Intercontinental Champion , a three-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team Championship reigns , and one Unified WWE Tag Team Championship reign ) , a two-time European Champion , and a fourteen-time world champion , making him the company 's seventh Triple Crown Champion and second Grand Slam Champion . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble match winner , and a King of the Ring tournament winner . Later in his career , Triple H gained notability for his behind-the-scenes work at WWE , founding the developmental branch NXT , and gaining praise for his business acumen in professional wrestling . Outside of wrestling , Triple H has been a figure of substantial media attention due to his marriage to Stephanie McMahon , daughter of Vince and Linda McMahon , who are majority owners of WWE . In 2019 , he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the D-Generation X stable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Triple_Threat_match', 'summary': "Many types of wrestling matches , sometimes called concept or gimmick matches in the jargon of the business , are performed in professional wrestling . Some of them occur relatively frequently while others are developed so as to advance an angle and such match types are used rarely . Because of professional wrestling 's long history over decades , many things have been recycled ( many match types often being variations of previous match types ) . These match types can be organized into several loose groups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWF_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2001)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 2001 ) was the fourteenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on August 19 , 2001 , at the Compaq Center at San Jose in San Jose , California . It was the last SummerSlam promoted under the WWF name , as the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) in May 2002 . In the main event , The Rock defeated Booker T for the WCW Championship , after executing a Rock Bottom . The other two main matches on the card were Steve Austin versus Kurt Angle for the WWF Championship , which Angle won , after Austin was disqualified for attacking referees , and Rob Van Dam defeated Jeff Hardy in a ladder match for the WWF Hardcore Championship . The other main match on the undercard in this event was included the Steel cage match between WCW Tag Team Champions Undertaker and Kane and WWF Tag Team Champions Diamond Dallas Page and Kanyon , which Undertaker and Kane won , after Undertaker executed the Last Ride and pinned Page .'}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': 'Compaq Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAP_Center', 'summary': 'The SAP Center at San Jose ( originally known as San Jose Arena ) is an indoor arena located in San Jose , California . Its primary tenant is the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League , for which the arena has earned the nickname The Shark Tank . It is also home to the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': 'Booker T ( c ) vs . The Rock for the WCW Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Booker_T_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Robert Booker Tio Huffman ( born March 1 , 1965 ) , better known by his ring name Booker T , is an American professional wrestler , professional wrestling promoter and color commentator signed with WWE . He is also the owner and founder of the independent promotion Reality of Wrestling ( ROW ) in Texas City , Texas . Booker is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/E ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , holding 35 championships between those organizations . He is the most decorated wrestler in WCW history , having held 21 titles including a record six WCW World Television Championships ( along with being the first African American titleholder ) , and a record eleven WCW World Tag Team Championships : ten as one half of Harlem Heat with his brother , Lash Stevie Ray Huffman in WCW ( most reigns within that company ) , and one in the WWF with Test . Harlem Heat were recognized by WWE as being - along with The Steiner Brothers - WCW 's greatest ever tag team . Booker was the final WCW World Heavyweight Champion and WCW United States Heavyweight Champion under the WCW banner ; industry veteran John Layfield described him as the best acquisition that WWE got when they bought WCW . Booker is a six-time world champion , having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship five times ( four times in WCW , and once in the WWF ) and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once . He is the first non-mixed race African American to become a world champion in WWE , and was voted the greatest World Heavyweight Champion in a WWE viewer poll . Booker is a 15-time world tag team champion between WCW ( 10 times ) , WWF/E ( four times ) , and TNA ( once ) . Additionally , he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2006 , the sixteenth Triple Crown Champion , and the eighth Grand Slam Champion ( under original format ) in WWE history . As the ninth Triple Crown Champion in WCW history , Booker is one of five men in history to achieve both the WWE and WCW Triple Crowns . Longtime wrestler Kurt Angle said of Booker : He 's done it all ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson', 'summary': "Dwayne Douglas Johnson ( born May 2 , 1972 ) , also known by his ring name , The Rock , is an American actor , producer , investor and retired professional wrestler . Johnson was a professional wrestler for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) for eight years prior to pursuing an acting career . His films have grossed over $ 3.5 billion in North America and over $ 10.5 billion worldwide , making Johnson one of the most successful and highest-grossing box-office stars of all time . Johnson was a college football player for the University of Miami , with whom he won a national championship in 1991 . He initially aspired for a professional career in football and entered the 1995 NFL Draft , but he went undrafted . As a result , Johnson signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , but was cut from the team in the middle of his first season . Shortly after , he began training as a professional wrestler . In 1996 , Johnson secured a contract with the WWF and was promoted as the first third-generation wrestler in the company 's history , as he is the son of Rocky Johnson and grandson of Peter Maivia . He rose to prominence after developing a charismatic persona of a boastful trash-talking wrestler named The Rock . He subsequently won his first WWF Championship in 1998 and helped usher the WWF into the Attitude Era , a boom period in the company 's business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s which still hold professional wrestling records for television ratings . In 2004 , he left the WWE to pursue an acting career and went on a seven-year hiatus before returning in 2011 as a part-time performer until 2013 , before wholly retiring in 2019 . Considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers and biggest draws of all-time , The Rock headlined the most-bought professional wrestling pay-per-view event ever , WrestleMania XXVIII , and was featured in among the most watched episodes of WWE 's television shows , WWE Raw and WWE SmackDown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WCW_Championship', 'summary': 'The WCW World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship originally used in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and later , the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . It was the original world title of the World Championship Wrestling promotion , spun off from the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . It existed in WCW from 1991 to 2001 . Following the acquisition of WCW by the WWF in March 2001 , it became one of two world titles in the WWF , with its name being immediately abbreviated to the WCW Championship and finally , the World Championship in November . It continued to complement the then-WWF Championship until the following month , when both titles were unified to create the Undisputed WWF Championship . The Undisputed title retained the lineage of the WWF Championship , and the World Championship was retired . Ric Flair was the first holder of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship , with Chris Jericho being the last . The title was the second of six to be represented by the historic Big Gold Belt , first introduced in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2002)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 2002 ) was the fifteenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) for their Raw and SmackDown brands . It took place on August 25 , 2002 , at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , New York . With this event , SummerSlam became the first pay-per-view to have events in the three major indoor venues in the New York metropolitan area . Madison Square Garden hosted the event in 1988 , 1991 , and 1998 . The Izod Center in East Rutherford , New Jersey hosted the event in 1989 , 1997 , and later in 2007 . The main match on the SmackDown ! brand was for the WWE Undisputed Championship between The Rock and Brock Lesnar . Lesnar won the match and the championship after pinning Rock following an F-5 . The main match on the Raw brand featured an Unsanctioned Street Fight between the returning Shawn Michaels and Triple H , which Michaels won after pinning Triple H by reversing Triple H 's Pedigree attempt into a jackknife roll-up . There was also an interpromotional match for the Intercontinental Championship between Rob Van Dam from Raw and Chris Benoit from SmackDown ! , which Van Dam won by pinfall after performing a Five-Star Frog Splash . The other matches on the undercard included The Undertaker versus Test and Kurt Angle versus Rey Mysterio ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uniondale , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York', 'summary': "Uniondale is a hamlet and census-designated place ( CDP ) , as well as a suburb in Nassau County , New York , United States , on Long Island , in the Town of Hempstead . The ZIP Code is 11553 . The population was 24,759 at the 2010 United States Census . Uniondale is home to Hofstra University 's north campus ."}]}, {'value': 'Nassau Coliseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nassau_Coliseum', 'summary': "The Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ( commonly known as the Nassau Coliseum or The Coliseum ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Uniondale , New York , east of New York City . The Coliseum is approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of the eastern limits of the Borough of Queens of New York City , and is located next to the Meadowbrook Parkway . It is branded as NYCB Live : Home of the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum for naming rights reasons . Opened in 1972 , the Coliseum occupies 63 acres ( 25 ha ) of Mitchel Field , a former Army airfield , later an Air Force base . The facility is located in the Town of Hempstead , within the Uniondale 11553 ZIP code . The Coliseum is used for sporting events , concerts , large exhibitions and shows as well as trade shows - 44,000 square feet ( 4,100 m2 ) at the main arena , 60,000 at the Expo Center . In 2015 , the arena was temporarily closed for a major renovation which was completed in April 2017 . The New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) played at the Coliseum from 1972 to 2015 before moving to Brooklyn 's Barclays Center . After the move proved to be commercially unsuccessful , the team began splitting its home schedule between Barclays and the renovated Coliseum in 2018 , and will do so until at least 2021 after the completion of its new Belmont Park Arena . It was the former home of the New York Nets of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) and National Basketball Association ( which now plays at Barclays as the Brooklyn Nets ) from 1972 to 1977 . In 2017 , the venue became the new home of the Brooklyn Nets ' NBA G League team , the Long Island Nets ."}]}, {'value': 'The Rock ( c ) vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Undisputed Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson', 'summary': "Dwayne Douglas Johnson ( born May 2 , 1972 ) , also known by his ring name , The Rock , is an American actor , producer , investor and retired professional wrestler . Johnson was a professional wrestler for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) for eight years prior to pursuing an acting career . His films have grossed over $ 3.5 billion in North America and over $ 10.5 billion worldwide , making Johnson one of the most successful and highest-grossing box-office stars of all time . Johnson was a college football player for the University of Miami , with whom he won a national championship in 1991 . He initially aspired for a professional career in football and entered the 1995 NFL Draft , but he went undrafted . As a result , Johnson signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , but was cut from the team in the middle of his first season . Shortly after , he began training as a professional wrestler . In 1996 , Johnson secured a contract with the WWF and was promoted as the first third-generation wrestler in the company 's history , as he is the son of Rocky Johnson and grandson of Peter Maivia . He rose to prominence after developing a charismatic persona of a boastful trash-talking wrestler named The Rock . He subsequently won his first WWF Championship in 1998 and helped usher the WWF into the Attitude Era , a boom period in the company 's business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s which still hold professional wrestling records for television ratings . In 2004 , he left the WWE to pursue an acting career and went on a seven-year hiatus before returning in 2011 as a part-time performer until 2013 , before wholly retiring in 2019 . Considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers and biggest draws of all-time , The Rock headlined the most-bought professional wrestling pay-per-view event ever , WrestleMania XXVIII , and was featured in among the most watched episodes of WWE 's television shows , WWE Raw and WWE SmackDown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brock_Lesnar', 'summary': "Brock Edward Lesnar ( /ˈlɛznər/ ; born July 12 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist and professional football player currently signed to WWE , where he performs on its Raw brand and is the current WWE Champion in his fifth reign . After his successful amateur wrestling career at Bismarck State College and the University of Minnesota , Lesnar signed with WWE ( then the World Wrestling Federation ) in 2000 . He was assigned to its developmental promotion Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he was a three-time OVW Southern Tag Team Champion with Shelton Benjamin . After debuting on WWE 's main roster in 2002 , Lesnar won the WWE Championship [ Note 1 ] five months after his debut at the age of 25 , becoming the youngest champion in the title 's history . Following his match with Bill Goldberg at WrestleMania XX , Lesnar left WWE and pursued a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was named a defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings , but was cut prior to the start of the 2004 season . In 2005 , Lesnar returned to professional wrestling and signed with New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , where he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship in his first match . After a contractual dispute with NJPW , he also wrestled as IWGP Heavyweight Champion in the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) . In 2006 , Lesnar pursued a career in mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , as he signed with Hero 's and won his first fight , against Min-Soo Kim , in June 2007 . He then signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) the following October . Lesnar lost in his UFC debut against Frank Mir and then won his second fight against Heath Herring . In November 2008 , Lesnar defeated Randy Couture to become the UFC Heavyweight Champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWE_Undisputed_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2003 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2003)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 2003 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place August 24 , 2003 , at the America West Arena in Phoenix , Arizona . It was the 16th annual SummerSlam event and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown ! brands . Nine professional wrestling matches were set on the event 's supercard , a scheduling of multiple high-level matches . The first main event was an Elimination Chamber match , in which World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defeated Chris Jericho , Goldberg , Kevin Nash , Randy Orton , and Shawn Michaels to retain his championship . In the other main event , defending WWE Champion Kurt Angle defeated Brock Lesnar in a standard wrestling match . The undercard included Kane defeating Rob Van Dam in a No Holds Barred match , and Eddie Guerrero defending his United States Championship against Chris Benoit , Rhyno and Tajiri . The event marked the second time the Elimination Chamber format was used by WWE ; the first was at Survivor Series 2002 . SummerSlam ( 2003 ) grossed over $ 715,000 ticket sales from an attendance of 16,113 and received about 415,000 pay-per-view buys , more than the following year 's event . This event helped WWE increase its pay-per-view revenue by $ 6.2 million from the previous year ."}]}, {'value': 'August 24 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'America West Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talking_Stick_Resort_Arena', 'summary': "Talking Stick Resort Arena is a sports and entertainment arena in downtown Phoenix , Arizona , United States . It opened on June 6 , 1992 , at a construction cost of $ 89 million . It was known as America West Arena from 1992 to 2006 and as US Airways Center from 2006 to 2015 . It is home to the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Arizona Coyotes played their first 7.5 seasons at the arena following their arrival in Phoenix in 1996 . The Phoenix RoadRunners of the ECHL played at the arena from their inaugural 2005-06 season until they ceased operations at the conclusion of the 2008-09 season . The Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League and Indoor Football League also played at the arena from 1992 to 2019 , after which they left due to renovations . The Phoenix Mercury of the Women 's National Basketball Association also played at the arena until 2019 , after which they also left due to renovations . Located near Chase Field , home of the Arizona Diamondbacks , the arena is 1 million square feet ( 93,000 m2 ) in size on an 11-acre ( 4.5 ha ) site . These two major league sports venues are half of those used by Phoenix area professional teams , the other two being State Farm Stadium and Gila River Arena in the neighboring Phoenix suburb of Glendale . Renovations were completed in March 2003 , which feature a 16,000-square-foot ( 1,500 m2 ) air conditioned glass-enclosed atrium built on the northwest side of the arena , to keep patrons cool while waiting in line for tickets or spending time inside the building before events . The total cost was estimated at around $ 67 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Triple H ( c ) vs. Chris Jericho vs. Goldberg vs. Kevin Nash vs. Randy Orton vs. Shawn Michaels in an Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_H', 'summary': "Paul Michael Levesque ( born July 27 , 1969 ) , better known by the ring name Triple H , is an American business executive , professional wrestler , and actor . He has been the Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative for WWE since 2013 , as well as being the founder and senior producer of NXT . Levesque was born and raised in Nashua , New Hampshire , and began his professional wrestling career in 1992 with the International Wrestling Federation ( IWF ) under the ring name Terra Ryzing . In 1994 , he joined World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , where he was soon repackaged as a French-Canadian aristocrat named Jean-Paul Lévesque , and was later repackaged in 1995 when he signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , where he became Hunter Hearst Helmsley , and later , Triple H. In WWF , Triple H gained industry fame after co-founding the influential D-Generation X stable , which became a major element of the Attitude Era in the 1990s . After winning his first WWF Championship in 1999 , he became a fixture of the company 's main event scene , and was widely regarded as the best wrestler in North America by the turn of the millennium . Triple H has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , seven times . [ a ] Triple H has also won a number of championships in his career , being a five-time Intercontinental Champion , a three-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team Championship reigns , and one Unified WWE Tag Team Championship reign ) , a two-time European Champion , and a fourteen-time world champion , making him the company 's seventh Triple Crown Champion and second Grand Slam Champion . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble match winner , and a King of the Ring tournament winner . Later in his career , Triple H gained notability for his behind-the-scenes work at WWE , founding the developmental branch NXT , and gaining praise for his business acumen in professional wrestling . Outside of wrestling , Triple H has been a figure of substantial media attention due to his marriage to Stephanie McMahon , daughter of Vince and Linda McMahon , who are majority owners of WWE . In 2019 , he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the D-Generation X stable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Jericho', 'summary': "Christopher Keith Irvine ( born November 9 , 1970 ) , better known by his ring name Chris Jericho , is an American-born Canadian professional wrestler , musician , podcaster , author , actor , and entrepreneur , currently signed to both All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) , where he is the inaugural and current AEW World Champion and New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) . In professional wrestling , he is best known for appearances in WWE between 1999 and 2018 . Noted for his over-the-top , rock star persona , Jericho has been named by journalists and industry colleagues as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time . During the 1990s , Jericho performed for the American organizations Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) and World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , as well as for international promotions in countries such as Canada , Japan , and Mexico . In 2001 , he became the first Undisputed WWF Champion , and thus the final holder of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship ( then referred to as the World Championship ) , having won and unified the WWF and World titles by defeating Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock on the same night . Jericho headlined multiple pay-per-view ( PPV ) events during his time with the WWF/WWE , including WrestleMania X8 and the inaugural TLC and Elimination Chamber shows . Among other accolades within the WWF/WWE , Jericho has won the Undisputed WWF Championship once , the WCW/World Championship twice , the World Heavyweight Championship three times , and the WWE Intercontinental Championship a record nine times . Jericho is the ninth Triple Crown Champion , as well as the fourth Grand Slam Champion in history . In addition , he was the 2008 Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner and ( along with Big Show as Jeri-Show ) won the 2009 Tag Team of the Year Slammy Award - making him the only winner of both Superstar and Tag Team of the Year . Between AEW , WWE , WCW , ECW , and NJPW , Jericho has held 34 total championships ( including seven World Championships and 10 Intercontinental Championships ) and was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 2010 . In 1999 , Jericho became lead vocalist of heavy metal band Fozzy , who released their eponymous debut album the following year . The group 's early work is composed largely of cover versions , although they have focused primarily on original material from third album All That Remains ( 2005 ) onward ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bill_Goldberg', 'summary': "William Scott Goldberg ( born December 27 , 1966 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , former football player , and former mixed martial artist color commentator . He is currently signed to WWE . He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) under the ring name Goldberg . He has acted in various films and television shows , including Universal Soldier : The Return ( 1999 ) and Family Guy . One of the most popular figures of the late 1990s/early 2000s professional wrestling boom , Goldberg rose to fame in WCW with a lengthy undefeated streak in singles competition from 1997 to 1998 . During his time with the promotion , Goldberg became a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion , two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , and one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion with Bret Hart . Along with Hart , he is the fifth WCW Triple Crown winner . Following WCW 's closure in 2001 , Goldberg wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) between 2002 and 2003 , and for WWE between 2003 and 2004 , becoming a one-time World Heavyweight Champion in the latter . After twelve years away from the company , he returned to WWE in 2016 and won the WWE Universal Championship in February 2017 . Goldberg has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for WCW and WWE , including twice closing WCW 's premier annual event , Starrcade . He is the only person to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship , WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship , and the WWE Universal Championship . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2018 the weekend of WrestleMania 34 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Nash', 'summary': "Kevin Scott Nash ( born July 9 , 1959 ) is a retired American professional wrestler , best known for his tenures with World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) and World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . He has wrestled under several ring names , but is best known for his work under his real name in WCW , as well as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and as Diesel in the WWF . In 1994 while in the WWF , Nash ( then known as Diesel ) won the WWF World , Intercontinental and Tag Team Championships ( the WWF Triple Crown ) and at that year 's Slammy Awards won the MVP ( now Superstar of the Year ) and ( with Shawn Michaels ) Best Tag Team ( now Tag Team of the Year ) awards . Between WWE , WCW and TNA , Nash has won a total of 21 championships , including being a five-time world champion ( four-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion and one-time WWF Champion ) and a 12-time world tag team champion between the three promotions . Nash 's 358-day WWF Championship reign is the longest of the 1990s . During his time in WCW , Nash became the first wrestler to defeat Goldberg and in the process ended his undefeated streak of 173-0 at Starrcade in 1998 . Following a college basketball career for the University of Tennessee , Nash played professionally for German Bundesliga squad Gießen 46ers for a short time , until a knee injury ended his career . Nash was a member of The Kliq , an influential backstage group that included Shawn Michaels , Triple H , Scott Hall and Sean Waltman . He is also one of the three founding members of the New World Order ( nWo ) , along with Hulk Hogan and Scott Hall . Nash was inducted individually into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015 , and he will be inducted for the second time in 2020 as a member of the New World Order alongside Hogan , Hall , and Waltman ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Randy_Orton', 'summary': 'Randal Keith Orton ( born April 1 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor . He is currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the Raw brand . Orton is a third-generation professional wrestler ; his grandfather Bob Orton , father Bob Orton Jr. , and uncle Barry Orton were all professional wrestlers . Before being signed by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , he trained in and wrestled for Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association-Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling . He was then signed by the WWF and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he held the OVW Hardcore Championship twice . Orton became a member of the stable Evolution shortly after his WWE debut , which quickly led to an Intercontinental Championship reign , his first title with the company . He also acquired the moniker The Legend Killer during a storyline where he began disrespecting and then physically attacking WWE Hall of Famers and wrestling veterans . At age 24 , he became the youngest world champion in WWE history after he won the World Heavyweight Championship from Chris Benoit . With this win , he departed from Evolution and a feud with his former stablemates began . In 2006 , Orton joined forces with Edge in a tag team known as Rated-RKO . Together , they held the World Tag Team Championship . After Rated-RKO disbanded in mid-2007 , Orton gained two WWE Championship reigns in one night , becoming the second youngest two-time WWE Champion at the age of 27 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Michaels', 'summary': "Michael Shawn Hickenbottom ( born July 22 , 1965 ) , better known by his ring name Shawn Michaels , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , and television presenter . Regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers in history , he is known by the nicknames Heartbreak Kid and Mr. WrestleMania . Michaels wrestled consistently for WWE , formerly the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , from 1988 until a back injury forced his first retirement in 1998 . He performed in non-wrestling roles for the next two years and returned to the ring for a match in his own Texas Wrestling Academy ( TWA ) in 2000 . Michaels resumed his wrestling career with WWE in 2002 and retired ceremoniously in 2010 , before being assigned as a trainer in 2016 . He returned for a final match in 2018 . In the WWF/WWE , Michaels headlined pay-per-view events between 1989 and 2018 , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , five times . He was the co-founder and original leader of the successful stable , D-Generation X. Michaels also wrestled in the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , where he founded The Midnight Rockers with Marty Jannetty in 1985 . After winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship twice , the team continued to the WWF as The Rockers and had a high-profile breakup in January 1992 . Within the year , Michaels twice challenged for the WWF Championship and won his first Intercontinental Championship , heralding his arrival as one of the industry 's premier singles stars . Michaels is a four-time world champion , having held the WWF Championship three times and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( and the first man to win the match as the number one entrant ) , the first WWF Grand Slam Champion and the fourth WWF Triple Crown Champion , as well as a two time WWE Hall of Fame ( 2011 as singles wrestler and 2019 as part of D-Generation X ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elimination_Chamber', 'summary': "The Elimination Chamber is a professional wrestling elimination-based match held in the WWE . The match was created by Triple H and was introduced by Eric Bischoff in November 2002 . It features a large chain-linked circular steel structure which encloses the ring . The chamber 's floor is platformed over the ringside area which elevates it to ring level . Within the chamber are four inner enclosures outside each ring corner . While similar in profile and nature to WWE 's original large scale steel-structured match Hell in a Cell , the Elimination Chamber match is a multiple participant match wherein two participants begin the match in the ring as the remaining four are held within each inner enclosure and are released into the match at five-minute intervals . The objective is to eliminate each opponent from the match via pinfall or submission . The winner is the last remaining participant after all others have been eliminated . As in the Hell in a Cell match , disqualifications do not apply . The original structure was 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) high , 36 ft ( 11 m ) in diameter , weighed over 10 short tons ( 9,100 kg ) and comprised 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) and 6 short tons ( 5,400 kg ) of chain . There have been twenty-four Elimination Chamber matches in WWE since the concept 's inception in November 2002 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_(WWE)', 'summary': 'The World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship owned by WWE . It was one of two top championships in WWE from 2002 to 2006 and from 2010 to 2013 , complementing the WWE Championship , and one of three top championships from 2006 to 2010 with the addition of the ECW World Heavyweight Championship . The title was established under the Raw brand in 2002 , after Raw and SmackDown became distinct brands under WWE , and moved between both brands on different occasions ( mainly as a result of the WWE draft ) until August 29 , 2011 , when all programming became full roster supershows . The World Heavyweight Championship was retired at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs on December 15 , 2013 , when it was unified with the WWE Championship . Triple H was the inaugural World Heavyweight Champion , with Randy Orton being the last . The title was one of six to be represented by the historic Big Gold Belt , first introduced in 1986 . Its heritage can be traced back to the first world heavyweight championship , thereby giving the belt a legacy over 100 years old , the oldest in the world .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2004)', 'summary': 'SummerSlam ( 2004 ) was the seventeenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on August 15 , 2004 , at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto , Ontario and featured talent from the Raw and SmackDown ! brands . The main match on the Raw brand was Chris Benoit versus Randy Orton for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Orton won by pinfall after performing an RKO . The predominant match on the SmackDown ! brand was John Bradshaw Layfield ( JBL ) versus The Undertaker for the WWE Championship , which JBL won after Undertaker was disqualified . The featured matches on the undercard included Kurt Angle versus Eddie Guerrero and Triple H versus Eugene .'}]}, {'value': 'August 15 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Canada Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena', 'summary': 'Scotiabank Arena , formerly Air Canada Centre , is a multi-purpose arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . In addition , the minor league Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League play occasional games at the arena . The arena was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) during their brief existence . The arena is 61,780.5 square metres ( 665,000 sq ft ) in size . It is owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. ( MLSE ) , the same group that owns the Leafs and the Raptors , as well as their respective development teams . In 2018 , Scotiabank Arena was the 13th busiest arena in the world and the busiest in Canada . It is also the most photographed location in Canada on Instagram according to BuzzFeed . Scotiabank Arena is connected to Toronto Union railway station , subway station and bus terminal via the PATH . Scotiabank Arena has , from its initial design to completion , revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then . [ according to whom ? ] These features include luxury suites accessible on the ground floor , splitting the main scoreboard into several sections , rotating all sponsor signage in the bowl at once ( to allow dominant messaging or neutralization for events that disallow commercial advertising ) , and multiple restaurants in and out of the main arena bowl view .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Benoit ( c ) vs. Randy Orton for the World Heavyweight Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Benoit', 'summary': 'Christopher Michael Benoit ( /bənˈwɑː/ ; May 21 , 1967 - June 24 , 2007 ) was a Canadian professional wrestler . During his 22-year career , Benoit worked for numerous promotions including the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWF/WWE ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , and New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) . Industry journalist Dave Meltzer considered him one of the top 10 , maybe even the top 5 , all-time greats . Benoit held 22 championships between WWF/WWE , WCW , NJPW , and ECW . He was a two-time world champion , having been a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion , and a one-time World Heavyweight Champion in WWE ; he was booked to win a third world championship at a WWE event on the night of his death . Benoit was the twelfth WWE Triple Crown Champion and seventh WCW Triple Crown Champion , and the second of four men in history to achieve both the WWE and WCW Triple Crown Championships . He was also the 2004 Royal Rumble winner , joining Shawn Michaels as the only two men to win a Royal Rumble as the number one entrant . Benoit headlined multiple pay-per-views for WWE , including a victory in the World Heavyweight Championship main event match of WrestleMania XX in 2004 . Benoit murdered his wife on June 22 , 2007 , his son on June 23 , 2007 , and hanged himself on June 24 , 2007 . Research suggests depression and chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) , a condition of brain damage , from numerous concussions are likely contributing factors leading to the crimes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Randy_Orton', 'summary': 'Randal Keith Orton ( born April 1 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor . He is currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the Raw brand . Orton is a third-generation professional wrestler ; his grandfather Bob Orton , father Bob Orton Jr. , and uncle Barry Orton were all professional wrestlers . Before being signed by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , he trained in and wrestled for Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association-Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling . He was then signed by the WWF and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he held the OVW Hardcore Championship twice . Orton became a member of the stable Evolution shortly after his WWE debut , which quickly led to an Intercontinental Championship reign , his first title with the company . He also acquired the moniker The Legend Killer during a storyline where he began disrespecting and then physically attacking WWE Hall of Famers and wrestling veterans . At age 24 , he became the youngest world champion in WWE history after he won the World Heavyweight Championship from Chris Benoit . With this win , he departed from Evolution and a feud with his former stablemates began . In 2006 , Orton joined forces with Edge in a tag team known as Rated-RKO . Together , they held the World Tag Team Championship . After Rated-RKO disbanded in mid-2007 , Orton gained two WWE Championship reigns in one night , becoming the second youngest two-time WWE Champion at the age of 27 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_(WWE)', 'summary': 'The World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship owned by WWE . It was one of two top championships in WWE from 2002 to 2006 and from 2010 to 2013 , complementing the WWE Championship , and one of three top championships from 2006 to 2010 with the addition of the ECW World Heavyweight Championship . The title was established under the Raw brand in 2002 , after Raw and SmackDown became distinct brands under WWE , and moved between both brands on different occasions ( mainly as a result of the WWE draft ) until August 29 , 2011 , when all programming became full roster supershows . The World Heavyweight Championship was retired at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs on December 15 , 2013 , when it was unified with the WWE Championship . Triple H was the inaugural World Heavyweight Champion , with Randy Orton being the last . The title was one of six to be represented by the historic Big Gold Belt , first introduced in 1986 . Its heritage can be traced back to the first world heavyweight championship , thereby giving the belt a legacy over 100 years old , the oldest in the world .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2005)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 2005 ) was the eighteenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on August 21 , 2005 , at the MCI Center in Washington , D.C. featured talent from the Raw and SmackDown ! brands . The main match on the Raw brand was Hulk Hogan versus Shawn Michaels , which Hogan won by pinfall after executing a leg drop . The predominant match on the SmackDown brand was a No Holds Barred match for the World Heavyweight Championship between Batista and John Bradshaw Layfield ( JBL ) , which Batista won by pinfall after executing two Batista Bombs , with the second on the steel ring steps . Another primary match on the Raw brand was for the WWE Championship between John Cena and Chris Jericho , which Cena won by pinfall after performing an FU . The main match on the undercard featured a Ladder match for the custody of Rey Mysterio 's son Dominik between Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero , which Mysterio won by retrieving the briefcase suspended above the ring ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'MCI Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_One_Arena', 'summary': "The Capital One Arena is an indoor arena in Washington , D.C . Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , the arena sits atop the Gallery Place rapid transit station of the Washington Metro . It has been largely considered to be a commercial success and is regarded as one of the driving catalysts of the revitalization of Washington , D.C. 's Chinatown neighborhood . Owned and operated by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , it is the home arena of the Washington Capitals of the NHL , the Washington Wizards of the NBA , and the Georgetown University men 's basketball team . It was also home to the Washington Mystics of the WNBA from 1998 to 2018 until they moved to the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena in southeast Washington for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Hulk Hogan vs. Shawn Michaels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulk_Hogan', 'summary': "Terry Gene Bollea ( /bəˈleɪə/ , born August 11 , 1953 ) , better known by his ring name as Hulk Hogan , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , television personality , entrepreneur , and musician . According to IGN , Hogan is the most recognized wrestling star worldwide and the most popular wrestler of the 1980s . Hogan began his professional wrestling career in 1977 , but gained worldwide recognition after signing for World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1983 . There , his persona as a heroic all-American helped usher in the 1980s professional wrestling boom , where he headlined the first nine editions of WWF 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania . During his initial run , Hogan also won the WWF Championship five times , with his first reign holding the record for the second-longest in company history . Additionally , he is the first wrestler to win consecutive Royal Rumble matches , winning in 1990 and 1991 . In 1994 , he departed the WWF to sign for rival promotion World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . Hogan subsequently won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship six times , and also holds the record for the longest reign in company history . In 1996 , he adopted the villainous persona of Hollywood Hulk Hogan , leading the popular New World Order ( NWO ) stable . As a result , he became a major figure during the Monday Night Wars , another boom of mainstream professional wrestling . Hogan also headlined WCW 's annual flagship event Starrcade three times , including the most profitable WCW pay-per-view ever at the event 's 1997 edition . Aside from those promotions , Hogan also performed for the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Michaels', 'summary': "Michael Shawn Hickenbottom ( born July 22 , 1965 ) , better known by his ring name Shawn Michaels , is an American retired professional wrestler , actor , and television presenter . Regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers in history , he is known by the nicknames Heartbreak Kid and Mr. WrestleMania . Michaels wrestled consistently for WWE , formerly the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , from 1988 until a back injury forced his first retirement in 1998 . He performed in non-wrestling roles for the next two years and returned to the ring for a match in his own Texas Wrestling Academy ( TWA ) in 2000 . Michaels resumed his wrestling career with WWE in 2002 and retired ceremoniously in 2010 , before being assigned as a trainer in 2016 . He returned for a final match in 2018 . In the WWF/WWE , Michaels headlined pay-per-view events between 1989 and 2018 , closing the company 's flagship annual event , WrestleMania , five times . He was the co-founder and original leader of the successful stable , D-Generation X. Michaels also wrestled in the American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , where he founded The Midnight Rockers with Marty Jannetty in 1985 . After winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship twice , the team continued to the WWF as The Rockers and had a high-profile breakup in January 1992 . Within the year , Michaels twice challenged for the WWF Championship and won his first Intercontinental Championship , heralding his arrival as one of the industry 's premier singles stars . Michaels is a four-time world champion , having held the WWF Championship three times and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once . He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( and the first man to win the match as the number one entrant ) , the first WWF Grand Slam Champion and the fourth WWF Triple Crown Champion , as well as a two time WWE Hall of Fame ( 2011 as singles wrestler and 2019 as part of D-Generation X ) ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2006)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 2006 ) was the nineteenth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on August 20 , 2006 , at the TD Banknorth Garden in Boston , and involved performers from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands . This marked the first inter-brand pay-per-view including the ECW brand . The main match on the Raw brand featured Edge against John Cena for the WWE Championship , which Edge won by pinfall after hitting Cena in the back of the head with a pair of brass knuckles . The main match on the SmackDown brand pitted King Booker against Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Batista won by disqualification following interference from Queen Sharmell . The primary match on the ECW brand pitted The Big Show against Sabu in an Extreme rules match for the ECW World Championship . Big Show won the match and retained the title after pinning Sabu following a chokeslam through a table . The undercard included D-Generation X ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) against Vince and Shane McMahon as well as Hulk Hogan against Randy Orton , which is Hogan 's last match in the WWE . Several of the existing feuds carried on after the event . D-Generation X continued feuding with The McMahons , defeating them and The Big Show in a Hell in a Cell match the following month . The feud between Batista and King Booker also continued , with the two facing off as part of a Fatal Four-Way match at No Mercy , which Booker won . The following month , at Unforgiven , John Cena defeated Edge in a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match to win the WWE Championship and conclude their storyline ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'TD Banknorth Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TD_Garden', 'summary': "TD Garden , often called The Garden , is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is named after its sponsor , TD Bank , a subsidiary of Canada 's Toronto-Dominion Bank . It opened in 1995 as a replacement for the original Boston Garden and has been known as FleetCenter , and TD Banknorth Garden . The arena is located directly above the MBTA 's North Station . TD Garden is the home arena for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . It is owned by Delaware North , whose CEO , Jeremy Jacobs , also owns the Bruins , and Mike Key . It is the site of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament , and hosts the annual Hockey East Championships . The arena has also hosted many major national sporting events including the 1999 and 2003 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball regional first and second rounds , the 2009 , 2012 , and 2018 Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight , the 1998 Frozen Four , the 2004 Frozen Four , the 2014 United States Figure Skating Championships , the 2006 Women 's Final Four , and the 2015 Frozen Four . It hosted games 3 , 4 , and 6 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , Games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , and games 1 , 2 , and 6 of the 2008 NBA Finals and games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the 2010 NBA Finals for the Celtics . Furthermore , it hosted the NA LCS 2017 Summer Split Finals . TD Garden is also set to host the 2020 Laver Cup , an international mens tennis tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Edge ( c ) vs. John Cena for the WWE Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edge_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Adam Joseph Copeland ( born October 30 , 1973 ) is a Canadian professional wrestler and actor . He is currently signed to WWE under the ring name Edge . Copeland was trained by professional wrestlers Sweet Daddy Siki and Ron Hutchison . Throughout the 1990s , he wrestled in various United States independent promotions . During his time in these promotions , he competed in singles and tag team competition , the latter with longtime best friend Jason Reso . In 1997 , Copeland signed a developmental deal with the WWF and was rebranded as the storyline brother of Christian , Reso 's WWF persona . He made his televised debut the following June under the ring name Edge . In July 1999 , he won the WWF Intercontinental Championship at a house show in Toronto , marking his first title reign with the company . Edge and Christian , billed as brothers and later childhood friends in WWF/WWE storylines , went on to win the WWF Tag Team Championship on seven different occasions . During this time , they gained notoriety in the tag team division , partly due to their participation in Tables , Ladders , and Chairs matches . He retired in April 2011 due to several neck injuries , but returned to competition in the 2020 Royal Rumble match after a nine-year hiatus . Edge is one of the most decorated professional wrestlers of all-time , having won 31 championships in WWE overall , including the World Heavyweight Championship a record seven times , the WWE Championship four times , the Intercontinental Championship five times , the United States Championship once , the WWF/World Tag Team Championship a record twelve times , and the WWE Tag Team Championship twice ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Cena', 'summary': "John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( /ˈsiːnə/ ; born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , rapper , and television presenter . He is signed to WWE and is the current host of Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader ? on Nickelodeon . Born and raised in West Newbury , Massachusetts , Cena moved to California in 1998 to pursue a career as a bodybuilder . He transitioned into professional wrestling in 1999 when he debuted for Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 2000 , where he was initially assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . He gained fame in WWE after adopting the persona of a trash-talking rapper , and won his first singles title , the United States Championship , in 2004 . The next year , he won the WWE Championship for the first time . Following that win , his character transitioned into a clean-cut Superman-like hero , and subsequently led the company as its franchise player and public face for the next decade . During his career , Cena became a five-time United States Champion , four-time world tag team champion , and 16-time world champion ; the latter tied him with Ric Flair for the most world championship reigns in WWE history . [ a ] He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner , a Money in the Bank ladder match winner , and has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , including five times headlining WrestleMania , the company 's flagship event . Although he is considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time by his peers and is noted for his strong work ethic , Cena was regularly met with varied critical and fan reception during the bulk of his career , with praise being offered for his character work and mic skills but criticism being offered for his supposed over-representation and limited in-ring move set . He is regarded as one of the most polarizing professional wrestlers ever ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWE_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SummerSlam ( 2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SummerSlam_(2007)', 'summary': "SummerSlam ( 2007 ) was the twentieth annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on August 26 , 2007 , at the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford , New Jersey and featured talent from each of WWE 's three brands : Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW . Tickets for SummerSlam went on sale December 30 , 2006 and sold out in forty minutes . The main feud , a staged rivalry between wrestlers , heading into the event from the Raw brand was between John Cena and Randy Orton . On the July 23 episode of Raw , Jonathan Coachman announced Orton as the number one contender to the WWE Championship . Over the proceeding weeks , Orton provoked Cena by interfering and attacking him during his matches . From SmackDown , the predominant feud was between The Great Khali and Batista . After Khali defeated Batista and Kane in a Triple Threat match , Theodore Long booked Khali to defend the World Heavyweight Championship against Batista at SummerSlam . The primary feud from ECW was between John Morrison and CM Punk . By defeating Morrison in a 15 Minutes of Fame match , Punk became the number one contender to the ECW Championship at SummerSlam . Several of the existing feuds carried on after the event . Notably , CM Punk continued to face John Morrison , defeating him for the ECW Championship the following month on ECW on Sci Fi ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Rutherford , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "East Rutherford is a borough in Bergen County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 8,913 , reflecting an increase of 197 ( +2.3% ) from the 8,716 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 814 ( +10.3% ) from the 7,902 counted in the 1990 Census . It is an inner-ring suburb of New York City , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Midtown Manhattan . Under the terms of an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17 , 1889 , a portion of the old Union Township was incorporated under the name of Boiling Springs Township . The new township took its name from a spring in the community . On March 28 , 1894 , the Borough of East Rutherford was created , based on the results of a referendum held the previous day , and Boiling Springs Township was dissolved . While there was no change in its borders , the name and form of government were changed . The borough was the second formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County , in which 26 boroughs were formed in the county in 1894 alone . East Rutherford is the home of the Meadowlands Sports Complex , which includes Meadowlands Arena and MetLife Stadium , and was previously the location of Giants Stadium . The arena is best known as the former home of the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association and the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League , and also hosted college basketball , arena football , concerts , and other events . MetLife Stadium is home of the New York Giants and New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the New York Guardians of the XFL , and hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , which made East Rutherford the smallest city ever to host a Super Bowl . Giants Stadium , which hosted the Giants and Jets until 2009 , was also the original home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental Airlines Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meadowlands_Arena', 'summary': "Meadowlands Arena ( formerly Brendan Byrne Arena , Continental Airlines Arena and IZOD Center ) is an indoor venue located in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States . The arena is located on New Jersey Route 120 and is across the highway from MetLife Stadium and the Meadowlands Racetrack . The arena was originally built to accommodate a move of the New York Nets basketball team to New Jersey and opened in 1981 . In 1982 , the Colorado Rockies hockey team joined the Nets in the new building and became known as the New Jersey Devils . The Nets and Devils were joined by the Seton Hall Pirates men 's collegiate basketball program in 1985 . In 2007 , the Prudential Center opened in nearby Newark and the New Jersey Devils moved out . Seton Hall , whose campus in South Orange is closer to Newark than East Rutherford , followed and moved their basketball games there . The Nets remained for three more seasons before moving to Newark , where they played two seasons before departing New Jersey for Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The men 's basketball team from Fordham University played four home games during the 2010-11 season at the arena . Following the departure of all three of its major tenants , the arena continued to host occasional non-sporting events , such as touring shows and concerts , and other local events . The state-owned facility reported losses for 2013 , and was projected to have $ 8.5 million in losses for 2015 . On January 15 , 2015 , the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority ( NJSEA ) voted to shut down Izod Center , and have Prudential Center acquire hosting rights to events scheduled for the arena over the next two years in a $ 2 million deal ."}]}, {'value': 'John Cena ( c ) vs. Randy Orton for the WWE Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cena', 'summary': "John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( /ˈsiːnə/ ; born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , rapper , and television presenter . He is signed to WWE and is the current host of Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader ? on Nickelodeon . Born and raised in West Newbury , Massachusetts , Cena moved to California in 1998 to pursue a career as a bodybuilder . He transitioned into professional wrestling in 1999 when he debuted for Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 2000 , where he was initially assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . He gained fame in WWE after adopting the persona of a trash-talking rapper , and won his first singles title , the United States Championship , in 2004 . The next year , he won the WWE Championship for the first time . Following that win , his character transitioned into a clean-cut Superman-like hero , and subsequently led the company as its franchise player and public face for the next decade . During his career , Cena became a five-time United States Champion , four-time world tag team champion , and 16-time world champion ; the latter tied him with Ric Flair for the most world championship reigns in WWE history . [ a ] He is also a two-time Royal Rumble winner , a Money in the Bank ladder match winner , and has headlined several major WWE pay-per-view events , including five times headlining WrestleMania , the company 's flagship event . Although he is considered to be one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time by his peers and is noted for his strong work ethic , Cena was regularly met with varied critical and fan reception during the bulk of his career , with praise being offered for his character work and mic skills but criticism being offered for his supposed over-representation and limited in-ring move set . He is regarded as one of the most polarizing professional wrestlers ever ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Randy_Orton', 'summary': 'Randal Keith Orton ( born April 1 , 1980 ) is an American professional wrestler and actor . He is currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the Raw brand . Orton is a third-generation professional wrestler ; his grandfather Bob Orton , father Bob Orton Jr. , and uncle Barry Orton were all professional wrestlers . Before being signed by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) , he trained in and wrestled for Mid-Missouri Wrestling Association-Southern Illinois Conference Wrestling . He was then signed by the WWF and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he held the OVW Hardcore Championship twice . Orton became a member of the stable Evolution shortly after his WWE debut , which quickly led to an Intercontinental Championship reign , his first title with the company . He also acquired the moniker The Legend Killer during a storyline where he began disrespecting and then physically attacking WWE Hall of Famers and wrestling veterans . At age 24 , he became the youngest world champion in WWE history after he won the World Heavyweight Championship from Chris Benoit . With this win , he departed from Evolution and a feud with his former stablemates began . In 2006 , Orton joined forces with Edge in a tag team known as Rated-RKO . Together , they held the World Tag Team Championship . After Rated-RKO disbanded in mid-2007 , Orton gained two WWE Championship reigns in one night , becoming the second youngest two-time WWE Champion at the age of 27 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WWE_Championship', 'summary': "The WWE Championship is a world heavyweight championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE , currently defended on their Raw brand . It is one of three world titles in WWE , alongside the WWE Universal Championship on SmackDown and the NXT Championship on NXT . The current champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his fifth reign . The original world championship of the promotion , it was established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on April 25 , 1963 as the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship , after the promotion seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . The inaugural champion was Buddy Rogers . Since its inception , the title has undergone many name changes due to company name changes and title unifications . It is the oldest championship currently active in the WWE , and is presented as being the promotion 's most prestigious title , with many matches for the title having headlined pay-per-view events - including WWE 's flagship event WrestleMania . In professional wrestling in general , it is considered by many to be one of the most prestigious championships of all time . From its inception until 2001 , it was promoted as WWE 's sole primary championship . An additional world title , the WCW Championship , was added after the then-World Wrestling Federation 's purchase of World Championship Wrestling in early 2001 . The titles were later unified as the Undisputed Championship . After the first brand split in 2002 and the promotion becoming the WWE , the championship became exclusive to SmackDown , and the World Heavyweight Championship was created for Raw ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Dates and venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'SummerSlam_0', 'intro': "SummerSlam is a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event, produced annually in August by professional wrestling promotion WWE. Dubbed as The Biggest Party of the Summer, it is one of the original Big Four pay-per-view events of WWE (along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series) and is considered the WWE's second biggest event of the year behind WrestleMania. The inaugural SummerSlam took place on August 29, 1988, at Madison Square Garden in New York City and was broadcast via pay-per-view. From 2009 to 2014, SummerSlam was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, and from 2015 to 2018, the event took place at the Barclays Center in the New York City borough of Brooklyn."}
null
null
At what venue did Lex Luger challenge Yokozuna for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship ?
The Palace of Auburn Hills
09412e0c4cb458c0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Fukui)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Fukui)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Type', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': '* Ichijōdani Asakura Family Site 一乗谷朝倉氏遺跡 Ichijōdani Asakura-shi iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ichijōdani_Asakura_Family_Historic_Ruins', 'summary': 'The Ichijōdani Asakura Family Historic Ruins ( 一乗谷朝倉氏遺跡 , Ichijōdani Asakura-shi Iseki ) are historic ruins located in the Kidonouchi section of the city of Fukui , Fukui Prefecture , in the Hokuriku region of Japan . This area was controlled by the Asakura clan for 103 years during the Sengoku period . It is designated as Special Historic Site in 1971 , and in June 2007 2,343 artifacts were designated as Important Cultural Property .'}]}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '2 , 3 , 6 , 8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '00003445', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōzan Kofun Cluster 王山古墳群 Ōzan kofun-gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōzan_Kofun_Cluster', 'summary': 'Ōzan Kofun Cluster ( 王山古墳群 , Ōzan Kofun gun ) is group of kofun burial mounds located in what is now the Hinode area of the city of Sabae , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1967 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabae,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sabae ( 鯖江市 , Sabae-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,338 in 24,167 households and the population density of 820 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 84.59 square kilometres ( 32.66 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1063', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Okozu Salt Works 岡津製塩遺跡 Okozu seien iseki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Okozu_Salt_Works', 'summary': 'Okozu Salt Works ( 岡津製塩遺跡 , Okozu seien iseki ) is the location of a salt production site located in what is now part of the city of Obama , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1070', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimofunazuka Kofun 下船塚古墳 Shimofunazuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimofunazuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'Shimofunazuka Kofun ( 下船塚古墳 , Shimofunazuka Kofun ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in what is now part of the town of Wakasa , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Wakasa ( 若狭町 , Wakasa-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 14,577 and the population density of 82 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 178.49 square kilometres ( 68.92 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1059', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kabutoyama Kofun 兜山古墳 Kabutoyama kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kabutoyama_Kofun', 'summary': 'Kabutoyama Kofun ( 兜山古墳 , Kabutoyama Kofun ) is kofun burial mound located in what is now part of the city of Sabae , Fukui , in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sabae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sabae,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sabae ( 鯖江市 , Sabae-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 69,338 in 24,167 households and the population density of 820 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 84.59 square kilometres ( 32.66 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1068', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maruoka Domain Battery Site 丸岡藩砲台跡 Maruoka-han hōdai ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maruoka_Domain_Battery', 'summary': 'Maruoka Domain Battery ( 丸岡藩砲台跡 , Maruoka-han Hōdai-ato ) was a Bakumatsu period coastal artillery battery erected by Maruoka Domain on the Sea of Japan coast in what is now the Mikuni neighborhood of the city of Sakai , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of northern Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakai,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sakai ( 坂井市 , Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 10 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,210 in 31,509 households and the population density of 550 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 209.67 square kilometres ( 80.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1037', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshizaki-gobō Site 吉崎御坊跡 Yoshizaki-gobō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoshizaki-gobō', 'summary': "Yoshizaki-gobō ( 吉崎御坊 ) was a temple in what is the Yoshizaki neighbourhood of the city of Awara , Fukui , Japan . It is known for its connection to Rennyo , the founder of the Ikkō sect of Japanese Buddhism . The site is a National Historic Site . In 1457 , Rennyo was appointed as the eighth chief abbot of Hongan-ji , on the outskirts of Kyoto Under Rennyo 's leadership , Hongan-ji began to expand the teachings of Shinran 's Pure Land Buddhist even to areas beyond the capital . However , the rapid growth of Hongan-ji was met with hostility by the orthodox Tendai sect based at Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei , and in 1465 , Hongan-ji was destroyed by militant monks from Enryaku-ji and , and Rennyo was forced to flee from Kyoto . In 1471 , he re-established Hongaki-ji at the small village of Yoshizaki on the border of Echizen Province with Kaga Province . His rectory , known as the Yoshizaki-gobō was the location from which he sent out many letters explaining the teachings of his version of the Pure Land faith , known as the Ikkō-shū , in colloquial Japanese , and was the location at which he reformed the ritual practices of the sect . It was also from this location that he implemented his vision of reforming society by creating a semi-theocratic republic , in which the traditional feudal landlords were replaced by communal landholding by lay followers of the sect , and led by the priesthood . The town of Yoshizaki had residences for both priests and lay followers and provided lodgings and other services , and rapidly attracted large numbers of pilgrims mainly from the northern provinces as far away as Dewa and Ōshū . However , Rennyo 's success at Yoshizaki , drew hostility from the traditional political authorities . The Yoshizaki-gobō burned down in 1474 and again in 1475 . After this , Rennyo left Yoshizaki and returned to Kyoto ."}]}, {'value': 'Awara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1064', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanagasaki Castle Site 金ヶ崎城跡 Kanagasaki-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanagasaki_Castle', 'summary': 'Kanegasaki Castle ( 金ヶ崎城 , Kanegasaki-jō ) was a Kamakura period yamashiro-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Tsuruga , Fukui Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Honshu , Japan . It was also known as Tsuruga Castle . The site has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1934 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tsuruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Tsuruga ( 敦賀市 , Tsuruga-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 29 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 251.39 square kilometres ( 97.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1046', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nochiseyama Castle Site 後瀬山城跡 Nochiseyama-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nochiseyama_Castle', 'summary': 'Nochiseyama Castle ( 後瀬山城 , Nochiseyama-jō ) was a Sengoku period yamashiro-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Obama , Fukui Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Honshu , Japan . The site has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1074', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wakasa Kokubun-ji Site 若狭国分寺跡 Wakasa Kokubun-ji ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa_Kokubun-ji', 'summary': 'Wakasa Kokubun-ji ( 若狭国分寺 ) is a Sōtō Zen Buddhist temple in Obama , Fukui , Japan . It is one of the few surviving provincial temples established by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period ( 710 - 794 ) . Due to this connection , the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site by the Japanese government in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1065', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obama Domain Battery Sites 小浜藩台場跡 Obama-han daiba ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama_Domain_Battery_Sites', 'summary': 'Obama Domain Battery ( 小浜藩台場跡 , Obama-han Hōdai-ato ) was a series of 30 Bakumatsu period coastal artillery battery sites erected by Obama Domain on the Sea of Japan coast along what is now the coasts of the city of Obama and town of Ōi in the Hokuriku region of northern Japan . The sites were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōi,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Ōi ( おおい町 , Ōi-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 8,102 and a population density of 63 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 212.19 square kilometres ( 81.93 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana towns in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '3279', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matsuoka Kofun Cluster 松岡古墳群 Matsuoka kofun-gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matsuoka_Kofun_Cluster', 'summary': 'Matsuoka Kofun Cluster ( 松岡古墳群 , Matsuoka Kofun-gun ) is a group kofun burial mounds located in what is now part of the town of Eiheiji , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1977 in the case of the largest of the group . Protection was extended to the remainder of the group in July 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eiheiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiheiji,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Eiheiji ( 永平寺町 , Eiheiji-chō ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 March 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 18,746 in 6,262 households and the population density of 200 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 94.43 square kilometres ( 36.46 sq mi ) . The town is named for the famous temple of Eihei-ji .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1069', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jōnozuka Kofun 上ノ塚古墳 Jōnozuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jōnozuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'Jōnozuka Kofun ( 上ノ塚古墳 , Jōnozuka Kofun ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in what is now part of the town of Wakasa , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Wakasa ( 若狭町 , Wakasa-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 14,577 and the population density of 82 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 178.49 square kilometres ( 68.92 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamifunazuka Kofun 上船塚古墳 Kamifunazuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamifunazuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'Kamifunazuka Kofun ( 上船塚古墳 , Kamifunazuka Kofun ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in what is now part of the town of Wakasa , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Wakasa ( 若狭町 , Wakasa-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 14,577 and the population density of 82 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 178.49 square kilometres ( 68.92 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1058', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nishizuka Kofun 西塚古墳 Nishizuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nishizuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'Nishizuka Kofun ( 西塚古墳 , Nishizuka Kofun ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in what is now part of the town of Wakasa , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Wakasa ( 若狭町 , Wakasa-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 14,577 and the population density of 82 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 178.49 square kilometres ( 68.92 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1055', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakagō Kofun Cluster 中郷古墳群 Nakagō kofun-gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakagō_Kofun_Cluster', 'summary': 'Nakagō Kofun Cluster ( 中郷古墳群 , Nakagō Kofun-gun ) isa group of kofun burial mounds located in what is now part of the city of Tsuruga , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tsuruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Tsuruga ( 敦賀市 , Tsuruga-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 29 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 251.39 square kilometres ( 97.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1072', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakatsuka Kofun 中塚古墳 Nakatsuka kofun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakatsuka_Kofun', 'summary': 'Nakatsuka Kofun ( 中塚古墳 , Nakatsuka Kofun ) is a keyhole-shaped kofun burial mound located in what is now part of the town of Wakasa , Fukui in the Hokuriku region of Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1935 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Wakasa ( 若狭町 , Wakasa-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 14,577 and the population density of 82 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 178.49 square kilometres ( 68.92 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1057', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tōmyōji Nitta Yoshisada Legendary War Memorial 燈明寺畷新田義貞戦歿伝説地 Tōmyōji nawate Nitta Yoshisada senbotsu densetsu-chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sieges_of_Kuromaru', 'summary': "The Kuromaru ( 黒丸 ) , or Black Fortress , was a fortress of the Kanrei Shiba Takatsune located in Echizen Province ( present-day Nittazuka , Fukui , Fukui Prefecture ) in the Hokuriku region of Japan . It was attacked twice during the Nanboku-chō Wars of the 14th century , during which it was likely both built and destroyed . The fortress was first attacked in August 1338 by a small force under Nitta Yoshisada , numbering roughly fifty horse , in what would come to be known as the battle of Fujishima . Hosokawa Akiuji had been ordered by Ashikaga Takauji to aid Shiba Takatsune in the defense , and encountered Nitta 's force a short distance from the fortress . The warrior monks of the Heisen-ji monastery , originally part of Nitta 's force , were bribed by Shiba to abandon the attack , and Nitta 's rush to fill the ensuing gap in his formations led to him and his horsemen running into Hosokawa 's . In the battle which followed , Nitta was mortally wounded by an arrow . The following year , upon his enthronement , Emperor Go-Murakami ordered the late Nitta 's brother , Wakiya Yoshisuke , to lead another attack on the fortress . This assault was successful , and ended in Shiba 's surrender . :68"}]}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1032', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heisen-ji Former Precinct 白山平泉寺旧境内 Hakusan Heisenji kyū-keidai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heisenji_Hakusan_Jinja', 'summary': 'Heisenji Hakusan Shrine ( 平泉寺白山神社 , Heisenji Hakusan jinja ) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Katsuyama , Fukui Prefecture , Japan . In the former Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines , it was a prefectural shrine of Fukui Prefecture . Noted for its mossy gardens , the shrine gardens were designated a national Place of Scenic Beauty ( 名勝 ) in 1930 and a National Historic Site of Japan in 1935 . Its main festival is held annually on April 20 . The area is part of Hakusan National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Katsuyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katsuyama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Katsuyama ( 勝山市 , Katsuyama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2018 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 23,527 , with 7,973 households , and a population density of 93 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 253.88 square kilometres ( 98.02 sq mi ) . Katsuyama was the ninth-best ranking city in a ranking that compared health and sanitation in cities around the world published in April 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grave of Takeda Kōunsai and his Followers 武田耕雲斎等墓 Takeda Kōunsai tō no haka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takeda_Kōunsai', 'summary': 'Takeda Kōunsai ( 武田耕雲斎 , 1803 - March 1 , 1865 ) was a Japanese samurai from Mito Domain and councillor to Mito daimyō Tokugawa Nariaki in Bakumatsu period Japan . He became the leader of the Mito Rebellion and was executed by the Tokugawa shogunate with a large number of his followers shortly before the Meiji Restoration .'}]}, {'value': 'Tsuruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Tsuruga ( 敦賀市 , Tsuruga-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 29 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 251.39 square kilometres ( 97.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '1049', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 1 September 2019 , twenty-five Sites have been designated as being of national significance ( including one *Special Historic Site ) ; Genbao Castle Site spans the prefectural borders with Shiga . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Fukui)_0', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Fukui.'}
null
null
What is the estimated number of households in the municipality that has a temple connected to Rennyo ?
10,140
0941943e7efd9128
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'title': 'Tunisia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neda Bahi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neda_Bahi', 'summary': 'Neda Bahi ( Arabic : ندى الباهي , born 1 January 1992 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category T37 sprint events .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 400m - T37", 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raoua Tlili', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raoua_Tlili', 'summary': 'Raoua Tlili ( Arabic : روعة التليلي ; born October 5 , 1989 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category F41 shot put and discus events and is a multi gold medalist at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Club Throw - F31/32/51", 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walid Ktila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walid_Ktila', 'summary': 'Walid Ktila ( Arabic : وليد كتيلة ; born 20 July 1985 ) is a Paralympic wheelchair racer from Tunisia who competes in short and middle distances in the T34 category . He won all 100-800 m events at the 2013 , 2015 and 2017 world championships . At the 2012 and 2016 Paralympics he won three gold and one silver medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m T34", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_200_metres_T34", 'summary': "The Men 's 200 metres T34 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium on 4 September . The T34 category is for wheelchair athletes with cerebral palsy . Athletes in this category have minimal limitations or control problems in their arms and trunk while pushing a wheelchair ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walid Ktila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walid_Ktila', 'summary': 'Walid Ktila ( Arabic : وليد كتيلة ; born 20 July 1985 ) is a Paralympic wheelchair racer from Tunisia who competes in short and middle distances in the T34 category . He won all 100-800 m events at the 2013 , 2015 and 2017 world championships . At the 2012 and 2016 Paralympics he won three gold and one silver medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m T34", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metres_T34", 'summary': "The Men 's 100 metres T34 event for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium on 8 September . The T34 category is for wheelchair athletes with cerebral palsy . Athletes in this category have minimal limitations or control problems in their arms and trunk while pushing a wheelchair ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahmoud Khaldi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahmoud_Khaldi', 'summary': "Mahmoud Khaldi is a Paralympian athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category P12 pentathlon events . He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There he won a bronze medal in the men 's Pentathlon - P12 event and went out in the quarter-finals of the men 's 400 metres - T12 event"}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400 m T12", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_400_metres_T12", 'summary': "The Men 's 400 metres T12 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 2 to 6 September . The T12 category is for athletes with visual impairment . Athletes in this category will generally have some residual sight , the ability to recognise the shape of a hand at a distance of 2 metres and the ability to perceive clearly will be no more than 2/60 . T12 athletes commonly run with guides ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abderrahim Zhiou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abderrahim_Zhiou', 'summary': 'Abderrahim Zhiou ( Arabic : عبد الرحيم زهيو ) ( September 26 , 1985 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category T12 middle distance events . He is a six-time Paralympiclympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the Tunisian Federation of Sports for the Disabled team based at Gabes .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 m T13", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_1500_metres_T13", 'summary': "The Men 's 1500 metres T13 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 2 to 4 September . The T13 category is for athletes with a moderate visual impairment . Athletes in this category have a variety of visual impairments , but can typically recognize contours from a distance of 2 to 6 metres . Athletes in this category do not typically require a guide ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abderrahim Zhiou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abderrahim_Zhiou', 'summary': 'Abderrahim Zhiou ( Arabic : عبد الرحيم زهيو ) ( September 26 , 1985 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category T12 middle distance events . He is a six-time Paralympiclympic medalist , is an African record holder , and trains with the Tunisian Federation of Sports for the Disabled team based at Gabes .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 800 m T12", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_800_metres_T12", 'summary': "The Men 's 800 metres T12 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 3 to 5 September . The T12 category is for athletes with visual impairment . Athletes in this category will generally have some residual sight , the ability to recognise the shape of a hand at a distance of 2 metres and the ability to perceive clearly will be no more than 2/60 . T12 athletes commonly run with guides ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maroua Ibrahmi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maroua_Ibrahmi', 'summary': 'Maroua Brahmi ( Arabic : مروى براهمي , born September 19 , 1988 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category F32 throwing events . She is the 2016 Paralympic Champion in club throw category F32 and the F32 shot put .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's club throw F31/32/51", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_club_throw_F31/32/51", 'summary': "The Women 's club throw athletics event for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium on 1 September . One event was contested for 3 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Farhat Chida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farhat_Chida', 'summary': 'Mohamed Farhat Chida ( Arabic : محمد فرحات شيدة ; born September 11 , 1982 ) is a Paralympic athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category T38 sprint events .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Men 400 m T38', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_400_metres_T38", 'summary': "The Men 's 400 metres T38 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 2 to 3 September . The T38 category is for ambulant athletes with cerebral palsy . T38 athletes have the mildest form of impairment caused by cerebral palsy , often in only one limb , and not affecting the ability to run , walk or jump freely , although impairing performance . T38 athletes may suffer minor co-ordination difficulties ."}]}, {'value': '3 September', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medallists -- Gold medallists', 'section_text': 'Further information : 2012 Summer Paralympics medal table and List of 2012 Summer Paralympics medal winners', 'uid': 'Tunisia_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_0', 'intro': "Tunisia competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from August 29 to September 9, 2012. This was the nation's seventh appearance at the Summer Paralympics since 1988. The Tunisian Paralympic Committee sent a total of 31 athletes to the Games, 18 men and 13 women to compete in Athletics only. Tunisia left London with a total of 19 Paralympic medals ( 9 gold, 5 silver and 5 bronze )."}
null
null
Who won gold at the event for athletes that have the mildest form of impairment caused by cerebral palsy ?
Mohamed Farhat Chida
09433f752ed6f6e5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_association_football_stadiums_by_country', 'title': 'List of association football stadiums by country', 'header': ['Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': 'Air Albania Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Albania_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Air Albania Stadium , also referred to as Arena Kombëtare ( pronounced [ arɛna komˈbətarɛ ] ) , is an all-seater , multi-purpose football stadium located in the capital city of Tirana which was built on the ground of the former Qemal Stafa Stadium . The stadium has a seating capacity of 22,500 constituting the largest stadium in Albania . The stadium is owned by the governing body of Albanian football , the Albanian Football Association ( FSHF ) and the Albanian State through Shoqëria Sportive Kuq e Zi Sh.A , a subsidiary established for the purpose of building , managing and maintaining the structure . Designed by Marco Casamonti of Archea Associati , the structure of the stadium is a peculiar multi-faceted form ( an 8-faceted rectangle ) so that each side allows access to distinct functions . At one corner of the stadium structure is an 112-meter tall tower ( 24 floors ) , which today is the tallest tower in Albania . Each facet accommodates different streams , thus identifying users of private areas , such as the hotel tower , shopping areas and stadium spectators .'}]}, {'value': '22,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albania national football team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Albania national football team ( Albanian : Kombëtarja e futbollit të Shqipërisë ) is the men 's football team that has represented Albania in international competition since 1946 and is controlled by the Albanian Football Association which is headquartered in the city of Tirana . The team is affiliated with UEFA and competes in the three major professional tournaments , the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . Albania was the winner of the 1946 Balkan Cup and the 2000 Malta Rothmans International Tournament . At Euro 2016 , Albania made its debut at a major men 's football tournament after 50 years . After its completion in 2019 , Air Albania Stadium , also known as Arena Kombëtare ( English : National Arena ) will be the home ground of the national team . Albania 's highest FIFA World Ranking was 22nd in August 2015 . The colours of the team are red , white and black , and the double headed eagle its symbol . Its supporters are collectively known as the Tifozët Kuq e Zi and display as well as the country 's national flag colours , red and black ."}]}, {'value': 'Loro Boriçi Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loro_Boriçi_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Loro Boriçi Stadium ( Albanian : Stadiumi Loro Boriçi ) , previously known as Vojo Kushi Stadium ( Albanian : Stadiumi Vojo Kushi ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Shkodër , Albania , which is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of KF Vllaznia Shkodër . The stadium has a capacity of around 16,000 seated .'}]}, {'value': '17,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vllaznia Shkodër , Albania national football team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Vllaznia_Shkodër', 'summary': "Klubi I Futbollit Vllaznia Shkodër , commonly known as Vllaznia is an Albanian football club based in the city of Shkodër . It is the association football branch of the Vllaznia Sports Club , which was founded on 16 February 1919 . It is also the oldest club in Albania which means it is the first club created in Albania . The club have competed in every edition of Albanian Superliga since 1930 , which is the top tier of football in Albania , besides in 1956-57,1961-62 and 2018-19 football seasons . Vllaznia is one of the most successful football clubs in Albania , having won nine Albanian Superliga titles , six Albanian Cups and two Albanian Supercups . They have only been relegated from the Albanian Superliga three times in 1956 due to a disqualification from the Albanian Superliga , in 1961 and for the last time in decades in 2018 . The club 's ground has been the Loro Boriçi Stadium since it was built in 1952 , which is named after former Vllaznia and Albania national team captain . In 2016 , the stadium was rebuilt into modern all-seater at the cost of €17 million , and it now has a capacity of 16,022 , making it the largest stadium in Albania and the current home of the national team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Albania_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Albania national football team ( Albanian : Kombëtarja e futbollit të Shqipërisë ) is the men 's football team that has represented Albania in international competition since 1946 and is controlled by the Albanian Football Association which is headquartered in the city of Tirana . The team is affiliated with UEFA and competes in the three major professional tournaments , the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . Albania was the winner of the 1946 Balkan Cup and the 2000 Malta Rothmans International Tournament . At Euro 2016 , Albania made its debut at a major men 's football tournament after 50 years . After its completion in 2019 , Air Albania Stadium , also known as Arena Kombëtare ( English : National Arena ) will be the home ground of the national team . Albania 's highest FIFA World Ranking was 22nd in August 2015 . The colours of the team are red , white and black , and the double headed eagle its symbol . Its supporters are collectively known as the Tifozët Kuq e Zi and display as well as the country 's national flag colours , red and black ."}]}, {'value': 'Elbasan Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elbasan_Arena', 'summary': 'Elbasan Arena ( Albanian : Elbasan Arena , formerly known as Ruzhdi Bizhuta ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Elbasan , Albania . The stadium was completed in 1967 and has been the home ground of KF Elbasani ever since . The stadium was under reconstruction and was officially inaugurated on 8 October 2014 in time for the match against Denmark , valid for the qualifiers of UEFA Euro 2016 , with total capacity of 12,800 , making it the 2nd largest in Albania , after the Loro Boriçi Stadium in Shkodër .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KF Elbasani , Albania national football team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Elbasani', 'summary': 'Klubi i Futbollit Elbasani is an Albanian football club based in the city of Elbasan , who currently compete in the Albanian First Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Albania_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Albania national football team ( Albanian : Kombëtarja e futbollit të Shqipërisë ) is the men 's football team that has represented Albania in international competition since 1946 and is controlled by the Albanian Football Association which is headquartered in the city of Tirana . The team is affiliated with UEFA and competes in the three major professional tournaments , the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League . Albania was the winner of the 1946 Balkan Cup and the 2000 Malta Rothmans International Tournament . At Euro 2016 , Albania made its debut at a major men 's football tournament after 50 years . After its completion in 2019 , Air Albania Stadium , also known as Arena Kombëtare ( English : National Arena ) will be the home ground of the national team . Albania 's highest FIFA World Ranking was 22nd in August 2015 . The colours of the team are red , white and black , and the double headed eagle its symbol . Its supporters are collectively known as the Tifozët Kuq e Zi and display as well as the country 's national flag colours , red and black ."}]}, {'value': 'Tomori Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomori_Stadium', 'summary': 'Tomori Stadium ( Albanian : Stadiumi Tomori ) is a multi-use stadium in Berat , Albania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Tomori . The stadium holds 17,890 people .'}]}, {'value': '14,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Tomori Berat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Tomori_Berat', 'summary': "KF Tomori is an Albanian football club based in the city of Berat . The club 's home ground is the Tomori Stadium and they currently participate in the Albanian Second Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Flamurtari Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flamurtari_Stadium', 'summary': "Flamurtari Stadium ( Albanian : Stadiumi Flamurtari ) is a multi-use stadium in Vlorë , Albania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of KS Flamurtari Vlorë . The stadium has a capacity of 16,500 people . Before the construction of the stadium , Flamurtari Vlorë played their home games on a field known as Varri i Halimit , which translates to Halimi 's Tomb . The field was located near Uji i Ftohtë , which is where the club 's training ground is located . The stadium was built in 1961 with an initial capacity of 6,500 , and was expanded to 11,000 in 1975 following a reconstruction . During the club 's golden era the stadium would attract crowds of up to 15,000 spectators and in 1987 when the club faced FC Barcelona in the UEFA Cup there was a crowd of 18,500 , making it the ground 's record attendance . Between 2004 and 2012 the ground was under recurring development with the aid of the Albanian Football Association which saw the ground converted into an all-seater stadium with a capacity of 8,200 . In addition to the construction of the stands and the installation of seats , a new parking lot was built and floodlights were installed for the first time . In February 2013 the new pitch was laid which was funded equally by the club and the Albanian Football Association and by the end of 2014-2015 season the stadium will be fully reconstructed and covered ."}]}, {'value': '13,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flamurtari Vlorë', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flamurtari_Vlorë', 'summary': 'Flamurtari FC is a professional football club based in Vlorë , Albania . The club play in the Albanian Superliga , which is the top tier of football in the country . Founded in 1923 , the club is one of the oldest in Albania , and it is also one of the most successful clubs , having won one Albanian Superliga title in 1991 four Albanian Cups and two Albanian Supercups . Flamurtari is also known for their European runs in the 1980s , where they famously reached the last sixteen in the 1987-88 UEFA Cup , where they beat Spanish giants Barcelona in Vlorë but lost on aggregate .'}]}, {'value': 'Selman Stërmasi Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selman_Stërmasi_Stadium', 'summary': "The Selman Stërmasi Stadium ( Albanian : Stadiumi Selman Stërmasi ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Tirana , Albania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of KF Tirana . The stadium holds 9.500 people ( all seated ) . It is named after Selman Stërmasi , one of KF Tirana 's best players of all time . The stadium was also used by Dinamo and Partizani until 2010 , however , due to failure to cooperate on the admittance fees , these teams were not allowed to use the stadium any further ."}]}, {'value': '12,724', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KF Tirana , FK Dinamo Tirana , FK Partizani Tirana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Tirana', 'summary': "Klubi i Futbollit Tirana is an Albanian football club based in the country 's capital city , Tirana . The men 's football club is part of the multi-disciplinary sports club SK Tirana , and is the most successful in Albania , having won 51 recognized major domestic trophies . They play their home games at the Selman Stërmasi Stadium in Tirana and they play in the Albanian Superliga . The club was founded on 15 August 1920 as Shoqata Sportive Agimi ( in English : Agimi Sports Association ) and they had since participated in all the top tier national championships ever held in Albania . However the ninth-place finish in the 2016-17 season relegated the club to the Albanian First Division ( second-tier ) for the first time in their history . They have competed under the name of SK Tirana between 1927 and 1947 , when the communist regime forcibly renamed the club 17 Nëntori Tirana , Puna Tirana and KS 17 Nëntori . In 1991 KF Tirana retook its pre-1947 name and was divided into two branches , the multi disciplinary SK Tirana and the football branch of KF Tirana . KF Tirana is the most successful Albanian team in European competitions , having progressed from the first rounds on 11 occasions since making their European debut in the 1965-66 European Cup . They reached Round of 16 in European Competitions four times , three such in the European Cup ( now Champions League ) alone in 1980s . The club also holds the record of being the highest ever ranking Albanian club according to IFFHS , having been ranked 31st in the world in 1987 , following good results in their 1986-87 campaign . In addition , KF Tirana is an ECA member ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FK_Dinamo_Tirana', 'summary': 'Futboll Klub Dinamo Tirana is an Albanian football club based in the capital city Tirana . They currently compete in the Albanian First Division and they play their home games primarily at the Selman Stërmasi Stadium , as well as other grounds in the city . Founded in 1950 during the communist regime , the club was historically affiliated to the Interior Ministry and having won 18 National Championships , it is considered to be the second most decorated club after local rivals KF Tirana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FK_Partizani_Tirana', 'summary': "FK Partizani is an Albanian professional football club based in Tirana , that competes in the Superliga . Founded in 1946 , the club was historically affiliated to the Albanian army . Partizani 's current temporary home ground is Selman Stërmasi Stadium . The club first competed in an official competition in 1947 where they won the Albania National Championship , thus being crowned the champions of Albania in their debut season as well as the following two seasons . In total the club have been national champions on 16 occasions between 1947 and 2019 , which is the last time the club won the Albanian Superliga . They have won 18 other officially recognised domestic honours , including 15 Albanian Cups as well as Second Division . They are also the only Albanian club side to have won an international football competition through their 1970 Balkans Cup campaign in which they beat Bulgarian side Beroe Stara Zagora in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Niko Dovana Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niko_Dovana_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Niko Dovana Stadium is a multi-use stadium located in Durrës , Albania . It is the home ground of KS Teuta Durrës . The capacity is 12,040 , making it the fifth largest ground in the country . It was renamed in 1991 in honour of former Teuta Durrës goalkeeper and financier Niko Dovana . The Albania national football team played in the Niko Dovana Stadium for the first time in a friendly international match against Uzbekistan on 11 August 2010 . The stadium has also been used as a shelter in the aftermath of the 2019 Albania earthquake .'}]}, {'value': '12,198', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KF Teuta Durrës', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Teuta_Durrës', 'summary': 'KF Teuta ( Teuta Football Club ) is an Albanian football team based in the city of Durrës . They currently compete in the Albanian Superliga and they play their home games at the Niko Dovana Stadium . The club was founded in 29 January 1920 as Klubi Sportiv Urani ( Uranium Sport Club ) , and they were a founding member of the Albanian National Championship in 1930 , as well as runners-up in the 1931 National Championship . They have won the Albanian Superliga once in 1994 , and they have also won the Albanian Cup three times , as well as finishing runners-up in three Albanian Supercups .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdurrahman Roza Haxhiu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdurrahman_Roza_Haxhiu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Abdurrahman Stadium Roza Haxhiu Stadium ( or : Stadium A. Roza Haxhiu ) is a stadium for many uses in Lushnja , Albania . It is currently used mostly for the football match and is the host field for the KS Lushnja team . The stadium has a capacity of 8,500 seats and a standing capacity of about 12,000 participants .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KF Lushnja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Lushnja', 'summary': 'KF Lushnja is an Albanian football club based in the city of Lushnjë in the County of Fier . Their home ground is the Abdurrahman Roza Haxhiu Stadium and they currently compete in the Albanian First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Skënderbeu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skënderbeu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Stadiumi Skënderbeu ( Albanian : Stadiumi Skënderbeu , English : Skenderbeu Stadium ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Korçë , Albania . The ground is currently the home of KF Skënderbeu Korçë . It has a seating capacity of 12,343 people all seater .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KF Skënderbeu Korçë', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Skënderbeu_Korçë', 'summary': "Klubi Futbollistik Skënderbeu Korçë ( Albanian pronunciation : [ skəndɛɾbɛu kɔɾtʃə ] ) , is an Albanian professional football club based in Korçë , a city in southeastern Albania . The club play in the Albanian Superliga , which is the top tier of football in the country . The club was founded as Vllazëria Korçë in 1909 . In 1925 , it took on its current form following the merger of several local clubs , and the club 's name was changed to Skënderbeu Korçë , after Albania 's national hero Skanderbeg . The club 's home ground has been the Skënderbeu Stadium since it was built in 1957 , and it now has a capacity of 12,343 , of which 5,724 are seated . Skënderbeu Korçë have won 8 league titles , with the first coming in 1933 before going on 78-year run without winning the league . The club won its first league title since 1933 in 2011 , and they have won the league 6 more times since . The club had won six consecutive league titles since 2011 , breaking the Albanian record which had been held by Dinamo Tirana who had won four consecutive titles in the 1950s . In 2015 the club became the first Albanian side to reach the play-off round of the UEFA Champions League but they lost to Dinamo Zagreb and dropped into the UEFA Europa League , and became the first Albanian side to qualify for the group stages of a UEFA competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Laçi Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laçi_Stadium', 'summary': 'Laçi Stadium ( Albanian : Stadiumi Laçi ) is a multi-use stadium in Laçi , Albania . It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home games of KF Laçi of the Albanian Superliga . The stadium currently has an official seated capacity of 2,300 , but attendances have reached 4,000 in recent years'}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KF Laçi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Laçi', 'summary': "Klubi i Futbollit Laçi is an Albanian football club based in the city of Laç , which is in the northwest of Albania . The club was founded in 1960 and their biggest achievement to date has been winning the 2012-13 Albanian Cup as well as reaching the second qualifying round of the 2014-15 Europa League after defeating Slovenian side Rudar Velenje on aggregate , but ultimately losing to Ukrainian side Zorya Luhansk . The club 's historical colours have been white and black and their shirts have typically been striped . They have competed in the Albanian Superliga since 2009 and they play their home games at the 2,300 seater Laçi Stadium ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Albania', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of football stadiums in Albania', 'uid': 'List_of_association_football_stadiums_by_country_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of major football stadiums, grouped by country and ordered by capacity. It does not include American Football stadiums in the USA that are also used for association football.'}
null
null
In which stadium does the albanian team founded in 1923 hold their home games ?
Flamurtari Stadium
094370ca75a00221
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sporting_Kansas_City_season', 'title': '2013 Sporting Kansas City season', 'header': ['Pos', 'Player', 'New Club', 'Fee/Notes', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Júlio César', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Júlio_César_Santos_Correa', 'summary': 'Júlio César Santos Correa ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʒulju ˈsɛzɐʁ ] ; born 18 November 1978 ) , known as Júlio César , is a Brazilian retired footballer who played mainly as a central defender , and a manager . During a professional career that spanned two decades , he played for 16 clubs in 12 countries , but never in Brazil . In the Spanish La Liga , he amassed totals of 125 matches and six goals over six seasons , winning the Champions League with Real Madrid in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_FC', 'summary': "Toronto Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto . The club competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home matches at BMO Field , located at Exhibition Place on Toronto 's shoreline . Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league . The first team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which also operates the USL League One affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city . In 2017 , Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup , Supporters ' Shield and Canadian Championship . They are seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the club has an estimated value of US $ 395 million and the highest player payroll in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Option declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyprian Hedrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyprian_Hedrick', 'summary': 'Cyprian Hedrick ( born 6 October 1989 ) is a Cameroonian footballer who currently plays for FC Tulsa in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_FC', 'summary': "Phoenix FC was an American professional football ( soccer ) team based in Phoenix . The team was a member of the USL Professional Division , the third tier of the American Soccer Pyramid . The team 's colors were red and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Option declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neven Marković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neven_Marković', 'summary': 'Neven Marković ( Serbian Cyrillic : Heвeн Mapкoвић ) ( born 20 February 1987 ) is a Serbian former footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Servette FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Servette_FC', 'summary': "Servette FC is a Swiss football club based in Geneva . They play in the Raiffeisen Super League . Servette is one of Switzerland 's most successful clubs and the most successful club from the Francophone part of the country , winning 17 national titles , as well as 7 Swiss cups . Founded in 1890 , the team has spent the majority of its history in the top flight of Swiss football , regularly contesting for the title with rivals Grasshopper Zürich . However , after their last league title in 1998 , Servette began experiencing financial problems , which led to a turbulent decade . The club was relegated to the third division in 2004-05 due to a bankruptcy , but achieved promotion to the Swiss Challenge League after the 2005-06 season , where the club remained until 2011 . Servette earned promotion to the Swiss Super League after defeating Bellinzona in a relegation/promotion playoff on 31 May 2011 . The club finished fourth in its first season back in the top flight , thereby gaining entrance to the Europa League second round qualification round for the 2012-13 season . However , they were relegated at the end of the 2013 season . They are back in Swiss first tier in 2019 , being promoted from a playoff against Bellinzona ."}]}, {'value': 'Option declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF / MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Konrad Warzycha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konrad_Warzycha', 'summary': 'Konrad Warzycha ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈkɔnrat vaˈʐɨxa ] ; born February 14 , 1989 in Zabrze ) is a Polish footballer who is currently without a club .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Option declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Korede Aiyegbusi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korede_Aiyegbusi', 'summary': 'Olukorede Afolabi O. O. Korede Aiyegbusi ( born 15 July 1988 in London ) is an English footballer who plays for Swiss FC Amical Saint-Prex .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Haka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Haka', 'summary': "FC Haka is a Finnish football club based in the industry town of Valkeakoski . It is currently competing in Finland 's premier division of football , Veikkausliiga . It is one of the most successful clubs in Finland , with nine Finnish championships and 12 Finnish Cup wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Option declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 3 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Harrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Harrington_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Michael Harrington ( born January 24 , 1986 ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'Portland Timbers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_Timbers', 'summary': "The Portland Timbers is an American professional soccer club based in Portland , Oregon . The Timbers compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference . The Timbers have played their home games at Providence Park since 2011 , when the team began play as an expansion team in the league . The club was founded in 2009 , when the city of Portland was awarded an expansion berth to Major League Soccer . The team is owned by Peregrine Sports under the majority ownership of Merritt Paulson , whose companies had acquired the then-USL Pro team in 2007 and later established the Portland Thorns women 's team in 2012 . The club is a phoenix club , and the fourth soccer franchise based in Portland to carry the legacy of the Timbers name , which originated with the original team , in the North American Soccer League in 1975 . In 2013 , the Timbers finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference , clinching both their first-ever playoff appearance and a CONCACAF Champions League berth . In 2015 , the franchise won the Western Conference Finals in the playoffs , and their first major trophy , the MLS Cup , becoming the first team in Cascadia to do so . In 2017 , the club again finished the regular season in first place in the Western Conference . In 2018 , the Timbers again made the playoffs , advancing in three rounds , defeating archrival Seattle in the semifinals along the way , and made the MLS Cup where they lost 2-0 to Atlanta United FC ."}]}, {'value': 'Trade for Allocation money', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allocation_money', 'summary': 'In Major League Soccer , allocation money represents an amount of money teams can use to sign players and/or allocate to their salaries to get under the salary cap .'}]}, {'value': 'December 3 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Espinoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Espinoza', 'summary': 'Roger Aníbal Espinoza Ramírez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈroʝeɾ espiˈnosa ] ; born 25 October 1986 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer . Capable of playing both as a defensive midfielder and as a wing back , Espinoza has represented Honduras at two World Cups and the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wigan Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': "Wigan Athletic Football Club ( /ˈwɪɡən/ ) is an English professional association football club based in Wigan , Greater Manchester , England , which competes in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system , Founded in 1932 , the club have played at the 25,000-seater DW Stadium since 1999 , before which they played at Springfield Park . Their colours are blue and white stripes , although all-blue shirts have been common throughout the club 's history . Wigan were elected to the Football League in 1978 , and competed in the Premier League from 2005 to 2013 . Wigan won the 2012-13 FA Cup with a 1-0 victory against Manchester City at Wembley Stadium , when Ben Watson scored the winning goal in stoppage time . The club also reached the League Cup Final in 2006 . Wigan are also three-time winners of the League One championship ( 2003 , 2016 & 2018 ) and twice winners of the EFL Trophy , in 1985 and 1999 . They made their European debut in the 2013-14 UEFA Europa League ."}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 4 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Convey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Convey', 'summary': 'Robert Francis Bobby Convey ( /ˈkɒnvi/ ; born May 27 , 1983 ) is an American soccer player who most recently played for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer . In addition to several MLS clubs , Convey spent five years in England with Reading , whom he helped into the Premier League for the first time . He played in 46 international matches for the United States , and made their squads for the 2003 Gold Cup and 2006 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_F.C.', 'summary': "Toronto Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto . The club competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home matches at BMO Field , located at Exhibition Place on Toronto 's shoreline . Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league . The first team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which also operates the USL League One affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city . In 2017 , Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup , Supporters ' Shield and Canadian Championship . They are seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the club has an estimated value of US $ 395 million and the highest player payroll in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Trade for 2014 MLS SuperDraft Third Round Pick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_MLS_SuperDraft', 'summary': 'The 2014 MLS SuperDraft was the fifteenth SuperDraft presented by Major League Soccer . The first two rounds of the four round draft took place on January 16 , 2014 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania at the Philadelphia Convention Center . Rounds three and four took place on January 21 , 2014 via conference call .'}]}, {'value': 'May 16 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yann Songo ' o", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yann_Songo'o", 'summary': "Yann Songo ' o ( born 19 November 1991 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Scunthorpe United . He has also been utilised in a defensive midfielder role ."}]}, {'value': 'Blackburn Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Blackburn Rovers Football Club is a professional football club in Blackburn , Lancashire , England , which competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 and the Premier League in 1992 . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups , one Football League Cup and one Full Members ' Cup . The club has spent most of its existence in the top flight of English football . In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998-99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000-01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup six times : once as League Cup winners , four times through league position and once via the Intertoto Cup . The club 's motto is Arte et Labore , By Skill and Hard Work in Latin ."}]}, {'value': 'Released', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 28 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Thomas_(American_soccer)', 'summary': 'Michael Thomas ( born March 8 , 1988 in Olathe , Kansas ) is an American soccer player who most recently played with the Oklahoma City Energy of the USL .'}]}, {'value': 'Toronto F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_F.C.', 'summary': "Toronto Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto . The club competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home matches at BMO Field , located at Exhibition Place on Toronto 's shoreline . Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league . The first team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which also operates the USL League One affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city . In 2017 , Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup , Supporters ' Shield and Canadian Championship . They are seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the club has an estimated value of US $ 395 million and the highest player payroll in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Trade for 2015 MLS SuperDraft Second Round Pick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_MLS_SuperDraft', 'summary': 'The 2015 MLS SuperDraft was the sixteenth SuperDraft conducted by Major League Soccer . The SuperDraft is held each year in conjunction with the annual National Soccer Coaches Association of America convention . The 2015 convention was held January 14-18 , 2015 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The first two rounds of the SuperDraft took place on January 15 , 2015 . Rounds three and four took place via conference call on January 20 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 2 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kei Kamara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kei_Kamara', 'summary': 'Kei Ansu Kamara ( /ˈkaɪ kəˈmɑːrə/ ; born 1 September 1984 ) is a Sierra Leonean international footballer who plays as a striker for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids . In 2015 , Kamara tied for top scorer in MLS with 22 goals , losing out to Sebastian Giovinco on the Golden Boot on fewer assists . He is one of only 10 players to have scored 100 goals in MLS history , achieving the landmark in 300 appearances .'}]}, {'value': 'Middlesbrough F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C.', 'summary': "Middlesbrough Football Club ( /ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ ( listen ) MID-əlz-brə ) is a professional association football club based in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire , England . They are currently competing in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Formed in 1876 , they have played at the Riverside Stadium since 1995 , their third ground since turning professional in 1889 . The club played at the Linthorpe Road ground from 1882 to 1903 and at Ayresome Park for 92 years , from 1903 to 1995 . Middlesbrough were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 and became one of the first clubs to be relegated from it following the 1992-93 season . The club came close to folding in 1986 after experiencing severe financial difficulties before it was saved by a consortium led by then board member and later chairman Steve Gibson . The club 's main rivals are Sunderland , Newcastle United and Leeds United . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 2004 , their first and to date only major trophy , and they also reached the 2006 UEFA Cup Final , losing to Spanish club Sevilla . Their highest league finish to date was third place in the top flight in the 1913-14 season and the club have only spent two seasons outside the top two divisions of English football . The League Cup win and the UEFA Cup run was part of an 11-year consecutive stay in the Premier League , before a relegation in 2009 . Although the club returned in 2016 , instant relegation followed . The club 's traditional kit is red with white detailing ."}]}, {'value': 'Transfer for $ 2.1 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 2 , 2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Player movement -- Out', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Sporting_Kansas_City_season_1', 'intro': "The 2013 Sporting Kansas City season was the eighteenth season of the team's existence in Major League Soccer and the third year played under the Sporting Kansas City moniker. Sporting Kansas City entered the season as the defending U.S. Open Cup champions and as back-to-back Eastern Conference Regular Season Champions. By winning the 2012 U.S. Open Cup, they were qualified for the 2013-14 CONCACAF Champions League for the first time in franchise history. Ivy Funds became the club's kit sponsor, a first for the franchise. Sporting Kansas City qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs for the 12th time in the team's 18-year history and third straight season, moving into a three-way tie for fourth most MLS Cup Playoff appearances with the Chicago Fire and FC Dallas, trailing only the Colorado Rapids (13), New York Red Bulls (14), and Los Angeles Galaxy (15). The team defeated New England Revolution, Houston Dynamo and Real Salt Lake to win the 2013 MLS Cup."}
null
null
How many years did the player who left for Toronto F.C . in the 2014 MLS SuperDraft play in England ?
