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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_Sanctuary_Building', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building is a historic church building at 2001 Santa Clara Avenue in Alameda , California . It was built in 1904 , and was added to the National Register in 1980 . It is 60 by 100 feet ( 18 m × 30 m ) in plan . The building 's main sanctuary walls include 14 stained glass windows . Four of these are decorative ; ten depict Christ . Other buildings on the property , built in 1967 , are not included in the nomination ."}]}, {'value': '1904 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 Santa Clara Ave. 37°46′11″N 122°15′0″W / 37.76972°N 122.25000°W / 37.76972 ; -122.25000 ( First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alameda , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alameda,_California', 'summary': "Alameda ( /ˌæləˈmiːdə/ AL-ə-MEE-də ; Spanish : [ ala'meða ] ) is a city in Alameda County , California , United States . It is located on Alameda Island and Bay Farm Island . It is adjacent to and south of Oakland and east of San Francisco across the San Francisco Bay . Bay Farm Island , a portion of which is also known as Harbor Bay Isle , is part of the mainland adjacent to the Oakland International Airport . The city 's estimated 2017 population was 79,928 . Alameda is a charter city , rather than a general law city , which allows it to provide for any form of government . Alameda became a charter city and adopted a council-manager government in 1916 ."}]}, {'value': 'Classical Revival , Renaissance', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Presbyterian Church ( Berkeley , California )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Presbyterian_Church_(Berkeley,_California)", 'summary': "The Julia Morgan Theater , located in the former St. John 's Presbyterian Church , is a historic building in Berkeley , California designed by architect Julia Morgan . The wooden building at 2640 College Avenue is built in the American Craftsman style with an exterior wood-shingle finish known as Berkeley Brown Shingle . The church building was desanctified and sold when the congregation moved to a new building in 1974 . It now houses the Berkeley Playhouse . The structure is # 8 on the city of Berkeley 's list of historic landmarks . In 1975 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places ( listing # 74000507 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1910 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2640 College Ave. 37°51′44″N 122°15′8″W / 37.86222°N 122.25222°W / 37.86222 ; -122.25222 ( St. John 's Presbyterian Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkeley , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkeley,_California', 'summary': 'Berkeley ( /ˈbɜːrkli/ BURK-lee ) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County , California . It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley . It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north . Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills . The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580 . Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system , the University of California , Berkeley , and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , which is managed and operated by the University . It also has the Graduate Theological Union , one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world . Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Craftsman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felton Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felton_Public_Library', 'summary': 'The Felton Public Library serves the residents of San Lorenzo Valley . The 8,900 sq ft building is located less than a quarter mile from the former Felton Public Library building .'}]}, {'value': '1891 founded 1893 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6299 Gushee St. 37°3′10″N 122°4′24″W / 37.05278°N 122.07333°W / 37.05278 ; -122.07333 ( Felton Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felton,_California', 'summary': 'Felton is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Santa Cruz County , California , United States . The population was 4,057 as of 2010 census and according to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 4.6 square miles ( 12 km2 ) , all of it land .'}]}, {'value': 'Victorian former church building listed as Felton Presbyterian Church on the NRHP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bel Air Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bel_Air_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Bel Air Church ( also known as Bel Air Presbyterian Church ) is a member of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , and is located in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . The church averages 1,500 in attendance each weekend . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1956 founded 1991 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16221 Mulholland Drive 34°7′49″N 118°29′8″W / 34.13028°N 118.48556°W / 34.13028 ; -118.48556 ( Bel Air Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_architecture', 'summary': 'Modern architecture , or modernist architecture , was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; the idea that form should follow function ( functionalism ) ; an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s , when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_of_Hollywood', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood has had a significant impact on both the Presbyterian Church and evangelical Christianity around the world .'