five
09439c28bee326ab
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup', 'title': 'Belgian Super Cup', 'header': ['Team', '# Appearances', 'Years ( Won in Bold )', '# Wins', '# Runner-up', 'Most recent final'], 'data': [{'value': 'Club Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V.', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980 , 1986 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2002 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Club Brugge , and 2001-02 Belgian First Division champions , Genk on 3 August 2002 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Fenix stadium . Club Brugge won its 10th Belgian Super Cup , following late goals by Ebrima Ebou Sillah and Olivier De Cock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2003 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners La Louvière , and 2002-03 Belgian First Division champions , Club Brugge on 2 August 2003 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Jan Breydel Stadium . La Louvière took an early lead through Vervalle , with Nastja Čeh providing the equalizer just before the hour mark . Club Brugge eventually won its second consecutive Supercup title and 11th in total , as it beat La Louvière on penalty kicks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2004 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Club Brugge , and 2004-05 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 22 December 2004 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium . Club Brugge won its twelfth supercup in total , as it beat Anderlecht 2-0 through goals by Sebastian Hermans and Rune Lange . Following 2004 no cup winner has won the supercup and as such Club Brugge is the last team to have accomplished this ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2005 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Germinal Beerschot , and 2004-05 Belgian First Division champions , Club Brugge on 30 July 2005 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Jan Breydel Stadium . Club Brugge won its fourth consecutive Supercup title and 13th in total , as it beat Germinal Beerschot on penalty kicks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2007 Belgian Super Cup was a football match played on 28 July 2007 , between league winners R.S.C . Anderlecht and cup winners Club Brugge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2015 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 16 July 2015 , between Gent , the winners of the 2014-15 Belgian Pro League and 2014-15 Belgian Cup winners Club Brugge . Gent won 1-0 , winning the Super Cup for the first time .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2016 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took take place on 23 July 2016 , between the 2015-16 Belgian Pro League winners Club Brugge and Standard Liège , the winners of the 2015-16 Belgian Cup . Club Brugge played their 17th Super Cup and featured in their second consecutive Super Cup after losing the 2015 Belgian Super Cup to Gent , while Standard Liège played their 8th Belgian Super Cup after last appearing in 2011 when they lost to Genk . Although together both teams have already played 23 times the Belgian Super Cup , they have never met each other in this competition . Standard Liège last success in the competition dates from a 2-0 win in 2009 , against Genk , while Club Brugge last won in 2005 against the now defunct team Germinal Beerschot . The match was however a replay of the 2016 Belgian Cup Final , won by Standard Liège in March 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2018 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that took place on 22 July 2018 , between the 2017-18 Belgian First Division A winners Club Brugge and Standard Liège , the winners of the 2017-18 Belgian Cup . Club Brugge won the match 2-1 . For Club Brugge , the victory meant a record 15th Super Cup . Standard Liège featured for the 9th time . The match was a repetition of the 2016 Belgian Super Cup , when Club Brugge also beat Standard 2-1 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 , beat Standard Liège 2-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2018 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that took place on 22 July 2018 , between the 2017-18 Belgian First Division A winners Club Brugge and Standard Liège , the winners of the 2017-18 Belgian Cup . Club Brugge won the match 2-1 . For Club Brugge , the victory meant a record 15th Super Cup . Standard Liège featured for the 9th time . The match was a repetition of the 2016 Belgian Super Cup , when Club Brugge also beat Standard 2-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anderlecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht', 'summary': 'Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht , usually known as Anderlecht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑndərlɛxt ] , French : [ ɑ̃dəʁlɛkt ] , German : [ ˈandɐlɛçt ] ) or RSCA ( Dutch : [ ˌɛrɛseːˈjaː , -seːˈʔaː ] , French : [ ɛʁɛsse.ɑ ] , German : [ ˌɛɐ̯ʔɛs.tseːˈʔaː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Anderlecht , Brussels Capital-Region . Anderlecht plays in the Belgian First Division A and is the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions , with five trophies , as well as in the Belgian domestic league , with 34 championship wins . They have also won nine Belgian Cups and hold the record for most consecutive Belgian championship titles , winning five between the 1963-64 and 1967-68 seasons . Founded in 1908 , the club first reached the highest level in Belgian football in 1921-22 and have been playing in the first division continuously since 1935-36 and in Europe since 1964-65 . They won their first major trophy after World War II with a championship win in 1946-47 . Since then , they have never finished outside the top six of the Belgian first division . They are ranked 14th amongst all-time UEFA club competition winners , tenth in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics continental Clubs of the 20th Century European ranking and were 41st in the 2012 UEFA team rankings . In 1986 , they achieved their best UEFA ranking with a joint first place with Juventus . Anderlecht have been playing their matches in the Astrid Park in the municipality of Anderlecht since 1917 . Their current stadium , Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , was first opened in 1983 , and replaced the former Emile Versé Stadium . They play in purple and white outfits . They have long-standing rivalries with Club Brugge and Standard Liège .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2000 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Genk , and 1999-2000 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 5 August 2000 at the ground of the league winners Anderlecht , Het Kuipje . Prior to the game , the clubs agreed to allow more substitutions , leading to Anderlecht making six changes at halftime and seven in total during the game . Anderlecht won the match by three goals to one , winning its fifth Belgian Super Cup , while for Genk it marked the third loss in three years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2001_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2001 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Westerlo , and 2000-01 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 4 August 2001 at the ground of the cup winners Westerlo , Het Kuipje . In an animated match , the home team took an early lead through Francis Severeyns and looked on their way to an easy win as after twenty minutes played Anderlecht was down to ten men following a red card for Aruna Dindane . In the second half however , Anderlecht managed to score four goals to win the cup despite being a man down , including a hattrick by Seol Ki-hyeon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2004 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Club Brugge , and 2004-05 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 22 December 2004 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium . Club Brugge won its twelfth supercup in total , as it beat Anderlecht 2-0 through goals by Sebastian Hermans and Rune Lange . Following 2004 no cup winner has won the supercup and as such Club Brugge is the last team to have accomplished this ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2006 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . It was played and abandoned at halftime on 22 July 2006 , due to excessive rain and later replayed from the beginning on 20 December 2006 . The match was contested by Cup winners Zulte Waregem , and 2005-06 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht . Both matches were played at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium . Anderlecht won its seventh Supercup title , as it beat Zulte Waregem in the ( replayed ) match by a score of 3-1 through goals from Ahmed Hassan , Juhász and Siani ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2007 Belgian Super Cup was a football match played on 28 July 2007 , between league winners R.S.C . Anderlecht and cup winners Club Brugge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2008 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 9 August 2008 , between league winners Standard Liège and cup winners Anderlecht . Standard won 3-1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2010 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 23 July 2010 , between league winners Anderlecht and cup winners Gent . In a match with several chances for both teams , only Anderlecht managed to score once through Kouyaté . This meant the ninth Super Cup title for Anderlecht and left Gent still looking for their first win .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2012 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 22 July 2012 , between 2011-12 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2011-12 Belgian Cup winners Lokeren . In a dull first half without many chances , Anderlecht took the lead after 25 minutes when Dennis Praet scored the opening goal . Anderlecht had possession , but was not able to create any chances , while Hamdi Harbaoui almost equalized before half time . Immediately after the break , Jérémy Taravel was wearing the wrong tape around his ankles and asked to change it by the referee , while play continued . Anderlecht used the extra man situation , allowing Dieumerci Mbokani to head in the 2-0 . Lokeren coach Peter Maes was furious with Taravel , but could smile again soon after as Ivan Leko lobbed the ball into the Anderlecht goal . On the hour mark , Leko scored the equalizing goal , although Harbaoui had touched the ball with his hands during the play , without being noticed by the referee . Anderlecht then again took control of the match and scored the 3-2 winner 15 minutes from the end through Guillaume Gillet , who shot the ball perfectly into the top corner of the goal . Lokeren was unable to score thereafter , with Anderlecht coming close to a fourth goal as Mbokani hit the post . It stayed 3-2 , allowing Anderlecht to win their 10th Belgian Supercup trophy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2013 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 21 July 2013 , between 2012-13 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2012-13 Belgian Cup winners Genk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2014 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 20 July 2014 , between 2013-14 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2013-14 Belgian Cup winners Lokeren , won by Anderlecht , winning their twelfth super cup . Anderlecht had played in eighteen previous editions of the Belgian Super Cup , winning in 1985 , 1987 , 1993 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 and their most recent appearance in 2013 . Lokeren had played in a Belgian Super Cup once before , two years previous in 2012 , also facing Anderlecht and losing 3-2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2017 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 22 July 2017 between Anderlecht , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian First Division A and Zulte Waregem , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian Cup . For the first time in Belgian football , a video assistant referee was used to review decisions during the match .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 , beat Zulte Waregem 2-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2017 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 22 July 2017 between Anderlecht , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian First Division A and Zulte Waregem , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian Cup . For the first time in Belgian football , a video assistant referee was used to review decisions during the match .'}]}, {'value': 'Standard Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1993 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2008 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 9 August 2008 , between league winners Standard Liège and cup winners Anderlecht . Standard won 3-1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2009 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 25 July 2009 , between league winners Standard Liège and cup winners K.R.C . Genk . The cup was won 2-0 by Standard Liège .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2011 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 21 July 2011 , between league winners Genk and the cup winners Standard Liège . Genk won the game one nill and with that won their first Super Cup , after already being on the losing end on five previous occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2016 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took take place on 23 July 2016 , between the 2015-16 Belgian Pro League winners Club Brugge and Standard Liège , the winners of the 2015-16 Belgian Cup . Club Brugge played their 17th Super Cup and featured in their second consecutive Super Cup after losing the 2015 Belgian Super Cup to Gent , while Standard Liège played their 8th Belgian Super Cup after last appearing in 2011 when they lost to Genk . Although together both teams have already played 23 times the Belgian Super Cup , they have never met each other in this competition . Standard Liège last success in the competition dates from a 2-0 win in 2009 , against Genk , while Club Brugge last won in 2005 against the now defunct team Germinal Beerschot . The match was however a replay of the 2016 Belgian Cup Final , won by Standard Liège in March 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2018 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that took place on 22 July 2018 , between the 2017-18 Belgian First Division A winners Club Brugge and Standard Liège , the winners of the 2017-18 Belgian Cup . Club Brugge won the match 2-1 . For Club Brugge , the victory meant a record 15th Super Cup . Standard Liège featured for the 9th time . The match was a repetition of the 2016 Belgian Super Cup , when Club Brugge also beat Standard 2-1 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018 , lost to Club Brugge 2-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2018 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that took place on 22 July 2018 , between the 2017-18 Belgian First Division A winners Club Brugge and Standard Liège , the winners of the 2017-18 Belgian Cup . Club Brugge won the match 2-1 . For Club Brugge , the victory meant a record 15th Super Cup . Standard Liège featured for the 9th time . The match was a repetition of the 2016 Belgian Super Cup , when Club Brugge also beat Standard 2-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beveren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren', 'summary': "Koninklijke Sportkring Beveren ( Royal Sporting Club of Beveren ) is a Belgian association football club from the town of Beveren in East Flanders . KSK Beveren was particularly successful during the late 1970s and early 1980s in which it won two national championships and two Belgian Cups . In 1979 the club became the first champion of Belgium from the East Flanders province . KSK Beveren is up to the present day the only Belgian champion that is based in a municipality instead of a city . The club came into financial decline in the late 1990s and almost went bankrupt in 2010 . The club 's male first team ceased all footballing activities in May 2010 to ( unofficially ) merge with KV Red Star Waasland , becoming KV Red Star Waasland-Beveren . A small fraction of fans started a new club in Belgium 's lowest division , called YB SK Beveren . Both teams claim to be the rightful heir of KSK Beveren . However , the original KSK Beveren is still in existence and has a ladies team , which as of 2018 will play in the highest provincial league in women 's football ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979 , 1980 , 1983 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 , beat Gent 5-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lierse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lierse_S.K.', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Lierse Sportkring ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈliːrsə ˈspɔrtkrɪŋ ] ) , often simply known as Lierse , was a Belgian professional football club from the city of Lier in the Antwerp province . Lierse have won four championship titles and two Belgian Cups . Lierse was one of the six Belgian clubs to have played in the UEFA Champions League group stage , the other being Anderlecht , Club Brugge , Genk , Standard Liège and KAA Gent . The club was founded in 1906 and they first promoted to the first division in 1927-28 . Lierse was successful in the first division until the end of World War II , winning two titles and finishing only four times outside the top five . At the end of the 1947-48 season , they were relegated to the second division . Lierse enjoyed two more spells at the highest level , each time with a championship win ( between 1953-54 and 1985-86 and between 1988-89 and 2006-07 ) . Lierse spent five more years in first division between 2010-11 and 2014-15 , but since then played in the second division . Lierse played their home matches at the Herman Vanderpoortenstadion in Lier , which is also known as Het Lisp , because the stadium is located in a neighbourhood named Lisp . They had yellow and black colours . The club was bought by Egyptian businessman Maged Samy , who also owns KV Turnhout and Wadi Degla in Egypt . The most capped player at the club is Bernard Voorhoof with 61 caps for Belgium , all when he was at Lierse .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 , 1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 1999 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Lierse , and 1999-2000 Belgian First Division champions , Genk on 1 September 1999 at the ground of the league winners Genk , the Fenixstadium . Lierse won the cup after two late goals by Stein Huysegems . Prior to the match , Genk coach Jos Heyligen criticised the timing of the match during the week of international matches , as five players in his squad were unavailable due to being called-up for their respective national team , namely Branko Strupar , Marc Hendrikx , Ferenc Horváth , Þórður Guðjónsson and Bjarni Guðjónsson . With several others injured , the Genk squad for the Super Cup included only 13 first team players together with four youngsters from the U23 squad . From Lierse side , absentees due to call-ups were Jurgen Cavens and Carl Hoefkens ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 , beat Genk 3-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 1999 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Lierse , and 1999-2000 Belgian First Division champions , Genk on 1 September 1999 at the ground of the league winners Genk , the Fenixstadium . Lierse won the cup after two late goals by Stein Huysegems . Prior to the match , Genk coach Jos Heyligen criticised the timing of the match during the week of international matches , as five players in his squad were unavailable due to being called-up for their respective national team , namely Branko Strupar , Marc Hendrikx , Ferenc Horváth , Þórður Guðjónsson and Bjarni Guðjónsson . With several others injured , the Genk squad for the Super Cup included only 13 first team players together with four youngsters from the U23 squad . From Lierse side , absentees due to call-ups were Jurgen Cavens and Carl Hoefkens ."}]}, {'value': 'Genk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.R.C._Genk', 'summary': 'Koninklijk Racing Club Genk ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈreːsɪŋ ˌklɵp ˈɣɛŋk ] ) , commonly known as KRC Genk , Racing Genk or simply Genk , is a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Genk in Belgian Limburg . Racing Genk plays in the Belgian Pro League and have won four championship titles ; in 1998-99 , in 2001-02 , in 2010-11 and in 2018-19 . They have also won four Belgian Cups , most recently in 2008-09 and in 2012-13 . They qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the 2002-03 , 2011-12 and 2019-20 seasons . The club formed in 1988 by the merger of Waterschei Thor with KFC Winterslag , from which it took over the matricule number . It has been one of the most successful clubs in Belgium since the late 1990s and so they regularly qualify for European competitions . The club has been playing in the first division since the 1996-97 season . They play their home matches in the Luminus Arena . Their main outfit is blue and white .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 1999 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Lierse , and 1999-2000 Belgian First Division champions , Genk on 1 September 1999 at the ground of the league winners Genk , the Fenixstadium . Lierse won the cup after two late goals by Stein Huysegems . Prior to the match , Genk coach Jos Heyligen criticised the timing of the match during the week of international matches , as five players in his squad were unavailable due to being called-up for their respective national team , namely Branko Strupar , Marc Hendrikx , Ferenc Horváth , Þórður Guðjónsson and Bjarni Guðjónsson . With several others injured , the Genk squad for the Super Cup included only 13 first team players together with four youngsters from the U23 squad . From Lierse side , absentees due to call-ups were Jurgen Cavens and Carl Hoefkens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2000_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2000 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Genk , and 1999-2000 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 5 August 2000 at the ground of the league winners Anderlecht , Het Kuipje . Prior to the game , the clubs agreed to allow more substitutions , leading to Anderlecht making six changes at halftime and seven in total during the game . Anderlecht won the match by three goals to one , winning its fifth Belgian Super Cup , while for Genk it marked the third loss in three years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2002_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2002 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Club Brugge , and 2001-02 Belgian First Division champions , Genk on 3 August 2002 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Fenix stadium . Club Brugge won its 10th Belgian Super Cup , following late goals by Ebrima Ebou Sillah and Olivier De Cock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2009 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 25 July 2009 , between league winners Standard Liège and cup winners K.R.C . Genk . The cup was won 2-0 by Standard Liège .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2011 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 21 July 2011 , between league winners Genk and the cup winners Standard Liège . Genk won the game one nill and with that won their first Super Cup , after already being on the losing end on five previous occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2013 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 21 July 2013 , between 2012-13 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2012-13 Belgian Cup winners Genk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2019 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 20 July 2019 between Genk , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian First Division A , and Mechelen , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian Cup . In its eighth appearance , Genk won its second Belgian Super Cup after already winning the 2011 edition , by a convincing 3-0 margin . Defender Sébastien Dewaest was twice able to score from a set piece delivery , with Dante Vanzeir scoring the final goal in the closing minutes . Mechelen could have become only the ninth different club to win the Belgian Super Cup , but failed to win again after an earlier loss in the 1987 Belgian Super Cup . With the victory of Genk , the Belgian Super Cup was won for the 15th consecutive year by the league winners , as the 2004 Belgian Super Cup still marked the last year the cup winners overcame the league winners , when Club Brugge beat Anderlecht .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019 , beat Mechelen 3-0', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2019 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 20 July 2019 between Genk , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian First Division A , and Mechelen , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian Cup . In its eighth appearance , Genk won its second Belgian Super Cup after already winning the 2011 edition , by a convincing 3-0 margin . Defender Sébastien Dewaest was twice able to score from a set piece delivery , with Dante Vanzeir scoring the final goal in the closing minutes . Mechelen could have become only the ninth different club to win the Belgian Super Cup , but failed to win again after an earlier loss in the 1987 Belgian Super Cup . With the victory of Genk , the Belgian Super Cup was won for the 15th consecutive year by the league winners , as the 2004 Belgian Super Cup still marked the last year the cup winners overcame the league winners , when Club Brugge beat Anderlecht .'}]}, {'value': 'Gent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.A.A._Gent', 'summary': "Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌʔɑtləˈtik ˌɑsoːˈʃaː ( t ) si ˈɣɛnt ] , English : Royal Athletic Association Ghent ) , often simply known as Ghent or by their nickname De Buffalo 's ( English : The Buffalos ) , is a Belgian sports club , based in the city of Ghent , East Flanders . Their football team is the best-known section within the club , who have been playing in the Belgian Pro League since the 1989-90 season . They won the national league once , in 2014-15 , in addition to three Belgian Cup victories . Ghent played their home matches in the Jules Ottenstadion in Gentbrugge from 1920 until 2013 , when they moved to the Ghelamco Arena . Their team colours are blue and white . The principal sponsor is the financial institution VDK NV . The field hockey and track and field divisions were founded in 1864 , making it one of the oldest sports clubs in Belgium . The club was then known under its French name La Gantoise ( and it is still referred to as such in the French-speaking part of Belgium ) . They changed their name to the current Dutch version in 1971 . The football division opened in 1900 . The nickname of the club is De Buffalo 's , a term coined after a visit of the original Buffalo Bill and his Wild West circus to the city in the early 20th century . Gent enjoyed its first spell at the highest level in Belgian football between 1913-14 and 1928-29 , and a second one from 1936-37 to 1966-67 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 , 2010 , 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2010 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 23 July 2010 , between league winners Anderlecht and cup winners Gent . In a match with several chances for both teams , only Anderlecht managed to score once through Kouyaté . This meant the ninth Super Cup title for Anderlecht and left Gent still looking for their first win .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2015 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 16 July 2015 , between Gent , the winners of the 2014-15 Belgian Pro League and 2014-15 Belgian Cup winners Club Brugge . Gent won 1-0 , winning the Super Cup for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 , beat Club Brugge 1-0', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2015 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 16 July 2015 , between Gent , the winners of the 2014-15 Belgian Pro League and 2014-15 Belgian Cup winners Club Brugge . Gent won 1-0 , winning the Super Cup for the first time .'}]}, {'value': 'Waregem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.S.V._Waregem', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Sportvereniging Waregem was a Belgian football club that existed between 1925 and 2001 . It played three spells at the highest level in the Belgian football league system each separated by a single season at the second level : from 1966 to 1972 , from 1973 to 1994 and in 1995-96 . Their best ranking was reached in 1968 , 1985 and 1993 when they finished fourth .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 , beat Standard 3-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cercle Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V.', 'summary': 'Cercle Brugge Koninklijke Sportvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈsɛrklə ˈbrɵɣə ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈspɔrtfəˌreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) is a Belgian professional football club based in Bruges . Cercle have played in the Belgian Pro League since the 2003-04 season , having previously spent several years in the Belgian Second Division following relegation in 1997 . Their matricule is the n°12 . The club plays home games at the Jan Breydel Stadium , which they share with fierce rivals Club Brugge . Cercle Brugge won their first national title in 1911 , and won two more titles ( in 1927 and 1930 ) before the Second World War . The side also won the Belgian Cup in 1927 and in 1985 , and have represented Belgium in European tournaments on several occasions . Since 2017 , they have been owned by French club AS Monaco .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 , lost to Club Brugge 5-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lokeren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren_Oost-Vlaanderen', 'summary': "Koninklijke Sporting Club Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈspɔrtɪŋ ˌklɵp ˈloːkərə ( n ) ˌoːstˈflaːndərə ( n ) ] ; often simply called Sporting Lokeren or Lokeren ) is a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Lokeren , in the province of East Flanders . Lokeren plays in the Belgian Pro League . The club was founded in 1923 and it first reached the first division in 1974-75 . Since then , it had a short spell in the Second Division between 1993-94 and 1995-96 . Lokeren had its most successful period in the 1980s , achieving second place in the league in 1980-81 as well as a Belgian Cup final the same year . Its best European result was reaching the quarter-final of the 1980-81 UEFA Cup . In the year 2000 , the club merged with K Sint-Niklase SKE They are registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with the matricule number 282 . Lokeren 's colours are white , black and yellow . They play their home games at the Daknamstadion . In 2012 , Sporting Lokeren won their first prize , after beating KV Kortrijk in the Cup Final . They won their 2nd Cup in 2014 after beating Zulte Waregem 1-0 . In 2018 Sporting Lokeren were relegated to the Proximus League , Belgium 's Second Tier of football ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012 , 2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2012 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 22 July 2012 , between 2011-12 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2011-12 Belgian Cup winners Lokeren . In a dull first half without many chances , Anderlecht took the lead after 25 minutes when Dennis Praet scored the opening goal . Anderlecht had possession , but was not able to create any chances , while Hamdi Harbaoui almost equalized before half time . Immediately after the break , Jérémy Taravel was wearing the wrong tape around his ankles and asked to change it by the referee , while play continued . Anderlecht used the extra man situation , allowing Dieumerci Mbokani to head in the 2-0 . Lokeren coach Peter Maes was furious with Taravel , but could smile again soon after as Ivan Leko lobbed the ball into the Anderlecht goal . On the hour mark , Leko scored the equalizing goal , although Harbaoui had touched the ball with his hands during the play , without being noticed by the referee . Anderlecht then again took control of the match and scored the 3-2 winner 15 minutes from the end through Guillaume Gillet , who shot the ball perfectly into the top corner of the goal . Lokeren was unable to score thereafter , with Anderlecht coming close to a fourth goal as Mbokani hit the post . It stayed 3-2 , allowing Anderlecht to win their 10th Belgian Supercup trophy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2014 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 20 July 2014 , between 2013-14 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2013-14 Belgian Cup winners Lokeren , won by Anderlecht , winning their twelfth super cup . Anderlecht had played in eighteen previous editions of the Belgian Super Cup , winning in 1985 , 1987 , 1993 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 and their most recent appearance in 2013 . Lokeren had played in a Belgian Super Cup once before , two years previous in 2012 , also facing Anderlecht and losing 3-2 .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 , lost to Anderlecht 2-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2014 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that was played on 20 July 2014 , between 2013-14 Belgian Pro League winners Anderlecht and 2013-14 Belgian Cup winners Lokeren , won by Anderlecht , winning their twelfth super cup . Anderlecht had played in eighteen previous editions of the Belgian Super Cup , winning in 1985 , 1987 , 1993 , 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 and their most recent appearance in 2013 . Lokeren had played in a Belgian Super Cup once before , two years previous in 2012 , also facing Anderlecht and losing 3-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zulte Waregem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.V._Zulte_Waregem', 'summary': 'Sportvereniging Zulte Waregem ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈspɔrtfəˌreːnəɣɪŋ ˈzɵltə ˈʋaːrəɣɛm ] ) , commonly known as Zulte Waregem or by their nickname Essevee ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ɛsəˈveː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Waregem , West Flanders . Zulte Waregem plays in the Belgian First Division A . Their highest finish at the highest level was second place in 2012-13 . They have won two Belgian Cups . They qualified for the 2006-07 UEFA Cup , losing in the round of 32 to Newcastle United . Also in the seasons 2013-2014 and 2017-2018 they managed to play in the Europa League group stages . On both occasions the club ended 3rd in their group . The club is a product of a partnership in 2001 between Zultse VV and KSV Waregem , a former first division regular . No merger was applied . Zulte Waregem first reached the highest level in Belgian football by winning the 2004-05 second division . The club uniforms are red and green . They play their home matches at the Regenboogstadion , the former stadium of KSV Waregem .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 , 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2006 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . It was played and abandoned at halftime on 22 July 2006 , due to excessive rain and later replayed from the beginning on 20 December 2006 . The match was contested by Cup winners Zulte Waregem , and 2005-06 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht . Both matches were played at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium . Anderlecht won its seventh Supercup title , as it beat Zulte Waregem in the ( replayed ) match by a score of 3-1 through goals from Ahmed Hassan , Juhász and Siani ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2017 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 22 July 2017 between Anderlecht , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian First Division A and Zulte Waregem , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian Cup . For the first time in Belgian football , a video assistant referee was used to review decisions during the match .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017 , lost to Anderlecht 2-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2017 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 22 July 2017 between Anderlecht , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian First Division A and Zulte Waregem , winners of the 2016-17 Belgian Cup . For the first time in Belgian football , a video assistant referee was used to review decisions during the match .'}]}, {'value': 'Beerschot AC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beerschot_AC', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Beerschot Antwerpen Club ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈbeːrsxɔt ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ˈklɵp ] ) , simply known as Beerschot AC , was a Belgian football club based in southern Antwerp . Beerschot played in the Belgian Pro League from 1999-2000 ( as Germinal Beerschot ) until 2012-13 , when they were relegated not only through their league position , but also lost their professional license through financial issues , being officially declared bankrupt on 21 May 2013 - one week after the season had ended . The club was established in 1999 as the result of the merger between K Beerschot VAC and KFC Germinal Ekeren , from which they took over the matricule number and history . Prior to the merger , Germinal Ekeren had been a first division club for 10 years , while 7 times Belgian champion Beerschot was struggling with financial problems in the third division . The club won 2 Belgian Cups , one as Germinal Ekeren in 1997 , the other as Germinal Beerschot in 2005 . Their best league ranking was a 3rd place in 1995-96 and in 1997-98 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 ( as Germinal Ekeren ) , 2005 ( as Germinal Beerschot )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2005 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Germinal Beerschot , and 2004-05 Belgian First Division champions , Club Brugge on 30 July 2005 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Jan Breydel Stadium . Club Brugge won its fourth consecutive Supercup title and 13th in total , as it beat Germinal Beerschot on penalty kicks ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 , lost to Club Brugge 1-1 ( 4-2 pen . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2005 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Germinal Beerschot , and 2004-05 Belgian First Division champions , Club Brugge on 30 July 2005 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Jan Breydel Stadium . Club Brugge won its fourth consecutive Supercup title and 13th in total , as it beat Germinal Beerschot on penalty kicks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)', 'summary': "A penalty shoot-out ( officially kicks from the penalty mark ) is a method of determining which team is awarded victory in an association football match that can not end in a draw , when the score is tied after the regulation playing time as well as extra time ( if used ) have expired . In a penalty shoot-out , each team takes turns shooting at goal from the penalty mark , with the goal only defended by the opposing team 's goalkeeper . Each team has five shots which must be taken by different kickers ; the team that makes more successful kicks is declared the victor . Shoot-outs finish as soon as one team has an insurmountable lead . If scores are level after five pairs of shots , the shootout progresses into additional sudden-death rounds . Balls successfully kicked into the goal during a shoot-out do not count as goals for the individual kickers or the team , and are tallied separately from the goals scored during normal play ( including extra time , if any ) . Although the procedure for each individual kick in the shoot-out resembles that of a penalty kick , there are some differences . Most notably , neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked . The penalty shoot-out is one of the three methods of breaking a draw that are currently approved by the Laws of the Game ; the others are extra time and , for two-legged ties , the away goals rule . A shoot-out is usually used only after one or more of the other methods fail to produce a winner . The method of breaking a draw for a specific match is determined beforehand by the match organizing body . In most professional level competitions , two 15-minute extra time periods are played if the score is tied at the end of regulation time , and a shoot-out is held if the score is still tied after the extra time periods ."}]}, {'value': 'KV Mechelen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KV_Mechelen', 'summary': "Yellow Red Koninklijke Voetbalclub Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌjɛloː ˈrɛt ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˌvudbɑlklʏp ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) , often simply called KV Mechelen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ kaːˌveː ˈmɛxələ ( n ) ] ) or KVM , or by their former French name FC Malinois , is a Belgian professional football club based in Mechelen in the Antwerp province . KV Mechelen plays in the Belgian First Division A . They have won four Belgian championships and twice the Belgian Cup , as well as the 1987-88 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1988 European Super Cup . They collected most of their honours in the 1940s and in the 1980s . KV Mechelen was founded in 1904 and , in 1921-22 , promoted to the first division . After two successive relegation and promotion , they were back for good between 1928-29 and 1955-56 . In the 1960s and 1970s , the club had several promotions and relegations between the first and second division . From 1983-84 to 1996-97 , they had a successful first division spell , with a title and several second- and third-place finishes . During that period , they also won a European Cup Winners ' Cup and they reached the same competition semi-finals as well as the European Cup quarter-finals . KV Mechelen declined in the late 1990s though they had two more spells at the highest level from 1999-2000 to 2000-01 and in 2002-03 . At the end of that season , the club did not receive their Belgian professional football license . They were therefore relegated to the third division with a nine-point penalty ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987 , 1989 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2019 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 20 July 2019 between Genk , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian First Division A , and Mechelen , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian Cup . In its eighth appearance , Genk won its second Belgian Super Cup after already winning the 2011 edition , by a convincing 3-0 margin . Defender Sébastien Dewaest was twice able to score from a set piece delivery , with Dante Vanzeir scoring the final goal in the closing minutes . Mechelen could have become only the ninth different club to win the Belgian Super Cup , but failed to win again after an earlier loss in the 1987 Belgian Super Cup . With the victory of Genk , the Belgian Super Cup was won for the 15th consecutive year by the league winners , as the 2004 Belgian Super Cup still marked the last year the cup winners overcame the league winners , when Club Brugge beat Anderlecht .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019 , lost to Genk 3-0', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2019 Belgian Super Cup was a football match that took place on 20 July 2019 between Genk , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian First Division A , and Mechelen , the winners of the 2018-19 Belgian Cup . In its eighth appearance , Genk won its second Belgian Super Cup after already winning the 2011 edition , by a convincing 3-0 margin . Defender Sébastien Dewaest was twice able to score from a set piece delivery , with Dante Vanzeir scoring the final goal in the closing minutes . Mechelen could have become only the ninth different club to win the Belgian Super Cup , but failed to win again after an earlier loss in the 1987 Belgian Super Cup . With the victory of Genk , the Belgian Super Cup was won for the 15th consecutive year by the league winners , as the 2004 Belgian Super Cup still marked the last year the cup winners overcame the league winners , when Club Brugge beat Anderlecht .'}]}, {'value': 'Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_FC', 'summary': 'Royal Antwerp Football Club , often simply referred to as Antwerp , is a Belgian football club based in the city of Antwerp . Founded around 1880 as Antwerp Cricket Club by English students residing in Antwerp , 15 years prior to the creation of the Royal Belgian Football Association , Antwerp is regarded as the oldest club in Belgium . At first there was no organised football played by its members , until 1887 when the football division was founded with an own board , named Antwerp Football Club . Being the oldest active club at the time , it was the first club to register to the Association in 1895 . Consequently , when matriculation numbers were introduced in 1926 , the club received matriculate number one .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 , lost to Club Brugge 1-1 ( 4-1 pen . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)', 'summary': "A penalty shoot-out ( officially kicks from the penalty mark ) is a method of determining which team is awarded victory in an association football match that can not end in a draw , when the score is tied after the regulation playing time as well as extra time ( if used ) have expired . In a penalty shoot-out , each team takes turns shooting at goal from the penalty mark , with the goal only defended by the opposing team 's goalkeeper . Each team has five shots which must be taken by different kickers ; the team that makes more successful kicks is declared the victor . Shoot-outs finish as soon as one team has an insurmountable lead . If scores are level after five pairs of shots , the shootout progresses into additional sudden-death rounds . Balls successfully kicked into the goal during a shoot-out do not count as goals for the individual kickers or the team , and are tallied separately from the goals scored during normal play ( including extra time , if any ) . Although the procedure for each individual kick in the shoot-out resembles that of a penalty kick , there are some differences . Most notably , neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked . The penalty shoot-out is one of the three methods of breaking a draw that are currently approved by the Laws of the Game ; the others are extra time and , for two-legged ties , the away goals rule . A shoot-out is usually used only after one or more of the other methods fail to produce a winner . The method of breaking a draw for a specific match is determined beforehand by the match organizing body . In most professional level competitions , two 15-minute extra time periods are played if the score is tied at the end of regulation time , and a shoot-out is held if the score is still tied after the extra time periods ."}]}, {'value': 'Westerlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K.V.C._Westerlo', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Voetbal Club Westerlo ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑl ˌklɵp ˈʋɛstərloː ] ; often simply called Westerlo ) is a Belgian professional football club located in the municipality of Westerlo in the province of Antwerp . Since 1997-98 , Westerlo has been mostly playing in the Belgian Pro League , save for a short stint in the Belgian Second Division between 2012 and 2014 . Their highest finish is a 6th place in 1999-00 , 2003-04 and 2008-09 . They have won one Belgian Cup . The only player who has ever been called up for the Belgium national football team while at Westerlo is Toni Brogno ( 7 caps , all of them while at Westerlo ) . The club was founded in 1933 , receiving the matricule number 2024 . Their colours are yellow and blue . They play their home matches at the Het Kuipje .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2001 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Westerlo , and 2000-01 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 4 August 2001 at the ground of the cup winners Westerlo , Het Kuipje . In an animated match , the home team took an early lead through Francis Severeyns and looked on their way to an easy win as after twenty minutes played Anderlecht was down to ten men following a red card for Aruna Dindane . In the second half however , Anderlecht managed to score four goals to win the cup despite being a man down , including a hattrick by Seol Ki-hyeon ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 , lost to Anderlecht 4-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2001 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners Westerlo , and 2000-01 Belgian First Division champions , Anderlecht on 4 August 2001 at the ground of the cup winners Westerlo , Het Kuipje . In an animated match , the home team took an early lead through Francis Severeyns and looked on their way to an easy win as after twenty minutes played Anderlecht was down to ten men following a red card for Aruna Dindane . In the second half however , Anderlecht managed to score four goals to win the cup despite being a man down , including a hattrick by Seol Ki-hyeon ."}]}, {'value': 'RFC Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.F.C._de_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Football Club de Liège ( RFC Liège ) is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . It currently plays in the Belgian First Amateur Division . Its matricule is 4 , meaning that it was the fourth club to register with the country 's national federation , and the club was the first Belgian champion in history ( 5 Championships & 1 Cup ) . The club was also known for being 'homeless ' between 1995 and 2015 , but is now playing on its own ground in Rocourt . FC Liège management also made the club sadly famous for its refusal to release Jean-Marc Bosman after his contract ran out in 1990 , which in turn led to the Bosman ruling , a European Court of Justice decision that caused major changes to the structure of European football . The 'philosophy ' of the club is based on integration of local young players and on popular and faithful support ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990 , lost to Club Brugge 2-2 ( 7-6 pen . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)', 'summary': "A penalty shoot-out ( officially kicks from the penalty mark ) is a method of determining which team is awarded victory in an association football match that can not end in a draw , when the score is tied after the regulation playing time as well as extra time ( if used ) have expired . In a penalty shoot-out , each team takes turns shooting at goal from the penalty mark , with the goal only defended by the opposing team 's goalkeeper . Each team has five shots which must be taken by different kickers ; the team that makes more successful kicks is declared the victor . Shoot-outs finish as soon as one team has an insurmountable lead . If scores are level after five pairs of shots , the shootout progresses into additional sudden-death rounds . Balls successfully kicked into the goal during a shoot-out do not count as goals for the individual kickers or the team , and are tallied separately from the goals scored during normal play ( including extra time , if any ) . Although the procedure for each individual kick in the shoot-out resembles that of a penalty kick , there are some differences . Most notably , neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked . The penalty shoot-out is one of the three methods of breaking a draw that are currently approved by the Laws of the Game ; the others are extra time and , for two-legged ties , the away goals rule . A shoot-out is usually used only after one or more of the other methods fail to produce a winner . The method of breaking a draw for a specific match is determined beforehand by the match organizing body . In most professional level competitions , two 15-minute extra time periods are played if the score is tied at the end of regulation time , and a shoot-out is held if the score is still tied after the extra time periods ."}]}, {'value': 'Beerschot VAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K._Beerschot_V.A.C.', 'summary': 'Koninklijke Beerschot Voetbal en Atletiek Club , now K Beerschot VA is a Belgian football club from Antwerp . The club was founded in 1899 when most players of Antwerp left the club . It plays in the 1920 Olympic Games Stadium named the Kiel . After many financial problems over the years , the club was forced to retire from competition and was dissolved in 1999 . Shortly after , K.F.C . Germinal Ekeren moved from Ekeren in the north of Antwerp to the south in order to install at the Kiel . The club changed its name and became Germinal Beerschot , before the name was changed again in 2011 to Beerschot AC . In 2013 , Beerschot AC went bankrupt and dissolved . A new team emerged : Beerschot'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979 , lost to Beveren 1-1 ( 3-2 pen . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)', 'summary': "A penalty shoot-out ( officially kicks from the penalty mark ) is a method of determining which team is awarded victory in an association football match that can not end in a draw , when the score is tied after the regulation playing time as well as extra time ( if used ) have expired . In a penalty shoot-out , each team takes turns shooting at goal from the penalty mark , with the goal only defended by the opposing team 's goalkeeper . Each team has five shots which must be taken by different kickers ; the team that makes more successful kicks is declared the victor . Shoot-outs finish as soon as one team has an insurmountable lead . If scores are level after five pairs of shots , the shootout progresses into additional sudden-death rounds . Balls successfully kicked into the goal during a shoot-out do not count as goals for the individual kickers or the team , and are tallied separately from the goals scored during normal play ( including extra time , if any ) . Although the procedure for each individual kick in the shoot-out resembles that of a penalty kick , there are some differences . Most notably , neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked . The penalty shoot-out is one of the three methods of breaking a draw that are currently approved by the Laws of the Game ; the others are extra time and , for two-legged ties , the away goals rule . A shoot-out is usually used only after one or more of the other methods fail to produce a winner . The method of breaking a draw for a specific match is determined beforehand by the match organizing body . In most professional level competitions , two 15-minute extra time periods are played if the score is tied at the end of regulation time , and a shoot-out is held if the score is still tied after the extra time periods ."}]}, {'value': 'La Louvière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.A.A._Louviéroise', 'summary': 'R.A.A . Louviéroise , sometimes referred to as La Louvière or RAAL , was a Belgian football club located in the city of La Louvière , in the province of Hainaut . It had been playing its latest run in the Belgian First Division from 2000-01 to 2005-06 included . Two players have been called to the Belgium national football team while at La Louvière : Guy Dardenne ( 6 caps when at La Louvière , 11 caps in all ) and Silvio Proto ( 5 caps when at La Louvière ) . The matricule of the club was the number 93 . In June 2009 , it merged with R.A.C.S . Couillet to form Football Couillet La Louvière .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2003 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners La Louvière , and 2002-03 Belgian First Division champions , Club Brugge on 2 August 2003 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Jan Breydel Stadium . La Louvière took an early lead through Vervalle , with Nastja Čeh providing the equalizer just before the hour mark . Club Brugge eventually won its second consecutive Supercup title and 11th in total , as it beat La Louvière on penalty kicks ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003 , lost to Club Brugge 1-1 ( 5-4 pen . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_Belgian_Super_Cup', 'summary': "The 2003 Belgian Supercup was a football match between the winners of the previous season 's Belgian First Division and Belgian Cup competitions . The match was contested by Cup winners La Louvière , and 2002-03 Belgian First Division champions , Club Brugge on 2 August 2003 at the ground of the league champions as usual , in this case the Jan Breydel Stadium . La Louvière took an early lead through Vervalle , with Nastja Čeh providing the equalizer just before the hour mark . Club Brugge eventually won its second consecutive Supercup title and 11th in total , as it beat La Louvière on penalty kicks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)', 'summary': "A penalty shoot-out ( officially kicks from the penalty mark ) is a method of determining which team is awarded victory in an association football match that can not end in a draw , when the score is tied after the regulation playing time as well as extra time ( if used ) have expired . In a penalty shoot-out , each team takes turns shooting at goal from the penalty mark , with the goal only defended by the opposing team 's goalkeeper . Each team has five shots which must be taken by different kickers ; the team that makes more successful kicks is declared the victor . Shoot-outs finish as soon as one team has an insurmountable lead . If scores are level after five pairs of shots , the shootout progresses into additional sudden-death rounds . Balls successfully kicked into the goal during a shoot-out do not count as goals for the individual kickers or the team , and are tallied separately from the goals scored during normal play ( including extra time , if any ) . Although the procedure for each individual kick in the shoot-out resembles that of a penalty kick , there are some differences . Most notably , neither the kicker nor any player other than the goalkeeper may play the ball again once it has been kicked . The penalty shoot-out is one of the three methods of breaking a draw that are currently approved by the Laws of the Game ; the others are extra time and , for two-legged ties , the away goals rule . A shoot-out is usually used only after one or more of the other methods fail to produce a winner . The method of breaking a draw for a specific match is determined beforehand by the match organizing body . In most professional level competitions , two 15-minute extra time periods are played if the score is tied at the end of regulation time , and a shoot-out is held if the score is still tied after the extra time periods ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Performance by club', 'section_text': 'Below is the performance listed per club , sorted by number of wins .', 'uid': 'Belgian_Super_Cup_0', 'intro': 'The Belgian Super Cup (Dutch: Belgische Super Cup, pronounced [ˈbɛlɣisə ˈsɵpərˌkɵp]; French: Supercoupe de Belgique; German: Belgischer Fußball-Super Cup) is a Belgian club competition played as a single match between the winner of the Belgian First Division A and holders of the Belgian Cup. If both teams are the same, the Belgian Cup runner-up participates as the second club. The most successful Super Cup club is Club Brugge with 15 titles, followed by Anderlecht (13), Standard Liège (4), Genk (2) and Lierse (2). It was created in 1979 and held every year since, with the only exception 1989.'}
null
null
What was the most recent final for the team also known as RAAL ?
2003
0943ae5a7da7b4dc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates', 'title': 'List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates', 'header': ['Year', 'Name', 'Party', 'Running Mate', 'Votes'], 'data': [{'value': '1904', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1904 United States presidential election was the 30th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1904 . Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated the Democratic nominee , Alton B. Parker . Roosevelt 's victory made him the first president to win a term in his own right after having ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor , William McKinley . Roosevelt took office in September 1901 following the assassination of his predecessor . After the February 1904 death of McKinley 's ally , Senator Mark Hanna , Roosevelt faced little opposition at the 1904 Republican National Convention . The conservative Bourbon Democrat allies of former President Grover Cleveland temporarily regained control of the Democratic Party from the followers of William Jennings Bryan , and the 1904 Democratic National Convention nominated Alton B. Parker , Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals . Parker triumphed on the second ballot of the convention , defeating newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst . As there was little difference between the candidates ' positions , the race was largely based on their personalities ; the Democrats argued the Roosevelt presidency was arbitrary and erratic . Republicans emphasized Roosevelt 's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against monopolies . Roosevelt easily defeated Parker , sweeping every region in the nation except the South . Two third-party candidates , Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Silas C. Swallow of the Prohibition Party , each took over 1% of the popular vote . Roosevelt 's popular vote margin of 18.8% was the largest since James Monroe 's victory in the 1820 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': 'George Edwin Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Edwin_Taylor', 'summary': "George Edwin Taylor ( August 4 , 1857 - December 23 , 1925 ) was an American journalist , activist , and politician , who was the candidate of the National Negro Liberty Party for the office of President of the United States in 1904 . He was the first African American to run for president . Taylor was born in Little Rock , Arkansas to a slave father and a free mother . After becoming an orphan , he arrived in La Crosse , Wisconsin in 1865 , where he attended school and obtained early experiences as a journalist and labor/political activist . In 1891 Taylor left Wisconsin for Oskaloosa , Iowa where he published a weekly newspaper , the Negro Solicitor . In the 1890s , Taylor transitioned from Independent Republican to Democrat . In 1892 , he was founder and president of the National Colored Men 's Protection League and in 1900 was president of the National Negro Democratic League , the Negro Bureau within the National Democratic Party . In 1904 , Taylor joined the National Negro Liberty Party as its candidate for the office of president of the United States . He reconnected with the Democratic Party after the failure of his 1904 election campaign . Taylor married three times : Mary Hall of Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin ; Cora Cooper Buckner of Oskaloosa , Iowa ; and Marion Tillinghast of Green Cove Springs , Florida . He owned or edited two newspapers ( Wisconsin Labor Advocate of La Crosse , Wisconsin and Negro Solicitor of Oskaloosa and Ottumwa , Iowa ) and was editor of the Black Star edition of Florida Times-Union of Jacksonville , Florida , the largest newspaper in Florida at the beginning of the twentieth century . Taylor was a Mason , a community organizer , and a supporter of free silver and anti-imperialism ."}]}, {'value': 'National Liberty Party', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W.C. Payne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'scattering', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': 'The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1960 . In a closely contested election , Democrat United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon , the Republican Party nominee . This was the first election in which fifty states participated and the last in which the District of Columbia did not . It was the first election in which an incumbent president was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . It is also the last election where the losing candidate won Ohio . Nixon faced little opposition in the Republican race to succeed popular incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower . Kennedy , a U.S . Senator from Massachusetts , established himself as the Democratic front-runner with his strong performance in the 1960 Democratic primaries , including a key victory in West Virginia over United States Senator Hubert Humphrey . He defeated Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson on the first presidential ballot of the 1960 Democratic National Convention , and asked Johnson to serve as his running mate . The issue of the Cold War dominated the election , as tensions were high between the United States and the Soviet Union . Kennedy won a 303 to 219 Electoral College victory and is generally considered to have won the national popular vote by 112,827 , a margin of 0.17 percent , though some argue that Nixon should be credited with the popular vote victory , as the issue of the popular vote was complicated by the presence of several unpledged electors in the Deep South .'}]}, {'value': 'Clennon King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clennon_King', 'summary': 'Clennon Washington King Jr. ( July 18 , 1920 - February 12 , 2000 ) was the first African-American man to run for the office of President of the United States , and whose attempts at civil rights actions and running for office as a perennial candidate caused him to be nicknamed The Black Don Quixote .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent Afro-American Party', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reginald Carter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,485', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1964 . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater , the Republican nominee . With 61.1% of the popular vote , Johnson won the largest share of the popular vote of any candidate since the largely uncontested 1820 election . Johnson took office on November 22 , 1963 , following the assassination of his predecessor , John F. Kennedy . He easily defeated a primary challenge by segregationist Governor George Wallace of Alabama to win nomination to a full term . At the 1964 Democratic National Convention , Johnson also won the nomination of his preferred running mate , United States Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota . United States Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona , a leader of his party 's conservative faction , defeated moderate Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York and Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania at the 1964 Republican National Convention . Johnson championed his passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and his campaign advocated a series of anti-poverty programs collectively known as the Great Society . Goldwater espoused a low-tax , small government philosophy , and opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Democrats successfully portrayed Goldwater as a dangerous extremist , most famously in the Daisy television advertisement . The Republican Party was divided between its moderate and conservative factions , with Rockefeller and other moderate party leaders refusing to campaign for Goldwater ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifton DeBerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry', 'summary': 'Clifton DeBerry ( 1924-2006 ) was an American communist and two-time candidate for President of the United States of the Socialist Workers Party . He was the first black American in the 20th century to be chosen by a political party as its nominee for president .'}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Workers Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) is known as a communist party in the United States . Originally a group in the Communist Party USA that supported Leon Trotsky against Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , it places a priority on solidarity work to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba . The SWP publishes The Militant , a weekly newspaper that dates back to 1928 . It also maintains Pathfinder Press .'}]}, {'value': 'Ed Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Shaw_(activist)', 'summary': 'Edward Ed Shaw ( July 13 , 1923 - October 1995 ) was an American socialist and lifelong member of the Socialist Workers Party .'}]}, {'value': '32,706', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1968 . The Republican nominee , former Vice President Richard Nixon , defeated the Democratic nominee , incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front-runner for his party 's nomination , but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate United States Senator Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary . McCarthy , former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Hubert Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated on June 5 , 1968 at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , California . Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which saw numerous anti-war protests . Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front-runner , and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller , Ronald Reagan , and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party 's nomination . Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket , campaigning in favor of racial segregation . The election year was tumultuous ; it was marked by the assassination of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4 , 1968 in Memphis , Tennessee , subsequent King assassination riots across the nation , the assassination of Kennedy , and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses . Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation 's cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War . A year later , he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters ."}]}, {'value': 'Eldridge Cleaver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver', 'summary': "Leroy Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31 , 1935 - May 1 , 1998 ) was an American writer , and political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party . In 1968 , Cleaver wrote Soul on Ice , a collection of essays that , at the time of its publication , was praised by The New York Times Book Review as brilliant and revealing . Cleaver stated in Soul on Ice : If a man like Malcolm X could change and repudiate racism , if I myself and other former Muslims can change , if young whites can change , then there is hope for America . Cleaver went on to become a prominent member of the Black Panthers , having the titles Minister of Information and Head of the International Section of the Panthers , while a fugitive from the United States criminal justice system in Cuba and Algeria . He became a fugitive after leading an ambush on Oakland police officers , during which two officers were wounded . Cleaver was also wounded during the ambush and Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed . As editor of the official Panthers ' newspaper , The Black Panther , Cleaver 's influence on the direction of the Party was rivaled only by founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale . Cleaver and Newton eventually fell out with each other , resulting in a split that weakened the party . After spending seven years in exile in Cuba , Algeria , and France , Cleaver returned to the US in 1975 , where he became involved in various religious groups ( Unification Church and CARP ) before finally joining the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , as well as becoming a conservative Republican , appearing at Republican events ."}]}, {'value': 'Peace and Freedom Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party', 'summary': "The Peace and Freedom Party ( PFP ) is a left-wing political party with affiliates and former members in more than a dozen American states , including California , Colorado , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana and Utah , but none now have ballot status besides California . Peace and Freedom 's first candidates appeared on the ballot in 1966 in New York . The Peace and Freedom Party of California was organized in early 1967 , gathering over 103,000 registrants which qualified its ballot status in January 1968 under the California Secretary of State Report of Registration . The Peace and Freedom Party has appeared in other states as an anti-war and pro-civil rights organization opposed to the Vietnam War and in support of black liberation , farm-worker organizing , women 's liberation , and the gay rights movements . The party 's presidential candidates were Leonard Peltier in 2004 , Ralph Nader in 2008 , Roseanne Barr in 2012 and Gloria La Riva in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Various candidates', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,623', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1968 . The Republican nominee , former Vice President Richard Nixon , defeated the Democratic nominee , incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front-runner for his party 's nomination , but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate United States Senator Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary . McCarthy , former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Hubert Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated on June 5 , 1968 at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , California . Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which saw numerous anti-war protests . Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front-runner , and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller , Ronald Reagan , and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party 's nomination . Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket , campaigning in favor of racial segregation . The election year was tumultuous ; it was marked by the assassination of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4 , 1968 in Memphis , Tennessee , subsequent King assassination riots across the nation , the assassination of Kennedy , and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses . Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation 's cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War . A year later , he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick Gregory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Gregory', 'summary': 'Richard Claxton Gregory ( October 12 , 1932 - August 19 , 2017 ) was an American comedian , civil rights activist , social critic , writer , and occasional actor . During the 1960s , Gregory became a pioneer in stand-up comedy for his no-holds-barred sets , in which he mocked bigotry and racism . He performed primarily to black audiences at segregated clubs until 1961 , when he became the first black comedian to successfully cross over to white audiences , appearing on television and putting out comedy record albums . Gregory was at the forefront of political activism in the 1960s , when he protested the Vietnam War and racial injustice . He was arrested multiple times and went on many hunger strikes . He later became a speaker and author , primarily promoting spirituality . Gregory died of heart failure at a Washington , D.C. , hospital at age 84 in August 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Freedom and Peace Party', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various candidates', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47,097', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1968 . The Republican nominee , former Vice President Richard Nixon , defeated the Democratic nominee , incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front-runner for his party 's nomination , but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate United States Senator Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary . McCarthy , former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Hubert Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated on June 5 , 1968 at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , California . Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which saw numerous anti-war protests . Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front-runner , and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller , Ronald Reagan , and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party 's nomination . Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket , campaigning in favor of racial segregation . The election year was tumultuous ; it was marked by the assassination of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4 , 1968 in Memphis , Tennessee , subsequent King assassination riots across the nation , the assassination of Kennedy , and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses . Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation 's cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War . A year later , he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlene Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell', 'summary': 'Charlene Alexander Mitchell ( born c. 1930 ) is an African-American international socialist , feminist , labor and civil rights activist . Formerly a member of the Communist Party USA , which she joined at 16 - emerging as one of the most influential leaders in the party from the late 1950s to the 1980s - she now belongs to the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CCDS ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Communist Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Communist_Party_USA', 'summary': 'The Communist Party USA , officially the Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA ) , is a communist party in the United States established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution . The history of the CPUSA is closely related to the American labor movement and communist parties worldwide . Initially operating underground due to the Palmer Raids starting in the First Red Scare , the party was influential in American politics in the first half of the 20th century and played a prominent role in the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s , becoming known for opposing racism and racial segregation after sponsoring the defense for the Scottsboro Boys in 1931 . Its membership increased during the Great Depression , and they played a key role in the Congress of Industrial Organizations . The CPUSA subsequently declined due to events such as the beginning of the Cold War , the second Red Scare , and the influence of McCarthyism . Its opposition to the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine were unpopular , with its endorsed candidate Henry A. Wallace under-performing in the 1948 presidential election . Its support for the Soviet Union increasingly alienated it from the rest of the left in the United States in the 1960s . The CPUSA received significant funding from the Soviet Union and crafted its public positions to match those of Moscow . The CPUSA also used a covert apparatus to assist the Soviets with their intelligence activities in the United States and utilized a network of front organizations to shape public opinion . The CPUSA opposed glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union and as a result major funding from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ended in 1989 . The party remains committed to Marxism-Leninism .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Zagarell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Zagarell', 'summary': 'Charlene Alexander Mitchell ( born c. 1930 ) is an African-American international socialist , feminist , labor and civil rights activist . Formerly a member of the Communist Party USA , which she joined at 16 - emerging as one of the most influential leaders in the party from the late 1950s to the 1980s - she now belongs to the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CCDS ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,076', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1976 United States presidential election was the 48th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 2 , 1976 . Democrat Jimmy Carter of Georgia defeated incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford from Michigan . Carter 's win represented the lone Democratic victory in a presidential election held between 1968 and 1992 . President Richard Nixon had won the 1972 election with Spiro Agnew as his running mate , but in 1973 Agnew resigned and Ford was appointed as vice president via the 25th Amendment . When Nixon resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal , Ford ascended to the presidency , becoming the only president to have never been elected to national office . He faced a strong challenge from conservative former governor and future president Ronald Reagan of California in the Republican primaries , but Ford narrowly prevailed at the convention . Carter was little-known at the start of the Democratic primaries , but the former governor of Georgia emerged as the front-runner after his victories in the first set of primaries . Campaigning as a political moderate and Washington outsider , Carter defeated opponents such as Jerry Brown and Mo Udall to clinch the Democratic nomination . Ford pursued a Rose Garden strategy in which he sought to portray himself as an experienced leader focused on fulfilling his role as chief executive . Carter emphasized his status as a reformer who was untainted by Washington . Saddled with a poor economy , the fall of South Vietnam and his unpopular pardon of Nixon , Ford trailed by a wide margin in polls taken after Carter 's formal nomination in July 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Wright_(US_socialist)', 'summary': "Margaret Wright ( c. 1922/1923 - May 11 , 1996 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States and a community activist in Los Angeles , California . Wright was a shipyard worker during World War II , and one of the principals of the film The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter . In the 1976 United States presidential election , Wright represented the People 's Party , and her running mate was Benjamin Spock , who had been their presidential candidate in 1972 . Their ticket was also endorsed by the Peace and Freedom Party . Bumper stickers advertised her as a Socialist for President . The ticket received 49,016 votes ( 0.06% ) Wright was also a founder and activist of Women against Racism in the Watts section of Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': "People 's Party", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Party_(United_States,_1970s)", 'summary': "The People 's Party was a political party in the United States , founded in 1971 by various individuals and state and local political parties , including the Peace and Freedom Party , Commongood People 's Party , Country People 's Caucus , Human Rights Party , Liberty Union , New American Party , New Party ( Arizona ) , and No Party . The party 's goal was to present a united anti-war platform for the coming election . The People 's Party ran for the presidency two times . First in U.S. presidential election , 1972 with Dr. Benjamin Spock ( an American pediatrician and author of parenting books ) as their candidate . The party also contested the U.S. presidential election , 1976 . The presidential candidate this time was Margaret Wright . Dr. Spock was the Party 's candidate for vice president . After the election , the party moved to become a loose coalition , but was soon defunct , with most of its founding parties also dissolved . The party 's papers are now in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection of the University of Missouri-St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri , having been where the party had held its conventions ."}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Spock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Spock', 'summary': "Benjamin McLane Spock ( May 2 , 1903 - March 15 , 1998 ) was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care ( 1946 ) is one of the best-selling volumes in history . The book 's premise to mothers is that you know more than you think you do . Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children 's needs and family dynamics . His ideas about childcare influenced several generations of parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children , and to treat them as individuals . However , his theories were also widely criticized by colleagues for relying too heavily on anecdotal evidence rather than serious academic research . Spock was an activist in the New Left and anti Vietnam War movements during the 1960s and early 1970s . At the time , his books were criticized for propagating permissiveness and an expectation of instant gratification which allegedly led young people to join these movements - a charge that Spock denied . Spock also won an Olympic gold medal in rowing in 1924 while attending Yale University ."}]}, {'value': '49,013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1980 United States presidential election was the 49th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1980 . Republican nominee Ronald Reagan defeated Democrat Jimmy Carter . Due to the rise of conservatism following Reagan 's victory , some historians consider the election to be a realigning election that marked the start of the Reagan Era . Carter 's unpopularity and poor relations with Democratic leaders encouraged an intra-party challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy , a younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy . Carter defeated Kennedy in the majority of the Democratic primaries , but Kennedy remained in the race until Carter was officially nominated at the 1980 Democratic National Convention . The Republican primaries were contested between Reagan , who had previously served as the Governor of California , former Congressman George H. W. Bush of Texas , Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , and several other candidates . All of Reagan 's opponents had dropped out by the end of the primaries , and the 1980 Republican National Convention nominated a ticket consisting of Reagan and Bush . Anderson entered the race as an independent candidate , and convinced former Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey , a Democrat , to serve as his running mate . Reagan campaigned for increased defense spending , implementation of supply-side economic policies , and a balanced budget . His campaign was aided by Democratic dissatisfaction with Carter , the Iran hostage crisis , and a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation . Carter attacked Reagan as a dangerous right-wing extremist and warned that Reagan would cut Medicare and Social Security ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifton DeBerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifton_DeBerry', 'summary': 'Clifton DeBerry ( 1924-2006 ) was an American communist and two-time candidate for President of the United States of the Socialist Workers Party . He was the first black American in the 20th century to be chosen by a political party as its nominee for president .'}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Workers Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) is known as a communist party in the United States . Originally a group in the Communist Party USA that supported Leon Trotsky against Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , it places a priority on solidarity work to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba . The SWP publishes The Militant , a weekly newspaper that dates back to 1928 . It also maintains Pathfinder Press .'}]}, {'value': 'Matilde Zimmermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann', 'summary': 'Matilde Zimmermann ( born September 6 , 1943 ) is an American author and professor who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States Vice President in 1980 . The party had three different Presidential candidates that year , Andrew Pulley , Richard H. Congress and Clifton DeBerry depending on the state . She was at the time a writer for the party newspaper The Militant . Zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states in 1984 ; Melvin T. Mason was the presidential candidate . Zimmermann ( PhD History 1998 ) is the Residente Director of SLC ( Sarah Lawrence College ) in Cuba and is a faculty member in History an Global Studies al SLC . She has been based in Havana the last two fall semesters ( 2003 and 2004 ) as Director of SLC in Cuba . Because of the new U.S. restrictions on undergraduate academic programs in Cuba , Sarah Lawrence is now the only program of U.S. students at the University of Havana .'}]}, {'value': '38,738', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1980 United States presidential election was the 49th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1980 . Republican nominee Ronald Reagan defeated Democrat Jimmy Carter . Due to the rise of conservatism following Reagan 's victory , some historians consider the election to be a realigning election that marked the start of the Reagan Era . Carter 's unpopularity and poor relations with Democratic leaders encouraged an intra-party challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy , a younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy . Carter defeated Kennedy in the majority of the Democratic primaries , but Kennedy remained in the race until Carter was officially nominated at the 1980 Democratic National Convention . The Republican primaries were contested between Reagan , who had previously served as the Governor of California , former Congressman George H. W. Bush of Texas , Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , and several other candidates . All of Reagan 's opponents had dropped out by the end of the primaries , and the 1980 Republican National Convention nominated a ticket consisting of Reagan and Bush . Anderson entered the race as an independent candidate , and convinced former Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey , a Democrat , to serve as his running mate . Reagan campaigned for increased defense spending , implementation of supply-side economic policies , and a balanced budget . His campaign was aided by Democratic dissatisfaction with Carter , the Iran hostage crisis , and a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation . Carter attacked Reagan as a dangerous right-wing extremist and warned that Reagan would cut Medicare and Social Security ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Pulley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Pulley', 'summary': 'Andrew Pulley ( born May 5 , 1951 ) is a former American politician who ran as Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1972 ; at the time he was twenty years old , making him ineligible under the United States Constitution . Along with presidential candidate Linda Jenness , he received 52,799 votes . At the time he ran , he was a civil rights movement supporter , steel mill worker and Vietnam War U.S. Army veteran who had opposed the war . He ran for Mayor of Chicago , Illinois in 1979 and then was the SWP candidate for president in 1980 , when he received 40,105 votes .'}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Workers Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) is known as a communist party in the United States . Originally a group in the Communist Party USA that supported Leon Trotsky against Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , it places a priority on solidarity work to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba . The SWP publishes The Militant , a weekly newspaper that dates back to 1928 . It also maintains Pathfinder Press .'}]}, {'value': 'Matilde Zimmermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann', 'summary': 'Matilde Zimmermann ( born September 6 , 1943 ) is an American author and professor who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States Vice President in 1980 . The party had three different Presidential candidates that year , Andrew Pulley , Richard H. Congress and Clifton DeBerry depending on the state . She was at the time a writer for the party newspaper The Militant . Zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states in 1984 ; Melvin T. Mason was the presidential candidate . Zimmermann ( PhD History 1998 ) is the Residente Director of SLC ( Sarah Lawrence College ) in Cuba and is a faculty member in History an Global Studies al SLC . She has been based in Havana the last two fall semesters ( 2003 and 2004 ) as Director of SLC in Cuba . Because of the new U.S. restrictions on undergraduate academic programs in Cuba , Sarah Lawrence is now the only program of U.S. students at the University of Havana .'}]}, {'value': '6,264', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1984 . Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale , the Democratic candidate . Reagan faced only token opposition in his bid for re-nomination by the Republicans , so he and Vice President George H. W. Bush were easily re-nominated . Mondale defeated activist Jesse Jackson and several other candidates in the 1984 Democratic primaries before eventually choosing U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate , the first woman to be on a major party 's presidential ticket . Reagan touted a strong economic recovery from the 1970s stagflation and the 1981-82 recession , as well as the widespread perception that his presidency had overseen a revival of national confidence and prestige . The Reagan campaign produced effective television advertising and deftly neutralized concerns regarding Reagan 's age . Mondale criticized Reagan 's supply-side economic policies and budget deficits , and he called for a nuclear freeze and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . Reagan won 58.8% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states , becoming the oldest person to win a presidential election . Reagan 's showing ranks fifth in the share of electoral votes received and fifth in the share of the popular vote won . No candidate since 1984 has equaled Reagan 's share of the electoral vote , although his popular vote was eventually surpassed by Bush in 2004 ( 62 million ) and subsequent candidates . Mondale received 40.6% of the popular vote , but carried only the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Holmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Holmes_(activist)', 'summary': 'Larry Holmes is the highest official of the Workers World Party , holding the position of first secretary , and a member of the party Secretariat . He founded the Millions for Mumia movement , which seeks the release of Mumia Abu-Jamal , and co-founded the anti-war movement International ANSWER . He is a strong supporter of immigrants rights , and black and brown unity . He twice ran for President of the United States on the Workers World Party ( WWP ) ticket , in 1984 and 1988 . He was the vice presidential candidate of the WWP in 1992 . In September of 2010 , Holmes was among the individuals and members of the organizations who attended the conference of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during his visit in New York . The leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran was in New York to attend the annual UN General Assembly .'}]}, {'value': 'Workers World Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Workers_World_Party', 'summary': "The Workers World Party ( WWP ) is a revolutionary Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States founded in 1959 by a group led by Sam Marcy of the Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) . Marcy and his followers split from the SWP in 1958 over a series of long-standing differences , among them their support for Henry A. Wallace 's Progressive Party in 1948 , the positive view they held of the Chinese Revolution led by Mao Zedong and their defense of the 1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary , all of which the SWP opposed . The WWP describes itself as a party that has since its founding supported the struggles of all oppressed peoples . It has recognized the right of nations to self-determination , including the nationally oppressed peoples inside the United States . It supports affirmative action as necessary in the fight for equality and it opposes all forms of racism and religious bigotry . The WWP and its affiliate Youth Against War and Fascism ( YAWF ) were noted for their consistent defense of the Black Panthers , the Weather Underground , the Vietnam Veterans Against the War and the Puerto Rican Independence movement . The WWP was also an early advocate of gay rights and remains especially active in this area . The WWP has published Workers World since 1959 . The newspaper has been a weekly since 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gloria La Riva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva', 'summary': "Gloria Estela La Riva ( born August 13 , 1954 ) is an American socialist activist who is a member of the Party for Socialism and Liberation ( PSL ) and the Peace and Freedom Party . She is PSLs nominee and a candidate for the Peace and Freedoms nomination in the 2020 presidential election , her tenth consecutive candidacy as either a presidential or vice presidential candidate . She was previously a member of the Workers World Party . She ran as the PSL 's and the Peace and Freedom Party´s presidential candidate in the 2016 presidential election , with Eugene Puryear and Dennis J . Banks as her running mates respectively . She was PSL 's presidential nominee in the 2008 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': '17,985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1984 . Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale , the Democratic candidate . Reagan faced only token opposition in his bid for re-nomination by the Republicans , so he and Vice President George H. W. Bush were easily re-nominated . Mondale defeated activist Jesse Jackson and several other candidates in the 1984 Democratic primaries before eventually choosing U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate , the first woman to be on a major party 's presidential ticket . Reagan touted a strong economic recovery from the 1970s stagflation and the 1981-82 recession , as well as the widespread perception that his presidency had overseen a revival of national confidence and prestige . The Reagan campaign produced effective television advertising and deftly neutralized concerns regarding Reagan 's age . Mondale criticized Reagan 's supply-side economic policies and budget deficits , and he called for a nuclear freeze and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . Reagan won 58.8% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states , becoming the oldest person to win a presidential election . Reagan 's showing ranks fifth in the share of electoral votes received and fifth in the share of the popular vote won . No candidate since 1984 has equaled Reagan 's share of the electoral vote , although his popular vote was eventually surpassed by Bush in 2004 ( 62 million ) and subsequent candidates . Mondale received 40.6% of the popular vote , but carried only the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis L. Serrette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_L._Serrette', 'summary': "Dennis L. Serrette , born in Harlem , New York in the 1940s , was the New Alliance Party candidate for United States President in the 1984 presidential election . His running mate was Nancy Ross . He split with the party after the election . Serrette has been a union activist since 1964 . In 1972 he became a founding member of the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists . He was also a vice president of a local of the Communication Workers of America and is currently the CWA 's Education Specialist . At present , he is also the president of the United Association for Labor Education . Dennis Serrette was first recruited as a presidential candidate by the Consumer Party of Pennsylvanias chairman Max Weiner . He was later recruited by Peter Diamondstone , chairman of the Liberty Union Party of Vermont . As a long time activist and trade unionist he led struggles in the Harlem community against the closing of Sydenham Hospital , chaired the Committee to save the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture , and as Vice President of Local 1101 led the longest and militant strike against the New York Telephone company which went seven and half months ( July 1971 through 1972 ) . He was a founding member of the CWA Black Caucus in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Alliance Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Alliance_Party', 'summary': "The New Alliance Party ( NAP ) was an American political party formed in New York City in 1979 . Its immediate precursor was an umbrella organization known as the Labor Community Alliance for Change , whose member groups included the Coalition of Grass Roots Women and the New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council . These groups were all associated with controversial psychologist and political activist Fred Newman , whose radical healthcare collectives , Centers for Change and Marxist International Workers Party , were active in grassroots politics in New York City . The NAP 's first chairperson was then-South Bronx City Councilman Gilberto Gerena-Valentin , a veteran political activist from Puerto Rico . The party is notable for getting African-American psychologist Lenora Fulani on the ballot in all 50 states during her first presidential campaign in 1988 , making her both the first African-American and woman to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Ross', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46,853', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1984 . Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale , the Democratic candidate . Reagan faced only token opposition in his bid for re-nomination by the Republicans , so he and Vice President George H. W. Bush were easily re-nominated . Mondale defeated activist Jesse Jackson and several other candidates in the 1984 Democratic primaries before eventually choosing U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate , the first woman to be on a major party 's presidential ticket . Reagan touted a strong economic recovery from the 1970s stagflation and the 1981-82 recession , as well as the widespread perception that his presidency had overseen a revival of national confidence and prestige . The Reagan campaign produced effective television advertising and deftly neutralized concerns regarding Reagan 's age . Mondale criticized Reagan 's supply-side economic policies and budget deficits , and he called for a nuclear freeze and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . Reagan won 58.8% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states , becoming the oldest person to win a presidential election . Reagan 's showing ranks fifth in the share of electoral votes received and fifth in the share of the popular vote won . No candidate since 1984 has equaled Reagan 's share of the electoral vote , although his popular vote was eventually surpassed by Bush in 2004 ( 62 million ) and subsequent candidates . Mondale received 40.6% of the popular vote , but carried only the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Winn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Winn', 'summary': "Edward Winn ( February 12 , 1937 - June 25 , 1995 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) . In 1984 his running mate varied from state to state , being either Helen Halyard ( e.g . in Pennsylvania ) Archived copy ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2003 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013.CS1 maint : archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original-url status unknown no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } . Winn had been a sixteen-year member of the party 's Central Committee , and an executive board member of the Transport Workers Union Local 100 and played a leading role in the 1980 New York City transit strike ."}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Equality Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(US)', 'summary': "The Socialist Equality Party ( SEP ) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States , one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . The ICFI publishes daily news articles , perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house . The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League , the US supporters of the ICFI . The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International ( ACFI ) , headed by Tim Wohlforth , which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party , in opposition to the latter 's support for Castroism . According to the party 's website , the SEP seeks not to reform capitalism , but to create a socialist , democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers ' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy . We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism - that is , for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet . In 2008 , the SEP held its official founding congress , where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history . It has participated in elections in the United States , including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016 , and Niemuth in Michigan 's 12th congressional district in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Helen Halyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Halyard', 'summary': "Helen Halyard ( born 1951 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1992 presidential election , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) , also called the Workers League . One of the relatively few African-American candidates to run for president , she had previously run twice as their vice-presidential candidate , as Edward Winn 's running mate , also African-American . She ran for the United States House of Representatives from New York 's 14th congressional district in 1974 , losing to Fred Richmond . In 1976 she ran for the House again , for New York 's 19th congressional district , losing to incumbent Charles B. Rangel . In 1982 she ran against and lost to incumbent Donald W. Riegle , Jr. for United States Senator from Michigan . She was the party 's candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1984 . She also ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1985 and 1989 . Living in Detroit , Michigan in 1988 , she was then the chair of the party 's presidential effort , having to lead a petition to get onto the ballot in Alabama , and criticized Jesse Jackson 's campaign . She ran again for Congress from Michigan in 1994 , in which she was allowed into a debate with the major party candidates , winning 1,329 votes in the election and losing to Lynn N. Rivers and again in 1996 . As a member of the editorial board of the party 's website in 2002 she continued to criticize Jackson , as well as the Workers World Party for being in her opinion too close to the Democrats . She was serving as the Assistant National Secretary of the party in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '10,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1988 . Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican nominee , defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts . The 1988 election is the only election since 1948 in which either major party won a third straight presidential election . Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term , due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution . Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner . He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination , and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate . Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run . He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas - who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier - as his running mate . Running an aggressive campaign , Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan 's policies . He attacked Dukakis as an elitist Massachusetts liberal , and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush 's criticism . Despite Dukakis 's initial lead , Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Lenora Fulani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenora_Fulani', 'summary': "Lenora Branch Fulani ( born April 25 , 1950 ) is an American psychologist , psychotherapist , and political activist . She is best known for her presidential campaigns and development of youth programs serving minority communities in the New York City area . In the 1988 United States presidential election heading the New Alliance Party ticket , she became the first woman and the first African American to achieve ballot access in all fifty states . She received more votes for president in a U.S. general election than any other woman in history until Jill Stein of the Green Party of the United States in 2012 . Fulani 's political concerns include racial equality , gay rights and , for the past decade , political reform , specifically to encourage third parties . In her career , Fulani has worked closely since 1980 with Fred Newman , a New York-based psychotherapist and political activist who has often served as her campaign manager . Newman developed the theory and practice of Social Therapy in the 1970s , founding the New York Institute for Social Therapy in 1977 . Along with psychologist Lois Holzman , Fulani has worked to incorporate the social therapeutic approach into youth-oriented programs , most notably the New York City-based All Stars Project , which she co-founded in 1981 . In 1993 , Fulani joined activists who supported Ross Perot for president in the 1992 United States presidential election in a national effort to create a new pro-reform party . In 1994 she led formation of the Committee for a Unified Independent Party ( CUIP ) . For years Fulani was active with Newman 's version of the International Workers Party ( IWP ) . More recently she has been active with the Independence Party of New York , which was founded in Rochester in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Alliance Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Alliance_Party', 'summary': "The New Alliance Party ( NAP ) was an American political party formed in New York City in 1979 . Its immediate precursor was an umbrella organization known as the Labor Community Alliance for Change , whose member groups included the Coalition of Grass Roots Women and the New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council . These groups were all associated with controversial psychologist and political activist Fred Newman , whose radical healthcare collectives , Centers for Change and Marxist International Workers Party , were active in grassroots politics in New York City . The NAP 's first chairperson was then-South Bronx City Councilman Gilberto Gerena-Valentin , a veteran political activist from Puerto Rico . The party is notable for getting African-American psychologist Lenora Fulani on the ballot in all 50 states during her first presidential campaign in 1988 , making her both the first African-American and woman to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'Joyce Dattner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joyce_Dattner', 'summary': 'Joyce Dattner is a U.S. life coach and works and resides in San Francisco , California . Dattner was one of the six Vice Presidential candidates of the New Alliance Party and its candidate Lenora Fulani in the 1988 presidential election . In that election , she and Fulani became the first women to achieve ballot access in all 50 states .'}]}, {'value': '217,219', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1988 . Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican nominee , defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts . The 1988 election is the only election since 1948 in which either major party won a third straight presidential election . Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term , due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution . Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner . He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination , and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate . Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run . He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas - who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier - as his running mate . Running an aggressive campaign , Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan 's policies . He attacked Dukakis as an elitist Massachusetts liberal , and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush 's criticism . Despite Dukakis 's initial lead , Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Holmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Holmes_(activist)', 'summary': 'Larry Holmes is the highest official of the Workers World Party , holding the position of first secretary , and a member of the party Secretariat . He founded the Millions for Mumia movement , which seeks the release of Mumia Abu-Jamal , and co-founded the anti-war movement International ANSWER . He is a strong supporter of immigrants rights , and black and brown unity . He twice ran for President of the United States on the Workers World Party ( WWP ) ticket , in 1984 and 1988 . He was the vice presidential candidate of the WWP in 1992 . In September of 2010 , Holmes was among the individuals and members of the organizations who attended the conference of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during his visit in New York . The leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran was in New York to attend the annual UN General Assembly .'}]}, {'value': 'Workers World Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Workers_World_Party', 'summary': "The Workers World Party ( WWP ) is a revolutionary Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States founded in 1959 by a group led by Sam Marcy of the Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) . Marcy and his followers split from the SWP in 1958 over a series of long-standing differences , among them their support for Henry A. Wallace 's Progressive Party in 1948 , the positive view they held of the Chinese Revolution led by Mao Zedong and their defense of the 1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary , all of which the SWP opposed . The WWP describes itself as a party that has since its founding supported the struggles of all oppressed peoples . It has recognized the right of nations to self-determination , including the nationally oppressed peoples inside the United States . It supports affirmative action as necessary in the fight for equality and it opposes all forms of racism and religious bigotry . The WWP and its affiliate Youth Against War and Fascism ( YAWF ) were noted for their consistent defense of the Black Panthers , the Weather Underground , the Vietnam Veterans Against the War and the Puerto Rican Independence movement . The WWP was also an early advocate of gay rights and remains especially active in this area . The WWP has published Workers World since 1959 . The newspaper has been a weekly since 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gloria La Riva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva', 'summary': "Gloria Estela La Riva ( born August 13 , 1954 ) is an American socialist activist who is a member of the Party for Socialism and Liberation ( PSL ) and the Peace and Freedom Party . She is PSLs nominee and a candidate for the Peace and Freedoms nomination in the 2020 presidential election , her tenth consecutive candidacy as either a presidential or vice presidential candidate . She was previously a member of the Workers World Party . She ran as the PSL 's and the Peace and Freedom Party´s presidential candidate in the 2016 presidential election , with Eugene Puryear and Dennis J . Banks as her running mates respectively . She was PSL 's presidential nominee in the 2008 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': '7,846', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1988 . Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican nominee , defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts . The 1988 election is the only election since 1948 in which either major party won a third straight presidential election . Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term , due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution . Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner . He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination , and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate . Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run . He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas - who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier - as his running mate . Running an aggressive campaign , Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan 's policies . He attacked Dukakis as an elitist Massachusetts liberal , and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush 's criticism . Despite Dukakis 's initial lead , Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote ."}]}, {'value': 'James Warren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)', 'summary': 'James Mac Warren is a journalist and steel worker who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States President in 1988 and 1992 . His running mate in 1988 was Kathleen Mickells , and in 1992 he had two : Estelle DeBates and Willie Mae Reid , varying from state to state . Warren and his running mates received 23,533 votes ( 0.02% ) Warren also ran against incumbent Richard M. Daley for mayor of Chicago in 1991 , receiving less than 1% of the vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Workers Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) is known as a communist party in the United States . Originally a group in the Communist Party USA that supported Leon Trotsky against Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , it places a priority on solidarity work to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba . The SWP publishes The Militant , a weekly newspaper that dates back to 1928 . It also maintains Pathfinder Press .'}]}, {'value': 'Kathleen Mickells', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,602', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1988 . Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican nominee , defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts . The 1988 election is the only election since 1948 in which either major party won a third straight presidential election . Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term , due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution . Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner . He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination , and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate . Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run . He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas - who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier - as his running mate . Running an aggressive campaign , Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan 's policies . He attacked Dukakis as an elitist Massachusetts liberal , and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush 's criticism . Despite Dukakis 's initial lead , Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Winn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Winn', 'summary': "Edward Winn ( February 12 , 1937 - June 25 , 1995 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) . In 1984 his running mate varied from state to state , being either Helen Halyard ( e.g . in Pennsylvania ) Archived copy ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2003 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013.CS1 maint : archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original-url status unknown no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } . Winn had been a sixteen-year member of the party 's Central Committee , and an executive board member of the Transport Workers Union Local 100 and played a leading role in the 1980 New York City transit strike ."}]}, {'value': 'Socialist Equality Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(US)', 'summary': "The Socialist Equality Party ( SEP ) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States , one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . The ICFI publishes daily news articles , perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house . The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League , the US supporters of the ICFI . The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International ( ACFI ) , headed by Tim Wohlforth , which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party , in opposition to the latter 's support for Castroism . According to the party 's website , the SEP seeks not to reform capitalism , but to create a socialist , democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers ' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy . We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism - that is , for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet . In 2008 , the SEP held its official founding congress , where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history . It has participated in elections in the United States , including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016 , and Niemuth in Michigan 's 12th congressional district in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Helen Halyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Halyard', 'summary': "Helen Halyard ( born 1951 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1992 presidential election , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) , also called the Workers League . One of the relatively few African-American candidates to run for president , she had previously run twice as their vice-presidential candidate , as Edward Winn 's running mate , also African-American . She ran for the United States House of Representatives from New York 's 14th congressional district in 1974 , losing to Fred Richmond . In 1976 she ran for the House again , for New York 's 19th congressional district , losing to incumbent Charles B. Rangel . In 1982 she ran against and lost to incumbent Donald W. Riegle , Jr. for United States Senator from Michigan . She was the party 's candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1984 . She also ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1985 and 1989 . Living in Detroit , Michigan in 1988 , she was then the chair of the party 's presidential effort , having to lead a petition to get onto the ballot in Alabama , and criticized Jesse Jackson 's campaign . She ran again for Congress from Michigan in 1994 , in which she was allowed into a debate with the major party candidates , winning 1,329 votes in the election and losing to Lynn N. Rivers and again in 1996 . As a member of the editorial board of the party 's website in 2002 she continued to criticize Jackson , as well as the Workers World Party for being in her opinion too close to the Democrats . She was serving as the Assistant National Secretary of the party in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '18,693', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas , and a number of minor candidates . Bush had alienated many of the conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes , but he fended off a primary challenge from conservative commentator Pat Buchanan . Bush 's popularity after his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates like Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries . Clinton , a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council , established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries . He defeated former and future Governor of California Jerry Brown , former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas , and other candidates to win his party 's nomination , and chose Senator Al Gore as his running mate . Billionaire Ross Perot launched an independent campaign , emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and his plan to reduce the national debt . The economy was in recession and Bush 's greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War . Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992 , but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July . The Bush campaign criticized Clinton 's character and emphasized Bush 's foreign policy successes , while Clinton focused on the economy . Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote , breaking a streak of three straight Republican victories ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronald Daniels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Daniels_(politician)', 'summary': "Ronald Daniels ( born 1942 or 1943 ) is a professor and politician and was a third-party candidate ( Peace and Freedom Party ) for President of the United States in the 1992 U.S. presidential election in California . His running mate was Asiba Tupahache . He was on the ballot in Iowa and Utah as the candidate of his own Campaign for a New Tomorrow Party , the Labour & Farm Party of Wisconsin , write-ins as North Central Citizens ' League/Progressive Party-1924 , CCRPP , or independent in Minnesota , North Dakota , and Michigan as well as some in Iowa and Wisconsin , and in New Jersey as the Independent Party . The Daniels-Tupahache ticket received 27,949 votes for 0.03% of the national vote according to the published Clerk of the House of Representatives , Associated Press , Reuters , and National League of Women Voters totals , and probably right around 28,000 with scattered write-in votes across the country taken into account . The ticket received some daily and weekly newspaper endorsements as well as being endorsed by a number of campus , labor , or political publications , being among the six tickets to receive the endorsements of general-interest daily and weekly newspapers which did in 1992 including the Reform ( Perot ) , Libertarian ( Marrou ) , and US Taxpayers ( Phillips ) tickets in addition to Bush and Clinton . [ citation needed ] Daniels was previously the Executive Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights and the Executive Director of Jesse Jackson 's National Rainbow Coalition , and worked on Jackson 's 1984 presidential campaign and was then Deputy Campaign Manager for Jackson 's 1988 presidential campaign . Daniels is a political science professor at CUNY 's York College in Jamaica Queens and appears periodically on television and radio public affairs programs such as Hannity & Colmes ."}]}, {'value': 'Peace and Freedom Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party', 'summary': "The Peace and Freedom Party ( PFP ) is a left-wing political party with affiliates and former members in more than a dozen American states , including California , Colorado , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana and Utah , but none now have ballot status besides California . Peace and Freedom 's first candidates appeared on the ballot in 1966 in New York . The Peace and Freedom Party of California was organized in early 1967 , gathering over 103,000 registrants which qualified its ballot status in January 1968 under the California Secretary of State Report of Registration . The Peace and Freedom Party has appeared in other states as an anti-war and pro-civil rights organization opposed to the Vietnam War and in support of black liberation , farm-worker organizing , women 's liberation , and the gay rights movements . The party 's presidential candidates were Leonard Peltier in 2004 , Ralph Nader in 2008 , Roseanne Barr in 2012 and Gloria La Riva in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Asiba Tupahache', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asiba_Tupahache', 'summary': 'Asiba Tupahache is a Matinecoc Nation Native American activist from New York and was a vice presidential candidate in the 1992 election on Peace and Freedom Party ticket , accompanying Ronald Daniels . Born in Long Island , New York , she is a former public school teacher , an advocate of homeschooling , and a mother of two . She authored the book Taking Another Look and its accompanying audiocassette , and is the editor and publisher of The Spirit of January Reflection , formerly titled The Spirit of January Monthly .'}]}, {'value': '27,949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas , and a number of minor candidates . Bush had alienated many of the conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes , but he fended off a primary challenge from conservative commentator Pat Buchanan . Bush 's popularity after his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates like Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries . Clinton , a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council , established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries . He defeated former and future Governor of California Jerry Brown , former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas , and other candidates to win his party 's nomination , and chose Senator Al Gore as his running mate . Billionaire Ross Perot launched an independent campaign , emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and his plan to reduce the national debt . The economy was in recession and Bush 's greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War . Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992 , but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July . The Bush campaign criticized Clinton 's character and emphasized Bush 's foreign policy successes , while Clinton focused on the economy . Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote , breaking a streak of three straight Republican victories ."}]}, {'value': 'Lenora Fulani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenora_Fulani', 'summary': "Lenora Branch Fulani ( born April 25 , 1950 ) is an American psychologist , psychotherapist , and political activist . She is best known for her presidential campaigns and development of youth programs serving minority communities in the New York City area . In the 1988 United States presidential election heading the New Alliance Party ticket , she became the first woman and the first African American to achieve ballot access in all fifty states . She received more votes for president in a U.S. general election than any other woman in history until Jill Stein of the Green Party of the United States in 2012 . Fulani 's political concerns include racial equality , gay rights and , for the past decade , political reform , specifically to encourage third parties . In her career , Fulani has worked closely since 1980 with Fred Newman , a New York-based psychotherapist and political activist who has often served as her campaign manager . Newman developed the theory and practice of Social Therapy in the 1970s , founding the New York Institute for Social Therapy in 1977 . Along with psychologist Lois Holzman , Fulani has worked to incorporate the social therapeutic approach into youth-oriented programs , most notably the New York City-based All Stars Project , which she co-founded in 1981 . In 1993 , Fulani joined activists who supported Ross Perot for president in the 1992 United States presidential election in a national effort to create a new pro-reform party . In 1994 she led formation of the Committee for a Unified Independent Party ( CUIP ) . For years Fulani was active with Newman 's version of the International Workers Party ( IWP ) . More recently she has been active with the Independence Party of New York , which was founded in Rochester in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Alliance Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Alliance_Party', 'summary': "The New Alliance Party ( NAP ) was an American political party formed in New York City in 1979 . Its immediate precursor was an umbrella organization known as the Labor Community Alliance for Change , whose member groups included the Coalition of Grass Roots Women and the New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council . These groups were all associated with controversial psychologist and political activist Fred Newman , whose radical healthcare collectives , Centers for Change and Marxist International Workers Party , were active in grassroots politics in New York City . The NAP 's first chairperson was then-South Bronx City Councilman Gilberto Gerena-Valentin , a veteran political activist from Puerto Rico . The party is notable for getting African-American psychologist Lenora Fulani on the ballot in all 50 states during her first presidential campaign in 1988 , making her both the first African-American and woman to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'Maria Elizabeth Muñoz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Elizabeth_Muñoz', 'summary': "Maria Elizabeth Muñoz , a Chicana activist , was a third-party candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1992 United States presidential election , representing the New Alliance Party ( NAP ) as the running mate of Lenora Fulani . Muñoz also introduced her brother Fernando to the NAP , according to Fulani . Muñoz had been the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Governor of California in the 1986 ( 51,995 votes 0.7% ) and 1990 gubernatorial elections ( 88,707 Votes 1.3% ) . Fulani had previously tried to gain that party 's nomination for President in 1988 . In 1988 Muñoz ran for the US Senate in California on the Peace and Freedom Party ballot line , finishing third , with 166,600 votes for 1.71% of the total vote ."}]}, {'value': '73,714', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas , and a number of minor candidates . Bush had alienated many of the conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes , but he fended off a primary challenge from conservative commentator Pat Buchanan . Bush 's popularity after his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates like Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries . Clinton , a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council , established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries . He defeated former and future Governor of California Jerry Brown , former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas , and other candidates to win his party 's nomination , and chose Senator Al Gore as his running mate . Billionaire Ross Perot launched an independent campaign , emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and his plan to reduce the national debt . The economy was in recession and Bush 's greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War . Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992 , but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July . The Bush campaign criticized Clinton 's character and emphasized Bush 's foreign policy successes , while Clinton focused on the economy . Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote , breaking a streak of three straight Republican victories ."}]}, {'value': 'Helen Halyard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helen_Halyard', 'summary': "Helen Halyard ( born 1951 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1992 presidential election , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) , also called the Workers League . One of the relatively few African-American candidates to run for president , she had previously run twice as their vice-presidential candidate , as Edward Winn 's running mate , also African-American . She ran for the United States House of Representatives from New York 's 14th congressional district in 1974 , losing to Fred Richmond . In 1976 she ran for the House again , for New York 's 19th congressional district , losing to incumbent Charles B. Rangel . In 1982 she ran against and lost to incumbent Donald W. Riegle , Jr. for United States Senator from Michigan . She was the party 's candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1984 . She also ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1985 and 1989 . Living in Detroit , Michigan in 1988 , she was then the chair of the party 's presidential effort , having to lead a petition to get onto the ballot in Alabama , and criticized Jesse Jackson 's campaign . She ran again for Congress from Michigan in 1994 , in which she was allowed into a debate with the major party candidates , winning 1,329 votes in the election and losing to Lynn N. Rivers and again in 1996 . As a member of the editorial board of the party 's website in 2002 she continued to criticize Jackson , as well as the Workers World Party for being in her opinion too close to the Democrats . She was serving as the Assistant National Secretary of the party in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Workers League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Socialist Equality Party ( SEP ) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States , one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . The ICFI publishes daily news articles , perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house . The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League , the US supporters of the ICFI . The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International ( ACFI ) , headed by Tim Wohlforth , which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party , in opposition to the latter 's support for Castroism . According to the party 's website , the SEP seeks not to reform capitalism , but to create a socialist , democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers ' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy . We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism - that is , for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet . In 2008 , the SEP held its official founding congress , where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history . It has participated in elections in the United States , including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016 , and Niemuth in Michigan 's 12th congressional district in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Mazelis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Mazelis', 'summary': "Fred Mazelis was a third-party candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections , representing the Socialist Equality Party . He was the running mate of Helen Halyard and Jerome White respectively . He had also been the party 's candidate for U.S . Senator from Michigan in 1984 . In 1989 , he ran for Mayor of New York . Mazelis was a founding member of the Worker 's League ."}]}, {'value': '3,050', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas , and a number of minor candidates . Bush had alienated many of the conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes , but he fended off a primary challenge from conservative commentator Pat Buchanan . Bush 's popularity after his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates like Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries . Clinton , a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council , established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries . He defeated former and future Governor of California Jerry Brown , former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas , and other candidates to win his party 's nomination , and chose Senator Al Gore as his running mate . Billionaire Ross Perot launched an independent campaign , emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and his plan to reduce the national debt . The economy was in recession and Bush 's greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War . Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992 , but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July . The Bush campaign criticized Clinton 's character and emphasized Bush 's foreign policy successes , while Clinton focused on the economy . Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote , breaking a streak of three straight Republican victories ."}]}, {'value': 'Isabell Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabell_Masters', 'summary': "Isabell Masters PhD ( January 9 , 1913 - September 11 , 2011 ) of Topeka , Kansas , was a five-time perennial third-party candidate ( Looking Back Party ) for President of the United States . Masters ' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history . She was a candidate in the 1984 United States presidential election , 1992 ( 339 votes ) , 1996 , and 2004 presidential elections . In 1996 , she was only on the ballot in Arkansas ( but also received a few votes in California and Maryland ) ( 752 votes total , 2000 ) . Her 1992 running mate was her son , Walter Ray Masters , and her 1996 running mate was her daughter , Shirley Jean Masters ."}]}, {'value': 'Looking Back Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_Party', 'summary': "Isabell Masters PhD ( January 9 , 1913 - September 11 , 2011 ) of Topeka , Kansas , was a five-time perennial third-party candidate ( Looking Back Party ) for President of the United States . Masters ' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history . She was a candidate in the 1984 United States presidential election , 1992 ( 339 votes ) , 1996 , and 2004 presidential elections . In 1996 , she was only on the ballot in Arkansas ( but also received a few votes in California and Maryland ) ( 752 votes total , 2000 ) . Her 1992 running mate was her son , Walter Ray Masters , and her 1996 running mate was her daughter , Shirley Jean Masters ."}]}, {'value': 'Walter Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Masters', 'summary': "Isabell Masters PhD ( January 9 , 1913 - September 11 , 2011 ) of Topeka , Kansas , was a five-time perennial third-party candidate ( Looking Back Party ) for President of the United States . Masters ' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history . She was a candidate in the 1984 United States presidential election , 1992 ( 339 votes ) , 1996 , and 2004 presidential elections . In 1996 , she was only on the ballot in Arkansas ( but also received a few votes in California and Maryland ) ( 752 votes total , 2000 ) . Her 1992 running mate was her son , Walter Ray Masters , and her 1996 running mate was her daughter , Shirley Jean Masters ."}]}, {'value': '327', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'U.S. Presidential candidates : Party nominees -- Candidates receiving popular votes', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates_1', 'intro': "The following is a list of African-American United States presidential and vice-presidential nominees and candidates for nomination. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed are those African Americans who achieved ballot access for the national election in at least one state. They may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the major parties, or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs. Not included in the first two tables are African Americans who lost campaigns in nominating conventions or primary elections for their party's nomination (or who have not yet completed that process), write-in candidates, potential candidates (suggested by media, objects of draft movements, etc. ), or fictional candidates. The third table includes African Americans who ran for their party's presidential nomination but who were not nominated, as well as those who are currently pursuing their party's presidential nomination (when applicable). Barack Obama became the first Bi-racial candidate to be nominated by a major party, and the first to win, for either president or vice president when he became the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 2008 election and was elected. He was re-elected in the 2012 election."}
null
null
Who established the the political group affiliated with Larry Holmes in 1984 ?
Sam Marcy
0943f5b0c4c71c29
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Football_League', 'title': '2014 United Football League', 'header': ['Club', 'Head coach', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Global', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Global_F.C.', 'summary': "Global Football Club ( abbreviated to GFC ) is a professional football club that currently plays in the Philippines Football League ( PFL ) , the top flight of Philippine club football . The club has won four league titles , two UFL Cups , one UFL FA Cup , and one PFF National Men 's Club Championship . They have also participated in the AFC Cup three times . Founded in 2000 , the club participated in minor tournaments around Metro Manila as Laos Football Club . In 2009 , after recruiting several players from the railway maintenance company APT Global , the club changed its name to Global Football Club and were one of the founding members of the United Football League ( UFL ) . Global won the 2010 UFL Division 2 with an undefeated season , earning promotion to UFL Division 1 - the de facto top-level league of Philippine football back then . They went on to win three of the seven UFL seasons ( commemorated by the three stars on the club 's crest ) - becoming the most successful club in the league . In 2017 , the club moved to Cebu City and renamed itself to Global Cebu F.C . to participate in the Philippines Football League ( PFL ) , which was the official top flight of Philippine football . In the PFL , the club finished as runners-up of the 2017 season . However , they went through a period of decline in 2018 , where they experienced financial troubles and had to forfeit or postpone some away matches ; some players also complained of unpaid wages . With several key players leaving the club , and with just one win in 25 league matches , they ended the 2018 season at the bottom of the table ."}]}, {'value': 'Leigh Manson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_Manson', 'summary': 'Leigh Manson is a Scottish football manager and the founder and current president of Nike Total Football in Japan . Manson has been coaching with the sport for 20 years , he has also played in numerous clubs like the Queen of the South and Gretna in Scotland and the Richmond Kickers in the United States . He also served as head coach of Global which then competed in the United Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Deyto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Deyto', 'summary': 'Patrick Phillip Bravo Deyto ( born 15 February 1990 ) is a Filipino professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Thai club Suphanburi and the Philippines national team .'}]}, {'value': 'AtletA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kia_Motors', 'summary': "Kia Motors Corporation , commonly known as Kia Motors . ( Korean : 기아자동차 ; Hanja : 起亞自動車 , IPA : [ ki.a ] , lit . Kia automobile ; stylized as KIɅ ) is a South Korean multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Seoul . It is South Korea 's second-largest automobile manufacturer following the Hyundai Motor Company , with sales of over 3.3 million vehicles in 2015 . As of December 2015 [ update ] , the Kia Motor corporation is minority owned by Hyundai , which owns a 33.88% stake valued at just over US $ 6 billion . Kia in turn is a minority owner of more than twenty Hyundai subsidiaries ranging from 4.9% up to 45.37% , totaling more than US $ 8.3 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Archers United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Archers_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Green Archers United Futbol Club , formerly known as Alabang Grins Futbol Club , is a professional association football club based in Lipa , Batangas , Philippines . The team played in the Philippines Football League , the top-flight association football league in the Philippines in 2018 . They have also partcipated in the United Football League . It was founded in 1998 by football players from the De La Salle University , which are known as the Green Archers in the UAAP .'}]}, {'value': 'Rodolfo Alicante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodolfo_Alicante', 'summary': 'Rodolfo Dolfo Alicante Guanzon is a retired Filipino professional footballer and manager . He was coach at Far Eastern University in 2008 and 2009 . He coached at the PAREF Southridge School ( ages 5-15 ) during the 1995-2009 school year . He is the current coach of Green Archers United .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Pasilan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Pasilan', 'summary': 'Christian Floriano Tating Pasilan Jr. , is a Filipino footballer who plays as a striker and currently the team captain of Green Archers United in the United Football League . He is also a member of the Philippine national football team and a current coach of De La Salle Zobel grade school football team .'}]}, {'value': 'LGR Athletic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globe Telecom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Globe_Telecom', 'summary': "Globe Telecom , Inc. , commonly shortened as Globe , is a major provider of telecommunications services in the Philippines . The company is the largest mobile network operator in the Philippines and one of the largest fixed line , and broadband networks . As of end-September 2019 , Globes total mobile subscriber base reached 97.4 million , five percent more than its subscriber count from the previous quarter . The company 's principal shareholders are Ayala Corporation and Singapore Telecommunications . It is listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GLO and had a market capitalization of US $ 3.8 billion as of the end of June 2018 . Globe 's main competitor in the fixed-line telephone market is PLDT with its subsidiary , Digitel . BayanTel used to be one of its competitors prior to its acquisition by Globe . In the mobile phone market ( along with TM ) , its main competitors are PLDT 's cellular services namely , Smart , TNT and Sun Cellular . In 2016 , Globe introduced its Globe Lifestyle brand as a way to connect to its customers through fashion . It also launched two entertainment divisions : Globe Studios , which focuses on film and television production , and Globe Live , which focuses on live concerts and musical events ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaya_F.C.', 'summary': "Kaya Futbol Club-Iloilo ( Tagalog pronunciation : [ ˈkaja futbol klub ] ; Incorporated as Una Kaya Futbol Club , Inc. ) is a Filipino professional football club based in Iloilo City . They play in the Philippines Football League , the highest tier of Philippine football . The club has won one UFL cup and one Copa Paulino Alcantara . The club has also competed in the AFC Cup . Founded in 1996 as Kaya Futbol Club in Makati , the club 's name comes from the Filipino word káya ( we can ) . While in Old Tagalog , the word is defined as susi ng kapatiran ( key to brotherhood ) . Both of these definitions provide the basis for Kaya 's team spirit and vision . The club was a founding member of the United Football League ( UFL ) - the de facto top-level league of Philippine football back then . They played in the UFL throughout its existence from 2010 to 2016 . In 2017 , the club changed its name to Kaya F.C.-Makati upon joining the Philippines Football League ( PFL ) , the official top flight of Philippine football . In 2018 , they relocated to Iloilo City and changed their name accordingly ."}]}, {'value': 'David Perkovic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Borromeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Borromeo', 'summary': 'Alexander Charles Luis Aly Borromeo ( born 28 June 1983 ) is an American-born Filipino retired footballer who played as a utility player . He is currently a general manager for Kaya-Iloilo . Borromeo was a long-time captain of the Philippines national team . Previously a goalkeeper , he became a utility player , playing as a central midfielder or center forward for his club and mainly as a central defender for the national team .'}]}, {'value': 'LGR Athletic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LBC Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LBC_Express', 'summary': 'LBC Express , Inc. ( previously known as Luzon Brokerage Company ) ( PSE : LBC ) is a courier company based in the Philippines . It operates scheduled commercial vehicle cargo services in currently and planned cargo airline services begin on May 31 , 2014 . As of 2016 , LBC has over 1,252 branches in the Philippines , and over 60 branches in the United States and Canada . It also has branches in Hong Kong , Brunei , Malaysia , Singapore , Japan , Germany , United Arab Emirates , Spain , Kuwait , South Korea and Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': 'Loyola Meralco Sparks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loyola_Meralco_Sparks_F.C.', 'summary': "Loyola Football Club is a Filipino professional football club based in Manila . The club has won one UFL Cup and one PFF National Men 's Club Championship . Founded as Loyola Agila Football Club in 2006 , the club changed its name to Loyola Meralco Sparks in 2011 after it was acquired by Meralco and the MVP Sports Foundation , both owned by multimillionaire Manny V. Pangilinan . The club was a founding member of the United Football League ( UFL ) - the de facto top-level league of Philippine football back then . They played in the UFL throughout its existence from 2010 to 2016 . In 2017 , the club changed its name to FC Meralco Manila upon joining the Philippines Football League ( PFL ) , the official top flight of Philippine football . Rizal Memorial Stadium then became the club 's home ground . In the 2017 PFL , the club finished at the top of the league table but ended up in third place after the playoffs . In January 2018 , the club ceased its participation in the PFL due to the lack of investors . The club was then renamed Loyola Football Club , though only their youth teams and academy remain operational ."}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Santos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomas Trigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomas_Trigo', 'summary': 'Tomás Ángel Trigo González ( born 8 June 1989 ) is a former Philippines international footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Loyola Meralco Sparks .'}]}, {'value': 'LGR Athletic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meralco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meralco', 'summary': "The Manila Electric Company ( PSE : MER ) , also known as Meralco ( Tagalog : [ mɛɾalˈkɔ ] ; stylized in its logo as MERALCO ) , is an electric power distribution company in the Philippines . It is Metro Manila 's only electric power distributor and holds the power distribution franchise for 22 cities and 89 municipalities , including the whole of the National Capital Region and the exurbs that form Mega Manila . The name Meralco is an acronym for Manila Electric Railroad And Light Company , which was the company 's original name until 1919 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pachanga Diliman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pachanga_Diliman_F.C.', 'summary': 'Pachanga Diliman Football Club is a Filipino association football club based in Diliman , Quezon City that played in the United Football League , the highest level of Philippine club football . It was founded in 1998 as Pachanga Football Club by then owner Alfredo Razon Gonzalez . In 2012 , Pachanga was sold to the owners of Diliman Football Club , who then merged the two clubs . The team is managed by John Gutierrez and is headed by coach Yuki Matsuda .'}]}, {'value': 'Noel Marcaida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davide Cortina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'PLDT Home Fibr and Petron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Long_Distance_Telephone_Company', 'summary': "PLDT , Inc. , ( PSE : TEL , NYSE : PHI ) , formerly known as the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company ( Filipino : Kompanya ng Teleponong Pangmalayuan ng Pilipinas ) , is a telecommunications , internet , and digital service holdings company in the Philippines . It is one of the country 's major telecommunications providers , along with Globe Telecom . Founded in 1928 , it is the oldest and largest telecom company in the Philippines , in terms of assets and revenues . Its core businesses are fixed-line telecommunications , mobile telephony services , broadband , and internet of things services under various brands . It also has investments in broadcasting , print media , utilities , and direct-to-home satellite services , among others . As of 2019 , PLDT is listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange ( the only Philippine company to be listed in NYSE ) and it is being controlled by First Pacific , a Hong Kong-based investment management company ; Nippon Telegraph and Telephone , through its subsidiaries ; and JG Summit , a major conglomerate that operates airliner Cebu Pacific and food manufacturer Universal Robina ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Petron_Corporation', 'summary': "Petron Corporation ( PSE : PCOR ) is the largest oil refining and marketing company in the Philippines , supplying more than a third of the country 's oil requirements . It operates a refinery in Limay , Bataan , with a rated capacity of 180,000 barrels per day ( 29,000 m3/d ) . From the refinery , Petron moves their products mainly by sea to 32 depots and terminals in the country . They operate a lube oil blending plant at their Pandacan Terminal , where it manufactures lubes and greases ."}]}, {'value': 'Pasargad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pasargad_F.C.', 'summary': 'The Pasargad Football Club is a Filipino association football club . The team played in the former United Football League which was the highest level of club football in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Agbayani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Torres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGR Athletic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippine Army GTI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Army_F.C.', 'summary': 'The Philippine Army Football Club is an association football club based in the Philippines . It was founded in 1960 through the effort of the Philippine Army Special Services Unit . A unit that promotes sports and physical fitness within the Army , under the direction of the Commanding General . As the club name indicates , the team is composed of members of the Philippine Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Cain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roel Gener', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artificial Turf Sejung', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stallion FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stallion_F.C.', 'summary': 'Stallion Laguna Football Club is a Filipino professional association football club based in Biñan , Laguna that competes in the Philippines Football League , the top division of Filipino football . In 2002 , the club was founded as Stallion Football Club . The club competed in the Metro Manila-based United Football League , earning promotion to Division 1 after finishing as runners-up in the 2011 season . The club proceeded to compete in the UFL Division 1 from 2012 to 2016 , winning one United Football League title and one UFL Cup , both in the 2012-2013 UFL season . Originally based in Barotac Nuevo , Iloilo , the club moved to the Biñan Football Stadium in Biñan , Laguna in 2016 , when the club formally submitted its application to join the Philippines Football League , the first true national football league in the Philippines . Stallion Laguna also used 4,500-capacity McKinley Hill Stadium for some home games .'}]}, {'value': 'Ernie Nierras', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reuben Doctora Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reuben_Doctora_Jr.', 'summary': 'Ruben Balot Doctora Jr. ( born May 17 , 1986 ) is a Filipino footballer who plays for Philippines Football League club Stallion Laguna F.C . as a striker . Doctora is the captain of his club . He has represented the Philippines at the international level .'}]}, {'value': 'Mizuno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation', 'summary': 'Mizuno Corporation ( ミズノ株式会社 , 美津濃株式会社 , Mizuno Kabushiki-gaisha ) ( TYO : 8022 ) is a Japanese sports equipment and sportswear company , founded in Osaka in 1906 by Rihachi Mizuno . Today , Mizuno is a global corporation which makes a wide variety of sports equipment and sportswear , for golf , tennis , baseball , volleyball , football , running , rugby , skiing , cycling , judo , table tennis , badminton , boxing and athletics .'}]}, {'value': "Gilligan 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Socceroo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Socceroo_F.C.', 'summary': "Team Socceroo Football Club ( TSFC ) is a football club based in Metro Manila , Philippines . It first joined the United Football League as Team Socceroo through its second division in 2012 . From the 2014-2015 season , the TSFC played in the Division 1 of the United Football League , the country 's top premiere football league after topping Division 2 in the 2013 season . In 2015 , it changed its name into Sigla F.C . and was to play at the UFL under the new name starting the 2016 season but ultimately withdrew from the league . The club reverted to its older name in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Franklin Cacacho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Jeong Woo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGR Athletic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vcargo Worldwide', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Division 1 -- Clubs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2014_United_Football_League_(Philippines)_0', 'intro': 'The 2014 United Football League was the fifth season of the UFL since its establishment as a semi-professional league in 2009. The UFL League kicked off on Saturday, January 11 with 9 teams in Division I and 12 teams in Division II. Stallion are the defending champions, having won the Division 1 of the 2013 United Football League season. Global outclassed Pachanga Diliman 7-2 on 12 June 2014 to clinch the 2014 United Football League title with three games to spare.'}
null
null
What position does the captain of Kaya during the 2014 United Football League season currently hold ?
general manager
094577cb0c5931b2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gower_(actor)', 'title': 'Andrew Gower (actor)', 'header': ['Year ( s )', 'Title', 'Role', 'Network', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Frankenstein 's Wedding ... Live in Leeds", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Frankenstein's_Wedding", 'summary': "Frankenstein 's Wedding ( also known as Frankenstein 's Wedding… Live in Leeds ) is a live musical drama based on Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein . The show was broadcast live on BBC Three on 19 March 2011 from Kirkstall Abbey ."}]}, {'value': 'Victor Frankenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein', 'summary': "Victor Frankenstein is the main character in Mary Shelley 's 1818 novel Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus . He is a Swiss scientist ( born in Naples , Italy ) who , after studying chemical processes and the decay of living beings , gains an insight into the creation of life and gives life to his own creature , often referred to as Frankenstein 's monster , or often colloquially referred to as simply Frankenstein . Victor later regrets meddling with nature through his creation , as he inadvertently endangers his own life , as well as the lives of his family and friends , when the creature seeks revenge against him . In the novel we are introduced to the character when he is seeking to catch the monster near the North Pole and is saved from near death by Robert Walton and his crew . Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by 17th-century alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel . Certainly , the author and her environment were aware of the experiment on electricity and dead tissues by Galvani and his nephew Aldini or , perhaps , Alessandro Volta at the university of Pavia ."}]}, {'value': 'BBC Three', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Three', 'summary': "BBC Three was a British free-to-air television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . Launched on 9 February 2003 as a replacement for BBC Choice , the service 's remit was to provide innovative programming to a target audience of viewers between 16 and 34 years old , leveraging technology as well as new talent . Unlike its commercial rivals , 90% of BBC Three 's output originated from the United Kingdom . 70% was original , covering all genres , including animation , comedy , current affairs , and drama . BBC Three had a unique 60 Seconds format for its news bulletins , adopted so that operation of the channel could be completely automated , without the complication of dealing with variable-length live news broadcasts . The former controller of the station , Zai Bennett , left to join Sky Atlantic in July 2014 , at which point BBC Three commissioner Sam Bickley became acting controller . Until March 2016 , the network broadcast on Freeview , digital cable , IPTV and Satellite television platforms , and was on-air from 7 pm to around 4 am each night to share terrestrial television bandwidth with CBBC . In March 2014 , as a result of a planned £100 million budget cut across the BBC , it was proposed that BBC Three be discontinued as an 'open ' television service , and be converted to an over-the-top Internet television service with a smaller programming budget and a focus on short-form productions . Despite significant public opposition , the proposal was provisionally approved by the BBC Trust in June 2015 , with a new consultation open until 30 September of that year . The TV channel ceased operations on 16 February 2016 , replaced by an online-only version ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monroe_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Monroe is a British medical drama television series created and written by Peter Bowker and produced by Mammoth Screen for the ITV network . The series follows a neurosurgeon named Gabriel Monroe , played by James Nesbitt . The six-part series was commissioned by ITV as one of a number of replacements for its long-running police drama series The Bill , which was cancelled in 2010 . Filming on Monroe began in Leeds in September 2010 , with production based in the old Leeds Girls ' High School in Headingley . The first episode was broadcast on ITV on 10 March 2011 to strong ratings . A second series followed in 2012 . On 14 November 2012 , it was announced that ITV had cancelled Monroe due to low viewing figures ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Mullery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "ITV is a British free-to-air television channel . Previously a network of separate uniquely identifiable regional television channels , ITV currently operates in England , Wales , Scotland , the Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands . From 2001 until 2013 , the primary ITV channel was called ITV1 . In 2004 , Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc . ITV is the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the United Kingdom . ITV , and its predecessor channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UK 's most watched television channel since the 1950s . However , in line with other terrestrial channels , ITV 's audience share has fallen as a result of availability of multi-channel television in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Series regular', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Being Human', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Being_Human_(UK_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Being Human is a British supernatural comedy-drama television series . It was created and written by Toby Whithouse for broadcast on BBC Three . The show blends elements of flatshare comedy and horror drama . The pilot episode starred Andrea Riseborough as Annie Sawyer ( a ghost ) , Russell Tovey as George Sands ( a werewolf ) , and Guy Flanagan as John Mitchell ( a vampire ) - all of whom are sharing accommodation and attempting as best they can to live a normal life and blend in with the ordinary humans around them , striving to fit in more . Two of the main cast were replaced in the series by Aidan Turner ( Mitchell ) and Lenora Crichlow ( Annie ) . Russell Tovey was the only original main cast member . In the third series , Sinead Keenan became part of the main cast as Nina Pickering ( a werewolf ) . In the fourth series , the ensemble was joined by Michael Socha as Tom McNair ( a werewolf ) and Damien Molony as Hal Yorke ( a vampire ) . The fifth series added Kate Bracken as Alex Millar ( a ghost ) . The first two series were set in Totterdown , Bristol , and the third series onwards relocated to Barry , Wales . On 13 March 2011 , series creator Toby Whithouse announced that Turner had left the show and that new characters would be introduced . On 11 November 2011 , Tovey announced that he was leaving Being Human after the first episode of Series 4 to work full-time on his other television series Him & Her .'}]}, {'value': 'Cutler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Being_Human_(British_TV_series)_characters', 'summary': "This is a list of fictional characters in the British supernatural drama-comedy television series Being Human . The show 's central premise follows a vampire , a werewolf and a ghost as they try to live together in modern-day Britain . Actors Lenora Crichlow , Russell Tovey and Aidan Turner composed the original core cast of the programme 's first three series with Sinead Keenan joining the main cast in series 3 . This setup began to change from series 4 , and by the fifth series an entirely different werewolf , vampire and ghost trio played by Michael Socha , Damien Molony and Kate Bracken were starring ."}]}, {'value': 'BBC Three', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_Three', 'summary': "BBC Three was a British free-to-air television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation . Launched on 9 February 2003 as a replacement for BBC Choice , the service 's remit was to provide innovative programming to a target audience of viewers between 16 and 34 years old , leveraging technology as well as new talent . Unlike its commercial rivals , 90% of BBC Three 's output originated from the United Kingdom . 70% was original , covering all genres , including animation , comedy , current affairs , and drama . BBC Three had a unique 60 Seconds format for its news bulletins , adopted so that operation of the channel could be completely automated , without the complication of dealing with variable-length live news broadcasts . The former controller of the station , Zai Bennett , left to join Sky Atlantic in July 2014 , at which point BBC Three commissioner Sam Bickley became acting controller . Until March 2016 , the network broadcast on Freeview , digital cable , IPTV and Satellite television platforms , and was on-air from 7 pm to around 4 am each night to share terrestrial television bandwidth with CBBC . In March 2014 , as a result of a planned £100 million budget cut across the BBC , it was proposed that BBC Three be discontinued as an 'open ' television service , and be converted to an over-the-top Internet television service with a smaller programming budget and a focus on short-form productions . Despite significant public opposition , the proposal was provisionally approved by the BBC Trust in June 2015 , with a new consultation open until 30 September of that year . The TV channel ceased operations on 16 February 2016 , replaced by an online-only version ."}]}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misfits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misfits_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Misfits is a British science fiction comedy-drama television show , on E4 , about a group of young offenders sentenced to work in a community service programme , where they obtain supernatural powers after a strange electrical storm . The show premiered on 12 November 2009 and concluded on 11 December 2013 in its fifth series . Antonia Thomas , Iwan Rheon , Lauren Socha , Nathan Stewart-Jarrett , and Robert Sheehan are introduced as Alisha Daniels , Simon Bellamy , Kelly Bailey , Curtis Donovan , and Nathan Young respectively . Sheehan left after the second series , replaced in the third by Joseph Gilgun as Rudy Wade . After the third series it was announced that Rheon , Thomas , and Socha had left and would be replaced by new cast members Karla Crome , Nathan McMullen and Matt Stokoe , as Jess , Finn , and Alex respectively . Midway through the fourth series , Stewart-Jarrett left while Natasha O'Keeffe joined the cast as Abbey Smith ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E4_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "E4 is a British free-to-air television channel headquartered in London , United Kingdom owned by Channel Four Television Corporation . The E stands for entertainment , and the channel is mainly aimed at the 16-34 age group . Programming includes US imports such as Brooklyn Nine-Nine , The Goldbergs , The O.C. , Smallville , Veronica Mars , Everwood , What About Brian , Desperate Housewives , How I Met Your Mother , 90210 , Gotham , Rules of Engagement , The Big Bang Theory , RuPaul 's Drag Race , 2 Broke Girls , Scream Queens , Revenge , and previously Friends ( now on Comedy Central and Channel 5 ) . Other programming includes homegrown British shows such as Skins , Misfits , The Inbetweeners , Shameless , Hollyoaks , Coach Trip , Celebs Go Dating , Made in Chelsea , and upcoming series Mae & George . Its most successful broadcast to date was on 11 October 2010 when an episode of The Inbetweeners pulled in over 3.7 million viewers ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode : 4.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murdoch Mysteries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murdoch_Mysteries', 'summary': 'Murdoch Mysteries is a Canadian television drama series that premiered on Citytv on January 20 , 2008 and currently airs on CBC . The series is based on characters from the Detective Murdoch novels by Maureen Jennings and stars Yannick Bisson as the fictional William Murdoch , a police detective working in Toronto , Ontario in the late 19th century . The series was titled The Artful Detective on the Ovation cable TV network in the United States , until season twelve .'}]}, {'value': 'David Kingsley / Sherlock Holmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes', 'summary': "Sherlock Holmes ( /ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/ or /-ˈhoʊlmz/ ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Referring to himself as a consulting detective in the stories , Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation , deduction , forensic science , and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic , which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients , including Scotland Yard . First appearing in print in 1887 's A Study in Scarlet , the character 's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine , beginning with A Scandal in Bohemia in 1891 ; additional tales appeared from then until 1927 , eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories . All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras , between about 1880 and 1914 . Most are narrated by the character of Holmes 's friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson , who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street , London , where many of the stories begin . Though not the first fictional detective , Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known . By the 1990s there were already over 25,000 stage adaptations , films , television productions and publications featuring the detective , and Guinness World Records lists him as the most portrayed literary human character in film and television history . Holmes 's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual ; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretense . Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom . The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole , with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays , television , films , video games , and other media for over one hundred years ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Television', 'summary': "CBC Television ( also known as CBC TV ) is a Canadian English-language broadcast television network that is owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , the national public broadcaster . The network began operations on September 6 , 1952 . Its French-language counterpart is Ici Radio-Canada Télé . Headquartered at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto , CBC Television is available throughout Canada on over-the-air television stations in urban centres and as a must-carry station on cable and satellite television . Almost all of the CBC 's programming is produced in Canada . Although CBC Television is supported by public funding , commercial advertising revenue supplements the network , in contrast to CBC Radio and public broadcasters from several other countries , which are commercial-free ."}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Borgias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Borgias is a historical-fiction drama television series created by Neil Jordan ; it debuted in 2011 and was canceled in 2013 . The series is set in Renaissance-era Italy and follows the Borgia family in their scandalous ascension to the papacy . Mercilessly cruel and defiantly decadent , the Borgias use bribery , simony , intimidation and murder in their relentless quest for wealth and power that make them history 's most infamous crime family . It stars Jeremy Irons as Pope Alexander VI with François Arnaud as Cesare , Holliday Grainger as Lucrezia and David Oakes as Juan . Colm Feore also stars as Cardinal della Rovere ( later Pope Julius II ) . It premiered on April 3 , 2011 , at 9 p.m . ET on Showtime in the United States and 10 p.m. Eastern ( UTC−04:00 ) on Bravo ! in Canada , and received its first major television network premiere on June 21 , 2011 , on Canada 's CTV Television Network . The second season premiered on April 8 , 2012 . On May 4 , 2012 , Showtime ordered a third season of 10 episodes , which premiered on April 14 , 2013 . On June 5 , 2013 , Showtime canceled the series , a season short of Jordan 's planned four-season arc for the series . The cancellation was implied to be due to the expense of production , with plans for a two-hour wrap-up finale also scrapped ."}]}, {'value': 'Assassin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Showtime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Showtime is an American premium television network that is owned by Showtime Networks , a subsidiary of ViacomCBS through its domestic networks unit . Showtime 's programming primarily includes theatrically released motion pictures and original television series , along with boxing and mixed martial arts matches , occasional stand-up comedy specials and made-for-TV movies . The Showtime brand is used by a number of channels and platforms around the world , but primarily refers to the group of eight multiplex channels in the United States . Showtime is available to 29.7 million households in the U.S . The channel and its corresponding networks are headquartered at Paramount Plaza on the northern end of New York City 's Broadway district ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode : The Face of Death', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The White Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_White_Queen_(miniseries)', 'summary': "The White Queen is a British historical drama television miniseries developed for BBC One . It is based on Philippa Gregory 's historical novel series The Cousins ' War ( The White Queen , The Red Queen , and The Kingmaker 's Daughter ) . The first episode premiered on BBC One on 16 June 2013 in the United Kingdom . It was first broadcast in the United States on Starz on 9 August 2013 . The miniseries is set against the backdrop of the Wars of the Roses and presents the story of the women involved in the long conflict for the throne of England . It starts in 1464 ; the nation has been at war for nine years fighting over who is the rightful king as two sides of the same family , the House of York and the House of Lancaster , contest the throne . The story follows three women , Elizabeth Woodville , Margaret Beaufort and Anne Neville , who manipulate events behind the scenes of history to gain power . Elizabeth Woodville is the protagonist in the novel The White Queen , and Margaret Beaufort and Anne Neville are the focus of the novels The Red Queen and The Kingmaker 's Daughter ; the three characters appear in the three novels that make up the television miniseries . The final episode of The White Queen aired on 18 August 2013 and the miniseries was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc the following day . Two days later , it was confirmed that The White Queen would not be returning for a second series . In a statement to Broadcast , the BBC stated that the show was always planned as a one-season miniseries . In October 2013 , The Telegraph reported that Starz planned to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess , based on Gregory 's 2013 novel of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Lord Strange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Stanley,_9th_Baron_Strange', 'summary': 'George Stanley , 9th Baron Strange , of Knockin , KG , KB ( 1460-1503 ) was an English nobleman and heir apparent of Thomas Stanley , 1st Earl of Derby . He was also a notable soldier in his own right and held a number of senior offices of state .'}]}, {'value': 'BBC One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One', 'summary': "BBC One ( or BBC1 and BBC 1 ) is the first and flagship television channel of the BBC in the United Kingdom , Isle of Man and Channel Islands . It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service , and was the world 's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution . It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 , using this name until the launch of the second BBC channel BBC2 in 1964 , whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1 , with the current spelling adopted in 1997 . The channel 's annual budget for 2012-13 was £1.14 billion . The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC 's other domestic television stations , and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising . It is currently the most watched television channel in the United Kingdom , ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership , ITV . As of June 2013 [ update ] , the channel is headed by Charlotte Moore , the BBC 's Director of Content ."}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Out of Darkness', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Male', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mango Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosewater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosewater_(film)', 'summary': "Rosewater is a 2014 American political drama film written , directed and produced by Jon Stewart , based on the memoir Then They Came for Me by Maziar Bahari and Aimee Molloy . It recounts Bahari 's 2009 imprisonment by Iran , connected to an interview he participated in on The Daily Show that same year ; Iranian authorities presented the interview as evidence that he was in communication with an American spy . Due to the content of the film , Stewart has been accused by Iran 's state TV of being funded by Zionists and working with the CIA . The film was released in theaters on November 14 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Rudin Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Rudin', 'summary': "Scott Rudin ( born July 14 , 1958 ) is an American film , TV and theatre producer . His notable films include the Academy Award-winning Best Picture No Country for Old Men , as well as Lady Bird , Fences , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The Social Network , School of Rock , The Hours , Zoolander , The Truman Show , The First Wives Club , Clueless , The Firm , The Addams Family , and eight Wes Anderson films . On Broadway , he has won fifteen Tony Awards for shows such as The Book of Mormon , Hello , Dolly ! , The Humans , A View from the Bridge , Fences , and Passion . His television credits include executive-producing Aaron Sorkin 's The Newsroom for HBO and School of Rock for Nickelodeon . In 2012 , Rudin became one of the few people who have won an Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony Award , and the first producer to do so ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Village_(2013_TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Village is a BBC television series written by Peter Moffat . The drama is set in a Derbyshire village in the 20th century . The first series of what Moffat hoped would become a 42-hour televised drama , was broadcast in spring 2013 and covered the years 1914 to 1920 . A second series was broadcast in autumn 2014 , and continued the story into the 1920s . Future series were to be set during the Second World War , post-war Austerity Britain , and so on .'}]}, {'value': 'Gilbert Hankin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One', 'summary': "BBC One ( or BBC1 and BBC 1 ) is the first and flagship television channel of the BBC in the United Kingdom , Isle of Man and Channel Islands . It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service , and was the world 's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution . It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 , using this name until the launch of the second BBC channel BBC2 in 1964 , whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1 , with the current spelling adopted in 1997 . The channel 's annual budget for 2012-13 was £1.14 billion . The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC 's other domestic television stations , and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising . It is currently the most watched television channel in the United Kingdom , ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership , ITV . As of June 2013 [ update ] , the channel is headed by Charlotte Moore , the BBC 's Director of Content ."}]}, {'value': 'Series regular ( series 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Endeavour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Endeavour_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Endeavour is a British television detective drama series . It is a prequel to the long-running Inspector Morse and , like that series , is set primarily in Oxford . Shaun Evans portrays the young Endeavour Morse beginning his career as a detective constable , and later as a detective sergeant , with the Oxford City Police CID . The series is produced for ITV as a Mammoth Screen and Masterpiece co-production for ITV Studios . After a pilot episode in 2012 , the first series was broadcast in 2013 , and five more series have followed , with the exception of 2015 . The fifth series with six episodes was set in 1968 , and the sixth series picked up eight months later , set in 1969 . Series seven , set in 1970 , began screening in February 2020 . In August 2019 , ITV announced that the series has been recommissioned for an eighth series .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicholas Myers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "ITV is a British free-to-air television channel . Previously a network of separate uniquely identifiable regional television channels , ITV currently operates in England , Wales , Scotland , the Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands . From 2001 until 2013 , the primary ITV channel was called ITV1 . In 2004 , Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc . ITV is the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the United Kingdom . ITV , and its predecessor channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UK 's most watched television channel since the 1950s . However , in line with other terrestrial channels , ITV 's audience share has fallen as a result of availability of multi-channel television in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode : Neverland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.D . The Bible Continues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.D._The_Bible_Continues', 'summary': 'A.D . The Bible Continues ( also known as A.D. Kingdom and Empire ) is an American biblical drama television miniseries , based on the Bible , and a sequel to the 2013 miniseries , The Bible . It is produced by Roma Downey , Mark Burnett , and Richard Bedser . The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday , April 5 , 2015 , in twelve weekly one-hour episodes . The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible miniseries , beginning with the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus , and continues with the first ten chapters of the Acts of the Apostles . On July 3 , 2015 , NBC cancelled A.D . The Bible Continues after one season . However , producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel .'}]}, {'value': 'Caligula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caligula', 'summary': "Caligula ( /kəˈlɪɡjʊlə/ ; [ a ] Latin : Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ; 31 August 12 - 24 January 41 AD ) was Roman emperor from 37 to 41 AD . The son of the popular Roman general Germanicus and Augustus 's granddaughter Agrippina the Elder , Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire , conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty . Germanicus ' uncle and adoptive father , Tiberius , succeeded Augustus as emperor of Rome in 14 AD . Although he was born Gaius Caesar , after Julius Caesar , he acquired the nickname Caligula ( meaning little [ soldier 's ] boot , the diminutive form of caliga ) from his father 's soldiers during their campaign in Germania . When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19 , Agrippina returned with her six children to Rome , where she became entangled in a bitter feud with Tiberius . The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family , with Caligula as the sole male survivor . Untouched by the deadly intrigues , Caligula accepted an invitation in 31 to join the emperor on the island of Capri , where Tiberius had withdrawn five years earlier . Following the death of Tiberius , Caligula succeeded his adoptive grandfather as emperor in 37 AD . There are few surviving sources about the reign of Caligula , although he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule . After this , the sources focus upon his cruelty , sadism , extravagance , and sexual perversion , presenting him as an insane tyrant . While the reliability of these sources is questionable , it is known that during his brief reign , Caligula worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor , as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate . He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself , and initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome : the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus ."}]}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Work', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Work', 'summary': 'Black Work is a three-part British detective fiction thriller and a leading dramatic vehicle for Sheridan Smith , who stars as police officer Jo Gillespie . The series , produced by Mammoth Screen in association with LipSync productions and Screen Yorkshire and directed by Michael Samuels , premiered on ITV on 21 June 2015 , at 9PM , with two further episodes following . All three episodes are sixty minutes in length . The DVD of the series was released on 6 July 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Jared Ansell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "ITV is a British free-to-air television channel . Previously a network of separate uniquely identifiable regional television channels , ITV currently operates in England , Wales , Scotland , the Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands . From 2001 until 2013 , the primary ITV channel was called ITV1 . In 2004 , Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc . ITV is the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the United Kingdom . ITV , and its predecessor channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UK 's most watched television channel since the 1950s . However , in line with other terrestrial channels , ITV 's audience share has fallen as a result of availability of multi-channel television in the UK ."}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_(BBC_adaptation)', 'summary': 'Capital is a three-part British television adaptation of John Lanchesters novel Capital . The series was written by Peter Bowker , directed by Euros Lyn and produced by Matt Strevens for Kudos Film & Television Company . The first episode was broadcast on BBC One on 24 November 2015 . The story centres on a fictional Pepys Road in South London ( although there are two actual Pepys Roads in South London - namely in Raynes Park and New Cross ) and the lives of people with connections to it . Once an ordinary residential area , the value of each house in the street is approaching £2 million . Its residents range from those who were born there to the newly wealthy who have only recently moved in . They all begin to receive postcards which say We want what you have . They react to this in different ways .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One', 'summary': "BBC One ( or BBC1 and BBC 1 ) is the first and flagship television channel of the BBC in the United Kingdom , Isle of Man and Channel Islands . It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service , and was the world 's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution . It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 , using this name until the launch of the second BBC channel BBC2 in 1964 , whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1 , with the current spelling adopted in 1997 . The channel 's annual budget for 2012-13 was £1.14 billion . The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC 's other domestic television stations , and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising . It is currently the most watched television channel in the United Kingdom , ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership , ITV . As of June 2013 [ update ] , the channel is headed by Charlotte Moore , the BBC 's Director of Content ."}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tall Tales of Urchin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mudlark', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animated_Shorts_Program', 'summary': 'Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program is a variety project that was launched in 2012 , where people make animated shorts at Nickelodeon Animation Studio for shows to send to Nickelodeon and Nick Jr . Since this project was launched , the TV series Breadwinners started in 2014 , along with The Loud House in 2016 , and the upcoming short-form series MooseBox and Sharkdog in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'voice', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outlander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outlander_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Outlander is a historical drama television series based on the novel series of the same name by Diana Gabaldon . Developed by Ronald D. Moore , the show premiered on August 9 , 2014 , on Starz . It stars Caitriona Balfe as Claire Randall , a married former World War II nurse who in 1946 finds herself transported back to Scotland in 1743 . There she encounters the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser ( Sam Heughan ) and becomes embroiled in the Jacobite risings . The first season of the television series is based on the first novel in the series , Outlander ( also known as Cross Stitch ) . The second season of 13 episodes , based on Dragonfly in Amber , premiered on April 9 , 2016 . On June 1 , Starz renewed the series for a third and fourth season , which adapt the third and fourth Outlander novels , Voyager and Drums of Autumn , respectively . The 13-episode third season premiered on September 10 , 2017 . The 13-episode fourth season premiered on November 4 , 2018 . Starz has renewed the series for fifth and sixth seasons ; the fifth premiered on February 16 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Prince Charles Stuart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart', 'summary': 'Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart ( 31 December 1720 - 31 January 1788 ) was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart , grandson of James II and VII , and the Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain after 1766 as Charles III . During his lifetime , he was also known as the Young Pretender and the Young Chevalier ; in popular memory , he is Bonnie Prince Charlie . He is best remembered for his role in the 1745 rising ; his defeat at Culloden in April 1746 effectively ended the Stuart cause , and subsequent attempts failed to materialise , such as a planned French invasion in 1759 . His escape from Scotland after the uprising led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure .'}]}, {'value': 'STARZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STARZ', 'summary': "Starz ( stylized as STARZ since 2016 ; pronounced stars ) is an American premium cable and satellite television network which serves as the flagship service of Starz Inc. , which is ultimately owned by Lionsgate . Starz 's programming features theatrically released motion pictures and first-run original television series . The headquarters of Starz , and its sister networks Starz Encore and MoviePlex , are located in Santa Monica , California , while still maintaining facilities at the Meridian International Business Center complex in Englewood , Colorado , and a small office on 5th Avenue in New York City . As of January 2016 , Starz is available to 31 million households in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '10 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blessed Are They That Fear the Lord', 'urls': []}, {'value': "James O'Harry", 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'short film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Mirror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Mirror', 'summary': "Black Mirror is a British science fiction anthology television series created by Charlie Brooker . He and Annabel Jones serve as the programme 's showrunners . It examines modern society , particularly with regard to the unanticipated consequences of new technologies . Episodes are standalone , usually set in an alternative present or the near future , often with a dark and satirical tone , although some are more experimental and lighter . Black Mirror was inspired by older anthology series , such as The Twilight Zone , which Brooker felt were able to deal with controversial , contemporary topics with less fear of censorship than other more realistic programmes . Brooker developed Black Mirror to highlight topics related to humanity 's relationship with technology , creating stories that feature the way we live now - and the way we might be living in 10 minutes ' time if we 're clumsy . The series premiered for two series on the British television channel Channel 4 in December 2011 and February 2013 . After its addition to the catalogue in December 2014 , Netflix purchased the programme in September 2015 . It commissioned a series of 12 episodes later divided into the third and fourth series , each comprising six episodes ; the former was released on 21 October 2016 and the latter on 29 December 2017 . A standalone interactive film titled Black Mirror : Bandersnatch was released on 28 December 2018 . A fifth series , comprising three episodes , was released on 5 June 2019 . The series has garnered positive reception from critics , received many awards and nominations , and seen an increase in interest internationally , particularly in the United States after its addition to Netflix ."}]}, {'value': 'Rob', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netflix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netflix', 'summary': "Netflix , Inc. ( /ˈnɛtflɪks/ ) is an American media-services provider and production company headquartered in Los Gatos , California , founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley , California . The company 's primary business is its subscription-based streaming service which offers online streaming of a library of films and television programs , including those produced in-house . As of April 2019 , Netflix had over 148 million paid subscriptions worldwide , including 60 million in the United States , and over 154 million subscriptions total including free trials.Although Netflix has decided to end its free one-month trial offer for maximum countries on February 2020 . It is available worldwide except in mainland China ( due to local restrictions ) , Syria , North Korea , and Crimea ( due to U.S. sanctions ) . The company also has offices in the Netherlands , Brazil , India , Japan , and South Korea . Netflix is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . Netflix 's initial business model included DVD sales and rental by mail , but Hastings abandoned the sales about a year after the company 's founding to focus on the initial DVD rental business . Netflix expanded its business in 2010 with the introduction of streaming media while retaining the DVD and Blu-ray rental business . The company expanded internationally in 2010 with streaming available in Canada , followed by Latin America and the Caribbean . Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2012 , debuting its first series Lilyhammer . Since 2012 , Netflix has taken more of an active role as producer and distributor for both film and television series , and to that end , it offers a variety of Netflix Original content through its online library . By January 2016 , Netflix services operated in more than 190 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode : Crocodile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crocodile_(Black_Mirror)', 'summary': 'Crocodile is the third episode of the fourth series of anthology series Black Mirror . It was written by Charlie Brooker and directed by John Hillcoat . The episode first aired on Netflix , along with the rest of series four , on 29 December 2017 . Filmed in Iceland , the episode centres on Mia ( Andrea Riseborough ) who is distressed about having helped her friend Rob ( Andrew Gower ) cover up a hit-and-run death . Fifteen years later , Rob wants to confess their crime , leading Mia to kill him and dispose of his body . Shortly after , Mia witnesses a non-fatal collision between a pedestrian and self-driving vehicle . Shazia ( Kiran Sonia Sawar ) meanwhile is hired to investigate the crash , and uses a Recaller device that allows her to see the recent memories of those she interviews .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midsomer Murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midsomer_Murders', 'summary': "Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997 . The show is based on Caroline Graham 's Chief Inspector Barnaby book series , as originally adapted for television by Anthony Horowitz . A major success in viewership since its first episode , the series has been marketed worldwide in numerous countries . Set within small English country villages , the show has an unusual identity as a crime drama peppered with both lighthearted whimsy and dark humour . The first 13 series starred John Nettles as Detective Chief Inspector ( DCI ) Tom Barnaby . The character 's younger cousin , DCI John Barnaby ( played by Neil Dudgeon ) , took over his position when Nettles retired from the show in 2011 . Despite the change of lead character ( and numerous changes among secondary players ) , the show has retained its popularity and began airing the 21st series on 21st January 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Ferabbee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ITV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)', 'summary': 'ITV is a British free-to-air television network with its headquarters in London . It was launched in 1955 as Independent Television , under the auspices of the Independent Television Authority ( ITA ) ( later the Independent Broadcasting Authority , after the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 , and currently Ofcom ) , to provide competition to BBC Television which had been established in 1932 . ITV is the oldest commercial network in the UK . Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 , its legal name has been Channel 3 , to distinguish it from the other analogue channels at the time , namely BBC 1 , BBC 2 and Channel 4 . In part , the number 3 was assigned because television sets would usually be tuned so that the regional ITV station would be on the third button , with the other stations being allocated to the number within their name . ITV is a network of television companies that operate regional television services and also share programmes between each other to be shown on the entire network . In recent years , several of these companies have merged , so currently the fifteen regional franchises are in the hands of two companies . The ITV network is to be distinguished from ITV plc , the company that resulted from the merger of Granada plc and Carlton Communications in 2004 and which holds the Channel 3 broadcasting licences in England , Wales , southern Scotland , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland . With the exception of Northern Ireland , the ITV brand is the brand used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas . In Northern Ireland , ITV plc uses the brand name UTV . STV Group plc uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Episode : Send in the Clowns', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poldark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poldark_(2015_TV_series)', 'summary': "Poldark is a British historical drama television series based on the novels of the same title by Winston Graham and starring Aidan Turner in the lead role . The series was written and adapted by Debbie Horsfield for the BBC , and directed by several directors throughout its run . Set between 1781 and 1801 , the plot follows the titular character on his return to Cornwall after the American War of Independence in 1783 . The series first aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 8 March 2015 in eight parts , and in seven parts on PBS in the United States , which supported the production , on 21 June 2015 as part of its Masterpiece anthology . The first series was based on the first two Poldark novels by Graham . It is the second screen adaptation of Graham 's novels , following a television series broadcast by BBC One between 1975 and 1977 . On 8 April 2015 , the BBC announced that a second series had been commissioned which premiered on 4 September 2016 , and contained content from the third and fourth Poldark novels . The BBC announced on 6 July 2016 , before series two had begun , that a third series had been commissioned based on the fifth and half of the sixth novels . The fourth series began airing on 10 June 2018 . Filming for the fifth and final series started in September 2018 and was transmitted in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'James Hadfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Hadfield', 'summary': 'James Hadfield or Hatfield ( 1771/1772 - 23 January 1841 ) attempted to assassinate George III of the United Kingdom in 1800 but was acquitted of attempted murder by reason of insanity .'}]}, {'value': 'BBC One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One', 'summary': "BBC One ( or BBC1 and BBC 1 ) is the first and flagship television channel of the BBC in the United Kingdom , Isle of Man and Channel Islands . It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service , and was the world 's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution . It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 , using this name until the launch of the second BBC channel BBC2 in 1964 , whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1 , with the current spelling adopted in 1997 . The channel 's annual budget for 2012-13 was £1.14 billion . The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC 's other domestic television stations , and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising . It is currently the most watched television channel in the United Kingdom , ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership , ITV . As of June 2013 [ update ] , the channel is headed by Charlotte Moore , the BBC 's Director of Content ."}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Andrew_Gower_(actor)_0', 'intro': 'Andrew Gower (born 8 November 1989) is an English actor. A staple in British television and theatre, he is best known for his recurring role in Being Human and his turn as Prince Charles Stuart in Outlander. Gower won the Spotlight Prize for Best Actor in 2010.'}
null
null
How many episodes did Andrew Grower served as an actor in the series produced by Mammoth Screen ?
2 episodes
0946d60f292b6487
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_Super_Viernes_(February_2012)', 'title': 'CMLL Super Viernes (February 2012)', 'header': ['#', 'Result', 'Stipulation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astral and Eléctrico defeated Pequeño Nitro and Pequeño Black Warrior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astral_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Astral is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , for best known for his time working for the Mexico City-based professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Initially he worked in CMLL 's Mini-Estrella division , but in January 2017 it was announced that he was being moved into the regular division . Astral 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Astral is one of a limited number of Mini-Estrellas whose ring character is not based on the character of a wrestler from the regular division . He is a former CMLL World Mini-Estrella Champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Electrico_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Eléctrico ( born August 21 , 1986 ) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado or masked professional wrestler who currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . He is the current Mexican National Lightweight Champion . Eléctrico 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . From 2006 to 2018 Eléctrico worked in CMLL 's Mini-Estrellas division , however that does not mean that Eléctrico has dwarfism as several short wrestlers work in the Mini division . In 2018 he was moved from the Mini-Estrellas division to the regular sized division . During his career he has won the mask of Pequeño Black Warrior and also won the 2014 Pequeño Reyes del Aire tournament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pequeño_Nitro', 'summary': "Pequeño Nitro is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) in their Mini-Estrella division . This does not necessarily mean that Pequeño Nitro is a dwarf as several wrestlers who are just shorter in stature work in the Mini division . Pequeño Nitro 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . His name means Little Nitro and his ring character is based on Nitro , a regular-sized luchador ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pequeño_Black_Warrior', 'summary': 'Humberto Sánchez Medorio is a Mexican luchador Enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , better known by his ring name Pequeño Black Warrior , or Pequeño Warrior . Sánchez works for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , in their Mini-Estrella division as a smaller version of wrestler Black Warrior . Sánchez previously worked for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) as Mini Psicosis , a smaller version of the wrestler Psicosis . Working in the Mini division does not necessarily mean that Sánchez has dwarfism as several short wrestlers work in the Mini division , which is what separates the Mexican Mini-Estrella from traditional Midget wrestling as practiced in the United States and other places .'}]}, {'value': 'Best two out of three falls tag team match', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tag_Team', 'summary': 'Tag team wrestling is a type of professional wrestling in which matches are contested between teams of multiple wrestlers . A tag team may be made up of wrestlers who normally wrestle in singles competition , but more commonly are made of established teams who wrestle regularly as a unit and have a team name and identity . In most team matches , only one competitor per team is allowed in the ring at a time . This status as the active or legal wrestler may be transferred by physical contact , most commonly a palm-to-palm tag which resembles a high five . The team-based match has been a mainstay of professional wrestling since the mid-twentieth century , and most promotions have sanctioned a championship division for tag teams .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dalys la Caribeña , Estrellita and Marcela defeated La Amapola , La Comandante and La Seductora - Two falls to One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalys_la_Caribeña', 'summary': "Dalys la Caribeña ( born February 20 , 1975 in Panama ) is a Panamanian luchadora , or female professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , where she is the CMLL Japanese Women 's Champion in her first reign . Her name appears in print as Dalys la Caribeña , Dalys , Dallys and Dalis but all refer to the same person . Her name means Daly The Caribbean . She is a second generation wrestler , her father is a retired wrestler turned wrestling promoter in Panama , her brother wrestles in Mexico under the ring name Veneno and she is related through marriage to Negro Casas to the extended Casas wrestling family ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Estrellita_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Estrellita ( Spanish for Little Star ) is the ring name of Bibiana Ochoa Barradas ( born October 18 , 1977 in Zamora , Michoacán , Mexico ) , a Mexican luchadora , or female professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a tecnico ( Good guy ) wrestling character . Estrellita worked for AAA for over 10 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marcela_(wrestler)', 'summary': "María Elena Santamaría Gómez ( born May 31 , 1971 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler , known mainly for her work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , where she works under the ring name Marcela . As Marcela , she is one of the top tecnicas ( good guy characters , or faces ) in CMLL and is a five-time and current CMLL World Women 's Champion and one-time Mexican National Women 's Champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Amapola', 'summary': "Guadalupe Ramona Olvera is a Mexican professional wrestler , or Luchadora as they are called in Spanish , best known under the ring name La Amapola ( Spanish for The Poppy ) . Olvera is best known for her work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , which she has worked for all her career . She has also made appearances for various other Mexican promotions including International Wrestling Revolution Group ( IWRG ) where she held or holds the IWRG Intercontinental Women 's Championship . At 1,442 days , she is the longest reigning CMLL World Women 's Champion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Comandante', 'summary': 'La Comandante ( born April 23 , 1978 ) is the ring name of a Mexican luchadora , or female professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a ruda ( Bad guy ) wrestling character .'}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Seductora', 'summary': 'Irene Lagunas ( born October 20 , 1973 in Chilachapa , Guerrero , Mexico ) is a Mexican luchadora , better known under the ring name La Seductora ( Spanish for The Seductress ) . She is currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a ruda wrestling character . Originally working under a mask , Lagunas was unmasked after losing a match on August 1 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Best two out of three falls Six-man tag team match', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Professional_wrestling_tag_team_match_types', 'summary': 'Much like Singles match , tag team professional wrestling matches can and have taken many forms . Just about any singles or melee match type can be adapted to tag teams ; for example , hardcore tag team matches are commonplace . Tag team ladder match and variations are also frequently used as a title feud blow-off match . Stipulations , such as I quit or loser leaves town may also be applied . The following are match variations that are specific to tag team wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamante , Dragon Lee and Tritón defeated Hijo del Signo and La Fiebre Amarilla ( Namajague and Okumura ) - Two falls to One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamante_(male_wrestler)', 'summary': "Diamante ( born February 14 , 1992 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a tecnico ( good guy ) wrestling character . Diamante 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . His ring name is Spanish for Diamond ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Místico_II', 'summary': "Carlos Muñoz , better known as Místico , is a Mexican second-generation luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as a tecnico ( a Face , the protagonists in wrestling ) . He is a two-time former CMLL World Trios Champion , as well as a one time holder of the CMLL World Welterweight Championship and the LLA Azteca Championship . Muñoz made his debut for CMLL in 2010 , originally working under the ring name Dragon Lee . In June 2012 , he was given the ring name and mask of Místico , after the original Místico had left CMLL to work for WWE . His father , Arturo Muñoz , is also a professional wrestler , best known by the ring names Poder Mexica , Toro Blanco and Comandante Pierroth , and is working under the ring name La Bestia del Ring . Místico 's older brother is better knownn under the ring name Rush . Místico and Rush 's younger brother debuted in November 2013 , the latter taking over the Dragon Lee ring name . He has also wrestled in Japan and Europe through CMLL 's partnerships with other promotions such as RevPro Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling , as well as on the Mexican independent circuit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tritón_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Tritón ( born March 23 , 1987 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler is primarily known for his work for the professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a tecnico ( Good guy ) wrestling character . Titan 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . He previously worked under the ring name Metal Blanco from 2005 to 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hijo_del_Signo', 'summary': "Marco Antonio Sánchez Rodríguez ( born April 30 , 1987 ) better known by his ring name El Hijo del Signo or Signo Jr. , is a Mexican professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) portraying a rudo ( Bad guy ) wrestling character . Hijo del Signo 's real name was not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans until he lost the mask on December 25 , 2017 to Starman . His ring name is Spanish for Son of the Sign , based on the ring name of his father El Signo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Ola_Amarilla', 'summary': 'La Ola Amarilla ( Spanish for The Yellow Wave ) was a professional wrestling group , also known as a stable in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . The group was founded in 2005 for Japanese-born wrestlers , often wrestlers touring CMLL through a talent-sharing agreement with New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyosuke_Mikami', 'summary': "Kyosuke Mikami ( 三上 恭佑 , Mikami Kyōsuke , born December 29 , 1983 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working under the ring name El Desperado ( エル・デスペラード , Eru Desuperādo ) . He is signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) . Mikami was trained by the NJPW dojo and worked for NJPW for two years as a Young Lion . In 2012 he traveled to Mexico for a learning excursion , working for NJPW 's Mexican affiliate Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as the masked character Namajague , a Spanish translation of Namahage , a Japanese folk demon . While in CMLL he won his first professional wrestling title alongside Okumura , the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship , in March 2013 . After being unmasked due to losing a match and briefly working without one , Mikami returned to NJPW in January 2014 and was repackaged under another mask as El Desperado ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shigeo_Okumura', 'summary': 'Shigeo Okumura ( 奥村 茂雄 , Okumura Shigeo , born May 25 , 1972 ) is a Japanese professional wrestler who works for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) and is billed as Okumura . Okumura originally worked for Tokyo Pro Wrestling ( TPW ) and later on All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) in Japan but moved to Mexico in 2005 to work for CMLL full-time . Okumura usually teams up with wrestlers from Japan who visit CMLL , currently as a group known as La Ola Amarilla ( Spanish for The Yellow Wave ) . Okumura and Yujiro won the 2009 version of the Gran Alternativa tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'Best two out of three falls Six-man tag team match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ángel de Oro and El Felino defeated Delta , Hijo del Fantasma , Marco Corleone , Pólvora , Rey Escorpión and Rush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ángel_de_Oro', 'summary': 'Miguel Ángel Chávez Velasco ( born August 8 , 1988 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler , who works for the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name Ángel de Oro . Working as Ángel de Oro he is a former CMLL World Middleweight Champion , CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion , and a former Mexican National Trios Champion and the winner of the 2011 Forjando un Ídolo tournament . His name is Spanish for Angel of Gold or Golden Angel . In 2018 , he was defeated in a Luchas de Apuestas , mascara contra mascara ( mask vs. mask ) match by El Cuatrero , and forced to unmask and be identified . He is a second generation luchador , son of Apolo Chávez and the brother of the luchador Niebla Roja who also works for CMLL . For years Ángel de Oro was part of a group called Los Ángeles Celestiales ( The Celestial Angels ) alongside his brother ( then billed as Ángel de Plata ) and Ángel Azteca Jr. , but after his brother changed his ring persona that group has been phased out .'}, {'url': '/wiki/El_Felino', 'summary': 'Jorge Luis Casas Ruiz ( born March 22 , 1964 ) is a second-generation Mexican professional wrestler ( called a Luchador in Spanish ) working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name El Felino ( The Feline ) . Casas started his professional wrestling career under the name Babe Casas , working for the Universal Wrestling Association ( UWA ) . In 1989 he adopted the Felino ring character in 1989 , wearing an orange full body suit and cat insured mask . WIth the exception of a short stint in AAA in 1999 , Casas has worked for CMLL since adopting the El Felino ring character . El Felino was originally an enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , but was forced to unmask in March 2010 due to losing a match . He is the son of wrestler-turned-referee Pepe Casas and a part the Casas wrestling family ; the younger brother of Negro Casas and older brother Heavy Metal , the uncle of wrestlers Canelo Casas , Danny Casas , Black Star , Destroyer and Nanyzh Rock . His sons are also both wrestlers under the names of Tiger and Puma King respectively . Up until the summer of 2014 his wife , Blanca Rodríguez wrestled under the ring name Princesa Blanca but has since retired . He has been a member of the group La Peste Negra ( The Black Plague ) alongside Negro Casas , Mr. Niebla and Bárbaro Cavernario since 2008 , with whom he has held the Mexican National Trios Championship . He has also won the CMLL World Welterweight Championship three times in his career , the Mexican National Welterweight Championship once . He has also won several major CMLL tournaments , the 1999 Torneo Gran Alternativa , the 2001 Copa Ovaciones and the 2002 Leyenda de Plata tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Delta_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Delta ( born August 27 , 1985 ) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexico City based professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Delta 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Delta is the son of wrestler Trueno and previously wrestled as Hijo del Trueno ( Son of Thunder ) , his brother currently works for CMLL wrestling under the ring name Trueno like their father , although the family relationship has not been publicly acknowledged by CMLL ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hijo_del_Fantasma', 'summary': "Jorge Luis Alcantar Bolly ( born April 30 , 1984 ) is a Mexican second generation luchador ( professional wrestler ) currently signed to WWE where he is working for their developmental league NXT , under the ring name Jorge Bolly . Alcantar is generally known by the ring name El Hijo del Fantasma ( The Son of the Phantom ) , which he used from his debut in 2000 until 2019 . Previouly worked for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide , where he has held the former AAA Fusión Championship , AAA World Cruiserweight Championship and the AAA Latin American Champion as well as having won the Copa Antonio Peña in 2017 . Prior to working for AAA he worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre from 2008 to 2013 . In CMLL he held the CMLL World Middleweight Championship as well as the CMLL World Trios Championship twice with Héctor Garza and La Máscara Alcantar has also worked under the ring name King Cuerno for the U.S. based Lucha Underground promotion from 2014 to 2019 . Through AAA 's promotional partnerships Alcantar also worked several shows for Impact Wrestling while under AAA contract . His father is luchador El Fantasma who is the head of the Mexico City Boxing and Professional Wrestling commission . His cousin wrestles under the name Fantasma Jr. , while his uncle worked under the name Ángel de la Muerte ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Jindrak', 'summary': 'Mark Robert Jindrak ( born June 26 , 1977 ) is an American businessman , professional wrestler and actor . He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) as Mark Jindrak and for his appearances with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name Marco Corleone . He is a former CMLL World Heavyweight Champion , CMLL World Trios Champion , and WCW World Tag Team Champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pólvora', 'summary': "Pólvora ( born July 19 , 1979 ) is the ring name of a Mexican Luchador Enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler best known for his work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Pólvora 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . His name is the Spanish term for Gunpowder . Pólvora 's brother is also a professional wrestler , under the ring name Inquisidor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rey_Escorpión', 'summary': 'Fabián Núñez Napoles ( born January 20 , 1979 ) is a Mexican luchador ( professional wrestler ) , better known by the ring name Rey Escorpión . He is currently working for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) , where he portrays a rudo or bad guy character . He is former the AAA World Tag Team Champions with El Texano Jr . He worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) from 2009 to 2016 and prior to that worked for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) in 2008 , where he was known as Escorpión Negro . Núñez ring name is Spanish for Scorpion King . While working for CMLL Núñez won the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship as well as winning the annual Torneo Gran Alternativa tournament twice , with Último Guerrero and Boby Zavala respectively . He was a member of Los Guerreros del Infierno group from 2011 to 2012 , but in late 2012 he left that group to form his own faction called Los Revolucionarios del Terror ( The Revolutionaries of Terror ) alongside Dragón Rojo Jr. and Pólvora .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rush_(wrestler)', 'summary': "William Arturo Muñoz González ( born September 29 , 1988 ) is a Mexican luchador ( Spanish for professional wrestler ) , known both nationally and internationally under the ring name Rush ( commonly pronounced in English as Roosh ) . He is best known for his time performing for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) as well as the U.S. based Ring of Honor ( ROH ) where he is a former ROH World Champion . Muñoz 's father Arturo Muñoz is also a professional wrestler , most recenty known under the ring name La Bestia del Ring . William 's younger brothers are also professional wrestlers , using the ring names Místico and Dragon Lee . While most luchadors portray clear cut good guys or bad guys in the ring , Rush portrays a character that straddles that divide , his in ring actions is often chaotic or brawling , with tendencies to cheat but is still popular with the fans . Muñoz made his in-ring debut in 2007 , working under the name Latino until he started working for CMLL in 2009 where he was given the name Rush . He is a former CMLL World Light Heavyweight Champion , multiple time CMLL World Tag Team Champion , CMLL World Trios Champion and two-time Mexican National Trios Champion . Rush , along with La Sombra and La Máscara created the group Los Ingobernables ( the unruly ) and he is the only original member to remain part of the group , joined by La Bestia del Ring and El Terrible . The success of Los Ingobernables led to the formation of the Los Ingobernables de Japon ( LIJ ) group in New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , which Rush is a part-time member of when he tours Japan or when LIJ tours Mexico . Through CMLL 's business partnerships Rush has appeared for both NJPW and the U.S. based Ring of Honor , and his CMLL contract allowed him to work dates for other companies as well , most notably Major League Wrestling in the U.S. , and The Crash Lucha Libre , and International Wrestling Revolution Group in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles seeding Battle royal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CMLL_Torneo_Nacional_de_Parejas_Increibles_(2012)', 'summary': 'The CMLL Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles 2012 or National Incredible Pairs Tournament 2012 was the first of a series of Lucha Libre ( professional wrestling ) tournaments for Tag Teams traditionally held early in the year . The tournament was based on the Lucha Libre Parejas Increíbles match type where two wrestlers of opposite allegiance , portraying either villains , referred to as Rudos in Lucha Libre wrestling terminology or fan favorites , or Técnicos . At times some of the team members were part of a pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines with each other .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_Royal_(professional_wrestling)', 'summary': 'In professional wrestling , a battle royal ( sometimes battle royale ; plural battles royal or battle royals ) is a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared winner . Typical battle royals begin with a number of participants in the ring , who are then eliminated by going over the top rope and having both feet touch the venue floor .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Warrior and Rey Escorpión defeated Pólvora and Stuka , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Warrior_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Jesus Toral López ( Born January 7 , 1969 ) is a luchador or professional wrestler who has worked almost exclusively in Mexico . López has achieved most success under the ring name Black Warrior . He is best known for his work for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) between 1995 and 2013 . Over the years Black Warrior has played both the rúdo ( the Spanish term used for the villains in wrestling ) and técnico ( the Spanish term used for the good guys in wrestling ) . Before assuming the Black Warrior ring persona , López worked for almost a decade under various ring personas , generally with little success . His only previous ring persona of note was that of Bronce ( Spanish for Bronze ) where he was a part of the Los Metalicos team , a team that was popular in the early 1990s , teaming with Oro and Plata . López is the nephew of Luchador Blue Panther , the son-in-law of Mano Negro and the brother-in-law of Mano Negro Jr .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stuka,_Jr.', 'summary': "Stuka Jr. ( born July 17 , 1979 ) is a Mexican second-generation luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , who works for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) . Stuka Jr. is not , despite what the name indicates , the son of luchador Stuka but is Stuka 's younger brother . Stuka Jr. 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . His mask is styled to look like aviator goggles and an early 20th-century pilot helmet and his tights include designs representing the Luftwaffe 's Balkenkreuz insignia , reflecting the Stuka dive bomber from which his name is taken . For years Stuka Jr. formed a team with Fuego , known as Los Bombadieros ( The Bombardiers ) , who collectively he held the CMLL Arena Coliseo Tag Team Championship for a record four and a half years . He is the reigning NWA World Historic Light Heavyweight Champion , having won it on August 12 , 2018 . He is also a former holder of the Mexican National Trios Championship , with Metro and Máscara Dorada , a former Occidente Light Heavyweight Champion and the winner of the 2014 Reyes del Aire ( King of the air ) tournament . Some sources list a Stuka Jr. wrestling in the 1990s , which is believed to be a wrestler generally known as Stuka II , who occasionally was billed as Stuka Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Corleone and Último Guerrero defeated Hijo del Fantasma and Misterioso , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Último_Guerrero', 'summary': 'José Gutiérrez Hernández ( born March 1 , 1972 ) , better known under the ring name Último Guerrero ( Spanish for Last Warrior ) , is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler , currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , where he is the current CMLL World Heavyweight Champion in his second reign . He is also part of the booking committee . He is not related to the lucha libre legend Gory Guerrero or any of his children ; Guerrero in this case is the Spanish word for warrior and not the surname of the character . On September 19 , 2014 , Último Guerrero lost a Lucha de Apuestas match to Atlantis , after which he was forced to unmask and reveal his birth name . He is a former holder of the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship , the CMLL World Tag Team Championship and CMLL World Trios Championship on multiple occasions . Gutiérrez is a charter member of the stable of wrestlers known as Los Guerreros de Infierno / Los Guerreros de la Atlantida and has also made appearances for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in the United States . In TNA where he was part of Team Mexico , which won the 2008 World X Cup . Último Guerrero and Dragón Rojo Jr. are the longest reigning CMLL World Tag Team Champions in history . Guerrero is the only wrestler to win the Torneo Gran Alternativa tournament three times and the CMLL Universal Championship tournament twice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Misterioso,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Misterioso Jr. ( Birthdate unknown ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler , who is also referred to as Misterioso II . Misterioso Jr. is the nephew of Misterioso who wore a similar mask until losing it in 1997 . Misterioso Jr. has mainly worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) throughout his career , where he won the 2006 Gran Alternativa tournament with Perro Aguayo Jr. Over the summer of 2009 , Misterioso Jr. joined the wrestling group Poder Mexica .'}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Terrible and Rush defeated Delta and Ephesto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Terrible', 'summary': "Damián Gutiérrez Hernández ( born April 12 , 1976 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler currently performing for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) under the ring name El Terrible . Gutiérrez portrays a rudo ( Known as a heel in English , the antagonists in professional wrestling ) . He started out under the ring name Engendro del Mal ( Spawn of Evil ) and later adopted the name Damián El Terrible , before being shortened to his current name . His CMLL career started in 2002 and included winning the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship , the CMLL World Tag Team Championship twice , with Tama Tonga and Rush , the CMLL World Trios Championship with Héctor Garza and Tarzan Boy . He is the current Mexican National Heavyweight Champion . During his time in CMLL he has also won several major tournaments , including the 2008 Leyenda Azul , the 2012 and 2019 Universal Championship , the 2012 Gran Alternativa with Euforia and the 2015 and 2018 Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increíbles with Máximo and Rush respectively . Gutiérrez is currently a member of the Los Ingobernables ( The Unruly ) stable along with Rush and La Bestia del Ring , having joined the group in February 2018.He was originally brought into CMLL as part of Los Guapos ( The Hansome Ones ) , then later joined CMLL 's main rudo faction Los Perros del Mal . When Los Perros del Mal left CMLL El Terrible was put together with Rey Bucanero and Texano Jr. to form La Fuerza TRT ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ephesto', 'summary': "Ephesto ( born June 10 , 1965 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( Spanish for Masked professional wrestler ) . Ephesto 's real name has not been officially documented , a tradition in Mexican lucha libre where masked wrestlers ' real names often are not a matter of public record . The wrestler currently known as Ephesto made his debut in 1982 and worked for almost 20 years as Pantera del Ring with limited success . He later worked under the name Safari where he won the Mexican National Trios Championship on two occasions . His current ring name Ephesto is derived from the Spanish name for Hephaestus , the Greek God of fire , Hefesto , in fact , his name is sometimes spelled Hefesto in print sources . Ephesto is a found member of the stable Los Hijos del Infierno ( Spanish for the Sons of the Inferno ) with Averno and Mephisto . Ephesto , Mephisto and Lucifierno are the current holders of the Mexican National Trios Championship . Ephesto is a former CMLL World Light Heavyweight and CMLL World Trios Champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ángel de Oro and Psicosis II defeated El Felino and Rey Bucanero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psicosis_II', 'summary': 'Juan Ebodio Gonzalez ( born February 22 , 1967 ) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado better known under the ring name Psicosis . Gonzalez was the second wrestler to work as Psicosis , given the ring character by Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) to replace the Original Psicosis , and is often denoted Psicosis II . When Gonzalez left AAA in early 2009 he was briefly replaced by a third Psicosis . He was not referred to as Psicosis II on promotional material , instead the name is used to distinguish himself from the original Psicosis . In November 2013 , Gonzalez was renamed Psyco Ripper and shortly thereafter Ripper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rey_Bucanero', 'summary': "Arturo García Ortiz ( born July 19 , 1974 ) is a Mexican luchador or professional wrestler best known under the ring name Rey Bucanero . Ortiz , as Rey Bucanero , has worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) since 1996 . His ring name is Spanish for Buccaneer King , which was originally reflected in his mask that featured a skull face and an eye patch . Ortiz was unmasked in 1999 and has worked unmasked ever since . He is the nephew of Pirata Morgan , from whom he took the Pirate character , as well as the nephew of Hombre Bala and El Verdungo . While he has primarily worked for CMLL through most of his career he has made appearances in the United States , most notably for the World Wrestling Federation and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as well as in Japan for New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) . Rey Bucanero , along with Último Guerrero and Tarzan Boy were the founders of the long running Los Guerreros del Infierno ( The Infernal Warriors ) group in 2001 . Bucanero later left the group to become a member of La Peste Negra and later on help found La Fuerza TRT with El Terrible and El Texano Jr. and the trio TGR ( Terriblemente Guapo el Rey , Terribly Handsome King ; with El Terrible and Shocker ) . For the majority of the first decade of the 21st century Rey Bucanero and Último Guerrero formed a very popular and successful tag team , a team that was voted Best Tag Team of the Decade ( 2000-2009 ) in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards . He is a former four time holder of the CMLL World Tag Team Championship , has held the NWA World Historic Light Heavyweight Championship twice and the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship and CMLL World Trios Championship on one occasion . He has also won CMLL 's CMLL Torneo Gran Alternativa and Leyenda de Azul tournaments ."}]}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 First Round Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Corleone and Último Guerrero defeated Black Warrior and Rey Escorpión', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 Quarter Final Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Terrible and Rush defeated Ángel de Oro and Psicosis II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 Quarter Final Match', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Terrible and Rush defeated Marco Corleone and Último Guerrero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles 2012 Semi Final Match', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'February 24 , 2012 -- Results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'CMLL_Super_Viernes_(February_2012)_4', 'intro': "In February 2012 the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) held four CMLL Super Viernes shows, all of which took place in Arena México on Friday nights. Some of the matches from Super Viernes were taped for CMLL's weekly shows that aired in Mexico the week following the Super Viernes show. The shows featured various professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines. Wrestlers portray either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, the bad guys) or faces (technicos in Mexico, the good guys) as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches. Being a professional wrestling event matches are not won legitimately; they are instead won via predetermined outcomes to the matches that is kept secret from the general public. The primary storylines that played out on Super Viernes in February 2012 included the build to a Luchas de Apuestas (Bet match) between Negro Casas and Blue Panther. The match between the two took place on March 3, 2012 at the 2012 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas show, but the build up of the storyline leading into the show culminated in February. CMLL also held the 2012 version of the Reyes del Aire (Kings of the Air) tournament on February 3 as well as the preliminary rounds of their third annual Torneo Nacional De Parejas Increibles tournament, the finals of the tournament took place at Homenaje a Dos Leyendas."}
null
null
Which wrestler who fought in the melee match is now portraying a ruda character ?
La Seductora
0947965025c2cd6a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)', 'title': 'List of television stations in the United States by call sign (initial letter K)', 'header': ['Call letters', 'Channel', 'Network ( s )', 'City and state'], 'data': [{'value': 'KPAX-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPAX-TV', 'summary': "KPAX-TV , virtual channel 8 ( VHF digital channel 7 ) , is a dual CBS/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Missoula , Montana , United States . Owned by the E. W. Scripps Company , it is part of the Montana Television Network , a statewide network of CBS-affiliated stations . KPAX-TV 's studios are located on West Central Avenue in Missoula , and its transmitter is located on TV Mountain north of the city . KAJJ-CD ( virtual and UHF digital channel 18 ) in Kalispell operates as a low-powered , Class A semi-satellite of KPAX-TV ; known on-air as KAJ , it broadcasts the same schedule as KPAX , but with local commercials and news segments . To comply with the requirements of its Class A license , KAJJ also produces its own weeknight 5:30 and 10 p.m. newscasts with a separate anchor , which premiered in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.1 CBS 7.2 The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'Missoula , Montana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missoula,_Montana', 'summary': "Missoula /mɪˈzuːlə/ ( listen ) is a city in the U.S. state of Montana and is the county seat of Missoula County . It is located along the Clark Fork River near its confluences with the Bitterroot and Blackfoot Rivers in western Montana and at the convergence of five mountain ranges , thus it is often described as the hub of five valleys . In 2018 [ update ] , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city 's population at 74,428 and the population of the Missoula Metropolitan Area at 118,791 . After Billings , Missoula is both the second largest city and metropolitan area in Montana . Missoula is home to the University of Montana , a public research university . William T. Hamilton first settled in the Missoula area in 1858 with a trading post near current Missoula along the Rattlesnake Creek along with Captain Richard Grant settling near Grant Creek , and David Pattee near Pattee Canyon . Missoula was founded in 1860 as Hellgate Trading Post while still part of Washington Territory . By 1866 , the settlement had moved east , 5 miles ( 8 km ) upstream , and renamed Missoula Mills , later shortened to Missoula . The mills provided supplies to western settlers traveling along the Mullan Road . The establishment of Fort Missoula in 1877 to protect settlers further stabilized the economy . The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 brought rapid growth and the maturation of the local lumber industry . In 1893 , the Montana Legislature chose the city as the site for the state 's first university ."}]}, {'value': 'KPAZ-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPAZ-TV', 'summary': "KPAZ-TV , virtual channel 21 ( UHF digital channel 20 ) , is a TBN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Phoenix , Arizona , United States . The station is owned by the Trinity Broadcasting Network . KPAZ-TV 's studios are located on East McDowell Road in southeast Phoenix , and its transmitter is located atop South Mountain on the city 's south side ."}]}, {'value': '20 PSIP 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network', 'summary': "The Trinity Broadcasting Network ( TBN ) is an international Christian-based broadcast television network and the world 's largest religious television network . TBN was headquartered in Costa Mesa , California until March 3 , 2017 when it sold its highly visible office park . The broadcaster will retain its Tustin , California facilities . Auxiliary studio facilities are located in Irving , Texas ; Hendersonville , Tennessee ; Gadsden , Alabama ; Decatur , Georgia ; Miami , Florida ; Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Orlando , Florida ; and New York City . TBN broadcasts programs hosted by a diverse group of ministries from Evangelical , traditional Protestant and Catholic denominations , non-profit charities , Messianic Jewish and Christian media personalities . TBN also offers a wide range of original programming , and faith-based films from various distributors . TBN owns and operates six broadcast networks , each reaching separate demographics ; in addition to the main TBN network , TBN owns Hillsong Channel , Smile , TBN Enlace , TBN Salsa and JUCE TV . It also owns several other religious networks outside the United States , including international versions of its five U.S. networks . Matt Crouch currently serves as TBN 's president and head of operations ."}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'KPBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPBS_(TV)', 'summary': "KPBS , virtual channel 15 ( UHF digital channel 19 ) , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to San Diego , California , United States . Owned by San Diego State University as part of KPBS Public Media , it is a sister station to NPR member KPBS-FM ( 89.5 MHz ) . The two outlets share studios on the SDSU campus on Campanile Drive in San Diego . The TV station 's transmitter is located on San Miguel Mountain in southwestern San Diego County . On cable , KPBS is available in standard definition on Cox Communications , Spectrum and AT & T U-verse channel 11 and Cablemás channel 146 . It is also available in high-definition on Cox digital channel 1011 , Spectrum digital channel 711 , AT & T U-verse channel 1011 and Izzi Baja California digital channel 93 . The only time KPBS ' over-the-air channel 15 placement is mentioned at all is during the rare times the station signs on or off ."}]}, {'value': '19 PSIP 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'KPBT-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPBT-TV', 'summary': "KPBT-TV , virtual channel 36 ( UHF digital channel 28 ) , branded on-air as Basin PBS , is a Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station licensed to Odessa , Texas , United States and serving the Permian Basin area . The station is owned by Permian Basin Public Telecommunications , Inc. KPBT 's studios are located on Desta Drive in Midland , and its transmitter is located near Gardendale . On cable , KPBT is carried on channel 13 on most systems in the market ."}]}, {'value': '28 PSIP 36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'Odessa , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odessa,_Texas', 'summary': "Odessa /ˌoʊˈdɛsə/ is a city in and the county seat of Ector County , Texas , United States . It is located primarily in Ector County , although a small section of the city extends into Midland County . Odessa 's population was 99,940 at the 2010 census , making it the 29th-most populous city in Texas ; estimates as of July 2018 indicate a population of 120,568 in the city . It is the principal city of the Odessa Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Ector County . The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland-Odessa combined statistical area , which had a 2010 census population of 278,801 ; a recent report from the United States Census Bureau estimates that the combined population as of July 2015 is 320,513 . In 2014 , Forbes magazine ranked Odessa as the third-fastest growing small city in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'KPCB-DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPCB-DT', 'summary': "KMLM-DT , virtual channel 42 ( UHF digital channel 15 ) , is a religious television station licensed to Odessa , Texas , United States , serving as the flagship station of God 's Learning Channel . The station is owned by Prime Time Christian Broadcasting . KMLM 's studios are located in Odessa , and its transmitter is located near Gardendale . KMLM also operates satellite station KPCB-DT ( virtual and UHF digital channel 17 ) in Snyder , with transmitter north of the city ."}]}, {'value': '17 PSIP 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "God 's Learning Channel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/God's_Learning_Channel", 'summary': "God 's Learning Channel ( GLC ) is a religious satellite network based in West Texas which teaches a Judaizers ' point of view of Christianity . Founded in 1982 by Al and Tommie Cooper , who had a vision to bring Judaism to Southeastern New Mexico , the network steadily grew to five full-power television transmitters located in New Mexico and West Texas . While programming continues to evolve to encompass a wide range of topics , the focal point has been to teach Judaizers their biblical and spiritual connections to the Land of Israel and the Jewish people , presenting Yeshua in the biblical context of a very Jewish Messiah . Today GLC 's unique 24-hour programming can be seen via many venues , including the GloryStar / Galaxy 19 Satellite with coverage from Alaska to Guatemala , and from the eastern seaboard to Hawaii . GLC also provides 24-hour streaming media of its broadcast ( accessible through the GLC website ) , as well as many readily available internet platforms , such as Roku . Within the local broadcast area , which comprises West Texas , much of New Mexico , and parts of Arizona , Colorado , and Oklahoma , GLC can be viewed on most cable systems , Dish Network , and DirecTV . Reception via antenna is available close to any of the five full-power transmitters ."}]}, {'value': 'Snyder , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snyder,_Texas', 'summary': 'Snyder is a town in , and the county seat of Scurry County , Texas , United States . The population was 11,202 at the 2010 census . The city is located in the lower part of the Southwestern Tablelands ecological region .'}]}, {'value': 'KPDX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPDX', 'summary': "KPDX , virtual channel 49 ( UHF digital channel 30 ) , is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station serving Portland , Oregon , United States that is licensed to Vancouver , Washington . As such , it is the only major commercial station in Portland that is licensed to the Washington side of the market . KPDX is owned by the Meredith Local Media subsidiary of Des Moines , Iowa-based Meredith Corporation , as part of a duopoly with Portland-licensed Fox affiliate KPTV ( channel 12 ) . Although the two stations share studios on NW Greenbrier Parkway in Beaverton and transmitter facilities in the Sylvan-Highlands section of Portland , master control and some internal operations are based at Meredith 's West Coast hub facility at the studios of CBS-affiliated sister station KPHO-TV in Phoenix , Arizona . On cable , KPDX is available on channel 13 on Comcast Xfinity and other providers in the market . The station 's signal is relayed in Central Oregon through translator station KUBN-LD ( channel 9 ) in Bend , making the station available in about two-thirds of the state . Since February 2018 , KPDX has been branded as Fox 12 Plus , an extension of the branding used by KPTV ."}]}, {'value': '30 PSIP 49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49.1 MyNetworkTV 49.2 Escape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MyNetworkTV', 'summary': "MyNetworkTV ( unofficially abbreviated as MyTV , MyNet , MNT or MNTV ) , is an American television network/syndication service that is owned by Fox Corporation , operated by its Fox Television Stations division , and distributed through the syndication structure of 20th Television . MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5 , 2006 with an initial affiliate lineup covering about 96% of the country , most of which consisted of stations that were former affiliates of The WB and UPN that did not join the successor of those two networks , The CW . Under the ownership structure of Fox Corporation , the service is incorporated as a subsidiary company known as Master Distribution Service , Inc. On September 28 , 2009 , following disappointment with the network 's results , MyNetworkTV dropped its status as a television network and transitioned into a programming service , similar to Ion Television , relying mainly on repeats of recent broadcast and cable series . Fox Corporation retained MyNetworkTV after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company was completed on March 20 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Escape_(TV_network)', 'summary': 'Court TV Mystery ( formerly Escape , stylized as ESCAPE ) is an American free-to-air television network owned by the Katz Broadcasting subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company . It focuses primarily on mystery and crime programming . It is available in several media markets via the digital subchannels of terrestrial television stations and on the digital tiers of select cable providers through a local affiliate of the network . It mainly competes with digital multicast networks such as Ion Television , This TV , Movies ! , and getTV .'}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington', 'summary': 'Vancouver is a city on the north bank of the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington . It is the largest suburb of Portland , Oregon . Incorporated in 1857 , Vancouver had a population of 161,791 as of the 2010 U.S. census , making it the fourth-largest city in Washington state . Vancouver is the county seat of Clark County and forms part of the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area , the 23rd largest metropolitan area in the United States . Originally established in 1825 around Fort Vancouver , a fur-trading outpost , the city is located on the Washington/Oregon border along the Columbia River , directly north of Portland . In 2005 , Money magazine named it No . 91 on its list of best places in America to live . In 2016 , WalletHub ranked Vancouver the 89th best place in the U.S. for families to live .'}]}, {'value': 'KPEJ-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPEJ-TV', 'summary': 'KPEJ-TV , virtual channel 24 ( UHF digital channel 23 ) , is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Odessa , Texas , United States and serving the Permian Basin area . The station is owned by Marshall Broadcasting Group ; Nexstar Media Group , which owns Midland-licensed ABC affiliate KMID ( channel 2 ) , operates KPEJ under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) . The two stations share studios on Windview Street ( along I-20 ) in southwestern Odessa and transmitter facilities on FM 1788 in rural southeastern Andrews County . On cable , KPEJ is carried on channel 8 on most systems in the market .'}]}, {'value': '23 PSIP 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The Fox Broadcasting Company ( often shortened to Fox and stylized in all caps as FOX ) is an American broadcast television network that is a flagship property of the Fox Corporation . The network is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City , with additional offices at the Fox Broadcasting Center ( also in New York ) and at the Fox Television Center in Los Angeles . Launched on October 9 , 1986 , as a competitor to the Big Three television networks ( ABC , CBS and NBC ) , Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network . It was the highest-rated network in the 18-49 demographic from 2004 to 2012 , and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007-08 season . Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets , although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U.S. network . Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U.S.-based Fox affiliate , either free-to-air or through a pay television provider , although Fox 's National Football League broadcasts and most of its prime time programming are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations for pay television providers imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) to protect rights held by domestically based networks . Fox is named after what was once called 20th Century Fox , its original corporate sibling ( and still its major supplier of programming , despite its acquisition by Disney ) and indirectly for producer William Fox , who founded one of the movie studio 's predecessors , Fox Film . Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters ."}]}, {'value': 'Odessa , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odessa,_Texas', 'summary': "Odessa /ˌoʊˈdɛsə/ is a city in and the county seat of Ector County , Texas , United States . It is located primarily in Ector County , although a small section of the city extends into Midland County . Odessa 's population was 99,940 at the 2010 census , making it the 29th-most populous city in Texas ; estimates as of July 2018 indicate a population of 120,568 in the city . It is the principal city of the Odessa Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Ector County . The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland-Odessa combined statistical area , which had a 2010 census population of 278,801 ; a recent report from the United States Census Bureau estimates that the combined population as of July 2015 is 320,513 . In 2014 , Forbes magazine ranked Odessa as the third-fastest growing small city in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'KPHO-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPHO-TV', 'summary': "KPHO-TV , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 17 ) , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Phoenix , Arizona , United States . The station is owned by the Meredith Local Media subsidiary of Des Moines , Iowa-based Meredith Corporation , as part of a duopoly with independent station KTVK ( channel 3 ) . The two stations share studios on North Seventh Avenue in Uptown Phoenix ; KPHO 's transmitter is located on South Mountain on the city 's south side . KPHO extends its signal throughout northern Arizona by way of more than a dozen translators ."}]}, {'value': '17 PSIP/cable 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Phoenix , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona', 'summary': "Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona , with 1,660,272 people ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States , and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents . Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area , also known as the Valley of the Sun , which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley . The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States , with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles ( 1,341 km2 ) , more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States . Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881 . It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889 . It is in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate . Despite this , its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler 's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades , such as alfalfa , cotton , citrus , and hay . Cotton , cattle , citrus , climate , and copper were known locally as the Five C 's anchoring Phoenix 's economy . These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II , when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix 's hot summers more bearable . The city averaged a four percent annual population growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'KPIC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPIC', 'summary': "KVAL-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Eugene , Oregon , United States . The station is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , which also operates dual NBC/CW+ affiliate KMTR ( channel 16 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner Roberts Media , LLC . KVAL-TV 's studios are located on Blanton Road in Eugene . KMTR maintains separate facilities on International Court in Springfield , Oregon ; master control and some internal operations for KMTR are based at the KVAL studios , where the two stations also share transmitter facilities . KVAL-TV reaches additional viewers in central and western Oregon via co-owned full-powered semi-satellites KCBY-TV in Coos Bay ( virtual and VHF digital channel 11 ) and KPIC in Roseburg ( virtual channel 4 , UHF digital channel 19 ) ."}]}, {'value': '19 PSIP/cable 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Roseburg , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon', 'summary': 'Roseburg is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon . It is in the Umpqua River Valley in southern Oregon and is the county seat and most populous city of Douglas County . Founded in 1851 , the population was 21,181 at the 2010 census , making it the principal city of the Roseburg , Oregon Micropolitan Statistical Area . The community developed along both sides of the South Umpqua River and is traversed by Interstate 5 . Traditionally a lumber industry town , Roseburg is the original home of Roseburg Forest Products , which is now based in nearby Springfield .'}]}, {'value': 'KPIX-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPIX-TV', 'summary': "KPIX-TV , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 29 ) , is a CBS owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Francisco , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . The station is owned by the CBS Television Stations subsidiary of ViacomCBS , as part of a duopoly with CW West Coast flagship KBCW ( channel 44 ) , also licensed to San Francisco . The two stations share studios on Battery Street , just north of San Francisco 's Financial District ; KPIX 's transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower . In addition to KBCW , KPIX shares its building with formerly co-owned radio stations KCBS , KFRC-FM , KGMZ , KITS , KLLC and KMVQ-FM , although they use a different address number for Battery Street ( 865 as opposed to 855 ) ."}]}, {'value': '29 PSIP 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'KPJK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPJK', 'summary': "KPJK , virtual channel 60 ( UHF digital channel 43 ) , is a non-commercial educational independent television station licensed to San Mateo , California , United States and serving the San Francisco Bay Area . Owned by Northern California Public Media ( formerly known as the Rural California Broadcasting Corporation and not to be confused with Northern California Public Broadcasting ) , it is sister to Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member station KRCB ( channel 22 ) and National Public Radio ( NPR ) member station KRCB-FM ( 91.1 MHz ) . KPJK 's studios are located on West Hillsdale Boulevard in southwestern San Mateo , and its transmitter is located atop the Sutro Tower in San Francisco . The station operates 24 hours a day with programming coming from American Public Television and other independent producers . The station was previously owned by The College of San Mateo as KCSM-TV ."}]}, {'value': '43 PSIP 60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Educational Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_station', 'summary': "Independent station is an independent radio or terrestrial television station which is independent in some way from broadcast networks . The definition of independence varies from country to country , reflecting governmental regulations , market environment and the broadcasting medium 's development history . In the United States and Canada , an independent station is a broadcast station which is not directly affiliated with any large network . In Japan , an independent station is a terrestrial station which is not a member of any networks whose dominant stations are located in Tokyo ; see Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations ( JAITS ) for more details . In addition , although The Open University of Japan is not a member of JAITS , it can also be classified as independent ."}]}, {'value': 'San Mateo , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Mateo,_California', 'summary': 'San Mateo ( /ˌsæn məˈteɪ.oʊ/ SAN mə-TAY-oh ; Spanish for Saint Matthew ) is a city in San Mateo County , California , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of San Francisco , and 31 miles ( 50 km ) northwest of San Jose . San Mateo had an estimated 2017 population of 104,748 .'}]}, {'value': 'KPJR-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPJR-TV', 'summary': "KPJR-TV , virtual channel 38 ( UHF digital channel 17 ) , is a TBN owned-and-operated television station serving Denver , Colorado , United States that is licensed to Greeley . The station is owned by the Trinity Broadcasting Network . KPJR-TV 's studios are located on Yates Street in Westminster , and its transmitter is located in rural southwestern Morgan County , east of Frederick ."}]}, {'value': '17 PSIP 38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TBN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network', 'summary': "The Trinity Broadcasting Network ( TBN ) is an international Christian-based broadcast television network and the world 's largest religious television network . TBN was headquartered in Costa Mesa , California until March 3 , 2017 when it sold its highly visible office park . The broadcaster will retain its Tustin , California facilities . Auxiliary studio facilities are located in Irving , Texas ; Hendersonville , Tennessee ; Gadsden , Alabama ; Decatur , Georgia ; Miami , Florida ; Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Orlando , Florida ; and New York City . TBN broadcasts programs hosted by a diverse group of ministries from Evangelical , traditional Protestant and Catholic denominations , non-profit charities , Messianic Jewish and Christian media personalities . TBN also offers a wide range of original programming , and faith-based films from various distributors . TBN owns and operates six broadcast networks , each reaching separate demographics ; in addition to the main TBN network , TBN owns Hillsong Channel , Smile , TBN Enlace , TBN Salsa and JUCE TV . It also owns several other religious networks outside the United States , including international versions of its five U.S. networks . Matt Crouch currently serves as TBN 's president and head of operations ."}]}, {'value': 'Greeley , Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Greeley is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County , Colorado , United States . Greeley is in northern Colorado and is situated 49 miles ( 79 km ) north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver . According to a July 2018 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the city is 107,348 , and a 2014 population estimate made Greeley the 12th-most-populous city in Colorado . Greeley is a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor .'}]}, {'value': 'KPLC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPLC', 'summary': "KPLC virtual and VHF digital channel 7 , is a dual NBC/CW+-affiliated television station licensed to Lake Charles , Louisiana , United States . The station is owned by Gray Television , which also operates dual Fox/ABC affiliate KVHP ( channel 29 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner American Spirit Media . The two stations share studios on Division Street in downtown Lake Charles ; KPLC 's transmitter is located near Fenton , Louisiana . On cable , KPLC is available on Suddenlink channel 9 , while KPLC-DT2 is carried on channel 7 ."}]}, {'value': '7 PSIP 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.1 NBC 7.3 Bounce TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bounce_TV', 'summary': 'Bounce TV is an American digital multicast television network owned by Katz Broadcasting , a subsidiary of E. W. Scripps Company . Promoted as the first 24/7 digital multicast broadcast network created to target African Americans , the channel features a mix of original and acquired programming geared toward African Americans between 25 and 54 years of age . The network is affiliated with broadcast television stations in several markets through digital subchannels ; it is also available on the digital tiers of select cable providers at the discretion of local affiliates .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Charles , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Lake Charles ( French : Lac Charles ) is the fifth-largest incorporated city in the U.S. state of Louisiana , located on Lake Charles , Prien Lake , and the Calcasieu River . Founded in 1861 in Calcasieu Parish , it is a major industrial , cultural , and educational center in the southwest region of the state . As of the 2010 census , the population was 71,993 . Lake Charles is the principal city of the Lake Charles Metropolitan Statistical Area , having a population of 202,040 . It is the larger principal city of the Lake Charles-Jennings Combined Statistical Area , with a population of 225,235 . The 2010 population of the five-parish area of Southwest Louisiana was 292,619 . It is considered a regionally significant center of petrochemical refining , gaming , tourism , and education , being home to McNeese State University and Sowela Technical Community College . Because of the lakes and waterways throughout the city , metropolitan Lake Charles is often referred to as the Lake Area .'}]}, {'value': 'KPLO-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPLO-TV', 'summary': "KELO-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 11 , is a dual CBS/MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to Sioux Falls , South Dakota , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group . KELO-TV 's studios are located on Phillips Avenue in downtown Sioux Falls , and its transmitter is located near Rowena , South Dakota ."}]}, {'value': '13 PSIP 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.1 CBS 13.2 MyNetworkTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MyNetworkTV', 'summary': "MyNetworkTV ( unofficially abbreviated as MyTV , MyNet , MNT or MNTV ) , is an American television network/syndication service that is owned by Fox Corporation , operated by its Fox Television Stations division , and distributed through the syndication structure of 20th Television . MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5 , 2006 with an initial affiliate lineup covering about 96% of the country , most of which consisted of stations that were former affiliates of The WB and UPN that did not join the successor of those two networks , The CW . Under the ownership structure of Fox Corporation , the service is incorporated as a subsidiary company known as Master Distribution Service , Inc. On September 28 , 2009 , following disappointment with the network 's results , MyNetworkTV dropped its status as a television network and transitioned into a programming service , similar to Ion Television , relying mainly on repeats of recent broadcast and cable series . Fox Corporation retained MyNetworkTV after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company was completed on March 20 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reliance , South Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reliance,_South_Dakota', 'summary': 'Reliance is a town in Lyman County , South Dakota , United States . The population was 191 at the 2010 census . Reliance was laid out in 1905 .'}]}, {'value': 'KPLR-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPLR-TV', 'summary': "KPLR-TV , virtual channel 11 ( UHF digital channel 26 ) , is a CW-affiliated television station licensed to St. Louis , Missouri , United States . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , as part of a duopoly with Fox affiliate KTVI ( channel 2 ) . The two stations share studios on Ball Drive in the northwestern St. Louis County suburb of Maryland Heights ( though with a St. Louis city postal address ) ; KPLR 's transmitter is located in Lemay . On cable , the station is available on Charter Spectrum channels 11 ( standard definition ) and 711 ( high definition ) , and on AT & T U-verse channels 11 ( SD ) and 1011 ( HD ) ."}]}, {'value': '26 PSIP/cable 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The CW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_CW', 'summary': "The CW Television Network ( commonly referred to as just The CW ) is an American English-language free-to-air television network that is operated by The CW Network , LLC , a limited liability joint venture between the CBS Entertainment Group unit of ViacomCBS ; and AT & T , whose WarnerMedia subsidiary is the parent company of Warner Bros. , former majority owner of The WB . The network 's name is an abbreviation derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations ( CBS and Warner Bros. ) . The CW Television Network made its debut on September 18 , 2006 , after its two predecessors , UPN and The WB , respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year . The CW 's first two nights of programming - on September 18 and 19 , 2006 - consisted of reruns and launch-related specials . The CW marked its formal launch date on September 20 , 2006 , with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of America 's Next Top Model . Originally , the network 's programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34 , although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeals to men . As of August 2017 , the CW 's audience is 50% male and 50% female . The network currently runs programming seven days a week : airing Mondays through Fridays in the afternoon ( The CW Daytime ) and Sundays through Fridays in prime time , along with a Saturday morning live-action educational programming block produced by Litton Entertainment called One Magnificent Morning , which is the successor to the animation block Vortexx . It is also available in Canada on pay television providers through stations owned-and-operated by ViacomCBS and affiliates that are located within proximity to the Canada-United States border ( whose broadcasts of CW shows are subject to simultaneous substitution laws imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission , if a Canadian network holds the broadcast rights ) ; it is also available through two affiliates that are classified in the United States as superstations - New York City affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles affiliate KTLA . Additionally , The CW is available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico-U.S. border ( such as KFMB-DT2/San Diego-Tijuana , KECY-DT3 in El Centro , California , KVIA-DT2 in El Paso , and KCWT-CD with simulcasters KFXV-LD2 KNVO-DT4 in McAllen-Brownsville , Texas and XHRIO-TV in Matamoros , Tamaulipas ) on pay television providers . In both Canada and Mexico , some CW affiliate signals originating from the U.S. are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the station 's signal coverage ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'KPMR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPMR', 'summary': "KPMR , virtual channel 38 ( UHF digital channel 21 ) , is a Univision-affiliated television station licensed to Santa Barbara , California , United States and serving the Central Coast of California . Owned by Entravision Communications , it is a sister station to Santa Maria-licensed UniMás affiliate KTSB-CD , channel 35 ( which is simulcast on KPMR 's third digital subchannel ) . The two stations share studios on Fairway Drive in Santa Maria ; KPMR 's transmitter is located atop Broadcast Peak , between Santa Barbara and Santa Ynez in the Santa Ynez Mountains ."}]}, {'value': '21 PSIP 38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38.1 Univision 43.2 KTSB-CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Univision', 'summary': "Univision ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uniβiˈsjon ] ( listen ) ) is an American Spanish-language free-to-air television network that is owned by Univision Communications . It is the country 's largest provider of Spanish-language content , followed by American competitor Telemundo . The network 's programming is aimed at the Latino public and includes telenovelas and other drama series , sports , sitcoms , reality and variety series , news programming , and imported Spanish-language feature films . Univision is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , and has its major studios , production facilities , and business operations based in Doral , Florida ( near Miami ) . Univision is available on pay television providers throughout most of the United States , with local stations in over 60 markets with large Latin American communities . Most of these stations air full local newscasts and other local programming in addition to network shows ; in major markets such as Los Angeles , Miami , and New York City , the local newscasts carried by the network 's owned-and-operated stations are equally competitive with their English language counterparts ratings-wise . Chief operating officer Randy Falco ( who was appointed to the position on January 18 , 2011 , and officially took over as CEO on June 29 of that year ) has been in charge of the company since the departure of Univision Communications president and CEO Joe Uva in April 2010 . In March 2018 , it was announced Falco would be retiring and stepping down as CEO ."}, {'url': '/wiki/KTSB-CA', 'summary': "KTSB-CD , virtual and UHF digital channel 35 , is a low-powered , Class A UniMás-affiliated television station licensed to Santa Maria , California , United States . Owned by Entravision Communications , it is a sister station to Santa Barbara-licensed Univision affiliate KPMR ( channel 38 ) . The two stations share studios on Fairway Drive in Santa Maria ; KTSB-CD 's transmitter is located on Tepusquet Peak in Los Padres National Forest east of Santa Maria ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Barbara , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California', 'summary': "Santa Barbara ( Spanish : Santa Bárbara ; Spanish for Saint Barbara ) is a coastal city in , and the county seat of , Santa Barbara County in the U.S. state of California . Situated on a south-facing section of coastline , the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States , the city lies between the steeply rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santa Barbara 's climate is often described as Mediterranean , and the city has been promoted as the American Riviera . As of 2018 , [ update ] the city had an estimated population of 91,350 , up from 88,410 in 2010 , making it the second most populous city in the county after Santa Maria . The contiguous urban area , which includes the cities of Goleta and Carpinteria , along with the unincorporated regions of Isla Vista , Montecito , Mission Canyon , Hope Ranch , Summerland , and others , has an approximate population of 220,000 . The population of the entire county in 2010 was 423,895 . In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination , the city economy includes a large service sector , education , technology , health care , finance , agriculture , manufacturing , and local government . In 2004 , the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment . Education in particular is well-represented , with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast ( the University of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara City College , Westmont College , and Antioch University ) . The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city , Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft , and train service is provided by Amtrak , which operates the Pacific Surfliner ( which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo ) . U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles roughly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the southeast and San Francisco around 325 miles ( 525 km ) to the northwest . Behind the city , in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains , is the Los Padres National Forest , which contains several remote wilderness areas ."}]}, {'value': 'KPNE-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPNE-TV', 'summary': 'Nebraska Educational Telecommunications ( NET ) is a state network of public radio and television stations in the U.S. state of Nebraska and is based in Lincoln . It is operated by the Nebraska Educational Telecommunications Commission . The television stations are all members of PBS , while the radio stations are members of NPR . The network is headquartered in the Terry M. Carpenter & Jack G. McBride Nebraska Educational Telecommunications Center which is located at 1800 N. 33rd Street on the East campus of the University of Nebraska in Lincoln , and has a satellite studio in Omaha .'}]}, {'value': '9 PSIP 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service', 'summary': "The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor . It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States , distributing series such as American Experience , America 's Test Kitchen , Antiques Roadshow , Arthur , Barney & Friends , Clifford the Big Red Dog , Downton Abbey , Finding Your Roots , Frontline , The Magic School Bus , Masterpiece , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Nature , Nova , the PBS NewsHour , Reading Rainbow , Sesame Street , Teletubbies , and This Old House . PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , National Datacast , pledge drives , and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens . All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source . Since the mid-2000s , Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States . A 2016-2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network 's programs over the course of a year . However , PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations , a large proportion of which may come from its member stations , including WGBH-TV , WETA-TV , WNET , WTTW , WHYY-TV , Twin Cities PBS , American Public Television , and independent producers . This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service present a frequent source of viewer confusion . PBS has more than 350 member television stations , many owned by educational institutions , nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution , or entities owned by or related to state government ."}]}, {'value': 'North Platte , Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Platte,_Nebraska', 'summary': "North Platte is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County , Nebraska , United States . It is located in the southwestern part of the state , along Interstate 80 , at the confluence of the North and South Platte Rivers forming the Platte River . The population was 24,733 at the 2010 census . North Platte is a railroad town ; Union Pacific Railroad 's large Bailey Yard is located within the city . Today , North Platte is served only by freight trains , but during World War II the city was famous for the North Platte Canteen . Tens of thousands [ citation needed ] of volunteers from North Platte and surrounding towns met the troop trains passing through North Platte , offering coffee , sandwiches and hospitality . North Platte is the principal city of the North Platte Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Lincoln , Logan , and McPherson counties ."}]}, {'value': 'KPNX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPNX', 'summary': "KPNX , virtual and VHF digital channel 12 , is an NBC-affiliated television station serving Phoenix , Arizona , United States that is licensed to Mesa . The station is owned by Tegna Inc. KPNX 's studios are located at the Republic Media building on Van Buren Street in downtown Phoenix ( which also houses formerly co-owned newspaper The Arizona Republic ) , and its transmitter is located atop South Mountain on the city 's south side . KNAZ-TV ( channel 2 ) in Flagstaff , Arizona operates as a full-time satellite of KPNX . The station 's signal is also relayed through a network of 14 low-power translators across northern and central Arizona ."}]}, {'value': '12 PSIP 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'Mesa , Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Mesa ( /ˈmeɪsə/ MAY-sə ) is a city in Maricopa County , in the U.S. state of Arizona . It is a suburb located about 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Phoenix in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area . It is bordered by Tempe on the west , the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north , Chandler and Gilbert on the south along with Queen Creek , and Apache Junction on the east . Mesa is the largest suburban city by population in the United States , the third-largest city in Arizona after Phoenix and Tucson , the 35th-largest city overall in the US , and the largest city that is not a county seat . The city is home to 508,958 people as of 2018 according to the Census Bureau , which makes it more populous than major cities such as Minneapolis , St. Louis , or Miami . Mesa is home to numerous higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University . It is also home to the largest relief airport in the Phoenix area , Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport , which is located in the southeastern corner of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'KPNZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPNZ', 'summary': "KPNZ , virtual and UHF digital channel 24 , is an Azteca América owned-and-operated television station serving Salt Lake City , Utah , United States that is licensed to Ogden . Owned by HC2 Holdings , it is sister to low-power station KBTU-LD ( channel 23 ) . KPNZ 's studios are located on North Wright Brothers Drive in the northwestern section of Salt Lake City , and its transmitter is located on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains , southwest of Salt Lake City ."}]}, {'value': '24 PSIP 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estrella TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estrella_TV', 'summary': "Estrella TV ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtɾeʎa teˈβe ] ( listen ) ; stylized on-air as estrellaTV ) is an American Spanish-language broadcast television network that is owned by the Estrella Media subsidiary of HPS Investment Partners , LLC . The network primarily features programs , the vast majority of which are produced by the network itself , aimed at Hispanic and Latino American audiences - featuring a mix of variety and sketch comedy series , music programming , reality television series , scripted anthology drama series , news programming , sports , and imported Mexican-produced feature films . Estrella TV 's programming , production and advertising operations are headquartered in the Los Angeles suburb of Burbank , California . The network 's operations are overseen by Estrella Media CEO Peter Markham , who has been in the post since the departure of co-founder Lenard Liberman amid a corporate reorganization in October 2019 . The network is available in many media markets via low-power and some full-power over-the-air broadcast television stations ( many of which carry Estrella TV on their digital subchannels ) , and on select cable television providers through either a local broadcast affiliate or the network 's default national feed ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogden , Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden,_Utah', 'summary': "Ogden /ˈɒɡdən/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County , Utah , United States , approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Salt Lake City . The population was 87,325 in 2018 , according to the US Census Bureau , making it Utah 's 7th largest city . The city served as a major railway hub through much of its history , and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce . Ogden is also known for its many historic buildings , proximity to the Wasatch Mountains , and as the location of Weber State University . Ogden is a principal city of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which includes all of Weber , Morgan , Davis , and Box Elder counties . The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159 . In 2010 , Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family . Ogden has had a sister city relationship to Hof ( Germany ) since 1954 ."}]}, {'value': 'KPOB-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KPOB-TV', 'summary': "WSIL-TV , virtual channel 3 ( UHF digital channel 34 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Harrisburg , Illinois , United States , serving Southern Illinois , Southeast Missouri , and the Purchase area of Western Kentucky . The station is owned by Quincy Media . WSIL-TV 's studios are located on Country Aire Drive ( IL 13 ) in Carterville , and its transmitter is located near Creal Springs , Illinois . KPOB-TV ( virtual and UHF digital channel 15 ) in Poplar Bluff , Missouri operates as a full-time satellite of WSIL-TV ; this station 's transmitter is located along US 60/67 in Poplar Bluff . KPOB covers areas of southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas that receive a marginal to non-existent over-the-air signal from WSIL , although there is significant overlap between the two stations ' contours otherwise . KPOB is a straight simulcast of WSIL ; on-air references to KPOB are limited to Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) -mandated hourly station identifications during newscasts and other programming . Aside from the transmitter , KPOB does not maintain any physical presence locally in Poplar Bluff . WSIL-TV can also be seen on a digital translator , K10KM-D ( channel 10 ) , in Cape Girardeau , Missouri ."}]}, {'value': '15 PSIP 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Poplar Bluff , Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Poplar Bluff is a small city in Butler County in Southeast Missouri , United States . It is the county seat of Butler County and is known as The Gateway to the Ozarks among other names . The population was 17,023 at the 2010 census . The Poplar Bluff Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of all of Butler County . The city is at the crossroads of U.S. Route 60 and U.S. Route 67 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'KP', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_States_by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K)_15', 'intro': 'This is a list of full-power television stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letter K. Low-power TV stations, those with designations such as KAGN-LP or K11XQ, have not been included in this list. See also the list of TV stations beginning with W and the list of TV stations beginning with X.'}
null
null
What is the number of residents of the city of KPBT-TV ?
120,568
09488aafb428f241
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Asian_Games', 'title': 'Indonesia at the Asian Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Event', 'Games'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefri Ardianto Rio Darmawan Ferdiansyah Tanzil Hadid Ujang Hasbulloh Ihram Ardi Ihsadi Muhad Yakin', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Lightweight Coxed Eight", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 2018 Asian Games was held at the JSC Lake , Palembang , Indonesia from 19 to 24 August 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2018 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2018 Asian Games ( Indonesian : Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 , [ citation needed ] Asian Games 2018 ) , officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta-Palembang 2018 , was a pan-Asian multi-sport event held from 18 August to 2 September 2018 in the Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang . The Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) originally awarded the games to Hanoi , Vietnam in November 2012 , but the hosting rights were given up seventeen months later . Indonesia , which originally finished second in the bid , was considered as the strongest replacement candidate and eventually awarded the rights amid the 2014 games . Surabaya , the city put forward during the bid , was replaced by Jakarta and Palembang , having hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games together . For the first time , the Summer Asian Games were co-hosted by two cities ; the Indonesian capital of Jakarta ( which was hosting the Games for the first time since 1962 ) , and Palembang , the capital of the South Sumatra province . Events were held in and around the two cities , including venues in Bandung and the provinces of West Java and Banten . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta . Several non-Olympic events were trimmed from the event programme , but several new disciplines being introduced at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ( including 3-on-3 basketball ) were added . eSports and canoe polo were also contested as demonstration sports . China led the medal tally for the tenth consecutive time . North and South Korea fielded a unified team during the opening ceremony and selected events , and also won their first-ever gold medal as a unified team at a multi-sport event . 6 world , 18 Asian and 86 Asian Games records were broken during the Games , while Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lasmin', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Singles Sculls", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1998_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games was held in Map Prachan Reservoir , Chonburi Province , Thailand from December 16 to 19 , 1998 .'}]}, {'value': '1998 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 1998 Asian Games ( Thai : เอเชียนเกมส์ 2541 ) , officially known as the 13th Asian Games and the XIII Asiad , [ citation needed ] was an Asian multi-sport event celebrated in Bangkok , Thailand from December 6 to 20 , 1998 , with 377 events in 36 sports and disciplines participated by 6,554 athletes across the continent . The football event commenced on 30 November 1998 , a week earlier than the opening ceremony . Bangkok was awarded the right on September 26 , 1990 , defeating Taipei , Chinese Taipei and Jakarta , Indonesia to host the Games . It was the first city to hosted the Asian Games for four times , the last three editions it hosted were in 1966 , 1970 and 1978 . The event was opened by Bhumibol Adulyadej , the king of Thailand at the Rajamangala Stadium . The final medal tally was led by China , followed by South Korea , Japan and the host Thailand . Thailand set a new record with 24 gold medals . In addition , Japanese Athletics Koji Ito was announced as the most valuable player ( MVP ) of the Games . The games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Asian nations . For Thailand , it was one of its remarkable achievement in sports development throughout its modern history .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Buton Ferdiansyah Ihram Ardi Isadi', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Lightweight Coxless Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2018_Asian_Games_–_Men's_lightweight_coxless_four", 'summary': "The men 's lightweight coxless four competition at the 2018 Asian Games was held on 19-23 August at the JSC Lake ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2018 Asian Games ( Indonesian : Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 , [ citation needed ] Asian Games 2018 ) , officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta-Palembang 2018 , was a pan-Asian multi-sport event held from 18 August to 2 September 2018 in the Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang . The Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) originally awarded the games to Hanoi , Vietnam in November 2012 , but the hosting rights were given up seventeen months later . Indonesia , which originally finished second in the bid , was considered as the strongest replacement candidate and eventually awarded the rights amid the 2014 games . Surabaya , the city put forward during the bid , was replaced by Jakarta and Palembang , having hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games together . For the first time , the Summer Asian Games were co-hosted by two cities ; the Indonesian capital of Jakarta ( which was hosting the Games for the first time since 1962 ) , and Palembang , the capital of the South Sumatra province . Events were held in and around the two cities , including venues in Bandung and the provinces of West Java and Banten . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta . Several non-Olympic events were trimmed from the event programme , but several new disciplines being introduced at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ( including 3-on-3 basketball ) were added . eSports and canoe polo were also contested as demonstration sports . China led the medal tally for the tenth consecutive time . North and South Korea fielded a unified team during the opening ceremony and selected events , and also won their first-ever gold medal as a unified team at a multi-sport event . 6 world , 18 Asian and 86 Asian Games records were broken during the Games , while Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kakan Kusmana Memo Edwin Rudiana Sulpianto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memo_(rower)', 'summary': "Memo ( born 8 January 1995 ) is an Indonesian rower . He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , in the men 's single sculls . He is one of the first Indonesians to compete in rowing at the Olympics alongside Dewi Yuliawati . He qualified for the Olympics because of his performance at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in Chungju , South Korea ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Quadruple Sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2018_Asian_Games_–_Men's_quadruple_sculls", 'summary': "The men 's quadruple sculls competition at the 2018 Asian Games in Palembang , Indonesia was held from 20 August to 24 August at the JSC Lake ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2018 Asian Games ( Indonesian : Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 , [ citation needed ] Asian Games 2018 ) , officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta-Palembang 2018 , was a pan-Asian multi-sport event held from 18 August to 2 September 2018 in the Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang . The Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) originally awarded the games to Hanoi , Vietnam in November 2012 , but the hosting rights were given up seventeen months later . Indonesia , which originally finished second in the bid , was considered as the strongest replacement candidate and eventually awarded the rights amid the 2014 games . Surabaya , the city put forward during the bid , was replaced by Jakarta and Palembang , having hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games together . For the first time , the Summer Asian Games were co-hosted by two cities ; the Indonesian capital of Jakarta ( which was hosting the Games for the first time since 1962 ) , and Palembang , the capital of the South Sumatra province . Events were held in and around the two cities , including venues in Bandung and the provinces of West Java and Banten . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta . Several non-Olympic events were trimmed from the event programme , but several new disciplines being introduced at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ( including 3-on-3 basketball ) were added . eSports and canoe polo were also contested as demonstration sports . China led the medal tally for the tenth consecutive time . North and South Korea fielded a unified team during the opening ceremony and selected events , and also won their first-ever gold medal as a unified team at a multi-sport event . 6 world , 18 Asian and 86 Asian Games records were broken during the Games , while Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juliati Nelliewaty Tuah Tutie', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Lightweight Coxless Four", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1990_Asian_Games', 'summary': "For the Rowing competition at the 1990 Asian Games in Jianhaihu Aquatic Centre , Beijing , China , men 's and women 's singles , doubles , and fours competed from September 23 to September 26 ."}]}, {'value': '1990 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_Asian_Games', 'summary': "The 1990 Asian Games also known as the XI Asiad and the 11th Asian Games ( Chinese : 第十一届亚洲运动会 ; pinyin : Dì shíyī jiè yàzhōu yùndònghuì ) , were held from September 22 to October 7 , 1990 , in Beijing , China . This was the first Asian Games held in China . The games served as a precursor to China 's further development in the sporting arena , as the country went on to bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics ( losing to Sydney ) in 1993 and eventually won the bid for the 2008 Summer Olympics in 2001 . China dominated the games , grabbing 60% of the gold medals and 34% of the total medal count . This also marked Taiwan 's first participation in the Asian Games as Chinese Taipei ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agus Budi Aji Aldino Maryandi Rahmat Rodiaman', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Lightweight Coxless Four", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2002_Asian_Games', 'summary': "For the Rowing competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan , South Korea , men 's and women 's singles , doubles , and fours competed at the Nakdong River Rowing and Canoeing Courses from September 30 to October 3 ."}]}, {'value': '2002 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2002 Asian Games ( Korean : 2002년 아시아 경기대회 , romanized : Icheoni-nyeon Asia gyeonggi daehoe ) , also known as the XIV Asian Games ( Korean : 제14회 아시아 경기대회 , romanized : Jesipsahoe Asia gyeonggi daehoe ) , were an international multi-sport event held in Busan , South Korea from September 29 to October 14 , 2002 with the football event commenced 2 days before the opening ceremony . Busan is the second city in South Korea , after Seoul in 1986 to host the Games . This was the second time South Korea hosted the event . A total of 419 events in 38 sports were contested by 7,711 athletes from 44 countries . The Games were also co-hosted by its four neighbouring cities : Ulsan , Changwon , Masan and Yangsan . It was opened by President of South Korea , Kim Dae-jung , at the Busan Asiad Main Stadium . The final medal tally was led by China , followed by host South Korea and Japan . South Korea set a new record with 95 gold medals . 22 world records , 43 Asian records were broken during the Games . In addition , Japanese Swimming Kosuke Kitajima was announced as the most valuable player ( MVP ) of the Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Hallatu Iswandi Jamaluddin Sumardi', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Coxless Four", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2006_Asian_Games_–_Men's_coxless_four", 'summary': "The men 's coxless four competition at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha was held from 3 December to 7 December at the West Bay Lagoon . Since Doha was scarce of water the distance had to be shortened from standard 2000 meters to 1000 meters ."}]}, {'value': '2006 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2006 Asian Games ( Arabic : دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2006 , romanized : Dawrat al-ʼAlab al-Asīawīah 2006 ) , officially known as the XV Asiad , was an Asian multi-sport event held in Doha , Qatar from December 1 to 15 , 2006 with 424 events in 39 sports featured in the games . Doha was the first city in its region and only the second in West Asia ( following Tehran in 1974 ) to host the games . It was the first time that all 45 member nations of the Olympic Council of Asia took part in this event . Also , Eurosport broadcast the event , marking the first time that the European continent could watch this Asian sporting event . 21 competition venues were used for the Games including the newly constructed Aspire indoor sports complex . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Khalifa International Stadium . Trampoline discipline of gymnastics , and the sports of chess and triathlon made their debut at the event . The final medal tally was led by China followed by South Korea and Japan with host Qatar at ninth place . Tajikistan , Jordan and United Arab Emirates won their first ever Asian Games gold medals . 7 world and 23 Asian records were broken during the games , while South Korean swimmer Park Tae-hwan was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pere Karoba', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Singles Sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2006_Asian_Games_–_Women's_single_sculls", 'summary': "The women 's single sculls competition at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha was held from 3 December to 7 December at the West Bay Lagoon . Since Doha was scarce of water the distance had to be shortened from standard 2000 meters to 1000 meters ."}]}, {'value': '2006 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2006 Asian Games ( Arabic : دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2006 , romanized : Dawrat al-ʼAlab al-Asīawīah 2006 ) , officially known as the XV Asiad , was an Asian multi-sport event held in Doha , Qatar from December 1 to 15 , 2006 with 424 events in 39 sports featured in the games . Doha was the first city in its region and only the second in West Asia ( following Tehran in 1974 ) to host the games . It was the first time that all 45 member nations of the Olympic Council of Asia took part in this event . Also , Eurosport broadcast the event , marking the first time that the European continent could watch this Asian sporting event . 21 competition venues were used for the Games including the newly constructed Aspire indoor sports complex . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Khalifa International Stadium . Trampoline discipline of gymnastics , and the sports of chess and triathlon made their debut at the event . The final medal tally was led by China followed by South Korea and Japan with host Qatar at ninth place . Tajikistan , Jordan and United Arab Emirates won their first ever Asian Games gold medals . 7 world and 23 Asian records were broken during the games , while South Korean swimmer Park Tae-hwan was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanzil Hadid Ihram Ardi Isadi Muhad Yakin', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's Lightweight Quadruple Sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2014_Asian_Games_–_Men's_lightweight_quadruple_sculls", 'summary': "The men 's lightweight quadruple sculls competition at the 2014 Asian Games in Chungju , South Korea was held from 21 September to 25 September at the Tangeum Lake International Rowing Center ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2014 Asian Games ( Korean : 2014년 아시아 경기대회 , romanized : Icheon sibsa-nyeon Asia gyeonggi daehoe ) , officially known as the 17th Asian Games ( Korean : 제17회 아시아 경기대회 , romanized : Jesibchilhoe Asia gyeonggi daehoe ) , was a pan-Asian multi-sport event held in Incheon , South Korea . This was the third time South Korea hosted the Asian Games , and its first time since 2002 . Previously , it had also hosted the 1986 edition of the games . Incheon was awarded the right on 17 April 2007 , defeating Delhi , India to host the Games and was the third city in South Korea after Seoul ( 1986 ) and Busan ( 2002 ) to host the Asian Games . The games was held from 19 September to 4 October 2014 , although several events had commenced from 14 September 2014 . Around 9,501 athletes participated in the event which featured 439 events in 36 sports . It was opened by the President of South Korea , Park Geun-hye at the Incheon Asiad Main Stadium . The final medal tally was led by China , followed by host South Korea and Japan , while Cambodia won its first-ever Asian Games gold medal . During the Games , 14 World and 27 Asian records were broken . Japanese swimmer Kosuke Hagino was announced as the most valuable player ( MVP ) of the Games . Though there were several controversies , the Games were deemed generally successful with its low hosting cost and with the rising standard of competition amongst the Asian nations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julianti Yayah Rokayah', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Coxless Pair", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2018_Asian_Games_–_Women's_coxless_pair", 'summary': "The women 's coxless pair competition at the 2018 Asian Games was held on 19-23 August at the JSC Lake ."}]}, {'value': '2018 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2018 Asian Games ( Indonesian : Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 , [ citation needed ] Asian Games 2018 ) , officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta-Palembang 2018 , was a pan-Asian multi-sport event held from 18 August to 2 September 2018 in the Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang . The Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) originally awarded the games to Hanoi , Vietnam in November 2012 , but the hosting rights were given up seventeen months later . Indonesia , which originally finished second in the bid , was considered as the strongest replacement candidate and eventually awarded the rights amid the 2014 games . Surabaya , the city put forward during the bid , was replaced by Jakarta and Palembang , having hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games together . For the first time , the Summer Asian Games were co-hosted by two cities ; the Indonesian capital of Jakarta ( which was hosting the Games for the first time since 1962 ) , and Palembang , the capital of the South Sumatra province . Events were held in and around the two cities , including venues in Bandung and the provinces of West Java and Banten . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta . Several non-Olympic events were trimmed from the event programme , but several new disciplines being introduced at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ( including 3-on-3 basketball ) were added . eSports and canoe polo were also contested as demonstration sports . China led the medal tally for the tenth consecutive time . North and South Korea fielded a unified team during the opening ceremony and selected events , and also won their first-ever gold medal as a unified team at a multi-sport event . 6 world , 18 Asian and 86 Asian Games records were broken during the Games , while Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea Corputty Julianti Wa Ode Rahmanjani Yayah Rokayah', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's Coxless Four", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 2018 Asian Games was held at the JSC Lake , Palembang , Indonesia from 19 to 24 August 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2018 Asian Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The 2018 Asian Games ( Indonesian : Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 , [ citation needed ] Asian Games 2018 ) , officially known as the 18th Asian Games and also known as Jakarta-Palembang 2018 , was a pan-Asian multi-sport event held from 18 August to 2 September 2018 in the Indonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang . The Olympic Council of Asia ( OCA ) originally awarded the games to Hanoi , Vietnam in November 2012 , but the hosting rights were given up seventeen months later . Indonesia , which originally finished second in the bid , was considered as the strongest replacement candidate and eventually awarded the rights amid the 2014 games . Surabaya , the city put forward during the bid , was replaced by Jakarta and Palembang , having hosted the 2011 Southeast Asian Games together . For the first time , the Summer Asian Games were co-hosted by two cities ; the Indonesian capital of Jakarta ( which was hosting the Games for the first time since 1962 ) , and Palembang , the capital of the South Sumatra province . Events were held in and around the two cities , including venues in Bandung and the provinces of West Java and Banten . The opening and closing ceremonies of the Games were held at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta . Several non-Olympic events were trimmed from the event programme , but several new disciplines being introduced at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo ( including 3-on-3 basketball ) were added . eSports and canoe polo were also contested as demonstration sports . China led the medal tally for the tenth consecutive time . North and South Korea fielded a unified team during the opening ceremony and selected events , and also won their first-ever gold medal as a unified team at a multi-sport event . 6 world , 18 Asian and 86 Asian Games records were broken during the Games , while Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee was announced as the most valuable player .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': 'See also : Rowing at the Asian Games', 'uid': 'Indonesia_at_the_Asian_Games_28', 'intro': 'Indonesia is a member of the Southeast Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and has competed in all editions of the Asian Games since it was first held in 1951, one of only seven countries to do so.'}
null
null
In which event did Indonesia win a medal at the games to feature 7,711 athletes ?