}]}, {'value': '1903 founded 1923 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1760 North Gower Street 34°6′11″N 118°19′19″W / 34.10306°N 118.32194°W / 34.10306 ; -118.32194 ( First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood , Los Angeles , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood,_California', 'summary': 'Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles , California , notable as the home of the U.S. film industry , including several of its historic studios . Its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry and the people associated with it . Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality in 1903 . It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910 and soon thereafter , a prominent film industry emerged , eventually becoming the most recognizable film industry in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mendocino Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'The Mendocino Presbyterian Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Presbyterian church building located at 44831 Main Street , in Mendocino , California . Built of coast redwood , it sits on the Mendocino headlands overlooking the Pacific Ocean ; its board and batten exterior walls , tall side-entrance bell tower , steep gabled roof and lancet windows are typical of many Carpenter Gothic churches . Its stained glass windows were made by local stained glass artist Leone McNeil Zimmer .'}]}, {'value': '1867-68 built 1971 NRHP-listed ( contributing )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44831 Main Street 39°18′17.6″N 123°47′48.1″W / 39.304889°N 123.796694°W / 39.304889 ; -123.796694 ( Mendocino Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mendocino , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino ( formerly , Big River , Meiggstown , and Mendocino City ) is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County , California , United States . Mendocino is located 9.5 miles ( 15 km ) south of Fort Bragg , at an elevation of 154 feet ( 47 m ) . The population of the census-designated place ( CDP ) was 894 at the 2010 census , up from 824 at the 2000 census . The town 's name comes from Cape Mendocino , named by early Spanish navigators in honor of Antonio de Mendoza , Viceroy of New Spain . In turn , the etymology of Mendoza is cold mountain . Despite its small size , the town 's scenic location on a headland surrounded by the Pacific Ocean has made it extremely popular as an artist colony and with vacationers ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpenter Gothic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic', 'summary': "Carpenter Gothic , also sometimes called Carpenter 's Gothic or Rural Gothic , is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters . The abundance of North American timber and the carpenter-built vernacular architectures based upon it made a picturesque improvisation upon Gothic a natural evolution . Carpenter Gothic improvises upon features that were carved in stone in authentic Gothic architecture , whether original or in more scholarly revival styles ; however , in the absence of the restraining influence of genuine Gothic structures , the style was freed to improvise and emphasize charm and quaintness rather than fidelity to received models . The genre received its impetus from the publication by Alexander Jackson Davis of Rural Residences and from detailed plans and elevations in publications by Andrew Jackson Downing ."}]}, {'value': 'Menlo Park Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menlo_Park_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Menlo Church , previously Menlo Park Presbyterian Church ( or MPPC ) , is a congregation located in Menlo Park , California , San Mateo , Mountain View , Saratoga , San Jose , and South San Francisco . It was officially organized on November 30 , 1873 . Its congregation has over 3,863 members as of 2016 . It was listed as the 17th Most Influential Church in America according to a 2007 survey . The original site was donated in 1874 , less than a year after the church was founded , and MPPC met for 76 years at 700 Santa Cruz Avenue and Chestnut , until the church built its current facility at 950 Santa Cruz Avenue in 1950 , where it remains now . The Open Doors campaign led to the openings of two new campuses : the North Campus in San Mateo and the South Campus in Mountain View , in 2007 and 2008 . The church also holds two Sunday services at the site of its original location , 700 Santa Cruz Avenue , behind Ace Hardware store . In 2015 , the church renamed itself Menlo Church to unify the different campuses , and also launched the Menlo San Jose , Saratoga and South City campuses . Menlo Church is led by Senior Pastor John Ortberg , a widely known evangelical author and speaker . On March 2 , 2014 , the congregation voted to affirm the recommendation of the session to depart Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) in order to realign with ECO : A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians denomination .'}]}, {'value': '1873 founded 1950 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37°26′57″N 122°11′16″W / 37.4493°N 122.1877°W / 37.4493 ; -122.1877 ( Menlo Park Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Menlo Park , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California', 'summary': "Menlo Park is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County , in the San Francisco Bay Area of California , in the United States . It is bordered by San Francisco Bay on the north and east ; East Palo Alto , Palo Alto , and Stanford to the south ; Atherton , North Fair Oaks , and Redwood City to the west . Menlo Park is one of the most educated cities in the state of California and the United States ; nearly 70% of residents over the age of 25 have earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . Menlo Park had 32,026 inhabitants according to the 2010 United States Census , which had grown to an estimated 34,357 inhabitants by 2017 . The city is home to the corporate headquarters of Facebook and where Google and Round Table Pizza were founded ."