Men 's Lightweight Coxless Four
094a78128ca08469
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_newspapers', 'title': 'List of the oldest newspapers', 'header': ['Date', 'Newspaper', 'Language', 'Place', 'Country/Region', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1605', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Relation_aller_Fürnemmen_und_gedenckwürdigen_Historien', 'summary': "Johann Carolus ( 1575−1634 ) was a German publisher of the first newspaper , called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ( Account of all distinguished and commemorable stories ) . The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers , as well as many authors , as the world 's first newspaper . Carolus published the German-language newspaper in Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ."}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strasbourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strasbourg', 'summary': "Strasbourg ( UK : /ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/ , US : /ˈstræs- , ˈstrɑːsbʊərɡ , ˈstrɑːzbʊərɡ , -bɜːrɡ , strɑːzˈbʊər/ , French : [ stʁazbuʁ , stʁasbuʁ ] ( listen ) ; Bas Rhin Alsatian : Strossburi [ ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁi ] ( listen ) , Haut Rhin Alsatian : Strossburig [ ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁiɡ̊ ] ( listen ) ; German : Straßburg [ ˈʃtʁaːsbʊʁk ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament . Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace , it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin department . In 2017 , the city proper had 280,966 inhabitants and both the Eurométropole de Strasbourg ( Greater Strasbourg ) and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 494,089 inhabitants . Strasbourg 's metropolitan area had a population of 785,839 in 2016 ( not counting the section across the border in Germany ) , making it the ninth-largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est region 's inhabitants . The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 958,421 inhabitants . Strasbourg is one of the de facto three main capitals of the European Union ( alongside Brussels and Luxembourg ) , as it is the seat of several European institutions , such as the Council of Europe ( with its European Court of Human Rights , its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines most commonly known in French as Pharmacopée Européenne its European Audiovisual Observatory ) , the Eurocorps , as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union . Together with Basel ( Bank for International Settlements ) , Geneva ( United Nations headquarters in Europe ) and New York City ( United Nations world headquarters ) , Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world not being a state capital and hosting international organisations of the first order . The city is the seat of many non-European international institutions such as the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights . It is the second city in France in terms of international congress and symposia , after Paris . Strasbourg 's historic city centre , the Grande Île ( Grand Island ) , was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 , the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre . Strasbourg is immersed in Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history , has been a cultural bridge between France and Germany for centuries , especially through the University of Strasbourg , currently the second-largest in France , and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture . It is also home to the largest Islamic place of worship in France , the Strasbourg Grand Mosque ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire', 'summary': 'The Holy Roman Empire ( Latin : Sacrum Imperium Romanum ; German : Heiliges Römisches Reich ) , also known as Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars . The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany , though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy , plus numerous other territories , and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added . Its size gradually diminished over time , particularly from 1648 onward , and by the time of its dissolution , it largely contained only German-speaking territories ( although Switzerland and East Prussia were not included ) , plus the Kingdom of Bohemia which was bordered by the German lands on three sides . At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation . On 25 December 800 , Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor , reviving the title in Western Europe , more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476 . The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899 , after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant , Berengar I , in 924 . The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor , fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries . Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire , while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning . Scholars generally concur , however , in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire , describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role . The exact term Holy Roman Empire was not used until the 13th century , but the concept of translatio imperii , [ d ] the notion that he - the sovereign ruler - held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome , was fundamental to the prestige of the emperor . The office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective , although frequently controlled by dynasties . The mostly German prince-electors , the highest-ranking noblemen of the empire , usually elected one of their peers as King of the Romans , and he would later be crowned emperor by the Pope ; the tradition of papal coronations was discontinued in the 16th century .'}]}, {'value': "World 's first weekly newspaper by Johann Carolus", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Carolus', 'summary': "Johann Carolus ( 1575−1634 ) was a German publisher of the first newspaper , called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ( Account of all distinguished and commemorable stories ) . The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers , as well as many authors , as the world 's first newspaper . Carolus published the German-language newspaper in Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ."}]}, {'value': '1609', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avisa Relation oder Zeitung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avisa_Relation_oder_Zeitung', 'summary': "Avisa Relation oder Zeitung was one of the first news-periodicals in the world . It was published in Wolfenbüttel , Germany , in 1609 . The printer/publisher was Lucas Schulte . The first issue states that the news had been collected from various countries by 15 January . It is presumed that the issue was printed on or about that date . Some books mention the Avisa as the world 's first newspaper . Before 2005 there was a dispute whether the Avisa or the Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , which was printed in Strassburg by Johann Carolus , was first . It was believed that both started in 1609 . New evidence found in 2005 , however , suggests that the Relation started as early as 1605 . The last issue of the newspaper probably appeared on December 15 , 1632 . [ citation needed ] There is also a differing view , which does not regard either of these two publications as newspapers in a formal sense . Authors like Stanley Morison make a distinction between newsbooks ( weekly news publications in a quarto format ) and later folio-sized newspapers ."}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wolfenbüttel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfenbüttel', 'summary': 'Wolfenbüttel ( German pronunciation : [ ˌvɔlfn̩ˈbʏtl̩ ] ) is a town in Lower Saxony , Germany , the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District . It is best known as the location of the internationally renowned Herzog August Library and for having the largest concentration of timber-framed buildings in Germany . It is an episcopal see of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick . It is also home to the Jägermeister distillery and houses a campus of the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , Holy Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel', 'summary': 'The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ( German : Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel ) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications . Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . As a result of the Congress of Vienna , its successor state , the Duchy of Brunswick , was created in 1815 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1610', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Name not given in source', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basel', 'summary': "Basel ( /ˈbɑːzəl/ BAH-zəl , German : [ ˈbaːzl̩ ] ( listen ) ) or Basle ( /bɑːl/ BAHL ; French : Bâle [ bɑl ] ; Italian : Basilea [ baziˈlɛːa ] ; Romansh : Basilea [ baziˈleːa ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine . Basel is Switzerland 's third-most-populous city ( after Zürich and Geneva ) with about 180,000 inhabitants . Located where the Swiss , French and German borders meet , Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany . As of 2016 [ update ] , the Swiss Basel agglomeration was the third-largest in Switzerland , with a population of 541,000 in 74 municipalities in Switzerland ( municipal count as of 2018 ) . The initiative Trinational Eurodistrict Basel ( TEB ) of 62 suburban communes including municipalities in neighboring countries , counted 829,000 inhabitants in 2007 . The official language of Basel is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect . The city is known for its many internationally renowned museums , ranging from the Kunstmuseum , the first collection of art accessible to the public in Europe ( 1661 ) and the largest museum of art in the whole of Switzerland , to the Fondation Beyeler ( located in Riehen ) . The University of Basel , Switzerland 's oldest university ( founded in 1460 ) , and the city 's centuries-long commitment to humanism , have made Basel a safe haven at times of political unrest in other parts of Europe for such notable people as Erasmus of Rotterdam , the Holbein family , Friedrich Nietzsche , and in the 20th century also Hermann Hesse and Karl Jaspers . The city of Basel is Switzerland 's second-largest economic centre after the city of Zürich [ citation needed ] and has the highest GDP per capita in the country , ahead of the cantons of Zug and Geneva . In terms of value , over 94% of Basel City 's goods exports are in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors . With production facilities located in the neighboring Schweizerhalle , Basel accounts for 20% of Swiss exports and generates one third of the national product . Basel has been the seat of a Prince-Bishopric since the 11th century , and joined the Swiss Confederacy in 1501 ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Swiss Confederacy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy', 'summary': "The Old Swiss Confederacy ( Modern German : Alte Eidgenossenschaft ; historically Eidgenossenschaft , after the Reformation also République des Suisses , Res publica Helvetiorum Republic of the Swiss ) was a loose confederation of independent small states ( cantons , German Orte or Stände ) within the Holy Roman Empire . It is the precursor of the modern state of Switzerland . It formed during the 14th century , from a nucleus in what is now Central Switzerland , expanding to include the cities of Zürich and Berne by the middle of the century . This formed a rare union of rural and urban communes , all of which enjoyed imperial immediacy in the Holy Roman Empire . This confederation of eight cantons ( Acht Orte ) was politically and militarily successful for more than a century , culminating in the Burgundy Wars of the 1470s which established it as a power in the complicated political landscape dominated by France and the Habsburgs . Its success resulted in the addition of more confederates , increasing the number of cantons to thirteen ( Dreizehn Orte ) by 1513 . The confederacy pledged neutrality in 1647 ( under the threat of the Thirty Years ' War ) , although many Swiss served privately as mercenaries in the Italian Wars and during the Early Modern period . After the Swabian War of 1499 the confederacy was a de facto independent state throughout the early modern period , although still nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648 when the Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years ' War . The Swiss Reformation divided the confederates into Reformed and Catholic parties , resulting in internal conflict from the 16th to the 18th centuries ; as a result , the federal diet ( Tagsatzung ) was often paralysed by hostility between the factions . The Swiss Confederacy fell to invasion by the French Revolutionary Army in 1798 , after which it became the short-lived Helvetic Republic ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1615', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Name not given in source', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': 'Holy Roman Empire', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1617', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Name not given in source', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Brandenburg , Holy Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg', 'summary': "The Margraviate of Brandenburg ( German : Markgrafschaft Brandenburg ) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe . Brandenburg developed out of the Northern March founded in the territory of the Slavic Wends . It derived one of its names from this inheritance , the March of Brandenburg ( Mark Brandenburg ) . Its ruling margraves were established as prestigious prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356 , allowing them to vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor . The state thus became additionally known as Electoral Brandenburg or the Electorate of Brandenburg ( Kurbrandenburg or Kurfürstentum Brandenburg ) . The House of Hohenzollern came to the throne of Brandenburg in 1415 . In 1417 , Frederick I moved its capital from Brandenburg an der Havel to Berlin . Under Hohenzollern leadership , Brandenburg grew rapidly in power during the 17th century and inherited the Duchy of Prussia . The resulting Brandenburg-Prussia was the predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia , which became a leading German state during the 18th century . Although the electors ' highest title was King in/of Prussia , their power base remained in Brandenburg and its capital Berlin . The Margraviate of Brandenburg ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . It was replaced after the Napoleonic Wars with the Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courante uyt Italien , Duytslandt , & c', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courante_uyt_Italien,_Duytslandt,_&c.', 'summary': 'Courante uyt Italien , Duytslandt , & c. was the first Dutch newspaper . It was published in June 1618 in Amsterdam . It was a regular weekly publication . It can be called the first broadsheet paper , because it was issued in folio-size . Before this , news periodicals had been pamphlets in quarto-size . The paper carries no imprint of the printer or the publisher . Similar papers published later suggest that it may have been printed by Joris Veseler and published and edited by Caspar van Hilten . The exact date of the publication is not known , but the dates of the news items suggest that it was probably printed between 14 and 18 June 1618 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}]}, {'value': 'Holland , Dutch Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_of_Holland', 'summary': 'The County of Holland was a State of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1432 part of the Burgundian Netherlands , from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic , of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795 . The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Republic', 'summary': 'The United Provinces of the Netherlands , or simply United Provinces ( officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ) , and commonly referred to historiographically as the Dutch Republic , was a federal republic formally established from the formal creation of a federal state in 1581 by several Dutch provinces - seceded from Spanish rule - until the Batavian Revolution of 1795 . It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state . The small republic of around 1.5 million inhabitants distinguished itself by world trade through the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) and the Dutch West India Company ( WIC ) , by its great military successes against ostensibly stronger countries such as Spain and England , by its huge fleet ( with 2,000 ships , larger than that of England and France combined ) , by the flourishing of arts ( painters such as Rembrandt , Johannes Vermeer and many others ) and sciences ( including Hugo Grotius and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ) , and by its relatively tolerant atmosphere towards different religions and ideas ( freedom of thought ) . Because Dutch trade , science , military , and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century , this period became known in Dutch history as the Dutch Golden Age .'}]}, {'value': "Considered the world 's first broadsheet because it was published in folio instead of quarto size . Defunct 1664", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadsheet', 'summary': 'A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages ( typically 22.5 in ( 57 cm ) ) . Other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Folio-size', 'summary': "Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book of codex format from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets . The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive . Alternative methods of binding that are cheaper but less permanent include loose-leaf rings , individual screw posts or binding posts , twin loop spine coils , plastic spiral coils , and plastic spine combs . For protection , the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards . Finally , an attractive cover is adhered to the boards , including identifying information and decoration . Book artists or specialists in book decoration can also greatly enhance a book 's content by creating book-like objects with artistic merit of exceptional quality . Before the computer age , the bookbinding trade involved two divisions . First , there was stationery binding ( known as vellum binding in the trade ) that deals with books intended for handwritten entries such as accounting ledgers , business journals , blank books , and guest log books , along with other general office stationery such as note books , manifold books , day books , diaries , portfolios , etc . Computers have now replaced the pen and paper based accounting that constituted most of the stationery binding industry . Second was letterpress binding which deals with making books intended for reading , including library binding , fine binding , edition binding , and publisher 's bindings . A third division deals with the repair , restoration , and conservation of old used bindings . Today , modern bookbinding is divided between hand binding by individual craftsmen working in a shop and commercial bindings mass-produced by high-speed machines in a factory ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quarto-size', 'summary': "Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book of codex format from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets . The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive . Alternative methods of binding that are cheaper but less permanent include loose-leaf rings , individual screw posts or binding posts , twin loop spine coils , plastic spiral coils , and plastic spine combs . For protection , the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards . Finally , an attractive cover is adhered to the boards , including identifying information and decoration . Book artists or specialists in book decoration can also greatly enhance a book 's content by creating book-like objects with artistic merit of exceptional quality . Before the computer age , the bookbinding trade involved two divisions . First , there was stationery binding ( known as vellum binding in the trade ) that deals with books intended for handwritten entries such as accounting ledgers , business journals , blank books , and guest log books , along with other general office stationery such as note books , manifold books , day books , diaries , portfolios , etc . Computers have now replaced the pen and paper based accounting that constituted most of the stationery binding industry . Second was letterpress binding which deals with making books intended for reading , including library binding , fine binding , edition binding , and publisher 's bindings . A third division deals with the repair , restoration , and conservation of old used bindings . Today , modern bookbinding is divided between hand binding by individual craftsmen working in a shop and commercial bindings mass-produced by high-speed machines in a factory ."}]}, {'value': '1618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wöchentliche Zeitung aus mancherley Orten', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danzig/Gdańsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gdańsk', 'summary': "Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': 'Weekly news from many places . Oldest newspaper in Poland . The oldest preserved copies come from 1619 . Defunct 1652', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1620', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nieuwe Tijdinghen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nieuwe_Tijdinghen', 'summary': 'Nieuwe Tijdinghen ( in English also known as the Antwerp Gazette ) is the contemporary name cataloguers and bibliographers have given to the first Flemish newspaper , which was published without a single fixed title . News was printed from across Western and Central Europe . From 15 February 1620 consecutive signatures were used on each issue , so that they could be collected and bound as a set . From 8 January 1621 issues were numbered consecutively on the front page . The newspaper carried a wide range of general news , and sometimes included celebratory , polemical or satirical comments , verses , songs and prayers . Each issue was illustrated with a woodcut on the front page , and occasionally with further woodcuts on the back pages . The editorial perspective was outspokenly Catholic and pro-Habsburg . Publication was licensed by the authorities , and almost all issues bear the initials of the canon of Antwerp cathedral who acted as ecclesiastical censor . Considerable runs are preserved in the British Library ( 1620-1621 ) , Ghent University Library , the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience ( 1620-1625 ) and the Royal Library of Belgium ( 1622-1628 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antwerp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antwerp', 'summary': "Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Netherlands', 'summary': 'The Southern Netherlands , [ note 1 ] also called the Catholic Netherlands , was the part of the Low Countries largely controlled by Spain ( 1556-1714 ) , later Austria ( 1714-1794 ) , and occupied then annexed by France ( 1794-1815 ) . The region also included a number of smaller states that were never ruled by Spain or Austria : the Prince-Bishopric of Liège , the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy , the County of Bouillon , the County of Horne and the Princely Abbey of Thorn . The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until the whole area was annexed by Revolutionary France . The Southern Netherlands comprised most of modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg , some parts of the Netherlands and Germany ( the region of Upper Guelders , now divided between Germany and the modern Dutch Province of Limburg and in 1713 largely ceded to Prussia and the Bitburg area in Germany , then part of Luxembourg ) as well as , until 1678 , most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region and the Longwy area in northern France .'}]}, {'value': 'May have been published as early as 1605 . Defunct 1629', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1631', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Gazette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Gazette', 'summary': 'La Gazette ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ la ɡazɛt ] ) , originally Gazette de France , was the first weekly magazine published in France . It was founded by Théophraste Renaudot and published its first edition on 30 May 1631 . It progressively became the mouthpiece of one royalist faction , the Legitimists . With the rise of modern news media and specialized and localized newspapers throughout the country in the early 20th century , La Gazette was finally discontinued in 1915 .'}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First French-language newspaper and first weekly magazine published in France . Existed between 30 May 1631 and 30 September 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1639', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genova_(newspaper_1639–1646)', 'summary': 'Genova ( or Di Genova ) was a newspaper published in Genoa from 1639 to 1646 . The issue dated 29 July 1639 is the oldest issue still in existence of a newspaper printed in Italy . [ a ] This newspaper was founded and edited by Michele Castelli , [ b ] and it supported the pro-Spanish faction in the politic of the Republic of Genoa . This newspaper edited by Michele Castelli shall not be confused with another newspaper printed in Genoa from 1642 to 1684 , always titled Genova , but founded by Alessandro Botticelli and tied to the pro-French faction , and sometimes known as Il Sincero . Scholars suppose that the first newspaper printed in Italy was edited in Florence in 1636 by Amador Massi and Lorenzo Landi , but no issue was discovered to confirm that conjecture , therefore the Genova newspaper , printed from 1639 , shall be considered the oldest printed newspaper in Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa', 'summary': "Genoa ( /ˈdʒɛnoʊə/ JEN-oh-ə ; Italian : Genova [ ˈdʒɛːnova ] ( listen ) ; Ligurian : Zêna [ ˈzeːna ] ; English , historically , and Latin : Genua ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy . In 2015 , 594,733 people lived within the city 's administrative limits . As of the 2011 Italian census , the Province of Genoa , which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa , counted 855,834 resident persons . Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera . Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea , Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean : it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union . Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ( the proud one ) due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks . Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List ( UNESCO ) in 2006 as Genoa : Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli . The city 's rich cultural history in art , music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture . It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus , Andrea Doria , Niccolò Paganini , Giuseppe Mazzini , Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella , founder of the House of Grimaldi , among others . Genoa , which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy , is one of the country 's major economic centers . The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century , and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages . The Bank of Saint George , founded in 1407 , is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city 's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa', 'summary': 'The Republic of Genoa ( Italian : Repubblica di Genova ; Ligurian : Repúbrica de Zêna [ ɾeˈpybɾika de ˈzeːna ] ; Latin : Res Publica Ianuensis ) was an independent state from 1005 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast , incorporating Corsica from 1347 to 1768 , and numerous other territories throughout the Mediterranean . Known as la Superba ( the Superb one ) , la Dominante ( The Dominant one ) , la Dominante dei mari ( the Dominant of the Seas ) , and la Repubblica dei magnifici ( the Republic of the Magnificents ) , during the late Middle Ages Genoa was one of the main commercial powers of the Mediterranean Sea , while between the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the major financial centers in Europe . It was a celebrated maritime republic and today its coat of arms is depicted in the flag of the Italian Navy . In 1284 , Genoa fought victoriously against the Republic of Pisa in the battle of Meloria for the dominance over the Tyrrhenian Sea , and it was an eternal rival of Venice for dominance in the Mediterranean Sea . The republic began when Genoa became a self-governing commune within the imperial Kingdom of Italy , and ended when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic . Corsica was ceded to France in the Treaty of Versailles of 1768 . The Ligurian Republic was annexed by the First French Empire in 1805 ; its restoration was briefly proclaimed in 1814 following the defeat of Napoleon , but it was ultimately annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 .'}]}, {'value': 'Published from 1639 to 1646 . Oldest newspaper of Italy in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1640', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milano_(newspaper)', 'summary': 'Milano was a newspaper published in Milan from 1640 to 1768 . It is considered one of the oldest newspapers in Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': 'Duchy of Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan', 'summary': 'The Duchy of Milan was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy . It was created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti , Lord of Milan , who obtained from Wenceslaus , King of the Romans , the founding diploma . At that time , it included twenty-six towns and the wide rural area of the middle Padan Plain east of the hills of Montferrat . During much of its existence , it was wedged between Savoy to the west , Venice to the east , the Swiss Confederacy to the north , and separated from the Mediterranean by Genoa to the south . The Duchy eventually fell to Habsburg Austria with the Convention of Milan during the War of the Spanish Succession . The Duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796 , when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it , and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio , when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic . After the defeat of Napoleon , the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other states which he had destroyed , but not the Duchy of Milan . Instead , its former territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia , with the Emperor of Austria as its king . In 1859 , Lombardy was ceded to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia , which would become the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 .'}]}, {'value': 'Published from 1640 to 1768', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1642', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genova_(newspaper_1642–1684)', 'summary': 'Genova ( or Di Genova ) was a newspaper published in Genoa from 1642 to 1684 . This newspaper had sometime additional titles : in a few issues the addition was Il Sincero , [ a ] other issues had the additional title Il Botticelli , [ b ] while two issues had only as title the year in Latin digits . [ c ] This newspaper was founded and initially edited by Alessandro Botticelli ( from 1646 to 1660 edited by Luca Assarino ) , and it supported the pro-French faction in the politic of the Republic of Genoa . It shall not be confused with the newspaper with the same title founded in 1639 by Michele Castelli and tied to the pro-Spanish faction .'}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa', 'summary': "Genoa ( /ˈdʒɛnoʊə/ JEN-oh-ə ; Italian : Genova [ ˈdʒɛːnova ] ( listen ) ; Ligurian : Zêna [ ˈzeːna ] ; English , historically , and Latin : Genua ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy . In 2015 , 594,733 people lived within the city 's administrative limits . As of the 2011 Italian census , the Province of Genoa , which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa , counted 855,834 resident persons . Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera . Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea , Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean : it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union . Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ( the proud one ) due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks . Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List ( UNESCO ) in 2006 as Genoa : Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli . The city 's rich cultural history in art , music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture . It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus , Andrea Doria , Niccolò Paganini , Giuseppe Mazzini , Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella , founder of the House of Grimaldi , among others . Genoa , which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy , is one of the country 's major economic centers . The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century , and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages . The Bank of Saint George , founded in 1407 , is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city 's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa', 'summary': 'The Republic of Genoa ( Italian : Repubblica di Genova ; Ligurian : Repúbrica de Zêna [ ɾeˈpybɾika de ˈzeːna ] ; Latin : Res Publica Ianuensis ) was an independent state from 1005 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast , incorporating Corsica from 1347 to 1768 , and numerous other territories throughout the Mediterranean . Known as la Superba ( the Superb one ) , la Dominante ( The Dominant one ) , la Dominante dei mari ( the Dominant of the Seas ) , and la Repubblica dei magnifici ( the Republic of the Magnificents ) , during the late Middle Ages Genoa was one of the main commercial powers of the Mediterranean Sea , while between the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the major financial centers in Europe . It was a celebrated maritime republic and today its coat of arms is depicted in the flag of the Italian Navy . In 1284 , Genoa fought victoriously against the Republic of Pisa in the battle of Meloria for the dominance over the Tyrrhenian Sea , and it was an eternal rival of Venice for dominance in the Mediterranean Sea . The republic began when Genoa became a self-governing commune within the imperial Kingdom of Italy , and ended when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic . Corsica was ceded to France in the Treaty of Versailles of 1768 . The Ligurian Republic was annexed by the First French Empire in 1805 ; its restoration was briefly proclaimed in 1814 following the defeat of Napoleon , but it was ultimately annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 .'}]}, {'value': 'Published from 1642 to 1684', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1642', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bologna_(newspaper)', 'summary': 'Bologna was a newspaper published in Bologna from 1642 to 1787 . It is considered one of the oldest newspapers in Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bologna', 'summary': 'Bologna ( /bəˈloʊnjə/ , UK also /bəˈlɒnjə/ , Italian : [ boˈloɲɲa ] ( listen ) ; Bolognese : Bulåggna [ buˈlʌɲːa ] ; Latin : Bononia ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy . It is the seventh most populous city in Italy , at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million people . Of Etruscan origin , the city has been a major urban centre for centuries , first under the Etruscans , then under the Romans ( Bononia ) , then again in the Middle Ages , as a free municipality and signoria , when it was among the largest European cities by population . Famous for its towers , churches and lengthy porticoes , Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre , thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s . Home to the oldest university in the world , the University of Bologna , established in AD 1088 , the city has a large student population that gives it a cosmopolitan character . In 2000 it was declared European capital of culture and in 2006 , a UNESCO City of Music and became part of the Creative Cities Network . Bologna is an important agricultural , industrial , financial and transport hub , where many large mechanical , electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe . According to the most recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index ( E-REGI ) of 2009 , Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate . As a consequence , Bologna is also one of the wealthiest cities in Italy , often ranking as one of the top cities in terms of quality of life in the country : in 2011 it ranked 1st out of 107 Italian cities .'}]}, {'value': 'Papal States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papal_States', 'summary': "The Papal States ( Italian : Stato Pontificio ) , officially the State of the Church ( Italian : Stato della Chiesa , Italian pronunciation : [ ˈstaːto della ˈkjɛːza ; ˈkjeː- ] ; Latin : Status Ecclesiasticus ; also Dicio Pontificia ) were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope , from the 8th century until 1870 . They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870 . At their zenith , the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio ( which includes Rome ) , Marche , Umbria and Romagna , and portions of Emilia . These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope , as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy . By 1861 , much of the Papal States ' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy . Only Lazio , including Rome , remained under the Pope 's temporal control . In 1870 , the Pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all , except the Basilica of St Peter and the papal residence and related buildings around the Vatican quarter of Rome , which the new Italian state did not occupy militarily . In 1929 the head of the Italian government , at the time the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini , ended the crisis between unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty , signed by the two parties . This recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity , the Vatican City State , limited to a token territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Published from 1642 to 1787', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1645', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gazeta em Que Se Relatam as Novas Que Houve Nesta e Que vieram de Várias Partes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gazeta_em_Que_Se_Relatam_as_Novas_Que_Houve_Nesta_e_Que_vieram_de_Várias_Partes', 'summary': 'Gazeta em Que Se Relatam as Novas Que Houve Nesta e Que vieram de Várias Partes was the first newspaper to be published in Lisbon , Portugal and also the first newspaper to be published in the Portuguese language . It was first published in 1641 , by Manuel de Galhegos . Later scholars refer to this paper as Gazeta da Restauração ( Gazette of the Portuguese Restoration ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'First Portuguese newspaper', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1645', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordinari Post Tijdender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ordinari_Post_Tijdender', 'summary': "Post- och Inrikes Tidningar or PoIT ( Swedish for Post and Domestic Times ) is the government newspaper and gazette of Sweden , and the country 's official notification medium for announcements like bankruptcy declarations or auctions . The newspaper also carries advertising , the largest advertiser being the Swedish Patent and Registration Office . It is the oldest currently published newspaper in the world , although as of the 1 January 2007 edition , it has switched over to an internet-only format . Hans Holm , who served as the chief editor of Post- och Inrikes Tidningar for 20 years , said of this move to digital publication , We think it 's a cultural disaster , It is sad when you have worked with it for so long and it has been around for so long . Four copies of each update to PoIT are still printed and archived at the National Library of Sweden , Lund University library and the Swedish Companies Registration Office ."}]}, {'value': 'Swedish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldest still published newspaper in the world . Online-only since 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Einkommende Zeitungen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Einkommende_Zeitungen', 'summary': 'Einkommende Zeitungen was a German newspaper published from Leipzig , Germany by Timotheus Ritzsch . It was the first daily newspaper in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxony , Holy Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony', 'summary': "The Electorate of Saxony ( German : Kurfürstentum Sachsen , also Kursachsen ) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356 . Upon the extinction of the House of Ascania , it was feoffed to the Margraves of Meissen from the Wettin dynasty in 1423 , who moved the ducal residence up the river Elbe to Dresden . After the Empire 's dissolution in 1806 , the Wettin Electors raised Saxony to a territorially reduced kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'First worldwide daily newspaper , published by Timotheus Ritzsch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1656', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weeckelycke Courante van Europa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weeckelycke_Courante_van_Europa', 'summary': 'The Haarlems Dagblad is a regional newspaper in Haarlem , Netherlands . It makes claim to being the newspaper with the oldest publishing history in the world , even if this claim is based on its ( forced ) merger with another title .'}]}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haarlem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haarlem', 'summary': 'Haarlem ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɦaːrlɛm ] ( listen ) ; predecessor of Harlem in the English language ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the capital of the province of North Holland and is situated at the northern edge of the Randstad , one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe . Haarlem had a population of 161,265 in 2019 . Haarlem was granted city status or stadsrechten in 1245 , although the first city walls were not built until 1270 . The modern city encompasses the former municipality of Schoten as well as parts that previously belonged to Bloemendaal and Heemstede . Apart from the city , the municipality of Haarlem also includes the western part of the village of Spaarndam . Newer sections of Spaarndam lie within the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer .'}]}, {'value': 'Holland , Dutch Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The name was changed to Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant in 1664 . The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 , which is still published', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haarlems_Dagblad', 'summary': 'The Haarlems Dagblad is a regional newspaper in Haarlem , Netherlands . It makes claim to being the newspaper with the oldest publishing history in the world , even if this claim is based on its ( forced ) merger with another title .'}]}, {'value': '1661', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Gazeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boletín_Oficial_del_Estado', 'summary': "The Boletín Oficial del Estado ( BOE ) ( English : Official State Gazette ) is the official gazette of the Kingdom of Spain and is published every day except Sunday . The content of the BOE is authorized and published by Royal Assent and with approval from the Spanish Presidency Office . The Boletín publishes decrees by the Cortes Generales , Spain 's Parliament ( comprising the Senate and the Congress of Deputies ) as well as those orders enacted by the Spanish Autonomous Communities . The Spanish Constitution of 1978 provides in Article 9.3 that The Constitution guarantees . the publication of laws . This includes the official publishing of all Spanish judicial , royal and national governmental decrees , as well as any orders by the Council of Ministers . According to Royal Decree 181/2008 of February 8 , the BOE is the official journal of the Kingdom of Spain , providing the State Government the means to publish mandatory laws , regulations and other acts approved by the parliaments . It therefore contains a comprehensive list of all Laws passed in parliament , the provisions adopted by the Government of Spain and the general provisions of the Autonomous Communities . Following Law 11/2007 of June 22 , concerning the electronic access of citizens to Public Services , and Royal Decree 181/2008 of February 8 , concerning the official gazette , the publication ceased in its traditional print format on 31 December 2008 and switched to an online mode of dissemination . From 1661 to 1936 it was called the Gaceta de Madrid ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Until 2008 December , oldest print edition still published in the world , under the name Boletín Oficial del Estado . From 2009 online edition only', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1661', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merkuriusz_Polski_Ordynaryjny', 'summary': "Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny ( The Polish Mercury Ordinary ; original 17th-century Polish spelling : Merkuryusz Polski Ordynaryiny ; full title : Merkuriusz Polski dzieje wszystkiego świata w sobie zamykający , dla informacji pospolitej : The Polish Mercury , Encompassing All the World 's Affairs , for the Common Knowledge ) was the first Polish newspaper ( actually , a weekly ) , published from 1661 , first in Kraków , then in Warsaw . Though short-lived , it gave its name to several later newspapers , notably the Merkuriusz Polski published in London , 1955-58 ."}]}, {'value': 'Polish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polish_language', 'summary': "Polish ( język polski , [ 'jɛ̃w̃zɨk ˈpɔlskʲi ] ( listen ) , polszczyzna or simply polski , [ ˈpɔlskʲi ] ( listen ) ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group . It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles . In addition to being an official language of Poland , it is also used by Polish minorities in other countries . There are over 50 million Polish-language speakers around the world and it is one of the official languages of the European Union . Polish is written with the standardized Polish alphabet , which has nine additions to the letters of the basic Latin script ( ą , ć , ę , ł , ń , ó , ś , ź , ż ) . Among the major languages , it is most closely related to Slovak and Czech , but differs from other Slavic varieties in terms of pronunciation and general grammar . In addition , Polish was profoundly influenced by Germanic languages , most notably German , and Italic languages like Latin and French , which contributed to a large number of loanwords and similar grammatical structures . Polish currently has the largest number of speakers of the West Slavic group and is also the second most widely spoken Slavic language . Historically , Polish was a lingua franca , important both diplomatically and academically in Central and Eastern Europe . Today , Polish is spoken by over 38.5 million people as their first language in Poland . It is also spoken as a second language in Northern Czech Republic and Slovakia , western parts of Belarus and Ukraine as well as in Central-Eastern Lithuania and Latvia . Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods , most notably after World War II , millions of Polish speakers can be found in countries such as Canada , Argentina , Brazil , Israel , Australia , the United Kingdom and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Kraków', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kraków', 'summary': "Kraków ( /ˈkrækaʊ , -koʊ/ , also US : /ˈkreɪk- , ˈkrɑːkaʊ/ , UK : /ˈkrækɒf/ , Polish : [ ˈkrakuf ] ( listen ) ) , traditionally known in English as Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Province , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic , economic , cultural and artistic life . Cited as one of Europe 's most beautiful cities , its Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland 's second most important city . It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 965 . With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century , Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre . The city has a population of about 770,000 , with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km ( 62 mi ) radius of its main square . After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II , the newly defined Distrikt Krakau ( Kraków District ) became the capital of Germany 's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return , and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów . However , the city was spared from destruction and major bombing . In 1978 , Karol Wojtyła , archbishop of Kraków , was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II - the first ever Slavic pope , and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth', 'summary': "The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - formally , the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and , after 1791 , the Commonwealth of Poland - was a dual state , a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch , who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania . It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe . At its largest territorial extent , in the early 17th century , the Commonwealth covered almost 400,000 square miles ( 1,000,000 km2 ) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million . Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages . The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569 , but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a de facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania 's Grand Duke Jogaila , who was crowned King jure uxoris Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland . The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the state 's size and the Commonwealth collapsed as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 . The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states . Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power . These checks were enacted by a legislature ( sejm ) controlled by the nobility ( szlachta ) . This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy , constitutional monarchy , and federation . Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal , Poland was the dominant partner in the union . The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity and by relative religious tolerance , guaranteed by the Warsaw Confederation Act 1573 ; [ a ] however , the degree of religious freedom varied over time ."}]}, {'value': 'Moved to Warsaw in May 1661 , last issues published 22 July 1661', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1664', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gazzetta di Mantova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gazzetta_di_Mantova', 'summary': 'Gazzetta di Mantova is an Italian language local daily newspaper published in Mantua , in northern Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mantua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mantua', 'summary': "Mantua ( /ˈmæntjuə/ ; Italian : Mantova [ ˈmantova ] ( listen ) ; Lombard and Latin : Mantua ) is a city and comune in Lombardy , Italy , and capital of the province of the same name . In 2016 , Mantua became Italian Capital of Culture . In 2017 , Mantua was the European Capital of Gastronomy , included in the Eastern Lombardy District ( together with the cities of Bergamo , Brescia , and Cremona ) . In 2007 , Mantua 's centro storico ( old town ) and Sabbioneta were declared by UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site . Mantua 's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family has made it one of the main artistic , cultural , and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole . Mantua is noted for its significant role in the history of opera ; the city is also known for its architectural treasures and artifacts , elegant palaces , and the medieval and Renaissance cityscape . It is the place where the composer Monteverdi premiered his opera L'Orfeo and where Romeo was banished in Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It is the nearest town to the birthplace of the Roman poet Virgil , who was commemorated by a statue at the lakeside park Piazza Virgiliana . Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificial lakes , created during the 12th century as the city 's defence system . These lakes receive water from the Mincio River , a tributary of the Po River which descends from Lake Garda . The three lakes are called Lago Superiore , Lago di Mezzo , and Lago Inferiore ( Upper , Middle , and Lower Lakes , respectively ) . A fourth lake , Lake Pajolo , which once served as a defensive water ring around the city , dried up at the end of the 18th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Duchy of Mantua , Holy Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua', 'summary': 'The Duchy of Mantua was a duchy in Lombardy , Northern Italy , subject to the Holy Roman Empire .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldest private newspaper still published in the world , and oldest continuously published in print', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By region -- Europe', 'section_text': "Avisa Relation oder Zeitung , the second oldest newspaper Title page of `` Wöchentliche Zeitung aus mancherley Orten '' , Gdańsk 1619 Ordinari Post Tijdender , the world 's oldest newspaper still published ( since 1645 )", 'uid': 'List_of_the_oldest_newspapers_0', 'intro': 'This list of the oldest newspapers sorts the newspapers of the world by the date of their first publication. The earliest newspapers date to 17th century Europe when printed periodicals began rapidly to replace the practice of hand-writing newssheets. The emergence of the new media branch has to be seen in close connection with the simultaneous spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name.'}
null
null
A newspaper that was published weekly was from a city that is compared to what Italian city ?
Venice
094d1049b5c4da06
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_Maine', 'title': 'List of nature centers in Maine', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'County', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Augusta Nature Education Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Augusta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augusta,_Maine', 'summary': "Augusta is the state capital of the U.S. state of Maine and the county seat of Kennebec County . The city 's population was 19,136 at the 2010 census , making it the third-least populous state capital in the United States after Montpelier , Vermont , and Pierre , South Dakota , and the ninth-most populous city in Maine . Located on the Kennebec River at the head of tide , Augusta is home to the University of Maine at Augusta . Augusta is also the principal city in the Augusta-Waterville Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Kennebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kennebec_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Kennebec County is a county in the U.S. state of Maine , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 121,581 . Its county seat is Augusta , the state capital . The county was established on February 20 , 1799 from portions of Cumberland and Lincoln Counties . The name Kennebec comes from the Eastern Abenaki /kínipekʷ/ , meaning large body of still water , large bay . Kennebec County comprises the Augusta-Waterville , ME Micropolitan Statistical Area . In 2010 , the center of population of Maine was in Kennebec County , in the city of Augusta .'}]}, {'value': '175 acres with 5 miles of trails , operated by the Augusta Nature Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beachcombers Rest Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol,_Maine', 'summary': 'Bristol , known from 1632 to 1765 as Pemaquid ( /ˈpɛməkwɪd/ ; today a village within the town ) is a town in Lincoln County , Maine , United States . The population was 2,755 at the 2010 census . A fishing and resort area , Bristol includes the villages of New Harbor , Pemaquid , Round Pond , Bristol Mills and Chamberlain . It includes the Pemaquid Archeological Site , a U.S. National Historic Landmark . During the 17th and early 18th century , New France defined the Kennebec River as the southern boundary of Acadia , which put Bristol within Acadia .'}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Maine', 'summary': "Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 34,457 . Its seat is Wiscasset . The county was founded in 1760 from a portion of York County , Massachusetts and named after the English city Lincoln , the birthplace of Massachusetts Bay Provincial Governor Thomas Pownall . At its founding , Lincoln County accounted for three-fifths of the state 's land , and stretched east to Nova Scotia . Thirteen counties were cut out of this land including Sagadahoc County to the west . The county flag is a traditional New England flag , adopted in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'website , operated seasonally by the Pemaquid Watershed Association at Pemaquid Beach Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birdsacre : Stanwood Wildlife Sanctuary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birdsacre_Sanctuary', 'summary': "Birdsacre Sanctuary , also known as Stanwood Wildlife Sanctuary , is an historic house museum and wildlife sanctuary at 289 High Street in Ellsworth , Maine , United States . The core of the property is a 40-acre ( 16 ha ) parcel owned by the pioneering Maine ornithologist Cordelia Stanwood , whose home was opened as a museum in 1960 , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . Stanwood 's homestead was extensively damaged by an arsonist-set fire in 2014 . The sanctuary , now 200 acres ( 81 ha ) , includes trails , an orchard , and a nature center that showcases a fine art and nature collection , including Cordelia J. Stanwood 's avian field-notes and extensive photographic collection ."}]}, {'value': 'Ellsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellsworth,_Maine', 'summary': "Ellsworth is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County , Maine , United States . The 2010 Census determined it had a population of 7,741 . Ellsworth was Maine 's fastest growing city from 2000-2010 , with a growth rate of nearly 20 percent , but 2010-2014 saw only a gain of 102 people per Portland Press Herald data . With historic buildings and other points of interest , including the nearby Acadia National Park , Ellsworth is popular with tourists . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Hancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hancock_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Hancock County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 54,418 . Its county seat is Ellsworth . The county was incorporated on June 25 , 1789 and named for John Hancock , the first governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The Commissioners are Antonio Blasi , Steven Joy and Percy Brown .'}]}, {'value': '200-acre preserve , 19th-century historic house museum and modern nature center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borestone Mountain Audubon Sanctuary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borestone_Mountain', 'summary': 'Borestone Mountain is a mountain in Piscataquis County , Maine . It is a popular hiking spot near the center of the state , with a trailhead located on Mountain Road near Willimantic . The mountain is part of the Borestone Mountain Audubon Sanctuary . There are several historic lodges on Midday Pond , run by Maine Audubon . The trail is open to hikers 365 days a year . Parking is available on Mountain Road approximately 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) north of Willimantic . The well-marked , well-maintained trail passes to the south and east of Midday Pond ascending the west side of the mountain . Directly to the south of Midday pond on the trail is a small one-room cabin with a museum open from Memorial Day to Columbus Day . The distance from parking to the summit is about 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) . The last part of the trail is very steep with sharp rocks with iron rungs to assist hikers . The East Peak offers a spectacular 360-degree view extending from the Penobscot River to the east , to the western Maine mountains and the Quebec border to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Monson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monson,_Maine', 'summary': 'Monson is a town in Piscataquis County , Maine , United States . The population was 686 at the 2010 census . The town is located on Route 15 which is a somewhat major route north to the well known Moosehead Lake Region , to which Monson is sometimes considered a gateway . This route eventually leads to the Canadian Province of Quebec . The town is well known in local and state history , but is minimally known elsewhere , although contributions by the town , and its location are notable . It is the last town located on the Appalachian Trail at the beginning ( or end ) of the Hundred-Mile Wilderness . It is not uncommon to see many hikers in town resting before ( or after ) their trip into the Wilderness , and several lodging places in town cater directly to these hikers .'}]}, {'value': 'Piscataquis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piscataquis_County,_Maine', 'summary': "Piscataquis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , its population was 17,535 , making it Maine 's least-populous county . Its county seat is Dover-Foxcroft . The county was incorporated on 23 March 1838 , taken from the western part of Penobscot County and the eastern part of Somerset County , and is named for an Abenaki word meaning branch of the river or at the river branch . It is located at the geographic center of Maine . Originally it extended north to the Canada-US border , but in 1844 its northern portion was annexed by Aroostook County . In land area , Piscataquis is one of the largest U.S. counties east of the Mississippi River . It is also one of two counties in the Northeast ( and seven counties east of the Mississippi River ) that meets Frederick Jackson Turner 's requirements for frontier country - that is , having fewer than six inhabitants per square mile , the other being Hamilton County , New York . Baxter State Park , a large wilderness preserve , is located in Piscataquis County ."}]}, {'value': 'website , over 1,600 acres , center open seasonally , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Point Audubon Sanctuary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biddeford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biddeford,_Maine', 'summary': 'Biddeford is a city in York County , Maine , United States . It is the principal commercial center of York County . The population was 21,277 at the 2010 census . Twin city of Saco , Biddeford includes the resort community of Biddeford Pool , Fortunes Rocks and Granite Point . The town is the site of the University of New England and the annual La Kermesse Franco-Americaine Festival . First visited by Europeans in 1616 , it is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the United States . Biddeford is a principal population center of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York_County,_Maine', 'summary': "York County is the southwesternmost county in the U.S. state of Maine , along the state of New Hampshire 's eastern border . It is divided from Strafford County , New Hampshire , by the Salmon Falls River , and the connected tidal estuary - the Piscataqua River . Permanently re-founded in 1639 , it held several of the oldest colonial settlements in Maine ; consequently , is the oldest county in Maine and one of the oldest in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 197,131 , making it Maine 's second-most populous county . Its county seat is Alfred . York County is part of the Portland-South Portland , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'website , A short walk provides views of Saco Bay and the Gulf of Maine , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ecology School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ecology_School', 'summary': 'The Ecology School is a non-profit environmental education program started in 1998 in Saco , Maine . The Ecology School , located in Saco , Maine , is an innovative school for students of all ages to learn by their natural inclinations - engaging all five senses to discover the inner workings of the world around them . Through hands-on , experiential programming students learn to become stewards of the environment as they explore local forests , coastal ecosystems , and food systems . In everything they do - leading single-day and residential programs ; teaching outreach programs at schools ; running camps ; and publishing original curriculum and field guides - The Ecology School accentuates the magic , mystery , and wonder of nature so students can better understand and care for the environment . The Ecology School has hosted more than 185,000 students and teachers from across Maine and New England since its inception in 1998 . Staff also travel to regional and national conferences and summits , presenting original workshops and training on everything from food systems education and sustainability to innovative teaching methodology . The Ecology School also published its own curriculum for educators and an ecosystem-based field guide in 2002 . In 2019 The Ecology School will transition to a new home at River Bend Farm , a historic 105-acre farm located on a scenic bend in the Saco River . The move will propel educational initiatives by increasing program capacity and providing live what you learn opportunities for participants through hands-on exploration of Maines ecosystems , sustainable living practices , direct connection to food systems and farming along with modelling conservation-in-action . A 7,000 square-foot dining commons and a 9,000 square-foot dormitory to be constructed on the River Bend Farm property will meet the most advanced measures of sustainability in the built environment through certifications with the Living Building Challenge . The Living Building Challenge aims to create buildings that generate more energy than they use , capture and treat all water on site , and are made using healthy materials .'}]}, {'value': 'Saco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saco,_Maine', 'summary': "Saco /ˈsɑːkoʊ/ is a city in York County , Maine , United States . The population was 18,482 at the 2010 census . It is home to Ferry Beach State Park , Funtown Splashtown USA , Thornton Academy , as well as General Dynamics Armament Systems ( also known by its former name , Saco Defense ) , a subsidiary of the defense contractor General Dynamics . Saco sees much tourism during summer months due to its amusement parks , Ferry Beach State Park , and proximity to Old Orchard Beach . Saco is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area . Saco 's twin-city is Biddeford ."}]}, {'value': 'York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York_County,_Maine', 'summary': "York County is the southwesternmost county in the U.S. state of Maine , along the state of New Hampshire 's eastern border . It is divided from Strafford County , New Hampshire , by the Salmon Falls River , and the connected tidal estuary - the Piscataqua River . Permanently re-founded in 1639 , it held several of the oldest colonial settlements in Maine ; consequently , is the oldest county in Maine and one of the oldest in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 197,131 , making it Maine 's second-most populous county . Its county seat is Alfred . York County is part of the Portland-South Portland , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Residential and traveling environmental education programs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferry Beach State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferry_Beach_State_Park', 'summary': "Ferry Beach State Park is a public recreation area occupying 117 acres ( 47 ha ) on Saco Bay north of the mouth of the Saco River in Saco , Maine . The state park encompasses a sandy Atlantic Ocean beach , inland hiking trails , and nature center . The inland portion of the park is noted for its pocket swamp and tupelo trees found at the northern limit of the species 's range . The park is managed by the Maine Department of Agriculture , Conservation and Forestry ."}]}, {'value': 'Saco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saco,_Maine', 'summary': "Saco /ˈsɑːkoʊ/ is a city in York County , Maine , United States . The population was 18,482 at the 2010 census . It is home to Ferry Beach State Park , Funtown Splashtown USA , Thornton Academy , as well as General Dynamics Armament Systems ( also known by its former name , Saco Defense ) , a subsidiary of the defense contractor General Dynamics . Saco sees much tourism during summer months due to its amusement parks , Ferry Beach State Park , and proximity to Old Orchard Beach . Saco is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area . Saco 's twin-city is Biddeford ."}]}, {'value': 'York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , 127 acres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fields Pond Audubon Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holden,_Maine', 'summary': 'Holden is a town in Penobscot County , Maine , United States . The population was 3,076 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Penobscot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penobscot_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Penobscot County is a county in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 153,923 . Its county seat is Bangor . The county was established on February 15 , 1816 from part of Hancock County when the area was still part of Massachusetts . Penobscot County is home to the University of Maine . Penobscot County comprises the Bangor , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'website , 192 acres , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilsland Farm Audubon Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Falmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falmouth,_Maine', 'summary': 'Falmouth is a town in Cumberland County , Maine , United States . The population was 11,185 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area . This northern suburb of Portland borders Casco Bay and offers one of the largest anchorages in Maine . The town is home to three private golf clubs and the Portland Yacht Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine', 'summary': "Cumberland County is a county in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 281,674 , making it the most populous county in Maine . Its county seat is Portland . Cumberland County was founded in 1760 from a portion of York County , Massachusetts and named for William , Duke of Cumberland , a son of King George II . Cumberland County has the deepest and second largest body of water in the state , Sebago Lake , which supplies tap water to most of the county . The county is the state 's economic and industrial center , having the resources of the Port of Portland , the Maine Mall , and having corporate headquarters of major companies such as Fairchild Semiconductor , IDEXX Laboratories , Unum , and TD Bank . Cumberland County is part of the Portland-South Portland , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'website , 65 acres , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Audubon Sanctuary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bath,_Maine', 'summary': 'West Bath is a town in Sagadahoc County , Maine , United States . The population was 1,877 at the 2010 census . A sub-locality of West Bath is Winnegance . West Bath is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Sagadahoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sagadahoc_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Sagadahoc County ( /ˈsæɡədəˌhɒk/ SAG-ə-də-hok ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 35,293 . Its county seat is Bath . In geographic area , it is the smallest county in Maine . Sagadahoc County is part of the Portland-South Portland , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'website , 93 acres with 2.75 miles of trails , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hidden Valley Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson,_Maine', 'summary': 'Jefferson is a town in Lincoln County , Maine , United States . The population was 2,427 at the 2010 census . Damariscotta Lake State Park , a popular Mid Coast swimming , canoeing and picnic area , is located within the town limits .'}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Maine', 'summary': "Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 34,457 . Its seat is Wiscasset . The county was founded in 1760 from a portion of York County , Massachusetts and named after the English city Lincoln , the birthplace of Massachusetts Bay Provincial Governor Thomas Pownall . At its founding , Lincoln County accounted for three-fifths of the state 's land , and stretched east to Nova Scotia . Thirteen counties were cut out of this land including Sagadahoc County to the west . The county flag is a traditional New England flag , adopted in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': 'website , over 1,000 acres with 25 miles of trails , operated by the Midcoast Conservancy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hog Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hog_Island_(Lincoln_County,_Maine)', 'summary': 'Hog Island is an island spanning 330 acres ( 130 ha ) located in Muscongus Bay in Bremen , Maine at the end of Keene Neck Road . It is a part of the Todd Wildlife Sanctuary , which includes an additional 30 acres ( 12 ha ) on the mainland across from the island , as well as the current home to the Audubon Camp in Maine operated by the Seabird Restoration Program ( Project Puffin ) of the National Audubon Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Bremen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bremen,_Maine', 'summary': 'Bremen ( /ˈbriːmən/ BREE-mən ) is a small town in Lincoln County , Maine , United States . The population was 806 at the 2010 census . Located on Muscongus Bay and the Gulf of Maine , it includes the villages of Broad Cove , Turners Corner , Bremen , Medomak and Muscongus . Hog Island is a center and camp for the Maine chapter of the National Audubon Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Maine', 'summary': "Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 34,457 . Its seat is Wiscasset . The county was founded in 1760 from a portion of York County , Massachusetts and named after the English city Lincoln , the birthplace of Massachusetts Bay Provincial Governor Thomas Pownall . At its founding , Lincoln County accounted for three-fifths of the state 's land , and stretched east to Nova Scotia . Thirteen counties were cut out of this land including Sagadahoc County to the west . The county flag is a traditional New England flag , adopted in 1977 ."}]}, {'value': '330 acres , plus a 30-acre mainland parcel to comprise Todd Wildlife Sanctuary , features Audubon Camp in Maine operated by the National Audubon Society', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Audubon_Society', 'summary': "The National Audubon Society ( Audubon ) is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to conservation . Located in the United States and incorporated in 1905 , Audubon is one of the oldest of such organizations in the world and uses science , education and grassroots advocacy to advance its conservation mission . It is named in honor of John James Audubon , a Franco-American ornithologist and naturalist who painted , cataloged , and described the birds of North America in his famous book Birds of America published in sections between 1827 and 1838 . The society has nearly 500 local chapters , each of which is an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization voluntarily affiliated with the National Audubon Society , which often organize birdwatching field trips and conservation-related activities . It also coordinates the Christmas Bird Count held each December in the U.S. , a model of citizen science , in partnership with Cornell Lab of Ornithology , and the Great Backyard Bird Count each February . Together with Cornell , Audubon created eBird , an online database for bird observation . The National Audubon Society also has many global partners to help birds that migrate beyond the U.S. 's borders , including BirdLife International based in Great Britain , Bird Studies Canada , and many partners in Latin America and in the Caribbean . Audubon 's International Alliances Program ( IAP ) brings together people throughout the Western Hemisphere to work together to implement conservation solutions at Important Birds Areas ( IBA 's ) . The society 's main offices are in New York City and Washington , D.C. , and it has state offices in about 24 states . It also owns and operates a number of nature centers open to the public , located in urban settings , including New York City , Joplin , Phoenix , Dallas , and Los Angeles , as well as at bird refuges and other natural areas . Audubon Centers help to forge lifelong connections between people and nature , developing stewards for conservation among young and diverse communities ."}]}, {'value': 'Josephine Newman Audubon Sanctuary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown,_Maine', 'summary': 'Georgetown is a town in Sagadahoc County , Maine , United States . The population was 1,042 at the 2010 census . Home to Reid State Park , the town is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located on an island accessible by car from the mainland , Georgetown includes the villages of Five Islands , Georgetown , Bay Point , Kennebec Point , Indian Point , Marrtown , West Georgetown and Robinhood . It is a popular tourist destination .'}]}, {'value': 'Sagadahoc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sagadahoc_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Sagadahoc County ( /ˈsæɡədəˌhɒk/ SAG-ə-də-hok ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 35,293 . Its county seat is Bath . In geographic area , it is the smallest county in Maine . Sagadahoc County is part of the Portland-South Portland , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'website , 119 acres , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine Wildlife Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gray,_Maine', 'summary': "Gray is a town in Cumberland County , Maine , United States . The population was 7,761 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area . Gray is located at the intersection of state Routes 4 , 26 , 100 , 115 , 202 and the Maine Turnpike exit 63 midway between the state 's two largest cities , Portland and Lewiston . The town includes frontage on Little Sebago Lake , Crystal Lake , and Forest Lake . Gray is home to regional headquarters for the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife , which maintains a fish hatchery and wildlife park . It is also home to the Gray/Portland Weather Forecast Office of the NOAA 's National Weather Service , which issues forecasts and weather warnings for New Hampshire and southern Maine ."}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , 65 acres , state-operated zoo of native wildlife , trails , environmental education programs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mast Landing Audubon Sanctuary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freeport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freeport,_Maine', 'summary': "Freeport is a town in Cumberland County , Maine , United States . The population was 7,879 at the 2010 census . Known for its numerous outlet stores , Freeport is home to L.L . Bean , Wolfe 's Neck Woods State Park , and the Desert of Maine . Freeport is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area ."}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine', 'summary': "Cumberland County is a county in the U.S. state of Maine . As of the 2010 census , the population was 281,674 , making it the most populous county in Maine . Its county seat is Portland . Cumberland County was founded in 1760 from a portion of York County , Massachusetts and named for William , Duke of Cumberland , a son of King George II . Cumberland County has the deepest and second largest body of water in the state , Sebago Lake , which supplies tap water to most of the county . The county is the state 's economic and industrial center , having the resources of the Port of Portland , the Maine Mall , and having corporate headquarters of major companies such as Fairchild Semiconductor , IDEXX Laboratories , Unum , and TD Bank . Cumberland County is part of the Portland-South Portland , ME Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'https : //www.maineaudubon.org/visit/mast-landing/ website ] , 140 acres along the Harraseeket River estuary , operated by Maine Audubon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merryspring Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camden,_Maine', 'summary': 'Camden is a town in Knox County , Maine , United States . The population was 4,850 at the 2010 census . The population of the town more than triples during the summer months , due to tourists and summer residents . Camden is a famous summer colony in the Mid-Coast region of Maine . Similar to Bar Harbor , Nantucket and North Haven , Camden is well known for its summer community of wealthy Northeasterners , mostly from Boston , New York and Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': 'Knox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knox_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Knox County is a county located in the state of Maine , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 39,736 . Its county seat is Rockland . The county is named for American Revolutionary War general and Secretary of War Henry Knox , who lived in the county from 1795 until his death in 1806 . The county was established on April 1 , 1860 , and is the most recent county to be created in Maine . It was carved from parts of Waldo and Lincoln counties . The Union Fair , started in 1868 , began as the efforts of the North Knox Agricultural and Horticultural Society .'}]}, {'value': 'website , 66-acre park , garden and education center in Camden and Rockport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockport,_Maine', 'summary': 'Rockport is a town in Knox County , Maine , United States . It is thirty-five miles southeast of Augusta . The population was 3,330 at the 2010 census . Rockport is a popular tourist destination and art colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Blue State Park Nature Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Blue_State_Park', 'summary': "Mount Blue State Park is a public recreation area covering 7,489 acres ( 3,031 ha ) in the town of Weld , Franklin County , Maine . The state park 's bifurcated land includes acreage on the west shore of Webb Lake as well as Mount Blue and other peaks to the east of the lake . The park is connected by road with the 10,555-acre ( 4,271 ha ) Tumbledown Public Lands , the site of Little Jackson Mountain , Tumbledown Mountain , and Tumbledown Pond , an alpine lake near the top of Tumbledown and Little Jackson mountains . The park and public lands are managed by the Maine Department of Agriculture , Conservation and Forestry ."}]}, {'value': 'Weld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weld,_Maine', 'summary': 'Weld is a town in Franklin County , Maine , United States . The population was 419 at the 2010 census . Set beside Webb Lake and almost surrounded by mountains , Weld is noted for its scenic beauty . It is home to Mount Blue State Park , Camp Kawanhee for Boys , and Camp Lawroweld .'}]}, {'value': 'Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Franklin County is a county located in the state of Maine , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 30,768 , making it the second-least populous county in Maine . Its county seat is Farmington . The county was established on May 9 , 1838 and named for Benjamin Franklin .'}]}, {'value': 'About 8,000 acres in two sections separated by Webb Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webb_Lake_(Maine)', 'summary': "Webb Lake is a lake in the town of Weld in Franklin County , Maine . Webb Lake is publicly accessible via a boat launch in Mount Blue State Park and has several fish species , including brook trout . The lake 's principal fisheries are brown trout , smallmouth bass , white perch , and chain pickerel . Water quality is marginal for coldwater fish due to warm temperatures and low dissolved oxygen Lake Webb is home to Camp Kawanhee for Boys and The Kawanhee Inn . It is also home to Camp Lawroweld at the head of the lake ."}]}, {'value': 'Project Puffin Visitor Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project_Puffin', 'summary': 'Project Puffin is an effort initiated by Dr. Stephen W. Kress of the National Audubon Society to learn how to restore puffins to historic nesting islands in the Gulf of Maine . It was started in 1973 when puffins were nesting in only two locations in Maine - Matinicus Rock and Machias Seal Island . The project began with an attempt to restore puffins to Eastern Egg Rock Island in Muscongus Bay , about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) away from Pemaquid Point . The restoration efforts are based on the fact that young puffins usually return to breed on the same island where they hatched . Young puffins from Great Island were transplanted to Eastern Egg Rock when they were about 10-14 days old . The young puffins were then nested in artificial sod burrows for about one month . Audubon biologists placed handfuls of vitamin-fortified fish in their burrows each day . As the young puffins reached fledging age , they received identification tags so they could be recognized in the future . After spending their first 2-3 years at sea , it was hoped they would return to establish a new colony at Eastern Egg Rock rather than Great Island . Between 1973 and 1986 , 954 young puffins were transplanted from Great Island to Eastern Egg Rock and 914 of these successfully fledged . Transplanted puffins began returning to Eastern Egg Rock in June 1977 . To lure them ashore and encourage the birds to explore their home , wooden puffin decoys were positioned atop large boulders .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockland,_Maine', 'summary': 'Rockland is a city in Knox County , Maine , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 7,297 . It is the county seat of Knox County . The city is a popular tourist destination . It is a departure point for the Maine State Ferry Service to the islands of Penobscot Bay : Vinalhaven , North Haven and Matinicus .'}]}, {'value': 'Knox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knox_County,_Maine', 'summary': 'Knox County is a county located in the state of Maine , in the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 39,736 . Its county seat is Rockland . The county is named for American Revolutionary War general and Secretary of War Henry Knox , who lived in the county from 1795 until his death in 1806 . The county was established on April 1 , 1860 , and is the most recent county to be created in Maine . It was carved from parts of Waldo and Lincoln counties . The Union Fair , started in 1868 , began as the efforts of the North Knox Agricultural and Horticultural Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Seabird conservation work of the National Audubon Society , live video feed from Seal Island National Wildlife Refuge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge', 'summary': "Seal Island National Wildlife Refuge is a 1-mile long ( 1.6 km ) island off the coast of Maine , United States near Matinicus Island that is part of the Maine Coastal Islands National Wildlife Refuge . During any given summer season , over 100 species of birds are observed by researchers on the island . It is home to colonies of many types of seabirds , including Atlantic puffins , double-crested cormorants , razorbills , Leach 's storm petrels , eiders , and black guillemots . Seal Island is the last refuge for the dwindling great cormorant population in the Gulf of Maine , with 35 pairs in 2018 . A policy of eliminating predatory gulls preceded the recolonization of the island by a large mixed band of Arctic terns and common terns . During the Cold War , the island was used as a gunnery range and bombing test site for the United States Navy . Unexploded ordnance remains on the island , though some of it was detonated by a fire in the late 1970s . The ordnance presents no real danger to refuge staff or interns . Seal Island NWR has a surface area of 65 acres ( 26 ha ) . It is part of the Town of Vinalhaven ."}]}, {'value': 'Scarborough Marsh Audubon Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scarborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scarborough,_Maine', 'summary': 'Scarborough is a town in Cumberland County on the southern coast of the U.S. state of Maine . The town is a coastal resort area . Located about 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Portland , Scarborough is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area . The population was 18,919 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by Maine Audubon , programs and access to the state-owned 3,100-acre Scarborough Marsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scarborough_Marsh', 'summary': "Scarborough Marsh is a 3,200-acre saltwater marsh owned by the state of Maine and managed by the state 's Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife as a wildlife management area . It is situated in southern Maine , in the town of Scarborough , in Cumberland County ."}]}, {'value': 'Sebago Lake Ecology Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standish,_Maine', 'summary': 'Standish is a town in Cumberland County , Maine , United States . The population was 10,139 at the 2015 census . It includes the villages of Standish Corner , Sebago Lake Village and Steep Falls , and the localities known as Richville , Standish Neck and Two Trails . Standish is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford , Maine metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Portland Water District , 1,700-acre Sebago Lake Land Reserve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebago_Lake', 'summary': 'Sebago Lake is the deepest and second-largest lake in the U.S. state of Maine . The lake is 316 feet ( 96 m ) deep at its deepest point , with a mean depth of 101 feet ( 31 m ) , covers about 45 square miles ( 117 km2 ) in surface area , has a length of 14 miles ( 23 km ) and has a shoreline length of roughly 105 miles ( 169 km ) . The surface is around 270 feet ( 82 m ) above sea level , so the deep bottom is below the present sea level . It is in Cumberland County , and bordered by the towns of Casco , Naples , Raymond , Sebago , Standish and Windham . The seasonally occupied town of Frye Island is on an island in the lake . Sebago Lake and the surrounding area is known for its erratic and sudden changes in weather during all seasons , likely due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and to Mt . Washington , a very notorious extreme weather hotspot .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Maine . To use the sortable tables : click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order ; click again for reverse alphabetical order . See also : List of nature centers in the United States', 'uid': 'List_of_nature_centers_in_Maine_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Maine. To use the sortable tables: click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.'}
null
null
Which nature center is located in a fishing and resort area ?
Beachcombers Rest Nature Center
094d4b47e4e963cd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2000 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnasts', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorel Mois , Claudiu Moldovan , Remus Nicolai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorel_Mois', 'summary': 'Dorel Moiş ( born 1 July 1975 in Satu Mare , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He won three world championship medals ( one gold , one silver and one bronze ) and one gold European championships medal on the trio event . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he founded a dance group called Xtreme .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudiu_Moldovan', 'summary': "Claudiu Cristian Moldovan ( born 20 September 1976 in Târgu Mureș ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He had a successful career winning seven world championships medals ( three gold , two silver and two bronze ) and two European championships medals ( one gold and one bronze ) . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he has been a coach for the junior national women 's artistic gymnastics team . Among many gymnasts , he coached young Diana Chelaru , Larisa Iordache and Diana Bulimar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Remus_Nicolai', 'summary': "Remus Nicolai ( born 10 June 1977 in Bistriţa , Romania ) is a retired Romanian aerobic gymnast . He had a successful career winning six world championships medals ( one gold , two silver and three bronze ) and five European championships medals ( two gold , two silver and one bronze ) . After retiring from aerobic gymnastics he opened together with his wife ( Daniela Mărănducă ) a private gymnastics club in Constanţa . As of 2013 he trains , together with his wife , the junior artistic women 's National Team of Romania at the National Olympic Center in Onesti ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '19.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In-Young Choi , Young-Han Choi , Ki-Sung Kim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In-Young_Choi', 'summary': 'Choi In-Young ( born 5 March 1962 ) is a former South Korean football player who played as a goalkeeper . He played mostly for Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i . He participated for South Korea national football team at two editions of FIFA World Cup in 1990 and 1994 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ki-Sung_Kim', 'summary': 'Kim Ki-sung ( Korean : 김기성 born May 14 , 1985 ) is a South Korean professional ice hockey left winger . He is currently a free agent having last played for Anyang Halla of Asia League Ice Hockey ( ALIH ) . Ki-sung was voted the Young guy of the year ( Rookie of the year ) in his first season in Asia League Ice Hockey .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '18.366', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vasily Cozirev , Victor Sichov , Sergei Ivanov', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '18.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Martins , Ibsen Nogueira , Admilson Vitorio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodrigo_Martins', 'summary': 'Rodrigo Miguel Forte Paes Martins ( born 15 September 1998 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for C.D . Cova da Piedade as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '18.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludmila Kovatcheva , Krassimira Dotzeva , Galina Lazarova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '18.105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaime Salgado , Jean Paul Olivares , Cristian Olivares', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '18.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Salvan , Grégory Alcan , Xavier Julien', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '17.95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luciano Jantus , Fernando Rolla , Fillon Jorge Alfredo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '17.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandy Skroch , Jana Radtke , Danalia Schroeter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '15.347', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- Trio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2000_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_3', 'intro': 'The 6th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Riesa, Germany from June 2 to June 4, 2000.'}
null
null
How many points were earned by the gymnast who founded a dance group called Xtreme ?
19.05
094dbb76fbb1db88
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh', 'title': 'Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh', 'header': ['Divisions', 'Headquarters', 'Districts'], 'data': [{'value': 'Agra division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agra_division', 'summary': 'Agra Division is one of the divisions of Uttar Pradesh , India . It contains Agra , Mathura , Mainpuri , and Firozabad districts . The Population of Agra Division was 11,304,646 as of 2011.The headquarter of the division is in Agra City .'}]}, {'value': 'Agra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agra', 'summary': "Agra ( /ˈɑːɡrə/ ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is 206 kilometres ( 128 mi ) south of the national capital New Delhi . Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and 24th in India . Agra is a major tourist destination because of its many Mughal-era buildings , most notably the Taj Mahal , Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri , all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit , along with Delhi and Jaipur ; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc , a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh , along with Lucknow and Varanasi . Agra is in the Braj cultural region . The history of Agra before the Delhi Sultanate is unclear . A 17th century chronicle called the Agra before Sikandar Lodī 's time ( 1488-1517 ) as an old settlement which was merely a village , owing to its destruction by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni . The 11th-century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa 'd Salmān writes of an assault on the fortress of Agra , then held by King Jaypal , by Mahmud of Ghazni . Despite his surrender , Mahmud sacked the place . It was mentioned for the first time in 1080 AD when a Ghaznavide force captured it . Sikandar was the first sultan to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1504 , its administration having previously been under Bayana ."}]}, {'value': 'Agra Mathura Mainpuri Firozabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agra_district', 'summary': 'Agra district is one of the 75 Districts of Uttar Pradesh , India . The district headquarters is the historical city of Agra . Agra district is a part of Agra division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mathura_district', 'summary': 'Mathura district situated along the banks of the river Yamuna is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of north-central India . The historic town of Mathura is the district headquarters . The District is part of Agra division . Mathura is bounded on the northeast by Aligarh District , on the southeast by Hathras District , on the south by Agra District , and on the west by Rajasthan and northwest by Haryana state . Mathura district is an important pilgrimage centre of Hindus . Many towns in the district Mathura have banned alcohol and non-vegetarian food .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mainpuri_district', 'summary': 'Mainpuri district is one of the districts in Agra division of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Mainpuri town is the district headquarters . It consists of six tehsils , namely Mainpuri , Bhongaon , Karhal , Kishni kurawali and Ghiror .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Firozabad_district', 'summary': 'Firozabad district forms one of the western districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , which has Firozabad Town as its district headquarters . The district is a part of the Agra division .'}]}, {'value': 'Aligarh division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aligarh_division', 'summary': 'Aligarh division is one of the administrative divisions of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh This division consisted of all the districts of the lower Doab :'}]}, {'value': 'Aligarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aligarh', 'summary': 'Aligarh ( ( listen ) ; formerly Allygurh and Kol ) is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . It is the administrative headquarters of Aligarh district , and lies 307 kilometres ( 191 mi ) northwest of Kanpur and approximately 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) southeast of the capital , New Delhi . The recorded history of Aligarh begins with the establishment of the Aligarh Fort in the 16th century . It is a university town , notable as the seat of Aligarh Muslim University , which was founded here as Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 , initiating the Aligarh movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Aligarh Etah Hathras Kasganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aligarh_district', 'summary': 'Aligarh district is a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India . This district is a part of Aligarh Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Etah_district', 'summary': 'Etah district is one of the districts of Uttar PradeshIndia since 1854.Etah town is the district headquarters.Etah district is a part of Aligarh Division . There are Three Tehsil,8 Block,18 Police station and 892 Villages.The driving distance from New Delhi to Etah is 206km and Lucknow to Etah 267Km .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hathras_district', 'summary': 'Hathras district ( or Mahamaya Nagar district ) [ clarification needed ] is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India . The city of Hathras is the district headquarters . Hathras district is a part of Aligarh division . The district occupies an area of 1,840 square kilometres ( 710 sq mi ) and has a population of 1,564,708 as of the 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kasganj_District', 'summary': 'Kasganj district is a district of the Indian state Uttar Pradesh . It is located in the division of Aligarh and consists of Kasganj , Patiali and Sahawar tehsils . Its headquarters is at Kasganj .'}]}, {'value': 'Allahabad division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allahabad_division', 'summary': 'Allahabad division , officially known as Prayagraj division , is an administrative unit of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . In 2000 , when Uttar Pradesh was reorganised by forming Uttaranchal out of its northern areas , Allahabad division and the district was majorly reorganised too . The Etawah , Farrukhabad and Kanpur district districts of the Allahabad division were made into a separate Kanpur division . Parts of the western areas of Allahabad district were carved out to create a new district named Kaushambi . At the same time , Pratapgarh district , that falls in Awadh , was included in the Allahabad division . Since 2000 Allahabad division consists of the following districts :'}]}, {'value': 'Allahabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allahabad', 'summary': "Allahabad ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , officially known as Prayagraj , and also known as Illahabad and Prayag , is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is the administrative headquarters of Allahabad district - the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India - and the Allahabad division . The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state . As of 2011 , Allahabad is the fifth most populous city in the state , eighth in Northern India and twenty-fourth in India , with an estimated population of 1.11 million in the city and 1.21 million in its metropolitan region . In 2011 it was ranked the world 's 40th fastest-growing city . Allahabad , in 2016 , was also ranked the third most liveable city in the state ( after Noida and Lucknow ) and sixteenth in the country . The 2016 update of the World Health Organization 's Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database found Allahabad to have the third highest mean concentration of PM2.5 ( < 2.5 μm diameter ) particulate matter in the ambient air among all the 2972 cities tested ( after Zabol and Gwalior ) . The city lies close to Triveni Sangam , three-river confluence , original name - Prayag , place of sacrifice or offering - which lies at the sangam ( confluence ) of the Ganga , Yamuna and Sarasvati rivers , a propitious place to conduct sacrifices . It plays a central role in Hindu scriptures . Allahabad was originally called Kaushambi ( now a separate district ) by the Kuru rulers of Hastinapur , who developed it as their capital . Since then , the city has been a political , cultural and administrative centre of the Doab region . In the early 17th century , Allahabad was a provincial capital in the Mughal Empire under the reign of Jahangir ."}]}, {'value': 'Allahabad Fatehpur Kaushambi Pratapgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allahabad_district', 'summary': 'Allahabad district , officially known as Prayagraj district , is one of the largest and the most populous district of Uttar Pradesh state of India . The district headquarters is Allahabad city which was renamed Prayagraj at the same time as the district was renamed . The District is divided into blocks within tehsils . As of 2011 , there are 20 blocks in eight tehsils . The Allahabad division includes the districts of Fatehpur , Kaushambi and Allahabad , with the western Pratagraj District becoming part of the new Kaushambi district . The administrative divisions are Phulpur , Koraon , Meja , Sadar , Soraon , Handia , Bara , Shringverpur and Karchana . The three rivers of India - Ganges , Yamuna and the mythical river of Sarasvati - meet at a point in the district , known as Sangam , considered holy by Hindus . Allahabad was once the capital of United Province before independence . Allahabad is one of the largest educational hubs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fatehpur_district', 'summary': 'Fatehpur District is one of the 75 districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The district covers an area of 4,152 km² . The district has a population of 2,632,733 ( 2011 Census ) . Fatehpur city is the administrative headquarters of the district . Located on the banks of the sacred rivers Ganges and Yamuna , Fatehpur was mentioned in the puranic literature . The ghats of Bhitaura and Asani were described as sacred in the puranas . Bhitaura , the site of the sage Bhrigu , was an important source of learning . Fatehpur district is a part of Allahabad division . This district is situated between two important cities : Allahabad , ( officially known as Prayagraj ) , and Kanpur of the state Uttar Pradesh . Fatehpur is well connected with those cities by train routes and roads . The distance from Allahabad is 117 km and from Kanpur is 76 km by railway . The north boundary of the district is limited by the river Ganges and its southern boundary is the river Yamuna .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kaushambi_district', 'summary': 'Kaushambi district is a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . Manjhanpur is the district headquarters , and Bharwari is the market center . The district was carved from Allahabad district on 4 April 1997 . Manauri bajar connects Allahabad and Kaushambi districts by railway over a bridge on SH-95 . Manjhanpur is south-west of Allahabad on the north bank of the Yamuna river , about 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) from the city . It is surrounded by Chitrakoot district on the south , Pratapgarh district on the north , Allahabad district on the east and Fatehpur district on the west . Kaushambi is part of Allahabad division . The nearest railway station , in Bharwari , connects with Delhi , Allahabad , Kolkata , Gaya and Kanpur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pratapgarh_district,_Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': 'The Pratapgarh district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Pratapgarh town is the district headquarters . The district is a part of Prayagraj division .'}]}, {'value': 'Azamgarh division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azamgarh_division', 'summary': 'Azamgarh division is an administrative unit of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Azamgarh division consists of : -'}]}, {'value': 'Azamgarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azamgarh', 'summary': 'Azamgarh is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is the headquarters of Azamgarh division , which consists of Ballia , Mau and Azamgarh districts . Azamgarh is situated on the bank of Tamsa River ( Tons ) . It is located 268 km ( 167 mi ) east of the state capital Lucknow .'}]}, {'value': 'Azamgarh Ballia Mau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azamgarh_district', 'summary': 'Azamgarh district is one of the three districts of Azamgarh division in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ballia_district', 'summary': "Ballia district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh , India . Ballia district is a part of Azamgarh division situated in the east of Uttar Pradesh . The main economic activity is agriculture . Ballia City is the district headquarters and commercial market of this district . There are six tehsils in this district : Ballia , Bansdih , Rasra , Bairia , Sikandarpur and Belthara . Rasra is the second major commercial area of the district , having a government sugar mill and a cotton weaving industry . Though Ballia 's core occupation is agriculture there are some additional small industries . Maniar is known for its bindi industry and is a major supplier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mau_district', 'summary': 'Mau district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Mau town is the district headquarters which is also one of the few remaining areas of handloom saree production in eastern Uttar Pradesh , specializing in Sadiya silk sarees . Mau was carved out as a separate district from Azamgarh on 19 November 1988 . It is situated in the south-eastern part of the state with headquarters in Maunath Bhanjan . The district is surrounded by Ghazipur district on the south , Ballia district in the east , Azamgarh district in the west , and by Gorakhpur and Deoria districts on the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Bareilly division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bareilly_division', 'summary': "Bareilly division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Bareilly is the administrative headquarters of the division . Part of the Rohilkhand region , Bareilly division has three major cities in west Uttar Pradesh - Bareilly , Badaun , Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur . Bareilly is the medical hub of Uttar Pradesh , one of the biggest industrial areas and the third fastest developing city of Uttar Pradesh . Budaun is a politically sensational and historical city and has many historical sites , one of the oldest existing city of India , and was the capital of India during Iltutmish 's rule . It is also the sixth fastest developing city in Uttar Pradesh . Shahjahanpur is also one of the main cities of west Uttar Pradesh . Currently ( 2005 ) , the division consists of the districts of"}]}, {'value': 'Bareilly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bareilly', 'summary': "Bareilly ( /bəˈrɛli/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Bareilly district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is the capital of Bareilly division and the geographical region of Rohilkhand . The city is 252 kilometres ( 157 mi ) north of the state capital , Lucknow , and 250 kilometres ( 155 mi ) east of the national capital , New Delhi . It is the eighth largest metropolis in Uttar Pradesh , and the 50th-largest city in India . Bareilly also figured amongst the PM Narendra Modi 's ambitious 100 Smart City list in India . It is located on the Ramganga River and is the site of the Ramganga Barrage built for canal irrigation . The city is also known by the name Nath Nagri ( for the seven Shiva temples located in the Bareilly region - Dhopeshwar Nath , Madhi Nath , Alakha Nath , Tapeshwar Nath , Bankhandi Nath , Pashupati Nath and Trivati Nath ) and historically as Sanjashya ( where the Buddha descended from Tushita to earth ) . The city is a centre for furniture manufacturing and trade in cotton , cereal and sugar . Its status grew with its inclusion in the counter magnets list of the National Capital Region ( NCR ) , a list also including Hissar , Patiala , Kota and Gwalior ."}]}, {'value': 'Badaun Bareilly Pilibhit Shahjahanpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badaun_district', 'summary': 'Budaun district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Budaun town is the district headquarters . Budaun district is a part of Bareilly division . The district covers an area of 5168 km² . According to the British historian George Smith , Budaun was named after Koli prince Budh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bareilly_district', 'summary': 'The Bareilly district pronunciation ( help·info ) belongs to the state Uttar Pradesh in northern India . Its capital is Bareilly city and it is divided in six administrative division or tehsils : Aonla , Baheri , Bareilly city , Faridpur , Mirganj , and Nawabganj . The Bareilly district is a part of the Bareilly Division and occupies an area of 4120 km² with a population of 4,448,359 people ( previously it was 3,618,589 ) according to the census of 2011 . The region was a part of the Delhi Sultanate before getting absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire . The modern City of Bareilly was founded by Mukrand Rai in 1657 . Later it became the capital of the Rohilkhand region before getting handed over to Nawab Vazir of Awadh and then to the East India Company , becoming an integral part of India .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pilibhit_district', 'summary': "Pilibhit district is one of the districts in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India , and Pilibhit city is the district headquarters . Pilibhit district is a part of Bareilly Division . The district has elected eleven central ministers in 14 parliamentary elections . The member of 14th parliament from Pilibhit constituency Menaka Gandhi is India 's first lady member of parliament , who was elected more than five times from a single constituency . A new Tiger Reserve Area was named Pilibhit Tiger Reserve in September 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shahjahanpur_district', 'summary': 'Shahjahanpur district is one of the historical districts of Uttar Pradesh in the republic of India . It is a part of Bareilly division which is situated in south-east of Rohilkhand division . It was established in 1813 by the British Government . Previously it was a part of district Bareilly . Geographically the main town is Shahjahanpur city which is its headquarters . Its Tehsils are : Powayan , Tilhar , Jalalabad , Kalan , and Sadar .'}]}, {'value': 'Basti division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basti_division', 'summary': 'Basti Division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Basti is the administrative headquarters of the division . Currently ( 2005 ) , the division consists following districts : Basti district and Basti division carved out from Gorakhpur district .'}]}, {'value': 'Basti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basti,_Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Basti is a city and a municipal board in Basti district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Basti district is a part of Basti division . It is situated 202 kilometres east of state capital Lucknow . Basti was originally known as Vaishishthi . The origin of the name Vaishishthi is attributed to the fact that this area was the ashram of Rishi ( sage ) Vashistha in ancient period . Rama with his younger brother Lakshmana had been here for some time with Rishi Vashistha . The tract comprising the present district was remote and much of it was covered with forest . But gradually the area became inhabitable , for want of recorded and reliable history it can not , with any degree of certainty , be said how the district came to be known by its present name on account of the original habitation ( Basti ) having been selected by the Kalhan Raja as a seat of his Raj , an event which probably occurred in the 16th century . In 1801 , Basti became the Tehsil headquarters and in 1865 it was chosen as the headquarters of the newly established district . In the freedom struggle of 1857 , about 250 martyrs of Amorha state were hanged by the British Government from peepal trees located at Chhawani .'}]}, {'value': 'Basti Sant Kabir Nagar Siddharthnagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basti_district', 'summary': 'Basti district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state , India , and a part of Basti Division . Basti city is the district headquarters . In the freedom struggle of 1857 , about 250 martyrs of Amorha State were hanged by the British Government from peepal trees located at Chhawani .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sant_Kabir_Nagar_district', 'summary': 'Sant Kabir Nagar district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . Khalilabad city is the district headquarters . Sant Kabir Nagar district is a part of Basti division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Siddharthnagar_district', 'summary': 'Siddharthnagar district is one of the 75 districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.Siddharthnagar is the district headquarters . Siddharthnagar district is a part of Basti division . According to the Government of India , Siddharthnagar district is one of the Muslim concentrated districts in India on the basis of the 2001 census data on population diversity , socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators .'}]}, {'value': 'Chitrakoot division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chitrakoot_division', 'summary': 'Chitrakoot Division is an administrative division of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . Historically part of Bundelkhand region , it includes the districts of :'}]}, {'value': 'Chitrakoot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chitrakoot_district', 'summary': 'Chitrakoot district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Chitrakoot town is the district headquarters . Chitrakoot district is a part of Chitrakoot Division.The district occupies an area of 3,216 km².The district has a population of 991,730 ( 2011 Census ) . As of 2011 it is the second least populated district of Uttar Pradesh ( out of 71 ) , after Mahoba .'}]}, {'value': 'Banda Chitrakoot Hamirpur Mahoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banda_district_(India)', 'summary': 'Banda District is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Banda is the district headquarters . It is a part of Chitrakoot Division . Located in historical Bundelkhand region , Banda is famous for its Shajar stone which is used for making jewellery , and the historically and architecturally significant sites Khajuraho and Kalinjar . Khajuraho is a World Heritage Site famous for its elaborately carved temples . The fortress of Kalinjar is famed for its war history and its glorious rock sculptures .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chitrakoot_district', 'summary': 'Chitrakoot district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Chitrakoot town is the district headquarters . Chitrakoot district is a part of Chitrakoot Division.The district occupies an area of 3,216 km².The district has a population of 991,730 ( 2011 Census ) . As of 2011 it is the second least populated district of Uttar Pradesh ( out of 71 ) , after Mahoba .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamirpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Hamirpur district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India and Hamirpur town is the district headquarters . Hamirpur district is a part of Chitrakoot Division . The district occupies an area of 4,121.9 km² . The district has a population of 1,104,285 ( 2011 census ) . As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Uttar Pradesh ( out of 71 ) , after Mahoba and Chitrakoot . Two major rivers Yamuna and Betwa meet here . On the banks of river Betwa lies the Coarse sand which is exported to many parts in U.P .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mahoba_district', 'summary': 'Mahoba district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India and Mahoba town is the district headquarters . Mahoba district is a part of Chitrakoot Division . The district occupies an area of 2884 km² . It has a population of 875,958 ( 2011 census ) . As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Uttar Pradesh ( out of 75 ) .2 Mahoba District also known as Alha-Udal Nagari .'}]}, {'value': 'Devipatan division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devipatan_division', 'summary': 'Devipatan division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Currently ( 2005 ) , the division consists of districts of :'}]}, {'value': 'Gonda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonda_District', 'summary': 'Gonda district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh , India . The city of Gonda is the district headquarters , and also the administrative centre for the Devipatan Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Bahraich Balarampur Gonda Shravasti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahraich_district', 'summary': 'Bahraich district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Bahraich town is the district headquarters . Bahraich District is a part of Devipatan Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Balarampur_district', 'summary': 'Balrampur district is one of the districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is a part of Devipatan division as well as the historic Awadh regions . Located on the banks of the West Rapti River , Balrampur town is the district headquarter . Balrampur is known for the temple of Pateshwari Devi , a Shakti Pitha , and for the ruins of the nearby ancient city of Sravasti , now a pilgrimage site for Buddhists and Jains . The nearest airport is Shravasti airport 23.3 kilometres ( 14.5 mi ) from the town but it is not an international and regular airport ; the nearest international and regular airport is Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow , 177.1 kilometres ( 110.0 mi ) away . Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh and is 162 kilometres ( 101 mi ) from Balrampur district headquarters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gonda_district', 'summary': 'Gonda district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh , India . The city of Gonda is the district headquarters , and also the administrative centre for the Devipatan Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shravasti_district', 'summary': 'Shravasti district is one of the districts of the Uttar Pradesh state of India , with Bhinga town as its district headquarters . Shravasti district is a part of Devipatan Division . According to Government of India , it is one of the minority concentrated districts in India on the basis of the 2001 census data on population , socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators .'}]}, {'value': 'Faizabad division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faizabad_division', 'summary': 'Faizabad division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state in India . Faizabad is the administrative headquarters of the division . The government of Uttar Pradesh approved the renaming of the Faizabad division to Ayodhya division in November 2018 . The division consists of districts of :'}]}, {'value': 'Ayodhya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayodhya', 'summary': "Ayodhya ( Hindustani : [ əˈjoːdʱjə ] ( listen ) ; IAST : Ayodhyā ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of Faizabad district ( officially Ayodhya district ) of Uttar Pradesh , India . It shares municipal corporation with its neighbouring twin town of Faizabad . The city is identified with the legendary city of Ayodhya , and as such , is the birthplace of Rama and setting of the epic Ramayana . The accuracy of this identification is central to the Ayodhya dispute : modern scholars variously believe that the present-day Ayodhya is same as the legendary Ayodhya , or that the legendary city is a mythical place that came to be identified with the present-day Ayodhya only during the Gupta period around the 4th-5th century CE . The present-day city is identified as the location of Saketa , which was an important city of the Kosala mahajanapada in the first millennium BCE , and later served as its capital . The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders Gautama Buddha and Mahavira visited and lived in the city . The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five tirthankaras namely , Rishabhanatha , Ajitanatha , Abhinandananatha , Sumatinath and Anantnath , and associate it with the legendary chakravartins . From the Gupta period onwards , several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city . Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama , Ayodhya ( Awadh ) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites ( Saptapuri ) for Hindus . It is believed that the birth spot of Rama was marked by a temple , which is said to have been demolished by the orders of the Mughal emperor Babur and a disputed mosque erected in its place . The Ayodhya dispute concerns the activism by the Hindu groups to rebuild a grand Rama 's temple at the site of Janmabhoomi . The five judges Supreme Court bench heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ambedkar Nagar Barabanki Faizabad Sultanpur Amethi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambedkar_Nagar_district', 'summary': 'Ambedkar Nagar District is a district in Faizabad Division , Uttar Pradesh , India . This district was created on 29 September 1995 and was named in memory of Bhimrao Ambedkar , who worked for the advancement of the deprived classes , women and other weaker sections of society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barabanki_district', 'summary': "Barabanki district is one of four districts of Faizabad division , lies at the very heart of Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and forms as it were a centre from which no less than seven other districts radiate . It is situated between 27°19 ' and 26°30 ' north latitude , and 80°05 ' and 81°51 east longitude ; it runs in a south-easterly direction , confined by the nearly parallel streams of the Ghaghara and Gomti . With its most northern point it impinges on the Sitapur district , while its north-eastern boundary is washed by the waters of the Ghagra , beyond which lie the districts of Bahraich district and Gonda district . Its eastern frontier marches with Faizabad district , and the Gomti forms a natural boundary to the south , dividing it from the Sultanpur district . On the west it adjoins the Lucknow district . The extreme length of the district from east to west may be taken at 57 miles ( 92 km ) , and the extreme breadth at 58 mi ( 93 km ) ; the total area is about 1,504 sq mi ( 3,900 km2 ) : its population amounts to 2,673,581 , being at the rate of 686.50 per square kilometre ( 1,778.0/sq mi ) . Barabanki city is the district headquarters . The district under British rule had an area of 1,769 sq mi ( 4,580 km2 ) . In 1856 it came , with the rest of Oudh , under British rule . During the Sepoy war of 1857-1858 the whole of the Barabanki talukdars joined the mutineers , but offered no serious resistance after the capture of Lucknow . It stretches out in a level plain interspersed with numerous jhils or marshes . In the upper part of the district the soil is sandy , while in the lower part it is clayey and produces finer crops ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Faizabad_district', 'summary': 'Faizabad district , officially Ayodhya district , is one of the 75 districts of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The city of Ayodhya , which is also notable for being the birth place of Hindu deity Rama , is the administrative headquarters of the district . The official name of the district was changed from Faizabad to Ayodhya in November 2019 under Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath . The district occupies an area of 2,764 km² and had a population of 2,470,996 in the 2011 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sultanpur_district', 'summary': 'Sultanpur district is a district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The district is a part of the Faizabad Division . The administrative headquarters of the district is Sultanpur .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amethi_district', 'summary': "Amethi district is the 72nd district of the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India . This district is part of Faizabad division . It covers an area of 3,070 km² . Gauriganj is the administrative headquarters of the district . It is better known due to being the seat of power of the Indian Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty since 1980 . The former prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru , his grandsons Sanjay and Rajiv Gandhi ( the sons of Indira Gandhi ) , Rajiv Gandhi 's widow Sonia Gandhi and son Rahul Gandhi , have at one time or the other , represented its constituency . However , this changed in 2019 when Rahul Gandhi was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections by Smriti Irani , a former TV actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Gorakhpur division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorakhpur_division', 'summary': 'Gorakhpur division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . Gorakhpur is the administrative headquarters of the division . Currently ( 2017 ) , the division consists of four districts :'}]}, {'value': 'Gorakhpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorakhpur,_Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': 'Gorakhpur is a city along the banks of the Rapti river in the north-eastern part or the Purvanchal region of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is situated 273 kilometres north-east of the state capital Lucknow . It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur district , North Eastern Railway Zone and Gorakhpur division . The city is home to the Gorakhnath Math , a Gorakhnath temple . The city also has an Indian Air Force station , since 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'Deoria Gorakhpur Kushinagar Maharajganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deoria_district', 'summary': 'Deoria district , one of the districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh , India has its headquarters located at Deoria and is a part of Gorakhpur division . It came into existence on 16 March 1946 from Gorakhpur district .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gorakhpur_district', 'summary': 'Gorakhpur is a district of Uttar Pradesh in India . It is one of the major and largest districts of Uttar Pradesh . Gorakhpur is the administrative headquarters of the district .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kushinagar_district', 'summary': 'Kushinagar is a district of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India situated in the easternmost part of the state . It has the administrative headquarters at Ravindra Nagar Dhoos in Padrauna . The district is named such after the town Kushinagar , a Buddhist pilgrimage site where Gautama Buddha attained parinirvana in the 5th century BCE . Since the independence of India , Kushinagar district was a part of Deoria District and came into existence on 13 May 1994 as a separate district division . It was earlier known as Padrauna and thereafter was renamed Kushinagar on 19 June 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maharajganj_district', 'summary': 'Maharajganj district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India , and the town of Maharajganj is the district headquarter . District is a part Gorakhpur division . It is located in Terai regions of Himalayas , bordering Nepal in North .'}]}, {'value': 'Jhansi division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jhansi_division', 'summary': 'Jhansi Division is one of 17 divisions of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Jhansi is the administrative center . The division is part of the historic Bundelkhand region , which includes a portion of southern Uttar Pradesh and extends into neighboring Madhya Pradesh state . Jhansi Division is subdivided into three districts :'}]}, {'value': 'Jhansi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jhansi', 'summary': "Jhansi ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a historic city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It lies in the region of Bundelkhand on the banks of the Pahuj River , in the extreme south of Uttar Pradesh . Jhansi is the administrative headquarters of Jhansi district and Jhansi division . Also called the Gateway to Bundelkhand , Jhansi is situated between the rivers Pahuj and Betwa at an average elevation of 285 metres ( 935 feet ) . It is about 415 kilometres ( 258 mi ) from New Delhi and 99 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Gwalior . The original walled city grew around its stone fort which crowns a neighbouring rock . The ancient name of the city was Balwantnagar . [ citation needed ] From 1817 to 1854 , Jhansi was the capital of the princely state of Jhansi which was ruled by Gurjar rajas . The state was annexed by the British Governor General in 1854 ; Damodar Rao 's claim to the throne was rejected but Rani Lakshmibai ruled it from June 1857 to June 1858 . Jhansi is well connected to all other major towns in Uttar Pradesh by road and railway networks . The National Highways Development Project has supported development of Jhansi.Jhansi is also being developed as the defence corridor by the NDA government which will boost the economy of the city and the region at the same time . Srinagar to Kanyakumari North-South corridor passes closely to Jhansi as does the East-West corridor ; consequently there has been a sudden rush of infrastructure and real estate development in the city.Jhansi was adjudged the third cleanest city of Uttar Pradesh and the fastest moving city in the North Zone in Swachh Survekshan 2018 rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Jalaun Jhansi Lalitpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalaun_district', 'summary': 'Jalaun district is a district of Uttar Pradesh , India . The district is named after the town of Jalaun , which was the former headquarters of a Maratha governor , but the administrative headquarters of the district is at Orai . Other large towns in the district are Konch , Kalpi , and Madhogarh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jhansi_district', 'summary': 'Jhansi district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Jhansi is the district headquarters . The district is bordered on the north by Jalaun District , to the east by Hamirpur and Mahoba districts , to the south by Tikamgarh District of Madhya Pradesh state , to the southwest by Lalitpur District , which is joined to Jhansi District by a narrow corridor , and on the east by the Datia and Bhind districts of Madhya Pradesh . Population 19,98,603 ( 2011 census ) . Lalitpur District , which extends into the hill country to the south , was added to Jhansi District in 1891 , and made a separate district again in 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Lalitpur District is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Lalitpur district is a part of Jhansi Division . Lalitpur is the main town and administrative headquarters . The district occupies an area of 5,039 km² . Lalitpur District is a part of Jhansi Division and was carved out as a district in the year 1974 . It is connected to Jhansi District by a narrow corridor to the northeast , and is otherwise almost surrounded by Madhya Pradesh state , an example of a salient . Lalitpur district lies between latitude 24°11 ' and 25°14 ' ( north ) and longitude 78°10 ' and 79°0 ' ( east ) and is bounded by district Jhansi in the north , districts Sagar and Tikamgarh of Madhya Pradesh state in the east and Ashoknagar district of Madhya Pradesh separated by river Betwa in the west . The district had a population of 1,221,592 as per the census of year 2011 . This district has a number of historical and cultural places like Devgarh , Seeronji , Pavagiri , Devamata , Neelkantheshwar at Pali , Chawan near Bant ( Pali ) .Machkund ki Gufa . Lalitpur town has variety of places like many Hindu & Jain temples . Raghunathji ( Bada Mandir ) , Shivalay , Boodhe Babba ( Hanumanji ) , Tuvan Mandir for Hindus & Bada Mandir , Ata Mandir & Kshetrapalji for Jains are famous temples ."}]}, {'value': 'Kanpur division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanpur_division', 'summary': 'Kanpur division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Kanpur is the administrative headquarters of the division . Currently ( 2005 ) , the division consists of districts of :'}]}, {'value': 'Kanpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanpur', 'summary': "Kanpur ( /ˈkɑːnpʊər/ pronunciation ( help·info ) ; formerly Cawnpore ) is a large city in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India . The city is famous for its leather and textile industries . It is the 12th most populous city in India and 11th most populous urban agglomeration . It is also the second largest city proper and the largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh . Kanpur was an important British garrison town until 1947 when India gained independence . Kanpur is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur division . Located on the west bank of the Ganges River , it is a major trade and commercial centre in North India with the first woollen mill of India , the British India Corporation established here in 1876 by Alexander McRobert . The city is widely regarded as The Leather City of the World and is also nicknamed as Manchester of India . According to 2011 Indian census , it is the eleventh most populous urban city while the population of city and its suburb were around 5 million making it the eighth-most populous metropolitan area in India . Furthermore it is considered the world 's most polluted city by particulate matter concentration . In 2018 , Kanpur , was considered by the World Health Organization as the city with the world 's worst air pollution ."}]}, {'value': 'Auraiya Etawah Farrukhabad Kannauj Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auraiya_district', 'summary': 'Auraiya district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Auraiya town is the district headquarters . It lies on the south-western portion of Uttar Pradesh and also forms a part of the Kanpur Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Etawah_district', 'summary': 'Etawah district is one of the districts in the western portion of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Etawah town is the district headquarters . The district covers an area of 2311 km² . It has a population of 1,581,810 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Farrukhabad_district', 'summary': "Farrukhabad district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in Northern India . The town of Fatehgarh is the district headquarters . The district is part of Kanpur Division . Farrukhabad is situated between Lat . 26° 46 ' N & 27° 43 ' N and Long . 79° 7 ' E & 80° 2 ' E. The district is bounded by Badaun and Shahjahanpur on the north , Hardoi district on the east , Kannauj district on the south , and Etah and Mainpuri districts on the west . The Ganga River and Ramganga River are located to the east and the Kali River to the south . The district formerly included present day Kannauj district . It was divided into two separate districts on 18 September 1997 . Farrukhabad district consists of three tahsils : Farrukhabad , Kaimganj and Amritpur . Amritpur tahsil was created from Rajepur Block after the district was split in 1997 . The district has seven blocks : Kaimganj , Nawabganj , Shamsabad , Rajepur , Barhpur , Mohamadabad and Kamalganj ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kannauj_district', 'summary': 'Kannauj district is an administrative district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India , along the river Ganges . The historic town of Kannauj , northwest of Kanpur , is the administrative center . The district was carved out of the Farrukhabad district on 18 September 1997 . The native dialect of this district is Kannauji .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kanpur_Dehat_district', 'summary': 'Kanpur Dehat district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The administrative headquarters of the district are at Mati-Akbarpur . This district is part of Kanpur division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kanpur_Nagar_district', 'summary': 'Kanpur district ( Kanpur Nagar district ) , meaning Urban Kanpur District is one of the districts of the Uttar Pradesh state of India . It is a part of Kanpur division and its district headquarters is Kanpur .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucknow division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucknow_division', 'summary': 'Lucknow'}]}, {'value': 'Lucknow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucknow', 'summary': "Lucknow ( /ˈlʌknaʊ/ ( listen ) , Hindi : [ ləkʰnəuː ] Lakhna ' ū ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , and is also the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division . It is the fourteenth-most populous city and the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration of India . Lucknow has always been a multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub , and the seat of power of Nawabs in the 18th and 19th centuries . It continues to be an important centre of governance , administration , education , commerce , aerospace , finance , pharmaceuticals , technology , design , culture , tourism , music and poetry . The city stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres ( 404 ft ) above sea level . Lucknow district covers an area of 2,528 square kilometres ( 976 sq mi ) . Bounded on the east by Barabanki , on the west by Unnao , on the south by Raebareli and in the north by Sitapur and Hardoi , Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River . Historically , Lucknow was the capital of the Awadh region , controlled by the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire . It was transferred to the Nawabs of Awadh . In 1856 , the British East India Company abolished local rule and took complete control of the city along with the rest of Awadh and , in 1857 , transferred it to the British Raj . Along with the rest of India , Lucknow became independent from Britain on 15 August 1947 . It has been listed as the 17th-fastest growing city in India and 74th in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Hardoi Lakhimpur Kheri Lucknow Raebareli Sitapur Unnao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardoi_district', 'summary': 'Hardoi district is a district situated in the center of Uttar Pradesh , India , and Hardoi town is the district headquarters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lakhimpur_Kheri', 'summary': 'Lakhimpur Kheri district is the largest district in Uttar Pradesh , India , on the border with Nepal . Its administrative capital is the city of Lakhimpur . Lakhimpur Kheri district is a part of Lucknow division , with a total area of 7,680 square kilometres ( 2,970 sq mi ) . The national government designated Lakhimpur Kheri as a Minority Concentrated District on the basis of 2001 census data , which identifies it as requiring urgent aid to improve living standards and amenities . Dudhwa National Park , is in Lakhimpur Kheri and is the only national park in Uttar Pradesh . It is home to many rare and endangered species including tigers , leopards , swamp deer , hispid hares and Bengal florican'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucknow_district', 'summary': 'Lucknow district is a district located in the Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Lucknow is the district headquarters and the district is part of Lucknow Division . It also is the capital of Uttar Pradesh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raebareli_district', 'summary': 'Raebareli district also spelled Rae Bareli district , is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Raebareli is the district headquarters . The district is part of Lucknow Division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sitapur_district', 'summary': 'Sitapur district is one of the districts which is situated in Uttar Pradesh state of India , with Sitapur town as the district headquarters . Sitapur district is a part of Lucknow division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unnao_district', 'summary': 'Unnao district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Unnao is the district headquarters . The district is part of Lucknow Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Meerut division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meerut_division', 'summary': 'Meerut division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Meerut is the administrative headquarters of the division .'}]}, {'value': 'Meerut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meerut', 'summary': 'Meerut ( pronunciation ( help·info ) , IAST : Meraṭha ) is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is an ancient city , with settlements dating back to the Indus Valley civilisation having been found in and around the area . The city lies 70 km ( 43 mi ) northeast of the national capital New Delhi , and 430 km ( 270 mi ) northwest of the state capital Lucknow . As of 2011 , Meerut is the 33rd most populous urban agglomeration and the 26th most populous city in India . It ranked 292 in 2006 and is projected to rank 242 in 2020 in the list of largest cities and urban areas in the world . The municipal area ( as of 2001 ) is 141.89 km2 ( 54.78 sq mi ) with the cantonment covering 35.68 km2 ( 3,568.06 ha ) . The city is one of the largest producers of sports goods , and the largest producer of musical instruments in India . The city is also an education hub in western Uttar Pradesh , and also known as the Sports City Of India . The city is famous for being the starting point of the 1857 rebellion against British colonial rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Baghpat Bulandshahar Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Meerut Hapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baghpat_district', 'summary': 'Bagpat district is one of the 75 districts of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with headquarters at the town of Baghpat . Created in 1997 , the district has an area of 1,321 square kilometres ( 510 sq mi ) and a population of 1,303,048 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bulandshahr_district', 'summary': 'Bulandshahr district ( also spelled Bulandshahar ) is a district in the Meerut region in the North India state of Uttar Pradesh located between 28.4° and 28.0° north latitudes and between 77.0° and 78.0° east longitudes . Bulandshahr is the district headquarters . It is part of National Capital Region of India . Bulandshahar district is surrounded by Aligarh district , Sambhal district , Gautam buddha nagar district , Hapur district and Amroha district .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar', 'summary': 'Gautam Buddh Nagar is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . It is part of the National Capital Region ( India ) . Greater Noida is the district administrative headquarters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghaziabad_district,_India', 'summary': 'Ghaziabad district ( pronounced [ ɣaːziːaːˈbaːd̪ ˈzɪlaː ] ) is a largely suburban district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India of National Capital Region . The city of Ghaziabad is the administrative headquarters of the district . This district is part of Meerut Division . It has become a major bedroom community for Delhi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meerut_district', 'summary': 'Meerut district , is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Meerut is the district headquarters . Meerut district is also a part of the Meerut division . The administrative head of district of Meerut is a District Magistrate while the administrative head of Meerut Division is Divisional Commissioner , an IAS officer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hapur_district', 'summary': 'Hapur district is a district in Uttar Pradesh state of India . It is the smallest district of UP . This district on the Ganges river is 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) from New Delhi .'}]}, {'value': 'Mirzapur division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirzapur_division', 'summary': 'Mirzapur division is a division of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Mirzapur is the administrative headquarters . Currently ( 2018 ) , the division consists of districts of :'}]}, {'value': 'Mirzapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirzapur', 'summary': 'Mirzapur pronunciation ( help·info ) is a city in Uttar Pradesh , India , roughly 650 km from both Delhi and Kolkata , almost 84 km from Allahabad and 59 km from Varanasi . It is known for its carpets and brassware industries . The city is surrounded by several hills and is the headquarters of Mirzapur district . It is famous for the holy shrine of Vindhyachal , Ashtbhuja and Kali khoh and also Devrahwa Baba ashram . It has many waterfalls and natural spots .'}]}, {'value': 'Mirzapur Sant Ravidas Nagar Sonbhadra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirzapur_district', 'summary': 'Mirzapur district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The district is bounded on the north by Bhadohi and Varanasi districts , on the east by Chandauli district , on the south by Sonbhadra district and on the northwest by Allahabad . The district occupies an area of 4521 km2 . Mirzapur city is the district headquarters . Mirzapur district is a part of Mirzapur division . This district is known for the Vindhyavasini temple in Vindhyachal and several tourist attractions like water falls like Rajdari & Devdari and dams . It consist of several Ghats where historical sculptures are still present . During the Ganges festival these Ghats are decorated with lights and diyas . It is a part of the Red Corridor . It was once the largest district in Uttar Pradesh until Sonebhadra district was separated from Mirzapur in 1989 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sant_Ravidas_Nagar_district', 'summary': "Bhadohi district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Gyanpur is the district headquarters . Bhadohi is one of largest centres of Carpet Industries in India and known as ' Carpet City ' . Carpets of Bhadohi have ' Geographical Indication ' tag attached to it . Bhadohi has huge geographical significance and position attached to it due to its location between two culturally important and rich heritage cities of Prayagraj and Varanasi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonbhadra_district', 'summary': 'Sonbhadra or Sonebhadra is the second largest district of Uttar Pradesh , India . Sonbhadra is the only district in India which borders four states namely Madhya Pradesh in west , Chhattishgarh in south , Jharkhand in south east and Bihar in the east . The district has an area of 6788 km² and a population of 1,862,559 ( 2011 census ) , with a population density of 270 persons per km².It lies in the extreme southeast of the state , and is bounded by Mirzapur District to the northwest , Chandauli District to the north , Kaimur and Rohtas districts of Bihar state to the northeast , Garhwa district of Jharkhand state to the east , Balrampur District of Chhattisgarh state to the south , and Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh state to the west . The district headquarters is in the town of Robertsganj . Sonbhadra district is an industrial zone and it has lots of minerals like bauxite , limestone , coal , gold etc . Sonbhadra is called as Energy Capital of India because there are so many power plants . Sonbhadra lies between vindhya and Kaimur hills , and its topology and natural environment prompted First Prime minister of India Pt . Jawarharlal Nehru to refer to Sonbhadra as The Switzerland of India .'}]}, {'value': 'Moradabad division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moradabad_division', 'summary': 'Moradabad division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Moradabad is the administrative headquarters of the division . It forms a part of the Rohilkhand region . Currently ( 2005 ) , the division consists of districts of Moradabad , Bijnor , Rampur , Amroha and Sambhal .'}]}, {'value': 'Moradabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moradabad', 'summary': 'Moradabad ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a city , commissionary , and a municipal corporation in Moradabad district of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Founded by Rustam Khan , the governor of Katghar with the help of Syed Shah Luthfullah Rehmatullah Alai , under the Mughal emperor Shahjahan , Moradabad was named after prince Murad Bakhsh , the youngest son of the emperor . After its establishment , the city soon replaced Sambhal as the seat of the Governor of Katehar . Moradabad was subsequently annexed into the Kingdom of Rohilkhand by Ali Mohammed Khan in 1740 . The city came under the control of Awadh State in 1774 and was ceded to the British East India Company by the Nawab of Awadh in 1801 . Moradabad is situated on the banks of the Ramganga river , at a distance of 167 km ( 104 mi ) from the national capital , New Delhi and 344 km north-west of the state capital Lucknow . The city is known as Pital Nagri ( Brass City ) for its famous brass handicrafts industry . It is also the divisional headquarters of Northern Railway ( NR ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bijnor Amroha Moradabad Rampur Sambhal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bijnor_district', 'summary': 'Bijnor district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Bijnor city is the district headquarters . The Uttar Pradesh Government wants Bijnor to be included under National Capital Region ( NCR ) due to its close distance from Delhi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amroha_district', 'summary': 'Amroha district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . Amroha town is the district headquarters . According to the Government of India , the district is one of the Minority Concentrated Districts on the basis of the 2001 census data on population , socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators . The district is bounded on the north by Bijnor District , on the east and southeast by Moradabad District , on the south by Badaun District , and on the west by the River Ganges , across which lie the Bulandshahr , Hapur , and Meerut districts . State Highways 72 and 73 penetrate the city and act as major routes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Moradabad_district', 'summary': 'Moradabad district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh , India . Moradabad is the district headquarters . Moradabad district is a part of Moradabad division . As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttar Pradesh ( out of 71 ) , after Allahabad . The district of Moradabad lies between 28°21´ to 28°16´ north latitude and 78°4´ to 79° east longitude .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rampur_district', 'summary': 'Rampur district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Rampur town is the district headquarters . Rampur district is a part of Moradabad division . The district occupies an area of 2,367 km2 ( 914 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sambhal_district', 'summary': 'Sambhal district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in India.The District headquarter is Bahjoi town . 993 Villages and 12 police stations fall under Sambhal district . Sambhal has the largest market of menthol in South Asia it is also popular worldwide for its handicrafts made of Buffalo horn , Seashells , Mother of Perls . Micro-factories located in area named Sarai Tareen play key role production of crafts there are plenty of artisans who are skilled .'}]}, {'value': 'Saharanpur division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saharanpur_division', 'summary': 'Saharanpur division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . The city of Saharanpur is the administrative headquarters of the division .'}]}, {'value': 'Saharanpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saharanpur', 'summary': 'Saharanpur is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is the administrative headquarters of Saharanpur district . Saharanpur city grew in a region named after a Sufi Saint Shah Haroon Chishti . It was founded by Sah Ranbirsingh , a Jain nobleman , who laid the foundations of the present-day city on the site of an army cantonment . Saharanpur is declared as one amongst the 100 Smart Cities by MOUD as a part of Smart Cities Mission .'}]}, {'value': 'Muzaffarnagar Saharanpur Shamli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_district', 'summary': 'Muzaffarnagar district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . It is part of Saharanpur division . The city of Muzaffarnagar is the district headquarters . This district is the part of National Capital Region .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Saharanpur_district', 'summary': 'Saharanpur district is the northernmost of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state , India . Bordering the states of Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand , and close to the foothills of Shivalik range , it lies in the northern part of the Doab region . It is primarily an agricultural area . The district headquarters are Saharanpur city and it belongs to Saharanpur Division . Other principal towns are Behat , Deoband , Gangoh and Rampur Maniharan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shamli_district', 'summary': 'Shamli is a district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . This district was carved out from Muzaffarnagar District on 28 September 2011 as Prabudh Nagar and renamed Shamli in July 2012 . Shamli is the headquarters of the district . Shamli is located along the Delhi-Saharanpur ( National Highway-709B ) , Meerut-Karnal ( National Highway-709A ) and Panipat-Khatima ( National Highway-709AD ) Highways . Shamli district comes in National Capital Region of India .'}]}, {'value': 'Varanasi division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varanasi_division', 'summary': 'Varanasi division is an administrative geographical unit of Uttar Pradesh state of India . Varanasi is the administrative headquarters of the division . Currently ( 2018 ) , the division consists of districts of Varanasi , Chandauli , Ghazipur , and Jaunpur and is loosely equivalent to the Benares State .'}]}, {'value': 'Varanasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varanasi', 'summary': "Varanasi ( Hindustani pronunciation : [ ʋaːˈraːɳəsi ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Benares , Banaras ( Banāras [ bəˈnaːrəs ] ( listen ) ) , or Kashi ( Kāśī [ ˈkaːʃi ] ( listen ) ) , is a city on the banks of the river Ganges in Uttar Pradesh , India , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south-east of the state capital , Lucknow , and 121 kilometres ( 75 mi ) east of Allahabad . A major religious hub in India , it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities ( Sapta Puri ) in Hinduism and Jainism , and played an important role in the development of Buddhism and Ravidassia . Varanasi lies along National Highway 2 and is served by Varanasi Junction railway station and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport . Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre famous for its muslin and silk fabrics , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BCE when he gave his first sermon , The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma , at nearby Sarnath . The city 's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century , when Adi Shankara established the worship of Shiva as an official sect of Varanasi . During the Muslim rule through the Middle Ages , the city continued as an important centre of Hindu devotion , pilgrimage , mysticism and poetry which further contributed to its reputation as a centre of cultural importance and religious education . Tulsidas wrote his epic poem on Rama 's life called Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi . Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi , including Kabir and Ravidas . Guru Nanak visited Varanasi for Maha Shivaratri in 1507 , a trip that played a large role in the founding of Sikhism . In the 16th century , Varanasi experienced a cultural revival under the Mughal emperor Akbar who patronised the city , and built two large temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu , though much of modern Varanasi was built during the 18th century , by the Maratha and Brahmin kings . The Kingdom of Benares was given official status by the Mughals in 1737 , and continued as a dynasty-governed area until Indian independence in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chandauli Ghazipur Jaunpur Varanasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandauli_district', 'summary': 'Chandauli district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India , and Chandauli town is the district headquarters . Chandauli district is a part of Varanasi Division.Chandauli became a separate district for the first time on 20 May 1997 . Mughalsarai , a city in the district has the busiest rail station in the North East of Uttar Pradesh . The district includes the Chandraprabha ( nature ) Sanctuary and a number of waterfalls , including at Devdari and Rajdari . The District contributes to Indian GDP by providing the various cereals from the district including paddy and wheat . Popularly known as the Dhaan Ka Katora of Uttar Pradesh because of fertile lands of the Gangetic Plain . Chanduali district made big contributions at the time of freedom movements . [ citation needed ] Chanduali District is not much developed and there are a lot of problems of infrastructure and education . [ citation needed ] But slowly , situation is improving as people are now awakened and want development of the area as critical for their future . [ original research ? ] In Chanduali there is a village named Ghoswan and Khakhara which is known for the protest against the British for the freedom of India . Chandauli district has its own railway station named Chandauli Majhwar railway station near to district headquarters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghazipur_district', 'summary': 'Ghazipur district ( Ghāzīpur ) is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India . The city of Ghazipur is the district headquarters . The district is part of Varanasi Division . The region of Ghazipur is famous mainly for the production of its unique rose scented Spray called Gulab Jal , and for the tomb of the Governor General of British India , Lord Cornwallis , who died here . His tomb is situated in Western part of City , and is conserved by Archaeological Survey of India .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jaunpur_district', 'summary': 'Jaunpur district is a district in the Varanasi Division of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The district headquarters is Jaunpur which is situated on the banks of the Gomti River . It is located 228 km southeast of the state capital Lucknow . The district has two Lok sabha seats and nine Vidhan Sabha seats . According to the 2011 census , Jaunpur has a gender ratio of 1,024 females to 1,000 males , the highest in Uttar Pradesh . The main languages are Hindi , Urdu , Awadhi and Bhojpuri .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Varanasi_district', 'summary': 'Varanasi is a district in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh with Varanasi city as the district headquarters . It is also called Kashi , according to Hindu mythology it is one of the sacred places pilgrimage for Hindus as well as Buddhists . It is believed that Lord Shiva along with Parvathi as Vishwanatha and Vishalaakshi reside there to bless devotees . It is surrounded by Mirzapur district , Jaunpur district , Ghazipur district and Chandauli district . The Ganga ( Ganges ) river flows through the district . It is considered by Hindus to be a sacred and pure river , having the ability to wash away sins when people take a dip in it . Part of the Varanasi division , the district occupies an area of 1,535 square kilometres ( 593 sq mi ) and as of the 2011 [ update ] Census of India had a population of 3,676,841 .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Regional divisions in Uttar Pradesh Administrative Divisions of Uttar Pradesh . The northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , which borders Nepal , comprises 18 administrative divisions . Within these 18 divisions , there are 75 smaller districts . The following table shows the name of each division , its administrative capital city , its constituent districts , and a map of its location .', 'uid': 'Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh_0', 'intro': 'The northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, which borders Nepal, comprises 18 administrative divisions. Within these 18 divisions, there are 75 smaller districts. The following table shows the name of each division, its administrative capital city, its constituent districts, and a map of its location.'}
null
null
How many districts are in the division with Moradabad as its headquarters ?
5
094e220f2bd8aa67
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Football_Union', 'title': 'Caribbean Football Union', 'header': ['Nation', 'Association', 'National team', 'Year joined CFU', 'FIFA status', 'Island group'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anguilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anguilla', 'summary': "Anguilla ( /ænˈɡwɪlə/ ann-GWIL-ə ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean . It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles , lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin . The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla , approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) long by 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide at its widest point , together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population . The territory 's capital is The Valley . The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles ( 91 km2 ) , with a population of approximately 17,400 ( July 2018 est . ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Anguilla Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anguilla_Football_Association', 'summary': 'The Anguilla Football Association is the governing body of football in Anguilla .'}]}, {'value': 'Anguilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anguilla_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Anguilla national football team is the national team of Anguilla , a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean , and is controlled by the Anguilla Football Association . It is affiliated to the Caribbean Football Union of CONCACAF . Along with the teams from the Bahamas , Tonga , Bhutan , Gibraltar , Eritrea , San Marino , and Somalia , they are consistently one of the lowest ranked teams in the world in the FIFA rankings .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda', 'summary': "Antigua and Barbuda ( /ænˈtiːɡ ( w ) ə . bɑːrˈb ( j ) uːdə/ ( listen ) ; an-TEE-g ( w ) ə . bar-B ( Y ) OO-də ) is an island sovereign state in the West Indies in the Americas , lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guiana , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . The permanent population numbers about 95,900 ( 2018 est . ) , with 97% being resident on Antigua . The capital and largest port and city is St. John 's on Antigua , with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda . Lying near each other ( the main Barbuda airport is less than 0.5° of latitude , or 56 kilometres ( 30 nautical miles ) , north of the main Antigua airport ) , Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 17°N of the equator . The island of Antigua was explored by Christopher Columbus in 1493 and named for the Church of Santa María La Antigua . Antigua was colonised by Britain in 1632 ; Barbuda island was first colonised in 1678 . Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958 . With the breakup of the federation , it became one of the West Indies Associated States in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Antigua and Barbuda Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Football_Association', 'summary': 'The Antigua and Barbuda Football Association is the governing body of football in Antigua and Barbuda . They control the Antigua and Barbuda national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Antigua and Barbuda national football team is the national team of Antigua and Barbuda and is controlled by the Antigua and Barbuda Football Association , a member of the Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football and the Caribbean Football Union .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruba', 'summary': 'Aruba ( /əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə , Dutch : [ aːˈrubaː , -ryb- ] ( listen ) , Papiamento : [ aˈruba ] ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea , located about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) north of the coast of Venezuela . It measures 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) across at its widest point . Together with Bonaire and Curaçao , Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands . Collectively , Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands , along with the Netherlands , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten ; the citizens of these countries are all Dutch nationals . Aruba has no administrative subdivisions , but , for census purposes , is divided into eight regions . Its capital is Oranjestad . Unlike much of the Caribbean region , Aruba has a dry climate and an arid , cactus-strewn landscape . This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm , sunny weather . It has a land area of 179 km2 ( 69.1 sq mi ) and is densely populated , with a total of 102,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census . Current estimates of the population place it at 116,600 ( July 2018 est . ) It lies outside Hurricane Alley .'}]}, {'value': 'Arubaanse Voetbal Bond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arubaanse_Voetbal_Bond', 'summary': "The Arubaanse Voetbal Bond is the governing body of football in Aruba . Its headquarters are at Frans Figaroa sports complex ( Compleho Deportivo Frans Figaroa ) in the city of Noord . It is a member of FIFA and is responsible for governing amateur and professional football , including the men 's , and youth national teams . The AVB is also responsible for sanctioning referees and football tournaments for most football leagues in Aruba ."}]}, {'value': 'Aruba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aruba_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Aruba national football team ( Dutch , Arubaans voetbalelftal ; Papiamento , Seleccion Arubano di futbol ) is the national team of Aruba , it was founded in 1932 and is affiliated with the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , CONCACAF and FIFA ( since 1988 ) and is controlled by the Arubaanse Voetbal Bond .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahamas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bahamas', 'summary': "The Bahamas ( /bəˈhɑːməz/ ( listen ) ) , known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas , is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago in the West Indies . It is a member of the Commonwealth Realms under the monarchy of Queen Elizabeth II . The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the Atlantic Ocean , and is located north of Cuba and Hispaniola Island ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands , southeast of the U.S. state of Florida , and east of the Florida Keys . The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence . The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas ' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 ( 180,000 sq mi ) of ocean space . The Bahamas were inhabited by the Lucayans , a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno people , for many centuries . Columbus was the first European to see the islands , making his first landfall in the 'New World ' in 1492 . Later , the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to slavery on Hispaniola , after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 , when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera . The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 , when the British clamped down on piracy . After the American Revolutionary War , the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas ; they took their slaves with them and established plantations on land grants . African slaves and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on . The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 ; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahamas Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahamas_Football_Association', 'summary': "The Bahamas Football Association ( BFA ) is the official football federation in The Bahamas . It was founded in 1967 for men , women , and children to learn more about football . It affiliated with FIFA in 1968 . The headquarters are in Nassau . The federation is also in charge of its football clubs and the Bahamanian national team . They control the New Providence Football League 's divisions 1 & 2 . They are also in charge of the Grand Bahama Football League for both men and women . The BFA is led by ( President ) Mr. Anton Sealey and the board of executives , Jason McDowall , Kevin Davis , Stanley Darville , Antoine Dias and Bruce LeFleur . The headquarters is managed by Mr. Frederick Lunn ( General Secretary ) , with the Technical Department being directed by Mr. Garry Markham ( Technical Director ) . The BFA is seen as a flagship developing Association for FIFA . [ citation needed ] There are many players receiving scholarships in the USA at Division 1 universities . There are also several Bahamian soccer players playing and getting opportunities with Professional clubs in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Bahamas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahamas_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Bahamas national football team is controlled by the Bahamas Football Association ; it was founded in 1967 and joined FIFA in 1968 . Bahamas has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup . In 2011 , they withdrew from the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers after playing in the first round .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucayan Archipelago', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbados Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados_Football_Association', 'summary': 'The Barbados Football Association is the governing body of association football in Barbados . It is responsible the administration of football in Barbados with responsibility for the Barbadian national football team as well as the other Barbados National Football teams . Established in 1910 , it was originally named the Barbados Football Amateur Association , but changed in 1925 to the current name . The Barbados Football Association became affiliated to FIFA in 1968 , CONCACAF in 1967 and also the Caribbean Football Union .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Barbados national football team , nicknamed Bajan Tridents , is the national association football team of Barbados and is controlled by the Barbados Football Association . It has never qualified for a major international tournament . It came close to qualifying for the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup as it hosted the Caribbean Cup finals that acted as Gold Cup qualifiers , but finished fourth of the four teams . In 2001 , it surprised many by making the semifinal round of the 2002 World Cup Qualifiers . In the first game of this round , they pulled off a shock 2-1 win over Costa Rica , but lost their five remaining games . In 2004 , Barbados gained a shock 1-1 draw at home to Northern Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bermuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermuda', 'summary': "Bermuda ( /bərˈmjuːdə/ ) ( in full , the Islands of Bermuda ) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean . It is approximately 1,070 km ( 665 mi ) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina ; 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) south of Cape Sable Island , Nova Scotia ; and 1,759 km ( 1,093 mi ) northeast of Cuba . Though it is typically referred to in the singular , Bermuda consists of 181 islands ; the largest of these islands is known as Main Island . The capital city of Bermuda is Hamilton . Bermuda is self-governing , with its own constitution and government and a Parliament which makes local laws . The United Kingdom retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations . As of July 2018 , it has a population of 71,176 , making it the most populous of the British overseas territories . Bermuda 's largest economic sectors are offshore insurance , reinsurance , and tourism . Bermuda had one of the world 's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century . It has a subtropical climate and lies in the hurricane belt and thus is prone to related severe weather ; however , it is somewhat protected by a coral reef and by its position at the north of the belt , which limits the direction and severity of approaching storms ."}]}, {'value': 'Bermuda Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermuda_Football_Association', 'summary': 'Founded in 1928 , the Bermuda Football Association is the official football ( soccer ) organization in Bermuda and is in charge of the Bermudian national team . The league is also in charge of the sporting leagues on the island .'}]}, {'value': 'Bermuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermuda_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Bermuda national football team represents Bermuda in international football , and is controlled by the Bermuda Football Association . They are a member of the CONCACAF football federation .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonaire', 'summary': "Bonaire ( pronounced /bɔːˈnɛər/ or /bɒnˈɛər/ ; Dutch : Bonaire , pronounced [ boːˈnɛːr ( ə ) ] ; Papiamento : Boneiru , pronounced [ buˈneiru ] ) is an island in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea . Its capital is Kralendijk , located near the ocean on the lee side of the island . Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao form the ABC islands , located 80 km ( 50 miles ) off the coast of Venezuela . Unlike much of the Caribbean region , the ABC islands lie outside Hurricane Alley . The islands have an arid climate that attracts visitors seeking warm , sunny weather all year round . Bonaire is a popular snorkeling and scuba diving destination because of its multiple shore diving sites and easy access to the island 's fringing reefs . As of 1 January 2019 , the island 's population totaled 20,104 permanent residents , an increase of about 1,200 since 2015 . The island 's total land area is 288 square kilometres ( 111 sq mi ) ; it is 38.6 kilometres ( 24.0 mi ) long from north to south , and ranges from 4.8-8 kilometres ( 3.0-5.0 mi ) wide from east to west . A short 0.80 kilometres ( 0.50 mi ) west of Bonaire across the sea is the uninhabited islet Klein Bonaire with a total land area of 6 square kilometres ( 2.3 sq mi ) . Klein Bonaire has low growing vegetation including cactus ( Papiamento : kadushi ) , with few palm trees near the water and is bordered by white sandy beaches and a fringing reef . The reefs , beaches and on-island reserves located on both Bonaire and Klein Bonaire are under the protection of the Bonaire National Marine Park , and managed by Stichting Nationale Parken Bonaire ( STINAPA ) . Bonaire was part of the Netherlands Antilles until the country 's dissolution in 2010 , when the island became a special municipality ( officially , a public body ) within the country of the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': 'Bonaire Football Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonaire_Football_Federation', 'summary': 'The Bonaire Football Federation ( Papiamento : Federashon Futbòl Bonairiano ) is the governing body of football in Bonaire . It became affiliated to CONCACAF as an Associate Member on 19 April 2013 . On 10 June 2014 , Bonaire became a full member of CONCACAF .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonaire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonaire_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Bonaire national football team ( Dutch : Bonairiaans voetbalelftal ; Papiamento : Selekshon Bonerianu di futbòl ) is the national football team of the Caribbean island of Bonaire , a public body of the Netherlands . It is under the control of the Bonaire Football Federation . It became a member of the CFU and an associate member of CONCACAF on 19 April 2013. after which it became a full CONCACAF member on 10 June 2014 The team can participate in the CONCACAF Gold Cup and Caribbean Cup because of their membership in the confederation and sub-confederation . However , Bonaire is not a member of FIFA and therefore can not compete in the FIFA World Cup or other FIFA events .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The British Virgin Islands ( abbreviated BVI ) , officially simply the Virgin Islands , are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean , to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies . The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Anegada , and Jost Van Dyke , along with over 50 other smaller islands and cays . About 16 of the islands are inhabited . The capital , Road Town , is on Tortola , the largest island , which is about 20 km ( 12 mi ) long and 5 km ( 3 mi ) wide . The islands had a population of about 28,000 at the 2010 Census , of whom approximately 23,500 lived on Tortola ; current estimates put the population at 35,802 ( July 2018 ) . British Virgin Islanders are British Overseas Territories citizens and since 2002 are British citizens as well .'}]}, {'value': 'British Virgin Islands Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_Football_Association', 'summary': 'The British Virgin Islands Football Association is the governing body of football in the British Virgin Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'British Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The British Virgin Islands national football team is the national team of the British Virgin Islands and is controlled by the British Virgin Islands Football Association . A member of CONCACAF , it is among its weakest teams .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cayman Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayman_Islands', 'summary': "The Cayman Islands ( /ˈkeɪmən/ or /keɪˈmæn/ ) is an autonomous British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea . The 264-square-kilometre ( 102-square-mile ) territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman , Cayman Brac and Little Cayman , which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras , between Jamaica and Mexico 's Yucatán Peninsula . The capital city is George Town , situated on Grand Cayman , the most populous of the three islands . The Cayman Islands is considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone as well as the Greater Antilles . The territory is often considered a major world offshore financial haven for international businesses and many wealthy individuals , and has been placed on the EU 's blacklist of foreign tax havens ."}]}, {'value': 'Cayman Islands Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayman_Islands_Football_Association', 'summary': "The Cayman Islands Football Association is the governing body of football in the Cayman Islands . The Cayman Islands Football Association governs all National Team programs , youth development leagues , Women 's league and the Cayman Islands Men 's Premier League . As of November 2011 [ update ] , the Cayman Islands were ranked 181st moving up four places in the FIFA world rankings after a 1:1 draw against the Dominican Republic in a 2014 FIFA Brazil World Cup Qualifier . The Cayman Islands national football team is the national team of the Cayman Islands and is controlled by the Cayman Islands Football Association . It is a member of FIFA and CONCACAF ."}]}, {'value': 'Cayman Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayman_Islands_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Cayman Islands national football team is the national team of the Cayman Islands , and is controlled by the Cayman Islands Football Association . It is a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . Cayman Islands ' home ground is Truman Bodden Stadium in George Town , and their head coach is Chandler Gonzalez ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asociación_de_Fútbol_de_Cuba', 'summary': 'The Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba is the official governing body of the sport of football in Cuba including the National Team . The league is composed of one amateur division with total of 8 teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Cuba national football team ( Spanish : Selección nacional de fútbol de Cuba ) represents Cuba in men 's international association football and it 's controlled by the Asociación de Fútbol de Cuba , The team 's nickname is Leones del Caribe ( Lions of Caribbean ) , The team represents all three FIFA , Caribbean Football Union and Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) . They were the first Caribbean team to get to the World Cup finals - they did so in 1938 . There , they defeated Romania in a replay 2-1 after drawing against them 3-3 . They were then eliminated in the quarter-finals by Sweden , 8-0 . Cuba has not returned to the World Cup since . Cuba finished second in the Caribbean Cup in 1996 , 1999 and 2005 and won the 2012 Caribbean Cup ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curaçao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao', 'summary': 'Curaçao ( /ˈkjʊərəsoʊ , -saʊ , ˌkjʊərəˈsoʊ , -ˈsaʊ/ KEWR-əss-oh , -\u2060ow , -\u2060OH , -\u2060OW , Dutch : [ kyraːˈsʌu , kur- ] ( listen ) ; Papiamento : Kòrsou [ ˈkɔrsɔu̯ ] ) is a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) north of the Venezuelan coast . It is a constituent country ( Dutch : land ) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Together with Aruba and Bonaire it forms the ABC islands . Collectively , Curaçao and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean . The country was formerly part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony in 1815-1954 and later the Netherlands Antilles in 1954-2010 , as Island Territory of Curaçao ( Dutch : Eilandgebied Curaçao , Papiamento : Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou ) and is now formally called the Country of Curaçao ( Dutch : Land Curaçao , Papiamento : Pais Kòrsou ) . It includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller , uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ( Little Curaçao ) . Curaçao has a population of 158,665 ( January 2019 est . ) and an area of 444 km2 ( 171 sq mi ) ; its capital is Willemstad .'}]}, {'value': 'Curaçao Football Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao_Football_Federation', 'summary': 'Curaçao Football Federation ( Papiamento : Federashon Futbòl Kòrsou , FFK ) is the football association of Curaçao . It is the legal successor of the Netherlands Antillean Football Union , which ended with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010. International matches are represented by the Curaçao national football team . The NAVU was renamed to FFK on 9 February 2011 after FIFA had encouraged changing the name and update statutes , like dealing with Bonaire , who belonged then to the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Curaçao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curaçao_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Curaçao national football team ( Dutch : Curaçaos voetbalelftal ; Papiamentu , Selekshon di Futbòl Kòrsou ) represents Curaçao in International association football and is controlled by the Federashon Futbòl Kòrsou ( FFK ) . Following a constitutional change that allowed its predecessor , the Colony of Curaçao and Dependencies to become a unified constituent country consisting of several island territories as the Netherlands Antilles and its dissolution in 2010 , Curaçao has played under a new constitutional status as a separate constituent country since 2011 . Both FIFA and CONCACAF recognize the Curaçao national team to be the direct and sole successor of the dependant Curaçao ( 1921-1958 ) and the Netherlands Antilles national football teams .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominica', 'summary': "Dominica ( /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkə/ DOM-ih-NEE-kə or /dəˈmɪnɪkə/ də-MIH-nih-kə ; French : Dominique ; Island Carib : Waitu kubuli ) , officially the Commonwealth of Dominica , is an island country in the Caribbean . The capital , Roseau , is located on the western side of the island . It is geographically situated a part of the Leeward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . The island is located near Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast . Its area is 750 km2 ( 290 sq mi ) , and the highest point is Morne Diablotins , at 1,447 m ( 4,747 ft ) in elevation . The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census . The island was settled by the Arawak arriving from South America in the 5th century . The Island Caribs or Kalinagos displaced the Arawak violently by the 15th century . Columbus is said to have passed the island on Sunday 3 November 1493 . It was later colonised by Europeans , predominantly by the French from the 1690s to 1763 . The French imported enslaved people from West Africa to Dominica to work on coffee plantations . Great Britain took possession in 1763 after the Seven Years ' War , and it gradually established English as its official language ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominica Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominica_Football_Association', 'summary': "The Dominica Football Association is the governing body of football in Dominica . The Dominica national football team is the national team of Dominica and is controlled by the Dominica Football Association . The national league of Dominica is the Dominica Championship . In June 2012 , the President of the DFA was removed from his role by the association 's members until the end of his term in 2015 for his part in the Caribbean Football Union corruption scandal ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominica_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Dominica national football team is the national team of Dominica and is controlled by the Dominica Football Association . They are a member of CONCACAF . Dominica has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Football Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Football_Federation', 'summary': 'The Federación Dominicana de Fútbol is the governing body of football in the Dominican Republic .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic national football team is the national team of Dominican Republic and is controlled by the Dominican Football Federation . The team are a member of the Caribbean Football Union of CONCACAF , the governing body of football in North and Central America and the Caribbean . The Dominican Republic has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French Guiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Guiana', 'summary': "French Guiana ( /ɡiˈɑːnə/ or /ɡiˈænə/ ; French : Guyane [ ɡɥijan ] ) is an overseas department and region of the French Republic on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas . It borders Brazil to the east and south and Suriname to the west . French Guiana is the only territory of the mainland Americas to have full integration in a European country . With a land area of 83,534 km2 ( 32,253 sq mi ) , French Guiana is the second-largest region of France ( it is more than one-seventh the size of Metropolitan France ) and the largest outermost region within the European Union . It has a very low population density , with only 3.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 9.3/sq mi ) . ( Its population is less than 1/200 the population of Metropolitan France . ) Half of its 296,711 inhabitants in 2019 lived in the metropolitan area of Cayenne , its capital . 98.9% of the land territory of French Guiana is covered by forests , a large part of which is primeval rainforest . The Guiana Amazonian Park , which is the largest national park in the European Union , covers 41% of French Guiana 's territory . Since December 2015 both the region and the department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a new territorial collectivity , the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity ( French : collectivité territoriale de Guyane ) . This assembly , the French Guiana Assembly ( French : assemblée de Guyane ) , has replaced the former regional council and departmental council , which were both disbanded . The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government ."}]}, {'value': 'Ligue de Football de Guyane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ligue_de_Football_de_Guyane', 'summary': 'The Ligue de Football de la Guyane is the governing body of football in French Guiana .'}]}, {'value': 'French Guiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_Guiana_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The French Guiana national football team ( French : sélection de Guyane de football ) is the regional team of the French overseas department and region of French Guiana and is controlled by the Ligue de Football de Guyane , the local branch of Fédération Française de Football .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-member', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grenada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenada', 'summary': "Grenada ( /ɡrɪˈneɪdə/ ( listen ) grin-AY-də Grenadian Creole : La Gwenad ) is a sovereign state in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain . Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself plus six smaller islands which lie to the north of the main island . It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago , northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Its size is 348.5 square kilometres ( 134.6 sq mi ) , and it had an estimated population of 112,200 in July 2018 . Its capital is St. George 's . Grenada is also known as the Island of Spice due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops . The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada dove . Coordinates : 12°07′N 61°40′W / 12.117°N 61.667°W / 12.117 ; -61.667 Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas , Grenada was inhabited by the indigenous Arawaks and later by the Island Caribs . Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas . Although it was deemed the property of the King of Spain , there are no records to suggest the Spanish ever landed or settled on the island . Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise the island due to resistance from the Island Caribs , French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century . On 10 February 1763 , Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris ."}]}, {'value': 'Grenada Football Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenada_Football_Association', 'summary': "The Grenada Football Association ( GFA ) is the governing body of football in Grenada . They oversee the Grenada national football team . In club football , they oversee the GFA Premier League , GFA First Division and GFA Second Division . They also oversee Grenada 's top football cup competition , the GFA Super Knockout Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Grenada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenada_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Grenada national football team represents Grenada in international football and is controlled by the Grenada Football Association , a member of the Caribbean Football Union of CONCACAF . The team is nicknamed The Spice Boys , a reference to the country being dubbed as the Island of Spice or the Spice Isle . Grenada has never qualified for the World Cup but have finished second in the Caribbean Cup in 1989 and 2008 . Their second-place finish in the 2008 Caribbean Cup gave Grenada its first qualification to a major international competition , that being the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadeloupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadeloupe', 'summary': 'Guadeloupe ( /ˌɡwɑːdəˈluːp/ , French : [ ɡwad ( ə ) lup ] ( listen ) ; Antillean Creole : Gwadloup ) is an archipelago forming an overseas region of France in the Caribbean . It consists of six inhabited islands , Basse-Terre , Grande-Terre , Marie-Galante , La Désirade , and the Îles des Saintes , as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings . It lies south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat , and north of Dominica . Its capital is Basse-Terre on the west coast ; however , the largest city is Pointe-à-Pitre . Like the other overseas departments , it is an integral part of France . As a constituent territory of the European Union and the Eurozone , the euro is its official currency and any European Union citizen is free to settle and work there indefinitely . As an overseas department , however , it is not part of the Schengen Area . The official language is French ; Antillean Creole is also spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'Ligue Guadeloupéenne de Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ligue_Guadeloupéenne_de_Football', 'summary': 'The Guadeloupean League of Football ( French : Ligue Guadeloupéenne de Football ) is the governing body of football in Guadeloupe .'}]}, {'value': 'Guadeloupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadeloupe_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Guadeloupe regional football team ( French : Sélection de la Guadeloupe de football ) represents the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe in international football . The team is controlled by the Ligue Guadeloupéenne de Football ( English : Guadeloupean Football League ) , a local branch of French Football Federation ( French : Fédération Française de Football ) . As an overseas department of the French Republic , Guadeloupe is not a member of FIFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup or any competition organized first-hand by the organization . Guadeloupeans , being French citizens , are eligible to play for the France national football team . Guadeloupe is , however , a member of CONCACAF and the CFU and is eligible for all competitions organized by both organizations . Indeed , according to the status of the FFF ( article 34 , paragraph 6 ) : [ . ] Under the control of related continental confederations , and with the agreement of the FFF , those leagues can organize international sport events at a regional level or set up teams in order to participate to them . ' Guadeloupe 's highest honor to date was reaching the final at the 2010 Caribbean Championship where they were defeated by Jamaica on penalties . In the CONCACAF Gold Cup , Guadeloupe reached the semi-finals in 2007 . The team performed well in the group stage defeating Canada and drawing with Haiti . In the knockout stage of the competition , Guadeloupe eliminated Honduras in the quarterfinals . In the semi-finals , Guadeloupe lost to Mexico 1-0 ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeward Islands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guyana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyana', 'summary': "Guyana ( /ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ or /ɡaɪˈænə/ ) , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana , is a country on the northern mainland of South America . It is the only English speaking country in South America , and is culturally considered part of the Anglophone-Caribbean sphere . In addition it is one of the founding member countries of the Caribbean Community organization ( CARICOM ) . Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north , Brazil to the south and southwest , Venezuela to the west , and Suriname to the east . With an area of 215,000 square kilometres ( 83,000 sq mi ) , Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state on mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname . The region known as the Guianas consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the land of many waters . Major rivers in Guyana include the Essequibo , the Berbice , and the Demerara . Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups , Guyana was settled by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century . It was governed as British Guiana , with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s . It gained independence in 1966 , and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 . The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country 's political administration and diverse population , which includes Indian , African , Amerindian , and multiracial groups . Guyana is the only South American nation in which English is the official language ."}]}, {'value': 'Guyana Football Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyana_Football_Federation', 'summary': 'The Guyana Football Federation is the governing body of football in Guyana . It controls the Guyana national football team . The GFF has sanctioned the Elite League as the highest tier of football in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Guyana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guyana_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Guyana national football team , nicknamed the Golden Jaguars , represents Guyana in international football and is controlled by the Guyana Football Federation . It is one of three South American nations to be a member of the Caribbean Football Union of CONCACAF alongside Suriname and French Guiana . Until the independence of Guyana in 1966 , it competed as British Guiana . They qualified for the Caribbean Nations Cup in 1991 , coming fourth , and in 2007 . Guyana has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup , but on 23 March 2019 they qualified for the first time for the CONCACAF Gold Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': 'Haitian Football Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haitian_Football_Federation', 'summary': 'The Haitian Football Federation ( FHF ) ( French : Fédération Haïtienne de Football , Haitian Creole : Federasyon Foutbòl Ayisyen ) is the governing body for football in Haiti . The FHF is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the game of football in Haiti , both professional and amateur . A member of CONCACAF since 1961 , FHF is in charge of football in Haiti and all lower categories . The principal sporting field is the Sylvio Cator stadium in Port-au-Prince . It is a founding member of the CONCACAF .'}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Haiti national football team ( French : Équipe d'Haïti de football , Haitian Creole : Ekip foutbòl Ayiti ) represents Haiti in international football . Haiti is administered by the Fédération Haïtienne de Football ( FHF ) , the governing body for football in Haiti . They have been a member of FIFA since 1934 , a member of CONCACAF since 1961 and a member of the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) since 1978 . Haiti 's home ground is Stade Sylvio Cator in Port-au-Prince and their head coach was Patrice Neveu , until December 2016 . Haiti has one of the longest football traditions in the region and were the second Caribbean team to make the World Cup , after qualifying from winning the 1973 CONCACAF Championship . It was their only appearance in 1974 , where they were beaten in the opening group stage by its other three teams , who were all pre-tournament favorites ; Italy , Poland , and Argentina . In 2016 , Haiti qualified for the 100th anniversary of the Copa América , by defeating Trinidad and Tobago ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica Football Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica_Football_Federation', 'summary': 'The Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) is the governing body of football in Jamaica and is in charge of the Jamaican national team and the Jamaican National Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamaica_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Jamaica national football team , nicknamed the Reggae Boyz , represents Jamaica in international football . The team 's first match was against Haiti in 1925 . The squad is under the supervising body of the Jamaica Football Federation ( JFF ) , which is a member of the Caribbean Football Union ( CFU ) , Confederation of North , Central American and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , and the global jurisdiction of FIFA . Jamaica 's home matches have been played at Independence Park since its opening in 1962 . The national team has participated in three major football competitions . Their sole appearance in the FIFA World Cup was in 1998 , where the team finished third in its group and failed to advance . The team also competed in the Caribbean Cup winning six times . Jamaica also competes in the CONCACAF Gold Cup , appearing thirteen times and finishing twice as runners-up to Mexico in 2015 and the United States in 2017 . They also have been invited to the Copa América in 2015 , and 2016 with both times being eliminated in the group stage ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Antilles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martinique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martinique', 'summary': "Martinique ( /ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/ MAR-tin-EEK , French : [ maʁtinik ] ( listen ) ; Martinican Creole : Matnik or Matinik ) is an insular region of France located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea , with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres ( 436 sq mi ) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016 . Like Guadeloupe , it is an overseas region ( région d'outre-mer ) of France , consisting of a single overseas department . One of the Windward Islands , it is directly north of Saint Lucia , northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica . As one of the eighteen regions of France , Martinique is part of the European Union , and its currency is the euro . Virtually the entire population speaks both French , the official language , and Antillean Creole ( Créole Martiniquais ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ligue de football de la Martinique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ligue_de_football_de_la_Martinique', 'summary': 'The Ligue de football de la Martinique is the governing body of football in Martinique . It is associated with the French Football Federation , but is independently a member of CONCACAF .'}]}, {'value': 'Martinique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martinique_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Martinique national football team ( French : Équipe de la Martinique de football ) represents the French overseas department and region of Martinique in international football . The team is controlled by the Ligue de Football de la Martinique ( English : Martinique Football League ) , a local branch of French Football Federation ( French : Fédération Française de Football ) . On 7 August 2010 , the national team adopted the nickname Les Matinino , which pays tribute to the history of the island .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-member', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windward Islands', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Union members -- Current members', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Caribbean_Football_Union_0', 'intro': "The Caribbean Football Union (CFU) is the representative organization for football associations in the Caribbean. It represents 25 FIFA member nations, as well as 6 territories that are not affiliated to FIFA. The Union was established in January 1978 and its Member Associations compete in the CONCACAF region. CFU also runs developmental competitions, including a women's and boys' and girls' Challenge Series."}
null
null
What is the national team name for the British overseas territory whose capital is The Valley ?
Anguilla
094e89ca5c025ab7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1991 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grigory Misutin ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grigory_Misutin', 'summary': 'Grigory Misutin ( born 29 December 1970 ) is a Ukrainian artistic gymnast , formerly representing the Soviet Union and the Unified Team .'}]}, {'value': '9.875', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Wecker ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Wecker', 'summary': 'Andreas Wecker ( born 2 January 1970 in Staßfurt ) is a former German gymnast who had a long and successful career . He was European , World and Olympic champion . His greatest achievement was the gold medal on high bar at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . There , he beat gymnasts of such quality as Vitaly Scherbo and Alexei Nemov . In 1989 Wecker was named the last East German Sportsman of the Year . He competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung ( SV ) Dynamo . Wecker qualified for the German team for the Sydney Olympics in 2000 . Just days before his events , he suffered a serious shoulder injury where he tore a bicep muscle in his shoulder , ending his career . Today , Wecker is the chairman and founder of Andreas Seed Oils , headquartered in Bend , Oregon and distributed through his office in Germany .'}]}, {'value': '9.862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuri Chechi ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Chechi', 'summary': 'Jury Dimitri Chechi Commendatore OMRI ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjuːri ˈkeːki ] ; born 11 October 1969 ) is a retired Italian gymnast .'}]}, {'value': '9.837', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Xiaoshuang ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Xiaoshuang', 'summary': "Li Xiaoshuang ( simplified Chinese : 李小双 ; traditional Chinese : 李小雙 ; pinyin : Lǐ Xiǎoshuāng ; born November 1 , 1973 ) is a Chinese gymnast and Olympic champion . Li Xiaoshuang was born in Xiantao , Hubei . His gymnastic talent was discovered at the age of six . He and is twin brother Li Dashuang were members of China 's gymnastics team at the 1992 Summer Olympics . He earned three Olympic medals at those games : the gold medal for floor exercise , a silver for overall team championship , and a bronze on the rings . Coached by SaMa Bidofsy throughout his career . In 1995 , Li won the 1995 World Championships in Sabae , Japan and helped the Chinese team to a second consecutive team championship . During the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , a slip by Li in the final compulsory team event was one of the team 's errors that caused the Chinese team to finish second behind the Russians . Li competed solidly , however , and qualified into the all-around finals where he won the gold medal over Russian Alexei Nemov by 0.05 of a point . Li became the first Chinese Olympic all-around Champion Li retired from gymnastic competition in 1997 and has since started his own sporting apparel company ."}]}, {'value': '9.812', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeri Liukin ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valeri_Liukin', 'summary': "Valeri Viktorovich Liukin ( Russian : Валерий Викторович Люкин , born 17 December 1966 in Aktyubinsk , Kazakh SSR , Soviet Union ) is a Russian-American retired artistic gymnast turned gymnastics coach . As a competitor for the former Soviet Union , Liukin was the 1988 Olympic champion in the team competition and individually on the horizontal bar , and Olympic silver medalist in the all-around and the parallel bars . Liukin was the first man to do a triple back flip on floor and both a layout Tkatchev and a Jaeger with full twist on high bar . He also currently has one of the three most difficult skills on floor exercise and second most difficult skills in men 's artistic gymnastics named after him , the Liukin or triple back ( tucked ) somersault , which has a difficulty score of H ( 0.8 ) . Liukin moved to the United States in 1992 and became a U.S. citizen in 2000 . He is married to Anna Kotchneva and is the father and coach of 2008 Olympic champion Nastia Liukin . He is co-owner of the World Olympic Gymnastics Academy with longtime friend Yevgeny Marchenko . On 15 December 2015 , it was announced that Liukin had been inducted as a part of the 2016 class of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame . From 16 September 2016 to 2 February 2018 , he was the coordinator for the United States women 's national gymnastics team , replacing Márta Károlyi . He currently coaches the Brazilian women 's gymnastics team as of 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '9.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Keswick ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Keswick', 'summary': 'Scott Keswick is a retired American gymnast who competed in the 1992 Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': '9.775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yukio Iketani ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yukio_Iketani', 'summary': 'Yukio Iketani ( 池谷 幸雄 , Iketani Yukio , born September 26 , 1970 ) is a Japanese gymnast and Olympic medalist .'}]}, {'value': '9.775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Jing ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Jing_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Li Jing ( Chinese : 李敬 ; born February 23 , 1970 ) is a Chinese gymnast , world champion and Olympic medalist . He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona where he received silver medals in rings , in parallel bars , and in team combined exercises .'}]}, {'value': '9.362', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Rings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1991_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_3', 'intro': 'The 26th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Indianapolis, United States, in the Hoosier Dome from September 6 to 15, 1991. This was the last championships at which the Soviet Union competed.'}
null
null
what was he total of the Russian-American retired artistic gymnast turned gymnastics coach ?
9.8
094efd243305619c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Omega_national_conventions', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Omega national conventions', 'header': ['Number', 'Location', 'Theme', 'Dates', 'Chair', 'Host'], 'data': [{'value': '1 st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippine Normal College Auditorium , Ermita , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Normal_University', 'summary': 'The Philippine Normal University ( PNU ) is a public research university in Manila , Philippines established during the early days of American colonial rule . Pursuant to Republic Act No . 9647 , it is now funded and operated as a National Center for Teacher Education .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ermita,_Manila', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}]}, {'value': 'Unity for Service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sep 13 , 1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Librado I. Ureta , Alpha 50', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Far_Eastern_University', 'summary': 'Far Eastern University ( Filipino : Pamantasan ng Malayong Silangan ) , also known simply as FEU , ( PSE : FEU ) is a private university in Manila , Philippines . Created by the merger of Far Eastern College and the Institute of Accountancy ( now Institute of Accounts , Business and Finance ) , FEU became a university in 1934 under the guidance of first president Dr. Nicanor B. Reyes Sr . It has been noted as the leading proprietary university in the Philippines . The first accountancy and business school for Filipinos , the University has , through the years , expanded its course offerings to the Arts and Sciences , Architecture and Fine Arts , Education , Engineering and Computer Studies ( FEU Tech ) , Tourism and Hotel Management , Graduate Studies , Law ( FEU Makati ) and Medicine ( FEU - NRMF ) . Since its establishment in 1928 , FEU has produced national artists , business tycoons , ambassadors , justices of Supreme Court and other judicial bodies , technocrats in private and government sectors , finance wizards , acclaimed physicians , nurses , educators , theater and media luminaries and so many others in different fields of expertise .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_University_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The National University ( NU ) is a private non-sectarian coeducational research-institution located in Sampaloc , Manila , Philippines . The founder of the University , Mariano F. Jhocson Sr. established the institution in August 1 , 1900 as Colegio Filipino in Quiapo , Manila . It is considered as the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines and also , the first university to use English as its medium of instruction , replacing Spanish language . With its main campus in Sampaloc , Manila , the university has been expanding by setting secondary campuses . Other campuses of NU includes : NU Sports Academy ( NU Laguna ) , NU-Asia Pacific College ( NU Makati ) , NU Fairview and NU Mall of Asia ( College of Dentistry ) . Approved by the Department Public Instruction in June 17 , 1921 , the University received its university status , changing the name from National Academy to National University . Senator Camilo Osías , two-time Senate President of the Philippines , served as the first University President ( 1921-1936 ) . The current university president is Renato C. Ermita , Jr. ( 2008-present ) . NU is one of the pioneer members of National Collegiate Athletic Association- Philippines ( NCAA ) and the University Athletic Association of the Philippines ( UAAP ) , and also a pioneer member of the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities . ( PACU ) Its international affiliations and memberships include the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning ( ASAHIL ) and the International Association of Universities ( IAU ) .'}]}, {'value': '2 nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy Scouts of the Philippines Building , Ermita , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': "The Boy Scouts of the Philippines , BSP , is the national Scout association of the Philippines in the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It was granted Recognition as a Member Organisation of the Boy Scouts International Conference.with effect from October 31 , 1936 by virtue of certification signed by J. S. Wilson , Olave Baden-Powell , and Daniel Spry . For most of the late 20th century and into the 21st century , the Boy Scouts of the Philippines was among the largest Scout organizations in the world in terms of membership count ( usually behind the Boy Scouts of America and the co-ed Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia ) , largely due to the organization 's dependence on the Department of Education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ermita,_Manila', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dec 17 , 1955 - Dec 18 , 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epsilon Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_East', 'summary': 'The University of the East ( Filipino : Pamantasan ng Silangan ) also known as UE , is a private university located in Manila , Philippines . It was founded in 1946. Business tycoon Lucio Tan acquired the university in 1990 . UE was once labeled as the largest university in Asia when its enrollment in the past reached over 65,000 students . UE was granted the Autonomous Status by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) which has only been given to selected higher educational institutions with excellent quality education . Some of the programs offered by the university were accredited by CHED as Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development . UE offers degree programs in commerce and business administration , law , dentistry , engineering , arts and sciences , fine arts , education , computer technology , nursing , physical therapy , medicine , hospitality management and graduate studies . UE has two other campuses , one in Caloocan and its medical school , the UE Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center located in Aurora Blvd . Dona Imelda Quezon City .'}]}, {'value': '3 rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy Scouts of the Philippines Building , Ermita , Manila and University of the Philippines , Diliman Diliman , Quezon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': "The Boy Scouts of the Philippines , BSP , is the national Scout association of the Philippines in the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It was granted Recognition as a Member Organisation of the Boy Scouts International Conference.with effect from October 31 , 1936 by virtue of certification signed by J. S. Wilson , Olave Baden-Powell , and Daniel Spry . For most of the late 20th century and into the 21st century , the Boy Scouts of the Philippines was among the largest Scout organizations in the world in terms of membership count ( usually behind the Boy Scouts of America and the co-ed Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia ) , largely due to the organization 's dependence on the Department of Education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ermita,_Manila', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Diliman', 'summary': "The University of the Philippines Diliman ( Filipino : Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman ) , also referred to as UPD , UP Diliman , or simply University of the Philippines or UP , is a coeducational , public research university located in Diliman , Quezon City , Philippines . It was established on February 12 , 1949 as the flagship campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System , the national university of the Philippines . It is the fourth oldest constituent university of UP and is the largest constituent university in the University of the Philippines System in terms of number of degree-granting academic units , student population , faculty , and library resources . There are 27 degree-granting units on campus , accounting for 22,031 students of which , 15,299 are undergraduates . UP Diliman had a complement of 1,526 full-time faculty in 2012 , of whom 528 have doctoral degrees . It has consistently ranked first in government-backed polls as the most significant higher education school in the entire Philippines . It has been ranked between the 60-75 bracket in the best universities in Asia list . In addition to the units in the main campus , UP Diliman has extension programs in Angeles City ( the Clark Freeport Zone area ) and Olongapo City as well as a marine laboratory in Bolinao , Pangasinan under The Marine Science Institute , and an annex campus at Bonifacio Global City , a financial district in the city of Taguig . UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields . There were 70 programs at the undergraduate level , 109 at the master 's level and 68 at the doctoral level . The UP Diliman campus is also the site of the country 's National Science Complex . Notable research units of UP Diliman centered at the National Science Complex include the Marine Science Institute ( MSI ) , the National Institute of Geological Sciences ( NIGS ) , the National Institute of Physics ( NIP ) , the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Diliman ( NIMBB-Diliman ) , and the National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development ( NISMED ) , which are all pioneers of scientific research and development in the Philippines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Diliman', 'summary': "Quezon City ( UK : /ˈkeɪzɒn/ , US : /ˈkeɪsɒn , -sɔːn , -soʊn/ ; Tagalog : Lungsod Quezon [ luŋˈsod ˈkɛson ] ; also known as QC or Kyusi ) is a highly urbanized city and the most populous city in the Philippines . It was founded by and named after Manuel L. Quezon , the 2nd President of the Philippines , to replace Manila as the national capital . The city was proclaimed as such in 1948 , though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila . Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government . It is the largest city in terms of population and land area in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region of the Philippines . Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province , which was also named after the president . Quezon City hosts a number of government offices , the most important of which are the Batasang Pambansa Complex ( the seat of the House of Representatives , the lower chamber of the Philippine Congress ) , and the Quezon City Reception House ( the current seat of the Vice President of the Philippines ) . Quezon City also serves as home to the University of the Philippines Diliman - the national university - and Ateneo de Manila University . Also located in Quezon City is the Quezon Memorial Circle , a national park . The park is an ellipse bounded by Elliptical Road . Its main feature is the Quezon Memorial Shrine , a 66-meter-tall mausoleum containing the remains of President Quezon and his wife , First Lady Aurora Quezon . The shrine is considered Quezon City 's foremost landmark and is depicted in its city seal ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dec 6 , 1958 - Dec 7 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Diliman', 'summary': "The University of the Philippines Diliman ( Filipino : Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman ) , also referred to as UPD , UP Diliman , or simply University of the Philippines or UP , is a coeducational , public research university located in Diliman , Quezon City , Philippines . It was established on February 12 , 1949 as the flagship campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System , the national university of the Philippines . It is the fourth oldest constituent university of UP and is the largest constituent university in the University of the Philippines System in terms of number of degree-granting academic units , student population , faculty , and library resources . There are 27 degree-granting units on campus , accounting for 22,031 students of which , 15,299 are undergraduates . UP Diliman had a complement of 1,526 full-time faculty in 2012 , of whom 528 have doctoral degrees . It has consistently ranked first in government-backed polls as the most significant higher education school in the entire Philippines . It has been ranked between the 60-75 bracket in the best universities in Asia list . In addition to the units in the main campus , UP Diliman has extension programs in Angeles City ( the Clark Freeport Zone area ) and Olongapo City as well as a marine laboratory in Bolinao , Pangasinan under The Marine Science Institute , and an annex campus at Bonifacio Global City , a financial district in the city of Taguig . UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields . There were 70 programs at the undergraduate level , 109 at the master 's level and 68 at the doctoral level . The UP Diliman campus is also the site of the country 's National Science Complex . Notable research units of UP Diliman centered at the National Science Complex include the Marine Science Institute ( MSI ) , the National Institute of Geological Sciences ( NIGS ) , the National Institute of Physics ( NIP ) , the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Diliman ( NIMBB-Diliman ) , and the National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development ( NISMED ) , which are all pioneers of scientific research and development in the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': '4 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of the Philippines , Los Baños , Los Baños , Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna', 'summary': "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dec 18 , 1960 - Dec 19 , 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': '5 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National University , Sampaloc , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_University_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The National University ( NU ) is a private non-sectarian coeducational research-institution located in Sampaloc , Manila , Philippines . The founder of the University , Mariano F. Jhocson Sr. established the institution in August 1 , 1900 as Colegio Filipino in Quiapo , Manila . It is considered as the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines and also , the first university to use English as its medium of instruction , replacing Spanish language . With its main campus in Sampaloc , Manila , the university has been expanding by setting secondary campuses . Other campuses of NU includes : NU Sports Academy ( NU Laguna ) , NU-Asia Pacific College ( NU Makati ) , NU Fairview and NU Mall of Asia ( College of Dentistry ) . Approved by the Department Public Instruction in June 17 , 1921 , the University received its university status , changing the name from National Academy to National University . Senator Camilo Osías , two-time Senate President of the Philippines , served as the first University President ( 1921-1936 ) . The current university president is Renato C. Ermita , Jr. ( 2008-present ) . NU is one of the pioneer members of National Collegiate Athletic Association- Philippines ( NCAA ) and the University Athletic Association of the Philippines ( UAAP ) , and also a pioneer member of the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities . ( PACU ) Its international affiliations and memberships include the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning ( ASAHIL ) and the International Association of Universities ( IAU ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila', 'summary': 'Sampaloc is a district of Manila , Philippines . It is referred to as the University Belt or simply called U-Belt for numerous colleges and universities are found within the district such as the University of Santo Tomas , the oldest extant university in Asia ; the National University , the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines ; the Far Eastern University , known for its Art Deco campus and cultural heritage site of the Philippines ; and the University of the East , once dubbed as the largest university in Asia in terms of enrollment . The district is bordered by the districts of Quiapo and San Miguel in the south , Santa Mesa district in the south and east , Santa Cruz district in the west and north , and Quezon City in the northeast . Aside from being the University Belt , Sampaloc is also known to Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces for its Dangwa flower market , located in Dimasalang Road , well known as the selling center for cut flowers from all over the Philippines , mainly Baguio . Sampaloc is also the location of a former colonial mansion , now called Windsor Inn , which is popular among backpackers and budget travelers . Barangays 395-636 of the City of Manila would all have belonged to Sampaloc and comprise 241 barangays for the district . However , what are now known as barangays 587-636 became part of Sta . Mesa when these areas were separated from Sampaloc after Sta . Mesa became a separate parish in 1911 . Sta . Mesa is now a part of the 6th congressional district of Manila , while Sampaloc is the sole district comprising the 4th congressional district of Manila . Many streets in Sampaloc , particularly in the northeast portion divided by España and Lacson avenues , have names that are directly associated with the Philippine National Hero José Rizal , either named after the places ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'Revitalizing the Alpha Phi Omega Spirit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 22 , 1962 - December 23 , 1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_University_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The National University ( NU ) is a private non-sectarian coeducational research-institution located in Sampaloc , Manila , Philippines . The founder of the University , Mariano F. Jhocson Sr. established the institution in August 1 , 1900 as Colegio Filipino in Quiapo , Manila . It is considered as the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines and also , the first university to use English as its medium of instruction , replacing Spanish language . With its main campus in Sampaloc , Manila , the university has been expanding by setting secondary campuses . Other campuses of NU includes : NU Sports Academy ( NU Laguna ) , NU-Asia Pacific College ( NU Makati ) , NU Fairview and NU Mall of Asia ( College of Dentistry ) . Approved by the Department Public Instruction in June 17 , 1921 , the University received its university status , changing the name from National Academy to National University . Senator Camilo Osías , two-time Senate President of the Philippines , served as the first University President ( 1921-1936 ) . The current university president is Renato C. Ermita , Jr. ( 2008-present ) . NU is one of the pioneer members of National Collegiate Athletic Association- Philippines ( NCAA ) and the University Athletic Association of the Philippines ( UAAP ) , and also a pioneer member of the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities . ( PACU ) Its international affiliations and memberships include the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning ( ASAHIL ) and the International Association of Universities ( IAU ) .'}]}, {'value': '6 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mapúa Institute of Technology , Intramuros , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mapúa_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "Mapúa University ( MU , formerly known as Mapúa Institute of Technology ) is a non-sectarian , research-oriented university located in Intramuros , Manila and in Makati . It was founded in 1925 by the first registered Filipino architect , Tomás Mapúa , a graduate of Cornell University . After he died , the tradition was continued by his children , Óscar M. Mapúa Sr. , a graduate in Civil Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and Gloria M. Mapúa-Lim . The university has been granted with the Level IV Accredited status to its Civil Engineering program by the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation ( PACUCOA ) , which is one of the first engineering programs to be accorded such status . The Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has also recently recognized Mapúa 's Mechanical Engineering ( ME ) , Computer Engineering ( CpE ) , Civil Engineering ( CE ) , Environmental and Sanitary Engineering ( EnSE ) , Chemical Engineering ( CHE ) , Electrical Engineering ( EE ) , Information Technology ( IT ) and Electronics Engineering ( ECE ) programs as Centers of Excellence for Engineering ( COE ) , while Industrial Engineering ( IE ) and Computer Science ( CS ) programs as a Center of Development . Mapúa University is also the first Philippine and Southeast Asian educational institution to have ABET certification ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Intramuros,_Manila', 'summary': 'Intramuros ( Latin for within the walls ) is the 0.67 square kilometres ( 0.26 sq mi ) historic walled area within the modern city of Manila , the capital of the Philippines . It is administered by the Intramuros Administration ( IA ) with the help of the Local Government of Manila . IA was created through the Presidential Decree No . 1616 signed on April 10 , 1979 . IA is tasked to rebuild , redevelop , administer and preserve the remaining pre-war buildings , structures and fortifications of Intramuros . Intramuros is also called the Walled City , and at the time of the Spanish Empire was synonymous with the City of Manila . Other towns and arrabales ( suburbs ) located beyond the walls are referred to as extramuros , Latin for outside the walls . It was the seat of government and political power when the Philippines was a component realm of the Spanish Empire . It was also the center of religion , education and economy . The standard way of life in Intramuros became the standard way of life throughout the Philippines . The Manila galleons , which sailed the Pacific for 250 years , carried goods to and from Intramuros ( Manila ) and Acapulco , Mexico . Construction of the defensive walls was started by the Spanish imperial government in the late 16th century to protect the city from foreign invasions .'}]}, {'value': 'Humility , Integrity , Honesty for a Better Nation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 6 , 1965 - Mar 7 , 1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ignacio J. Sevilla , Sr. , Alpha 50', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Far_Eastern_University', 'summary': 'Far Eastern University ( Filipino : Pamantasan ng Malayong Silangan ) , also known simply as FEU , ( PSE : FEU ) is a private university in Manila , Philippines . Created by the merger of Far Eastern College and the Institute of Accountancy ( now Institute of Accounts , Business and Finance ) , FEU became a university in 1934 under the guidance of first president Dr. Nicanor B. Reyes Sr . It has been noted as the leading proprietary university in the Philippines . The first accountancy and business school for Filipinos , the University has , through the years , expanded its course offerings to the Arts and Sciences , Architecture and Fine Arts , Education , Engineering and Computer Studies ( FEU Tech ) , Tourism and Hotel Management , Graduate Studies , Law ( FEU Makati ) and Medicine ( FEU - NRMF ) . Since its establishment in 1928 , FEU has produced national artists , business tycoons , ambassadors , justices of Supreme Court and other judicial bodies , technocrats in private and government sectors , finance wizards , acclaimed physicians , nurses , educators , theater and media luminaries and so many others in different fields of expertise .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mapúa_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "Mapúa University ( MU , formerly known as Mapúa Institute of Technology ) is a non-sectarian , research-oriented university located in Intramuros , Manila and in Makati . It was founded in 1925 by the first registered Filipino architect , Tomás Mapúa , a graduate of Cornell University . After he died , the tradition was continued by his children , Óscar M. Mapúa Sr. , a graduate in Civil Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and Gloria M. Mapúa-Lim . The university has been granted with the Level IV Accredited status to its Civil Engineering program by the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation ( PACUCOA ) , which is one of the first engineering programs to be accorded such status . The Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has also recently recognized Mapúa 's Mechanical Engineering ( ME ) , Computer Engineering ( CpE ) , Civil Engineering ( CE ) , Environmental and Sanitary Engineering ( EnSE ) , Chemical Engineering ( CHE ) , Electrical Engineering ( EE ) , Information Technology ( IT ) and Electronics Engineering ( ECE ) programs as Centers of Excellence for Engineering ( COE ) , while Industrial Engineering ( IE ) and Computer Science ( CS ) programs as a Center of Development . Mapúa University is also the first Philippine and Southeast Asian educational institution to have ABET certification ."}]}, {'value': '7 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Far Eastern University , Sampaloc , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Far_Eastern_University', 'summary': 'Far Eastern University ( Filipino : Pamantasan ng Malayong Silangan ) , also known simply as FEU , ( PSE : FEU ) is a private university in Manila , Philippines . Created by the merger of Far Eastern College and the Institute of Accountancy ( now Institute of Accounts , Business and Finance ) , FEU became a university in 1934 under the guidance of first president Dr. Nicanor B. Reyes Sr . It has been noted as the leading proprietary university in the Philippines . The first accountancy and business school for Filipinos , the University has , through the years , expanded its course offerings to the Arts and Sciences , Architecture and Fine Arts , Education , Engineering and Computer Studies ( FEU Tech ) , Tourism and Hotel Management , Graduate Studies , Law ( FEU Makati ) and Medicine ( FEU - NRMF ) . Since its establishment in 1928 , FEU has produced national artists , business tycoons , ambassadors , justices of Supreme Court and other judicial bodies , technocrats in private and government sectors , finance wizards , acclaimed physicians , nurses , educators , theater and media luminaries and so many others in different fields of expertise .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila', 'summary': 'Sampaloc is a district of Manila , Philippines . It is referred to as the University Belt or simply called U-Belt for numerous colleges and universities are found within the district such as the University of Santo Tomas , the oldest extant university in Asia ; the National University , the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines ; the Far Eastern University , known for its Art Deco campus and cultural heritage site of the Philippines ; and the University of the East , once dubbed as the largest university in Asia in terms of enrollment . The district is bordered by the districts of Quiapo and San Miguel in the south , Santa Mesa district in the south and east , Santa Cruz district in the west and north , and Quezon City in the northeast . Aside from being the University Belt , Sampaloc is also known to Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces for its Dangwa flower market , located in Dimasalang Road , well known as the selling center for cut flowers from all over the Philippines , mainly Baguio . Sampaloc is also the location of a former colonial mansion , now called Windsor Inn , which is popular among backpackers and budget travelers . Barangays 395-636 of the City of Manila would all have belonged to Sampaloc and comprise 241 barangays for the district . However , what are now known as barangays 587-636 became part of Sta . Mesa when these areas were separated from Sampaloc after Sta . Mesa became a separate parish in 1911 . Sta . Mesa is now a part of the 6th congressional district of Manila , while Sampaloc is the sole district comprising the 4th congressional district of Manila . Many streets in Sampaloc , particularly in the northeast portion divided by España and Lacson avenues , have names that are directly associated with the Philippine National Hero José Rizal , either named after the places ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'For God and Country', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 15 , 1968 - December 16 , 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Far_Eastern_University', 'summary': 'Far Eastern University ( Filipino : Pamantasan ng Malayong Silangan ) , also known simply as FEU , ( PSE : FEU ) is a private university in Manila , Philippines . Created by the merger of Far Eastern College and the Institute of Accountancy ( now Institute of Accounts , Business and Finance ) , FEU became a university in 1934 under the guidance of first president Dr. Nicanor B. Reyes Sr . It has been noted as the leading proprietary university in the Philippines . The first accountancy and business school for Filipinos , the University has , through the years , expanded its course offerings to the Arts and Sciences , Architecture and Fine Arts , Education , Engineering and Computer Studies ( FEU Tech ) , Tourism and Hotel Management , Graduate Studies , Law ( FEU Makati ) and Medicine ( FEU - NRMF ) . Since its establishment in 1928 , FEU has produced national artists , business tycoons , ambassadors , justices of Supreme Court and other judicial bodies , technocrats in private and government sectors , finance wizards , acclaimed physicians , nurses , educators , theater and media luminaries and so many others in different fields of expertise .'}]}, {'value': '8 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UPLB , Los Baños , Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna', 'summary': "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi Omega Answers the Nations Call', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 17 , 1971 - December 19 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rolando V. Virtucio , Theta 62', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': 'Theta chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': '9 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baptist Camp , Mariveles , Bataan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariveles,_Bataan', 'summary': 'Mariveles , officially the Municipality of Mariveles ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Mariveles ; Kapampangan : Balen ning Mariveles ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bataan , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 127,536 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi Omega : Its Role in Contemporary Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 25 , 1976 - March 28 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Librado I. Ureta , Alpha 50', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Far_Eastern_University', 'summary': 'Far Eastern University ( Filipino : Pamantasan ng Malayong Silangan ) , also known simply as FEU , ( PSE : FEU ) is a private university in Manila , Philippines . Created by the merger of Far Eastern College and the Institute of Accountancy ( now Institute of Accounts , Business and Finance ) , FEU became a university in 1934 under the guidance of first president Dr. Nicanor B. Reyes Sr . It has been noted as the leading proprietary university in the Philippines . The first accountancy and business school for Filipinos , the University has , through the years , expanded its course offerings to the Arts and Sciences , Architecture and Fine Arts , Education , Engineering and Computer Studies ( FEU Tech ) , Tourism and Hotel Management , Graduate Studies , Law ( FEU Makati ) and Medicine ( FEU - NRMF ) . Since its establishment in 1928 , FEU has produced national artists , business tycoons , ambassadors , justices of Supreme Court and other judicial bodies , technocrats in private and government sectors , finance wizards , acclaimed physicians , nurses , educators , theater and media luminaries and so many others in different fields of expertise .'}]}, {'value': 'National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp 7 , Minglanilla , Cebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minglanilla,_Cebu', 'summary': 'Minglanilla , officially the Municipality of Minglanilla , ( Cebuano : Lungsod sa Minglanilla ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Minglanilla ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cebu , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 132,135 people . Minglanilla is bordered to the north by the City of Talisay , to the west is the city of Toledo , to the east is the Cebu Strait , and to the south is the city of Naga . Minglanilla lies within Metro Cebu . It is known as the Sugat Capital of the South . ( Sugat in Cebuano means meeting . ) The Kabanhawan ( Cebuano for Resurrection ) festival is held annually on Easter Sunday . A big socio-religious event in Minglanilla is the Sugat , which attracts not only people from adjacent towns but also from Cebu city and further . On Black Saturday night , a public dance is held at the church plaza to witness the re - enactment of the meeting of the risen Christ and his mother . Their images , borne on richly decorated carrozas , meet amidst joyous songs and the presence of child angels suspended by wires .'}]}, {'value': 'Towards the Strengthening of Organizational Leadership in the Alpha Phi Omega in the Next Decade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 30 , 1979 - Apr 1 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel A. Reyes , Alpha Zeta 66', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laguna_College', 'summary': 'The Laguna College , more popularly known by its initials LC , is a private , nonsectarian , co-educational institution located in San Pablo City , Laguna , Philippines . It offers elementary , high school , college , post-graduate education .'}]}, {'value': 'Region VII & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kabataang Barangay Training Center , Malasag , Cagayan de Oro City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro_City', 'summary': "Cagayan de Oro , officially the City of Cagayan de Oro ( Filipino : Lungsod ng Cagayan de Oro ; Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Cagayan de Oro ; Hiligaynon : Dakbanwa sang Cagayan de Oro ; Waray : Syudad han Cagayan de Oro ; Maranao : Inged a Cagayan de Oro ; Subanen : Gembagel G'benwa Cagayan de Oro/Bagbenwa Cagayan de Oro ; Bukid and Higaonon : Banuwa ta Cagayan de Oro ) or simply referred to as CDO , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Northern Mindanao , Philippines . It is the capital of the province of Misamis Oriental where it is geographically situated but governed administratively independent from it . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 675,950 people . It also serves as the regional center and business hub of Northern Mindanao ( Region X ) , and part of the growing Metropolitan Cagayan de Oro area , which includes the city of El Salvador , the towns of Opol , Alubijid , Laguindingan , Gitagum at the western side , and the towns of Tagoloan , Villanueva , Jasaan , Claveria at the eastern side . The City of Cagayan de Oro is located along the north central coast of Mindanao island facing Macajalar Bay and is bordered by the municipalities of Opol to the west , Tagoloan to the east , and the provinces of Bukidnon and Lanao del Norte to the south of the city . According to the 2015 census , the city has a population of 675,950 , making it the 10th most populous city in the Philippines . Cagayan de Oro is also famous for its white water rafting or kayaking adventures , one of the tourism activities being promoted along the Cagayan de Oro River ."}]}, {'value': 'The Fraternity and Sorority : Their Relevance and Challenges in the 80s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 27 , 1981 - December 30 , 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel A. Tuason , Eta 71', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Diliman', 'summary': "The University of the Philippines Diliman ( Filipino : Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman ) , also referred to as UPD , UP Diliman , or simply University of the Philippines or UP , is a coeducational , public research university located in Diliman , Quezon City , Philippines . It was established on February 12 , 1949 as the flagship campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System , the national university of the Philippines . It is the fourth oldest constituent university of UP and is the largest constituent university in the University of the Philippines System in terms of number of degree-granting academic units , student population , faculty , and library resources . There are 27 degree-granting units on campus , accounting for 22,031 students of which , 15,299 are undergraduates . UP Diliman had a complement of 1,526 full-time faculty in 2012 , of whom 528 have doctoral degrees . It has consistently ranked first in government-backed polls as the most significant higher education school in the entire Philippines . It has been ranked between the 60-75 bracket in the best universities in Asia list . In addition to the units in the main campus , UP Diliman has extension programs in Angeles City ( the Clark Freeport Zone area ) and Olongapo City as well as a marine laboratory in Bolinao , Pangasinan under The Marine Science Institute , and an annex campus at Bonifacio Global City , a financial district in the city of Taguig . UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields . There were 70 programs at the undergraduate level , 109 at the master 's level and 68 at the doctoral level . The UP Diliman campus is also the site of the country 's National Science Complex . Notable research units of UP Diliman centered at the National Science Complex include the Marine Science Institute ( MSI ) , the National Institute of Geological Sciences ( NIGS ) , the National Institute of Physics ( NIP ) , the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Diliman ( NIMBB-Diliman ) , and the National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development ( NISMED ) , which are all pioneers of scientific research and development in the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Region X & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bagong Lipunan Settlement Project , Bamban , Tarlac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bamban,_Tarlac', 'summary': 'Bamban , officially the Municipality of Bamban , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Tarlac , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 69,466 people . The municipality of Bamban is the southernmost gateway of the melting pot province of Tarlac in the Central Plain of Luzon in the Philippines . Being the southernmost town in the province , it has a common boundary with Mabalacat , Pampanga , and in the west , with Zambales . The boundary is defined by the Parua River , which is a source of irrigation water , food , and sand and gravel for infrastructure projects . The mountainous region situated in the western part comprises almost two-thirds of the total land area , which used to be within the US Military Reservations . Nestled in this part are the BLISS projects and to the north , the MAR settlement project , which when completely developed will be a source of livelihood and food supplies for Central Luzon . Bamban is 99 kilometres ( 62 mi ) from Manila and is 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the provincial capital , Tarlac City .'}]}, {'value': 'Continuing Accent on Organizational Development and Service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1983 - May 29 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose V. Cutaran , Alpha Pi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Region III & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy Scouts of the Philippines Camp , Mount Makiling , Los Baños , Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': "The Boy Scouts of the Philippines , BSP , is the national Scout association of the Philippines in the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It was granted Recognition as a Member Organisation of the Boy Scouts International Conference.with effect from October 31 , 1936 by virtue of certification signed by J. S. Wilson , Olave Baden-Powell , and Daniel Spry . For most of the late 20th century and into the 21st century , the Boy Scouts of the Philippines was among the largest Scout organizations in the world in terms of membership count ( usually behind the Boy Scouts of America and the co-ed Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia ) , largely due to the organization 's dependence on the Department of Education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Makiling', 'summary': 'Mount Makiling , or Mount Maquiling , is a dormant volcano located on the border of Laguna province and Batangas on the island of Luzon , Philippines . The mountain rises to an elevation of 1,090 m ( 3,580 ft ) above mean sea level and is the highest feature of the Laguna Volcanic Field . The volcano has no recorded historic eruption but volcanism is still evident through geothermal features like mud spring and hot springs . South of the mountain is the Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Plant . The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology ( PHIVOLCS ) classifies the volcano as potentially active . Mount Makiling is a state-owned forest reserve administered by the University of the Philippines Los Baños . Prior to its transfer to the university , the mountain was the first national park of the Philippines . Mount Makiling National Park was established on February 23 , 1933 by Proclamation No . 552 . However , it was decommissioned as a national park on June 20 , 1963 by Republic Act no . 3523 when it was transferred to the University for use in forestry education and information .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna', 'summary': "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi Omega Ideology : A New Dimension Towards Genuine Service and Commitment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1985 - December 16 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlyn A. Pimentel-Neri , Theta 70', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': 'National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': "People 's Center Tacloban City /Commission on Audit Training Center , Palo , Leyte", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tacloban_City', 'summary': 'Tacloban ( /tækˈloʊbən/ tak-LOH-ban ; Tagalog pronunciation : [ tɐkˈloban ] ) , or simply referred to as Tacloban City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Philippines . It serves as the regional center of the region of Eastern Visayas . The city is autonomous from the province of Leyte , although it serves as its provincial capital . According to the 2015 census , Tacloban has a population of 242,089 , making it the most populous city in the Eastern Visayas . The city is located 360 miles ( 580 km ) southeast from Manila . Tacloban was briefly the capital of the Philippines under the Commonwealth Government , from 20 October 1944 to 27 February 1945 . In an extensive survey conducted by the Asian Institute of Management Policy Center and released in July 2010 , Tacloban ranks as the fifth most competitive city in the Philippines , and second in the emerging cities category . On 8 November 2013 , the city was largely destroyed by Typhoon Haiyan , having previously suffered similar destruction and loss of life in 1897 and 1912 . On 17 January 2015 , Pope Francis visited Tacloban during his Papal Visit to the Philippines and held a mass at Barangay San Jose , and later he led mass of 30,000 people in front of the airport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palo,_Leyte', 'summary': "Palo , officially the Municipality of Palo , is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Leyte , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 70,052 people . The municipality is the seat of most government departments , bureaus and regional offices of Region VIII , although some are situated at the neighboring city of Tacloban . The town is also home to the offices of the ecclesiastical government of the Archdiocese of Palo ; the archbishop 's residence ; as well as the secondary , tertiary and theology seminaries of the archdiocese ."}]}, {'value': 'Professionalism ( in A PHI O ) toward National Solidarity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1987 - December 21 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio L. Dimaano , Pi 74', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas', 'summary': "The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , The Catholic University of the Philippines , or simply the University of Santo Tomas ( UST ) , is a private , Roman Catholic research university in Manila , Philippines . Founded on April 28 , 1611 by Miguel de Benavides , Archbishop of Manila , it has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia , and is one of the world 's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus . The university is run by the Order of Preachers . UST is the only university to have been visited by three popes four times : once by Pope Paul VI on November 28 , 1970 , twice by Pope John Paul II on February 18 , 1981 and January 13 , 1995 , and once by Pope Francis on January 18 , 2015 . The patron of the university is St. Thomas Aquinas , while St. Catherine of Alexandria is the patroness . The university is composed of several autonomous faculties , colleges , schools and institutes , each conferring undergraduate , graduate and postgraduate degrees , and the basic education units . Several degree programs have been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development . Moreover , it was awarded with an Institutional Accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines . In December 2013 , the university was recognized to have the highest number of accredited programs in the country by the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities ' Commission on Accreditation ( PACUCOA ) . Prominent Thomasians include saints , Filipino presidents , heroes , artists , scientists , professionals , and religious figures , who have figured prominently in the history of the Philippines . The athletic teams are the Growling Tigers , who are members of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship . The university campus is listed as one of the most viable sites in the Philippines to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List , while the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas is listed as one of the most viable documentary heritage to be included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Region VIII & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GSP Camp Alano , Toril , Davao City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Girl Scouts of the Philippines ( GSP ) is the national Girl Scouting association for girls and young women in the Philippines . Its mission is to help girls and young women realize the ideals of womanhood and prepare themselves for their responsibilities in the home , to the nation , and to the world community . The girls-only association serves 800,000 members , as of 2017 . The first Girl Scout troops were organized in the Philippines as early as 1918 by American missionaries and servicemen . These Scout troops were directly registered with the Girl Scouts of the USA . [ citation needed ] Pilar Hidalgo-Lim and Josefa Llanes Escoda spearheaded the organization of a Scout movement for girls , and requested the assistance of the Boy Scouts of the Philippines ( BSP ) . In 1939 , Mrs. Escoda was sent to the United States and Britain for training through the help of Joseph Stevenot of the BSP . Upon her return to the Philippines , she immediately started setting up the GSP with the help of other civic organizations . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Davao_City', 'summary': "Davao City , officially the City of Davao ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Dabaw ) , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the island of Mindanao , Philippines . The city has a total land area of 2,443.61 km2 ( 943.48 sq mi ) , making it the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area . It is the third-most populous city in the Philippines after Quezon City and Manila , the most populous city in the country outside Metro Manila , and the most populous in Mindanao . As of the 2015 census the city had a population of 1,632,991 . It is geographically situated in the province of Davao del Sur and grouped under the province by the Philippine Statistics Authority , but the city is governed and administered independently from it . The city is divided into three congressional districts , which are subdivided into 11 administrative districts with a total of 182 barangays . Davao City is the center of Metro Davao , the third-most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines . ( As of the 2015 census this had a population of 2.5 million , compared with Metro Manila 's 12.8 million and Metro Cebu 's 2.8 million . ) The city serves as the main trade , commerce , and industry hub of Mindanao , and the regional center of Davao Region . Davao is home to Mount Apo , the highest mountain in the Philippines . The city is also nicknamed the Durian Capital of the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Service for Peace ( Paglilingkod Para sa Kapayapaan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 26 , 1989 - May 28 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul A. Balagat , Alpha Omicron 69', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Divine_Word_University_of_Tacloban', 'summary': 'The Divine Word University or DWU was a private , Catholic , co-educational institution of higher learning run by the Society of the Divine Word ( SVD ) in Tacloban City , Leyte , Philippines . Founded in 1929 , it was closed in June 1995 by the school administrators after a court ruling favoring the labor union which represents its faculty members and other employees . In 2007 , DWU reopened its doors with a new administration and a new name , Liceo del Verbo Divino .'}]}, {'value': 'Region XI & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulwagang Balagtas , Polytechnic University of the Philippines , Manila , Santa Mesa , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines,_Manila', 'summary': "Polytechnic University of the Philippines ( PUP ; Filipino : Politeknikong Unibersidad ng Pilipinas ) is a research and coeducational state university in the Philippines . It was founded on October 19 , 1904 as the Manila Business School ( MBS ) and as part of Manila 's public school system . It was eventually promoted to chartered state university in 1978 , by virtue of Presidential Decree 1341 . PUP has more than 20 campuses and extensions across Central Luzon , Southern Luzon and Metro Manila . With over 70,000 enrolled students , PUP claims to be the largest state university in the Philippines by student population . In 2013 , PUP ranked 300+ in the QS Asia University Rankings . In the same year , the QS World University Rankings Country File on the Philippines also placed PUP third in Life Science and Medicine , fifth in Natural Science ( Chemistry ) , fourth in Economics and Econometrics , and fifth in Communication and Media Studies . 58 PUP programs have been accredited by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines ( AACCUP ) while 2 ( Journalism and Filipino ) were granted Center of Development status by the Commission on Higher Education . A 2018 survey of 503 JobStreet employers ranked PUP as the top choice of employers in general , the top choice in the business process outsourcing ( BPO ) industry , and the second choice in the Manufacturing , IT , and Banking industries . The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act of 2017 mandates free tuition and fees for all students of state universities and colleges . Before the act was enforced , the tuition was exactly ₱12 ( roughly 24 US cents ) per unit ( Since 1979 ) for undergraduate students . Students may opt out of the subsidy and choose to pay the full tuition instead ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Santa_Mesa,_Manila', 'summary': 'Santa Mesa is a district in Manila , Philippines . It is surrounded by Pasig River on the southwestern side , and by the San Juan River on its southern and eastern side . Land borders include the districts of San Miguel to the west and Sampaloc to the north ; and to the northeast is Quezon City . Santa Mesa was formerly a part of the Sampaloc district , from which it was partitioned and separated after it had its own parish in 1911 . The parish is now known as Old Sta . Mesa ( Poblacion ) , a street which extends from Victorino Mapa Street to Magsaysay Boulevard formerly known as Santa Mesa Boulevard .'}]}, {'value': 'Reflections : The APhiO Culture ( Balik-Tanaw : Ang Kulturang APhiO )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 24 , 1991 - May 26 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel A. Lansi , Jr. , Gamma Pi 78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NCR & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of the Philippines , Visayas , Miag-ao , Iloilo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Visayas', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Visayas ( UPV or UP Visayas ) is a public research university in the Philippines . A constituent university of the University of the Philippines system , it teaches management , accountancy , marketing , economics , chemistry , applied mathematics and physics , marine science education and research , fisheries , and aquaculture . It offers regional studies programs on the preservation and enrichment of the Visayan cultural heritage . UP Visayas has three campuses -- Miagao , Iloilo City , and Tacloban - with Miagao being the main campus with its central administration offices . The University of the Philippines Cebu College was part of UP Visayas but it separated in September 2010 , after being declared an autonomous unit . Most of the students of the university are drawn from the Visayas and the Visayan linguistic groups . Many of the leaders of the Visayas graduated from UPV or its predecessor institutions . As of 2007 , the Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines awarded four National Centers of Excellence and Development to UPV including Fisheries ( UPV-Miagao ) , Marine Science ( UPV-Miagao ) , and Biology ( UPV-Miagao ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miag-ao,_Iloilo', 'summary': 'Miagao , ( also written Miag-ao ) , officially the Municipality of Miagao , ( Kinaray-a : Banwa kang Miagao ; Hiligaynon : Banwa sang Miagao ; Tagalog : Bayan ng Miagao ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Iloilo , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 67,565 people . Miagao is considered as the Onion Capital of the Visayas . The town center of the municipality lies on the western bank of the Tumagbok River , the largest river in the municipality . The poblacion is made up of eight barangays . The town holds their patronal fiesta in honor of St. Thomas of Villanova ( more commonly known as Santo Tomas de Villanueva ) every September 22 that lasts several days . The town is also the location of one of the Baroque Churches of the Philippines , the Miagao Church , which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The entire town of Miagao was later inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage City and became a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities ( OWHC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Alpha Phi Omega and the Filipino Values', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 21 , 1993 - May 23 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlyn A. Pimentel-Neri , Theta 70', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines,_Los_Baños', 'summary': 'The University of the Philippines Los Baños ( also referred to as UPLB , UP Los Baños , or colloquially , Elbi ) is a public research university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna , some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila . It traces its roots to the UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) , which was founded in 1909 by the American colonial government to promote agricultural education and research in the Philippines . American botanist Edwin Copeland served as its first dean . UPLB was formally established in 1972 following the union of UPCA with four other Los Baños and Diliman-based University of the Philippines ( UP ) units . The university has played an influential role in Asian agriculture and biotechnology due to its pioneering efforts in plant breeding and bioengineering , particularly in the development of high-yielding and pest-resistant crops . In recognition of its work , it was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding in 1977 . Nine research centers are recognized as Centers of Excellence by presidential decree . UPLB hosts a number of local and international research centers , including the International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) , ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , World Agroforestry Centre , and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture ( SEARCA ) . UPLB offers more than 100-degree programs in various disciplines through its nine colleges and two schools . As of Academic Year 2012-2013 the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) has accredited nine academic units as Centers of Excellence and two as Centers of Development , giving UPLB the largest number of Centers of Excellence ( research and academic units combined ) among all universities in the country . UPLB alumni have been recognized in a wide range of fields . They include 13 scientists awarded the title National Scientist of the Philippines , members of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC , the joint winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize ) , Palanca Award winners , as well as political and business leaders .'}]}, {'value': 'Region VI & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feliciano and Sons Convention Center , Tetuan , Zamboanga City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetuan,_Zamboanga_City', 'summary': 'Zamboanga City , officially the City of Zamboanga ( Chavacano/Spanish : Ciudad de Zamboanga ; , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Zamboanga Peninsula of the Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 861,799 people . It is the 6th most populous and 3rd largest city by land area in the Philippines . It is the commercial and industrial center of the Zamboanga Peninsula Region . On October 12 , 1936 , Zamboanga became a chartered city under Commonwealth Act No . 39 . It was inaugurated on February 26 , 1937 . Zamboanga City is an independent , chartered city and was designated highly urbanized on November 22 , 1983 . Although geographically separated , and an independent and chartered city , Zamboanga City is grouped with the province of Zamboanga del Sur for statistical purposes , yet governed independently from it .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zamboanga_City', 'summary': 'Zamboanga City , officially the City of Zamboanga ( Chavacano/Spanish : Ciudad de Zamboanga ; , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Zamboanga Peninsula of the Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 861,799 people . It is the 6th most populous and 3rd largest city by land area in the Philippines . It is the commercial and industrial center of the Zamboanga Peninsula Region . On October 12 , 1936 , Zamboanga became a chartered city under Commonwealth Act No . 39 . It was inaugurated on February 26 , 1937 . Zamboanga City is an independent , chartered city and was designated highly urbanized on November 22 , 1983 . Although geographically separated , and an independent and chartered city , Zamboanga City is grouped with the province of Zamboanga del Sur for statistical purposes , yet governed independently from it .'}]}, {'value': 'Think Global , Act Local', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1995 - May 29 , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronald S. Devesa , Pi 67', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas', 'summary': "The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , The Catholic University of the Philippines , or simply the University of Santo Tomas ( UST ) , is a private , Roman Catholic research university in Manila , Philippines . Founded on April 28 , 1611 by Miguel de Benavides , Archbishop of Manila , it has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia , and is one of the world 's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus . The university is run by the Order of Preachers . UST is the only university to have been visited by three popes four times : once by Pope Paul VI on November 28 , 1970 , twice by Pope John Paul II on February 18 , 1981 and January 13 , 1995 , and once by Pope Francis on January 18 , 2015 . The patron of the university is St. Thomas Aquinas , while St. Catherine of Alexandria is the patroness . The university is composed of several autonomous faculties , colleges , schools and institutes , each conferring undergraduate , graduate and postgraduate degrees , and the basic education units . Several degree programs have been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development . Moreover , it was awarded with an Institutional Accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines . In December 2013 , the university was recognized to have the highest number of accredited programs in the country by the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities ' Commission on Accreditation ( PACUCOA ) . Prominent Thomasians include saints , Filipino presidents , heroes , artists , scientists , professionals , and religious figures , who have figured prominently in the history of the Philippines . The athletic teams are the Growling Tigers , who are members of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship . The university campus is listed as one of the most viable sites in the Philippines to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List , while the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas is listed as one of the most viable documentary heritage to be included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Region IX & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teachers Camp , Baguio City , Benguet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baguio_City', 'summary': "Baguio ( UK : /ˈbæɡioʊ/ BAG-ee-oh , US : /ˈbɑːɡ- , ˌbɑːɡiˈoʊ/ BAH-ghee-oh , -\u2060OH ) , officially the City of Baguio ( Ibaloi : Ciudad ne Bag-iw ; Ilocano : Siudad ti Baguio ; Tagalog : Lungsod ng Baguio ) and popularly referred to as Baguio City , is a city in the mountainous area of the Northern Luzon , Philippines . It is known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines , owing to its cool climate since the city is located approximately 4,810 feet ( 1,470 meters ) above mean sea level , often cited as 1,540 meters ( 5,050 feet ) in the Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion , which also makes it conducive for the growth of mossy plants , orchids and pine trees , to which it attributes its other moniker as the City of Pines . Baguio was established as a hill station by the United States in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway . It was the United States ' only hill station in Asia . Baguio is classified as a Highly Urbanized City ( HUC ) . It is geographically located within Benguet , serving as the provincial capital from 1901 to 1916 , but has since been administered independently from the province following its conversion into a chartered city . The city is a major center of business , commerce , and education in northern Luzon , as well as the location of the Cordillera Administrative Region . According to the 2015 census , Baguio has a population of 345,366 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brotherhood…Its True and Honorable Essence in Retrospect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 2 , 1997 - May 4 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jose Antonio L. Dimaano , Pi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas', 'summary': "The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas , The Catholic University of the Philippines , or simply the University of Santo Tomas ( UST ) , is a private , Roman Catholic research university in Manila , Philippines . Founded on April 28 , 1611 by Miguel de Benavides , Archbishop of Manila , it has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia , and is one of the world 's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus . The university is run by the Order of Preachers . UST is the only university to have been visited by three popes four times : once by Pope Paul VI on November 28 , 1970 , twice by Pope John Paul II on February 18 , 1981 and January 13 , 1995 , and once by Pope Francis on January 18 , 2015 . The patron of the university is St. Thomas Aquinas , while St. Catherine of Alexandria is the patroness . The university is composed of several autonomous faculties , colleges , schools and institutes , each conferring undergraduate , graduate and postgraduate degrees , and the basic education units . Several degree programs have been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education ( CHED ) as Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development . Moreover , it was awarded with an Institutional Accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines . In December 2013 , the university was recognized to have the highest number of accredited programs in the country by the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities ' Commission on Accreditation ( PACUCOA ) . Prominent Thomasians include saints , Filipino presidents , heroes , artists , scientists , professionals , and religious figures , who have figured prominently in the history of the Philippines . The athletic teams are the Growling Tigers , who are members of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship . The university campus is listed as one of the most viable sites in the Philippines to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List , while the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas is listed as one of the most viable documentary heritage to be included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme ."}]}, {'value': 'Region I & National Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenheights Convention and Business Center , Buhangin , Davao City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davao_City', 'summary': "Davao City , officially the City of Davao ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Dabaw ) , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the island of Mindanao , Philippines . The city has a total land area of 2,443.61 km2 ( 943.48 sq mi ) , making it the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area . It is the third-most populous city in the Philippines after Quezon City and Manila , the most populous city in the country outside Metro Manila , and the most populous in Mindanao . As of the 2015 census the city had a population of 1,632,991 . It is geographically situated in the province of Davao del Sur and grouped under the province by the Philippine Statistics Authority , but the city is governed and administered independently from it . The city is divided into three congressional districts , which are subdivided into 11 administrative districts with a total of 182 barangays . Davao City is the center of Metro Davao , the third-most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines . ( As of the 2015 census this had a population of 2.5 million , compared with Metro Manila 's 12.8 million and Metro Cebu 's 2.8 million . ) The city serves as the main trade , commerce , and industry hub of Mindanao , and the regional center of Davao Region . Davao is home to Mount Apo , the highest mountain in the Philippines . The city is also nicknamed the Durian Capital of the Philippines ."}]}, {'value': 'Towards the Golden Year : A Force to Reckon With', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 7 , 1999 - May 9 , 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agaton C. Labrador , Jr. , Nu 74', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manila_Central_University', 'summary': 'The Manila Central University , or MCU , formerly known as the Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de Manila ) is a private , non-sectarian , non-stock educational institution situated in EDSA , Caloocan City , Philippines . It was founded and first directed in 1904 by Dr. Alejandro M. Albert . MCU is the first Pharmacy school run by Filipinos , and the first Nursing school that offered the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing program in the Philippines . The patron of the university is Minerva . MCU is one of the former member universities of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines , from 1952 to 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'Region XI', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Philippines', 'section_text': 'National conventions for Alpha Phi Omega Philippines are biennial gatherings which are currently conducted in odd numbered years . It is where official business is conducted by the General Assembly composed of brothers and sisters from the various chapters and alumni/alumnae associations meeting to share ideas , and to expand leadership , friendship , and service .', 'uid': 'Alpha_Phi_Omega_national_conventions_1', 'intro': "National conventions in Alpha Phi Omega are biennial gatherings of the respective national organization of the fraternity, in which official business is conducted and brothers from the various chapters in the organization meet to share ideas, expanding leadership, friendship, and service. In the very early years, decisions of the National Fraternity were conducted by mail. The first actual assembly of delegates in a convention was held in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 1-2, 1931. Seven of the fraternity's eighteen chapters were represented at this convention by a total of 23 students and advisors. Alpha Phi Omega of the United States conducts biennial national conventions in even-numbered years, and as of 2016, forty-four conventions have been held. The last convention held was in Austin, Texas and the next will be held in Phoenix, Arizona. Conventions were not held in 1942 and 1944 due to World War II, and a special Constitutional Convention was held in 1967. Alpha Phi Omega of the Philippines conducts biennial national conventions in odd-numbered years, and as of 2009, twenty-five conventions have been held. In the US, national conventions are officially called to order by an opening ceremony in which the Eternal Flame of Service is brought forth by members of the Delta Omega chapter at the University of Houston. This tradition was started after the twenty-first national convention in Dallas, Texas. In the early hours of December 30, 1970, the delegates of the Delta Omega chapter met in a ceremony in the suite of H. Roe Bartle, with the newly elected members of the National Board of Directors and National President Aubrey B. Hamilton. Bartle lit a small blue candle then he in turn used to light a hurricane lamp, which was then passed from the blue candle to each of the board members' candles."}
null
null
Who is the chair of the location that is a 1st class municipality in the province of the Philippines ?
Alpha Zeta
095014ce049a1ca7
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Men's_Handball_Super_League", 'title': "Ukrainian Men's Handball Super League", 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Arena'], 'data': [{'value': 'Motor Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HC_Motor_Zaporozhye', 'summary': "HC Motor Zaporizhia is a Ukrainian men 's handball club based in Zaporizhia that competes in the domestic Ukrainian Men 's Handball Super League and in the regional SEHA League and EHF Champions League ."}]}, {'value': 'Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaporizhia', 'summary': "Zaporizhia , Zaporizhzhia or Zaporizhzhya ( UK : /ˌzæpɒˈrɪʒjə/ , US : /ˌzɑːpəˈriːʒ ( j ) ə/ ; Ukrainian : Запорі́жжя , romanized : Zaporížžja IPA : [ zɐpoˈr⁽ʲ⁾iʒːɐ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Zaporozhye ( US : /ˌzɑːpəˈroʊʒə/ ; Russian : Запоро́жье , romanized : Zaporóž'je , IPA : [ zəpɐˈroʐjɪ ] ) and formerly as Alexandrovsk ( Russian : Алекса́ндровск [ ɐlʲɪˈksandrəfsk ] ; Ukrainian : Олександрівськ , romanized : Oleksandrivs ' k [ olekˈsɑnd⁽ʲ⁾r⁽ʲ⁾iu̯sʲk ] ) , is a city in south-central Ukraine , situated on the banks of the Dnieper . It is the administrative centre of the Zaporizhia Oblast ( region ) . Zaporizhia is known for its island of Khortytsia and Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . It is also an important industrial centre producing steel , aluminium , aircraft engines , automobiles , transformers for substations , and other heavy industry goods ."}]}, {'value': 'Yunost Sport Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZTR Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZTR_Zaporizhia', 'summary': "ZTR Zaporizhia is a team handball club from Zaporizhia , Ukraine . Currently , ZTR Zaporizhia competes in the Ukrainian Men 's Handball Super League . The club was before called ZYY and ZeMtY . The club is renamed ZTR Zaporizhia in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaporizhia', 'summary': "Zaporizhia , Zaporizhzhia or Zaporizhzhya ( UK : /ˌzæpɒˈrɪʒjə/ , US : /ˌzɑːpəˈriːʒ ( j ) ə/ ; Ukrainian : Запорі́жжя , romanized : Zaporížžja IPA : [ zɐpoˈr⁽ʲ⁾iʒːɐ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Zaporozhye ( US : /ˌzɑːpəˈroʊʒə/ ; Russian : Запоро́жье , romanized : Zaporóž'je , IPA : [ zəpɐˈroʐjɪ ] ) and formerly as Alexandrovsk ( Russian : Алекса́ндровск [ ɐlʲɪˈksandrəfsk ] ; Ukrainian : Олександрівськ , romanized : Oleksandrivs ' k [ olekˈsɑnd⁽ʲ⁾r⁽ʲ⁾iu̯sʲk ] ) , is a city in south-central Ukraine , situated on the banks of the Dnieper . It is the administrative centre of the Zaporizhia Oblast ( region ) . Zaporizhia is known for its island of Khortytsia and Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . It is also an important industrial centre producing steel , aluminium , aircraft engines , automobiles , transformers for substations , and other heavy industry goods ."}]}, {'value': 'Palace of Sports ZTR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZNTU-ZAB Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HC_ZNTU-ZAB_Zaporozhye', 'summary': "HC ZNTU-ZAB Zaporozhye is a Ukrainian men 's handball club based in Zaporozhye played in the Ukrainian Men 's Handball Super League . It took part in the 2016-17 EHF Challenge Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaporizhia', 'summary': "Zaporizhia , Zaporizhzhia or Zaporizhzhya ( UK : /ˌzæpɒˈrɪʒjə/ , US : /ˌzɑːpəˈriːʒ ( j ) ə/ ; Ukrainian : Запорі́жжя , romanized : Zaporížžja IPA : [ zɐpoˈr⁽ʲ⁾iʒːɐ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Zaporozhye ( US : /ˌzɑːpəˈroʊʒə/ ; Russian : Запоро́жье , romanized : Zaporóž'je , IPA : [ zəpɐˈroʐjɪ ] ) and formerly as Alexandrovsk ( Russian : Алекса́ндровск [ ɐlʲɪˈksandrəfsk ] ; Ukrainian : Олександрівськ , romanized : Oleksandrivs ' k [ olekˈsɑnd⁽ʲ⁾r⁽ʲ⁾iu̯sʲk ] ) , is a city in south-central Ukraine , situated on the banks of the Dnieper . It is the administrative centre of the Zaporizhia Oblast ( region ) . Zaporizhia is known for its island of Khortytsia and Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . It is also an important industrial centre producing steel , aluminium , aircraft engines , automobiles , transformers for substations , and other heavy industry goods ."}]}, {'value': 'Palace of Sports ZAB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSKA Kyiv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CSKA_Kyiv_(handball)', 'summary': 'CSKA Kyiv is a team handball club from Kiev , Ukraine . The club , which is currently inactive , once was very strong in the Soviet championships and early championships of Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiev', 'summary': "Kiev or Kyiv [ a ] ( Ukrainian : Київ , romanized : Kyiv ; Russian : Киев , romanized : Kiyev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . Its population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 ( though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press ) , making Kiev the 6th-most populous city in Europe . Kiev is an important industrial , scientific , educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries , higher education institutions , and historical landmarks . The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure , including the Kiev Metro . The city 's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders . During its history , Kiev , one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe , passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity . The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century . A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century . Under Varangian rule , the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus ' , the first East Slavic state . Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240 , the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhtar-Academiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakhtar-Academiya', 'summary': 'HC Donbas Donetsk Oblast ( previous name Shakhtar-Academiya until June 2017 ) is a handball club from Donetsk . The club was formed in 1983 on the base of a previous handball club called Spartak Donetsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Donetsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donetsk', 'summary': "Donetsk ( UK : /dɒˈnjɛtsk/ don-YETSK , US : /dəˈn ( j ) ɛtsk/ də-N ( Y ) ETSK ; Ukrainian : Донецьк [ doˈnɛtsʲk ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Донецк [ dɐˈnʲetsk ] ) , formerly known as Aleksandrovka , Hughesovka , Yuzovka and Stalino ( see also : cities ' alternative names ) , is an industrial city in Eastern Ukraine and the capital city of the unrecognized Donetsk People 's Republic , located on the Kalmius River . The population was estimated at 929,063 ( 2016 est . ) in the city core , with over 2,000,000 in the metropolitan area ( 2011 ) . According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census , Donetsk was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine . Administratively , Donetsk has been the centre of Donetsk Oblast , while historically , it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin ( Donbass ) region . Donetsk is adjacent to another major city , Makiivka , and along with other surrounding cities forms a major urban sprawl and conurbation in the region . Donetsk has been a major economic , industrial and scientific centre of Ukraine with a high concentration of heavy industries and a skilled workforce . The density of heavy industries ( predominantly steel production , chemical industry , and coal mining ) determined the city 's challenging ecological situation . In 2012 a UN report ranked Donetsk among the world 's fastest depopulating cities . The original settlement in the south of the European part of the Russian Empire was first mentioned as Aleksandrovka in 1779 , during the reign of the Empress Catherine the Great . In 1869 the Welsh businessman John Hughes founded a steel plant and several coal mines in the region , and the town was named Hughesovka or Yuzovka ( Юзовка ) in recognition of his role ( Yuz being a Russian-language approximation of Hughes ) . During Soviet times , the city 's steel industry expanded ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NAEC Netishyn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netishyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netishyn', 'summary': 'Netishyn ( Ukrainian : Нетішин , Russian : Нетешин , Polish : Niecieszyn ) is a city in Khmelnytskyi Oblast ( province ) , in the west of Ukraine . Located on the Horyn River this city of oblast subordinance . Netishyn is the site of the Khmelnitskiy Nuclear Power Plant .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ZTR Burevisnyk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaporizhia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zaporizhia', 'summary': "Zaporizhia , Zaporizhzhia or Zaporizhzhya ( UK : /ˌzæpɒˈrɪʒjə/ , US : /ˌzɑːpəˈriːʒ ( j ) ə/ ; Ukrainian : Запорі́жжя , romanized : Zaporížžja IPA : [ zɐpoˈr⁽ʲ⁾iʒːɐ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Zaporozhye ( US : /ˌzɑːpəˈroʊʒə/ ; Russian : Запоро́жье , romanized : Zaporóž'je , IPA : [ zəpɐˈroʐjɪ ] ) and formerly as Alexandrovsk ( Russian : Алекса́ндровск [ ɐlʲɪˈksandrəfsk ] ; Ukrainian : Олександрівськ , romanized : Oleksandrivs ' k [ olekˈsɑnd⁽ʲ⁾r⁽ʲ⁾iu̯sʲk ] ) , is a city in south-central Ukraine , situated on the banks of the Dnieper . It is the administrative centre of the Zaporizhia Oblast ( region ) . Zaporizhia is known for its island of Khortytsia and Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . It is also an important industrial centre producing steel , aluminium , aircraft engines , automobiles , transformers for substations , and other heavy industry goods ."}]}, {'value': 'Palace of Sports ZTR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lviv Polytechnic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lviv', 'summary': "Lviv ( Ukrainian : Львів [ lʲwiu̯ ] ( listen ) ; Old East Slavic : Львіхород ; Polish : Lwów [ lvuf ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Львов , romanized : Lvov [ lʲvof ] ; German : Lemberg ; Latin : Leopolis ; see also other names ) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall , with a population of 724,713 as of January 2019 . Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine . Named in honour of Leo , the eldest son of Daniel , Prince of Ruthenia , it was the capital of the Galicia-Volhynia from 1272 to 1349 , when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great of Poland . From 1434 , it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland . In 1772 , after the First Partition of Poland , the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . In 1918 , for a short time , it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People 's Republic . Between the wars , the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic . After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 , Lviv became part of the Soviet Union , and in 1944-46 there was a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine . In 1991 , it became part of the independent nation of Ukraine . Administratively , Lviv serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and has the status of city of oblast significance . Lviv was the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia . The historical heart of the city , with its old buildings and cobblestone streets , survived Soviet and German occupations during World War II largely unscathed ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2016–17 season', 'section_text': "Main article : 2016–17 Ukrainian Men 's Handball Super League The following 8 clubs have competed in the Super League during the 2016–17 season .", 'uid': "Ukrainian_Men's_Handball_Super_League_0", 'intro': "The Ukrainian Men's Handball Super League (Ukrainian: Гандбольна Суперліга) is the top men's league of Ukrainian handball. It was founded in 1992. It is run by the Handball Federation of Ukraine (FHU)."}
null
null
What is the team of the city that is the site of the Khmelnitskiy Nuclear Power Plant ?