}]}, {'value': 'One of 50 most influential churches in the United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Napa , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Napa,_California)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 1333 3rd Street in Napa , California .'}]}, {'value': '1874 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1333 3rd St. 38°17′46″N 122°17′9″W / 38.29611°N 122.28583°W / 38.29611 ; -122.28583 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Napa , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Napa , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Napa,_California', 'summary': "Napa is the largest city and the county seat of Napa County . It is the principal city of the Napa County Metropolitan Statistical Area , with a population of 80,011 as of the 2010 census . It is the second-largest city in California 's Wine Country , after Santa Rosa . Napa was incorporated as a city in 1872 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westminster Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_(Sacramento,_California)', 'summary': 'The Westminster Presbyterian Church , located at 13th St. and N Street in Sacramento , California , was built in 1927 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 . It was deemed significant for its architecture . The Presbyterian church was designed in Spanish Eclectic style with Byzantine influences as in the Hagia Sophia , by Sacramento architects Dean and Dean . It has a bell tower and tiled dome . It is constructed of reinforced concrete with stucco covering and decorations made of pre-cast cement . Westminster Presbyterian Church is listed as an American Presbyterian and Reformed Historical Site No . 373 by the Presbyterian Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': '1927 built 2003 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1300 N St. 38°34′35″N 121°29′27″W / 38.57639°N 121.49083°W / 38.57639 ; -121.49083 ( Westminster Presbyterian Church ( Sacramento , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacramento , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacramento,_California', 'summary': "Sacramento ( /ˌsækrəˈmɛntoʊ/ SAK-rə-MEN-toh ; Spanish : [ sakɾaˈmento ] ; Spanish for sacrament ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County . Located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in Northern California 's Sacramento Valley , Sacramento 's estimated 2018 population of 501,334 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth largest capital in the United States . Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California , making it the state 's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks . Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area , which had a 2010 population of 2,414,783 , making it the fifth largest in California . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area was inhabited by the Nisenan , indigenous peoples of California . Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Rio del Santísimo Sacramento ( Sacramento River ) in 1808 , after the Blessed Sacrament , referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church . In 1839 , Juan Bautista Alvarado , Mexican governor of Alta California , granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter , who subsequently established Sutter 's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia . Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo , the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed , and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento . As a result of the California Gold Rush , Sacramento became a major commercial center and distribution point for Northern California , serving as the terminus for the Pony Express and the First Transcontinental Railroad . Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California , owing to its status as a notable financial center on the West Coast and as a major educational hub , home of California State University , Sacramento and University of California , Davis . Similarly , Sacramento is a major center for the California healthcare industry , as the seat of Sutter Health , the world-renowned UC Davis Medical Center , and the UC Davis School of Medicine , and notable tourist destination in California , as the site of The California Museum , the Crocker Art Museum , the California State Railroad Museum , the California Hall of Fame , the California State Capitol Museum , and the Old Sacramento State Historic Park . Sacramento International Airport , located northwest of the city , is the city 's major airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission/Spanish Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calvary Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvary_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)', 'summary': 'Calvary Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church building at 2501-2515 Fillmore Street , on the corner with Jackson Street in San Francisco , California . It was built in 1901 and features Late 19th And 20th Century Revival architecture and an Edwardian style . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '1901 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2501-2515 Fillmore St. 37°47′34″N 122°26′1″W / 37.79278°N 122.43361°W / 37.79278 ; -122.43361 ( Calvary Presbyterian Church ( San Francisco , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals , Edwardian , Other', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Presbyterian Church ( San Francisco , California )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)", 'summary': "Saint John 's Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church at 25 Lake Street and 201 Arguello Boulevard in the Presidio Heights - northern Richmond District of San Francisco , California . It was designed in a Gothic Revival Shingle Style and completed in 1905 . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1905 built 196 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "25 Lake St. and 201 Arguello Blvd . 