NAEC Netishyn
09503713f7a10c39
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sahel_famine', 'title': '2010 Sahel famine', 'header': ['Drought-hit nation', 'Climate summary', 'Population density per square mile', 'Sahel state , Sénégal River-area state or CILLS member'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Sudan straddles the Sahara , with only the Nile Valley and the small coastal region being available to agriculture and part of the Sudd flood plain lies in the south Water levels fluctuate up to 1.5 meters , depending on the intensity of seasonal flooding . and is mostly Sudanian savanna and sahel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nile_Valley', 'summary': "The Nile ( Arabic : النيل , romanized : an-Nīl , Arabic pronunciation : [ an'niːl ] ) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is the longest river in Africa and the disputed longest river in the world , as the Brazilian government says that the Amazon River is longer than the Nile . The Nile , which is about 6,650 km ( 4,130 mi ) [ n 1 ] long , is an international river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries : Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan , and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . The Nile has two major tributaries - the White Nile and the Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudd', 'summary': "The Sudd ( as-Sudd or al-Sudd ) is a vast swamp in South Sudan , formed by the White Nile 's Baḥr al-Jabal section . The Arabic word sudd is derived from sadd ( سد ) , meaning barrier or obstruction . The term the sudd has come to refer to any large solid floating vegetation island or mat . The area which the swamp covers is one of the world 's largest wetlands and the largest freshwater wetland in the Nile basin . For many years the swamp , and especially its thicket of vegetation , proved an impenetrable barrier to navigation along the Nile . The ancient Egyptians failed to penetrate the Sudd and reach the areas south of it . In AD 61 , a party of Roman soldiers sent by the Emperor Nero proceeded up the White Nile but were not able to get beyond the Sudd , which marked the limit of Roman penetration into equatorial Africa . For the same reasons in later times the search for the source of the Nile was particularly difficult ; it eventually involved overland expeditions from the central African coast , so as to avoid having to travel through the Sudd . In 2019 a team of climate scientists led by the UK 's Edinburgh University published a study in the Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , that suggested increased water flows into the Sudd may be partly causing up to a third of the global rise in atmospheric methane levels over the previous decade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudanian_savanna', 'summary': 'The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent , from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the western lowlands in the east . The Sahel , a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas , lies to the north , between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert . To the south the forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian Savanna and the Guinean moist forests and Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator .'}]}, {'value': '43.7joint figure for both', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Sudan', 'summary': 'South Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn , -ˈdæn/ ) , officially known as the Republic of South Sudan ( Dinka : Paguot Thudän ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It gained independence from the Republic of the Sudan in 2011 , making it the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition . Its capital and largest city is Juba . South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north , Ethiopia to the east , Kenya to the southeast , Uganda to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west . It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd , formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal ( Arabic : بحر الجبل ) , meaning Mountain Sea . Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956 . Following the First Sudanese Civil War , the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983 . A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out , ending in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement . Later that year , southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed . South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011 , following 98.83% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum . It has suffered ethnic violence and endured a civil war since 2013 . South Sudan has a population of 12 million , mostly of the Nilotic peoples , and it is demographically among the youngest nations in the world , with roughly half under 18 years old .'}]}, {'value': 'South Sudan has got more tropical savanna and Sahel ecoregions and most of the Sudd flood plain lies in the north Water levels fluctuate up to 1.5 meters , depending on the intensity of seasonal flooding . and is mostly Sudanian savanna and sahel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Sudan', 'summary': 'South Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn , -ˈdæn/ ) , officially known as the Republic of South Sudan ( Dinka : Paguot Thudän ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa . It gained independence from the Republic of the Sudan in 2011 , making it the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition . Its capital and largest city is Juba . South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north , Ethiopia to the east , Kenya to the southeast , Uganda to the south , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest and the Central African Republic to the west . It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd , formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal ( Arabic : بحر الجبل ) , meaning Mountain Sea . Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956 . Following the First Sudanese Civil War , the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983 . A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out , ending in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement . Later that year , southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed . South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011 , following 98.83% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum . It has suffered ethnic violence and endured a civil war since 2013 . South Sudan has a population of 12 million , mostly of the Nilotic peoples , and it is demographically among the youngest nations in the world , with roughly half under 18 years old .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tropical_savanna', 'summary': 'Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ecoregion', 'summary': 'An ecoregion ( ecological region ) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion , which in turn is smaller than an ecozone . Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species . The biodiversity of flora , fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions . In theory , biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant , within an acceptable range of variation ( largely undefined at this point ) . Three caveats are appropriate for all bio-geographic mapping approaches . Firstly , no single bio-geographic framework is optimal for all taxa . Ecoregions reflect the best compromise for as many taxa as possible . Secondly , ecoregion boundaries rarely form abrupt edges ; rather , ecotones and mosaic habitats bound them . Thirdly , most ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome . Biogeographic provinces may originate due to various barriers , including physical ( plate tectonics , topographic highs ) , climatic ( latitudinal variation , seasonal range ) and ocean chemical related ( salinity , oxygen levels ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudd', 'summary': "The Sudd ( as-Sudd or al-Sudd ) is a vast swamp in South Sudan , formed by the White Nile 's Baḥr al-Jabal section . The Arabic word sudd is derived from sadd ( سد ) , meaning barrier or obstruction . The term the sudd has come to refer to any large solid floating vegetation island or mat . The area which the swamp covers is one of the world 's largest wetlands and the largest freshwater wetland in the Nile basin . For many years the swamp , and especially its thicket of vegetation , proved an impenetrable barrier to navigation along the Nile . The ancient Egyptians failed to penetrate the Sudd and reach the areas south of it . In AD 61 , a party of Roman soldiers sent by the Emperor Nero proceeded up the White Nile but were not able to get beyond the Sudd , which marked the limit of Roman penetration into equatorial Africa . For the same reasons in later times the search for the source of the Nile was particularly difficult ; it eventually involved overland expeditions from the central African coast , so as to avoid having to travel through the Sudd . In 2019 a team of climate scientists led by the UK 's Edinburgh University published a study in the Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , that suggested increased water flows into the Sudd may be partly causing up to a third of the global rise in atmospheric methane levels over the previous decade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudanian_savanna', 'summary': 'The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent , from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the western lowlands in the east . The Sahel , a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas , lies to the north , between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert . To the south the forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian Savanna and the Guinean moist forests and Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator .'}]}, {'value': '43.7joint figure for both', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad', 'summary': "Chad ( /tʃæd/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : تشاد Tshād , Arabic pronunciation : [ tʃaːd ] ; French : Tchad , pronounced [ tʃa ( d ) ] ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad ( Arabic : جمهورية تشاد Jumhūriyyat Tshād ; French : République du Tchad ) , is a landlocked country in north-central Africa . It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon to the south-west , Nigeria to the southwest ( at Lake Chad ) , and Niger to the west . Chad has several regions : a desert zone in the north , an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south . Lake Chad , after which the country is named , is the largest wetland in Chad and the second-largest in Africa . The capital N'Djamena is the largest city . Chad 's official languages are Arabic and French . Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups . The most popular religion of Chad is Islam ( at 55% ) , followed by Christianity ( at 40% ) . Beginning in the 7th millennium BC , human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers . By the end of the 1st millennium AD , a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad 's Sahelian strip , each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region . France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa . In 1960 , Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad is divided into three distinct zones , from the Sudanese savanna in the south , the Sahel in the central belt and the Sahara Desert in the north . The most fertile land is around the steadily shrinking Lake Chad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudanese_savanna', 'summary': 'The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent , from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the western lowlands in the east . The Sahel , a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas , lies to the north , between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert . To the south the forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian Savanna and the Guinean moist forests and Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahara', 'summary': "The Sahara ( /səˈhɑːrə/ , /səˈhærə/ ; Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá , 'the Greatest Desert ' ) is a desert located on the African continent . It is the largest hot desert in the world , and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres ( 3,600,000 sq mi ) is comparable to the area of China or the United States . The name 'Sahara ' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for desert , ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ) . The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa . The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert . For several hundred thousand years , the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth 's axis as it rotates around the Sun , which changes the location of the North African Monsoon . The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years ( 17,000 AD ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Chad', 'summary': 'Lake Chad ( French : Lac Tchad ) is a historically large , shallow , endorheic lake in Africa , which has varied in size over the centuries . According to the Global Resource Information Database of the United Nations Environment Programme , it shrank by as much as 95% from about 1963 to 1998 , but the 2007 ( satellite ) image shows significant improvement over previous years . Lake Chad is economically important , providing water to more than 30 million people living in the four countries surrounding it ( Chad , Cameroon , Niger , and Nigeria ) on the central part of the Sahel . It is the largest lake in the Chad Basin .'}]}, {'value': '20.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel and CILLS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central African Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_African_Republic', 'summary': "The Central African Republic ( CAR ; Sango : Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka ; French : République centrafricaine pronounced [ ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn ] , or Centrafrique [ sɑ̃tʁafʁik ] ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Chad to the north , Sudan to the northeast , South Sudan to the southeast , the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south , the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west . The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres ( 240,000 sq mi ) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018 [ update ] . As of 2020 [ update ] , the CAR is the scene of a civil war , ongoing since 2012 . Most of the CAR consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas , but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south . Two thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin ( which flows into the Congo ) , while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari , which flows into Lake Chad . What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia ; however , the country 's current borders were established by France , which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century . After gaining independence from France in 1960 , the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders , including an abortive attempt at a monarchy ; by the 1990s , calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993 . Ange-Félix Patassé became president , but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup . The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and , despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011 , civil war resumed in 2012 . Despite its significant mineral deposits and other resources , such as uranium reserves , crude oil , gold , diamonds , cobalt , lumber , and hydropower , as well as significant quantities of arable land , the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world , with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017 . As of 2019 [ update ] , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , the country had the second lowest level of human development , ranking 188th out of 189 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'The climate of the C.A.R . is generally tropical . The northern areas are subject to harmattan winds , which are hot , dry , and carry dust . The northern regions have been subject to desertification , and the northeast is a desert . The remainder of the country is prone to flooding from nearby rivers as much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River , with the Mbomou River in the east merging with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River . In the west , the Sangha River flows through part of the country . The eastern border lies along the edge of the Nile river watershed . The estimated amount of the country covered by forest ranges up to 8% , with the densest parts in the south . It is highly diverse , and includes commercially important species of Ayous , Sapelli and Sipo . The deforestation rate is 0.4% per annum , and lumber poaching is commonplace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmattan', 'summary': 'The Harmattan is a season in the West African subcontinent , which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March . It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind , of the same name , which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea . The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language . The temperature is cold in most places , but can also be hot in certain places , depending on local circumstances . The Harmattan blows during the dry season , which occurs during the months with the lowest sun . In this season the subtropical ridge of high pressure stays over the central Sahara Desert and the low-pressure Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) stays over the Gulf of Guinea . On its passage over the Sahara , the harmattan picks up fine dust and sand particles ( between 0.5 and 10 microns ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Desertification', 'summary': "Desertification is a type of land degradation in drylands involving loss of biological productivity caused by natural processes or induced by human activities . It is caused by a variety of factors , such as through climate change ( particularly the current global warming ) and through the overexploitation of soil through human activity . When deserts appear automatically over the natural course of a planet 's life cycle , then it can be called a natural phenomenon ; however , when deserts emerge due to the rampant and unchecked depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential for it to remain arable , then a virtual soil death can be spoken of , which traces its cause back to human overexploitation . Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem with far reaching consequences on socio-economic and political conditions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Congo_River', 'summary': "The Congo River , formerly known as the Zaire River under the Mobutu regime , is the second longest river in Africa , shorter only than the Nile , as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume , following only the Amazon . It is also the world 's deepest recorded river , with measured depths in excess of 220 m ( 720 ft ) . The Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi River system has an overall length of 4,700 km ( 2,920 mi ) , which makes it the world 's ninth-longest river . The Chambeshi is a tributary of the Lualaba River , and Lualaba is the name of the Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls , extending for 1,800 km ( 1,120 mi ) . Measured along with the Lualaba , the main tributary , the Congo River has a total length of 4,370 km ( 2,715 mi ) . It is the only major river to cross the equator twice . The Congo Basin has a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) , or 13% of the entire African landmass ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mbomou_River', 'summary': "The Mbomou River or Bomu ( also spelled M'bomou in French ) forms part of the boundary between the Central African Republic ( CAR ) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . The Mbomou merges with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River . The Ubangi , a tributary of the Congo , also serves as part of the border between the CAR and the DRC ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Uele_River', 'summary': 'The Uele River , also spelled Welle River , is a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Uele forms at Dungu , at the confluence of the Dungu and Kibali rivers , which both originates in the mountains near Lake Albert . Combined these rivers flows west for about 1,210 kilometres ( 750 mi ) , until the Uele joins the Mbomou River at Yakoma . Main tributaries to the Uele river are Bomokandi River ( left side ) and Uere River ( right side ) . The Uele-Mbomou confluence at Yakoma marks the origin of the Ubangi River , which in turn flows into the Congo River . The Uele is the longest tributary of the Ubangi . The combined Ubangi-Uele length is about 2,270 kilometres ( 1,410 mi ) . From satellite images , parts of the river looks red from the iron oxide in the river from pollution . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ubangi_River', 'summary': "The Ubangi River ( / ( j ) uːˈbæŋɡi/ ) , also spelled Oubangui , is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River in the region of Central Africa . It begins at the confluence of the Mbomou and Uele Rivers and flows west , forming the border between Central African Republic ( CAR ) and Democratic Republic of the Congo . Subsequently , the Ubangi bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui , the capital of the CAR , after which it flows south - forming the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of Congo . The Ubangi finally joins the Congo River at Liranga . The Ubangi 's length is about 1,060 kilometres ( 660 mi ) . Its total length with the Uele , its longest tributary , is 2,270 kilometres ( 1,410 mi ) . The Ubangi 's drainage basin is about 772,800 square kilometres ( 298,400 sq mi ) . Its discharge at Bangui ranges from about 800 cubic metres per second ( 28,000 cu ft/s ) to 11,000 cubic metres per second ( 390,000 cu ft/s ) , with an average flow of about 4,000 cubic metres per second ( 140,000 cu ft/s ) . Together with the Congo River , it provides an important transport artery for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville . From its source to 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) below Bangui , the Ubangi defines the boundary between the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . Thereafter , it forms the boundary between the DRC and the Republic of Congo until it empties into the Congo River ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sangha_River', 'summary': 'The Sangha River , a tributary of the Congo River , is located in Central Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nile_river', 'summary': "The Nile ( Arabic : النيل , romanized : an-Nīl , Arabic pronunciation : [ an'niːl ] ) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is the longest river in Africa and the disputed longest river in the world , as the Brazilian government says that the Amazon River is longer than the Nile . The Nile , which is about 6,650 km ( 4,130 mi ) [ n 1 ] long , is an international river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries : Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan , and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan . The Nile has two major tributaries - the White Nile and the Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drainage_basin', 'summary': "A drainage basin is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet , such as into a river , bay , or other body of water . The drainage basin includes all the surface water from rain runoff , snowmelt , and nearby streams that run downslope towards the shared outlet , as well as the groundwater underneath the earth 's surface . Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at lower elevations in a hierarchical pattern , with smaller sub-drainage basins , which in turn drain into another common outlet . Other terms for drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America , the term watershed is commonly used to mean a drainage basin , though in other English-speaking countries , it is used only in its original sense , that of a drainage divide . In a closed drainage basin , or endorheic basin , the water converges to a single point inside the basin , known as a sink , which may be a permanent lake , a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channelling it to a single point . Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter , the drainage divide , making up a succession of higher geographical features ( such as a ridge , hill or mountains ) forming a barrier . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets , outlets , or sinks . In a strict sense , all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ayous', 'summary': 'Triplochiton scleroxylon is a tree of the genus Triplochiton of the family Malvaceae . The timber is known by the common names African whitewood , abachi , obeche ( in Nigeria ) , wawa ( in Ghana ) , ayous ( in Cameroon ) and sambawawa ( in Ivory Coast ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sapele', 'summary': 'Entandrophragma cylindricum is a tree of the genus Entandrophragma of the family Meliaceae . It is commonly known as sapele or sapelli ( /səˈpiːliː/ sə-PEE-lee ) or sapele mahogany , as well as aboudikro , assi , and muyovu .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sipo_(timber)', 'summary': 'Entandrophragma is a genus of twelve known species of deciduous trees in the family Meliaceae .'}]}, {'value': '18.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}]}, {'value': "The climate varies with the terrain . The climate is exceedingly hot and humid , the coastal belt includes some of the wettest places on earth . For example , Debundscha , at the base of Mt . Cameroon , has an average annual rainfall of 405 inches ( 10,287 mm ) . The coastal plain extends 15 to 150 kilometres ( 9 to 93 mi ) inland from the Gulf of Guinea and has an average elevation of 90 metres ( 295 ft ) . Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season , this belt is densely forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth , part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests . The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 650 metres ( 2,133 ft ) . Equatorial rainforest dominates this region , although its alternation between wet and dry seasons makes it is less humid than the coast . This area is part of the Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion . An irregular chain of mountains , hills , and plateaus known as the Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the coast - Cameroon 's highest point at 4,095 metres ( 13,435 ft ) - almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon 's northern tip . This region has a mild climate , particularly on the Western High Plateau , although rainfall is high . Its soils are among Cameroon 's most fertile , especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon . Volcanism here has created the crater lakes , like Lake Nyos of the Cameroonian Highlands forests ecoregion . The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy , rugged Adamawa Plateau . This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country 's north and south . Its average elevation is 1,100 metres ( 3,609 ft ) , and its temperature ranges from 22 °C ( 71.6 °F ) to 25 °C ( 77 °F ) with high rainfall . The northern lowland region extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 300 to 350 metres ( 984 to 1,148 ft ) . Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass . This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debundscha', 'summary': 'Debundscha is a village in the south-western Region of the republic of Cameroon . It is found at the foot of the Mount Cameroon at its south western corner directly facing the south Atlantic ocean on the Cameroon coast . Debundscha has an extremely wet climate with about 10,299 millimetres ( 405.5 in ) of rainfall falling annually . The village of Debundscha is included among the five rainiest places in the world which includes Lloró , Mawsynram , the Big Bog and Cherrapunji , with each of them receiving over 10,000 millimeters ( 400 inches ) of rain annually .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dry_season', 'summary': 'The dry season is a yearly period of low rainfall , especially in the tropics . The weather in the tropics is dominated by the tropical rain belt , which moves from the northern to the southern tropics and back over the course of the year . The tropical rain belt lies in the southern hemisphere roughly from October to March ; during that time the northern tropics have a dry season with sparser precipitation , and days are typically sunny throughout . From April to September , the rain belt lies in the northern hemisphere , and the southern tropics have their dry season . Under the Köppen climate classification , for tropical climates , a dry season month is defined as a month when average precipitation is below 60 millimetres ( 2.4 in ) . During the dry season , humidity is very low , causing some watering holes and rivers to dry up . This lack of water ( and hence of food ) may force many grazing animals to migrate to more fertile spots . Examples of such animals are zebras , elephants , and wildebeest . Because of the lack of water in the plants , bushfires are common . Data shows that in Africa the start of the dry season coincides with a rise in the cases of measles - which researchers believe might be attributed to the higher concentration of people in the dry season , as agricultural operations are all but impossible without irrigation . During this time , some farmers move into cities , creating hubs of higher population density , and allowing the disease to spread more easily . The rain belt reaches roughly as far north as the Tropic of Cancer and as far south as the Tropic of Capricorn .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cross-Sanaga-Bioko_coastal_forests', 'summary': 'The Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of west-central Africa . This is lush forest rich in flora and birdlife .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Cameroon_Plateau', 'summary': "The South Cameroon Plateau or Southern Cameroon Plateau ( French : Plateau Sud-Camerounais ) is the dominant geographical feature of Cameroon . The plateau lies south of the Adamawa Plateau and southeast of the Cameroon Range . It slopes south and west until giving way to the Cameroon coastal plain in the southwest and the Congo River basin in the southeast . The plateau is characterised by hills and valleys in the southwest and a more gentle peneplain in the southwest . Isolated massifs occur , especially in the southwest . Metamorphic rocks make up the plain 's basement . The soils are ferrallitic and lateritic , with colouration ranging from red or brown in the interior to yellow on the coast . The soils are subjected to silica leeching , so they are not productive without fertiliser . The plateau experiences four major seasons , two rainy , and two dry . Rainfall is high , especially along the coast . The average temperature changes little from 25°C . Rivers in the region drain into the Atlantic Ocean and the Congo River basin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wet_season', 'summary': "The wet season ( sometimes called the rainy season ) is the time of year when most of a region 's average annual rainfall occurs . Generally the season lasts at least a month . The term 'green season ' is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities . Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics . Under the Köppen climate classification , for tropical climates , a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres ( 2.4 in ) or more . In contrast to areas with savanna climates and monsoon regimes , Mediterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers . Dry and rainy months are characteristic of tropical seasonal forests : in contrast to tropical rainforests , which do not have dry or wet seasons , since their rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year . Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season , when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough moves to higher latitudes in the middle of the warm season . When the wet season occurs during a warm season , or summer , precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening . In the wet season , air quality improves , fresh water quality improves , and vegetation grows substantially , leading to crop yields late in the season . Rivers overflow their banks , and some animals retreat to higher ground . Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Equatorial_coastal_forests', 'summary': 'The Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of central Africa , covering hills , plains , and mountains of the Atlantic coast of Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Angola , and Democratic Republic of the Congo . This is rich forest home to large mammals such as western gorillas , chimpanzees , forest elephants and African buffalo , as well as many small mammals , birds , amphibians , reptiles , and invertebrates . As well as chimpanzees and gorillas other primates include black colobus monkeys and mandrills .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ecoregion', 'summary': 'An ecoregion ( ecological region ) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion , which in turn is smaller than an ecozone . Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species . The biodiversity of flora , fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions . In theory , biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant , within an acceptable range of variation ( largely undefined at this point ) . Three caveats are appropriate for all bio-geographic mapping approaches . Firstly , no single bio-geographic framework is optimal for all taxa . Ecoregions reflect the best compromise for as many taxa as possible . Secondly , ecoregion boundaries rarely form abrupt edges ; rather , ecotones and mosaic habitats bound them . Thirdly , most ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome . Biogeographic provinces may originate due to various barriers , including physical ( plate tectonics , topographic highs ) , climatic ( latitudinal variation , seasonal range ) and ocean chemical related ( salinity , oxygen levels ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cameroon_line', 'summary': 'The Cameroon line is a 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) chain of volcanoes . It includes islands in the Gulf of Guinea and mountains that extend along the border region of eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon , from Mount Cameroon on the Gulf of Guinea north and east towards Lake Chad . The islands , which span the equator , have tropical climates and are home to many unique plant and bird species . The mainland mountain regions are much cooler than the surrounding lowlands , and also contain unique and ecologically important environments . The Cameroon volcanic line is geologically unusual in extending through both the ocean and the continental crust . Various hypotheses have been advanced by different geologists to explain the line .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Cameroon', 'summary': 'Mount Cameroon is an active volcano in Cameroon near the Gulf of Guinea . Mount Cameroon is also known as Cameroon Mountain or Fako ( the name of the higher of its two peaks ) or by its indigenous name Mongo ma Ndemi ( Mountain of Greatness ) . It is the highest point in sub-Saharan western and central Africa , the fourth-most prominent peak in Africa , and the 31st-most prominent in the world . The mountain is part of the area of volcanic activity known as the Cameroon Volcanic Line , which also includes Lake Nyos , the site of a disaster in 1986 . The most recent eruption occurred on February 3 , 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Chad', 'summary': 'Lake Chad ( French : Lac Tchad ) is a historically large , shallow , endorheic lake in Africa , which has varied in size over the centuries . According to the Global Resource Information Database of the United Nations Environment Programme , it shrank by as much as 95% from about 1963 to 1998 , but the 2007 ( satellite ) image shows significant improvement over previous years . Lake Chad is economically important , providing water to more than 30 million people living in the four countries surrounding it ( Chad , Cameroon , Niger , and Nigeria ) on the central part of the Sahel . It is the largest lake in the Chad Basin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_High_Plateau', 'summary': 'The Western High Plateau , Western Highlands or Bamenda Grassfields is a region of Cameroon characterised by high relief , cool temperatures , heavy rainfall and savanna vegetation . The region lies along the Cameroon line and consists of mountain ranges and volcanoes made of crystalline and igneous rock . The region borders the South Cameroon Plateau to the southeast , the Adamawa Plateau to the northeast and the Cameroon coastal plain to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake', 'summary': 'A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed from explosive activity or collapse during a volcanic eruption . Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption . Lakes in maars fill medium-sized craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent . Crater lakes form as the created depression , within the crater rim , is filled by water . The water may come from precipitation , groundwater circulation ( often hydrothermal fluids in the case of volcanic craters ) or melted ice . Its level rises until an equilibrium is reached between the rates of incoming and outgoing water . Sources of water loss singly or together may include evaporation , subsurface seepage , and , in places , surface leakage or overflow when the lake level reaches the lowest point on its rim . At such a saddle location , the upper portion of the lake is contained only by its adjacent natural volcanic dam ; continued leakage through or surface outflow across the dam can erode its included material , thus lowering lake level until a new equilibrium of water flow , erosion , and rock resistance is established . If the volcanic dam portion erodes rapidly or fails catastrophically , the occurrence produces a breakout or outburst flood . With changes in environmental conditions over time , the occurrence of such floods is common to all natural dam types . A well-known crater lake , which bears the same name as the geological feature , is Crater Lake in Oregon . It is located in the caldera of Mount Mazama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Nyos', 'summary': 'Lake Nyos ( /ˈnioʊs/ NEE-ohs ) is a crater lake in the Northwest Region of Cameroon , located about 315 km ( 196 mi ) northwest of Yaoundé , the capital . Nyos is a deep lake high on the flank of an inactive volcano in the Oku volcanic plain along the Cameroon line of volcanic activity . A volcanic dam impounds the lake waters . A pocket of magma lies beneath the lake and leaks carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) into the water , changing it into carbonic acid . Nyos is one of only three known exploding lakes to be saturated with carbon dioxide in this way , the others being Lake Monoun , also in Cameroon , and Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda . In 1986 , possibly as the result of a landslide , Lake Nyos suddenly emitted a large cloud of CO2 , which suffocated 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock in nearby towns and villages . Though not completely unprecedented , it was the first known large-scale asphyxiation caused by a natural event . To prevent a recurrence , a degassing tube that siphons water from the bottom layers to the top , allowing the carbon dioxide to leak in safe quantities , was installed in 2001 . Two additional tubes were installed in 2011 . Today , the lake also poses a threat because its natural wall is weakening . A geological tremor could cause this natural levée to give way , allowing water to rush into downstream villages all the way into Nigeria and allowing large amounts of carbon dioxide to escape .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests', 'summary': 'The Cameroonian Highlands forests are a montane tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion located on the range of mountains that runs inland from the Gulf of Guinea and forms the border between Cameroon and Nigeria . This is an area of forest and grassland which is becoming increasingly more populous as more and more land is cleared for agriculture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ecoregion', 'summary': 'An ecoregion ( ecological region ) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion , which in turn is smaller than an ecozone . Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species . The biodiversity of flora , fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions . In theory , biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant , within an acceptable range of variation ( largely undefined at this point ) . Three caveats are appropriate for all bio-geographic mapping approaches . Firstly , no single bio-geographic framework is optimal for all taxa . Ecoregions reflect the best compromise for as many taxa as possible . Secondly , ecoregion boundaries rarely form abrupt edges ; rather , ecotones and mosaic habitats bound them . Thirdly , most ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome . Biogeographic provinces may originate due to various barriers , including physical ( plate tectonics , topographic highs ) , climatic ( latitudinal variation , seasonal range ) and ocean chemical related ( salinity , oxygen levels ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau', 'summary': "The Adamawa Plateau ( French : Massif de l'Adamaoua ) is a plateau region in central Africa stretching from south-eastern Nigeria through north-central Cameroon ( Adamawa and North Provinces ) to the Central African Republic . The plateau was named after Fulani Muslim leader Modibo Adama . The part of the plateau that lies in Nigeria is more popularly known as Gotel Mountains . The Adamawa Plateau is the source of many waterways , including the Benue River . It is important for its deposits of bauxite . The average elevation is about 3,300 feet ( 1,000 meters ) , but elevations can reach as high as 8,700 feet ( 2,650 meters ) . The vegetation is mostly savanna , and is sparsely populated . Cattle raising is the main occupation in the area . The endangered toad Amietophrynus djohongensis is only known from the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna', 'summary': 'The East Sudanian Savanna is a hot , dry , tropical savanna ecoregion of Central and East Africa .'}]}, {'value': '102.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria is covered by rainforests over the southern third , Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the middle third and both savannas and Sahel in the northern third . The mountain land is also found in the mountains near the Cameroonian border . The most southerly part of the forest , especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas , is mangrove swamp ( see Central African mangroves ) . North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps , and north of that is rain forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic', 'summary': 'The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa , a band of interlaced forest , savanna , and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Savannas', 'summary': "A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close . The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of grasses . Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density . It is often believed that savannas feature widely spaced , scattered trees . However , in many savannas , tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forests . The South American savanna types cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado dense typically have densities of trees similar to or higher than that found in South American tropical forests , with savanna ranging from 800-3300 trees per hectare ( trees/ha ) and adjacent forests with 800-2000 trees/ha . Similarly Guinean savanna has 129 trees/ha , compared to 103 for riparian forest , while Eastern Australian sclerophyll forests have average tree densities of approximately 100 per hectare , comparable to savannas in the same region . Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability , with the majority of rainfall confined to one season ; they are associated with several types of biomes , and are frequently in a transitional zone between forest and desert or grassland . Savanna covers approximately 20% of the Earth 's land area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Niger_River', 'summary': 'The Niger River ( /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : ( le ) fleuve Niger , pronounced [ ( lə ) flœv niʒɛʁ ] ) is the principal river of West Africa , extending about 4,180 km ( 2,600 mi ) . Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 ( 817,600 sq mi ) in area . Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea . It runs in a crescent through Mali , Niger , on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria , discharging through a massive delta , known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers , into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa , exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River ( also known as the Zaïre River ) . Its main tributary is the Benue River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)', 'summary': 'Cross River ( native name : Oyono ) is the main river in southeastern Nigeria and gives its name to Cross River State . It originates in Cameroon , where it takes the name of the Manyu River . Although not long by African standards its catchment has high rainfall and it becomes very wide . Over its last 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) to the sea its flows through swampy rainforest with numerous creeks and forms an inland delta near its confluence with the Calabar River , about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) wide and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long between the cities of Oron on the west bank and Calabar , on the east bank , more than 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the open sea . The delta empties into a broad estuary which it shares with a few smaller rivers . At its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean , the estuary is 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) wide . The eastern side of the estuary is in the neighbouring country of Cameroon . The major tributary of Cross river is the river Aloma coming from Benue State to merge with the Cross river in Cross River State . Cross River State is connected with a major highway to its sister state Akwa Ibom . The distance between Oron and Calabar is 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) by boat and about 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) by road . The population of the lower Cross River traditionally use water transport and Calabar has long had a major seaport , in the Calabar River about 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) from its confluence with the Cross River and about 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) from the sea . The Itu bridge on the Cross River is along Itu-Calabar highway and is reported to be one of the landmark achievements of the Gowon administration when it was completed in 1975 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mangrove', 'summary': "A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water . The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species . Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics , mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres ( 53,200 sq mi ) , spanning 118 countries and territories . Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees , also called halophytes , and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions . They contain a complex salt filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action . They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud . The word is used in at least three senses : ( 1 ) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal , [ page needed ] for which the terms mangrove forest biome , and mangrove swamp are also used , ( 2 ) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in a mangrove swamp , and ( 3 ) narrowly to refer just to true mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora of the family Rhizophoraceae . [ citation needed ] The mangrove biome , or mangal , is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat characterized by depositional coastal environments , where fine sediments ( often with high organic content ) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action . The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water , through pure seawater ( 3 to 4% ) , to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater ( up to 9% ) . Mangrove forests move carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into long-term storage in greater quantities than other forests , making them among the planet 's best carbon scrubbers according to a NASA-led study based on satellite data ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_African_mangroves', 'summary': 'The Central African mangroves ecoregion consists of the largest area of mangrove swamp in Africa , located on the coasts of West Africa , mainly in Nigeria .'}]}, {'value': '433.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niger', 'summary': "Niger or the Niger ( /niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : [ niʒɛʁ ] ) , officially the Republic of the Niger , is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River . Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast , Chad to the east , Nigeria to the south , Benin to the southwest , Burkina Faso and Mali to the north-west , Burkina Faso to the south-west , and Algeria to the northwest . Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 ( 490,000 sq mi ) , making it the largest country in West Africa . Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert . The country 's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country . The capital and largest city is Niamey , located in Niger 's southwest corner . Niger is a developing country , which consistently ranks near the bottom in the United Nations ' Human Development Index ( HDI ) ; it was ranked 187th of 188 countries for 2015 and 189th out of 189 countries in the 2018 report . Many of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification . The economy is concentrated around subsistence , with some export agriculture in the more fertile south , and export of raw materials , especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position , desert terrain , inefficient agriculture , high fertility rates without birth control , and the resulting overpopulation , the poor educational level and poverty of its people , lack of infrastructure , poor healthcare , and environmental degradation . Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state . Historically , what is now Niger has been on the fringes of several large states . Since independence , Nigeriens have lived under five constitutions and three periods of military rule ."}]}, {'value': "Niger 's subtropical climate is mainly very hot and dry . Niger is located mostly in the Sahara desert save for a small piece of tropical savanna around the River Niger basin . Some flat to rolling savanna and Sahel land is in the southernmost fifth of its territory and in the northern hills", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahara', 'summary': "The Sahara ( /səˈhɑːrə/ , /səˈhærə/ ; Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá , 'the Greatest Desert ' ) is a desert located on the African continent . It is the largest hot desert in the world , and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres ( 3,600,000 sq mi ) is comparable to the area of China or the United States . The name 'Sahara ' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for desert , ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ) . The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa . The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert . For several hundred thousand years , the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth 's axis as it rotates around the Sun , which changes the location of the North African Monsoon . The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years ( 17,000 AD ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Desert', 'summary': 'A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and , consequently , living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or cold deserts . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location . Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tropical_savanna', 'summary': 'Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/River_Niger', 'summary': 'The Niger River ( /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : ( le ) fleuve Niger , pronounced [ ( lə ) flœv niʒɛʁ ] ) is the principal river of West Africa , extending about 4,180 km ( 2,600 mi ) . Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 ( 817,600 sq mi ) in area . Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea . It runs in a crescent through Mali , Niger , on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria , discharging through a massive delta , known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers , into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa , exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River ( also known as the Zaïre River ) . Its main tributary is the Benue River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}]}, {'value': '31.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel and CILLS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Burkina Faso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burkina_Faso', 'summary': "Burkina Faso ( UK : /bɜːrˌkiːnə ˈfæsoʊ/ , US : /- ˈfɑːsoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French : [ buʁkina faso ] ) , officially the Republic of Burkina Faso ( Mossi : Repibilik báága Burkĩna Faso ) , is a landlocked country in West Africa . It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres ( 105,900 sq mi ) and is surrounded by six countries : Mali to the north ; Niger to the east ; Benin to the southeast ; Togo to the southeast ; Ghana to the south ; and Ivory Coast to the southwest . The July 2019 population estimate by the United Nations was 20,321,378 . The countrys official language of government and business is French . Roughly 50% of the population speaks the Mossi language natively . Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta ( 1958-1984 ) , the country was renamed Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara . Its citizens are known as Burkinabé ( /bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bur-KEE-nə-bay ) . Its capital is Ouagadougou . The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community , and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence , with Maurice Yaméogo as President . After protests by students and labour union members , Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d'état , led by Sangoulé Lamizana , who became President . His rule coincided with the Sahel drought and famine , and facing problems from the country 's traditionally powerful trade unions he was deposed in the 1980 coup d'état , led by Saye Zerbo . Encountering resistance from trade unions again , Zerbo 's government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d'état , led by Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo ."}]}, {'value': 'A relatively dry tropical savanna , the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso , and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the South . Situated at a middle latitude is the Sudan-Sahel region , a transitional zone for rainfall and temperature levels . Further to the south , the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than heavy rain each year and has cooler temperatures . The northern fringes of the country are beginning to become a desert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tropical_savanna', 'summary': 'Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahara', 'summary': "The Sahara ( /səˈhɑːrə/ , /səˈhærə/ ; Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá , 'the Greatest Desert ' ) is a desert located on the African continent . It is the largest hot desert in the world , and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres ( 3,600,000 sq mi ) is comparable to the area of China or the United States . The name 'Sahara ' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for desert , ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ) . The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa . The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert . For several hundred thousand years , the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth 's axis as it rotates around the Sun , which changes the location of the North African Monsoon . The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years ( 17,000 AD ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudan_(region)', 'summary': 'The Sudan is the geographic region to the south of the Sahara , stretching from Western to eastern Central Africa . The name derives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān ( بلاد السود ) , or the lands of the Blacks , referring to West Africa and northern Central Africa . The Arabic name was translated as Negroland on older English maps . Historically , the name was understood to denote the western part of the Sahel region . It thus roughly encompassed the geographical belt between the Sahara and the coastal West Africa . In modern usage , the phrase The Sudan is also used in a separate context to refer specifically to the present-day country of Sudan , the western part of which forms part of the larger region , and from which South Sudan gained its independence in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Latitude', 'summary': "In geography , latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth 's surface . Latitude is an angle ( defined below ) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° ( North or South ) at the poles . Lines of constant latitude , or parallels , run east-west as circles parallel to the equator . Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth . On its own , the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined below . Briefly , geodetic latitude at a point is the angle formed by the vector perpendicular ( or normal ) to the ellipsoidal surface from that point , and the equatorial plane . Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications ."}]}, {'value': '148.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel and CILLS', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Côte d'Ivoire /Ivory Coast", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Côte_d'Ivoire", 'summary': "Ivory Coast , formally Côte d'Ivoire , [ a ] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country located on the south coast of West Africa . Ivory Coast 's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country , while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Gulf of Guinea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the south . The official language of the republic is French , with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé , Dioula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total , there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has large populations of Muslims , Christians ( primarily Roman Catholics ) and various indigenous religions . Before its colonization by Europeans , Ivory Coast was home to several states , including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960 , led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993 . Relatively stable by regional standards , Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbors while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West , especially France . Ivory Coast experienced a coup d'état in 1999 and two religiously-grounded civil wars , first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010-2011 . In 2000 , the country adopted a new constitution ."}]}, {'value': "Côte d'Ivoire 's terrain can generally be described as a large plateau rising gradually from sea level in the south to almost 500 m elevation in the north . In the south of Côte d'Ivoire is marked by coastal inland lagoons that starts at the Ghanaian border and stretch 300 km ( 186 mi ) along the eastern half of the coast . The south and southwest of the country are covered with dense tropical moist forest like the Eastern Guinean forests and Western Guinean lowland forests that cross the Sassandra River . The mountains of Dix-Huit Montagnes region are home to the Guinean montane forests . The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic belt extends across the middle of the country from east to west . The North is part of the West Sudanian savanna , a savanna -and- scrubland zone of lateritic or sandy soils , with vegetation decreasing from south to north . The terrain is mostly flat to undulating plains , with mountains in the northwest . The climate of Côte d'Ivoire is generally warm and humid , ranging from equatorial in the southern coasts to tropical in the middle and semiarid in the far north . There are three seasons : warm and dry ( November to March ) , hot and dry ( March to May ) , and hot and wet ( June to October ) . Temperatures average between 25 and 32 °C ( 77.0 and 89.6 °F ) and range from 10 to 40 °C ( 50 to 104 °F )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrain', 'summary': 'Terrain or relief ( also topographical relief ) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface . The term bathymetry is used to describe underwater relief , while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level . The Latin word terra ( the root of terrain ) means earth . In physical geography , terrain is the lay of the land . This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation , slope , and orientation of terrain features . Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution . Over a large area , it can affect weather and climate patterns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Plateau', 'summary': 'In geology and physical geography , a plateau ( /pləˈtoʊ/ , /plæˈtoʊ/ , or /ˈplætoʊ/ ; French : [ pla.to ] ; plural plateaus or plateaux ) , also called a high plain or a tableland , is an area of a highland , usually consisting of relatively flat terrain , that is raised significantly above the surrounding area , often with one or more sides with deep hills . Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes , including upwelling of volcanic magma , extrusion of lava , and erosion by water and glaciers . Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment as intermontane , piedmont , or continental . A few plateaus may have a small flat top while others have wide ones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Guinean_forests', 'summary': "The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa . The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland , from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana . A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin . The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which lie to the west . Inland and to the east , the Eastern Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic . The Eastern Guinean forests , together with the other tropical moist broadleaf forests of West Africa , is included within Conservation International 's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Guinean_lowland_forests', 'summary': "The Western Guinean lowland forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa . The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Atlantic Ocean a few hundred kilometers inland , and from western Côte d'Ivoire across Liberia , southeastern Guinea , most of Sierra Leone , and into southwest Guinea . The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Western Guinean forests from the Eastern Guinean forests which lie to the east . Inland and to the west , the Western Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic , and to the Guinean montane forests at higher elevations . The Western Guinean forests , together with the other tropical moist forests of West Africa , is included within Conservation International 's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sassandra_River', 'summary': "The Sassandra River is a river of western Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa . It is formed by the confluence of the Tienba River , which originates in the highlands of northwestern Côte d'Ivoire , and the Gouan River ( also known as the Bafing Sud River ) , which originates to the west in the highlands of Guinea . The Sassandra flows south-southeast to empty into the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean . The Buyo Dam was constructed across the middle stretch of the river in 1980 , just below the confluence with the Nzo River , to create the reservoir called Lake Buyo . The Davo River joins the Sassandra just before it meets the sea . The port town of Sassandra lies on the seacoast where the river meets the sea . The Sassandra and its tributaries flow through terrestrial ecoregions . The northern , or upper , part of the watershed lies in the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion . Further south , it forms the boundary between two tropical moist forest ecoregions , the Western Guinean lowland forests and the Eastern Guinean forests ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dix-Huit_Montagnes', 'summary': "Dix-Huit Montagnes Region ( often shorted to Montagnes Region ) is a defunct region of Ivory Coast . From 1997 to 2011 , it was a first-level subdivision region . The region 's capital was Man and its area was 16,782 km² . Since 2011 , the territory formerly encompassed by the region is part of Montagnes District ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_montane_forests', 'summary': "The Guinean montane forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa The ecoregion occupies the portions of the Guinea Highlands lying above 600 meters elevation , extending across portions of Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , and Côte d'Ivoire . It includes the Fouta Djallon plateau and the massifs of Ziama , Simandou , Tétini , Béro , Kourandou in Guinea , the Loma Mountains and Tingi Hills in Sierra Leone , the Nimba Range in Guinea , Liberia , and Côte d'Ivoire , and the Monts du Toura in Côte d'Ivoire . Mount Bintumani in the Loma Mountains is the highest peak in West Africa west of Mount Cameroon . The next highest peaks in the region are in the Sankan Biriwa massif ( 1850 meters ) in the Tingi Hills . Average rainfall is between 1,600-2400 mm per year and many important rivers have their sources in these mountains ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic', 'summary': 'The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa , a band of interlaced forest , savanna , and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna', 'summary': 'The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent , from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the western lowlands in the east . The Sahel , a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas , lies to the north , between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert . To the south the forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian Savanna and the Guinean moist forests and Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands', 'summary': 'Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scrubland', 'summary': 'Shrubland , scrubland , scrub , brush , or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs , often also including grasses , herbs , and geophytes . Shrubland may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity . It may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time , or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance , such as fire . A stable state may be maintained by regular natural disturbance such as fire or browsing . Shrubland may be unsuitable for human habitation because of the danger of fire . The term was coined in 1903 . Shrubland species generally show a wide range of adaptations to fire , such as heavy seed production , lignotubers , and fire-induced germination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Soil', 'summary': "Soil is a mixture of organic matter , minerals , gases , liquids , and organisms that together support life . Earth 's body of soil , called the pedosphere , has four important functions :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Plain', 'summary': "In geography , a plain is a flat , sweeping landmass that generally does not change much in elevation . Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or on the doorsteps of mountains , as coastal plains , and as plateaus or uplands . In a valley , a plain is enclosed on two sides , but in other cases a plain may be delineated by a complete or partial ring of hills , by mountains , or by cliffs . Where a geological region contains more than one plain , they may be connected by a pass ( sometimes termed a gap ) . Coastal plains would mostly rise from sea level until they run into elevated features such as mountains or plateaus . Plains are one of the major landforms on earth , where they are present on all continents , and would cover more than one-third of the world 's land area . Plains may have been formed from flowing lava , deposited by water , ice , wind , or formed by erosion by these agents from hills and mountains . Plains would generally be under the grassland ( temperate or subtropical ) , steppe ( semi-arid ) , savannah ( tropical ) or tundra ( polar ) biomes . In a few instances , deserts and rainforests can also be plains . Plains in many areas are important for agriculture because where the soils were deposited as sediments they may be deep and fertile , and the flatness facilitates mechanization of crop production ; or because they support grasslands which provide good grazing for livestock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Climate', 'summary': 'Climate is the long-term average of weather , typically averaged over a period of 30 years . Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , and precipitation . In a broader sense , climate is the state of the components of the climate system , which includes the ocean and ice on Earth . The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . More generally , the climate of a region is the general state of the climate system at that location at the current time . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was the Köppen climate classification . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and how climate change affects it . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region . Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since very few direct observations of climate are available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Equator', 'summary': 'The equator of a rotating spheroid ( such as a planet ) is the parallel ( circle of latitude ) at which latitude is defined to be 0° . It is the imaginary line on the spheroid , equidistant from its poles , dividing it into northern and southern hemispheres . In other words , it is the intersection of the spheroid with the plane perpendicular to its axis of rotation and midway between its geographical poles . On Earth , the equator is about 40,075 km ( 24,901 mi ) long , of which 78.8% lies across water and 21.3% over land . Indonesia is the country straddling the greatest length of the equatorial line across both land and sea .'}]}, {'value': '165.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mali', 'summary': "Mali ( /ˈmɑːli/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mali ] ) , officially the Republic of Mali ( French : République du Mali ; Bambara : Mali ka Fasojamana ; N'Ko script : ߡߊߟߌ ߝߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ ) is a landlocked country in West Africa . Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa , with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) . The population of Mali is 19.1 million . 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017 . Its capital is Bamako . The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert , while the country 's southern part , where the majority of inhabitants live , features the Niger and Senegal rivers . The country 's economy centers on agriculture and mining . Some of Mali 's prominent natural resources include gold , being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent , and salt . Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade : the Ghana Empire ( for which Ghana is named ) , the Mali Empire ( for which Mali is named ) , and the Songhai Empire . During its golden age , there was a flourishing of mathematics , astronomy , literature , and art . At its peak in 1300 , the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa . In the late 19th century , during the Scramble for Africa , France seized control of Mali , making it a part of French Sudan ."}]}, {'value': 'About two-thirds of Mali is located in the Sahara desert , exempt for the southeastern third , which contains both a Sahel zone and fertile tropical savanna around the River Niger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahara', 'summary': "The Sahara ( /səˈhɑːrə/ , /səˈhærə/ ; Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá , 'the Greatest Desert ' ) is a desert located on the African continent . It is the largest hot desert in the world , and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres ( 3,600,000 sq mi ) is comparable to the area of China or the United States . The name 'Sahara ' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for desert , ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ) . The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa . The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert . For several hundred thousand years , the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth 's axis as it rotates around the Sun , which changes the location of the North African Monsoon . The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years ( 17,000 AD ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Desert', 'summary': 'A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and , consequently , living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or cold deserts . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location . Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tropical_savanna', 'summary': 'Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/River_Niger', 'summary': 'The Niger River ( /ˈnaɪdʒər/ ; French : ( le ) fleuve Niger , pronounced [ ( lə ) flœv niʒɛʁ ] ) is the principal river of West Africa , extending about 4,180 km ( 2,600 mi ) . Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 ( 817,600 sq mi ) in area . Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea . It runs in a crescent through Mali , Niger , on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria , discharging through a massive delta , known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers , into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa , exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River ( also known as the Zaïre River ) . Its main tributary is the Benue River .'}]}, {'value': '30.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel , CILLS and Sénégal River Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sénégal_River_Area', 'summary': 'The Senegal River ( Arabic : نهر السنغال , French : Fleuve Sénégal ) is a 1,086 km ( 675 mi ) long river in West Africa that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania .'}]}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': "The coastal quarter has a Mediterranean climate , while the rest is either a sandy desert or semi-desert on the interior 's few hills . There is a strip of Sahel running through the far south and the climate is cooler in the mountain regions", 'urls': []}, {'value': '37.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauritania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauritania', 'summary': "Mauritania ( /ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə , ˌmɔːrɪ-/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : موريتانيا , Mūrītānyā , French : Mauritanie ; Berber : Agawej or Cengit : Pulaar : Moritani ; Wolof : Gànnaar ; Soninke : Murutaane ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( Arabic : جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية ) , is a country in Northwest Africa . It is the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west , Western Sahara to the north and northwest , Algeria to the northeast , Mali to the east and southeast , and Senegal to the southwest . The country derives its name from the ancient Berber kingdom of Mauretania , which existed from the 3rd century BCE into the 7th century CE in the far north of modern-day Morocco and Algeria . Approximately 90% of Mauritania 's land is within the Sahara ; consequently , the population is concentrated in the south , where precipitation is slightly higher . The capital and largest city is Nouakchott , located on the Atlantic coast , which is home to around one-third of the country 's 4.4 million people . The government was overthrown on 6 August 2008 , in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz . On 16 April 2009 , Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections , which he won ."}]}, {'value': 'Mauritania is located mostly in the Sahara desert save for a small piece of tropical savanna and Sahel around the River Senegal in approximately the southernmost quarter of its territory . Because of extended , severe drought , the desert has been expanding since the mid-1960s . To the west , between the ocean and the eastern plateaus , are alternating areas of clayey plains and sand dunes , some of which are shifted from place to place by high winds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahara', 'summary': "The Sahara ( /səˈhɑːrə/ , /səˈhærə/ ; Arabic : الصحراء الكبرى , aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá , 'the Greatest Desert ' ) is a desert located on the African continent . It is the largest hot desert in the world , and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic . Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres ( 3,600,000 sq mi ) is comparable to the area of China or the United States . The name 'Sahara ' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for desert , ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ) . The desert comprises much of North Africa , excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast , the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb , and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan . It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west , where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains . To the south , it is bounded by the Sahel , a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa . The Sahara can be divided into several regions including : the western Sahara , the central Ahaggar Mountains , the Tibesti Mountains , the Aïr Mountains , the Ténéré desert , and the Libyan Desert . For several hundred thousand years , the Sahara has alternated between desert and savanna grassland in a 20,000 year cycle caused by the precession of the Earth 's axis as it rotates around the Sun , which changes the location of the North African Monsoon . The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years ( 17,000 AD ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Desert', 'summary': 'A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and , consequently , living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or cold deserts . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location . Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tropical_savanna', 'summary': 'Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands is a terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature . The biome is dominated by grass and/or shrubs located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/River_Senegal', 'summary': 'The Senegal River ( Arabic : نهر السنغال , French : Fleuve Sénégal ) is a 1,086 km ( 675 mi ) long river in West Africa that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Desert', 'summary': 'A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and , consequently , living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or cold deserts . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location . Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Plateaus', 'summary': 'In geology and physical geography , a plateau ( /pləˈtoʊ/ , /plæˈtoʊ/ , or /ˈplætoʊ/ ; French : [ pla.to ] ; plural plateaus or plateaux ) , also called a high plain or a tableland , is an area of a highland , usually consisting of relatively flat terrain , that is raised significantly above the surrounding area , often with one or more sides with deep hills . Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes , including upwelling of volcanic magma , extrusion of lava , and erosion by water and glaciers . Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment as intermontane , piedmont , or continental . A few plateaus may have a small flat top while others have wide ones .'}]}, {'value': '8.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel state , CILLS and Sénégal River Area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senegal', 'summary': "Senegal ( /ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl , -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen ) ; French : Sénégal ; Wolof : Senegaal ) officially the Republic of Senegal ( French : République du Sénégal ; Wolof : Réewum Senegaal ) is a country in West Africa . Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north , Mali to the east , Guinea to the southeast , and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest . Senegal also surrounds The Gambia , a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River , which separates Senegal 's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country . Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde . Senegal 's economic and political capital is Dakar . The unitary presidential republic is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World , or Afro-Eurasia , and owes its name to the Senegal River , which borders it to the east and north . Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres ( 76,000 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of about 16 million . The climate is typically Sahelian , though there is a rainy season ."}]}, {'value': 'Senegal has a both Sahel , Sahel-Soudan , Sudan_ ( region ) , Soudan-Guinea , tropical rainforest , and Guinean mangroves . Most of the southern Casamance arm of the country has been classified by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahel', 'summary': 'The Sahel ( /səˈhɛl/ , sāḥil ; ساحل Arabic pronunciation : [ ˈsaːħil ] coast , shore ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic term for coast , shore : this is explained as being used in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) . However , such figurative use is unattested in Classical Arabic , and it has been suggested that the word may originally have been derived from Arabic word sahl سهل plain instead . The Sahel part of Africa includes from west to east parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , parts of Cameroon and Central African Republic , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , and the extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region ( bilād as-sūdān بلاد السودان lands of the blacks ) . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sudan', 'summary': "Sudan ( /suːˈdɑːn/ ; Arabic : السودان as-Sūdān ) , officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān ) , is a country in northeastern Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , Libya to the northwest , Chad to the west , the Central African Republic to the southwest , South Sudan to the south , Ethiopia to the southeast , Eritrea to the east , and the Red Sea to the northeast . Sudan has a population of 43 million ( 2018 estimate ) and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres ( 728,215 square miles ) , making it Africa 's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab world . Before South Sudan 's secession from Sudan on 9 July 2011 , the united Sudan was the largest country in Africa and the Arab world by area . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . Since 2011 , Sudan has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in its southern states . Sudan 's history goes back to the Pharaonic period , witnessing the kingdom of Kerma ( c. 2500 BC-1500 BC ) , the subsequent rule of the Egyptian New Kingdom ( c. 1500 BC-1070 BC ) and the rise of the kingdom of Kush ( c. 785 BC-350 AD ) , which would in turn control Egypt itself for nearly a century . After the fall of Kush , the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia , with the latter two lasting until around 1500 . Between the 14th and 15th centuries much of Sudan was settled by Arab nomads . From the 16th-19th centuries , central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . This period saw extensive Islamisation and Arabisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tropical_rainforest', 'summary': "Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season - all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm - and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest . True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator ( see map ) ; they are a sub-set of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28-degree latitudes ( in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn ) . Within the World Wildlife Fund 's biome classification , tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest ( or tropical wet forest ) that also includes the more extensive seasonal tropical forests ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_mangroves', 'summary': 'The Guinean mangroves are a coastal ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries near the ocean of West Africa from Senegal to Sierra Leone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Casamance', 'summary': 'Casamance /ˈkæzəˌmæns , ˈkæsə-/ ( Wolof and Fula : Kasamansa ; French : Casamance [ kɑ.za.mɑ̃s ] ; Portuguese : Casamansa [ kɐzɐˈmɐ̃sɐ ] ) is the area of Senegal south of the Gambia including the Casamance River . It consists of the Lower Casamance ( Basse Casamance , Baixa Casamança - i.e . Ziguinchor Region ) and the Upper Casamance ( Haute Casamance , Alta Casamança - i.e . Kolda Region and Sédhiou Regions ) . The largest city of Casamance is Ziguinchor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund', 'summary': "The World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 , working in the field of wilderness preservation , and the reduction of human impact on the environment . It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund , which remains its official name in Canada and the United States . WWF is the world 's largest conservation organization with over five million supporters worldwide , working in more than 100 countries , supporting around 3000 conservation and environmental projects . They have invested over $ 1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995 . WWF is a foundation with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests , 19% from government sources ( such as the World Bank , DFID , USAID ) and 8% from corporations in 2014 . WWF aims to stop the degradation of the planet 's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature . The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998 ; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation . In addition , WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns including Earth Hour and Debt-for-Nature Swap , and its current work is organized around these six areas : food , climate , freshwater , wildlife , forests , and oceans . WWF has received criticism for its alleged corporate ties . It has also been accused of supporting paramilitary groups tasked with stopping poaching who are responsible for numerous human rights abuses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic', 'summary': 'The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa , a band of interlaced forest , savanna , and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ecoregion', 'summary': 'An ecoregion ( ecological region ) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion , which in turn is smaller than an ecozone . Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water , and contain characteristic , geographically distinct assemblages of natural communities and species . The biodiversity of flora , fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tends to be distinct from that of other ecoregions . In theory , biodiversity or conservation ecoregions are relatively large areas of land or water where the probability of encountering different species and communities at any given point remains relatively constant , within an acceptable range of variation ( largely undefined at this point ) . Three caveats are appropriate for all bio-geographic mapping approaches . Firstly , no single bio-geographic framework is optimal for all taxa . Ecoregions reflect the best compromise for as many taxa as possible . Secondly , ecoregion boundaries rarely form abrupt edges ; rather , ecotones and mosaic habitats bound them . Thirdly , most ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome . Biogeographic provinces may originate due to various barriers , including physical ( plate tectonics , topographic highs ) , climatic ( latitudinal variation , seasonal range ) and ocean chemical related ( salinity , oxygen levels ) .'}]}, {'value': '180.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel state , CILLS and Sénégal River Area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gambia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gambia', 'summary': "The Gambia ( /ˈɡæmbiə/ ( listen ) ; Mandinka : Kambiya ; Wolof : Gámbi ) , officially the Republic of The Gambia , is a country in Western Africa that is almost entirely surrounded by Senegal with the exception of its western coastline along the Atlantic Ocean . It is the smallest country within mainland Africa . The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River , the nation 's namesake , which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean . It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres ( 4,127 sq mi ) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census . Banjul is the Gambian capital and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama . The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade , which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River , first by the Portuguese , during which era it was known as A Gâmbia . Later , on 25 May 1765 , The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control , establishing the Province of Senegambia . In 1965 , The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara , who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup . Adama Barrow became The Gambia 's third president in January 2017 , after defeating Jammeh in the December 2016 elections . Jammeh initially accepted the results , then refused to accept them , which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States , resulting in his exile . The Gambia 's economy is dominated by farming , fishing and , especially , tourism . In 2015 , 48.6% of the population lived in poverty ."}]}, {'value': 'The Gambia has a subtropical climate with distinct cool , dry and hot , humid seasons . The temperature escalates rapidly on going inland and has been known to reach as high as 51 °C on occasions . The average annual rainfall ranges from 920 mm ( 36.2 in ) in the interior to 1,450 mm ( 57.1 in ) along the coast . The grassy flood plain of the Gambia River , which contains Guinean mangroves near the coast , with West Sudanian savanna upriver and inland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guinean_mangroves', 'summary': 'The Guinean mangroves are a coastal ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries near the ocean of West Africa from Senegal to Sierra Leone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna', 'summary': 'The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent , from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the western lowlands in the east . The Sahel , a belt of drier grasslands and acacia savannas , lies to the north , between the Sudanian Savanna and the Sahara Desert . To the south the forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian Savanna and the Guinean moist forests and Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator .'}]}, {'value': '425.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CILLS and Sénégal River Area ( observer member )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guinea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guinea', 'summary': "Guinea ( /ˈɡɪni/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Guinea ( French : République de Guinée ) , is a west-coastal country in West Africa . Formerly known as French Guinea ( French : Guinée française ) , the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from other countries with Guinea in the name and the eponymous region , such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea . Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres ( 94,926 sq mi ) . The sovereign state of Guinea is a republic with a president who is directly elected by the people ; this position is both head of state and head of government . The unicameral Guinean National Assembly is the legislative body of the country , and its members are also directly elected by the people . The judicial branch is led by the Guinea Supreme Court , the highest and final court of appeal in the country . The country is named after the Guinea region . Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea . It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel . The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guiné , which emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus , a generic term for the black African peoples south of the Senegal River , in contrast to the tawny Zenaga Berbers above it , whom they called Azenegues or Moors . Guinea is a predominantly Islamic country , with Muslims representing 85 percent of the population . Guinea 's people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups ."}]}, {'value': 'Guinea has both lowland belt running north to south behind the coast ( Lower Guinea ) , which is part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion ; the pastoral Fouta Djallon highlands ( Middle Guinea ) ; the northern fertile ( Upper Guinea ) ; and a south-eastern rain-forest region ( Forest Guinea )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guinea', 'summary': "Guinea ( /ˈɡɪni/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Guinea ( French : République de Guinée ) , is a west-coastal country in West Africa . Formerly known as French Guinea ( French : Guinée française ) , the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from other countries with Guinea in the name and the eponymous region , such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea . Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres ( 94,926 sq mi ) . The sovereign state of Guinea is a republic with a president who is directly elected by the people ; this position is both head of state and head of government . The unicameral Guinean National Assembly is the legislative body of the country , and its members are also directly elected by the people . The judicial branch is led by the Guinea Supreme Court , the highest and final court of appeal in the country . The country is named after the Guinea region . Guinea is a traditional name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea . It stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel . The English term Guinea comes directly from the Portuguese word Guiné , which emerged in the mid-15th century to refer to the lands inhabited by the Guineus , a generic term for the black African peoples south of the Senegal River , in contrast to the tawny Zenaga Berbers above it , whom they called Azenegues or Moors . Guinea is a predominantly Islamic country , with Muslims representing 85 percent of the population . Guinea 's people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lower_Guinea', 'summary': 'Lower Guinea may refer to :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic', 'summary': 'The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa , a band of interlaced forest , savanna , and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fouta_Djallon', 'summary': 'Fouta Djallon ( Fula : Fuuta Jaloo ) is a highland region in the center of Guinea , roughly corresponding with Middle Guinea , in West Africa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Middle_Guinea', 'summary': 'Middle Guinea ( French : Moyenne-Guinée ) refers to a region in central Guinea , corresponding roughly with the plateau region known as Futa Jalon ( French : Fouta Djallon ; Fula : Fuuta Jaloo ) . It is bounded by Maritime Guinea , also known as Lower Guinea , to the west , Guinea Bissau to the northwest , Senegal to the north , Upper Guinea to the east , and Sierra Leone to the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fertility_(soil)', 'summary': 'Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth , i.e . to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality . A fertile soil has the following properties :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Upper_Guinea', 'summary': 'Upper Guinea is a geographical term used in several contexts :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Forest_Guinea', 'summary': 'Guinée forestière ( Forested Guinea ) is a forested mountainous region in southeastern Guinea , extending into northeastern Sierra Leone . It is one of four natural regions into which Guinea is divided and covers 23% of the country . It includes all of the Nzérékoré administrative region .'}]}, {'value': '106.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahel state , CILLS and Sénégal River Area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guinea Bissau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guinea_Bissau', 'summary': "Guinea-Bissau ( /ˌɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ ( listen ) ; Portuguese : Guiné-Bissau ) , officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( Portuguese : República da Guiné-Bissau [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw ] ) , is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres ( 13,948 sq mi ) with an estimated population of 1,874,303 . It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east . Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu , as well as part of the Mali Empire . Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century , while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century . In the 19th century , it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea . Upon independence , declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974 , the name of its capital , Bissau , was added to the country 's name to prevent confusion with Guinea ( formerly French Guinea ) . Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence , and only one elected president ( José Mário Vaz ) has successfully served a full five-year term . Only about 2% of the population speaks Portuguese , the official language , as a first language and 33% as a second language . As for Creole , the national language , also considered language of unity , 54% of population speak it as a first language and about 52% speaks it as a second language ( According to a study conducted in 2012 pertaining to language policy in Guinea-Bissau ) The remainder speak a variety of native African languages . There are diverse religions in Guinea-Bissau with no one religion having a majority . The CIA World Factbook ( 2008 estimate ) states there are about 40% Muslims , 22% Christians , 15% Animists , and 18% unspecified or other . The country 's per-capita gross domestic product is one of the lowest in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'The climate in Guinea-Bissau is tropical and is generally hot and humid . It has a monsoonal-type rainy season with southwesterly winds and a dry season with northeasterly Harmattan winds . It is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation ; it averages 26.3 °C ( 79.3 °F ) . The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres ( 79.7 in ) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/October . From December through April , the country experiences drought . The terrain of Guinea-Bissau is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmattan', 'summary': 'The Harmattan is a season in the West African subcontinent , which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March . It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind , of the same name , which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea . The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language . The temperature is cold in most places , but can also be hot in certain places , depending on local circumstances . The Harmattan blows during the dry season , which occurs during the months with the lowest sun . In this season the subtropical ridge of high pressure stays over the central Sahara Desert and the low-pressure Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) stays over the Gulf of Guinea . On its passage over the Sahara , the harmattan picks up fine dust and sand particles ( between 0.5 and 10 microns ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_mangroves', 'summary': 'The Guinean mangroves are a coastal ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries near the ocean of West Africa from Senegal to Sierra Leone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic', 'summary': 'The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa , a band of interlaced forest , savanna , and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior .'}]}, {'value': '115.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CILLS', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Climate and vegetation overview', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Sahel_famine_3', 'intro': "A large-scale, drought-induced famine occurred in Africa's Sahel region and many parts of the neighboring Sénégal River Area from February to August 2010. It is one of many famines to have hit the region in recent times. The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition between the Sahara desert in the north of Africa and the Sudanian savannas in the south, covering an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers. It is a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands. The neighboring Sénégal River Area contains various vegetation types and covers parts or all of Mauritania, Mali, Senegal and Guinea. It has also had very low rainfall over the last year according to the UN, NGOs and the Senegal River Basin Development Authority. Sudan set a new temperature record of 49.7 °C (121.3 °F) on 22 June, in the town of Dongola."}
null
null
What is the largest wetland in the country with the third smallest population density ?
Lake Chad
095169ed381cd0da
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_domes', 'title': 'List of Ottoman domes', 'header': ['Diameter ⌀', 'Name , Part', 'Location', 'Built'], 'data': [{'value': '31.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selimiye Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque', 'summary': 'The name Selimiye Mosque may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Edirne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edirne', 'summary': "Edirne ( US : /eɪˈdɪərnə , ɛˈ-/ , Turkish : [ eˈdiɾne ] ) , historically known as Adrianople ( /ˌeɪdriəˈnoʊpəl/ ; Latin : Hadrianopolis ; Ancient Greek : Ἁδριανούπολις , romanized : Hadrianoúpolis ; Modern Greek : Αδριανούπολη , romanized : Adrianoúpoli ; Bulgarian : Одрин , romanized : Odrin ; founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement named Uskudama ) , is a city in the northwestern Turkish province of Edirne in the region of East Thrace , close to Turkey 's borders with Greece and Bulgaria . Edirne served as the third capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1369 to 1453 , before Constantinople ( present-day Istanbul ) became the empire 's fourth and final capital between 1453 and 1922 . The city 's estimated population in 2014 was 165,979 ."}]}, {'value': '1574', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatih Mosque , Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul', 'summary': "The Fatih Mosque ( Turkish : Fatih Camii , Conqueror 's Mosque in English ) is an Ottoman mosque in the Fatih district of Istanbul , Turkey . The original mosque on the site was constructed between 1463 and 1470 on the site of the Church of the Holy Apostles . It was seriously damaged in the 1766 earthquake and was rebuilt in 1771 to a different design . It is one of the largest examples of Turkish-Islamic architecture in Istanbul and represents an important stage in the development of classic Turkish architecture . It is named after Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , known in Turkish as Fatih Sultan Mehmed , the Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453 . Sahn-ı Seman Medrese , a main center for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences such as theology , law , medicine , astronomy , physics and mathematics , was part of the Fatih Mosque and was founded by the Persian astronomer Ali Qushji who was invited by Mehmed to his court in Istanbul ."}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1470', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suleymaniye Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suleymaniye_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Süleymaniye Mosque ( Turkish : Süleymaniye Camii , Turkish pronunciation : [ sylejˈmaːnije ] ) is an Ottoman imperial mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul , Turkey . The mosque was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the imperial architect Mimar Sinan . An inscription specifies the foundation date as 1550 and the inauguration date as 1557 . The mosque was built by the Ottoman sultan Suleyman ( r. 1520-1566 ) and the mosque was named after him . The mosque is located at the highest end of the city of Istanbul . It is designed to glorify the sultan Construction of this mosque began before 1550 and was nearly completed in 1557 . Sultan Suleyman used Mimar Sinan ( d. 1588 ) , the greatest engineer and architect of his time for the work of this mosque . The architecture and craftsmanship of the mosque are very beautiful and attract many worshipers and visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1558', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuruosmaniye Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Nuruosmaniye Mosque ( Turkish : Nuruosmaniye Camii ) is an 18th-century Ottoman mosque located in the Çemberlitaş neighbourhood of Fatih district in Istanbul , Turkey . In 2016 it was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey . The dome of the mosque is extremely distinct , and the fourth largest in the city of Istanbul , behind the Hagia Sophia , Suleymaniye Mosque , and Faith Mosque , respectively . The Nuruosmaniye mosque is part of a much larger religious complex , or Külliye , acting as a beacon of culture , religion , education , and support for the neighborhood . It was also the first royal religious mosque of Istanbul that integrated both baroque and neoclassical elements in its construction . Nuruosmaniye Mosque is the mosque that features the details of Ottoman Baroque style . The muqarnas is the main feature of the Baroque . The circular courtyard of the mosque is another baroque features . The mosque is located on a second hill that once contained the mosque of Fatma Huton , the mosque was burned due to a fire . Around the Nurosmaniye Mosque is a covered Grand Bazar . The Nuruosmaniye Mosque is the first Sultan Mosque in 100 years after the Sultan Ahmed Mosque .'}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1755', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yavuz Selim Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yavuz_Selim_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Yavuz Selim Mosque , also known as the Selim I Mosque and the Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque ( Turkish : Yavuz Selim Camii ) is a 16th-century Ottoman imperial mosque located at the top of the 5th Hill of Istanbul , Turkey , in the neighborhood of Çukurbostan , overlooking the Golden Horn . Its size and geographic position make it a familiar landmark on the Istanbul skyline .'}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1522', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Üç Şerefeli Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Üç_Şerefeli_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Üç Şerefeli Mosque ( Turkish : Üç Şerefeli Camii ) is a 15th-century Ottoman mosque in Edirne , Turkey .'}]}, {'value': 'Edirne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edirne', 'summary': "Edirne ( US : /eɪˈdɪərnə , ɛˈ-/ , Turkish : [ eˈdiɾne ] ) , historically known as Adrianople ( /ˌeɪdriəˈnoʊpəl/ ; Latin : Hadrianopolis ; Ancient Greek : Ἁδριανούπολις , romanized : Hadrianoúpolis ; Modern Greek : Αδριανούπολη , romanized : Adrianoúpoli ; Bulgarian : Одрин , romanized : Odrin ; founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement named Uskudama ) , is a city in the northwestern Turkish province of Edirne in the region of East Thrace , close to Turkey 's borders with Greece and Bulgaria . Edirne served as the third capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1369 to 1453 , before Constantinople ( present-day Istanbul ) became the empire 's fourth and final capital between 1453 and 1922 . The city 's estimated population in 2014 was 165,979 ."}]}, {'value': '1447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sultan Ahmed Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque', 'summary': "Sultan Ahmed Mosque ( Turkish : Sultan Ahmet Camii ; also known as the Blue Mosque ) is a historic mosque located in Istanbul , Turkey . It remains a functioning mosque , while also attracting large numbers of tourist visitors . It was constructed between 1609 and 1616 during the rule of Ahmed I . Its Külliye contains Ahmed 's tomb , a madrasah and a hospice . Hand-painted blue tiles adorn the mosques interior walls , and at night the mosque is bathed in blue as lights frame the mosques five main domes , six minarets and eight secondary domes . It sits next to the Hagia Sophia , another popular tourist site ."}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1616', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihrimah Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihrimah_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Mihrimah Sultan Mosque is a 16th-century Ottoman mosque located in the Edirnekapı neighborhood near the Byzantine land walls of Istanbul , Turkey . It was commissioned by Mihrimah Sultan , the daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by the chief imperial architect Mimar Sinan . Sited on the peak of the Sixth Hill near the highest point of the city , the mosque is a prominent landmark in Istanbul .'}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1565', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Şehzade Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Şehzade_Mosque', 'summary': "The Şehzade Mosque ( Turkish : Şehzade Camii , from the original Persian شاهزاده Šāhzādeh , meaning prince ) is a 16th-century Ottoman imperial mosque located in the district of Fatih , on the third hill of Istanbul , Turkey . It was commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent as a memorial to his son Şehzade Mehmed who died in 1543 . It is sometimes referred to as the Prince 's Mosque in English . In a June 2016 attack , the windows of the mosque were shattered ."}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1548', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Mosque ( Istanbul )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mosque_(Istanbul)', 'summary': 'The New Mosque ( Turkish : Yeni Camii , Turkish pronunciation : [ jeni dʒami ] , originally named the Valide Sultan Mosque ( Turkish : Valide Sultan Camii ) and later New Valide Sultan Mosque ( Turkish : Yeni Valide Sultan Camii ) after its partial reconstruction and completion between 1660 and 1665 , is an Ottoman imperial mosque located in the Eminönü quarter of Istanbul , Turkey . It is situated on the Golden Horn , at the southern end of the Galata Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1665', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayezid II Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque', 'summary': 'Bayezid II Mosque may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1506', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeşil Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeşil_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Green Mosque ( Turkish : Yeşil Camii ) , also known as the Mosque of Mehmed I , is a part of a larger complex ( Turkish : külliye ) located on the east side of Bursa , Turkey , the former capital of the Ottoman Turks before they captured Constantinople in 1453 . The complex consists of a mosque , türbe , madrasah , kitchen and bath . The name Green Mosque comes from its green and blue interior tile decorations .'}]}, {'value': 'Bursa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bursa', 'summary': "Bursa is a large city in Turkey , located in northwestern Anatolia , within the Marmara Region . The fourth most populous city in Turkey and second most populous in Marmara Region , Bursa functions as one of the industrial and trade centres of Turkey ( especially in respect of the automotive industry ) . The city is also the capital of Bursa Province . Bursa ( Ottoman Turkish : بورسا ) was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363 . The city was referred to as Hüdavendigar ( خداوندگار , from the Persian name translated as God 's gift ) during the Ottoman period , while a more recent nickname is Yeşil Bursa ( Green Bursa ) in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric , as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region . Mount Uludağ , the ancient Mysian Olympus , towers over it , and has a well-known ski resort . Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain . The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa , and the city 's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period . Bursa also has thermal baths , old Ottoman mansions , palaces , and several museums . The shadow-play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa ( in the 14th century ) . The city is also known for İskender kebap , pideli köfte , cantık , marron glacé and Bursa peaches . Bursa houses the Uludağ University , and its population can claim one of the highest overall levels of education in Turkey ."}]}, {'value': '1421', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Domes', 'section_text': 'All diameters are in m .', 'uid': 'List_of_Ottoman_domes_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Ottoman domes. The Ottomans were one of the main builders in the history of architecture to use the potential of domes for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Ottoman building types such as mosquess, madrasas, türbes. The largest domes were built for mosques. The large dome combined with slender minarets resulted in the famous silhouette of a typical Ottoman city. Monumental domes began to appear in the 14th century in the Ottoman capital Bursa, in the 15th century in Edirne and after the conquest of Constantinople in Istanbul. Monumental domes were also built across the provinces in the Ottoman Empire. Along with the minaret the dome is one of the most important elements of an Ottoman mosque.'}
null
null
The Ottoman dome with a diameter of 26 m and built in 1558 was commissioned by what sultan ?
Suleiman the Magnificent
09522a3b5e434db3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_video_games', 'title': 'List of films based on video games', 'header': ['Title', 'Release date', 'Original game publisher'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fatal Fury : Legend of the Hungry Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury:_Legend_of_the_Hungry_Wolf', 'summary': 'Fatal Fury : Legend of the Hungry Wolf ( バトルファイターズ 餓狼伝説 , Batoru Faitāzu Garō Densetsu , Battle Fighters : Legend of the Hungry Wolf ) is an animated TV special based on the fighting game Fatal Fury . It originally aired on Fuji TV on December 23 , 1992 . The movie was directed by Hiroshi Fukutomi and features character designs by Masami Ōbari . An English adaptation was produced by Viz Communications , which was released on home video in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 23 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samurai Shodown : The Motion Picture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samurai_Shodown_(series)', 'summary': "Samurai Shodown ( Samurai Spirits in Japan ) is a fighting game series by SNK . In Japan , the name of the series is officially in katakana , but is often written in kanji ( 侍魂 , samurai tamashii ) , with the second character pronounced supirittsu , spirits , to better reflect the game 's setting ."}]}, {'value': 'March 4 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatal Fury 2 : The New Battle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury_2:_The_New_Battle', 'summary': 'Fatal Fury 2 : The New Battle ( バトルファイターズ 餓狼伝説2 , Batoru Faitāzu Garō Densetsu 2 , Battle Fighters : Fatal Fury 2 ) is an anime TV Special based on the Neo Geo SNK video game , Fatal Fury 2 , and is a sequel to the previous TV movie , Fatal Fury : Legend of the Hungry Wolf . The movie was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and once again features character designs by Masami Ōbari . It first aired on July 31 , 1993 . An English adaptation produced by Viz Communications was released on home video in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art of Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_of_Fighting_(anime)', 'summary': 'Art of Fighting ( Japanese : 龍虎の拳 , Hepburn : Ryūko no Ken , lit . Fist of Dragon and Tiger ) is a fighting video game trilogy that were released for the Neo Geo platform in the early 1990s . It was the second fighting game franchise created by SNK , following the Fatal Fury series and is set in the same fictional universe as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series . The original Art of Fighting was released in 1992 , followed by two sequels : Art of Fighting 2 ( 龍虎の拳2 , Ryūko no Ken 2 ) in 1994 and Art of Fighting 3 : The Path of the Warrior ( ART OF FIGHTING 龍虎の拳 外伝 , Art of Fighting : Ryūko no Ken Gaiden ) in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 23 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pokémon:_Mewtwo_Returns', 'summary': "Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns , released in Japan as Pocket Monsters : Mewtwo ! Ware wa Koko ni Ari : MEWTWO SAGA ( ポケットモンスター ミュウツー ! 我ハココニ在リ MEWTWO SAGA , Poketto Monsutā : Myuutsū ! Ware wa Koko ni Ari MEWTWO SAGA , Pocket Monsters : Mewtwo ! I Am Here 'MEWTWO SAGA ' ) , is a special hour-long episode of the Pokémon anime series , and is a direct sequel to Pokémon : The First Movie . It was first broadcast in Japan on December 30 , 2000 and was released on VHS and DVD in Japan on March 21 , 2001 . It went direct-to-video in Australia on August 17 , 2001 then in the United States and Canada on December 4 , 2001 and in the UK on February 11 , 2002 . The events of the specials take place during the fourth season of Pokémon : Johto League Champions . In the American dubbed version , the DVD ( but not the VHS ) features a second mini-feature in addition to the movie feature named The Uncut Story of Mewtwos Origin . This 10-minute segment was originally part of Mewtwo Strikes Back 's running length in the Japanese version , but it was cut from the U.S. release of that movie because it was deemed too dark and morose for the film 's American G rating . The German DVD release also includes the English language track . However , the DVD is now out of print across the world as the distribution rights for Warner Bros. ' Pokémon movies and specials appear to have expired ."}]}, {'value': 'December 30 , 2000 ( Japan ) December 4 , 2001 ( North America )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pokémon : The Legend of Thunder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Thunder!', 'summary': 'Pokémon Chronicles , partly known in Japan as Pocket Monsters Side Stories ( ポケットモンスター サイドストーリー , Poketto Monsutā Saido Sutōrī ) , is a spin-off series of the Pokémon anime , revolving around characters other than Ash Ketchum . It first aired in Japan on October 15 , 2002 on TV Tokyo and concluded on September 28 , 2004 . An English adaptation dub was later produced and first aired in Britain on Toonami , where it ran between May 11 , 2005 and October 5 , 2005 . The show aired in India on Cartoon Network in 2009 . The series made its U.S. premiere on Cartoon Network on June 3 , 2006 , after it ended in most other countries . Four DVDs have been released in the United Kingdom , with a U.S. release still non-existent . All of the episodes have been released as extras on the first six-season box sets of Pokémon in Australia ( the newer 6 DVD box sets do not have the Pokémon Chronicles episodes , while the older 14 DVD sets do ) . A box set containing all 22 episodes has also been released in Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'December 30 , 2001 ( Japan ) June 3/10 , 2006 ( North America )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'House of the Dead 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_of_the_Dead_2_(film)', 'summary': 'House of the Dead 2 ( also known as House of the Dead II and alternately titled House of the Dead II : Dead Aim ) is a 2005 American action horror film and a sequel to the 2003 horror film , House of the Dead . Based on the video game series of the same name , the film was directed by Michael Hurst and premiered at the Sitges Film Festival in Spain on October 14 , 2005 , and premiered in the United States on the Sci Fi Channel ( now Syfy ) on February 11 , 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 11 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pokémon : The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pokémon:_The_Mastermind_of_Mirage_Pokémon', 'summary': "Pokémon : The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon , [ a ] is a special hour-long episode of the Pokémon anime series created for the tenth anniversary of the franchise . This special premiered on Kids ' WB on April 29 , 2006 ( with the Kayzie Rogers version ) . It became available on DVD in the United States on September 19 that year as a special feature on the 2-disc Pokémon : Lucario and the Mystery of Mew release ( with the Sarah Natochenny version ) , and the original dub aired on October 28 in the same year on Cartoon Network . In Japan the special was available for download [ b ] on the official site from October 13-October 31 , 2006 . The events of the specials take place during the 8th season of Pokémon : Advanced Battle . This special marked the first time English-language production was handled exclusively by Pokémon USA ( now known as The Pokémon Company International ) and TAJ Productions . Previously , 4Kids Entertainment ( now known as 4Licensing Corporation ) was mostly responsible for the Pokémon anime English dub . As a result of this change , costs were cut , and the English-language version of the special featured an all-new voice cast , replacing the original voice actors for many major characters , many of whom had worked on the show for eight years . The only three who returned were Rodger Parsons as the narrator , Jimmy Zoppi , who voiced several recurring characters like Gary Oak , and Kayzie Rogers , who voiced minor characters and over 50 Pokémon throughout the show . Beginning with this special , Zoppi additionally carried over the roles of James and Meowth ( using the pseudonym Billy Beach in the special ) and Rogers also provided the voice for Max ( using the pseudonym Jamie Peacock in the special ) . Rogers also voiced Ash for the original version of the special , but was subsequently replaced by Sarah Natochenny . This change caused controversy among many fans ."}]}, {'value': 'April 29 , 2006 ( North America ) October 13 , 2006 ( Japan )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Faction : Origins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Faction:_Origins', 'summary': 'Red Faction is a series of shooter video games developed by Volition and owned by THQ Nordic . Originating in 2001 , the Red Faction games have spanned Microsoft Windows , macOS and consoles , including the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The series is known for its heavy theme including revolutionary undertones .'}]}, {'value': 'June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'THQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kaku : Outbreak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_When_They_Cry_episodes', 'summary': "Higurashi When They Cry is a Japanese anime television series based on Ryukishi07 's visual novel series . The English titles for the first season are accorded to the names used by Funimation Entertainment . English titles in other seasons are not official . The first season entitled Higurashi no Naku Koro ni ( ひぐらしのなく頃に ) . It was produced by Studio Deen and directed by Chiaki Kon . It was released in English by Geneon and Funimation , under the title When They Cry - Higurashi no Naku Koro ni . The first season contains twenty six episodes and aired between April 4 and September 26 , 2006 on a number of Japanese television networks , including Chiba TV , Kansai TV and Tokai TV . The story follows five best friends solving the case about unexplained murders occurred for the past three years during the annual festival in the village of Hinamizawa . The series is divided into six chapters which are based on the first six chapters in the original visual novel series . The first chapter is Onikakushi-hen ( episodes one to four ) , followed by Watanagashi-hen ( episodes five to eight ) , and Tatarigoroshi-hen ( episodes nine to thirteen ) . Next is Himatsubushi-hen ( episodes fourteen and fifteen ) , the shortest of the story arcs . The last two chapters are Meakashi-hen ( episodes sixteen to twenty-one ) and Tsumihoroboshi-hen ( episodes twenty-two through twenty-six ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 15 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '07th Expansion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/07th_Expansion', 'summary': '07th Expansion is a Japanese dōjin circle specialized in the creation of visual novels and sound . They started out drawing for the trading card game Leaf Fight , but are known for creating the game series , Higurashi When They Cry , Umineko When They Cry and Ciconia When They Cry . The remake games on additional consoles for Higurashi were produced by Alchemist .'}]}, {'value': 'The Gamechangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gamechangers', 'summary': "The Gamechangers is a British docudrama produced by the BBC . The programme depicts the story of the controversy caused by Grand Theft Auto , a video game series by Rockstar Games , as various attempts were made to halt the production of the games . Directed by Owen Harris and written by James Wood , the film centres on the legal feud between Rockstar Games president Sam Houser ( Daniel Radcliffe ) and controversial attorney Jack Thompson ( Bill Paxton ) over Rockstar 's popular video game series Grand Theft Auto , and the debate regarding the psychological effects of violent video games ."}]}, {'value': 'September 15 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockstar Games', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Television films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_films_based_on_video_games_7', 'intro': "This page is a list of film adaptations of video games. These include local, international, direct-to-video and TV releases, and (in certain cases) online releases. They include their scores on Rotten Tomatoes, the region in which they were released (for foreign adaptations), approximate budget, their approximate box office revenue (for theatrical releases), distributor of the film, and the publisher of the original game at the time the film was made (this means that publishers may change between two adaptations of the same game or game series, such as Mortal Kombat). Also included are short films, cutscene films (made up of cutscenes and cinematics from the actual games), documentaries with video games as their subjects and films in which video games play a large part (such as Tron or WarGames). Films based on video games have often received negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes's 2019 list titled Video Game Movies Ranked Worst to Best included only 3 films that received a fresh Tomatometer rating. [a]"}
null
null
What is the release date of the film whose Japanese name means `` Fist of Dragon and Tiger '' ?
December 23 , 1993
0952a90641f2c0e3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_marsupials', 'title': 'List of fictional marsupials', 'header': ['Name', 'Species', 'Work'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aussie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koala', 'summary': "The koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus , or , inaccurately , koala bear [ a ] ) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia . It is the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae and its closest living relatives are the wombats , which comprise the family Vombatidae . The koala is found in coastal areas of the mainland 's eastern and southern regions , inhabiting Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , and South Australia . It is easily recognisable by its stout , tailless body and large head with round , fluffy ears and large , spoon-shaped nose . The koala has a body length of 60-85 cm ( 24-33 in ) and weighs 4-15 kg ( 9-33 lb ) . Fur colour ranges from silver grey to chocolate brown . Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south . These populations possibly are separate subspecies , but this is disputed . Koalas typically inhabit open eucalypt woodlands , and the leaves of these trees make up most of their diet . Because this eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content , koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day . They are asocial animals , and bonding exists only between mothers and dependent offspring . Adult males communicate with loud bellows that intimidate rivals and attract mates ."}]}, {'value': 'Jungle Jinks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chimera Punch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kangaroo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kangaroo', 'summary': 'The kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae ( macropods , meaning large foot ) . In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family , especially those of the genus Macropus : the red kangaroo , antilopine kangaroo , eastern grey kangaroo , and western grey kangaroo . Kangaroos are indigenous to Australia . The Australian government estimates that 34.3 million kangaroos lived within the commercial harvest areas of Australia in 2011 , up from 25.1 million one year earlier . As with the terms wallaroo and wallaby , kangaroo refers to a paraphyletic grouping of species . All three refer to members of the same taxonomic family , Macropodidae , and are distinguished according to size . The largest species in the family are called kangaroos and the smallest are generally called wallabies . The term wallaroos refers to species of an intermediate size . There is also the tree-kangaroo , another genus of macropod , which inhabits the tropical rainforests of New Guinea , far northeastern Queensland and some of the islands in the region . A general idea of the relative size of these informal terms could be :'}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Mew Mew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Mew_Mew', 'summary': 'Tokyo Mew Mew ( 東京ミュウミュウ , Tōkyō Myū Myū ) is a Japanese shōjo manga series written by Reiko Yoshida and illustrated by Mia Ikumi . It was originally serialized in Nakayoshi from September 2000 to February 2003 , and later published in seven tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from February 2001 to April 2003 . It focuses on five girls infused with the DNA of endangered animals which gives them special powers and allows them to transform into Mew Mews . Led by Ichigo Momomiya , the girls protect the earth from aliens who wish to reclaim it . The series was adapted into a 52 episode anime series by Studio Pierrot . It debuted in Japan on April 6 , 2002 , on both TV Aichi and TV Tokyo ; the final episode aired on March 29 , 2003 . A two-volume sequel to the manga , Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode , was serialized in Nakayoshi from April 2003 to February 2004 . The sequel introduces a new Mew Mew , Berry Shirayuki ( meaning White Snow Berry ) , who becomes the temporary leader of the Mew Mews , while Ichigo ( meaning Strawberry ) is on a trip to England . Two video games were also created for the series : a puzzle adventure game for the Game Boy Advance system and a role-playing video game for the PlayStation . Tokyopop originally licensed the manga series for English-language publication in North America and released the complete original series as well as the sequel , with Kodansha Comics planning to re-publish the series with a new translation in September 2011 . 4Kids Entertainment licensed the anime series for North American broadcast under the name Mew Mew Power . Heavily edited and dubbed , 23 episodes of Mew Mew Power aired on 4Kids TV in the United States while 26 episodes aired on YTV in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Cubcake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koala', 'summary': "The koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus , or , inaccurately , koala bear [ a ] ) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia . It is the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae and its closest living relatives are the wombats , which comprise the family Vombatidae . The koala is found in coastal areas of the mainland 's eastern and southern regions , inhabiting Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , and South Australia . It is easily recognisable by its stout , tailless body and large head with round , fluffy ears and large , spoon-shaped nose . The koala has a body length of 60-85 cm ( 24-33 in ) and weighs 4-15 kg ( 9-33 lb ) . Fur colour ranges from silver grey to chocolate brown . Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south . These populations possibly are separate subspecies , but this is disputed . Koalas typically inhabit open eucalypt woodlands , and the leaves of these trees make up most of their diet . Because this eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content , koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day . They are asocial animals , and bonding exists only between mothers and dependent offspring . Adult males communicate with loud bellows that intimidate rivals and attract mates ."}]}, {'value': "Boner 's Ark", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Boner's_Ark", 'summary': "Boner 's Ark was an American comic strip created by Mort Walker , also the creator of Beetle Bailey . Walker debuted the strip under the pseudonym Addison on March 11 , 1968 . The title is a reference to Noah 's Ark of Abrahamic religions . Designed and written by Mort Walker , Boner 's Ark first appeared on March 11 , 1968 . The series ran until 27 May 2000 , with the final strip depicting the Ark reaching dry land . The series also ran in Norway and Sweden under the name Arken , and in Denmark as Olsen 's Ark . In the Netherlands it ran under the name De Ark van Zoo ( Zoo 's Ark ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kangaroo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond the Black Stump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kangaroo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pre-Teen_Dirty-Gene_Kung_Fu_Kangaroos', 'summary': 'Lee Marrs ( born September 5 , 1945 ) is an American cartoonist and animator , and one of the first female underground comix creators . She is best known for her comic book series The Further Fattening Adventures of Pudge , Girl Blimp , which lasted from 1973 to 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bruce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}, {'value': 'Koala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond the Stump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}, {'value': 'Katy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}, {'value': 'Koala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond the Stump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}, {'value': 'Wombat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wombat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wombat', 'summary': 'Wombats are short-legged , muscular quadrupedal marsupials that are native to Australia . They are about 1 m ( 40 in ) in length with small , stubby tails and weigh between 20 and 35 kg ( 44 and 77 lb ) . There are three extant species and they are all members of the family Vombatidae . They are adaptable and habitat tolerant , and are found in forested , mountainous , and heathland areas of south-eastern Australia , including Tasmania , as well as an isolated patch of about 300 ha ( 740 acres ) in Epping Forest National Park in central Queensland .'}]}, {'value': 'Dragon Ball Z', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z', 'summary': "Dragon Ball Z , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation . It is the sequel to Dragon Ball and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995 . Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26 , 1989 to January 31 , 1996 , before getting dubbed in territories including the United States , Canada , Australia , Europe , Asia , and Latin America . It was broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide . It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise . Dragon Ball Z continues the adventures of Goku , who , along with his companions , defend the Earth against villains ranging from aliens ( Frieza ) , androids ( Cell ) and other creatures ( Majin Buu ) . While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood , Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life , but at the same time parallels the life of his son , Gohan , as well as the development of his rival Vegeta . Due to the success of the anime in the United States , the manga chapters making up its story were initially released by Viz Media under the Dragon Ball Z title . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the Dragon Ball franchise ; including 15 movies , 2 TV specials , and 148 video games ( many of them being only released in Japan ) , and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material . Dragon Ball Z remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations and re-releases , including a more-recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai . [ a ] There have also been two sequel series ; Dragon Ball GT ( 1996-1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pogo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pogo_(comics)', 'summary': "Pogo is the title and central character of a long-running daily American comic strip , created by cartoonist Walt Kelly ( 1913-1973 ) and distributed by the Post-Hall Syndicate . Set in the Okefenokee Swamp of the southeastern United States , the strip often engaged in social and political satire through the adventures of its anthropomorphic funny animal characters . The strip 's content was intended for both children and adults . The strip earned Kelly a Reuben Award in 1951 ."}]}, {'value': 'Opossum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opossum', 'summary': 'The opossum ( /əˈpɒsəm/ or /pɒsəm/ ) is a marsupial of the order Didelphimorphia ( /daɪˌdɛlfɪˈmɔːrfiə/ ) endemic to the Americas . The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere , it comprises 103 or more species in 19 genera . Opossums originated in South America and entered North America in the Great American Interchange following the connection of the two continents . Their unspecialized biology , flexible diet , and reproductive habits make them successful colonizers and survivors in diverse locations and conditions . [ citation needed ] In the United States and Canada , the only species found is the Virginia opossum , and it is generally referred to as a possum , but should not be confused with the suborder Phalangeriformes , which are arboreal marsupials in the Eastern Hemisphere that are also called possums because of their resemblance to the Didelphimorphia .'}]}, {'value': "Walt Kelly 's comic strip of the same name", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Kelly', 'summary': 'Walter Crawford Kelly , Jr. ( August 25 , 1913 - October 18 , 1973 ) , commonly known as Walt Kelly , was an American animator and cartoonist , best known for the comic strip Pogo . He began his animation career in 1936 at Walt Disney Studios , contributing to Pinocchio , Fantasia , and Dumbo . In 1941 , at the age of 28 , Kelly transferred to work at Dell Comics , where he created Pogo , which eventually became his platform for political and philosophical commentary .'}]}, {'value': 'Akira Warabi/ Wallaby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wallaby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallaby', 'summary': 'A wallaby is a small or mid-sized macropod native to Australia and New Guinea , with introduced populations in New Zealand , UK and other countries . They belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and sometimes the same genus , but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the six largest species of the family . The term wallaby is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise . There are 11 species of brush wallabies ( g. Macropus , s.g. Protemnodon ) . Their head and body length is 45 to 105 cm ( 18 to 41 in ) and the tail is 33 to 75 cm ( 13 to 30 in ) long . The six named species of rock-wallabies ( g. Petrogale ) live among rocks , usually near water ; two species are endangered . The two species of hare-wallabies ( g. Lagorchestes ) are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares . Often called pademelons , the three species of scrub wallabies ( g. Thylogale ) of New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago , and Tasmania are small and stocky , with short hind limbs and pointed noses . Wallabies are hunted for meat and fur . A similar species is the short-tailed scrub wallaby , or quokka ( Setonix brachyurus ) ; this species is now restricted to two offshore islands of Western Australia . The three named species of forest wallabies ( g. Dorcopsulus ) are native to the island of New Guinea . The dwarf wallaby is the smallest member of the genus and the smallest known member of the kangaroo family .'}]}, {'value': 'Wallaby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallaby_(manga)', 'summary': 'Kiyohiko Azuma ( あずまきよひこ , Azuma Kiyohiko , born May 27 , 1968 ) is a Japanese manga artist . From 1999 to 2002 , he authored the yonkoma comedy manga series Azumanga Daioh , which was later adapted as an anime series by J.C.Staff . In 2003 , he began Yotsuba & ! , a slice-of-life manga series about the adventures of a five-year-old girl ; it is serialized in the monthly magazine Dengeki Daioh .'}]}, {'value': 'Clive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}, {'value': 'Wombat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beyond the Black Stump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_the_Black_Stump_(comic_strip)', 'summary': "Beyond the Black Stump is an Australian comic strip written by Sean Leahy . It debuted in 1988 and won the Best Comic Strip at the 2003 National Coffs Harbour Cartoon Awards and the Comic Strip Cartoonist of the Year at the Australian Cartoonist 's Association 's Stanley Award the same year . The strip follows a cast of Australian wildlife who deal with the day-to-day stresses of marriage , parenting and friendship ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Comics', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_marsupials_1', 'intro': 'This List of fictional marsupials is subsidiary to the list of fictional animals and is a collection of various notable marsupial characters that appear in various works of fiction. It is limited to well-referenced examples in literature, film, television, comics, animation, video games and legends. This list covers all marsupials including opossums, marsupial moles, bandicoots, bilbies, wombats, koalas, kangaroos, wallaroos and wallabies.'}
null
null
What type of work can Bruce and Katy the koalas be found in ?
Australian comic strip
0954b1583388b986
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_SC', 'title': 'Orange County SC', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederik Due', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederik_Due_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Frederik Due ( born 18 July 1992 ) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for USL Championship club Orange County SC . Due played in his native Denmark from 2010 to 2018 for HB Køge and Randers . On 23 January 2019 , Due joined Hartford Athletic in the American USL Championship , becoming the fifth Dane to join the first-year team led by Danish head coach Jimmy Nielsen .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Alston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Alston', 'summary': 'Kevin Lawrence Alston ( born May 5 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Orozco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Orozco', 'summary': 'Michael Orozco Fiscal ( born February 7 , 1986 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Forrester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Forrester_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Harry Lee Forrester ( born 2 January 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Forrester came through the youth teams of Watford and Aston Villa and has been capped at youth level for England . He has also had spells at Kilmarnock , Brentford , Doncaster Rovers , AFC Wimbledon and Rangers . Although primarily an attacking midfielder , he can be deployed in a number of positions including on the left wing .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Crisostomo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Crisostomo', 'summary': 'Daniel Crisostomo ( born January 16 , 1997 ) is an American soccer player of Peruvian parents who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Vinicius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinicius_(footballer,_born_1998)', 'summary': 'Vinicius Geovane Damasceno de Paula ( born 29 March 1998 ) is a Brazilian footballer stood out as a player of FC Cascavel , and who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Aodhan Quinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aodhan_Quinn', 'summary': 'Aodhan Quinn ( born March 22 , 1992 ) is an American professional soccer player who currently plays for Orange County SC in the United Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Coleman_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Kevin Coleman ( born March 1 , 1998 ) is an American footballer who currently plays as a forward for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Darwin Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin_Jones_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Darwin L. Jones ( born April 4 , 1992 ) is an American soccer player who plays for Orange County SC in the United Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Francis Jacobs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Cervantes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Cervantes', 'summary': 'Aaron Cervantes ( born March 20 , 2002 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Edson Alvarado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edson_Alvarado_(footballer,_born_1998)', 'summary': 'Edson Eduardo Alvarado Torres ( born April 24 , 1998 ) is an American footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Orange County SC in the USL Championship . Alvarado made his debut with the Club Tijuana first team during the 2018 Copa MX . In 2019 he returned to California , joining Orange County SC U-23 in USL League Two . Alvarado was signed by the Orange County SC first team in USL Championship on June 27 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Diego Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Lopez_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Diego Lopez ( born January 6 , 2002 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Seth Casiple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Casiple', 'summary': 'Seth Robert Casiple ( born August 23 , 1993 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Enevoldsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Enevoldsen', 'summary': 'Thomas Enevoldsen ( born 27 July 1987 ) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a forward for USL Championship side Orange County SC . He has played eleven games and scored one goal for the Denmark national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Danny Finlayson ( on loan from Rangers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Rangers Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in the Govan district of Glasgow . It has played in the Scottish Premiership , the first tier of the Scottish Professional Football League , since winning the 2015-16 Scottish Championship . Their home ground , Ibrox Stadium , in the southwest of the city , is the third largest football stadium in the country . Although not the club 's official name , it is occasionally referred to as Glasgow Rangers . Rangers have played in royal blue shirts since the inception of the club . Rangers are the second most successful club in world football in terms of trophies won , behind only Egyptian club Al Ahly . The club has won more league titles and domestic trebles than any other team in the world , winning the league title 54 times , the Scottish Cup 33 times and the Scottish League Cup 27 times , and achieving the treble of all three in the same season seven times . Rangers won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1972 after being losing finalists twice , in 1961 ( the first British club to reach a UEFA tournament final ) and 1967 . A third runners-up finish in Europe came in the UEFA Cup in 2008 . Rangers have a long-standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm , which is considered one of the world 's biggest football derbies . Founded in March 1872 , Rangers is the fourth-oldest football club in Scotland and was one of the 11 original members of the Scottish Football League and it remained in the top division continuously until a financial crisis during the 2011-12 season saw an administration event occur and the original company liquidated with the assets moved to a new company structure . The club was accepted as an associate member of the Scottish Football League and placed in the fourth tier of Scottish football league system in time for the start of the following season ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rob Kiernan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rob_Kiernan', 'summary': 'Robert Samuel Kiernan ( born 13 January 1991 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for USL Championship side Orange County SC . Kiernan has previously played for Watford , Wigan Athletic and Rangers , and has also spent time on loan at Kilmarnock , Yeovil Town , Bradford City , Wycombe Wanderers , Accrington Stanley , Burton Albion , Brentford , Southend United and Birmingham City . Kiernan , who was born in Hertfordshire , played for the Republic of Ireland at youth levels up to and including under-21 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Blake Malone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blake_Malone', 'summary': 'Blake Malone ( born March 23 , 2001 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Orange County SC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Cammy Palmer ( on loan from Rangers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cammy_Palmer', 'summary': 'Cameron Cammy Palmer ( born 15 May 2000 ) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for USL Championship side Orange County SC on loan from Rangers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Rangers Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in the Govan district of Glasgow . It has played in the Scottish Premiership , the first tier of the Scottish Professional Football League , since winning the 2015-16 Scottish Championship . Their home ground , Ibrox Stadium , in the southwest of the city , is the third largest football stadium in the country . Although not the club 's official name , it is occasionally referred to as Glasgow Rangers . Rangers have played in royal blue shirts since the inception of the club . Rangers are the second most successful club in world football in terms of trophies won , behind only Egyptian club Al Ahly . The club has won more league titles and domestic trebles than any other team in the world , winning the league title 54 times , the Scottish Cup 33 times and the Scottish League Cup 27 times , and achieving the treble of all three in the same season seven times . Rangers won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1972 after being losing finalists twice , in 1961 ( the first British club to reach a UEFA tournament final ) and 1967 . A third runners-up finish in Europe came in the UEFA Cup in 2008 . Rangers have a long-standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm , which is considered one of the world 's biggest football derbies . Founded in March 1872 , Rangers is the fourth-oldest football club in Scotland and was one of the 11 original members of the Scottish Football League and it remained in the top division continuously until a financial crisis during the 2011-12 season saw an administration event occur and the original company liquidated with the assets moved to a new company structure . The club was accepted as an associate member of the Scottish Football League and placed in the fourth tier of Scottish football league system in time for the start of the following season ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Shiels ( on loan from Rangers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Rangers Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in the Govan district of Glasgow . It has played in the Scottish Premiership , the first tier of the Scottish Professional Football League , since winning the 2015-16 Scottish Championship . Their home ground , Ibrox Stadium , in the southwest of the city , is the third largest football stadium in the country . Although not the club 's official name , it is occasionally referred to as Glasgow Rangers . Rangers have played in royal blue shirts since the inception of the club . Rangers are the second most successful club in world football in terms of trophies won , behind only Egyptian club Al Ahly . The club has won more league titles and domestic trebles than any other team in the world , winning the league title 54 times , the Scottish Cup 33 times and the Scottish League Cup 27 times , and achieving the treble of all three in the same season seven times . Rangers won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1972 after being losing finalists twice , in 1961 ( the first British club to reach a UEFA tournament final ) and 1967 . A third runners-up finish in Europe came in the UEFA Cup in 2008 . Rangers have a long-standing rivalry with Celtic , the two Glasgow clubs being collectively known as the Old Firm , which is considered one of the world 's biggest football derbies . Founded in March 1872 , Rangers is the fourth-oldest football club in Scotland and was one of the 11 original members of the Scottish Football League and it remained in the top division continuously until a financial crisis during the 2011-12 season saw an administration event occur and the original company liquidated with the assets moved to a new company structure . The club was accepted as an associate member of the Scottish Football League and placed in the fourth tier of Scottish football league system in time for the start of the following season ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Players and staff -- Current roster', 'section_text': 'As of January 12 , 2020 [ 13 ]', 'uid': 'Los_Angeles_Blues_0', 'intro': 'Orange County Soccer Club is an American soccer team based in the Orange County, California suburb of Irvine. Founded in 2010 as the Los Angeles Blues, the team currently plays in the second tier USL Championship. The team plays its home games at Championship Soccer Stadium, located inside Great Park in Irvine, CA.'}
null
null
What technological movement began in the 1700s in the home country of Orange County Soccer Club member Harry Forrester ?
Industrial Revolution
0955260b13f465e6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA', 'title': 'Conference USA', 'header': ['Institution', 'Location', 'Founded', 'Joined', 'Enrollment', 'Nickname'], 'data': [{'value': 'University of Alabama at Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham', 'summary': "The University of Alabama at Birmingham ( UAB ) is a public research university in Birmingham , Alabama . Developed from an academic extension center established in 1936 , the institution became a four-year campus in 1966 and a fully autonomous university in the University of Alabama System in 1969 . UAB offers 140 programs of study in 12 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degrees in the social and behavioral sciences , the liberal arts , business , education , engineering , and health-related fields such as medicine , dentistry , optometry , nursing , and public health . In the fall of 2018 , 21,923 students from more than 110 countries were enrolled . The UAB Health System , one of the largest academic medical centers in the United States , is affiliated with the university . UAB Hospital sponsors residency programs in medical specialties , including internal medicine , neurology , physical medicine and rehabilitation , surgery , radiology , and anesthesiology . UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama . UAB is the state 's largest single employer , with more than 23,000 faculty and staff and over 53,000 jobs at the university and in the health system . An estimated 10 percent of the jobs in the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area and 1 in 31 jobs in the state of Alabama are directly or indirectly related to UAB . The university 's overall annual economic impact was estimated to be $ 7.15 billion in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blazers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UAB_Blazers', 'summary': "The UAB Blazers are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs that represent the University of Alabama at Birmingham ( UAB ) . The school is one of the fourteen member institutions of Conference USA ( C-USA ) and participates in Division I of the NCAA . The school 's men 's basketball team plays in 8,508-seat Bartow Arena . The Blazers ' colors are forest green and old gold . The men 's basketball program has a long history of success spanning several decades ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida Atlantic University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University', 'summary': 'Florida Atlantic University ( FAU or Florida Atlantic ) is a public university with its main campus in Boca Raton , Florida and satellite campuses in Dania Beach , Davie , Fort Lauderdale , Jupiter , and Fort Pierce . FAU belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida and serves South Florida , which has more than five million people and spans more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) of coastline . Florida Atlantic University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university offers more than 170 undergraduate and graduate degree programs within its 10 colleges . Florida Atlantic opened in 1964 as the first public university in southeast Florida , offering only upper-division and graduate level courses . Initial enrollment was only 867 students , increasing in 1984 when the university admitted its first lower-division undergraduate students . As of 2018 [ update ] , enrollment has grown to over 30,000 students representing 140 countries , 50 states , and the District of Columbia . Since its inception , Florida Atlantic has awarded more than 110,000 degrees to nearly 153,160 alumni . Since 2004 , FAU has undertaken an effort to increase its academic and research standings while also evolving into a more traditional university . The university has raised admissions standards , increased research funding , built new facilities , and established notable partnerships with major research institutions . Changes include an on-campus stadium , additional on-campus housing , and the establishment of a College of Medicine in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Raton , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida', 'summary': "Boca Raton ( /rəˈtoʊn/ rə-TOHN ) , often referred to as simply Boca , is the southernmost city in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States . It was first incorporated on August 2 , 1924 as Bocaratone , and then incorporated as Boca Raton in 1925 . It is one of the wealthiest communities in South Florida . The 2018 population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau was 99,244 . However , approximately 200,000 people with a Boca Raton postal address live outside its municipal boundaries , in newer developments such as West Boca Raton . As a business center , the city experiences significant daytime population increases . Boca Raton is 43 miles ( 69 km ) north of Miami and is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which had a population of 6,012,331 people as of 2015 . Boca Raton is home to the main campus of Florida Atlantic University and the corporate headquarters of Office Depot , ADT , Cancer Treatment Centers of America , and Bluegreen Corporation . It is also home to the Evert Tennis Academy , owned by former professional tennis player Chris Evert . Boca Town Center , an upscale shopping center in central Boca Raton , is the largest indoor mall in Palm Beach County . The downtown is centered around Mizner Park . Many buildings in the area have a Mediterranean Revival or Spanish Colonial Revival architectural theme , initially inspired by Addison Mizner , a resort architect who heavily influenced the city 's early development ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,772', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_Owls', 'summary': "The Florida Atlantic Owls are the athletics teams of Florida Atlantic University ( FAU ) . The Owls participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I as members of Conference USA . Florida Atlantic has attracted high-profile coaches in the past for various sports , including Howard Schnellenberger and Lane Kiffin for football and Mike Jarvis for basketball . Other former coaches include Matt Doherty , Rex Walters , and Sidney Green . As of March 2018 , the Owls are led by athletic director Brian White ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida International University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_International_University', 'summary': "Florida International University ( FIU ) is a public space-grant research university in University Park , Florida . It is a member of the State University System of Florida . FIU is the first and only school in South Florida to achieve the Emerging Preeminence designation by the Florida Legislature . Founded in 1965 , it has quickly grown to becoming the largest university in the Greater Miami region . It is the largest university in South Florida , the second-largest in Florida , and the fourth-largest in the United States by enrollment . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 11 separate colleges and more than 40 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 190 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.5 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 3.5 billion . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida International as the 105th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FIU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their FIU Panthers nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Conference USA ( C-USA ) . In their 113-year history , FIU 's varsity sports teams have won 5 athletic championships and Panther athletes have won various individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': 'University Park , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_Park,_Florida', 'summary': 'University Park is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Miami-Dade County , Florida , United States . The population was 26,995 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58,064', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FIU_Panthers', 'summary': 'The FIU Panthers ( also known as FIU Golden Panthers , Florida INT Golden Panthers or Florida International Golden Panthers ) are the athletic teams representing Florida International University , an American public university located in Miami . The Panthers currently compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I athletics as members of Conference USA .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana Tech University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University', 'summary': "Louisiana Tech University , colloquially referred to as Louisiana Tech , La . Tech , or simply Tech is a public research university in Ruston , Louisiana . It is a space grant college , member of the Southeastern Universities Research Association , member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities , and Carnegie Doctoral University with high research activity ( R2 ) . It is a member of the University of Louisiana System . Louisiana Tech conducts research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) , and the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) . Louisiana Tech is one of fewer than 50 comprehensive research universities in the nation and the only university in Louisiana to be designated as a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education and Research and a National Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education and Research by the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) . Also , the FAA named Louisiana Tech to the National Center of Excellence for Unmanned Aircraft Systems . The university is known for its engineering and science programs . Louisiana Tech opened as the Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana in 1894 during the Second Industrial Revolution . The original mission of the college was for the education of students in the arts and sciences for the purpose of developing an industrial economy in post-Reconstruction Louisiana . Four years later in 1898 , the state constitution changed the school 's name to Louisiana Industrial Institute . In 1921 , the college changed its name to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute to reflect its development as a larger institute of technology ."}]}, {'value': 'Ruston , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruston,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Ruston is a small city and the parish seat of Lincoln Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is the largest city in the Eastern Ark-La-Tex region . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 21,859 , reflecting an increase of 6.4 percent from the count of 20,546 counted in the 2000 Census . Ruston is near the eastern border of the Ark-La-Tex region and is the home of Louisiana Tech University . Its economy is therefore based on its college population . Ruston hosts the annual Peach Festival . Ruston is the principal city of the Ruston Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Lincoln Parish .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,467', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulldogs & Lady Techsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_and_Lady_Techsters', 'summary': 'Louisiana Tech Bulldogs and Lady Techsters , commonly abbreviated La . Tech and Dawgs , refer to the sports teams of Louisiana Tech University , in Ruston , Louisiana . The teams compete in Division I of NCAA sports . Since 2013 , Louisiana Tech has been a member of Conference USA ( C-USA ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_Bulldogs_and_Lady_Techsters', 'summary': 'Louisiana Tech Bulldogs and Lady Techsters , commonly abbreviated La . Tech and Dawgs , refer to the sports teams of Louisiana Tech University , in Ruston , Louisiana . The teams compete in Division I of NCAA sports . Since 2013 , Louisiana Tech has been a member of Conference USA ( C-USA ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Marshall University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_University', 'summary': "Marshall University is a public research university in Huntington , West Virginia . It was founded in 1837 and is named after John Marshall , the fourth Chief Justice of the United States . The university is currently composed of nine undergraduate colleges : Lewis College of Business ( LCOB ) , College of Education and Professional Development ( COE ) , College of Arts and Media ( COAM ) , College of Health Professions ( COHP ) , Honors College , College of Information Technology and Engineering ( CITE ) , College of Liberal Arts ( COLA ) , College of Science ( COS ) , and University College ; three graduate colleges , the general Graduate College , the School of Pharmacy , and the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine ; and a regional center for cancer research , which has a national reputation for its programs in rural healthcare delivery . The forensic science graduate program is one of nearly twenty post-graduate-level academic programs in the United States accredited by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences . The university 's digital forensics program is the first program in the world to receive accreditation in digital forensics from the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission ( FEPAC ) . [ citation needed ] The Lewis College of Business is amongst only 1% of global business schools to have achieved dual AACSB accreditation in Business and Accounting . Marshall University has a non-residential branch campus , focused on graduate education , in South Charleston , the Marshall University - South Charleston Campus , which also offers classes throughout the southern half of the state , including at the Erma Byrd Higher Education Center in Beckley . [ citation needed ] It also offers undergraduate courses , under three centers , the Southern Mountain Center , operating on the campuses of the Southern West Virginia Community College in Logan and Williamson and at the YMCA in Gilbert ; the Mid-Ohio Valley Center in Point Pleasant and the Teays Valley Center in Hurricane . [ citation needed ] Marshall University also operates the Robert C. Byrd Institute , with operations on both the Huntington and South Charleston campuses , as well as in Fairmont , West Virginia . [ citation needed ] The institute 's goal is the transfer of technology from the academic departments to private industry to support job development in the region . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Huntington , West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia', 'summary': "Huntington is a city in Cabell and Wayne Counties in the U.S. state of West Virginia . It is the county seat of Cabell County , and largest city in the Huntington-Ashland , WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , sometimes referred to as the Tri-State Area . A historic and bustling city of commerce and heavy industry , Huntington has benefited from its location on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Guyandotte River . It is home to the Port of Huntington Tri-State , the second-busiest inland port in the United States . Surrounded by extensive natural resources , the industrial sector is based in coal , oil , chemicals and steel , all of which support Huntington 's diversified economy . The city is a vital rail-to-river transfer point for the marine transportation industry . Also , it is considered a scenic locale in the western foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . This location was selected by Collis Potter Huntington as ideal for the western terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway , the predecessor of what would become CSX Transportation which still operates CSX Transportation-Huntington Division in the city to date . The railroad founded Huntington as one of the nation 's first planned communities to facilitate the railroad and other transportation-related industries at the railway 's western terminus . The site , previously a collection of agricultural homesteads , developed fast after the railroad 's completion in 1871 and is eponymously named for the railroad company 's founder Collis Potter Huntington . The first identifiable permanent settlement , Holderby 's Landing , was founded in 1775 in the Colony of Virginia . With the exception of the neighborhoods of Westmoreland and Spring Valley , most of the city is in Cabell County ."}]}, {'value': '1837', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,204', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thundering Herd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd', 'summary': 'The Marshall Thundering Herd is the intercollegiate athletic collection of teams that collectively represent the Marshall University in Huntington , West Virginia . Thundering Herd athletic teams compete in Conference USA , which are members of the NCAA Division I .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Tennessee State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU or MT ) is a public university in Murfreesboro , Tennessee . Founded in 1911 as a normal school , the university is composed of eight undergraduate colleges as well as a college of graduate studies , together offering more than 80 majors/degree programs through more than 35 departments . MTSU is most prominently known for its Recording Industry , Aerospace , Music and Concrete Industry Management programs . The university has partnered in research endeavors with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , the United States Army , and the United States Marine Corps . In 2009 , Middle Tennessee State University was ranked among the nation 's top 100 public universities by Forbes magazine . Prior to 2017 , MTSU was part of the Tennessee Board of Regents and the State University and Community College System of Tennessee . In 2017 governance was transferred to an institutional board of trustees . MTSU is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges . MTSU athletics programs compete intercollegiately in Conference USA ."}]}, {'value': 'Murfreesboro , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Murfreesboro is a city in , and the county seat of , Rutherford County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 108,755 according to the 2010 census , up from 68,816 residents certified in 2000 . In 2018 , census estimates showed a population of 141,344 . Murfreesboro is located in the Nashville metropolitan area of Middle Tennessee , 34 miles ( 55 km ) southeast of downtown Nashville , and is the largest suburb of Nashville and the sixth largest city in Tennessee . The city is home to both the center of population of Tennessee and the geographic center of Tennessee . Since the 1990s , Murfreesboro has been Tennessee 's fastest growing major city and one of the fastest growing cities in the country . Murfreesboro is also home to Middle Tennessee State University , the second largest undergraduate university in the state of Tennessee , with 22,729 total students as of fall 2014 . In 2006 , Murfreesboro was ranked by Money as the 84th best place to live in the United States , out of 745 cities with a population over 50,000 . In 2018 , Murfreesboro was ranked by Money as the 19th best place to live in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Raiders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders', 'summary': "The Blue Raiders are the men 's and women 's athletic teams at Middle Tennessee State University , in Murfreesboro , Tennessee . MT athletic teams participate in NCAA Division I ( Bowl Subdivision in football ) in Conference USA . MT competed in the Ohio Valley Conference until 2000 , and the Sun Belt Conference until 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'University of North Carolina at Charlotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Charlotte ( UNC Charlotte , UNCC , or simply Charlotte ) is a public research university in Charlotte , North Carolina . UNC Charlotte offers 23 doctoral , 64 master 's , and 140 bachelor 's degree programs through nine colleges : the College of Arts + Architecture , the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences , the Belk College of Business , the College of Computing and Informatics , the Cato College of Education , the William States Lee College of Engineering , the College of Health and Human Services , the Honors College , and the University College . It has three campuses : Charlotte Research Institute Campus , Center City Campus , and the main campus , located in University City . The main campus sits on 1,000 wooded acres with approximately 85 buildings about 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Uptown Charlotte . UNC Charlotte is the largest institution of higher education in the Charlotte region . The university has experienced rapid enrollment growth of 33% over the past 10 years , making it the fastest-growing institution in the UNC System and contributing to more than 50% of the system 's growth since 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29,710', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_49ers', 'summary': 'The Charlotte 49ers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte . A founding member of Conference USA ( C-USA ) , Charlotte rejoined the conference in 2013 after spending eight years as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . Previously , Charlotte was a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference and was a member of the Metro Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'University of North Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Texas', 'summary': 'The University of North Texas ( UNT ) is a public research university in Denton , Texas . Eleven colleges , two schools , an early admissions math and science academy for exceptional high-school-age students from across the state , and a library system comprise the university core . Its research is driven by about 38 doctoral degree programs . North Texas was founded as a nonsectarian , coeducational , private teachers college in 1890 and was formally adopted by the state 11 years later . UNT is the flagship institution of the University of North Texas System , which includes additional universities in Dallas and Fort Worth . UNT also has a satellite campus in Frisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Denton , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denton,_Texas', 'summary': "Denton is a city in and the county seat of Denton County , Texas , United States . With an estimated population of 138,541 as of 2019 , it is the 24th-most populous city in Texas , the 196th-most populous city in the United States , and the 12th-most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . A Texas land grant led to the formation of Denton County in 1846 , and the city was incorporated in 1866 . Both were named after pioneer and Texas militia captain John B. Denton . The arrival of a railroad line in the city in 1881 spurred population , and the establishment of the University of North Texas in 1890 and Texas Woman 's University in 1901 distinguished the city from neighboring regions . After the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport finished in 1974 , the city had more rapid growth ; as of 2011 , Denton was the seventh-fastest growing city with a population over 100,000 in the country . Located on the far north end of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex in North Texas on Interstate 35 , Denton is known for its active music life ; the North Texas State Fair and Rodeo , Denton Arts and Jazz Festival , and 35 Denton Music Festival attract over 300,000 people to the city each year . The city experiences hot , humid summers and relatively few extreme weather events . Its diverse citizenry is represented by a nonpartisan city council , and numerous county and state departments have offices in the city . With over 45,000 students enrolled at the two universities located within its city limits , Denton is often characterized as a college town . As a result of the universities ' growth , educational services play a large role in the city 's economy . Residents are served by the Denton County Transportation Authority , which provides commuter rail and bus service to the area ."}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38,087', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mean Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Texas_Mean_Green', 'summary': "North Texas Mean Green ( formerly North Texas Eagles ) represents the University of North Texas ( UNT ) in intercollegiate athletics . The teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . North Texas competed in the Sun Belt Conference until joining Conference USA ( C-USA ) on July 1 , 2013 . UNT 's official school colors are green , white and black . North Texas ' mascot is an eagle named Scrappy ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Dominion University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_University', 'summary': "Old Dominion University ( ODU ) is a public research university in Norfolk , Virginia . It was established in 1930 as the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary and is now one of the largest universities in Virginia with an enrollment of 24,176 students for the 2019 academic year . Old Dominion University is also home to over 700 international students from 89 different countries . Its main campus covers over 251 acres ( 1.02 km2 ) straddling the city neighborhoods of Larchmont , Highland Park , and Lambert 's Point , approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from Downtown Norfolk . Old Dominion University is classified among Doctoral Universities : Higher Research Activity and provides nearly $ 2 billion annually to the regional economy . The university offers 168 undergraduate and graduate degree programs to over 24,000 students and is one of the nation 's largest providers of online distance learning courses . Old Dominion University has approximately 124,000 alumni in all 50 states and 67 countries . Old Dominion University derives its name from one of Virginia 's state nicknames , The Old Dominion , given to the state by King Charles II of England for remaining loyal to the crown during the English Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Norfolk , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia', 'summary': "Norfolk ( /ˈnɔːrfʊk/ ( listen ) NOR-fuuk ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . At the 2010 census , the population was 242,803 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 244,076 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Beach and the 91st largest city in the nation . Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area , named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area , officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News , VA-NC MSA . The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay . It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east . Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads , and is considered to be the historic , urban , financial , and cultural center of the region . The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point . The largest naval base in the world , Naval Station Norfolk , is located in Norfolk along with one of NATO 's two Strategic Command headquarters . The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway , one of North America 's principal Class I railroads , however the company is currently in the process of relocating their headquarters to Atlanta , Georgia . Norfolk is also home to Maersk Line , Limited , which manages the world 's largest fleet of US-flag vessels . As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water , Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property , including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monarchs & Lady Monarchs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_and_Lady_Monarchs', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs are composed of 19 teams representing Old Dominion University in intercollegiate athletics , including men 's and women 's basketball , golf , soccer , sailing , swimming & diving , and tennis . Men 's sports include baseball , football , and wrestling . Women 's sports include field hockey , lacrosse , rowing , and volleyball . The Monarchs compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and are members of Conference USA ( C-USA ) as their primary conference affiliation . The football team played one season as an independent as part of the transition to FBS and began competing as a full football-playing member of C-USA in 2014 . Old Dominion 's field hockey team competes in the Big East Conference . The field hockey program had previously announced that it would join the original Big East for the 2013-14 school year . However , following the split of the original Big East , the two successor conferences , the new Big East and the American Athletic Conference , agreed that The American would not sponsor field hockey , and the new Big East would take in all of The American 's programs in those sports as associate members . The women 's lacrosse team spent the 2013-14 academic year as an independent before joining the Atlantic Sun Conference as an associate member effective July 1 , 2014 . In 2017 it was announced that Old Dominion Women 's Lacrosse would compete in the Big East Conference beginning in 2019 . In 2014 the women 's rowing team became an associate member of the Big 12 Conference , which effectively took over sponsorship of that sport from C-USA . Later , the University announced that the rowing team would change it 's conference affiliation and compete in the American Athletic Conference beginning in the 2018-19 school year Following the move to Conference USA , the men 's swimming and diving team competed for two years as an independent , as C-USA does not sponsor the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_and_Lady_Monarchs', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs are composed of 19 teams representing Old Dominion University in intercollegiate athletics , including men 's and women 's basketball , golf , soccer , sailing , swimming & diving , and tennis . Men 's sports include baseball , football , and wrestling . Women 's sports include field hockey , lacrosse , rowing , and volleyball . The Monarchs compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and are members of Conference USA ( C-USA ) as their primary conference affiliation . The football team played one season as an independent as part of the transition to FBS and began competing as a full football-playing member of C-USA in 2014 . Old Dominion 's field hockey team competes in the Big East Conference . The field hockey program had previously announced that it would join the original Big East for the 2013-14 school year . However , following the split of the original Big East , the two successor conferences , the new Big East and the American Athletic Conference , agreed that The American would not sponsor field hockey , and the new Big East would take in all of The American 's programs in those sports as associate members . The women 's lacrosse team spent the 2013-14 academic year as an independent before joining the Atlantic Sun Conference as an associate member effective July 1 , 2014 . In 2017 it was announced that Old Dominion Women 's Lacrosse would compete in the Big East Conference beginning in 2019 . In 2014 the women 's rowing team became an associate member of the Big 12 Conference , which effectively took over sponsorship of that sport from C-USA . Later , the University announced that the rowing team would change it 's conference affiliation and compete in the American Athletic Conference beginning in the 2018-19 school year Following the move to Conference USA , the men 's swimming and diving team competed for two years as an independent , as C-USA does not sponsor the sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Rice University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_University', 'summary': "William Marsh Rice University , commonly known as Rice University , is a private research university in Houston , Texas . The university is situated on a 300-acre ( 121 ha ) campus near the Houston Museum District and is adjacent to the Texas Medical Center . Opened in 1912 after the murder of its namesake William Marsh Rice , Rice is now a research university with an undergraduate focus . Its emphasis on education is demonstrated by a small student body and 6:1 student-faculty ratio , and it has been nationally recognized as a leading university for undergraduate teaching . The university has a very high level of research activity , with $ 140.2 million in sponsored research funding in 2016 . Rice is noted for its applied science programs in the fields of artificial heart research , structural chemical analysis , signal processing , space science , and nanotechnology . It was ranked first in the world in materials science research by the Times Higher Education ( THE ) in 2010 . Rice is a member of the Association of American Universities . The university is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of academic study , including the Wiess School of Natural Sciences , the George R. Brown School of Engineering , the School of Social Sciences , School of Architecture , Shepherd School of Music and the School of Humanities . Rice 's undergraduate program offers more than fifty majors and two dozen minors , and allows a high level of flexibility in pursuing multiple degree programs . Additional graduate programs are offered through the Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business and the Susanne M. Glasscock School of Continuing Studies . Rice students are bound by the strict Honor Code , which is enforced by a student-run Honor Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston', 'summary': "Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Owls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Owls', 'summary': "Rice University athletic teams are known as the Rice Owls . The name comes from the owls in Rice 's crest . Rice participates in NCAA Division I athletics . A member of Conference USA , Rice sponsors teams in seven men 's and seven women 's NCAA sanctioned sports . Rice was a member of the Southwest Conference until its breakup in 1996 . Rice then joined the Western Athletic Conference before joining C-USA on July 1 , 2005 . Rice is the fifth-smallest school competing in NCAA Division I FBS football measured by undergraduate enrollment , just above the University of Tulsa 's 2,756 and the three FBS United States service academies 's approximate 4,500 . Rice 's sports rivalry include cross-town Houston Cougars ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Southern Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi', 'summary': "The University of Southern Mississippi ( USM or Southern Miss ) is a public research university with its main campus in Hattiesburg , Mississippi . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor 's , master 's , specialist , and doctoral degrees . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Founded on March 30 , 1910 , the university is a dual campus institution , with the main campus located in Hattiesburg and the other large campus , Gulf Park , in Long Beach . It has five additional teaching and research sites , including the John C. Stennis Space Center and the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory ( GCRL ) . Originally called the Mississippi Southerners , the Southern Miss athletic teams became the Golden Eagles in 1972 . The school 's colors , black and gold , were selected by a student body vote shortly after the school was founded . While mascots , names , customs , and the campus have changed , the black and gold colors have remained constant . USM offers 16 sport programs at the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hattiesburg , Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Hattiesburg is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi , primarily in Forrest County ( where it is the county seat ) and extending west into Lamar County . The city population was 45,989 at the 2010 census , with an estimated population of 45,951 in 2018 . It is the principal city of the Hattiesburg , Mississippi , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses Forrest , Lamar and Perry counties . Development of the interior of Mississippi by European Americans took place primarily after the American Civil War . Before that time , only properties along the major rivers were developed as plantations . Founded in 1882 by civil engineer William H. Hardy , Hattiesburg was named in honor of Hardy 's wife Hattie . The town was incorporated two years later with a population of 400 . Hattiesburg 's population first expanded as a center of the lumber and railroad industries , from which was derived the nickname The Hub City . It now attracts newcomers because of the diversity of its economy , strong neighborhoods , and the central location in South Mississippi . Hattiesburg is home to The University of Southern Mississippi ( founded as Mississippi Normal College , for the training of teachers ) and William Carey University ( formerly William Carey College ) . South of Hattiesburg is Camp Shelby , the largest US National Guard training base east of the Mississippi River ."}]}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,509', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Southern Miss Golden Eagles and Lady Eagles ( also known as Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles and Lady Eagles ) are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent the University of Southern Mississippi ( USM ) , located in Hattiesburg , Mississippi . The Golden Eagles ( Lady Eagles for women 's basketball ) compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level mainly as a member of Conference USA ( C-USA ) . USM 's newest sport of women 's beach volleyball , a sport not sponsored by C-USA , was added in the 2018-19 school year and competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association . The school 's earliest nickname was Tigers . Thereafter came such nicknames as Normalites ( from Mississippi Normal College , the early name of the university ) , Yellow Jackets , Confederates , and Southerners . Golden Eagles was selected in a student/alumni vote in the early 1972 . Seymour d'Campus is the name of the modern-day mascot eagle . Southern Miss has a long history in the NCAA , and its intercollegiate sports teams operate under the auspices of the university 's Department of Intercollegiate Athletics sponsors . Bowl games , conference championships , and All-American athletes have all been frequent occurrences at Southern Miss . Among notable alumni are former NFL quarterback Brett Favre and former NFL punter Ray Guy ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Texas at El Paso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso', 'summary': "The University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) is a public research university in El Paso , Texas . It is a member of the University of Texas System . UTEP is the second-largest university in the United States to have a majority Mexican American student population ( about 80% ) after the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university 's School of Engineering is the nation 's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S . and Ph.D. degrees . UTEP is home to the Sun Bowl stadium , which hosts the annual college football competition the Sun Bowl every winter . The campus is one of the few places in the world outside of Bhutan or Tibet to have buildings created with the Dzong architectural style . It sits on hillsides overlooking the Rio Grande river , with Ciudad Juárez in view across the Mexico-United States border ."}]}, {'value': 'El Paso , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas', 'summary': "El Paso ( /ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ ; from Spanish , the pass ) is a city and the county seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States , in the far western part of the state . The 2018 population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 682,669 , making it the 22nd largest city in the United States . Its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 840,758 . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico-United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with 1.4 million people . Las Cruces , in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , has a population of 215,579 . On the U.S. side , the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,060,397 . Bi-nationally , these three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex . The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is home to three publicly traded companies , and former Western Refining , now Andeavor . as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and Southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,151', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UTEP_Miners', 'summary': "The UTEP Miners is the name given to the sports teams of the University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) . They are informally referred to as the Miners , UTEP , or Texas-El Paso . UTEP was a member of the Western Athletic Conference from 1967 to 2005 , when they joined Rice , Tulsa , and SMU in leaving the WAC for Conference USA . The UTEP Miners are best known as the only team in Texas to win a NCAA Men 's Basketball Championship . UTEP 's colors are orange and blue and the mascot is a miner named Paydirt Pete ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Texas at San Antonio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio', 'summary': "The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ) is a public research university in San Antonio , Texas . With over 30,000 students , it is the largest university in San Antonio and the eighth-largest ( 2018 ) in the state of Texas . It includes three campuses across the San Antonio metropolitan area that span 725 acres of land . UTSA offers 67 bachelor 's , 69 master 's , and 24 doctoral degree programs . Established in 1969 , UTSA has become the third largest institution within the UT System by enrollment . The university has a local economic impact of $ 1.2 billion and the UTSA Institute for Economic Development generates $ 2.9 billion in direct economic impact nationwide . The university 's restricted research expenditures have grown to $ 50.8 million while total research expenditures grew to $ 80.6 million in FY19 . Its football team has competed in Conference USA since 2013 , previously playing a stint in the WAC and as an FCS independent ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,674', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roadrunners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UTSA_Roadrunners', 'summary': "The UTSA Roadrunners is a collegiate athletic program that represents the University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ) . The UTSA Roadrunners are also commonly referred to as UTSA , Roadrunners , or simply Runners and are represented by the mascot Rowdy . The origin of Rowdy dates back to 1977 , when the Roadrunner was chosen as the university 's mascot by student election . The Roadrunners compete in the NCAA Division I Conference USA in 17 varsity sports . UTSA is San Antonio 's only institution that competes in Division I FBS . UTSA joined the Western Athletic Conference on July 1 , 2012 . In April 2012 , it was announced that UTSA would join Conference USA on July 1 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Kentucky University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University', 'summary': 'Western Kentucky University is a public university in Bowling Green , Kentucky , United States . It was founded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1906 , though its roots reach back a quarter-century earlier . In the fall 2016 semester , enrollment was approximately 20,000 . The main campus , which has been undergoing expansion and renovation since the 1990s , sits atop a hill overlooking the Barren River valley . WKU operates regional campuses in Glasgow , Elizabethtown-Fort Knox and Owensboro .'}]}, {'value': 'Bowling Green , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Bowling Green is a home rule-class city and the county seat of Warren County , Kentucky , United States . As of 2018 , its population of 68,401 made it the third most-populous city in the state after Louisville and Lexington ; its metropolitan area , which is the fourth largest in the state after Louisville , Lexington , and Northern Kentucky , had an estimated population of 177,432 ; and the combined statistical area it shares with Glasgow has an estimated population of 231,608 . Founded by pioneers in 1798 , Bowling Green was the provisional capital of Confederate Kentucky during the American Civil War . The city was the subject of the 1967 Everly Brothers song Bowling Green . In the 21st century , it is the location of numerous manufacturers , including General Motors and Fruit of the Loom . The Bowling Green Assembly Plant has been the source of all Chevrolet Corvettes built since 1981 . Bowling Green is also home to the state 's second-largest public university , Western Kentucky University . In 2014 , Forbes magazine listed Bowling Green as one of the Top 25 Best Places to Retire in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,456', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilltoppers & Lady Toppers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_and_Lady_Toppers', 'summary': "The Western Kentucky Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers are the athletic teams that represent Western Kentucky University ( WKU ) . The men 's teams uses the name Hilltoppers ; however , the women 's teams use the name Lady Toppers . The university 's athletic program fields 17 varsity teams in 11 different sports . WKU participates in the Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes as a member of Conference USA . On March 12 , 2010 , Ross Bjork , who was the senior associate athletic director for Development and External Relations for the UCLA Bruins , replaced Dr. Wood Selig , as WKU 's athletic director . But in March 2012 , Bjork accepted the job as athletic director at Ole Miss . Todd Stewart , who had served as Senior Associate Athletic Director since 2010 , was named interim athletic director until May when he was officially named athletic director . On April 1 , 2013 , it was announced Western Kentucky would depart the Sun Belt Conference for Conference USA , effective July 1 , 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_and_Lady_Toppers', 'summary': "The Western Kentucky Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers are the athletic teams that represent Western Kentucky University ( WKU ) . The men 's teams uses the name Hilltoppers ; however , the women 's teams use the name Lady Toppers . The university 's athletic program fields 17 varsity teams in 11 different sports . WKU participates in the Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes as a member of Conference USA . On March 12 , 2010 , Ross Bjork , who was the senior associate athletic director for Development and External Relations for the UCLA Bruins , replaced Dr. Wood Selig , as WKU 's athletic director . But in March 2012 , Bjork accepted the job as athletic director at Ole Miss . Todd Stewart , who had served as Senior Associate Athletic Director since 2010 , was named interim athletic director until May when he was officially named athletic director . On April 1 , 2013 , it was announced Western Kentucky would depart the Sun Belt Conference for Conference USA , effective July 1 , 2014 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Members -- Current members', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Conference_USA_0', 'intro': "Conference USA (C-USA or CUSA) is an intercollegiate athletic conference whose current member institutions are located within the Southern United States. The conference participates in the NCAA's Division I in all sports. C-USA's offices are located in Dallas, Texas."}
null
null
What is the location of the institution that serves more than five million people and spans more than 100 miles ( 160 km ) of coastline ?
Boca Raton , Florida
09557412b96849e4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Diva_Search', 'title': 'WWE Diva Search', 'header': ['Name', 'Age', 'Hometown', 'Eliminated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ashley Massaro †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Massaro', 'summary': "Ashley Marie Massaro ( May 26 , 1979 - May 16 , 2019 ) was an American professional wrestler , reality television contestant , television host , model , and radio personality . She was best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and for her appearance on Survivor : China . Massaro made her debut in WWE after winning the WWE Diva Search in 2005 . She was firstly incorporated into the Raw brand where she had her first wrestling feud against Vince 's Devils ( a villainous female stable ) while she also aligned herself with Trish Stratus in the process to defeat the team . With Stratus , she was involved in another feud with the then debuting Mickie James who was obsessed with Stratus and was jealous of Ashley 's friendship with her , attacking and causing her to lose matches . She was later drafted to SmackDown ! and became the valet for the WWE Tag Team Champions Paul London and Brian Kendrick . Her most high-profile matches were a WWE Women 's Championship match against Melina at WrestleMania 23 and a Playboy Bunnymania Lumberjill match at WrestleMania XXIV . She left WWE in mid-2008 . During her tenure in the company , she had appeared on the covers of several magazines , including the April 2007 issue of Playboy , and has also made an appearance on television and in music videos . In addition , Massaro spent the last two years of her life working as a radio DJ for 94.3 The Shark ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Babylon , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babylon_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Babylon is a village in Suffolk County , New York , United States . The population was 12,166 at the 2010 census . Its location is approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from New York City at the Queens border , and approximately 33 miles ( 53 km ) from Manhattan . Its official name is The Incorporated Village of Babylon . It is commonly referred to as Babylon Village , to distinguish it from the Town of Babylon , of which it is a part .'}]}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leyla Milani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leyla_Milani', 'summary': 'Leyla Milani Khoshbin ( Persian : لیلا میلانی ; born April 2 , 1982 ) is an Iranian-Canadian model , actress , TV host and entrepreneur . Milani was born in Karaj to Iranian parents , and she is married to Iranian entrepreneur , real estate investor and author , Manny Khoshbin . Leyla has appeared in the 2005 WWE Diva Search , Deal or No Deal , Sleeper Cell , Las Vegas , Rules of Engagement , Attack of the Show ! , Curb Your Enthusiasm , Entourage , Stacked , Desire , Wanted , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Extra , and the 2006 Lingerie Bowl . She has also appeared in the films Wrestlemaniac , Boys & Girls Guide To Getting Down , Dr. Chopper . Maxim magazine features Milani and her fellow Deal or No Deal briefcase models in their online Girls of Maxim gallery .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto', 'summary': "Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in Canada , with a population of 2,954,024 as of July 2018 . Current to 2016 , the Toronto census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) , held a population of 5,928,040 , making it Canada 's most populous CMA . The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe , an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people ( as of 2016 ) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario . Toronto is an international centre of business , finance , arts , and culture , and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world . People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area , located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers , deep ravines , and urban forest , for more than 10,000 years . After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase , when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown , the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada . During the War of 1812 , the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops . York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto . It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation . The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 ( 243.3 sq mi ) . The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada . More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group , and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants ."}]}, {'value': 'Runner-Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elisabeth Rouffaer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California', 'summary': "Santa Cruz ( /ˈsæntə ˈkruːz/ ; Spanish for Holy Cross ) is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County , California . As of 2018 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated Santa Cruz 's population at 64,725 . Situated on the northern edge of Monterey Bay , about 32 mi ( 51 km ) south of San Jose and 75 mi ( 120 km ) south of San Francisco , the city is part of the 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area . Santa Cruz is known for its moderate climate , natural environment , coastline , redwood forests , alternative community lifestyles , and socially liberal leanings . It is also home to the University of California , Santa Cruz , a premier research institution and educational hub , as well as the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk , an oceanfront amusement park operating continuously since 1907 . The present-day site of Santa Cruz was the location of Spanish settlement beginning in 1791 , including Mission Santa Cruz and the pueblo of Branciforte . The City of Santa Cruz was incorporated in 1866 and chartered in April 1876 . Important early industries included lumber , gunpowder , lime and agriculture . Late in the 19th century , Santa Cruz established itself as a beach resort community ."}]}, {'value': '3rd Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristal Marshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristal_Marshall', 'summary': 'Kristal Melisa Marshall ( born November 11 , 1983 ) is an American model , beauty queen and retired professional wrestler who is best known for her time in World Wrestling Entertainment on its SmackDown brand and in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) as Kristal Lashley .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '4th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summer DeLin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shreveport , Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Shreveport ( /ˈʃriːvpɔːrt/ SHREEV-port ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is the most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area . Shreveport ranks third in population in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge and 133rd in the U.S . The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish , of which it is the parish seat . Shreveport extends along the west bank of the Red River ( most notably at Wright Island , the Charles and Marie Hamel Memorial Park , and Bagley Island ) into neighboring Bossier Parish . The population of Shreveport was 199,311 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . The United States Census Bureau 's 2018 estimates for the city 's population decreased to 188,987 , and grew to an estimated 189,149 . Shreveport was founded in 1836 by the Shreve Town Company , a corporation established to develop a town at the juncture of the newly navigable Red River and the Texas Trail , an overland route into the newly independent Republic of Texas . Prior to Texas becoming independent , this trail entered Mexico . The city grew throughout the 20th century and , after the discovery of oil in Louisiana , became a national center for the oil industry . Standard Oil of Louisiana ( absorbed by Standard Oil of New Jersey and now part of ExxonMobil ) and United Gas Corporation ( now part of Pennzoil ) were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s . After the loss of jobs in the oil industry , the close of Shreveport Operations ( a General Motors vehicle factory ) , and other economic problems the city struggled with a declining population , poverty , drugs and violent crime ."}]}, {'value': '5th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameron Haven', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Worth , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Worth,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lake Worth Beach is a city in Palm Beach County , Florida , United States , located about 64 miles north of Miami , its name from the body of water along its eastern border known as the Lake Worth Lagoon . The lake itself was named for General William J . Worth , who led U.S. forces during the last part of the Second Seminole War . As of 2010 [ update ] , the population estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau was 34,910 . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '6th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simona Fusco', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan,_Italy', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': '7th Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexis Ondrade', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Costa Mesa , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California', 'summary': "Costa Mesa ( /ˌkoʊstə ˈmeɪsə/ ) is a city in Orange County , California . Since its incorporation in 1953 , the city has grown from a semi-rural farming community of 16,840 to a suburban area including part of the South Coast Plaza-John Wayne Airport edge city , one of the region 's largest commercial clusters , with an economy based on retail , commerce , and light manufacturing . The population was 109,960 at the 2010 United States Census ."}]}, {'value': '8th Place', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2005 -- Contestants', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'WWE_Diva_Search_3', 'intro': 'WWE Diva Search (formerly WWE Raw Diva Search) was a talent competition held by WWE. The first winner was Jaime Koeppe, but she did not receive a contract like subsequent winners of the contest. Other winners included Christy Hemme, Ashley Massaro, Layla El, and Eve Torres. In addition to the winners of the yearly contest, WWE has hired several contestants as Divas, the name that WWE gave at the time to the female performers. As of 2019, Maryse Ouellet and Maria Kanellis are the last remaining female talents to come from the contest, with the two acting largely as valets for their respective husbands. There were many failed attempts at bringing back the competition over the years following the cancellation of the 2008 season, and was at one point going to return in 2019 under the new name Superstar Search. But those plans were scrapped.'}
null
null
How far south is Miami from the home city of Cameron Haven ?
64 miles
09568923559f7d47
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis', 'title': 'List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis', 'header': ['Year', 'Laureate', 'Relation', 'Category', 'Rationale'], 'data': [{'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Compton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Compton', 'summary': "Arthur Holly Compton ( September 10 , 1892 - March 15 , 1962 ) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect , which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation . It was a sensational discovery at the time : the wave nature of light had been well-demonstrated , but the idea that light had both wave and particle properties was not easily accepted . He is also known for his leadership of the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , and served as Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis from 1945 to 1953 . In 1919 , Compton was awarded one of the first two National Research Council Fellowships that allowed students to study abroad . He chose to go to the University of Cambridge 's Cavendish Laboratory in England , where he studied the scattering and absorption of gamma rays . Further research along these lines led to the discovery of the Compton effect . He used X-rays to investigate ferromagnetism , concluding that it was a result of the alignment of electron spins , and studied cosmic rays , discovering that they were made up principally of positively charged particles . During World War II , Compton was a key figure in the Manhattan Project that developed the first nuclear weapons . His reports were important in launching the project . In 1942 , he became head of the Metallurgical Laboratory , with responsibility for producing nuclear reactors to convert uranium into plutonium , finding ways to separate the plutonium from the uranium and to design an atomic bomb . Compton oversaw Enrico Fermi 's creation of Chicago Pile-1 , the first nuclear reactor , which went critical on December 2 , 1942 . The Metallurgical Laboratory was also responsible for the design and operation of the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge , Tennessee ."}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Arts and Sciences , 1920-1923 and 1945-1962 , Chancellor , 1945-1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901 ; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Literature , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or X-rays ) . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics . It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Through 2019 , a total of 212 individuals have been awarded the prize ."}]}, {'value': 'for his discovery of the effect named after him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compton_effect', 'summary': 'Compton scattering , discovered by Arthur Holly Compton , is the scattering of a photon by a charged particle , usually an electron . It results in a decrease in energy ( increase in wavelength ) of the photon ( which may be an X-ray or gamma ray photon ) , called the Compton effect . Part of the energy of the photon is transferred to the recoiling electron . Inverse Compton scattering occurs when a charged particle transfers part of its energy to a photon .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Adelbert Doisy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy', 'summary': 'Edward Adelbert Doisy ( November 13 , 1893 - October 23 , 1986 ) was an American biochemist . He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943 with Henrik Dam for their discovery of vitamin K ( K from Koagulations-Vitamin in German ) and its chemical structure . Doisy was born in Hume , Illinois , on November 13 , 1893 . He completed his A.B . degree in 1914 and his M.S . degree in 1916 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . He completed his Ph.D. in 1920 from Harvard University . In 1919 he accepted a faculty appointment in the Department of Biochemistry at Washington University in St. Louis , where he rose in rank to associate professor . In 1923 , he moved to St. Louis University as professor and chairman of the new Department of Biochemistry . He served as professor and chairman of that department until he retired in 1965 . St. Louis University renamed the department the E.A . Doisy Department of Biochemistry , in his honor .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1919-1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitamin_K', 'summary': 'Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar , fat-soluble vitamins found in foods and in dietary supplements . The human body requires vitamin K for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are needed for blood coagulation ( K from koagulation , Danish for coagulation ) or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues . The vitamin K-related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions , which they can not do otherwise . Without vitamin K , blood coagulation is seriously impaired , and uncontrolled bleeding occurs . Preliminary clinical research indicates that deficiency of vitamin K may weaken bones , potentially leading to osteoporosis , and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues . Chemically , the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 3- ) derivatives . Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers : vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 . Vitamin K2 , in turn , consists of a number of related chemical subtypes , with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms . Vitamin K1 , also known as phylloquinone , is made by plants , and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis . It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K , including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins . Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2 . Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into vitamin K2 ( menaquinone ) .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Erlanger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger', 'summary': 'Joseph Erlanger ( January 5 , 1874 - December 5 , 1965 ) was an American physiologist who is best known for his contributions to the field of neuroscience . Together with Herbert Spencer Gasser , he identified several varieties of nerve fiber and established the relationship between action potential velocity and fiber diameter . They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for these achievements .'}]}, {'value': 'Chairman , Department of Physiology , 1910-1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nerve_fibre', 'summary': 'An axon ( from Greek ἄξων áxōn , axis ) , or nerve fiber ( or nerve fibre : see spelling differences ) , is a long , slender projection of a nerve cell , or neuron , in vertebrates , that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body . The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons , muscles , and glands . In certain sensory neurons ( pseudounipolar neurons ) , such as those for touch and warmth , the axons are called afferent nerve fibers and the electrical impulse travels along these from the periphery to the cell body , and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon . Axon dysfunction has caused many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons . Nerve fibers are classed into three types - group A nerve fibers , group B nerve fibers , and group C nerve fibers . Groups A and B are myelinated , and group C are unmyelinated . These groups include both sensory fibers and motor fibers . Another classification groups only the sensory fibers as Type I , Type II , Type III , and Type IV . An axon is one of two types of cytoplasmic protrusions from the cell body of a neuron ; the other type is a dendrite . Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features , including shape ( dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius ) , length ( dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer ) , and function ( dendrites receive signals whereas axons transmit them ) . Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites . In some species , axons can emanate from dendrites known as axon-carrying dendrites .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herbert Spencer Gasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser', 'summary': 'Herbert Spencer Gasser ( July 5 , 1888 - May 11 , 1963 ) was an American physiologist , and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for his work with action potentials in nerve fibers while on the faculty of Washington University in St. Louis , awarded jointly with Joseph Erlanger .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1916-1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Ferdinand Cori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori', 'summary': 'Carl Ferdinand Cori , ForMemRS ( December 5 , 1896 - October 20 , 1984 ) was a Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague ( then in Austria-Hungary , now Czech Republic ) who , together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay , received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how glycogen ( animal starch ) - a derivative of glucose - is broken down and resynthesized in the body , for use as a store and source of energy . In 2004 , both were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work that elucidated carbohydrate metabolism .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1931-1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glycogen', 'summary': "Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals , fungi , and bacteria . The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body . Glycogen functions as one of two forms of energy reserves , glycogen being for short-term and the other form being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue ( i.e. , body fat ) for long-term storage . In humans , glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle . In the liver , glycogen can make up 5-6% of the organ 's fresh weight , and the liver of an adult weighing 1.5 kg can store roughly 100-120 grams of glycogen . In skeletal muscle , glycogen is found in a low concentration ( 1-2% of the muscle mass ) and the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 kg stores roughly 400 grams of glycogen . The amount of glycogen stored in the body - particularly within the muscles and liver - mostly depends on physical training , basal metabolic rate , and eating habits . Small amounts of glycogen are also found in other tissues and cells , including the kidneys , red blood cells , white blood cells , and glial cells in the brain . The uterus also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo . Approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of humans at all times ; in fasted individuals , blood glucose is maintained constant at this level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle . Glycogen stores in skeletal muscle serve as a form of energy storage for the muscle itself ; however , the breakdown of muscle glycogen impedes muscle glucose uptake from the blood , thereby increasing the amount of blood glucose available for use in other tissues . Liver glycogen stores serve as a store of glucose for use throughout the body , particularly the central nervous system ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerty Cori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerty_Cori', 'summary': 'Gerty Theresa Cori ( née Radnitz ; August 15 , 1896 - October 26 , 1957 ) was a Jewish Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman - and first American woman - to win a Nobel Prize in science , and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism . Cori was born in Prague ( then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire , now the Czech Republic ) . Gerty was not a nickname , but rather she was named after an Austrian warship . Growing up at a time when women were marginalized in science and allowed few educational opportunities , she gained admittance to medical school , where she met her future husband Carl Ferdinand Cori in an anatomy class ; upon their graduation in 1920 , they married . Because of deteriorating conditions in Europe , the couple emigrated to the United States in 1922 . Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research , collaborating in the laboratory with Carl . She published research findings coauthored with her husband , as well as publishing singly . Unlike her husband , she had difficulty securing research positions , and the ones she obtained provided meager pay . Her husband insisted on continuing their collaboration , though he was discouraged from doing so by the institutions that employed him . With her husband Carl and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay , Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen - a derivative of glucose - is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy ( known as the Cori cycle ) . They also identified the important catalyzing compound , the Cori ester . In 2004 , both Gerty and Carl Cori were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work in clarifying carbohydrate metabolism .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1931-1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Kornberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg', 'summary': 'Arthur Kornberg ( March 3 , 1918 - October 26 , 2007 ) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University . He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951 , L.H.D . degree from Yeshiva University in 1962 , as well as National Medal of Science in 1979 . His primary research interests were in biochemistry , especially enzyme chemistry , deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis ( DNA replication ) and studying the nucleic acids which control heredity in animals , plants , bacteria and viruses .'}]}, {'value': 'Chairman , Department of Microbiology , 1952-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ribonucleic_acid', 'summary': 'Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding , decoding , regulation and expression of genes . RNA and DNA are nucleic acids , and , along with lipids , proteins and carbohydrates , constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life . Like DNA , RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides , but unlike DNA , RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself , rather than a paired double strand . Cellular organisms use messenger RNA ( mRNA ) to convey genetic information ( using the nitrogenous bases of guanine , uracil , adenine , and cytosine , denoted by the letters G , U , A , and C ) that directs synthesis of specific proteins . Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome . Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions , controlling gene expression , or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals . One of these active processes is protein synthesis , a universal function in which RNA molecules direct the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes . This process uses transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome , where ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) then links amino acids together to form coded proteins .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid', 'summary': 'Deoxyribonucleic acid ( /diːˈɒksɪˌraɪboʊnjuːˌkliːɪk , -ˌkleɪ-/ ( listen ) ; DNA ) is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development , functioning , growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) , nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases ( cytosine [ C ] , guanine [ G ] , adenine [ A ] or thymine [ T ] ) , a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group . The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone . The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules ( A with T and C with G ) , with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA . The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups , pyrimidines and purines . In DNA , the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine ; the purines are adenine and guanine . Both strands of double-stranded DNA store the same biological information . This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate . A large part of DNA ( more than 98% for humans ) is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences . The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Severo Ochoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Severo_Ochoa', 'summary': 'Severo Ochoa de Albornoz ( Spanish : [ seˈβeɾo oˈtʃoa ðe alβoɾˈnoθ ] ; 24 September 1905 - 1 November 1993 ) was a Spanish-American physician and biochemist , and joint winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arthur Kornberg .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1940-1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Hershey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Hershey', 'summary': "Alfred Day Hershey ( December 4 , 1908 - May 22 , 1997 ) was an American Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist and geneticist . He was born in Owosso , Michigan and received his B.S . in chemistry at Michigan State University in 1930 and his Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1934 , taking a position shortly thereafter at the Department of Bacteriology at Washington University in St. Louis . He began performing experiments with bacteriophages with Italian-American Salvador Luria , German Max Delbrück , Indian-Canadian Adam Hasnain , and Serbian Mila Huhtala in 1940 , and observed that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria , the two viruses may exchange genetic information . He moved with his research partner Martha Chase to Laurel Hollow , New York , in 1950 to join the Carnegie Institution of Washington 's Department of Genetics , where he and Martha Chase performed the famous Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952 . This experiment provided additional evidence that DNA , not protein , was the genetic material of life . Notable post-doctoral fellows in Hershey 's lab include Anna Marie Skalka . He became director of the Carnegie Institution in 1962 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969 , shared with Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück for their discovery on the replication of viruses and their genetic structure . In 1981 , Hershey became a founding member of the World Cultural Council . Hershey had one child , Peter Manning Hershey ( 1956-1999 ) with his wife Harriet ( often called Jill ) ( 1918-2000 ) . The family was active in the social network of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories and regularly enjoyed the beach in season . Hershey was a Christian ."}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1934-1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virus', 'summary': "A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism . Viruses can infect all types of life forms , from animals and plants to microorganisms , including bacteria and archaea . Since Dmitri Ivanovsky 's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants , and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898 , about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail , although there are millions of types . Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity . The study of viruses is known as virology , a sub-speciality of microbiology . While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell , viruses exist in the form of independent particles , or virions , consisting of : ( i ) the genetic material , i.e . long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts ; ( ii ) a protein coat , the capsid , which surrounds and protects the genetic material ; and in some cases ( iii ) an outside envelope of lipids . The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some species to more complex structures for others . Most virus species have virions too small to be seen with an optical microscope , about one hundredth the size of most bacteria . The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear : some may have evolved from plasmids - pieces of DNA that can move between cells - while others may have evolved from bacteria . In evolution , viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer , which increases genetic diversity in a way analogous to sexual reproduction . Viruses are considered by some to be a life form , because they carry genetic material , reproduce , and evolve through natural selection , although they lack key characteristics ( such as cell structure ) that are generally considered necessary to count as life ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Federico Leloir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir', 'summary': 'Luis Federico Leloir ForMemRS ( September 6 , 1906 - December 2 , 1987 ) was an Argentine physician and biochemist who received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Although born in France , Leloir received the majority of his education at the University of Buenos Aires and was director of the private research group Fundación Instituto Campomar until his death in 1987 . Although his laboratories were often plagued by lack of financial support and second-rate equipment , his research into sugar nucleotides , carbohydrate metabolism , and renal hypertension has garnered international attention and fame and has led to significant progress in understanding , diagnosing and treating the congenital disease galactosemia . Luis Leloir is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery , Buenos Aires .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nucleotide', 'summary': 'Nucleotides are molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate group . They are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA . They are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) , both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth . Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids ; they are composed of three sub unit molecules : a nitrogenous base ( also known as nucleobase ) , a five-carbon sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , and at least one phosphate group . The four nitrogenous bases present in DNA are guanine , adenine , cytosine and thymine ; in RNA uracil is used in place of thymine . Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental , cellular level . They carry packets of chemical energy - in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , Guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) , Cytidine triphosphate ( CTP ) and Uridine triphosphate ( UTP ) - throughout the cell to the many cellular functions that demand energy , which include : synthesizing amino acids , proteins and cell membranes and parts , moving the cell and moving cell parts ( both internally and intercellularly ) , dividing the cell , etc . In addition , nucleotides participate in cell signaling ( cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cAMP ) , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ( e.g . coenzyme A , FAD , FMN , NAD , and NADP+ ) . In experimental biochemistry , nucleotides can be radiolabeled with radionuclides to yield radionucleotides .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carbohydrate', 'summary': 'A carbohydrate ( /kɑːrboʊˈhaɪdreɪt/ ) is a biomolecule consisting of carbon ( C ) , hydrogen ( H ) and oxygen ( O ) atoms , usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 ( as in water ) and thus with the empirical formula Cm ( H2O ) n ( where m may be different from n ) . This formula holds true for monosaccharides . Some exceptions exist ; for example , deoxyribose , a sugar component of DNA , has the empirical formula C5H10O4 . The carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon ; structurally it is more accurate to view them as aldoses and ketoses . The term is most common in biochemistry , where it is a synonym of saccharide , a group that includes sugars , starch , and cellulose . The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups : monosaccharides , disaccharides , oligosaccharides , and polysaccharides . Monosaccharides and disaccharides , the smallest ( lower molecular weight ) carbohydrates , are commonly referred to as sugars . The word saccharide comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον ( sákkharon ) , meaning sugar . While the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex , the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix -ose , as in the monosaccharides fructose ( fruit sugar ) and glucose ( starch sugar ) and the disaccharides sucrose ( cane or beet sugar ) and lactose ( milk sugar ) . Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms . Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy ( e.g . starch and glycogen ) and as structural components ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr.', 'summary': 'Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. ( November 19 , 1915 - March 9 , 1974 ) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist born in Burlingame , Kansas . Sutherland won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones , especially epinephrine , via second messengers , namely cyclic adenosine monophosphate , or cyclic AMP .'}]}, {'value': 'M.D . , 1942 , Resident in Internal Medicine , 1943-1945 , Faculty of Medicine , 1945-1953', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'Doctor of Medicine ( abbreviated M.D. , from the Latin Medicinae Doctor ) is a medical degree , the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions . In the United States , Canada and some other countries , the M.D . denotes a professional graduate degree awarded upon graduation from medical school . In the United States , this generally arose because many in 18th century medical professions trained in Scotland , which used the M.D . degree nomenclature . In England , however , Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery was used and eventually in the 19th century became the standard in Scotland too . Thus , in the United Kingdom , Ireland and other countries , the M.D . is a research doctorate , higher doctorate , honorary doctorate or applied clinical degree restricted to those who already hold a professional degree in medicine ; in those countries , the equivalent professional to the North American and some others use of M.D . is still typically titled Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S . ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hormone', 'summary': 'A hormone ( from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν , setting in motion ) is any member of a class of signaling molecules , produced by glands in multicellular organisms , that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior . Hormones have diverse chemical structures , mainly of three classes :'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian de Duve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_de_Duve', 'summary': "Christian René Marie Joseph , Viscount de Duve ( 2 October 1917 - 4 May 2013 ) was a Nobel Prize-winning English-born Belgian cytologist and biochemist . He made serendipitous discoveries of two cell organelles , peroxisome and lysosome , for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Albert Claude and George E. Palade ( for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell ) . In addition to peroxisome and lysosome , he invented the scientific names such as autophagy , endocytosis , and exocytosis in a single occasion . The son of Belgian refugees during the First World War , de Duve was born in Thames Ditton , Surrey , England . His family returned to Belgium in 1920 . He was educated by the Jesuits at Onze-Lieve-Vrouwinstituut in Antwerp , and studied medicine at the Catholic University of Leuven . Upon earning his MD in 1941 , he joined research in chemistry , working on insulin and its role in diabetes mellitus . His thesis earned him the highest university degree agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur ( equivalent to PhD ) in 1945 . With his work on the purification of penicillin , he obtained an MSc degree in 1946 . He went for further training under ( later Nobel Prize winners ) Hugo Theorell at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm , and Carl and Gerti Cori at the Washington University in St. Louis . He joined the faculty of medicine at Leuven in 1947 . In 1960 he was invited to the Rockfeller Institute ( now Rockefeller University ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1946-1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Organelle', 'summary': 'In cell biology , an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function . Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers ( also called membrane-bound organelles ) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer ( non-membrane bound organelles ) . The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells , as organs are to the body , hence organelle , the suffix -elle being a diminutive . Organelles are identified by microscopy , and can also be purified by cell fractionation . There are many types of organelles , particularly in eukaryotic cells . While prokaryotes do not possess organelles per se , some do contain protein-based bacterial microcompartments , which are thought to act as primitive organelles .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Nathans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Nathans', 'summary': 'Daniel Nathans ( October 30 , 1928 - November 16 , 1999 ) was an American microbiologist . He shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application in restriction mapping .'}]}, {'value': 'M.D. , 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Restriction_enzyme', 'summary': 'A restriction enzyme , restriction endonuclease , or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites . Restriction enzymes are one class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes . Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into five types , which differ in their structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site , or if the recognition and cleavage sites are separate from one another . To cut DNA , all restriction enzymes make two incisions , once through each sugar-phosphate backbone ( i.e . each strand ) of the DNA double helix . These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defence mechanism against invading viruses . Inside a prokaryote , the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction digestion ; meanwhile , host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme ( a methyltransferase ) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage . Together , these two processes form the restriction modification system . Over 3,000 restriction enzymes have been studied in detail , and more than 600 of these are available commercially . These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories , and they are a vital tool in molecular cloning .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Molecular_genetics', 'summary': 'Molecular genetics is a sub-field of genetics that applies an investigative approach to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organisms genome using genetic screens . The field of study is based on the merging of several sub-fields in biology : classical Mendelian inheritance , cellular biology , molecular biology , biochemistry , and biotechnology . Researchers search for mutations in a gene or induce mutations in a gene to link a gene sequence to a specific phenotype . Molecular genetics is a powerful methodology for linking mutations to genetic conditions that may aid the search for treatments/cures for various genetics diseases .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton O. Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith', 'summary': 'Hamilton Othanel Smith ( born August 23 , 1931 ) is an American microbiologist and Nobel laureate . Smith was born on August 23 , 1931 , and graduated from University Laboratory High School of Urbana , Illinois . He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , but in 1950 transferred to the University of California , Berkeley , where he earned his B.A . in Mathematics in 1952 . He received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1956 . Between 1956 and 1957 Smith worked for the Washington University in St. Louis Medical Service . In 1975 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship he spent at the University of Zurich . In 1970 , Smith and Kent W. Wilcox discovered the first type II restriction enzyme , that is now called as HindII . Smith went on to discover DNA methylases that constitute the other half of the bacterial host restriction and modification systems , as hypothesized by Werner Arber of Switzerland . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for discovering type II restriction enzymes with Werner Arber and Daniel Nathans as co-recipients . He later became a leading figure in the nascent field of genomics , when in 1995 he and a team at The Institute for Genomic Research sequenced the first bacterial genome , that of Haemophilus influenzae . H. influenza was the same organism in which Smith had discovered restriction enzymes in the late 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington University Medical Service , 1956-1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Restriction_enzyme', 'summary': 'A restriction enzyme , restriction endonuclease , or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites . Restriction enzymes are one class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes . Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into five types , which differ in their structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site , or if the recognition and cleavage sites are separate from one another . To cut DNA , all restriction enzymes make two incisions , once through each sugar-phosphate backbone ( i.e . each strand ) of the DNA double helix . These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defence mechanism against invading viruses . Inside a prokaryote , the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction digestion ; meanwhile , host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme ( a methyltransferase ) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage . Together , these two processes form the restriction modification system . Over 3,000 restriction enzymes have been studied in detail , and more than 600 of these are available commercially . These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories , and they are a vital tool in molecular cloning .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Molecular_genetics', 'summary': 'Molecular genetics is a sub-field of genetics that applies an investigative approach to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organisms genome using genetic screens . The field of study is based on the merging of several sub-fields in biology : classical Mendelian inheritance , cellular biology , molecular biology , biochemistry , and biotechnology . Researchers search for mutations in a gene or induce mutations in a gene to link a gene sequence to a specific phenotype . Molecular genetics is a powerful methodology for linking mutations to genetic conditions that may aid the search for treatments/cures for various genetics diseases .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Berg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Berg', 'summary': 'Paul Berg ( born June 30 , 1926 ) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University . He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 , along with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger . The award recognized their contributions to basic research involving nucleic acids . Berg received his undergraduate education at Penn State University , where he majored in biochemistry . He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952 . Berg worked as a professor at Washington University School of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine , in addition to serving as the director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine . In addition to the Nobel Prize , Berg was presented with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986 . Berg is a member of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Medicine , 1954-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 , awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation , and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , of the Netherlands , for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions . From 1901 to 2018 , the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals ."}]}, {'value': 'for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids , with particular regard to recombinant-DNA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biochemistry', 'summary': 'Biochemistry , sometimes called biological chemistry , is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms . Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life . A sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry , biochemistry can be divided in three fields ; structural biology , enzymology and metabolism . Over the last decades of the 20th century , biochemistry has through these three disciplines become successful at explaining living processes . Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed by biochemical methodology and research . Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells , which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissues , organs , and organism structure and function . Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology , the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena . Much of biochemistry deals with the structures , functions and interactions of biological macromolecules , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates and lipids , which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life . The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions . These can be inorganic , for example water and metal ions , or organic , for example the amino acids , which are used to synthesize proteins . The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism . The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine , nutrition , and agriculture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nucleic_acid', 'summary': "Nucleic acids are the biopolymers , or small biomolecules , essential to all known forms of life . The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA . They are composed of nucleotides , which are the monomers made of three components : a 5-carbon sugar , a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base . If the sugar is a compound ribose , the polymer is RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) ; if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose , the polymer is DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) . Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules . These are found in abundance in all living things , where they function to create and encode and then store information of every living cell of every life-form organism on Earth . In turn , they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus - to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism . The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence , which provides the 'ladder-step ' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA . Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones - typically , one for RNA , two for DNA - and assembled into chains of base-pairs selected from the five primary , or canonical , nucleobases , which are : adenine , cytosine , guanine , thymine , and uracil . Thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA . Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis , the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase-pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes . In RNA , base-pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Recombinant_DNA', 'summary': 'Recombinant DNA ( rDNA ) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination ( such as molecular cloning ) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources , creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome . Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by combining at least two strands . Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure , and differ only in the nucleotide sequence within that identical overall structure . Recombinant DNA molecules are sometimes called chimeric DNA , because they can be made of material from two different species , like the mythical chimera . R-DNA technology uses palindromic sequences and leads to the production of sticky and blunt ends . The DNA sequences used in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules can originate from any species . For example , plant DNA may be joined to bacterial DNA , or human DNA may be joined with fungal DNA . In addition , DNA sequences that do not occur anywhere in nature may be created by the chemical synthesis of DNA , and incorporated into recombinant molecules . Using recombinant DNA technology and synthetic DNA , literally any DNA sequence may be created and introduced into any of a very wide range of living organisms . Proteins that can result from the expression of recombinant DNA within living cells are termed recombinant proteins . When recombinant DNA encoding a protein is introduced into a host organism , the recombinant protein is not necessarily produced . Expression of foreign proteins requires the use of specialized expression vectors and often necessitates significant restructuring by foreign coding sequences .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Davis Snell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Davis_Snell', 'summary': 'George Davis Snell ( December 19 , 1903 - June 6 , 1996 ) was an American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Arts and Sciences , 1933-1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex', 'summary': "The major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates , which in turn determines histocompatibility . The main function of MHC molecules is to bind to antigens derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T-cells . MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes , also called white blood cells ( WBCs ) , which are immune cells , with other leukocytes or with body cells . The MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant , as well as one 's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization . The human MHC is also called the HLA ( human leukocyte antigen ) complex ( often just the HLA ) . The MHC in mice is called the Histocompatibility system 2 or just the H-2 . In a cell , protein molecules of the host 's own phenotype or of other biologic entities are continually synthesized and degraded . Each MHC molecule on the cell surface displays a molecular fraction of a protein , called an epitope . The presented antigen can be either self or non-self , thus preventing an organism 's immune system targeting its own cells . In its entirety , the MHC population is like a meter indicating the balance of proteins within the cell . The MHC gene family is divided into three subgroups : MHC class I , MHC class II , and MHC class III . Class I MHC molecules have β2 microglobulin subunit which can only be recognised by CD8 co-receptors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Immune_system', 'summary': "The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . To function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . In many species , there are two major subsystems of the immune system : the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system . Both subsystems use humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity to perform their functions . In humans , the blood-brain barrier , blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid-brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system , which protects the brain . Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . These mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . Jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . Adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley Cohen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)', 'summary': 'Stanley Cohen ( November 17 , 1922 - February 5 , 2020 ) was an American biochemist who , along with Rita Levi-Montalcini , was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor . He died in February 2020 at the age of 97 .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Arts and Sciences , 1953-1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries of growth factors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Growth_factor', 'summary': 'A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth , proliferation , healing , and cellular differentiation . Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone . Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes . Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules between cells . Examples are cytokines and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells . They often promote cell differentiation and maturation , which varies between growth factors . For example , epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) enhances osteogenic differentiation , while fibroblast growth factors and vascular endothelial growth factors stimulate blood vessel differentiation ( angiogenesis ) .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rita Levi-Montalcini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini', 'summary': "Rita Levi-Montalcini OMRI OMCA ( US : /ˌleɪvi ˌmoʊntɑːlˈtʃiːni , ˌlɛv- , ˌliːvi ˌmɒntəlˈ-/ , Italian : [ ˈriːta ˈlɛːvi montalˈtʃiːni ] ; 22 April 1909 - 30 December 2012 ) was an Italian Nobel laureate , honored for her work in neurobiology . She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor ( NGF ) . From 2001 until her death , she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life . This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions . On 22 April 2009 , she became the first Nobel laureate ever to reach the age of 100 , and the event was feted with a party at Rome 's City Hall . At the time of her death , she was the oldest living Nobel laureate ."}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Arts and Sciences , 1948-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries of growth factors', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwin G. Krebs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs', 'summary': 'Edwin Gerhard Krebs ( June 6 , 1918 - December 21 , 2009 ) was an American biochemist . He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University in 1989 together with Alfred Gilman and , together with his collaborator Edmond H. Fischer , was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes . Edwin Krebs is not to be confused with Hans Adolf Krebs ( 1900-1981 ) , who was also a Nobel Prize-winning biochemist and who discovered the citric acid cycle , which is also known as the Krebs cycle .'}]}, {'value': 'M.D. , 1943 , Resident in Internal Medicine , Research Fellow in Biological Chemistry , 1945-1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physiology or Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': 'for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Protein', 'summary': 'Proteins are large biomolecules , or macromolecules , consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues . Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms , including catalysing metabolic reactions , DNA replication , responding to stimuli , providing structure to cells , and organisms , and transporting molecules from one location to another . Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids , which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes , and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity . A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide . A protein contains at least one long polypeptide . Short polypeptides , containing less than 20-30 residues , are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides , or sometimes oligopeptides . The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues . The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene , which is encoded in the genetic code . In general , the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids ; however , in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and - in certain archaea - pyrrolysine . Shortly after or even during synthesis , the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification , which alters the physical and chemical properties , folding , stability , activity , and ultimately , the function of the proteins . Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached , which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors . Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function , and they often associate to form stable protein complexes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phosphorylation', 'summary': 'In chemistry , phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group . Together with its counterpart , dephosphorylation , it is critical for many cellular processes in biology . Phosphorylation is especially important for protein function ; for example , this modification activates ( or deactivates ) almost half of the enzymes present in yeast , thereby regulating their function . Many proteins ( between 1/3 to 2/3 of the proteome in eukaryotes ) are phosphorylated temporarily , as are many sugars , lipids , and other biologically-relevant molecules .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglass North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglass_North', 'summary': 'Douglass Cecil North ( November 5 , 1920 - November 23 , 2015 ) was an American economist known for his work in economic history . He was the co-recipient ( with Robert William Fogel ) of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . In the words of the Nobel Committee , North and Fogel renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change .'}]}, {'value': 'Faculty of Arts and Sciences , 1983-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences', 'summary': "The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics , is an award for outstanding contributions to the field of economics , and generally regarded as the most prestigious award for that field . The award 's official name is The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ( Swedish : Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne ) . The prize was established in 1968 by a donation from Sweden 's central bank Sveriges Riksbank to the Nobel Foundation to commemorate the bank 's 300th anniversary . As it is not one of the prizes that Alfred Nobel established in his will in 1895 , it is not technically a Nobel Prize . However , it is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation . Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates , and receive the award at the same ceremony . Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch , for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes ."}]}, {'value': 'for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Economic_history', 'summary': "Economic history is the academic study of economies or economic events of the past . Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods , statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions . The field can encompass a wide variety of topics , including equality , finance , technology , labor , and business . It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself , analyzing it as a dynamic force and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived . Often economic history overlaps with global history in its emphasis on cross-border flows and international trends in the international economy . Using both quantitative data and qualitative sources , economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place . They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of production , labor , and capital , as well as the economy 's impact on society , culture , and language . Scholars of the discipline also study the various schools of economic thought such as mainstream economics , Marxian economics , the Chicago school of economics , and Keynesian economics . Sub-disciplines of the field include financial and business history , which overlaps with areas of social history such as demographic and labor history . The quantitative branch - in this case , econometric - study of economic history is also known as cliometrics . Historians have recently become more interested in another branch of economic history , often called the history of capitalism ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Laureates', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_0', 'intro': "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. As of 2014, there have been 23 laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis. Washington University considers laureates who attended the university as undergraduate students, graduate students or were members of the faculty as affiliated laureates. Arthur Compton, the chancellor of the university from 1945 to 1953, was the first laureate affiliated with the university, winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927. Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Washington University laureates; Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Carl Ferdinand Cori and wife Gerty Cori won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and Daniel Nathans and George Davis Snell won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}
null
null
The laureate who won the prize for work on viruses was born in which state ?
Michigan
09586ee10832e71f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Geung-young', 'title': 'Lee Geung-young', 'header': ['Year', 'English title', 'Korean title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2018', 'summary': 'The following is a list of South Korean films that were released in theaters in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Cyclist King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uhm_Bok-dong_(film)', 'summary': 'Race to Freedom : Uhm Bok-dong is a 2019 South Korean biographical drama film directed and written by Kim Yoo-sung . It stars Rain as a legendary cyclist Uhm Bok-dong .'}]}, {'value': '자전차왕 엄복동', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2018', 'summary': 'The following is a list of South Korean films that were released in theaters in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Monstrum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monstrum_(film)', 'summary': 'Monstrum is a 2018 South Korean period action film directed by Heo Jong-ho . It stars Kim Myung-min , Kim In-kwon , Lee Hye-ri and Choi Woo-shik . The film was released on September 12 , 2018 . It was chosen to compete in the Sitges International Fantastic Film Festival , screening there on 13 October .'}]}, {'value': '물괴', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sim Woon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2018', 'summary': 'The following is a list of South Korean films that were released in theaters in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Snatch Up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snatch_Up', 'summary': 'Snatch Up ( Korean : 머니백 ; RR : Meonibaek ; MR : lit . Money Bag ) is a 2018 South Korean action comedy film written and directed by Heo Jun-hyeong .'}]}, {'value': '머니백', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killer Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2018', 'summary': 'The following is a list of South Korean films that were released in theaters in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gate_(film)', 'summary': 'Gate ( Korean : 게이트 ; RR : Ge-i-teu ) is a 2018 South Korean crime comedy film directed by Shin Jai-ho .'}]}, {'value': '게이트', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jang-choon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Steel Rain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_Rain', 'summary': 'Steel Rain is a 2017 South Korean action thriller film directed by Yang Woo-suk , based on his 2011 webtoon of the same name . The film stars Jung Woo-sung and Kwak Do-won . The film opened in South Korea on December 14 , 2017 , and was later released worldwide on March 14 , 2018 , on Netflix .'}]}, {'value': '강철비', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Kyung-young', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Along With the Gods : The Two Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Along_With_the_Gods:_The_Two_Worlds', 'summary': 'Along with the Gods : The Two Worlds ( Korean : 신과함께 : 죄와 벌 ; Hanja : 神과함께 : 罪와 罰 ; RR : Sin gwa Hamkke - Joe wa Beol ; lit . Together with God - Sin and Punishment ) is a 2017 South Korean fantasy action film directed by Kim Yong-hwa and based on a webtoon by Joo Ho-min , Along with the Gods . It stars Ha Jung-woo , Cha Tae-hyun , Ju Ji-hoon and Kim Hyang-gi . The film was shot as one but presented in two parts . The first part , Along with the Gods : The Two Worlds , was released on 20 December 2017 . The sequel , titled Along with the Gods : The Last 49 Days , was released on August 1 , 2018 . In June 2018 , it was announced that another two sequels are scheduled to be filmed in 2019 . As of May 2019 , Along with the Gods : The Two Worlds is the third most viewed film in South Korean film history .'}]}, {'value': '신과 함께', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great King of the Senses', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Man of Will', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_of_Will', 'summary': 'Man of Will is a 2017 South Korean drama film directed by Lee Won-tae , starring Cho Jin-woong and Song Seung-heon . The film was released on October 19 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '대장 김창수', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Jae-jeong', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Battleship Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Battleship_Island', 'summary': 'The Battleship Island ( Korean : 군함도 ; Hanja : 軍艦島 ; RR : Gunhamdo ) is a 2017 South Korean period action film starring Hwang Jung-min , So Ji-sub , Song Joong-ki and Lee Jung-hyun . It is a Japanese occupation-era film about an attempted prison break from a forced labor camp on Hashima Island .'}]}, {'value': '군함도', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoon Hak-cheol', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Real', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_(2017_film)', 'summary': 'Real ( Korean : 리얼 ; RR : Rieol ) is a South Korean neo-noir action film based on character from Manhwa webtoons superheroes comic book by TMS Comics , directed by Lee Sa-rang , starring Kim Soo-hyun , Sung Dong-il , Lee Sung-min , Sulli ( in her final film appearance ) and Jo Woo-jin . The film was released on June 28 , 2017 in South Korea .'}]}, {'value': '리얼', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noh Yeom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Merciless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Merciless_(film)', 'summary': 'The Merciless is a 2017 South Korean crime-action film based on fictional character comic book from PLUSMAKER Comics , directed by Byun Sung-hyun , and starring Sol Kyung-gu and Im Si-wan . The film was released in South Korea on May 17 , 2017 . It was shown out of competition in the Midnight Screenings section at the 70th Cannes Film Festival on May 24 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '불한당 : 나쁜 놈들의 세상', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byung-chul', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Mayor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mayor_(2017_film)', 'summary': 'The Mayor ( Korean : 특별시민 ; Hanja : 特別市民 ; RR : Teukbyeolsimin , lit . Special Citizen ) is a 2017 South Korean political drama film written and directed by Park In-je . It stars Choi Min-sik , Kwak Do-won , Shim Eun-kyung , Moon So-ri , Ra Mi-ran , Ryu Hye-young , and Ki Hong Lee . The film was released in South Korea on April 26 , 2017 and in the US and Canada on April 28 .'}]}, {'value': '특별시민', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeong Chi-in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Prison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Prison_(2017_film)', 'summary': 'The Prison ( Korean : 프리즌 ; RR : Peurijeun ; lit . Prison ) is a 2017 South Korean prison action film directed by Na Hyun and starring Han Suk-kyu and Kim Rae-won . It was released on March 23 , 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '프리즌', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General manager Bae', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Trial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Trial_(film)', 'summary': 'New Trial ( Korean : 재심 ; Hanja : 再審 ; RR : Jaesim ) is a 2017 South Korean film written and directed by Kim Tae-yoon , starring Jung Woo and Kang Ha-neul . The film is based on the 2000 Iksan murder case where a teenage boy was falsely accused of the murder of a taxi driver and spends ten years in prison .'}]}, {'value': '재심', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attorney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2017', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': "I 'm Doing Fine in Middle School", 'urls': []}, {'value': '중2라도 괜찮아', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taoist Baek-woon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2016', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Misbehavior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misbehavior_(film)', 'summary': 'Misbehavior ( Korean : 여교사 ; RR : Yeogyosa , lit . Female Teacher ) is a 2016 South Korean psychological thriller film written and directed by Kim Tae-yong . The film stars Kim Ha-neul , Yoo In-young and Lee Won-keun .'}]}, {'value': '여교사', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Board Chairman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2016', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pandora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pandora_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'Pandora ( Korean : 판도라 ; RR : Pandora ) is a 2016 South Korean disaster film written and directed by Park Jung-woo , starring Kim Nam-Gil . The film was released in South Korea on December 7 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '판도라', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2015', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Inside Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inside_Men_(film)', 'summary': "Inside Men ( Korean : 내부자들 ; Hanja : 内部者들 ; RR : Naebujadeul ) is a 2015 South Korean political crime-action film written and directed by Woo Min-ho based on Yoon Tae-ho 's webtoon The Insiders that dissects the corruption within Korean society . Starring Lee Byung-hun , Cho Seung-woo and Baek Yoon-sik , it began filming in July 2014 and was released in theaters on November 19 , 2015 . Inside Men and the director 's cut Inside Men : The Original have sold a total of 9.1 million admissions at the box office , thus becoming the top grossing R-rated movie of all-time at the Korean Box office ."}]}, {'value': '내부자들', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jang Pil-woo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2015', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Magician', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Magician_(2015_film)', 'summary': 'The Magician ( Korean : 조선마술사 ; RR : Joseon masulsa ; lit . Joseon Magician ) is a 2015 South Korean period fantasy film directed by Kim Dae-seung . The film was released in December 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '조선마술사', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2015', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Long Way Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Long_Way_Home_(2015_film)', 'summary': 'The Long Way Home ( Korean : 서부전선 ; RR : Seobu Jeonseon ; lit . Western Front ) is a 2015 South Korean film written and directed by Cheon Sung-il , about the friendship between a South Korean and a North Korean soldier during the Korean War .'}]}, {'value': '서부전선', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieutenant Yoo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_films_of_2015', 'summary': 'This is a list of South Korean films that received a domestic theatrical release in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Untouchable Lawmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Untouchable_Lawmen', 'summary': 'Untouchable Lawman ( Korean : 치외법권 ) is a 2015 South Korean action comedy film directed by Shin Jai-ho . It was released on August 27 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '치외법권', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief detective Wang', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Lee_Geung-young_0', 'intro': 'Lee Geung-young (born December 12, 1960) is a South Korean actor. He graduated from the Department of Drama in Seoul. He debuted in 1977 and after completing his mandatory military service, he debuted in 1982 as the 10th public relations actor for the Korea Broadcasting Corporation (KBS), became a voice actor for a year, and re-entered his KBS 18th career in 1983. In 1983, he debuted as an actor in the KBS drama Ordinary People. He also wrote and directed the films The Gate of Destiny (1996) and The Beauty in Dream (2002). In 2002, Lee has been blacklisted by MBC since he was arrested in 2001 for having sex with a minor. Since then, he has not appeared in a television drama on MBC or other major networks.'}
null
null
Who directed the movie that stars Lee Geung-young as Sim Woon ?
Heo Jong-ho
095897313c63f24a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_faculty', 'title': 'List of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty', 'header': ['Name', 'Department', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'George P. Bud Peterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_P._"Bud"_Peterson', 'summary': "George P. Bud Peterson ( born Sept. 1 , 1952 ) is the former president of the Georgia Institute of Technology . Peterson is a graduate of Kansas State University , where he earned B.S . degrees in Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics and an M.S . in Engineering , and Texas A & M University , where he earned a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering . On Jan. 7 , 2019 , Dr. Peterson announced his upcoming retirement from Georgia Tech , effective summer of 2019 . His successor , Ángel Cabrera , assumed the office Sept. 1 , 2019 , after serving for seven years as president of George Mason University in Fairfax , Virginia . In September 2019 , the University System of Georgia Board of Regents voted to name Peterson President Emeritus and Regents Professor of Mechanical Engineering for the standard three-year term . The Board of Regents also awarded him tenure . Prior to his position as Georgia Tech 's 11th president , Peterson served as the chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder , the provost of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , and associate vice-chancellor and executive associate dean of Engineering of Texas A & M University . Peterson was named as the sole finalist for the position of president of Georgia Tech on Feb. 2 , 2009 , and was accepted Feb. 25 , 2009 . He succeeded G. Wayne Clough and Gary Schuster ( interim ) when he took the position April 1 , 2009 . He was officially installed as president at a Sept. 3 , 2009 , investiture ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'President : 2009 - present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G. Wayne Clough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G._Wayne_Clough', 'summary': 'Gerald Wayne Clough ( born September 24 , 1941 ) is President Emeritus of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( Georgia Tech ) and former Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution . A graduate of Georgia Tech in civil engineering , he was the first alumnus to serve as President of the Institute . Clough was president of Georgia Tech from 1994 to 2008 , when he oversaw dramatic changes in the institute , including $ 1 billion in new construction , increased retention and graduation rates , a higher nationwide ranking and a much larger student body . His administration championed programs which encouraged undergraduate research , offered international experiences , and made college more affordable for low-income students . The Clough Undergraduate Learning Commons , which officially opened its doors in August 2011 , is named in his honor . Clough has garnered many other awards and honors , including the title of President Emeritus , two Norman Medals , eight honorary degrees , and membership in the National Science Board .'}]}, {'value': 'President : 1994 - 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'the first alumnus to become President of Georgia Tech ; separated the Ivan Allen College of Management , Policy , and International Affairs into the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts ; returned the College of Management to College status', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Patrick Crecine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Patrick_Crecine', 'summary': "John Patrick Pat Crecine ( August 22 , 1939 - April 28 , 2008 ) was an American educator and economist who served as President of Georgia Tech , Dean at Carnegie Mellon University , business executive , and professor . After receiving his early education at public schools in Lansing , Michigan , he earned a bachelor 's degree in industrial management , and master 's and doctoral degrees in industrial administration from the Graduate School of Industrial Administration ( now called Tepper School of Business ) at Carnegie Mellon University . He also spent a year at the Stanford University School of Business ."}]}, {'value': 'President : 1987 - 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'initiated the establishment of the College of Computing ( the first computing college in the US ) , the Ivan Allen College of Management , Policy , and International Affairs , and the College of Sciences ; served as Chairman of the Georgia Tech Athletic Association and as President of the Georgia Tech Research Corporation ; active member of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games before and after Atlanta was chosen as host for the Centennial Games', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph M. Pettit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_M._Pettit', 'summary': "Joseph Mayo Pettit ( July 15 , 1916 - September 15 , 1986 ) was an engineer who became dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering from 1958 to 1972 , and president of the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1972 to 1986 . While president of Georgia Tech , Pettit advanced the causes of research and industrial development at the school ; Tech 's research budget surpassed the $ 100 million mark and Pettit headed Tech 's $ 100 million Centennial Campaign ."}]}, {'value': 'President : 1972 - 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur G. Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_G._Hansen', 'summary': 'Arthur Gene Art Hansen ( February 28 , 1925 - July 5 , 2010 ) was a philanthropist and former chancellor of several American universities .'}]}, {'value': 'President : 1969 - 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwin D. Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_D._Harrison', 'summary': "Edwin Davies Harrison ( January 8 , 1916 - October 23 , 2001 ) was the sixth president of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( Georgia Tech ) , from 1957 to 1969 . It was in Harrison 's honor that the first 'T ' was stolen from the face of Tech Tower . His administration also tackled the difficult issues of integration and competitive pay for faculty members ."}]}, {'value': 'President : 1957 - 1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blake R. Van Leer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blake_Ragsdale_Van_Leer', 'summary': 'Blake Ragsdale Van Leer ( August 16 , 1893 - January 23 , 1956 ) was the fifth president of Georgia Institute of Technology , former dean of University of Florida and North Carolina State University . He was also a United States Army officer . During his 22-year tenure at Georgia Tech , women were admitted for the first time , Tech changed its name from Georgia School of Technology to the Georgia Institute of Technology and went through a dramatic change .'}]}, {'value': 'President : 1944 - 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'instrumental in making the school and Atlanta the first major research center in the American South', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marion L. Brittain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_L._Brittain', 'summary': "Marion Luther Brittain , Sr. ( November 11 , 1866 - July 13 , 1953 ) was an American academic administrator and president of the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1922 to 1944 . Brittain was born in Georgia and , aside from a brief stint at the University of Chicago for graduate school , spent most of his life serving the educational community there . After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree from Emory College in 1886 , Brittain worked his way up the ranks from principal of an Atlanta high school to superintendent of education for the entire state of Georgia . In 1922 , Brittain accepted the position of president of the Georgia Institute of Technology , then called the Georgia School of Technology , an office he would hold until his retirement in 1944 . During his 22-year tenure at Georgia Tech , Brittain was credited with doubling student enrollment , establishing what is now the second largest aerospace engineering faculty in the United States , and playing an influential role in securing Georgia Tech 's position as a leading technical institute and research university . After his retirement , Brittain wrote The Story of Georgia Tech ( 1948 ) , a history of the Institute published shortly before his death in 1953 ."}]}, {'value': 'President : 1922 - 1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'establish the David Guggenheim School of Aeronautics ; established the first ROTC unit in the Southern United States ; got accreditation for the Institute by SACS ; attributed with providing the vision and securing the finances to move Georgia Tech away from its roots as a teaching-oriented trade school and towards a new focus on science and technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps', 'summary': "The Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) is a group of college and university-based officer training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_United_States', 'summary': "The Southern United States , also known as the American South or simply the South , is a geographic and cultural region of the United States . It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States , with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south . The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner . California , Arizona and New Mexico , which are geographically in the southern part of the country , are rarely considered part , while West Virginia , which separated from Virginia in 1863 , commonly is . Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries . While the states of Delaware and Maryland , as well as the District of Columbia , permitted slavery prior to and during the Civil War , they remained with the Union . Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s , they became more culturally , economically , and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states , and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents , businesses , public institutions , and private organizations ; however , the United States Census Bureau continues to define them as in the South with regard to census regions . Usually , the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States . The region is known for its culture and history , having developed its own customs , musical styles , and cuisines , which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States . The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European ( mostly English , Italian , Scottish , Scotch-Irish , Irish , German , French , Portuguese and Spanish American ) , African and some Native American components . Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States ; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population ; support for the doctrine of states ' rights , and the legacy of racism magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era , as seen in thousands of lynchings ( mostly from 1880 to 1930 ) , the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws , that lasted until the 1960s , and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools', 'summary': 'The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) is one of the six regional accreditation organizations recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation . This agency accredits over 13,000 public and private educational institutions ranging from preschool to college level in the Southern United States . Its headquarters are in North Druid Hills , Georgia , near Decatur and in the Atlanta metropolitan area . SACS accredits educational institutions in the states of Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Alabama , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia , as well as schools for US students in Mexico , the Caribbean , Central America , and South America . There are a number of affiliate organizations within the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . One affiliate organization is the Southern Association of Community , Junior , and Technical Colleges .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth G. Matheson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_G._Matheson', 'summary': 'Kenneth Gordon Matheson ( July 28 , 1864 - November 29 , 1931 ) was a professor at and a chancellor of several educational institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'President : 1906 - 1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': "oversaw the school 's transition from a trade school to a technological university ; pioneered the bill that would eventually result in the establishment of the GTRI", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Research_Institute', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Research Institute ( GTRI ) is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia , United States . GTRI employs around 2,400 people , and is involved in approximately $ 600 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government . Initially known as the Engineering Experiment Station , ( EES ) the organization was proposed in 1929 by W. Harry Vaughan as an analogue to the agricultural experiment stations ; the Georgia General Assembly passed a law that year creating the organization on paper , but did not allocate funds to start it . To boost the state 's struggling economy in the midst of the Great Depression , funds were found , and the station was finally established with US $ 5,000 ( equivalent to $ 80,000 in 2018 ) in April 1934 . GTRI 's research spans a variety of disciplines , including national defense , homeland security , public health , education , mobile and wireless technologies , and economic development . Major customers for GTRI research include United States Department of Defense agencies , the state of Georgia , non-defense federal agencies , and private industry . Overall , contracts and grants from Department of Defense agencies account for approximately 84% of GTRI 's total research funding . Since it was established , GTRI has expanded its engineering focus to include science , economics , policy , and other areas that leverage GTRI 's partnership with Georgia Tech . GTRI researchers are named on 76 active patents and 43 pending patents ."}]}, {'value': 'Lyman Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyman_Hall_(academic)', 'summary': "Lyman Hall ( February 18 , 1859 - August 16 , 1905 ) was a professor and president of the Georgia School of Technology ( now called the Georgia Institute of Technology , commonly referred to as Georgia Tech ) . He is perhaps best known for bringing what is now the School of Materials Science & Engineering to Georgia Tech . Hall 's administration also introduced degrees in electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896 , textile engineering in February 1899 , and engineering chemistry in January 1901 . Hall died in 1905 , reportedly due to the stress of fundraising for a new chemistry building which now bears his name ."}]}, {'value': 'President : 1896 - 1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'noted for his aggressive fundraising and improvements to the school ; opened the first textile engineering school in the Southern United States ; established new degrees : electrical engineering , civil engineering , textile engineering , engineering chemistry ; was an infamous disciplinarian , punishing the entire senior class because they came home a day late from Christmas vacation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemical_engineering', 'summary': 'Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that uses principles of chemistry , physics , mathematics , biology , and economics to efficiently use , produce , design , transport and transform energy and materials . The work of chemical engineers can range from the utilisation of nano-technology and nano-materials in the laboratory to large-scale industrial processes that convert chemicals , raw materials , living cells , microorganisms , and energy into useful forms and products . Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of plant design and operation , including safety and hazard assessments , process design and analysis , modeling , control engineering , chemical reaction engineering , nuclear engineering , biological engineering , construction specification , and operating instructions . Chemical engineers typically hold a degree in Chemical Engineering or Process Engineering . Practising engineers may have professional certification and be accredited members of a professional body . Such bodies include the Institution of Chemical Engineers ( IChemE ) or the American Institute of Chemical Engineers ( AIChE ) . A degree in chemical engineering is directly linked with all of the other engineering disciplines , to various extents .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac S. Hopkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_S._Hopkins', 'summary': 'Isaac Stiles Hopkins ( June 20 , 1841 - February 3 , 1914 ) was a professor and the first President of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( 1888-1896 ) as well as pastor of the First Methodist Church in Atlanta , Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'President : 1888 - 1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_faculty_0', 'intro': 'This list of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty current and former faculty, staff and presidents of the Georgia Institute of Technology.'}
null
null
When did the person that served as president in 1967 die ?
October 23 , 2001
095afb3157a41493
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_throwing', 'title': 'Mobile phone throwing', 'header': ['YEAR', 'DISTANCE', 'ATHLETE', 'PLACE'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2000 . The primary athletics competition for the 2000 season was at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2001 . The foremost competition of the season was the 2001 World Championships in Athletics in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . The 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships was the second major track and field event that year .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2002 . There was no primary championships that season , although continental championships were held in Africa , Asia and Europe . The foremost athletics competitions at games events occurred at the 2002 Commonwealth Games , the 2002 Asian Games and the 2002 CAC Games . The 2002 IAAF World Cup was the major global outdoor track and field event . Paula Radcliffe was among the season 's top performers , having set world records at the London and Chicago Marathons , as well becoming European and Commonwealth champion on the track ."}]}, {'value': '20.35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mina Kulju ( FIN )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2003 . The foremost competition of the year was the 2003 World Championships in Athletics , followed by the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships . At regional level , athletics was featured at two major games that were held that year : the 2003 Pan American Games and the 2003 All-Africa Games .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2004 . The major competition of the year was the 2004 Summer Olympics . At the event , Yelena Isinbayeva cleared a world record 4.91 m in the pole vault . Liu Xiang won the men 's 110 metres hurdles with a world record-equalling time of 12.91 seconds , defying traditional beliefs about the physical calibre of Chinese ( and Asian ) sprint athletes . Hicham El Guerrouj capped off his prominent international career with two gold medals in the 1500 m and 5000 m. The Olympic competition in Athens was marred by an incident involving Greek Olympic medallists Konstantinos Kenteris and Ekaterini Thanou , who were alleged to have staged a motorcycle crash in order to avoid doping tests . Both athletes missed the competition and were later banned for missing three doping tests ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page shows the main events during the 2005 year in the sport of athletics throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '38.74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Singleton ( GBR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'The following events in the sport of athletics took place in 2006 :'}]}, {'value': '53.52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Singleton ( GBR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This article contains an overview of the sport of athletics , including track and field , cross country and road running , in the year 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '52.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Singleton ( GBR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 2008 in athletics'}]}, {'value': '41.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeria Kadorova ( EST )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 2009 in athletics . The major competition of the year was the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . At the event , Usain Bolt reaffirmed himself as one of the world 's foremost athletes with world records in the 100 and 200 metres . Caster Semenya won 800 m gold at the championships , but a request that she submit to a gender verification test was made public , sparking widespread controversy and debate . Yelena Isinbayeva , a clear favourite , finished last in the pole vault competition , but rebounded with a world record a week later . Kenenisa Bekele , Sanya Richards and Isinbayeva were the winners of the last IAAF Golden League jackpot , as the series was replaced by the IAAF Diamond League in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '37.05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suvi Torikka ( FIN )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savonlinna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savonlinna', 'summary': "Savonlinna ( UK : /ˌsɑːvɒnˈlɪnə/ , Finnish : [ ˈsɑʋonˈlinnɑ ] , lit . 'Castle of Savonia ' ; Swedish : Nyslott , lit . 'New Castle ' ) is a town and a municipality of 33,580 inhabitants in the southeast of Finland , in the heart of the Saimaa lake region ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "In 2010 there was no obvious , primary athletics championship , as neither the Summer Olympics nor the World Championships in Athletics occurred in the year . The foremost championships to be held in 2010 included : the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships , 2010 European Athletics Championships , 2010 African Championships in Athletics , and Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . Two major competitions debuted in new formats . The IAAF Diamond League - a worldwide expansion on the European-centred IAAF Golden League concept - saw a schedule of fourteen one-day meetings with some of the sport 's most prominent athletes centrally contracted to a track and field series for the first time . The second competition was the renamed IAAF Continental Cup ( formerly World Cup ) which had its format simplified : previously a contest between several countries and continents , it comprised only four teams ( Africa , the Americas , Europe and Asia/Oceania ) ."}]}, {'value': '48.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephanie Parusel ( LIE )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liechtenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liechtenstein', 'summary': "Liechtenstein ( /ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ ( listen ) LIK-tən-styne ; German : [ ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn ] ) , officially the Principality of Liechtenstein ( German : Fürstentum Liechtenstein ) , is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps and in the southwest of Central Europe . The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein ; the Prince 's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system . Liechtenstein is bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and Austria to the east and north . It is Europe 's fourth-smallest country , with an area of just over 160 square kilometres ( 62 square miles ) and a population of 38,557 . Divided into 11 municipalities , its capital is Vaduz , and its largest municipality is Schaan . It is also the smallest country to border two countries . Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan are the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world . Economically , Liechtenstein has one of the highest gross domestic products per person in the world when adjusted for purchasing power parity . It was once known as a billionaire tax haven , but is no longer on any blacklists of uncooperative tax haven countries . An Alpine country , Liechtenstein is mountainous , making it a winter sport destination . The country has a strong financial sector centered in Vaduz . Liechtenstein is a member of the United Nations , the European Free Trade Association , and the Council of Europe , and although not a member of the European Union , it participates in both the Schengen Area and the European Economic Area ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2011 , the foremost athletics event was the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu . The other major global level competition held in 2011 was the World Cross Country Championships . The 2011 season marked the re-establishment of the African Cross Country Championships , an event created in response to the change of the World Cross Championships from an annual to a biennial format . It was also the first year since 1992 that the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was not held , as that competition also switched to a two-year schedule .'}]}, {'value': '48.xx', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netta Karvinen ( FIN )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savonlinna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savonlinna', 'summary': "Savonlinna ( UK : /ˌsɑːvɒnˈlɪnə/ , Finnish : [ ˈsɑʋonˈlinnɑ ] , lit . 'Castle of Savonia ' ; Swedish : Nyslott , lit . 'New Castle ' ) is a town and a municipality of 33,580 inhabitants in the southeast of Finland , in the heart of the Saimaa lake region ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2012 the foremost competition in athletics was the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . The International Association of Athletics Federations held four other global level competitions in 2012 : the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships , 2012 IAAF World Race Walking Cup , 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics and the 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . For the first time since 1945 , there was no global level championship for cross country running , as the IAAF World Cross Country Championships moved to a biennial format . Three of the major continental championships were held a month prior to the London Olympics : the 2012 African Championships in Athletics , 2012 European Athletics Championships and 2012 Oceania Athletics Championships . The Diamond League entered its third year as the foremost seasonal track and field series .'}]}, {'value': '60.24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tereza Kopicová ( CZE )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'In 2019 , the main athletic events are the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , the 2019 IAAF World Relays , and the 2019 World Athletics Championships .'}]}, {'value': '41.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beata Iwanicka ( POL )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Przemysl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Przemysl', 'summary': "Przemyśl ( [ ˈpʂɛmɨɕl ] ( listen ) German : Premissel , Ukrainian : Перемишль , Peremyshl ) is a city in southeastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants , as of June 2009 . In 1999 , it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship ; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship . Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location . The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate , with open lines of transportation , and fertile soil . It also lies on the navigable San River . Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemyśl ensure the city 's importance ."}]}], 'section_title': "Records -- Women 's seasons best", 'section_text': '( Updated June 2019 )', 'uid': 'Mobile_phone_throwing_3', 'intro': "Mobile phone throwing is an international sport that started in Finland in the year 2000. It's a sport in which participants throw mobile phones and are judged on distance or technique. World record holder is Tom Philipp Reinhardt from Germany with a throw of 136,75m. There are usually four categories in the sport:"}
null
null
What athlete set world records at the 100 and 200 metres events at the World Championships in Athletics in the same year that a mobile phone was thrown 37.05 in the city that is in the heart of the Saimaa lake region ?