37°47′12″N 122°27′31″W / 37.78667°N 122.45861°W / 37.78667 ; -122.45861 ( Saint John 's Presbyterian Church )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Shingle Style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity Presbyterian Church ( San Francisco , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)', 'summary': 'Trinity Presbyterian Church ( also known as Mission United Presbyterian Church ) is a historic Presbyterian church at 3261 23rd Street in the Mission District of San Francisco , California . It was built in 1891 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '1891 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3261 23rd St. 37°45′59″N 122°25′1″W / 37.76639°N 122.41694°W / 37.76639 ; -122.41694 ( Trinity Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco,_California', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': 'Percy & Hamilton -designed in Romanesque style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( San Luis Obispo , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(San_Luis_Obispo,_California)', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church in downtown San Luis Obispo , California is located at 981 Marsh Street on the corner of Marsh and Morro Streets . It holds Sunday services and also midweek gatherings . First Presbyterian Church 's mission is for Christian ministries of healing and reconciling ."}]}, {'value': '1875 founded 1904 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '981 Marsh Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Luis Obispo , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California', 'summary': "San Luis Obispo ( /sæn ˌluːɪs əˈbɪspoʊ/ ; SLO ( /sloʊ/ ) for short , is a city in the U.S. state of California , located 190 miles ( 310 km ) north of Los Angeles in Southern California 's Central Coast region . The population was 45,119 at the 2010 census . The population of San Luis Obispo County was 269,637 in 2010 . Founded in 1772 by Spanish Franciscan Junípero Serra , San Luis Obispo is one of California 's oldest European-founded communities . Serra 's original mission was named after the 13th-century saint and bishop Louis of Toulouse . The city , locally referred to as San Luis , SLO , or SLO Town ( as its county is also referred to as SLO ) is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County and is adjacent to California Polytechnic State University ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Templeton , California )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'founded built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Templeton , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Templeton,_California', 'summary': 'Templeton is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in San Luis Obispo County , California . The population was 7,674 at the 2010 census , up from 4,687 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomales Presbyterian Church and Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomales_Presbyterian_Church_and_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Tomales Presbyterian Church and Cemetery , at 11 Church Street in Tomales , California , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . It is a historic Presbyterian church built in 1868 . It is a simple white frame building , 53 by 35 feet ( 16 m × 11 m ) in plan . It has a bell tower which rises more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) and holds a church bell made by Rumsey and Company in Seneca Falls , New York . This building replaced another which burned in a fire just before its planned dedication in 1866 . It was the first Protestant church in Marin County . The present church survived the 1906 earthquake and two fires in Tomales which destroyed many buildings in Tomales , and it is the oldest surviving Protestant church building in the county . Its adjacent cemetery was opened in 1864 , and was legally separate until deeded to the church in 1944 . It was originally known as the Protestant Cemetery . The church was originally known as the Old School Presbyterian Church of Tomales .'}]}, {'value': '1868 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Church St. 38°14′43″N 122°54′22″W / 38.24528°N 122.90611°W / 38.24528 ; -122.90611 ( Tomales Presbyterian Church and Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomales , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomales,_California', 'summary': 'Tomales is a census-designated place ( CDP ) on State Route 1 in Marin County , California , United States . The population was 204 at the 2010 census . The largest employer in Tomales is Tomales High School , which has a student body of approximately 190 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Vallejo,_California)', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church in Vallejo is a historic church in Vallejo , California . Founded in 1862 as an Old School congregation during the Old School-New School Controversy , it is now part of the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) 's Presbytery of the Redwoods . In 1954 , the congregation consecrated the current building , which houses classrooms , offices , an auditorium , a social hall , a chapel , and a sanctuary . The building hosts programs for students at Vallejo Middle School , and also serves as seasonal concert space for the Vallejo Choral Society . The congregation is part of a group of Solano County and Napa County institutions that make up a local chapter of the Industrial Areas Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '1862 founded 1955 built NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1350 Amador Street 38°6′49″N 122°16′6″W / 38.11361°N 122.26833°W / 38.11361 ; -122.26833 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Vallejo ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vallejo , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallejo,_California', 'summary': "Vallejo ( /vəˈleɪ ( h ) oʊ/ və-LAY- ( h ) oh ; Spanish : [ baˈʎexo ] ) is a waterfront city in Solano County , California , located in the North Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area . Vallejo is geographically the closest North Bay city to the inner East Bay , so it is sometimes associated with that region . Its population was 115,942 at the 2010 census . It is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the largest in Solano County . Vallejo sits on the northeastern shore of San Pablo Bay , 30 miles north of San Francisco , the northwestern shore of the Carquinez Strait and the southern end of the Napa River , 15 miles south of Napa . The city is named after General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , a native Californio , leading proponent of California 's statehood , and one of the first members of the California State Senate ; the neighboring city of Benicia is named for his wife , Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo . Vallejo is home to the Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park , the now-defunct Mare Island Naval Shipyard , and the regional office for Region 5 of the United States Forest Service . The colleges and universities in Vallejo are California Maritime Academy , the Vallejo Center campus of Solano Community College , and Touro University California . Vallejo 's public transit includes the San Francisco Bay Ferry , which regularly runs from downtown Vallejo to the San Francisco Ferry Building . SolTrans buses carry passengers around the cities of Vallejo and Benicia , as well as offer express services to Fairfield , California , and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations in El Cerrito , California and Walnut Creek , California . Evans Transportation buses provide daily service to Oakland International Airport from a Courtyard by Marriott hotel adjacent to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom . Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California : once in 1852 and again in 1853 , both periods being brief ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'California', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'}
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What is the 2017 population of the city that is the location of the church built to include 14 stained glass windows ?
79,928
096450e721e381b9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states', 'title': 'List of United States National Historic Landmarks in United States commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'Commonwealth/Territory'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blunts Point Battery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blunts_Point_Battery', 'summary': 'The Blunts Point Battery , also known as Blunts Point Naval Gun or Matautu Ridge Gun Site , is a gun battery on Matautu Ridge near Pago Pago , American Samoa . It was part of the fortification of the Samoan Islands which took place after the attack on Pearl Harbor , and is a rare example of a World War II Pacific coastal gun which remains in relatively pristine condition . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 . On August 28 , 1941 , the two guns shot sixteen rounds at a target floating in Pago Pago Harbor . The guns discharge could be heard for miles away . Approximately one week after the guns were tested , ten rounds were shot from each of the two recently-placed guns at Breakers Point .'}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1987 ( # 73002128 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pago Pago 14°17′27″S 170°40′30″W / 14.29087°S 170.67493°W / -14.29087 ; -170.67493 ( Blunts Point Battery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pago_Pago,_American_Samoa', 'summary': "Pago Pago ( /ˈpɑːŋɡoʊˈpɑːŋɡoʊ/ PAHNG-goh-PAHNG-goh ; Samoan : [ ˈpaŋo ˈpaŋo ] ) is the territorial capital of American Samoa . It is in Maoputasi County on the main island of American Samoa , Tutuila . It is home to one of the deepest natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean , sheltered from wind and rough seas , and strategically located . :52:12 The harbor is also one of the best protected in the South Pacific , :11 which gives American Samoa a natural advantage with respect to landing fish for processing . :61 Tourism , entertainment , food , and tuna canning are its main industries . Pago Pago was the world 's fourth largest tuna processor as of 1993.:353 It was home to two of the largest tuna companies in the world : Chicken of the Sea and StarKist , which exported an estimated $ 445 million in canned tuna to the U.S. mainland . It is the number one port in the U.S. in terms of value of fish landed - about $ 200,000,000 annually . Pago Pago is the only modern urban center in American Samoa . :29 It is also the main port of American Samoa . Pago Pago is home to the territorial government , all the industry and most of the commerce in American Samoa . :166 The Greater Pago Pago Metropolitan Area encompasses several villages strung together along Pago Pago Harbor . One of the villages is itself named Pago Pago , and in 2010 had a population of 3,656 ."