Usain Bolt
095b11324cd30f9b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-themed_speculative_fiction', 'title': 'List of LGBT-themed speculative fiction', 'header': ['Title', 'Author', 'Year', 'LGBT content'], 'data': [{'value': 'Empire of the Senseless', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathy Acker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Acker', 'summary': 'Kathy Acker ( April 18 , 1947 - November 30 , 1997 ) was an American experimental novelist , playwright , essayist , postmodernist and sex-positive feminist writer . She was influenced by the Black Mountain School poets , the writer William S. Burroughs , the artist and theoretician David Antin , French critical theory , feminist artists Carolee Schneeman and Eleanor Antin , and by philosophy , mysticism , and pornography .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bisexual main character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dark Light Years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Aldiss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Aldiss', 'summary': 'Brian Wilson Aldiss , OBE ( /ˈɔːldɪs/ ; 18 August 1925 - 19 August 2017 ) , was an English writer and anthology-editor , best known for science fiction novels and short stories . His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss , except for occasional pseudonyms during the mid-1960s . Greatly influenced by science fiction pioneer H. G. Wells , Aldiss was a vice-president of the international H. G. Wells Society . He was ( with Harry Harrison ) co-president of the Birmingham Science Fiction Group . Aldiss was named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of America in 2000 and inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2004 . He received two Hugo Awards , one Nebula Award , and one John W. Campbell Memorial Award . He wrote the short story Supertoys Last All Summer Long ( 1969 ) , the basis for the Stanley Kubrick-developed Steven Spielberg film A.I . Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) . Aldiss was associated with the British New Wave of science fiction .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gender-shifting aliens , gay male characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All the Birds in the Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Birds_in_the_Sky', 'summary': 'All the Birds in the Sky is a 2016 science fantasy novel by American writer and editor Charlie Jane Anders . It is her debut speculative fiction novel and was first published in January 2016 in the United States by Tor Books . The book is about a witch and a techno-geek , their troubled relationship , and their attempts to save the world from disaster . The publisher described the work as blending literary fantasy and science fiction . The novel was generally well received by critics . It won the 2017 Nebula Award for Best Novel , the 2017 IAFA William L. Crawford Fantasy Award , and the 2017 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel ; it was also nominated for the 2017 Hugo Award for Best Novel . Time magazine placed it No . 5 on its Top 10 Novels of 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Jane Anders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Jane_Anders', 'summary': "Charlie Jane Anders is an American writer and commentator . She has written several novels and is the publisher of other magazine , the magazine of pop culture and politics for the new outcasts . In 2005 , she received the Lambda Literary Award for work in the transgender category , and in 2009 , the Emperor Norton Award . Her 2011 novelette Six Months , Three Days won the 2012 Hugo and was a finalist for the Nebula and Theodore Sturgeon Awards . Her 2016 novel All the Birds in the Sky was listed No . 5 on Time magazine 's Top 10 Novels of 2016 , won the 2017 Nebula Award for Best Novel , the 2017 Crawford Award , and the 2017 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel ; it was also a finalist for the 2017 Hugo Award for Best Novel . With her partner Annalee Newitz , she won the 2019 Hugo Best Fancast Award for their podcast Our Opinions Are Correct ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Non-binary and asexual characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virgin Planet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poul Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poul_Anderson', 'summary': 'Poul William Anderson ( November 25 , 1926 - July 31 , 2001 ) was an American science fiction author who began his career in the 1940s and continued to write into the 21st century . Anderson authored several works of fantasy , historical novels , and short stories . His awards include seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All-female world , lesbian characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Gods Themselves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gods_Themselves', 'summary': 'The Gods Themselves is a 1972 science fiction novel written by Isaac Asimov . It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972 , and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973 . The book is divided into three main parts , which were first published in Galaxy Magazine and Worlds of If as three consecutive stories .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Asimov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Asimov', 'summary': "Isaac Asimov ( /ˈæzɪmɒv/ ; [ b ] [ c ] c. January 2 , 1920 [ a ] - April 6 , 1992 ) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University . He was known for his works of science fiction and popular science . Asimov was a prolific writer who wrote or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards . [ d ] His books have been published in 9 of the 10 major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification . Asimov wrote hard science fiction . Along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke , Asimov was considered one of the Big Three science fiction writers during his lifetime . Asimov 's most famous work is the Foundation series , the first three books of which won the one-time Hugo Award for Best All-Time Series in 1966 . His other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series . The Galactic Empire novels are set in earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series . Later , with Foundation and Earth ( 1986 ) , he linked this distant future to the Robot stories , creating a unified future history for his stories much like those pioneered by Robert A. Heinlein and previously produced by Cordwainer Smith and Poul Anderson . He also wrote hundreds of short stories , including the social science fiction novelette Nightfall , which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the Science Fiction Writers of America . Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alien species with three sexes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Handmaid 's Tale", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Handmaid's_Tale", 'summary': "The Handmaid 's Tale , originally published in 1985 , is a dystopian novel written by Canadian author Margaret Atwood . It is set in a near-future New England , in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy that overthrows the United States government . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of subjugated women in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women resist and attempt to gain individuality and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( The Merchant 's Tale , The Parson 's Tale , etc. ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , by night and by other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life that she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a 2017 television series , and other media . In 2019 , a sequel novel , The Testaments , was published ."}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Atwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Atwood', 'summary': "Margaret Eleanor Atwood CH CC OOnt CH FRSC ( born November 18 , 1939 ) is a Canadian poet , novelist , literary critic , essayist , inventor , teacher , and environmental activist . Since 1961 , she has published 18 books of poetry , 18 novels , 11 books of non-fiction , nine collections of short fiction , eight children 's books , and two graphic novels , as well as a number of small press editions of both poetry and fiction . Atwood has won numerous awards and honors for her writing , including the Booker Prize ( twice ) , Arthur C. Clarke Award , Governor General 's Award , Franz Kafka Prize , and the National Book Critics and PEN Center USA Lifetime Achievement Awards . A number of her works have been adapted for film and television , increasing her exposure . Atwood 's works encompass a variety of themes including gender and identity , religion and myth , the power of language , climate change , and power politics . Many of her poems are inspired by myths and fairy tales which interested her from a very early age . Atwood is a founder of the Griffin Poetry Prize and Writers ' Trust of Canada . She is also a Senior Fellow of Massey College , Toronto . Atwood is also the inventor and developer of the LongPen and associated technologies that facilitate remote robotic writing of documents ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesbian character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shadowdance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadowdance_(novel)', 'summary': 'Shadowdance is a novel by Robin Wayne Bailey published by White Wolf Books in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robin Wayne Bailey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Wayne_Bailey', 'summary': 'Robin Wayne Bailey ( born 1952 ) is an American writer of speculative fiction , both fantasy and science fiction . He is a founder of the Science Fiction Hall of Fame ( 1996 ) and a past president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( SFWA , 2005-2007 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay protagonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tithe : A Modern Faerie Tale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tithe:_A_Modern_Faerie_Tale', 'summary': "Tithe : A Modern Faerie Tale is a young-adult fantasy novel written by Holly Black . It was published in 2002 by Simon & Schuster , who recommended it for ages 12 up . Sequels -- Valiant ( 2005 ) and Ironside ( 2007 ) -- completed a trilogy that is sometimes called [ A ] Modern Tale of Faerie , the subtitle of volume two . The novel is set on the Jersey Shore and Black calls it suburban fantasy , as opposed to urban fantasy . Tithe was one of five finalists for the annual Mythopoeic Fantasy Award in children 's literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Holly Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holly_Black', 'summary': "Holly Black née Riggenbach ( born November 10 , 1971 ) is an American writer and editor best known for The Spiderwick Chronicles , a series of children 's fantasy books she created with writer and illustrator Tony DiTerlizzi , and a trilogy of Young Adult novels officially called the Modern Faerie Tales trilogy . Her 2013 novel Doll Bones was named a Newbery Medal honor book ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay major characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darkover Series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marion Zimmer Bradley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley', 'summary': 'Marion Eleanor Zimmer Bradley ( June 3 , 1930 - September 25 , 1999 ) was an American author of fantasy , historical fantasy , science fiction , and science fantasy novels , and is best known for the Arthurian fiction novel The Mists of Avalon , and the Darkover series . While she is noted for her feminist perspective in her writing , :28-29 her popularity has been posthumously marred by multiple accusations against her of child sexual abuse and rape by two of her children , Mark and Moira Greyland , and others .'}]}, {'value': '1962-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay and lesbian protagonists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Heritage of Hastur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Heritage_of_Hastur', 'summary': "The Heritage of Hastur is a science fantasy novel by American writer Marion Zimmer Bradley , part of the Darkover series . It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1975 . It explores sexual themes , particularly the view that homosexuality is a normal variant of human sexuality . The Heritage of Hastur is set in what Bradley called Darkover 's Second Age Against the Terrans ( after the Comyn ) . In The Bloody Sun , Lew Alton is described as age 11 , which suggests that this book takes place 10-15 years later ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion Zimmer Bradley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay male protagonist and antagonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Shattered Chain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Shattered_Chain', 'summary': "The Shattered Chain is a novel by American writer Marion Zimmer Bradley , part of her Darkover series . In terms of the Darkover timeline , The Shattered Chain takes place about ten years before Thendara House . The Shattered Chain is the first Darkovan novel to explore the world of the Renunciates - the Free Amazons or comhii letzi . The Renunciates are women who , despite living in a deeply patriarchal and feudal culture , have renounced both the protection and control of men , cutting their hair and living apart , vowing never to marry di catenas with a man . The Shattered Chain is divided into three parts , the first titled 'Rohana Ardais : Comynara ' , the second 'Magda Lorne : Terran Agent ' and the third , 'Jaelle n'ha Melora : Free Amazon ' , and each follows one female character 's experiences with the Free Amazons of Darkover ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion Zimmer Bradley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All-female society , lesbian themes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrior Woman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marion Zimmer Bradley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesbian main characters , positive portrayal of lesbian relationships', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beauty Queens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Libba Bray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libba_Bray', 'summary': 'Libba Bray ( born Martha Elizabeth Bray ; March 11 , 1964 ) is an American writer of young adult novels including the Gemma Doyle Trilogy , Going Bovine , and The Diviners . She lived in Texas until she was 26 years old . After that she moved to New York City , where she now lives with her husband and fifteen-year-old son . Her father was a preacher and her mother was a teacher .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transgender and lesbian major characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Civil Campaign', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Civil_Campaign', 'summary': "A Civil Campaign : A Comedy of Biology and Manners is a science fiction novel by American writer Lois McMaster Bujold , first published in September 1999 . It is a part of the Vorkosigan Saga , and is the thirteenth full-length novel in publication order . It is included in the 2008 omnibus Miles in Love . The title is an homage to the Georgette Heyer novel A Civil Contract and , like Heyer 's historical romances , the novel focuses on romance , comedy , and courtship . It is dedicated to Jane , Charlotte , Georgette , and Dorothy , likely the novelists Jane Austen , Charlotte Brontë , Georgette Heyer , and Dorothy L. Sayers or Dorothy Dunnett ."}]}, {'value': 'Lois McMaster Bujold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold', 'summary': "Lois McMaster Bujold ( /buːˈʒoʊld/ ( listen ) boo-ZHOHLD ; born November 2 , 1949 ) is an American speculative fiction writer . She is one of the most acclaimed writers in her field , having won the Hugo Award for best novel four times , matching Robert A. Heinlein 's record ( not counting his Retro Hugos ) . Her novella The Mountains of Mourning won both the Hugo Award and Nebula Award . In the fantasy genre , The Curse of Chalion won the Mythopoeic Award for Adult Literature and was nominated for the 2002 World Fantasy Award for best novel , and both her fourth Hugo Award and second Nebula Award were for Paladin of Souls . In 2011 she was awarded the Skylark Award . In 2013 she was awarded the Forry Award for Lifetime Achievement , named for Forrest J. Ackerman , by the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society . She has won two Hugo Awards for Best Series , in 2017 for the Vorkosigan Saga and in 2018 for the Chalion series . The Science Fiction Writers of America named her its 36th SFWA Grand Master in 2019 . The bulk of Bujold 's works comprises three separate book series : the Vorkosigan Saga , the Chalion series , and the Sharing Knife series ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transgender character', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethan of Athos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethan_of_Athos', 'summary': "Ethan of Athos is a 1986 science fiction novel by American author Lois McMaster Bujold . The title character is Dr. Ethan Urquhart , Chief of Biology at the Severin District Reproduction Centre on the planet Athos , who is sent to find out what happened to a shipment of vital ovarian tissue cultures . Set in the fictional universe of Bujold 's Vorkosigan Saga , the novel mentions but does not feature her usual protagonist Miles Vorkosigan . To date , Bujold has never revisited the settings of Athos or Kline Station in her many subsequent novels , but the events of Ethan of Athos are later referred to indirectly in the novels Borders of Infinity ( 1989 ) and Cetaganda ( 1995 ) . Bujold had written her first novel Shards of Honor and its sequel The Warrior 's Apprentice - both unpublished - when she wrote Ethan of Athos , a standalone work that was purposely short because the current cargo-cult rumor amongst the wanna-be-published back then was that editors would be more likely to read a short manuscript . All three novels were subsequently sold , and published in 1986 . Bujold named Athos , a planet founded and maintained as an exclusively male-populated colony with a planetary religion and ideology supporting this single-sex structure , after the Greek Mount Athos , which has prohibited the entry of women for religious reasons since even before the ban was officially proclaimed by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomachos in 1046 . Ethan of Athos has been reprinted several times , and appeared in the 2001 Bujold omnibus Miles , Mystery and Mayhem alongside Cetaganda and the novella Labyrinth . The novel was released on audio cassette in September 1999 narrated by Michael Hanson and Carol Cowan , and as a digital audiobook in March 2009 narrated by Grover Gardner ."}]}, {'value': 'Lois McMaster Bujold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold', 'summary': "Lois McMaster Bujold ( /buːˈʒoʊld/ ( listen ) boo-ZHOHLD ; born November 2 , 1949 ) is an American speculative fiction writer . She is one of the most acclaimed writers in her field , having won the Hugo Award for best novel four times , matching Robert A. Heinlein 's record ( not counting his Retro Hugos ) . Her novella The Mountains of Mourning won both the Hugo Award and Nebula Award . In the fantasy genre , The Curse of Chalion won the Mythopoeic Award for Adult Literature and was nominated for the 2002 World Fantasy Award for best novel , and both her fourth Hugo Award and second Nebula Award were for Paladin of Souls . In 2011 she was awarded the Skylark Award . In 2013 she was awarded the Forry Award for Lifetime Achievement , named for Forrest J. Ackerman , by the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society . She has won two Hugo Awards for Best Series , in 2017 for the Vorkosigan Saga and in 2018 for the Chalion series . The Science Fiction Writers of America named her its 36th SFWA Grand Master in 2019 . The bulk of Bujold 's works comprises three separate book series : the Vorkosigan Saga , the Chalion series , and the Sharing Knife series ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gay Male Protagonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wanting Seed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wanting_Seed', 'summary': 'The Wanting Seed is a dystopian novel by the English author Anthony Burgess , written in 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Burgess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Burgess', 'summary': 'John Anthony Burgess Wilson , FRSL ( /ˈbɜːrdʒəs/ ; 25 February 1917 - 22 November 1993 ) , who published under the name Anthony Burgess , was an English writer and composer . Although Burgess was predominantly a comic writer , his dystopian satire A Clockwork Orange remains his best-known novel . In 1971 , it was adapted into a highly controversial film by Stanley Kubrick , which Burgess said was chiefly responsible for the popularity of the book . Burgess produced numerous other novels , including the Enderby quartet , and Earthly Powers . He wrote librettos and screenplays , including the 1977 TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth . He worked as a literary critic for several publications , including The Observer and The Guardian , and wrote studies of classic writers , notably James Joyce . A versatile linguist , Burgess lectured in phonetics , and translated Cyrano de Bergerac , Oedipus Rex , and the opera Carmen , among others . Burgess also composed over 250 musical works ; he considered himself as much a composer as an author , although he enjoyed considerably more success in writing .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homophobic dystopia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dawn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Octavia Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Octavia_Butler', 'summary': "Octavia Estelle Butler ( June 22 , 1947 - February 24 , 2006 ) was an African-American science fiction author . A multiple recipient of both the Hugo and Nebula awards , she became in 1995 the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship . Butler was born in Pasadena , California . After her father died , she was raised by her widowed mother . Extremely shy as a child , Octavia found an outlet at the library reading fantasy , and in writing . She began writing science fiction as a teenager . She attended community college during the Black Power movement , and while participating in a local writer 's workshop was encouraged to attend the Clarion Workshop , which focused on science fiction . She soon sold her first stories and by the late 1970s had become sufficiently successful as an author that she was able to pursue writing full-time . Her books and short stories drew the favorable attention of the public and awards judges . She also taught writer 's workshops , and eventually relocated to Washington state . Butler died of a stroke at the age of 58 . Her papers are held in the research collection of the Huntington Library ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alien race that has three sexes , polyamorous marriages', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fledgling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fledgling_(novel)', 'summary': 'Fledgling is a science fiction vampire novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler , published in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Octavia Butler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bisexual characters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patternmaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patternmaster', 'summary': "Patternmaster ( 1976 ) is a science fiction novel by American author Octavia E. Butler . Patternmaster , the first book to be published but the last in the series ' internal chronology , depicts a distant future where the human race has been sharply divided into the dominant Patternists , their enemies the diseased and animalistic Clayarks , and the enslaved human mutes . The Patternists , bred for intelligence and psychic abilities , are networked telepaths . They are ruled by the most powerful telepath , known as the Patternmaster . Patternmaster tells the coming-of-age story of Teray , a young Patternist who learns he is a son of the Patternmaster . Teray fights for position within Patternist society and eventually for the role of Patternmaster ."}]}, {'value': 'Octavia Butler', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bisexual female protagonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Anglo-American Alliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_Anglo-American_Alliance', 'summary': 'An Anglo-American Alliance : A Serio-Comic Romance and Forecast of the Future is a 1906 novel written and illustrated by Gregory Casparian and published by Mayflower Presses . A reviewer for io9 has called it the first lesbian science fiction novel .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregory Casparian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregory_Casparian', 'summary': 'An Anglo-American Alliance : A Serio-Comic Romance and Forecast of the Future is a 1906 novel written and illustrated by Gregory Casparian and published by Mayflower Presses . A reviewer for io9 has called it the first lesbian science fiction novel .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A trans man marries his early love , and they live happily ever after', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Novels with LGBT characters and themes , alphabetical by author surname', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_LGBT-themed_speculative_fiction_0', 'intro': 'Many science fiction and fantasy stories involve LGBT characters, or otherwise represent themes that are relevant to LGBT issues and the LGBT community. This is a list of notable stories, and/or stories from notable series or anthologies, and/or by notable authors; it is not intended to be all-inclusive.'}
null
null
Who published the book written by the president of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ?
White Wolf Books
095e88d8147a1fd0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League', 'title': 'CONCACAF Champions League', 'header': ['Rank', 'Date', 'Hosts', 'Visitors', 'Venue', 'Attendance'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'UANL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tigres_UANL', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , simply known as Tigres UANL or Tigres , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Nicolás de los Garza , a city in the Monterrey metropolitan area . Founded in 1960 , the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX , the top tier of the Mexican football league system . The club had their first major success in the 1975-76 season , becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América . Tigres have been Mexican champions 7 times , and have won the Copa MX three times . The team was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate . Tigres is the official team of the University of the state of Nuevo León . Their home is the 41,615 capacity Estadio Universitario , located inside the University complex in San Nicolás de los Garza . The team 's traditional kit colours are gold and blue . Tigres is one of the two professional football teams of Nuevo León , along with rival CF Monterrey ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City,_Mexico', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '80,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 8 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Herediano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.S._Herediano', 'summary': "Club Sport Herediano ( Spanish pronunciation : [ kluβ ( e ) spoɾt eɾeˈðjano ] ) , commonly known as Herediano and nicknamed El Team , is a Costa Rican multisport club based in the district of San Francisco , Heredia . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Herediano is mostly known for its association football team . It plays in the Primera División de Costa Rica , the top tier of the Costa Rican football league system . Herediano are one of two clubs to have never been relegated , along with Alajuelense . Herediano has its origins in 1918 . The framework for Asociación Deportiva Club Sport Herediano was simmering since June 1920 , with the appointment of an interim board with iconic figures like Manuel Joaquín Gutiérrez , Eladio Rosabal , Víctor Manuel Ruiz , Claudio Arguedas and Luis Valerio , but it was not until June 12 , 1921 that the Herediano Charter was signed . In that same year , Eladio Rosabal Cordero became the first manager of the Costa Rica national football team , and Herediano player Manuel Joaquín Gutiérrez became the first scorer of the national team . The club 's first season resulted in Herediano winning the national championship in 1921 , the first edition of Costa Rica 's top-flight league . Herediano established itself as a major force in Costa Rican football by winning 28 First Division titles through 2019 . El Team plays its home matches at the Estadio Eladio Rosabal Cordero . Herediano 's home kit is composed of red and yellow vertical striped shirts , with red shorts , accompanied by yellow and red socks . This combination has been used since 1929 ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Azteca , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '66,208', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 29 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Impact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Impact', 'summary': "The Montreal Impact ( French : Impact de Montréal ) is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league , being the league 's third Canadian club , and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name . In 2015 , the Impact became the second MLS club , and first Canadian club , to advance to the final of the CONCACAF Champions League , in its current name since 2008 , where they had finished runners up in the two game aggregate goal series against Club América . The Impact had won the Canadian Championship in 2013 , 2014 and 2019 . The club plays its home games at Saputo Stadium and is coached by Thierry Henry ."}]}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Stade Olympique , Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)', 'summary': "Olympic Stadium ( French : Stade olympique ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Montreal , Canada , located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of the city . Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics , it is nicknamed The Big O , a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium 's roof . It is also called The Big Owe to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole . The stadium is the largest by seating capacity in Canada . After the Olympics , artificial turf was installed and it became the home of Montreal 's professional baseball and football teams . The Montreal Alouettes of the CFL returned to their previous home of Molson Stadium in 1998 for regular season games , but continued to use Olympic Stadium for playoff and Grey Cup games until 2014 when they returned to Molson Stadium for all of their games . Following the 2004 baseball season , the Expos relocated to Washington , D.C. , to become the Washington Nationals . The stadium currently serves as a multipurpose facility for special events ( e.g . concerts , trade shows ) with a permanent seating capacity of 56,040 . The capacity is expandable with temporary seating . The Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) use the venue on occasion , when demand for tickets justifies the large capacity or when the weather restricts outdoor play at nearby Saputo Stadium in the spring months . The stadium has not had a main tenant since the Expos left in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '61,004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 22 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal Impact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Impact', 'summary': "The Montreal Impact ( French : Impact de Montréal ) is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Impact competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The team began play in 2012 as an expansion team of the league , being the league 's third Canadian club , and replaced the North American Soccer League team of the same name . In 2015 , the Impact became the second MLS club , and first Canadian club , to advance to the final of the CONCACAF Champions League , in its current name since 2008 , where they had finished runners up in the two game aggregate goal series against Club América . The Impact had won the Canadian Championship in 2013 , 2014 and 2019 . The club plays its home games at Saputo Stadium and is coached by Thierry Henry ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Azteca , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '56,783', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 23 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Impact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Impact_(1992–2011)', 'summary': "The Montreal Impact ( French : Impact de Montréal ) was a Canadian professional soccer club based in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Founded in 1992 , the team played in the United Soccer League . Later , the Impact played in the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) , the second tier of the American Soccer Pyramid until the 2011 season . The owner Joey Saputo now operates the MLS team Montreal Impact . The team played its home games at Complexe Sportif Claude-Robillard until 2008 when it moved to the new Saputo Stadium where it played until its move to MLS . The team 's colours were blue and white . The Impact had 11 different head coaches during these years . The Impact also operated a reserve team , the Trois-Rivières Attak , from 2006 until 2010 which played in the Canadian Soccer League until 2010 when the Impact created their own Montreal Impact Academy . They also used to operate an indoor team ( of the same name ) in the NPSL ( at the Bell Centre , then at Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard ) with many of the same players , from 1997-1998 to 1999-2000 . On May 7 , 2010 , Impact owner Joey Saputo was granted a Major League Soccer expansion franchise set to begin play in Saputo Stadium in 2012 . Although , in a legal sense , the Montreal MLS expansion team is an entirely separate legal entity , the new team carries the Impact name and maintains the team 's legacy in the MLS ."}]}, {'value': 'Santos Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_Laguna', 'summary': "Club Santos Laguna S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsantos laˈɣuna ] ) , commonly known as Santos Laguna or Santos , is a Mexican professional football club who were the champions of the Liga MX Clausura . Located in northern Mexico and representing the urban area of La Comarca Lagunera , made up of Torreón , Gómez Palacio and Lerdo Municipalities , Santos Laguna plays in Liga MX . Santos Laguna was founded in 1983 and reached Mexico 's top division after buying the Ángeles de Puebla club . The club debuted in Mexico 's top division in the 1988-89 tournament . They have won six tournaments : Invierno 1996 , Verano 2001 , Clausura 2008 , Clausura 2012 , Clausura 2015 , Clausura 2018 . The club reached the finals in the 1993-94 season , Verano 2000 , Bicentenario 2010 , Apertura 2010 and Apertura 2011 . Santos Laguna won the Apertura 2014 Copa MX . Santos is the third football club formed in the Laguna region , after the unsuccessful Laguna Football Club and Football Club Torreon ( which formed the Black Lions of the University Deportivo Guadalajara and Neza , respectively ) . In 2018 , the club celebrated its 35th anniversary with a change in their logo . In a February 17 , 2013 poll , by Consulta Mitofsky , it was the fifth-most-popular team in Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Stade Olympique , Montreal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)', 'summary': "Olympic Stadium ( French : Stade olympique ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Montreal , Canada , located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of the city . Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics , it is nicknamed The Big O , a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium 's roof . It is also called The Big Owe to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole . The stadium is the largest by seating capacity in Canada . After the Olympics , artificial turf was installed and it became the home of Montreal 's professional baseball and football teams . The Montreal Alouettes of the CFL returned to their previous home of Molson Stadium in 1998 for regular season games , but continued to use Olympic Stadium for playoff and Grey Cup games until 2014 when they returned to Molson Stadium for all of their games . Following the 2004 baseball season , the Expos relocated to Washington , D.C. , to become the Washington Nationals . The stadium currently serves as a multipurpose facility for special events ( e.g . concerts , trade shows ) with a permanent seating capacity of 56,040 . The capacity is expandable with temporary seating . The Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) use the venue on occasion , when demand for tickets justifies the large capacity or when the weather restricts outdoor play at nearby Saputo Stadium in the spring months . The stadium has not had a main tenant since the Expos left in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montreal', 'summary': "Montreal ( /ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen ) MUN-tree-AWL ; officially Montréal , French : [ mɔ̃ʁeal ] ( listen ) ) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada . Originally founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie , or City of Mary , it is named after Mount Royal , the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city . The city is centred on the Island of Montreal , which got its name from the same origin as the city , and a few much smaller peripheral islands , the largest of which is Île Bizard . It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold , snowy winters . In 2016 , the city had a population of 1,704,694 , with a population of 1,942,247 in the urban agglomeration , including all of the other municipalities on the Island of Montreal . The broader metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,247 . French is the city 's official language and is the language spoken at home by 49.8% of the population of the city , followed by English at 22.8% and 18.3% other languages ( in the 2016 census , not including multi-language responses ) . In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area , 65.8% of the population speaks French at home , compared to 15.3% who speak English . The agglomeration Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada , with over 59% of the population able to speak both English and French . Montreal is the second largest primarily French-speaking city in the developed world , after Paris . It is situated 196 km ( 122 mi ) east of the national capital Ottawa , and 258 km ( 160 mi ) south-west of the provincial capital Quebec City . Historically the commercial capital of Canada , Montreal was surpassed in population and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': '55,571', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 1 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C.F . Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.F._Monterrey', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Monterrey is a Mexican football club from Monterrey , Nuevo León which currently plays in the Liga MX . Founded on 28 June 1945 , it is the oldest active team in the professional division from the northern part of Mexico . The club is owned by FEMSA , Latin America 's largest bottling company . Its home games have been played in the Estadio BBVA since 2015 . Monterrey has won five league titles , two domestic cups , and four CONCACAF Champions League titles ( notably , three consecutive tournaments in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ) . The team is commonly known as the Rayados ( the striped ones ) , due to the club 's traditional navy blue striped uniform . The uniform is reflected in the club 's current crest , which is also decorated with stars above the crest representing the club 's league titles and stars below the crest representing continental titles . In terms of overall performance , it is the strongest club from Mexico and all of CONCACAF at the FIFA Club World Cup , with a third-place ranking in the all-time table . The club 's oldest rival is Tigres UANL of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León . The local derby , known as the Clásico Regiomontano , is known for being one of the most intensely competed derbies in Mexican football and is regarded by people in the city of Monterrey as the most important Mexican derby ."}]}, {'value': 'UANL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tigres_UANL', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , simply known as Tigres UANL or Tigres , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Nicolás de los Garza , a city in the Monterrey metropolitan area . Founded in 1960 , the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX , the top tier of the Mexican football league system . The club had their first major success in the 1975-76 season , becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América . Tigres have been Mexican champions 7 times , and have won the Copa MX three times . The team was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate . Tigres is the official team of the University of the state of Nuevo León . Their home is the 41,615 capacity Estadio Universitario , located inside the University complex in San Nicolás de los Garza . The team 's traditional kit colours are gold and blue . Tigres is one of the two professional football teams of Nuevo León , along with rival CF Monterrey ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio BBVA Bancomer , Monterrey , Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_BBVA_Bancomer', 'summary': 'The Estadio BBVA , nicknamed El Gigante de Acero ( Spanish for The Steel Giant ) , is a stadium developed by FEMSA and C.F . Monterrey in Guadalupe , Greater Monterrey . The stadium replaced the Estadio Tecnológico as the home of Monterrey , ending 63 years of residency at that stadium . The project was met with much controversy , stemming from multiple accusations of the construction as an apparent impediment to wildlife growth on a local scale. [ why ? ] It was inaugurated on 2 August 2015 with the eighth edition of the Eusébio Cup , where Monterrey defeated Benfica 3-0 .'}]}, {'value': '53,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 7 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Sounders FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC', 'summary': "Seattle Sounders FC is an American professional soccer club based in Seattle , Washington . The Sounders compete as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established on November 13 , 2007 , and began play in 2009 as an MLS expansion team . The Sounders are a phoenix club , carrying the same name as the original franchise that competed in the North American Soccer League from 1974 to 1983 . The club 's majority owner is Adrian Hanauer , and its minority owners are the estate of Paul Allen , Drew Carey , and 11 families from the Seattle area . Former USL Sounders coach and assistant coach Brian Schmetzer took over as head coach in July 2016 after the departure of Sigi Schmid . The Sounders play their home league matches at CenturyLink Field , with a reduced capacity of 37,722 seats for most matches . Along with several organized groups , a 53-member marching band called 'Sound Wave ' supports the club at each home match . Seattle competes with rival MLS clubs Portland and Vancouver for the Cascadia Cup . The Sounders played their inaugural match on March 19 , 2009 , winning 3-0 over the New York Red Bulls . Seattle has been among the league 's most successful teams , winning the U.S. Open Cup four times , the Supporters ' Shield in 2014 , and the MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . The team has qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs in each of its eleven seasons , making the final three times , and competed in the CONCACAF Champions League five times , advancing to the semifinal round once ."}]}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara', 'summary': "Club Deportivo Guadalajara S.A. de C.V. ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ ðepoɾˈtiβo ɣwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ) ; often simply known as Guadalajara ( [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ) and Chivas ( [ ˈtʃiβas ] ) , is a Mexican professional football club based in Guadalajara , Jalisco . Guadalajara is one of the ten founding members of the Mexican First Division and along with Club América is one of only two teams that have never been relegated to the second-tier division . Guadalajara is the only football club in Mexico that does n't allow foreign players to play in their club . The team has constantly emphasized home-grown ( cantera ) players and has been the launching pad of a few internationally successful players , including Omar Bravo , Javier Hernández , Francisco Javier Rodríguez , and Marco Fabián . The team 's three colors ( red , white , and blue ) symbolize Fraternity , Union , and Sports . The founders of the team adopted the colors that linked them back to their home country , France . Chivas supporters use a flag identical to the French flag to support their team . The team mascot , as well as their nickname , is the goat or chiva . Chivas was one Mexico 's most successful teams and holds the Mexican league record for the longest winning streak at the beginning of a season , with 8 consecutive wins . Internationally , Guadalajara is the best Mexican side to compete in Copa Libertadores having reached the semifinals twice ( 2005 and 2006 ) and being runner-ups in the 2010 edition . According to a study of preferred football clubs published in April 2016 by Euroamericas Sport Marketing Spain , Guadalajara is the most popular team in Mexico , with 44.2% of supporters in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'CenturyLink Field , Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CenturyLink_Field', 'summary': "CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium located in Seattle , Washington , United States . It is the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) , Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and the Seattle Dragons of XFL . Originally called Seahawks Stadium , it became Qwest Field in June 2004 , when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights . It received its current name in June 2011 after Qwest 's acquisition by CenturyLink . It is a modern facility with views of the Downtown Seattle skyline and can seat 68,740 people for NFL games and 37,722 for most MLS matches and XFL games . The complex also includes the Event Center with the Washington Music Theater ( WaMu Theater ) , a parking garage , and a public plaza . The venue hosts concerts , trade shows , and consumer shows along with sporting events . Located within a mile ( 1.6 km ) of Downtown Seattle , the stadium is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit . The stadium was built between 2000 and 2002 on the site of the Kingdome after voters approved funding for the construction in a statewide election held in June 1997 . This vote created the Washington State Public Stadium Authority to oversee public ownership of the venue . The owner of the Seahawks , Paul Allen , formed First & Goal Inc. to develop and operate the new facilities . Allen was closely involved in the design process and emphasized the importance of an open-air venue with an intimate atmosphere ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': '42,885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 24 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Sounders FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC', 'summary': "Seattle Sounders FC is an American professional soccer club based in Seattle , Washington . The Sounders compete as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established on November 13 , 2007 , and began play in 2009 as an MLS expansion team . The Sounders are a phoenix club , carrying the same name as the original franchise that competed in the North American Soccer League from 1974 to 1983 . The club 's majority owner is Adrian Hanauer , and its minority owners are the estate of Paul Allen , Drew Carey , and 11 families from the Seattle area . Former USL Sounders coach and assistant coach Brian Schmetzer took over as head coach in July 2016 after the departure of Sigi Schmid . The Sounders play their home league matches at CenturyLink Field , with a reduced capacity of 37,722 seats for most matches . Along with several organized groups , a 53-member marching band called 'Sound Wave ' supports the club at each home match . Seattle competes with rival MLS clubs Portland and Vancouver for the Cascadia Cup . The Sounders played their inaugural match on March 19 , 2009 , winning 3-0 over the New York Red Bulls . Seattle has been among the league 's most successful teams , winning the U.S. Open Cup four times , the Supporters ' Shield in 2014 , and the MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . The team has qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs in each of its eleven seasons , making the final three times , and competed in the CONCACAF Champions League five times , advancing to the semifinal round once ."}]}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'CenturyLink Field , Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CenturyLink_Field', 'summary': "CenturyLink Field is a multi-purpose stadium located in Seattle , Washington , United States . It is the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) , Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and the Seattle Dragons of XFL . Originally called Seahawks Stadium , it became Qwest Field in June 2004 , when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights . It received its current name in June 2011 after Qwest 's acquisition by CenturyLink . It is a modern facility with views of the Downtown Seattle skyline and can seat 68,740 people for NFL games and 37,722 for most MLS matches and XFL games . The complex also includes the Event Center with the Washington Music Theater ( WaMu Theater ) , a parking garage , and a public plaza . The venue hosts concerts , trade shows , and consumer shows along with sporting events . Located within a mile ( 1.6 km ) of Downtown Seattle , the stadium is accessible by multiple freeways and forms of mass transit . The stadium was built between 2000 and 2002 on the site of the Kingdome after voters approved funding for the construction in a statewide election held in June 1997 . This vote created the Washington State Public Stadium Authority to oversee public ownership of the venue . The owner of the Seahawks , Paul Allen , formed First & Goal Inc. to develop and operate the new facilities . Allen was closely involved in the design process and emphasized the importance of an open-air venue with an intimate atmosphere ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': '42,836', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UANL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tigres_UANL', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Tigres de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , simply known as Tigres UANL or Tigres , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Nicolás de los Garza , a city in the Monterrey metropolitan area . Founded in 1960 , the club has spent 60 years in Liga MX , the top tier of the Mexican football league system . The club had their first major success in the 1975-76 season , becoming the first team from Nuevo León to win a trophy by conquering the Copa MX against Club América . Tigres have been Mexican champions 7 times , and have won the Copa MX three times . The team was the 2015 Copa Libertadores Finals runner-up to River Plate . Tigres is the official team of the University of the state of Nuevo León . Their home is the 41,615 capacity Estadio Universitario , located inside the University complex in San Nicolás de los Garza . The team 's traditional kit colours are gold and blue . Tigres is one of the two professional football teams of Nuevo León , along with rival CF Monterrey ."}]}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Universitario ( UANL ) , Monterrey , Nuevo Leon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Universitario_(UANL)', 'summary': 'The Estadio Universitario ( University Stadium ) - nicknamed El Volcán ( Spanish for The Volcano ) is a football stadium located on the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León in San Nicolás de los Garza , Nuevo León , Mexico .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monterrey,_Nuevo_Leon', 'summary': "Monterrey ( /ˌmɒntəˈreɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ monteˈrei ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . The city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area , the second most productive in Mexico with a GDP ( PPP ) of US $ 123 billion , and the third largest with an estimated population of 4,689,601 people as of 2015 . Monterrey is also considered the city with the best quality of life in the country [ citation needed ] , and serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations . Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico 's at around US $ 35,500 , compared to the country 's US $ 18,800 . It is considered a Beta World City , cosmopolitan and competitive . Rich in history and culture , it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico . As an important industrial and business center , the city is also home to many Mexican companies , including Grupo Avante , Lanix Electronics , Ocresa , CEMEX , Vitro , OXXO , FEMSA , DINA S.A. , Gamesa , Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , and Grupo ALFA . Monterrey is also home to international companies such as Cognizant , Siemens , Accenture , MSCI , Ternium , Sony , Toshiba , Carrier , Whirlpool , Samsung , Toyota , Babcock & Wilcox , Daewoo , British American Tobacco , Nokia , Dell , Boeing , HTC , General Electric , Johnson Controls , LG , SAS Institute , Grundfos , Danfoss , Qualfon and Teleperformance , among others . Monterrey is in northeastern Mexico , at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental . The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596 . In the years after the Mexican War of Independence , Monterrey became an important business center . With the establishment of Fundidora Monterrey , the city has experienced great industrial growth ."}]}, {'value': '41,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 4 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'América', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_América', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V. , commonly known as Club América or simply América , is a professional football club based in Mexico City , Mexico . Nicknamed Las Águilas ( The Eagles ) , it competes in Liga MX , the top tier of Mexican football . The club was founded in 1916 , and since 1959 has been owned by media company Grupo Televisa . The team plays its home games at the Estadio Azteca , the largest stadium in Mexico and Latin America , and the seventh largest association football-specific stadium in the world . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Guadalajara , as both are the most successful and most popular clubs in the country , and are the only clubs to have never been relegated to the second division . Matches between them are known as El Súper Clásico , considered to be the biggest rivalry in Mexico , and one of the biggest in the world . América also play local derbies against Cruz Azul and Club Universidad Nacional . The club has won a record thirteen league titles , as well as a record six Copa México titles , and six Campeón de Campeones cups . In international competitions , América has won ten FIFA recognized club trophies , the most for a club from the CONCACAF region . It has won a record seven CONCACAF Champions Cup/Champions League titles , two Copa Interamericana cups and one CONCACAF Giants Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Saprissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Saprissa', 'summary': "Deportivo Saprissa is a Costa Rican sports club , mostly known for its football team . The club is located in San Juan de Tibás , San José , and play their home games at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá . The team 's signature colours are purple ( burgundy ) and white . The club was founded in 1935 and has competed in the Costa Rican first division since 1949 . The name of the team comes from one of the club 's main founders , Ricardo Saprissa . One of the most popular nicknames for the team El Monstruo Morado ( The Purple Monster ) can be traced back to 1987 , when the Costa Rican newspaper Diario Extra gave the team the nickname during a derby , because of the club 's enormous following . A reporter commented that the sea of fans in the stands at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá in Tibás wearing purple , and the tremendous noise they were generating , made him feel like he was in the presence of a thousand headed monster . Saprissa immediately adopted the nickname El Monstruo Morado . Saprissa won 34 Primera División de Costa Rica championships , including six consecutive national titles in the 70s . It stands as one of the more successful teams in the CONCACAF region as well , having won the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup three times - in 1993 , 1995 , and 2005 . Saprissa has also won five Central American crowns in 1972 , 1973 , 1978 , 1998 , and 2003 . For the period 1 September 2007 to 31 August 2008 the club was ranked the 106th best team in the world by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics , an organization recognized by FIFA ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Azteca , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Azteca', 'summary': "The Estadio Azteca ( Spanish pronunciation : [ esˈtaðjo asˈteka ] ) is a multi purpose stadium located in Mexico City . It is the official home of football club Club América and the Mexico national football team . The stadium sits at an altitude of 7,200 feet ( 2195 meters ) above sea level . With an official capacity of 87,523 , it is the largest stadium in Mexico . As of 2018 , the stadium also serves as the home of Cruz Azul . The National Football League ( NFL ) features one game at Estadio Azteca per season as a part of their International Series . Regarded as one of the most famous and iconic football stadiums in the world , it is the first to have hosted two FIFA World Cup Finals ; in the 1970 World Cup Final , Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 , and in the 1986 World Cup Final , Argentina defeated West Germany 3-2 . It also hosted the 1986 quarter-final match between Argentina and England in which Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century . The stadium also hosted the Game of the Century , when Italy defeated West Germany 4-3 in extra time in one of the 1970 semifinal matches . Additionally , it is scheduled to host games in the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The stadium was also the principal venue for the football tournament of the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1971 Women 's World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '40,688', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadium standards -- Attendance records', 'section_text': 'During Champions League era :', 'uid': 'CONCACAF_Champions_League_0', 'intro': "The CONCACAF Champions League (also known as CONCACAF Champions Cup) is an annual continental club football competition organized by CONCACAF for the top football clubs in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The winner of the CONCACAF Champions League automatically qualifies for the quarter-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup. The tournament has officially been known as the Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League since February 2015 to reflect Scotiabank's sponsorship. The competition has been completed 54 times through the 2019 event, with 56 champions due to a three-way shared title in the 1978 competition. The tournament currently uses a knockout format, though the tournament had a group stage prior to the 2018 tournament. Unlike its European and South American counterparts, the winners of the CONCACAF Champions League do not automatically qualify for the following season's competition. The competition was originally known as the CONCACAF Champions' Cup when it was first organized in 1962. The title has been won by 28 clubs, 17 of which have won the title more than once. Mexican clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, with 34 titles in total. The second most successful league has been Costa Rica's Primera División with six titles in total. Mexican side Club América are the most successful club in the competition's history with seven titles, followed by fellow Mexican-side Cruz Azul with six titles. The most successful non-Mexican club is Saprissa of Costa Rica with three titles."}
null
null
In 2009 , approximately how many million inhabitants were recorded in the city that contains the stadium that was the location of Diego Maradona 's `` Hand of God goal '' and of the 1st , 2nd , 4th and 10th highest attended CONCACAF Champions League games ?
8.84
095f5721b767b4d6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran', 'title': 'International rankings of Iran', 'header': ['Name', 'Rank', 'Out of', 'Source', 'Notes', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Oldest countries on earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_countries_by_statehood', 'summary': "Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation ( date of their independence or of their constitution ) , sorted by continent . This list includes the 195 states which are currently full member states or observer states of the United Nations . This does not include List of former sovereign states , but does include several states with limited recognition . [ note 1 ] For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation , see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements . Micronations are not included in this list . Nation-building is a long evolutionary process , and in most cases the date of a country 's formation can not be objectively determined ; e.g. , the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state ( having passed sovereignty to the UK in 1707 ) , while France is a Republic founded in 1792 ( technically , France currently refers to the French Fifth Republic , formed in 1958 ) . An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions ; but as constitutions are an entirely modern concept , all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern ( the oldest constitution being that of San Marino , dating to 1600 ) . Independence dates for widely recognised states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution , since prior to the founding of the League of Nations , there was no international body to recognise nationhood , and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns ( the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War ) . See also : disputed territories . Many countries have some remote ( or fantastically remote ) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology , sometimes artificially inflating a country 's age for reasons of nationalism , sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formation of an ethnic identity . Such dates reflect not the formation of a state ( an independent political entity ) , but of a nation ( an ethnic or cultural grouping ) , terms that are often conflated in the context of nation states . The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'List of countries by statehood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_countries_by_statehood', 'summary': "Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation ( date of their independence or of their constitution ) , sorted by continent . This list includes the 195 states which are currently full member states or observer states of the United Nations . This does not include List of former sovereign states , but does include several states with limited recognition . [ note 1 ] For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation , see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements . Micronations are not included in this list . Nation-building is a long evolutionary process , and in most cases the date of a country 's formation can not be objectively determined ; e.g. , the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state ( having passed sovereignty to the UK in 1707 ) , while France is a Republic founded in 1792 ( technically , France currently refers to the French Fifth Republic , formed in 1958 ) . An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions ; but as constitutions are an entirely modern concept , all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern ( the oldest constitution being that of San Marino , dating to 1600 ) . Independence dates for widely recognised states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution , since prior to the founding of the League of Nations , there was no international body to recognise nationhood , and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns ( the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War ) . See also : disputed territories . Many countries have some remote ( or fantastically remote ) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology , sometimes artificially inflating a country 's age for reasons of nationalism , sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formation of an ethnic identity . Such dates reflect not the formation of a state ( an independent political entity ) , but of a nation ( an ethnic or cultural grouping ) , terms that are often conflated in the context of nation states . The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events ."}]}, {'value': 'Iran with its inception in 3200 BC , is the oldest country in the world . More info : History of Iran and List of sovereign states by formation date', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/History_of_Iran', 'summary': "The history of Iran , which was commonly known until the mid-20th century as Persia in the Western world , is intertwined with the history of a larger region , also to an extent known as Greater Iran , comprising the area from Anatolia , the Bosphorus , and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east , and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest continuous major civilizations , with historical and urban settlements dating back to 7000 BC . The south-western and western part of the Iranian Plateau participated in the traditional Ancient Near East with Elam , from the Early Bronze Age , and later with various other peoples , such as the Kassites , Mannaeans , and Gutians . Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel calls the Persians the first Historical People . The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC . The Achaemenid Empire ( 550-330 BC ) , founded by Cyrus the Great , was the first true global superpower state and it ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and also Central Asia , spanning three continents , from their seat of power in Persis ( Persepolis ) . It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire . The Achaemenid Empire was the only civilization in all of history to connect over 40% of the global population , accounting for approximately 49.4 million of the world 's 112.4 million people in around 480 BC . They were succeeded by the Seleucid , Parthian , and Sasanian Empires , who successively governed Iran for almost 1,000 years and made Iran once again as a leading power in the world . Persia 's arch-rival was the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire . The Iranian Empire proper begins in the Iron Age , following the influx of Iranian peoples . Iranian people gave rise to the Medes , the Achaemenid , Parthian , and Sasanian Empires of classical antiquity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_formation_date', 'summary': "Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation ( date of their independence or of their constitution ) , sorted by continent . This list includes the 195 states which are currently full member states or observer states of the United Nations . This does not include List of former sovereign states , but does include several states with limited recognition . [ note 1 ] For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation , see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements . Micronations are not included in this list . Nation-building is a long evolutionary process , and in most cases the date of a country 's formation can not be objectively determined ; e.g. , the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state ( having passed sovereignty to the UK in 1707 ) , while France is a Republic founded in 1792 ( technically , France currently refers to the French Fifth Republic , formed in 1958 ) . An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions ; but as constitutions are an entirely modern concept , all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern ( the oldest constitution being that of San Marino , dating to 1600 ) . Independence dates for widely recognised states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution , since prior to the founding of the League of Nations , there was no international body to recognise nationhood , and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns ( the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War ) . See also : disputed territories . Many countries have some remote ( or fantastically remote ) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology , sometimes artificially inflating a country 's age for reasons of nationalism , sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formation of an ethnic identity . Such dates reflect not the formation of a state ( an independent political entity ) , but of a nation ( an ethnic or cultural grouping ) , terms that are often conflated in the context of nation states . The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Tourism rankings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings', 'summary': 'The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication , which is released three times annually . In the publication , UN regions and subregions are ranked by the number of international visitor arrivals , by the revenue generated by inbound tourism , and by the expenditures of outbound travelers .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle East', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': '5.2 million foreign tourists visited Iran in 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World heritage sites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_country', 'summary': 'As of July 2019 , there are a total of 1,121 World Heritage Sites located in 167 States Parties ( countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention , including the non-member state of the Holy See ) , of which 869 are cultural , 213 are natural and 39 are mixed properties . The countries have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones : Africa , Arab States , Asia and the Pacific , Europe and North America , and Latin America and the Caribbean . China and Italy have the highest number of World Heritage Sites , both with 55 entries . However , 27 state parties have no properties inscribed on the World Heritage List : Bahamas , Bhutan , Brunei , Burundi , Comoros , Cook Islands , Djibouti , Equatorial Guinea , Eswatini , Grenada , Guinea-Bissau , Guyana , Kuwait , Liberia , Maldives , Monaco , Niue , Rwanda , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , Sao Tome and Principe , Sierra Leone , Somalia , South Sudan , Timor-Leste , Tonga and Trinidad and Tobago .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '239', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': '21 World Heritage Sites ; More info : List of the world heritage sites', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heritage_Site', 'summary': "A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area , selected by the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for having cultural , historical , scientific or other form of significance , which is legally protected by international treaties . The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity . To be selected , a World Heritage Site must be an already-classified landmark , unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance ( such as an ancient ruin or historical structure , building , city , complex , desert , forest , island , lake , monument , mountain , or wilderness area ) . It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity , and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet . The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity , which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing , unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access , or threat from local administrative negligence . Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones . The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 states parties that are elected by their General Assembly . The programme catalogues , names , and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity . Under certain conditions , listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund . The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972 . Since then , 193 state parties have ratified the convention , making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world 's most popular cultural programme . In 1978 the city of Quito earned the distinction of being the first city in the world to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longest defensive wall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan', 'summary': "Among archaeologists the wall is also known as The Red Snake ( Turkmen : Qizil Alan ) because of the colour of its bricks . In Persian , it was popularized by the name Alexander Barrier ( سد اسکندر Sadd-i-Iskandar ) or Alexander 's Wall , as Alexander the Great is thought by early Muslims to have passed through the Caspian Gates on his hasty march to Hyrcania and the east . It is also known as the Anushirvân Barrier ( سد انوشیروان Sadd-i Anushiravan ) and Firuz/Piruz Barrier ( سد پیروز ) , and is officially referred to as Gorgan Defence Wall ( دیوار دفاعی گرگان ) . It is known as Qïzïl Yïlan or Qazal Al'an to local Iranian Turkmens ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'List of walls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_walls', 'summary': 'See List of fortifications for a list of notable fortified structures . For city walls in particular , see List of cities with defensive walls ( regional list : List of town walls in England and Wales ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Wall of Gorgan is the second longest defensive wall in existence after the Great Wall of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan', 'summary': "Among archaeologists the wall is also known as The Red Snake ( Turkmen : Qizil Alan ) because of the colour of its bricks . In Persian , it was popularized by the name Alexander Barrier ( سد اسکندر Sadd-i-Iskandar ) or Alexander 's Wall , as Alexander the Great is thought by early Muslims to have passed through the Caspian Gates on his hasty march to Hyrcania and the east . It is also known as the Anushirvân Barrier ( سد انوشیروان Sadd-i Anushiravan ) and Firuz/Piruz Barrier ( سد پیروز ) , and is officially referred to as Gorgan Defence Wall ( دیوار دفاعی گرگان ) . It is known as Qïzïl Yïlan or Qazal Al'an to local Iranian Turkmens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China', 'summary': 'The Great Wall of China ( Chinese : 萬里長城 ; pinyin : Wànlǐ Chángchéng ) is the collective name of a series of fortification systems generally built across the historical northern borders of China to protect and consolidate territories of Chinese states and empires against various nomadic groups of the steppe and their polities . Several walls were being built from as early as the 7th century BC by ancient Chinese states ; selective stretches were later joined together by Qin Shi Huang ( 220-206 BC ) , the first Emperor of China . Little of the Qin wall remains . Later on , many successive dynasties have built and maintained multiple stretches of border walls . The most well-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty ( 1368-1644 ) . Apart from defense , other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses . Collectively , they stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , from the present-day Sino-Russian border in the north to Taohe River in the south ; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "World 's oldest artificial water reservoirs", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity', 'summary': 'Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements . Major rivers like the Arvand , Aras , Zayandeh , Sefid and Atrak were few and far between in the vast lands of Persian antiquity . With the growth of urban settlements during the ages , locally dug deep wells ( up to 100 meters deep ) could no longer keep up with the demand , leading to the systematic digging of a specialized network of canals known as Qanat .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qanat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qanat', 'summary': 'A qanat or kariz is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer or water well to surface for irrigation and drinking , acting as an underground aqueduct . This is an old system of water supply from a deep well with a series of vertical access shafts . The qanats still create a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot , arid , and semi-arid climates , but the value of this system is directly related to the quality , volume , and regularity of the water flow . Traditionally qanats are built by a group of skilled laborers , muqannīs , with hand labor . The profession historically paid well and was typically handed down from father to son . According to most sources , the qanat technology was developed in ancient Iran by the Persian people sometime in the early 1st millennium BC , and spread from there slowly westward and eastward . However , some other sources suggest a Southeast Arabian origin .'}]}, {'value': "The world 's oldest water reservoir is in Gonabad , is more than 2700 years old & is still in use ; It is also the world 's largest qanat ; More info : Iranian architecture", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonabad', 'summary': "Gonabad ( Persian : گناباد و سلمان کچل , also Romanized as Gonābād ; also known as Gūnābād ; formerly Janābaz ) is a city and capital of Gonabad County , in Razavi Khorasan Province , Iran . At the 2011 census , its population was 36,367 , in 10,389 families . Jūymand is an affluent northern district/suburb of Gonabad . It is mostly well-known because of the Gonabadi Dervishes and for its qanats , also known as kareez . It is one of the most important producers of saffron in Iran . Other agricultural products include : Grape , Pistachio and pomegranate . The famous ancient war of 12 rokh had happened between Iran and Turan ( Central Asia ) in this city on the castle of Zeebad . The city contains the cemetery for the Ni'matullāhī Gonabadi dervish order located in Beydokht . Reiab ( Persian : رياب , also Romanized as Rīāb ) is a Historical village in Howmeh Rural District , in the Central District of Gonabad County , Razavi Khorasan Province , Iran . At the 2006 census , its population was 623 , in 198 families ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iranian_architecture', 'summary': 'Iranian architecture or Persian architecture ( Persian : معمارى ایرانی , Memāri e Irāni ) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia , the Caucasus and Central Asia . Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan , and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar . Persian buildings vary from peasant huts to tea houses , and garden pavilions to some of the most majestic structures the world has ever seen . In addition to historic gates , palaces , and mosques , the rapid growth of cities such as the capital Tehran has brought about a wave of demolition and new construction . Iranian architecture displays great variety , both structural and aesthetic , from a variety of traditions and experience . Without sudden innovations , and despite the repeated trauma of invasions and cultural shocks , it has achieved an individuality distinct from that of other Muslim countries . Its paramount virtues are : a marked feeling for form and scale ; structural inventiveness , especially in vault and dome construction ; a genius for decoration with a freedom and success not rivaled in any other architecture . Traditionally , the guiding formative motif of Iranian architecture has been its cosmic symbolism by which man is brought into communication and participation with the powers of heaven . This theme has not only given unity and continuity to the architecture of Persia , but has been a primary source of its emotional character as well . According to American historian and archaeologist Arthur Pope , the supreme Iranian art , in the proper meaning of the word , has always been its architecture . The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-Islamic periods .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sovereign jewels collection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iranian_Crown_Jewels', 'summary': "The Iranian National Jewels ( Persian : جواهرات ملی ایران ) , originally the Iranian Crown Jewels ( Persian : جواهرات سلطنتی ایران ) , include elaborate crowns , thirty tiaras , and numerous aigrettes , a dozen bejeweled swords and shields , a number of unset precious gems , numerous plates and other dining services cast in precious metals and encrusted with gems , and several other more unusual items ( such as a large golden globe with the oceans made of emeralds ) collected or worn by the Persian monarchs from the 16th century ( Safavid Persia ) on . The collection is housed at The Treasury of National Jewels , situated inside the Central Bank of Iran on Tehran 's Ferdowsi Avenue ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iranian Crown Jewels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iranian_Crown_Jewels', 'summary': "The Iranian National Jewels ( Persian : جواهرات ملی ایران ) , originally the Iranian Crown Jewels ( Persian : جواهرات سلطنتی ایران ) , include elaborate crowns , thirty tiaras , and numerous aigrettes , a dozen bejeweled swords and shields , a number of unset precious gems , numerous plates and other dining services cast in precious metals and encrusted with gems , and several other more unusual items ( such as a large golden globe with the oceans made of emeralds ) collected or worn by the Persian monarchs from the 16th century ( Safavid Persia ) on . The collection is housed at The Treasury of National Jewels , situated inside the Central Bank of Iran on Tehran 's Ferdowsi Avenue ."}]}, {'value': "World 's largest collection of jewels", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gemstone', 'summary': 'A gemstone ( also called a gem , fine gem , jewel , precious stone , or semi-precious stone ) is a piece of mineral crystal which , in cut and polished form , is used to make jewelry or other adornments . However , certain rocks ( such as lapis lazuli and opal ) and occasionally organic materials that are not minerals ( such as amber , jet , and pearl ) are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well . Most gemstones are hard , but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value . Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone . Apart from jewelry , from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings , such as cups , were major luxury art forms . A gem maker is called a lapidary or gemcutter ; a diamond cutter is called a diamantaire .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Number of former national capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_former_national_capitals', 'summary': 'Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist , the capital was moved , or the capital city was renamed . This is a list of such cities , sorted by country and then by date . Where a city name has changed , the name of the city when it was a capital is listed first , followed by its modern name in brackets .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'List of former national capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_former_national_capitals', 'summary': 'Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist , the capital was moved , or the capital city was renamed . This is a list of such cities , sorted by country and then by date . Where a city name has changed , the name of the city when it was a capital is listed first , followed by its modern name in brackets .'}]}, {'value': 'Highest number of national capital relocations ; Iran has had 31 former capitals before Tehran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tehran', 'summary': "Tehran or Teheran ( /tɛəˈræn , -ˈrɑːn , ˌteɪə-/ ; Persian : تهران Ťehrân [ tehˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province . With a population of around 8.7 million in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran , Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia , and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East ( after Cairo ) . It is ranked 24th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area . In the Classical era , part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages , a prominent Median city . It was subject to destruction through the medieval Arab , Turkic , and Mongol invasions . Its modern-day inheritor remains as an urban area absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran . Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty in 1786 , in order to remain within close reach of Iran 's territories in the Caucasus , before being separated from Iran as a result of the Russo-Iranian Wars , and to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties . The capital has been moved several times throughout history , and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran . Large-scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s , and Tehran has been a destination for mass migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century . Tehran is home to many historical collections , including the royal complexes of Golestan , Sa'dabad , and Niavaran , where the two last dynasties of the former Imperial State of Iran were seated . Tehran 's most famous landmarks include the Azadi Tower , a memorial built under the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1971 to mark the 2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran , and the Milad Tower , the world 's sixth-tallest self-supporting tower which was completed in 2007 . The Tabiat Bridge , a newly built landmark , was completed in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Largest producers of handmade carpets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Persian_carpet', 'summary': 'A Persian carpet ( Persian : فرش ايرانى , romanized : farš-e irâni [ ˈfærʃe ʔiːɾɒːˈniː ] ) or Persian rug ( Persian : قالی ايرانى , romanized : qâli-ye irâni [ ɢɒːˈliːje ʔiːɾɒːˈniː ] ) , also known as Iranian carpet , is a heavy textile made for a wide variety of utilitarian and symbolic purposes and produced in Iran ( historically known as Persia ) , for home use , local sale , and export . Carpet weaving is an essential part of Persian culture and Iranian art . Within the group of Oriental rugs produced by the countries of the so-called rug belt , the Persian carpet stands out by the variety and elaborateness of its manifold designs . Persian carpets and rugs of various types were woven in parallel by nomadic tribes , in village and town workshops , and by royal court manufactories alike . As such , they represent different , simultaneous lines of tradition , and reflect the history of Iran and its various peoples . The carpets woven in the Safavid court manufactories of Isfahan during the sixteenth century are famous for their elaborate colours and artistical design , and are treasured in museums and private collections all over the world today . Their patterns and designs have set an artistic tradition for court manufactories which was kept alive during the entire duration of the Persian Empire up to the last royal dynasty of Iran . Carpets woven in towns and regional centers like Tabriz , Kerman , Mashhad , Kashan , Isfahan , Nain and Qom are characterized by their specific weaving techniques and use of high-quality materials , colours and patterns . Town manufactories like those of Tabriz have played an important historical role in reviving the tradition of carpet weaving after periods of decline . Rugs woven by the villages and various tribes of Iran are distinguished by their fine wool , bright and elaborate colours , and specific , traditional patterns . Nomadic and small village weavers often produce rugs with bolder and sometimes more coarse designs , which are considered as the most authentic and traditional rugs of Persia , as opposed to the artistic , pre-planned designs of the larger workplaces . Gabbeh rugs are the best-known type of carpet from this line of tradition .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carpet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpet', 'summary': "A carpet is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing . The pile was traditionally made from wool , but since the 20th century , synthetic fibers such as polypropylene , nylon or polyester are often used , as these fibers are less expensive than wool . The pile usually consists of twisted tufts that are typically heat-treated to maintain their structure . The term carpet is often used interchangeably with the term rug , although rugs are typically considered to be smaller than a room and not attached to the floor . Carpets are used for a variety of purposes , including insulating a person 's feet from a cold tile or concrete floor , making a room more comfortable as a place to sit on the floor ( e.g. , when playing with children or as a prayer rug ) , reducing sound from walking ( particularly in apartment buildings ) , and adding decoration or colour to a room . Carpets can be made in any colour by using differently dyed fibers . Carpets can have many different types of patterns and motifs used to decorate the surface . Carpets are used in industrial and commercial establishments such as retail stores and hotels and in private homes . Today , a huge range of carpets and rugs are available at many price and quality levels , ranging from inexpensive , synthetic carpets that are mass-produced in factories and used in commercial buildings to costly hand-knotted wool rugs that are used in private homes of wealthy families . Carpets can be produced on a loom quite similar to woven fabric , made using needle felts , knotted by hand ( in oriental rugs ) , made with their pile injected into a backing material ( called tufting ) , flatwoven , made by hooking wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric , or embroidered . Carpet is commonly made in widths of 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) and 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in the US and 4 m ( 13 ft ) and 5 m ( 16 ft ) in Europe . Since the 19th and 20th century , where necessary for wall-to-wall carpet , different widths of carpet can be seamed together with a seaming iron and seam tape ( formerly it was sewn together ) and fixed to a floor over a cushioned underlay ( pad ) using nails , tack strips ( known in the UK as gripper rods ) , adhesives , or occasionally decorative metal stair rods ."}]}, {'value': "Iran produces 3/4 of the world 's handmade carpets ; Iran has 30% share of the world 's carpet export market ; Iran has also produced the world 's largest handmade carpet , measuring 60,546 square feet . More info : Carpet Museum of Iran", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Largest_creative_work', 'summary': 'The largest creative work is the largest or longest item in different fields of creative works . Some pieces were created with the specific intention of holding the record while others have been recognised for their size after completion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carpet_Museum_of_Iran', 'summary': "Located in Tehran , beside Laleh Park , and founded in 1976 , the Carpet Museum of Iran exhibits a variety of Persian carpets from all over Iran , dating from the 16th century to the present . The museum 's exhibition hall occupies 3,400 square meters ( 36,597 ft² ) and its library contains 33,000,000 books . The museum was designed by architect Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian . The perforated structure around the museum 's exterior is designed both to resemble a carpet loom , and to cast shade on the exterior walls , reducing the impact of the hot summer sun on the interior temperature ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Total cinema attendance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': '26,000,000 attendances', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Number of cinema seats', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations', 'summary': "The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping ."}]}, {'value': '173,000 Cinema seats in total', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'History and culture', 'section_text': 'See also : History of Iran and Culture of Iran', 'uid': 'International_rankings_of_Iran_10', 'intro': 'The following are international rankings for Iran: §'}
null
null
What is the source of the list that is known as Qïzïl Yïlan or Qazal Al'an to local Iranian Turkmens ?
List of walls
095ffed7653e0bb5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Charlotte_Eagles_season', 'title': '2012 Charlotte Eagles season', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Corbin Waller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corbin_Waller', 'summary': 'Corbin Waller ( born March 26 , 1985 in High Point , North Carolina ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheyne Roberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheyne_Roberts', 'summary': 'Weston Cheyne Roberts ( born March 27 , 1988 in Plant City , Florida ) is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Bloom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Bloom', 'summary': 'Mark Bloom ( born November 25 , 1987 ) is a retired American soccer player . Bloom played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Judson McKinney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judson_McKinney', 'summary': 'Judson McKinney ( born August 4 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Milton Blanco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Blanco', 'summary': 'Milton Blanco ( born April 27 , 1984 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Fresno FC in the United Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Sean Bateau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Bateau', 'summary': 'Sean Bateau ( born 27 September 1986 in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago ) is a Trinidadian footballer who currently plays in the Bangladesh Football Premier League for club Muktijoddha Sangsad KC .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Salvaggione', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Salvaggione', 'summary': 'Chris Salvaggione ( born April 7 , 1987 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Real Colorado Foxes in the USL Premier Development League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Darryl Roberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darryl_Roberts', 'summary': 'Darryl Bevon Roberts ( born 26 September 1983 in Saint Joseph ) is a Trinidadian footballer who last played for Kaya F.C-Iloilo in the Philippines Football League and for the Trinidad and Tobago national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Jorge Herrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Herrera_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Jorge Herrera ( born 11 September 1980 in Bogotá ) is a Colombian footballer who currently plays for Charlotte Independence in the United Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Williams_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Luke Williams ( born May 17 , 1983 ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Guzman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Guzman_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Juan Pablo Guzmán ( born August 31 , 1988 ) is a Colombian soccer player currently playing for New Mexico United in the USL Championship . He mainly operates as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Cowles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Cowles', 'summary': 'Isaac Cowles ( born April 18 , 1990 ) is a former American soccer player who last played with the Charlotte Eagles . He is currently a graphic designer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Kabwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Kabwe', 'summary': 'Joseph Kabwe ( born August 8 , 1980 in Bulawayo ) is a Zimbabwean footballer who last played for Carolina RailHawks in the USSF Division 2 Professional League .'}]}, {'value': 'Zimbabwe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zimbabwe', 'summary': 'Zimbabwe ( /zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ , -wi/ ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , formerly Rhodesia , is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . The second largest is Bulawayo . A country of roughly 14 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most common . Since the 11th century , present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations , from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then-government , and from which it withdrew in December 2003 . The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) . It was once known as the Jewel of Africa for its great prosperity . Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Jones_(Puerto_Rican_footballer)', 'summary': 'Scott Lyman Jones ( born September 22 , 1983 ) is a Puerto Rican international footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuitlahuac Meza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuitlahuac_Meza', 'summary': 'Cuitlahuac Meza ( born 11 July 1990 ) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Charlotte Eagles in the USL Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad Stisser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Stisser', 'summary': 'Brad Stisser ( born September 24 , 1986 ) is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Page', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Page', 'summary': 'Ben Page ( born April 9 , 1985 in Woodstock , Georgia ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Ferrer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Ferrer_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Miguel Ferrer ( born March 28 , 1987 ) is a Cuban footballer who played for the Wichita Wings in the Major Indoor Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Devon Grousis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devon_Grousis', 'summary': 'Devon Dimitri Grousis-Henderson ( born November 7 , 1987 ) is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Darren Toby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darren_Toby', 'summary': 'Darren Toby ( born January 18 , 1982 in Lowlands ) is a Trinidadian footballer who currently plays for Utica City FC in the Major Arena Soccer League and Rochester Lancers in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current Roster', 'section_text': 'As of June 18 . 2012 [ 1 ]', 'uid': '2012_Charlotte_Eagles_season_0', 'intro': 'As of June 18. 2012'}
null
null
What other team did the Cuban player play for ?
Wichita Wings
0960c120ea7766f6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(TV_series)', 'title': 'Bleach (TV series)', 'header': ['Season and name', 'Episodes', 'Anime Only'], 'data': [{'value': 'Season 1 : The Substitute ( 2004-2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_1)', 'summary': "The Agent of the Shinigami arc ( 死神代行篇 , Shinigami Daikō Hen ) is the first season of the Bleach anime series . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . In the English release by Viz Media , its title is translated as The Substitute . The episodes are based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series , spanning twenty episodes . The episodes ' plot covers the adventures of Ichigo Kurosaki after becoming a Soul Reaper and assuming the duties of Soul Reaper Rukia Kuchiki . The arc initially ran from October 5 , 2004 to February 22 , 2005 in Japan on TV Tokyo . The first English airing of the series was from September 8 , 2006 until January 26 , 2007 . It was shown on YTV 's Bionix programming block in Canada and Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States , with Bionix airing the show one day sooner . The arc started airing in the UK starting in September 2007 on AnimeCentral . The episodes use three pieces of theme music : one opening theme and two ending themes . The opening theme is Orange Range 's single Asterisk . The ending theme for the first thirteen episodes is Life is Like a Boat by Rie Fu , while the remaining seven used Thank You !"}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 2 : The Entry ( 2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_2)', 'summary': "The Soul Society : The Sneak Entry arc ( 尸魂界・潜入篇 , Sōru Sosaeti Sennyū Hen ) is the second season of the Bleach anime series , containing 21 episodes . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . In the English release by Viz Media , the title is translated as The Entry . The episodes are based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The episodes ' plot centers on Ichigo Kurosaki and his friends ' journey to the Soul Society in order to save Soul Reaper Rukia Kuchiki from her impending execution . The arc initially ran from March 1 , to July 19 , 2005 in Japan on TV Tokyo . The first English airing of the series lasted from February 3 to July 14 , 2007 . It was shown on YTV 's Bionix programming block in Canada and Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States . The episodes use five pieces of theme music : two opening themes and three ending themes . The opening theme for the first five episodes is Orange Range 's single Asterisk ; the rest use D-tecnoLife by Uverworld . The initial ending theme is Thank You ! ! by Home Made Kazoku , switching at episode 26 to Younha 's Houkiboshi ( ほうき星 , lit ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 3 : Soul Society : The Rescue ( 2005 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_3)', 'summary': "The Soul Society : The Rescue arc ( 尸魂界 救出篇 , Sōru Sosaeti Kyūshutsu Hen ) is the third season of the Bleach anime series . In the English adaptation of the anime released by Viz Media , the title of the season is translated as The Rescue . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The episodes are based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series over twenty-two episodes . The episodes ' plot centers on Ichigo Kurosaki 's and his friends ' efforts to save Soul Reaper Rukia Kuchiki from execution by her superiors in the Soul Society . The season initially ran from July 26 , 2005 , to January 10 , 2006 , in Japan on TV Tokyo . The English adaptation of the season began airing on July 21 , 2007 on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States . On October 14 , 2007 , the Bleach anime went on a hiatus ; episodes resumed airing on March 2 , 2008 , and finished airing on May 11 , 2008 . The episodes use four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and two ending themes . The opening theme for the first ten episodes is D-TecnoLife by Uverworld ; the other episodes of the season use Ichirin no Hana ( 一輪の花 , Single Flower ) by High and Mighty Color . The two ending themes are HappyPeople by Skoop on Somebody , used from episode 42 to 52 , and Yui 's Life , which was used for the remainder of the episodes . Five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , with the exception of the last two discs with contain five episodes , were released by Aniplex between December 21 , 2005 to April 26 , 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 4 : The Bount ( 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_4)', 'summary': "The fourth season of the Bleach anime series was directed by Noriyuki Abe and produced by Studio Pierrot . Like the rest of the series , it follows the adventures of Ichigo Kurosaki , but instead of adapting Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga , it features an original , self-contained story arc . The twenty-eight episodes form the Bount arc ( バウント篇 , Baunto Hen ) , which focuses on the introduction of the Bount , a race of humans that consume human souls to extend their lives , and their conflicts with Ichigo Kurosaki and his allies . The season initially ran from January 17 , 2006 to August 1 , 2006 in Japan on TV Tokyo . The English adaptation of the season began airing on May 18 , 2008 on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States , and the last episode of the season aired on December 6 , 2008 . Seven DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , were released by Aniplex between May 24 , 2006 to December 20 , 2006 . Viz Media released the season on seventeen DVDs from May 12 , 2009 to November 17 , 2009 . Each of them contain four episodes in both English and Japanese languages . Two DVD box sets collecting the entire season were released on November 3 , 2009 and February 16 , 2010 . Manga Entertainment released the season in three DVDs for the United Kingdom from October 26 , 2009 to June 7 , 2010 , while a box set was released on August 9 , 2010 . The episodes use five pieces of theme music : two opening themes and three ending themes . The opening theme for the first eleven episodes is Ichirin no Hana ( 一輪の花 , Ichirin no Hana ) by High and Mighty Color ; the rest of the episodes use Tonight , Tonight , Tonight by Beat Crusaders ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 5 : The Assault ( 2006-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_5)', 'summary': "The fifth season of the Bleach anime series is named the Bount Assault on Soul Society arc ( バウント・尸魂界強襲篇 , Baunto Sōru Sosaeti Kyōshū Hen ) . In the English adaptation of the anime released by Viz Media , the title of the season is translated as The Assault . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . Like the previous season , it does not adapt part of Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga . Instead , it features a completely original , self-contained story arc focusing on the invasion of the Soul Society , the home of the Soul Reapers , by the Bount , a race of humans that consume human souls to extend their lives . The arc initially ran from August 2006 to January 2007 in Japan on TV Tokyo . It lasted eighteen episodes . The English adaptation of the season began airing on December 13 , 2008 on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States , and ended on April 11 , 2009 . Four DVD compilations of the season were released by Aniplex between January 24 , 2007 and April 25 , 2007 in Japan . The first two DVD compilations contain four episodes of the season , and the last two contain five episodes . Viz Media released this season in four DVD volumes from December 15 , 2009 to March 23 , 2010 . A DVD box set of the season was released on June 8 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 6 : The Arrancar ( 2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_6)', 'summary': "The sixth season of the Bleach anime series is named the Arrancar : The Arrival arc ( 破面・出現篇 , Arankaru Shutsugen Hen ) . In the English adaptation of the anime released by Viz Media , the title of the season is translated as The Arrancar . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The season 's twenty-two episodes are based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The episodes ' plot centers on the burgeoning war between the Soul Reapers and the arrancar led by former Soul Reaper captain Sōsuke Aizen . The season began airing on January 10 , 2007 in Japan on TV Tokyo and ended on June 27 , 2007 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and began airing on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States on April 18 , 2009 and ended on July 11 , 2009 . Five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , were released by Aniplex between June 27 , 2007 and October 24 , 2007 . Viz Media released the season in five DVD volumes from April 20 , 2010 to August 24 , 2010 . It was also collected in two DVD boxes on September 28 , 2010 and December 21 , 2010 , with the latter including the first two episodes of season 7 . Manga Entertainment published the season in DVD volumes in the United Kingdom with the first released on April 11 , 2011 and the second is on June 13 , 2011 . A DVD box followed it on September 26 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 7 : The Arrancar Part 2 : The Hueco Mundo Sneak Entry ( 2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_7)', 'summary': "The seventh season of the Bleach anime series is named the Arrancar : The Hueco Mundo Sneak Entry arc ( 破面・虚圏 潜入篇 , Arankaru Weko Mundo Sennyū Hen ) . In the English adaptation of the anime released by Viz Media , the title of the season is translated as The Hueco Mundo . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The twenty episodes featured in the season are based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The season follows Ichigo Kurosaki 's journey to Hueco Mundo to rescue Orihime Inoue , who was kidnapped by the arrancar under the command of former Soul Reaper captain Sōsuke Aizen . Although episodes focused on the character Ashido Kanō were not featured in the manga due to timing issues , Kubo still helped the anime staff to show them in the anime . The season aired from July to December 2007 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this arc began airing on July 11 , 2009 and ended on September 26 , 2009 on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim in the United States . Five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , were released by Aniplex between December 19 , 2007 and April 23 , 2008 in Japan . While Viz Media released a single DVD volume on September 21 , 2010 featuring the season 's first episodes , the entire season has only been released within others DVDs . Episodes 132 and 133 were also released in Viz 's seventh English DVD box on December 21 , 2010 . Episodes 134-145 were released on March 22 , 2011 as Viz 's eighth compilation while the remaining ones were released on June 21 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 8 : The Arrancar Part 3 : The Fierce Fight ( 2007-2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_8)', 'summary': "The eighth season of the Bleach anime series is named the Arrancar : The Fierce Fight arc ( 破面・激闘篇 , Arankaru Gekitō Hen ) . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . Based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series , the episodes ' plot centers on Ichigo Kurosaki 's and his friends ' battle against the Espada , the strongest members of former Soul Reaper captain Sōsuke Aizen 's army , to save Orihime Inoue . The season aired from December 2007 to April 2008 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this arc began airing on September 26 , 2009 and ended November 21 , 2009 on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim . Four DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , were released by Aniplex between May 28 , 2008 and August 27 , 2008 in Japan . Viz Media released the season in two separate DVD boxes during 2011 on June 21 and September 6 . The first box , however , also contains episodes from the previous season . The episodes use three pieces of theme music : one opening theme and two closing themes . The opening theme is After Dark by Asian Kung-Fu Generation . The first closing theme is Kousuke Atari 's Tane o Maku Hibi ( 種をまく日々 , lit . Seed-Scattering Days ) , which switches in episode 154 to Kansha ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 9 : The New Captain Shūsuke Amagai ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_9)', 'summary': "The ninth season of the Bleach anime series is named The New Captain Shūsuke Amagai arc ( 新隊長天貝繍助篇 , Shin Taichō Amagai Shūsuke Hen ) . The series is based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The episodes are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The season focuses on the introduction of a new Soul Reaper captain , Shūsuke Amagai , and the mystery surrounding the Kasumiōji clan , one of the families that constitute the nobility of Soul Society . The season aired from April to October 2008 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this arc began airing on August 28 , 2010 on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim , and finished on January 29 , 2011 . Five DVD compilations , each containing four episodes of the season , have been released by Aniplex ; the first DVD compilation was released on November 26 , 2008 and the fifth on March 25 , 2009 . A DVD box set was published by Viz Media on December 13 , 2011 . The episodes use three pieces of theme music : one opening theme and two closing themes . The opening theme is Chu-Bura by Kelun . The first closing theme is Orange by Lil ' B , used for episodes 168 to 179 , and the second closing theme is Gallop by pe'zmoku , used for the remainder of the episodes ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 10 : The Arrancar Part 4 : Arrancar vs Shinigami ( 2008-2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_10)', 'summary': "The tenth season of the Bleach anime series , released on DVD as the Arrancar vs. Shinigami arc ( 破面・VS.死神篇 , Arankaru VS. Shinigami Hen ) , is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The 16-episode season is based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The episodes ' plot continues to follow Ichigo Kurosaki 's and his friends ' battle against the Espada , the strongest of former Soul Reaper Captain Sōsuke Aizen 's army , to rescue Orihime Inoue . Episodes 204 and 205 are centered on a soccer match developed by the Kasumiōji Soul Reapers who appeared in season 9 . The season aired from October 2008 to February 2009 on TV Tokyo in Japan . The English adaptation of the anime is licensed by Viz Media , and aired on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim from February 5 , to May 21 , 2011 . Aniplex released the season in a series of DVD compilations , with each of the four volumes containing four episodes . The first DVD volume was released on May 27 , 2009 , and the fourth one on August 26 , 2009 . The episodes use three pieces of theme music : one opening theme and two closing themes . The opening theme is Velonica by Aqua Timez . The first ending theme , Hitohira no Hanabira by Stereopony , is used for episode 190 to 201 , and the second ending theme , Sky Chord ( Otona ni Naru Kimi e ) ( Sky chord 〜大人になる君へ〜 , Sukai Kōdo ~Otona ni Naru Kimi e~ , lit . Sky Chord ( To the Adult You ) ) by Shion Tsuji , is used for the remainder ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 11 : The Past ( 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_11)', 'summary': "The eleventh season of the Bleach anime series , released on DVD as The Past Arc ( 過去篇 , Kako Hen ) , is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The seven episode season is based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The episodes ' plot follows the flashback arc of the series ' storyline which retells the Vizard 's past . The season aired from February to March 2009 on TV Tokyo in Japan . The English adaptation of the anime is licensed by Viz Media , which was announced that this season will start airing on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim on May 28 , 2011 and ended to July 9 , 2011 . Aniplex collected the season in a series of two DVD compilations . The first DVD volume was released on November 26 , 2009 and the second on December 16 , 2009 . The episodes use two pieces of theme music : one opening theme and one closing theme . The opening theme is Velonica by Aqua Timez while the ending theme is Sky Chord ( Otona ni Naru Kimi e ) ( Sky chord 〜大人になる君へ〜 , Sukai Kōdo ~Otona ni Naru Kimi e~ , lit . Sky Chord ( To the Adult You ) ) by Shion Tsuji ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 12 : The Arrancar Part 5 : Battle in Karakura ( 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_12)', 'summary': "The episodes of the twelfth season of the Bleach anime series , released on DVD as the Arrancar : Decisive Battle of Karakura arc ( 破面・空座決戦篇 , Arankaru Karakura Kessen Hen ) . They are directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The 17-episode season is based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . The plot continues to show the fight between the Soul Reapers against Sōsuke Aizen 's army of arrancars , with the former defending Karakura Town , and the latter planning to use Karakura Town to invade and destroy Soul Society . The season moves on to auto-conclusive stories beginning with episode 227 . The season first aired from March 31 , 2009 until July 21 , 2009 on TV Tokyo in Japan . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this season began airing on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim on July 16 , 2011 and ended to November 5 , 2011 . A total of four DVD volumes , each containing four episodes , have been released by Aniplex from January 27 , 2010 to April 21 , 2010 . The episodes use four pieces of theme music : two opening themes and two closing themes . The first two episodes use Velonica by Aqua Timez as the opening theme . The second opening theme , Shōjo S ( 少女S , Shōjo Esu , Girls ) by Scandal is used for the remainder of the season . The first ending theme , Sky Chord ( Otona ni Naru Kimi e ) ( Sky chord 〜大人になる君へ〜 , Sukai Kōdo ~Otona ni Naru Kimi e~ , lit ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 13 : Zanpakutō : The Alternate Tale ( 2009-2010 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_13)', 'summary': "The thirteenth season of the Bleach anime series is based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . It is known as the Zanpakutō : The Alternate Tale arc ( 斬魄刀異聞篇 , Zanpakutō Ibun Hen ) , is directed by Noriyuki Abe and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu , and Studio Pierrot . The episodes ' plot focus on a new set of events in which the Soul Reaper 's swords , zanpakutō , assume human forms and declare war against their wielders , led by a mysterious man named Muramasa , who is a former zanpakutō . It is also the first season to be produced in 16:9 widescreen . The season began airing on July 28 , 2009 until April 6 , 2010 on TV Tokyo in Japan . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media . The season began airing on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim on November 12 , 2011 in the United States , eventually joining the lineup of the newly relaunched Toonami programming block on the same network on May 26 , 2012 and ended to August 4 , 2012 . Aniplex released the season in a series of nine DVD volumes , each containing the first four episodes , from May 26 , 2010 to January 26 , 2011 . The episodes use five pieces of theme music : two opening themes and three closing themes . The first opening theme , Shōjo S ( 少女S , Shōjo Esu ) by Scandal , and the first ending theme , Mad Surfer by Kenichi Asai , are used for episodes 230 to 242 . The second opening theme , Anima Rossa ( アニマロッサ ) by Porno Graffitti , and the second ending theme , Sakurabito ( さくらびと , Cherry Blossom Person ) by SunSet Swish , are used from episode 243 to 255 . The third ending theme , Tabidatsu Kimi e ( 旅立つキミへ , Leaving You ) by RSP is used for episodes 256 to 265 ."}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 14 : The Arrancar Part 6 : Fall of the Arrancar ( 2010-2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_14)', 'summary': "The fourteenth season of the Bleach anime series is based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series . It is known as the Arrancar : Downfall arc ( 破面・滅亡篇 , Arankaru Metsubō Hen ) , is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The season continues the fight between the Soul Reapers and Sōsuke Aizen 's arrancar army as the former defends Karakura Town from the latter 's invasion , while Ichigo and his group fight the arrancars in Hueco Mundo to rescue Orihime Inoue . The season aired from April 2010 to 2011 . Aniplex collected it in eleven DVD volumes between February 23 and December 14 , 2011 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this season started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami on August 12 , 2012 and ended to September 28 , 2013 . The episodes uses six pieces of theme music : two opening themes and four closing themes . The first opening theme , chAngE by Miwa is used for episodes 266 to 291 , while the second opening theme , Ranbu no Melody ( 乱舞のメロディ , Ranbu no Merodi , Melody of the Wild Dance ) by Sid is used from episode 292 to 316 . The first ending theme , Stay Beautiful by Diggy-Mo is used for episodes 266 to 278 , the second ending theme , echoes by Universe is used from episode 279 to 291 , the third ending theme , Last Moment by SPYAIR is used from episode 292 to 303 , and the fourth ending theme Song For . by ROOKiEZ is PUNK 'D is used from episode 304 to 316 ."}]}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 15 : Gotei 13 Invading Army ( 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_15)', 'summary': "The fifteenth season of the Bleach anime series is known as Gotei 13 Invading Army arc ( 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 , Gotei Jūsan Tai Shingun Hen ) . It is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The season 's twenty-six episodes are based on the Bleach manga series by Tite Kubo , but follow original storylines exclusive to the anime . In this arc , Soul Reaper Ichigo Kurosaki and his friends investigate a series of strange events in the Soul Society where numerous Soul Reapers have disappeared without a trace , with a seemingly large conspiracy at work . As this takes place , Ichigo is forced to struggle with the fading of his powers due to the previous battle between him and Sōsuke Aizen . The season aired from April to October 2011 . Aniplex collected it in six DVD volumes between February 22 and July 25 , 2012 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this season started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami on October 5 , 2013 and ended to April 26 , 2014 . The episodes of this season uses three pieces of theme music . The single opening theme is BLUE by ViViD . The first ending theme , Aoi Tori ( アオイトリ , Blue Bird ) by fumika is used from episode 317 to 329 . The second ending theme , Haruka Kanata by UNLIMITS is used from episodes 330 to 342 ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Season 16 : The Lost Agent ( 2011-2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach_(season_16)', 'summary': "The sixteenth and final season of the Bleach anime series is known as the Lost Agent arc ( 死神代行消失篇 , Shinigami Daikō Shōshitsu hen ) . It is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . Based on Tite Kubo 's Bleach manga series , the season is set seventeen months after Ichigo Kurosaki lost his Soul Reaper powers and meets a man known as Kūgo Ginjō who proposes him to recover them . The season aired from October 2011 to March 2012 . Aniplex collected it in six DVD volumes between August 22 , 2012 and January 23 , 2013 . The English adaptation of the Bleach anime is licensed by Viz Media , and this season started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami on May 3 , 2014 and finished episode to November 1 , 2014 . The episodes of this season use three pieces of theme music ; one opening and two endings . The opening theme is Harukaze by Scandal . The first ending theme , Re : pray by Aimer is used from episodes 343 to 354 and the second ending theme , MASK by Aqua Timez is used from episode 355 to 366 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Episodes', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of Bleach episodes Bleach is divided into sixteen seasons , five of which are original , self-contained story arcs of side stories not found in the original material .', 'uid': 'Bleach_(anime)_0', 'intro': "Bleach (Japanese: ブリーチ, Hepburn: Burīchi) is a Japanese anime television series based on Tite Kubo's manga of the same name. It was produced by Studio Pierrot and directed by Noriyuki Abe. The series aired on TV Tokyo from October 2004 to March 2012, spanning 366 episodes. The story follows the adventures of Ichigo Kurosaki after he obtains the powers of a Soul Reaper (死神, Shinigami, literally, Death God) - a death personification similar to the Grim Reaper - from another Soul Reaper, Rukia Kuchiki. His newfound powers force him to take on the duties of defending humans from evil spirits and guiding departed souls to the afterlife. The anime adaptation includes original storylines not found in the manga with repeated appearances and stories containing these original characters. Viz Media obtained foreign television and home video distribution rights to the Bleach anime on March 15, 2004. Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block began airing Bleach in the United States on September 9, 2006. The series' international release extends through dozens of countries in several languages, such as Spanish, French, German, Brazilian Portuguese and Tagalog."}
null
null
How many episodes was in the season whose opening theme for the first eleven episodes is Ichirin no Hana by High and Mighty Color ?
28
0961524dbaee515a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cannonball Adderley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannonball_Adderley', 'summary': "Julian Edwin Cannonball Adderley ( September 15 , 1928 - August 8 , 1975 ) was an American jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s . Adderley is remembered for his 1966 soul jazz single Mercy , Mercy , Mercy , a crossover hit on the pop charts ( it was also covered by the Buckinghams ) . He worked with trumpeter Miles Davis , on his own 1958 Somethin ' Else album , and on the seminal Davis records Milestones ( 1958 ) and Kind of Blue ( 1959 ) . He was the older brother of jazz trumpeter Nat Adderley , a longtime member of his band ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Albright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Albright', 'summary': 'Gerald Albright ( born August 30 , 1957 ) is an American jazz saxophonist .'}]}, {'value': 'Iota Chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Redlands', 'summary': "The University of Redlands is a private university headquartered in Redlands , California . The university 's main , residential campus is situated on 160 acres ( 65 ha ) near downtown Redlands . An additional eight regional locations throughout California largely provide programs for working adults ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Butler_(singer)', 'summary': "Jerry Butler Jr. ( born December 8 , 1939 ) is an American soul singer-songwriter , producer , musician , and retired politician . He is also noted as being the original lead singer of the R & B vocal group the Impressions , as well as a 1991 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee . Since leaving The Impressions , Jerry has had over 55 Billboard Pop and R & B Chart Hits as a solo artist , including some 15 Top 40 Pop Hits in the Hot 100 , and 15 R & B Top 10 's . He served as a Commissioner for Cook County , Illinois , from 1985 to 2018 . As a member of this 17-member county board , he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee , and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Songwriter , composer ; former lead singer of The Impressions ; 1991 inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ; 1993 NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame inductee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Impressions', 'summary': "The Impressions were an American music group originally formed in 1958 . Their repertoire includes doo-wop , gospel , soul , and R & B . The group was founded as The Roosters by Chattanooga , Tennessee natives Sam Gooden , Richard Brooks and Arthur Brooks , who moved to Chicago and added Jerry Butler and Curtis Mayfield to their line-up to become Jerry Butler & the Impressions . By 1962 Butler and the Brookses had departed , and after switching to ABC-Paramount Records , Mayfield , Gooden , and new Impression Fred Cash collectively became a top-selling soul act . Mayfield left the group for a solo career in 1970 ; Leroy Hutson , Ralph Johnson , Reggie Torian ( born Reginald Torian ) , and Nate Evans ( Twinight Records ) were among the replacements who joined Gooden and Cash . Inductees into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame , the Impressions are best known for their 1960s string of hits , many of which were heavily influenced by gospel music and served as inspirational anthems for the Civil Rights Movement . They are also 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductees for their hit People Get Ready and winners of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation 's Pioneer Award ( in 2000 ) . The group 's long career spanned over 60 years at the time of their retirement in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Duke Ellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_Ellington', 'summary': "Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington ( April 29 , 1899 - May 24 , 1974 ) was an American composer , pianist , and leader of a jazz orchestra , which he led from 1923 until his death over a career spanning more than six decades . Born in Washington , D.C. , Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward and gained a national profile through his orchestra 's appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem . In the 1930s , his orchestra toured in Europe . Although widely considered to have been a pivotal figure in the history of jazz , Ellington embraced the phrase beyond category as a liberating principle and referred to his music as part of the more general category of American Music rather than to a musical genre such as jazz . Some of the jazz musicians who were members of Ellington 's orchestra , such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges , are considered to be among the best players in the idiom . Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz . Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades . A master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format , Ellington wrote more than one thousand compositions ; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy , with many of his pieces having become standards . Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen , for example Juan Tizol 's Caravan , and Perdido , which brought a Spanish tinge to big band jazz . In the early 1940s , Ellington began a nearly thirty-year collaboration with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn , whom he called his writing and arranging companion . With Strayhorn , he composed many extended compositions , or suites , as well as additional short pieces . Following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival , in July 1956 , Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major revival and embarked on world tours ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Zeta Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Bluefield is a city in Mercer County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 10,447 at the 2010 census . It is the core city of the Bluefield WV-VA micropolitan area , which has a population of 107,342 .'}]}, {'value': 'Composer , bandleader , actor ; Grammy Award winner ; 1959 Spingarn Medal and 1969 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient ; Pulitzer Prize in recognition of his musical genius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spingarn_Medal', 'summary': 'The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) for outstanding achievement by an African American . The award was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn , chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP . It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915 , and has been given most years thereafter . At its annual convention , the NAACP presents the award after deciding from open nominations . Should the organization end , it would be managed by Howard or Fisk Universities . The gold medal is valued at $ 100 , and Spingarn left $ 20,000 in his will for the NAACP to continue giving it indefinitely .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom', 'summary': 'The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the president of the United States . The Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal are the highest civilian awards of the United States . The presidential medal seeks to recognize those people who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors . The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy , superseding the Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Marc Gay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_University', 'summary': 'Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .'}]}, {'value': 'Singer in the R & B group Shai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues', 'summary': "Rhythm and blues , commonly abbreviated as R & B , is a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s . The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans , at a time when urbane , rocking , jazz based music with a heavy , insistent beat was becoming more popular . In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s , the bands usually consisted of piano , one or two guitars , bass , drums , one or more saxophones , and sometimes background vocalists . R & B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy , as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships , economics , and aspirations . The term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning . In the early 1950s , it was frequently applied to blues records . Starting in the mid-1950s , after this style of music contributed to the development of rock and roll , the term R & B became used to refer to music styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues , as well as gospel and soul music . In the 1960s , several British rock bands such as the Rolling Stones , the Who and the Animals were referred to and promoted as being R & B bands ; posters for the Who 's residency at the Marquee Club in 1964 contained the slogan , Maximum R & B . Their mix of rock and roll and R & B is now known as British rhythm and blues . By the 1970s , the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk . In the 1980s , a newer style of R & B developed , becoming known as contemporary R & B . It combines rhythm and blues with elements of pop , soul , funk , hip hop , and electronic music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shai', 'summary': "Shai ( also spelt Sai , occasionally Shay , and in Greek , Psais ) was the deification of the concept of fate in Egyptian mythology . As a concept , with no particular reason for associating one gender over another , Shai was sometimes considered female , rather than the more usual understanding of being male , in which circumstance Shai was referred to as Shait ( simply the feminine form of the name ) . His name reflects his function , as it means ( that which is ) ordained . As the god of fate , it was said that he determined the span of each man 's life , and was present at the judgement of the soul of the deceased in duat . In consequence , he was sometimes identified as the husband of Mesenet , goddess of birth , or , in later years , of Renenutet , who assigned the Ren , and had become considered goddess of fortune . Because of the power associated in the concept , Akhenaten , in introducing monotheism , said that Shai was an attribute of Aten , whereas Ramses II claimed to be lord of Shai ( i.e . lord of fate ) . During Ptolemaic Egypt , Shai , as god of fate , was identified with the Greek god Agathodaemon , who was the god of fortune telling . Thus , since Agathodaemon was considered to be a serpent , and the word Shai was also the Egyptian word for pig , in the Hellenic period , Shai was sometimes depicted as a serpent-headed pig , known to Egyptologists as the Shai animal ."}]}, {'value': 'Lionel Hampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Hampton', 'summary': 'Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20 , 1908 - August 31 , 2002 ) was an American jazz vibraphonist , pianist , percussionist , and bandleader . Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson , Benny Goodman , and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker , Charles Mingus , and Quincy Jones . In 1992 , he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame , and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_University', 'summary': "Ohio University ( Ohio or OU ) is a public research university in Athens , Ohio . The first university chartered by an Act of Congress and the first to be chartered in Ohio , it was chartered in 1787 by the Congress of the Confederation and subsequently approved for the territory in 1802 and state in 1804 , opening for students in 1809 . Ohio University is the oldest university in Ohio , the eighth oldest public university in the United States and the 30th oldest among public and private universities . As of fall 2018 , the university 's total enrollment at Athens was 20,000 , while the all-campus enrollment was just under 35,000 . Ohio University maintains a selective admission rate with further admission requirements for its Journalism and other select schools . The Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine maintains separate select admissions criteria . Ohio University offers more than 250 areas of undergraduate study . On the graduate level , the university grants master 's degrees in many of its major academic divisions , and doctoral degrees in selected departments . Ohio University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The university is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . Ohio 's athletic teams are called the Bobcats and compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I level as charter members of the Mid-American Conference . Ohio football has participated in 13 bowl games through the 2019 season , while the men 's basketball team has made 13 appearances in the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz percussionist and bandleader ; National Medal of Arts recipient ; Goodwill Ambassador for the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts', 'summary': 'The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the United States Congress in 1984 , for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts . A prestigious American honor , it is the highest honor given to artists and arts patrons by the United States government . Nominations are submitted to the National Council on the Arts , the advisory committee of the National Endowment for the Arts , who then submits its recommendations to the White House for the President of the United States to award . The medal was designed for the NEA by sculptor Robert Graham .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Hart', 'summary': "Antonio Hart ( born September 30 , 1968 ) is a jazz alto saxophonist . He attended the Baltimore School for the Arts , studied with Andy McGhee at Berklee College of Music , and has a master 's degree from Queens College , City University of New York . His initial training was classical , but he switched to jazz in college . He gained recognition for his work with Roy Hargrove . Hart is currently serving as a full-time professor of jazz studies in Aaron Copland School of Music at Queens College City University of New York . Hart is a member of the Sigma chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity"}]}, {'value': 'Sigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donny Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donny_Hathaway', 'summary': "Donny Edward Hathaway ( October 1 , 1945 - January 13 , 1979 ) was an American soul singer , keyboardist , songwriter , and arranger . Hathaway has been described as a soul legend by Rolling Stone . His enduring songs include The Ghetto , This Christmas , Someday We 'll All Be Free , and Little Ghetto Boy . Hathaway is also renowned for his signature versions of A Song for You , For All We Know , and I Love You More Than You 'll Ever Know , along with Where Is the Love and The Closer I Get to You , two of many collaborations with Roberta Flack . He 's been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame and won one Grammy from four nominations . Hathaway was also posthumously bestowed with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Dutch director David Kleijwegt made a documentary : Mister Soul - A story about Donny Hathaway which was premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam on January 28th 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Songwriter and arranger for The Staple Singers , Jerry Butler , and Aretha Franklin ; singer who recorded duets with Roberta Flack ; recorded the theme song to the TV series Maude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Staple_Singers', 'summary': "The Staple Singers were an American gospel , soul and R & B singing group . Roebuck Pops Staples ( December 28 , 1914 - December 19 , 2000 ) , the patriarch of the family , formed the group with his children Cleotha ( April 11 , 1934 - February 21 , 2013 ) , Pervis ( b . 1935 ) , and Mavis ( b . 1939 ) . Yvonne ( October 23 , 1937 - April 10 , 2018 ) replaced her brother when he was drafted into the U.S. Army , and again in 1970 . They are best known for their 1970s hits Respect Yourself , I 'll Take You There , If You 're Ready ( Come Go with Me ) , and Let 's Do It Again . While the family name is Staples , the group used Staple commercially ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aretha_Franklin', 'summary': "Aretha Louise Franklin ( March 25 , 1942 - August 16 , 2018 ) was an American singer , songwriter , pianist , and civil rights activist . Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit , Michigan , where her father C. L. Franklin was minister . At the age of 18 , she embarked on a secular-music career as a recording artist for Columbia Records . While Franklin 's career did not immediately flourish , she found acclaim and commercial success after signing with Atlantic Records in 1966 . Hit songs such as Respect , Chain of Fools , Think , ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman , I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) , and I Say a Little Prayer , propelled her past her musical peers . By the end of the 1960s , Aretha Franklin had come to be known as The Queen of Soul . Franklin continued to record acclaimed albums such as I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) , Lady Soul ( 1968 ) , Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) , Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) , Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) , and Sparkle ( 1976 ) before experiencing problems with her record company . Franklin left Atlantic in 1979 and signed with Arista Records . She appeared in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers before releasing the successful albums Jump to It ( 1982 ) , Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) , and Aretha ( 1986 ) on the Arista label . In 1998 , Franklin returned to the Top 40 with the Lauryn Hill-produced song A Rose Is Still a Rose ; later , she released an album of the same name which was certified gold . That same year , Franklin earned international acclaim for her performance of Nessun dorma at the Grammy Awards ; she filled in at the last minute for Luciano Pavarotti , who canceled his appearance after the show had already begun ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roberta_Flack', 'summary': "Roberta Cleopatra Flack ( born February 10 , 1937 ) is an American singer . She is known for her No . 1 singles The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face , Killing Me Softly with His Song , Feel Like Makin ' Love ; and Where Is the Love and The Closer I Get to You , two of her many duets with Donny Hathaway . Flack is the only solo artist to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year on two consecutive years : The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face won at the 1973 Grammys and Killing Me Softly with His Song won at the 1974 Grammys ."}, {'url': "/wiki/And_Then_There's_Maude", 'summary': "Maude is an American sitcom television series that was originally broadcast on the CBS network from September 12 , 1972 , until April 22 , 1978 . Maude stars Beatrice Arthur as Maude Findlay , an outspoken , middle-aged , politically liberal woman living in suburban Tuckahoe , Westchester County , New York , with her fourth husband , household appliance store owner Walter Findlay ( Bill Macy ) . Maude embraces the tenets of women 's liberation , always votes for Democratic Party candidates , and advocates for civil rights and racial and gender equality . However , her overbearing and sometimes domineering personality often gets her into trouble when speaking about these issues . The show was billed as the first spin-off of All in the Family , on which Beatrice Arthur had made two appearances in the character of Maude , Edith Bunker 's cousin . Like All in the Family , Maude was a sitcom with topical storylines created by producers Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . Unusual for a U.S. sitcom , several episodes ( such as Maude 's Night Out and The Convention ) featured only the characters of Maude and her husband Walter , in what amounted to half-hour two-hander teleplays . The show 's theme song , And Then There 's Maude , was written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman and Dave Grusin , and performed by Donny Hathaway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Maude is an American sitcom television series that was originally broadcast on the CBS network from September 12 , 1972 , until April 22 , 1978 . Maude stars Beatrice Arthur as Maude Findlay , an outspoken , middle-aged , politically liberal woman living in suburban Tuckahoe , Westchester County , New York , with her fourth husband , household appliance store owner Walter Findlay ( Bill Macy ) . Maude embraces the tenets of women 's liberation , always votes for Democratic Party candidates , and advocates for civil rights and racial and gender equality . However , her overbearing and sometimes domineering personality often gets her into trouble when speaking about these issues . The show was billed as the first spin-off of All in the Family , on which Beatrice Arthur had made two appearances in the character of Maude , Edith Bunker 's cousin . Like All in the Family , Maude was a sitcom with topical storylines created by producers Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . Unusual for a U.S. sitcom , several episodes ( such as Maude 's Night Out and The Convention ) featured only the characters of Maude and her husband Walter , in what amounted to half-hour two-hander teleplays . The show 's theme song , And Then There 's Maude , was written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman and Dave Grusin , and performed by Donny Hathaway ."}]}, {'value': 'Fletcher Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson', 'summary': "James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson ( December 18 , 1897 - December 29 , 1952 ) was an American pianist , bandleader , arranger and composer , important in the development of big band jazz and swing music . He was one of the most prolific black musical arrangers and , along with Duke Ellington , is considered one of the most influential arrangers and bandleaders in jazz history . Henderson 's influence was vast . He helped bridge the gap between the Dixieland and the swing eras . He was often known as Smack Henderson ( because of smacking sounds he made with his lips ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University', 'summary': 'Clark Atlanta University is a private historically black university in Atlanta , Georgia . It was formed in 1988 with the consolidation of Clark College ( founded in 1869 ) and Atlanta University ( founded in 1865 ) . Clark Atlanta University is a member of the United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) and is the largest collegiate institution in the Atlanta University Center Consortium .'}]}, {'value': 'Pianist , bandleader , arranger and composer , important in the development of big band jazz and swing music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Composer', 'summary': 'A composer ( Latin compōnō ; literally one who puts together ) is a musician who is an author of music in any form , including vocal music ( for a singer or choir ) , instrumental music , electronic music , and music which combines multiple forms . A composer may create music in any music genre , including , for example , classical music , musical theatre , blues , folk music , jazz , and popular music . Composers often express their works in a written musical score using musical notation . Many composers are , or were , also skilled performers of music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_band', 'summary': 'A big band is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections : saxophones , trumpets , trombones , and a rhythm section . Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular . The term big band is also used to describe a genre of music , although this was not the only style of music played by big bands . Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing . In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation , big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements . They gave a greater role to bandleaders , arrangers , and sections of instruments rather than soloists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Swing_(genre)', 'summary': "Swing music , or simply swing , is a form of popular jazz music developed in the United States that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s . The name swing came from the 'swing feel ' where the emphasis is on the off-beat or weaker pulse in the music . Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement . The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946 , a period known as the swing era . The verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive . Notable musicians of the swing era include Louis Armstrong , Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy Dorsey , Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Woody Herman , Harry James , Louis Jordan , Glenn Miller , Louis Prima , and Artie Shaw . Swing has roots in the 1920s as larger dance music ensembles began using new styles of written arrangements incorporating rhythmic innovations pioneered by Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines . A typical song played in swing style would feature a strong , anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass . The most common style consisted of theme choruses and choruses with improvised solos within the framework of his bandmates playing support . Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors . Swing influenced the later styles of traditional pop music , jump blues , and bebop jazz . Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with the resurgent Count Basie and Duke Ellington orchestras , and with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer in the R & B group Shai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Richie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Richie', 'summary': "Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. ( born June 20 , 1949 ) is an American singer , songwriter , composer , multi-instrumentalist , record producer and actor . His recordings with the Commodores and in his solo career made him one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s . Beginning in 1968 , Richie was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores . The Commodores became established as a popular soul group ; their first several albums had a danceable , funky sound , as in such tracks as Machine Gun and Brick House . Over time , Richie wrote and sang more romantic , easy-listening ballads such as Easy , Three Times a Lady , Still , and the breakup ballad Sail On . Richie launched a solo career in 1982 and his 1982 debut solo album , Lionel Richie , contained three hit singles : the U.S. number-one song Truly , and the top five hits You Are and My Love . The album hit No . 3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies . His 1983 follow-up album , Ca n't Slow Down , sold over twice as many copies , propelling him into the first rank of international superstars . He also co-wrote the 1985 charity single We Are the World with Michael Jackson , which sold over 20 million copies . Over the course of his career , Richie has sold over 90 million records worldwide , making him one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . He won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Ca n't Slow Down , and his other Grammy Awards include Producer of the Year ( Non-Classical ) in 1985 and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for Truly in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Nu Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer and member of the Commodores ; Grammy Award and Academy Award winner ; 2003 Hollywood Walk of Fame honoree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commodores', 'summary': "Commodores is an American funk/soul band , which was at its peak in the late 1970s through the mid 1980s . The members of the group met as mostly freshmen at Tuskegee Institute ( now Tuskegee University ) in 1968 , and signed with Motown in November 1972 , having first caught the public eye opening for the Jackson 5 while on tour . The group 's most successful period was in the late 1970s and early 1980s when Lionel Richie was the co-lead singer . The band 's biggest hit singles are ballads such as Easy , Three Times a Lady , and Nightshift ; and funky dance hits which include Brick House , Fancy Dancer , Lady ( You Bring Me Up ) , and Too Hot ta Trot . In 1986 , the Commodores won their first Grammy for the song Nightshift ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame', 'summary': 'The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of musicians , actors , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce holds trademark rights to the Hollywood Walk of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Noble Sissle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noble_Sissle', 'summary': "Noble Lee Sissle ( July 10 , 1889 - December 17 , 1975 ) was an American jazz composer , lyricist , bandleader , singer , and playwright , best known for the Broadway musical Shuffle Along ( 1921 ) , and its hit song I 'm Just Wild About Harry ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazz composer , lyricist , bandleader , and singer of the Harlem Renaissance ; lyricist of Shuffle Along , which became the first hit musical on Broadway written by and about African-Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance', 'summary': 'The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual , social , and artistic explosion centered in Harlem , Manhattan , New York City , spanning the 1920s . At the time , it was known as the New Negro Movement , named after The New Negro , a 1925 anthology edited by Alain Locke . The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration , of which Harlem was the largest . Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood , many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the movement , which spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s . Many of its ideas lived on much longer . The zenith of this flowering of Negro literature , as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance , took place between 1924 - when Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance - and 1929 , the year of the stock-market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression . The Harlem Renaissance is considered to have been a rebirth of the African-American arts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shuffle_Along', 'summary': 'Shuffle Along is a musical with music and lyrics by Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake , and a thin revue-style connecting plot about a mayoral race , written by Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles . The piece premiered on Broadway in 1921 , running for 504 performances - an unusually long run during that decade . It launched the careers of Josephine Baker , Adelaide Hall , Florence Mills , Fredi Washington and Paul Robeson , and became such a hit that it caused curtain time traffic jams on West 63rd Street . It had brief revivals in 1933 and 1952 . Shuffle Along , or , the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed is a musical adaptation based on the original book of the 1921 musical , focusing on the challenges of mounting the original production of Shuffle Along and its effect on Broadway and race relations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Broadway_theatre', 'summary': "Broadway theatre , [ nb 1 ] also known simply as Broadway , refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 41 professional theatres , each with 500 or more seats , located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway , in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Broadway and London 's West End together represent the highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world . The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City . According to The Broadway League , for the 2018-2019 season ( which ended May 26 , 2019 ) total attendance was 14,768,254 and Broadway shows had US $ 1,829,312,140 in grosses , with attendance up 9.5% , grosses up 10.3% , and playing weeks up 9.3% . The majority of Broadway shows are musicals . Historian Martin Shefter argues that 'Broadway musicals ' , culminating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein , became enormously influential forms of American popular culture and contributed to making New York City the cultural capital of the Western Hemisphere ."}]}, {'value': 'Lanzel Smith Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_University', 'summary': "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'International Disc Jockey and multi-faceted producer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disc_Jockey', 'summary': 'A disc jockey , more commonly abbreviated as DJ , is a person who hosts recorded music for an audience . Most common types of DJs include radio DJs , club DJs , who perform at a nightclub or music festival and turntablists who use record players , usually turntables , to manipulate sounds on phonograph records . Originally , the disc in disc jockey referred to vinyl records , but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes , CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ or a laptop . The title DJ is often used by DJs in front of their real names , adopted pseudonyms , or stage names . DJs use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs . Often , this involves aligning the beats of the music sources so their rhythms and tempos do not clash when played together and to enable a smooth transition from one song to another . DJs often use specialized DJ mixers , small audio mixers with crossfader and cue functions to blend or transition from one song to another . Mixers are also used to pre-listen to sources of recorded music in headphones and adjust upcoming tracks to mix with currently playing music . DJ software can be used with a DJ controller device to mix audio files on a computer instead of a console mixer . DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience ; effects units such as reverb to create sound effects and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Record_producer', 'summary': "A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performer 's music , which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album . A producer has many , varying roles during the recording process . They may gather musical ideas for the project , collaborate with the artists to select cover tunes or original songs by the artist/group , work with artists and help them to improve their songs , lyrics or arrangements . A producer may also :"}]}, {'value': 'Darnell Van Rensalier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer in the R & B group Shai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazz composer , saxophonist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_5', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."}
null
null
What is the birthdate of the Alpha Phi Alpha brother who belonged to the group founded as The Roosters ?
December 8 , 1939