}]}, {'value': 'American Samoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Samoa', 'summary': 'American Samoa ( /səˈmoʊə/ ( listen ) ; locally /ˈsɑːmoʊə/ ; Samoan : Amerika Sāmoa , [ aˈmɛɾika ˈsaːmʊa ] ; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika ) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean , southeast of ( the independent nation of ) Samoa . Its location is centered on 14.2710° S , 170.1322° W. It is east of the International Date Line , while Samoa is west of the Line . American Samoa consists of five main islands and two coral atolls . The largest and most populous island is Tutuila , with the Manuʻa Islands , Rose Atoll , and Swains Island also included in the territory . All islands except for Swains Island are part of the Samoan Islands , located west of the Cook Islands , north of Tonga , and some 300 miles ( 500 km ) south of Tokelau . To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group . As of April 2019 the population of American Samoa is approximately 55,689 people . Most American Samoans are bilingual and can speak English and Samoan fluently . [ citation needed ] The total land area is 199 square kilometers ( 76.8 sq mi ) , slightly more than Washington , D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator , along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island . Tuna products are the main exports , and the main trading partner is the United States . American Samoa has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . During the 1918 flu pandemic , Governor John Martin Poyer quarantined the territory , and because of his actions , American Samoa was one of the few places in the world where no flu-related deaths occurred .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Government House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Government_House_(American_Samoa)', 'summary': 'Government House , also known as Building No.1 , Naval Station , Tutuila or Government House , U.S . Naval Station Tutuila , is a historic government building on the grounds of the former Naval Station Tutuila in Pago Pago , American Samoa . Built in 1903 , it has served as a center of government on the island for much of the time since then . Government House was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1972 , and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990 . Government House is located in Fagatogo on Maugaoalii Mt . and overlooks the Pago Pago Bay area on all sides of its mountaintop location .'}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1990 ( # 72001443 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pago Pago 14°16′57″S 170°40′54″W / 14.28238°S 170.68171°W / -14.28238 ; -170.68171 ( Government House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pago_Pago,_American_Samoa', 'summary': "Pago Pago ( /ˈpɑːŋɡoʊˈpɑːŋɡoʊ/ PAHNG-goh-PAHNG-goh ; Samoan : [ ˈpaŋo ˈpaŋo ] ) is the territorial capital of American Samoa . It is in Maoputasi County on the main island of American Samoa , Tutuila . It is home to one of the deepest natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific Ocean , sheltered from wind and rough seas , and strategically located . :52:12 The harbor is also one of the best protected in the South Pacific , :11 which gives American Samoa a natural advantage with respect to landing fish for processing . :61 Tourism , entertainment , food , and tuna canning are its main industries . Pago Pago was the world 's fourth largest tuna processor as of 1993.:353 It was home to two of the largest tuna companies in the world : Chicken of the Sea and StarKist , which exported an estimated $ 445 million in canned tuna to the U.S. mainland . It is the number one port in the U.S. in terms of value of fish landed - about $ 200,000,000 annually . Pago Pago is the only modern urban center in American Samoa . :29 It is also the main port of American Samoa . Pago Pago is home to the territorial government , all the industry and most of the commerce in American Samoa . :166 The Greater Pago Pago Metropolitan Area encompasses several villages strung together along Pago Pago Harbor . One of the villages is itself named Pago Pago , and in 2010 had a population of 3,656 ."}]}, {'value': 'American Samoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Samoa', 'summary': 'American Samoa ( /səˈmoʊə/ ( listen ) ; locally /ˈsɑːmoʊə/ ; Samoan : Amerika Sāmoa , [ aˈmɛɾika ˈsaːmʊa ] ; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika ) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean , southeast of ( the independent nation of ) Samoa . Its location is centered on 14.2710° S , 170.1322° W. It is east of the International Date Line , while Samoa is west of the Line . American Samoa consists of five main islands and two coral atolls . The largest and most populous island is Tutuila , with the Manuʻa Islands , Rose Atoll , and Swains Island also included in the territory . All islands except for Swains Island are part of the Samoan Islands , located west of the Cook Islands , north of Tonga , and some 300 miles ( 500 km ) south of Tokelau . To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group . As of April 2019 the population of American Samoa is approximately 55,689 people . Most American Samoans are bilingual and can speak English and Samoan fluently . [ citation needed ] The total land area is 199 square kilometers ( 76.8 sq mi ) , slightly more than Washington , D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator , along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island . Tuna products are the main exports , and the main trading partner is the United States . American Samoa has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . During the 1918 flu pandemic , Governor John Martin Poyer quarantined the territory , and because of his actions , American Samoa was one of the few places in the world where no flu-related deaths occurred .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World War II Facilities at Midway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_II_Facilities_at_Midway', 'summary': "The World War II Facilities at Midway were built as part of the fortification leading up to World War II . The Midway Atoll 's unique location halfway between the United States and Japan ensured it would hold a strategic position . This island was the site of the pivotal Battle of Midway which shifted the balance of sea power in the Pacific towards the United States . The atoll 's two main islands , Eastern Island and Sand Island , were both fortified by the Navy . Eastern Island , the smaller of the two islands , had three runways in a triangular configuration , and was defended by six coastal and dual-purpose batteries , armed with 3- , 5- , and 7-inch guns . Sand Island , one mile wide and two long , was completely developed by the Navy , but had no runways until after the war . At the time of the battle , Sand Island was defended by six batteries erected by the 6th Defense Battalion , and one by the 3d Defense Battalion . In clockwise order from the northwest corner of the island , these were : Battery C , two 5-inch guns ; naval battery , two 3-inch guns ; Battery F , four 3-inch guns ; Battery A , two 5-inch guns ; Battery D , four 3-inch guns ; unnamed battery , two 7-inch guns ; Battery A , two 5-inch guns ; 3d Battalion Battery D , four 3-inch guns . The military shut down all of its bases by 1993 , handing over control to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . The islands remain mostly uninhabited and unvisited . They are part of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . Many of the facilities built by the Navy during the war deteriorated as the population of the Eastern and Sand Islands declined ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1987 ( # 87001302 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midway Atoll 28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.2°N 177.35°W / 28.2 ; -177.35 ( World War II Facilities at Midway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway_Atoll', 'summary': 'Midway Atoll ( colloquial : Midway Islands ; Hawaiian : Pihemanu Kauihelani ) is a 2.4-square-mile ( 6.2 km2 ) atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at 28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.200°N 177.350°W / 28.200 ; -177.350 . Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia . Midway Atoll is an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States . Midway continues to be the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii . Unlike the other Hawaiian islands , Midway observes Samoa Time ( UTC−11:00 , i.e. , eleven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ) , which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii . For statistical purposes , Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands . The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge , encompassing 590,991.50 acres ( 239,165.77 ha ) of land and water in the surrounding area , is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) . The refuge and most of its surrounding area are part of the larger Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . Until 1993 , the atoll was the home of the Naval Air Facility Midway Island . The Battle of Midway , which was fought from June 4 until June 6 , 1942 , was a critical Allied victory of the Pacific campaign of World War II . The United States Navy successfully defended the atoll from a Japanese invasion , defeating a Japanese battle group , marking a turning point in the war in the Pacific Theater . USAAF aircraft based at the original Henderson Field on Eastern Island joined the attack against the Japanese fleet , which suffered losses of four carriers and one heavy cruiser .'}]}, {'value': 'Midway Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway_Islands', 'summary': 'Midway Atoll ( colloquial : Midway Islands ; Hawaiian : Pihemanu Kauihelani ) is a 2.4-square-mile ( 6.2 km2 ) atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at 28°12′N 177°21′W / 28.200°N 177.350°W / 28.200 ; -177.350 . Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia . Midway Atoll is an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States . Midway continues to be the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii . Unlike the other Hawaiian islands , Midway observes Samoa Time ( UTC−11:00 , i.e. , eleven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ) , which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii . For statistical purposes , Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands . The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge , encompassing 590,991.50 acres ( 239,165.77 ha ) of land and water in the surrounding area , is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) . The refuge and most of its surrounding area are part of the larger Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . Until 1993 , the atoll was the home of the Naval Air Facility Midway Island . The Battle of Midway , which was fought from June 4 until June 6 , 1942 , was a critical Allied victory of the Pacific campaign of World War II . The United States Navy successfully defended the atoll from a Japanese invasion , defeating a Japanese battle group , marking a turning point in the war in the Pacific Theater . USAAF aircraft based at the original Henderson Field on Eastern Island joined the attack against the Japanese fleet , which suffered losses of four carriers and one heavy cruiser .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landing Beaches ; Aslito/Isley Field ; & Marpi Point , Saipan Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landing_Beaches;_Aslito/Isley_Field;_&_Marpi_Point,_Saipan_Island', 'summary': 'Landing Beaches ; Aslito/Isely Field & Marpi Point , Saipan Island is a National Historic Landmark District consisting of several discontiguous areas of the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands . The sites were designated for their association with the Japanese defense of Saipan during World War II , the 1944 Battle of Saipan in which Allied forces captured the island , and the subsequent campaigns which used Saipan as a base . The district includes the landing beaches where the Allies landed , the remnants of Japanese airfields Aslito and Marpi Point , and Isely Field , the Allied airfield built over much of Aslito from which B-29 bombers were used to bomb the Japanese home islands . Included in the Marpi Point area are Suicide Cliff and Banzai Cliff , two locations where significant numbers of Japanese military and civilians jumped to their deaths rather than surrender to advancing forces . The loss of Saipan was a major blow to the Japanese war effort , leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo , The landmark designation was made in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 4 , 1985 ( # 85001789 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saipan 15°06′59″N 145°43′41″E / 15.116389°N 145.728056°E / 15.116389 ; 145.728056 ( Landing Beaches ; Aslito/Isley Field ; & Marpi Point , Saipan Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saipan', 'summary': "Saipan ( /saɪˈpæn/ , formerly in Spanish : Saipán , German : Saipan German : [ saːɪpaːn ] , and in Japanese : サイパン島 ) is the largest island of the Northern Mariana Islands , a commonwealth of the United States in the western Pacific Ocean . According to 2017 estimates by the United States Census Bureau , Saipan 's population was 52,263 . The legislative and executive branches of Commonwealth government are located in the village of Capitol Hill on the island ; the judicial branch is headquartered in the village of Susupe . Since the entire island is organized as a single municipality , most publications designate Saipan as the Commonwealth 's capital . As of June 12 , 2015 the Mayor of Saipan is David M. Apatang ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Mariana Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands', 'summary': 'The Northern Mariana Islands , officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ; Chamorro : Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas ; Refaluwasch or Carolinian : Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas ; formerly in Spanish : Islas Marianas del Norte , in German : Nördliche Marianen , and in Japanese : 北マリアナ諸島 ) , is an insular area and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago except the southernmost island of the chain , Guam , which is a separate U.S. territory . The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States . The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles ( 475.26 km2 ) . According to the 2010 United States Census , 53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time . The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan , Tinian , and Rota . The other islands of the Northern Marianas are sparsely inhabited ; the most notable among these is Pågan , which for various reasons over the centuries has experienced major population flux , but formerly had residents numbering in the thousands . The administrative center is Capitol Hill , a village in northwestern Saipan . However , most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tinian Landing Beaches , Ushi Point & North Fields , Tinian Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinian_Landing_Beaches,_Ushi_Point_&_North_Fields,_Tinian_Island', 'summary': 'North Field is a former World War II airfield on Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Abandoned after the war , today North Field is a tourist attraction . Along with several adjacent beaches on which Allied forces landed during the Battle of Tinian , the airfield is the major component of the National Historic Landmark District Tinian Landing Beaches , Ushi Point Field , Tinian Island . North Field was one of several bases for Twentieth Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortress operations against the Japanese Home Islands in 1944-45 . North Field contributed aircraft to the 1945 campaign to burn out Japanese cities with incendiary bombs , including the 9 March 1945 bombing of Tokyo which still stands as the most destructive air raid ever . North Field was the base for the 313th Bombardment Wing which carried out Operation Starvation , the dropping of naval mines in the harbors and sea lanes used by Japan . North Field was also the base for the 509th Composite Group which flew the atomic bombing raids on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 . The incendiary campaign ( which destroyed 40% of the targeted cities ) , the aerial mining campaign ( which starved Japan of essential food imports ) and the two atomic attacks have all been argued as major factors in the surrender of Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'December 30 , 1985 ( # 85003268 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tinian 15°04′54″N 145°37′57″E / 15.081654°N 145.632398°E / 15.081654 ; 145.632398 ( Tinian Landing Beaches , Ushi Point & North Fields , Tinian Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinian', 'summary': "Tinian ( /ˈtɪniən/ or /ˌtiːniˈɑːn/ ) is one of the three principal islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Together with uninhabited neighbouring Aguigan , it forms Tinian Municipality , one of the four constituent municipalities of the Northern Marianas . Tinian 's largest village is San Jose ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Mariana Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands', 'summary': 'The Northern Mariana Islands , officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ; Chamorro : Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas ; Refaluwasch or Carolinian : Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas ; formerly in Spanish : Islas Marianas del Norte , in German : Nördliche Marianen , and in Japanese : 北マリアナ諸島 ) , is an insular area and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago except the southernmost island of the chain , Guam , which is a separate U.S. territory . The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States . The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles ( 475.26 km2 ) . According to the 2010 United States Census , 53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time . The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan , Tinian , and Rota . The other islands of the Northern Marianas are sparsely inhabited ; the most notable among these is Pågan , which for various reasons over the centuries has experienced major population flux , but formerly had residents numbering in the thousands . The administrative center is Capitol Hill , a village in northwestern Saipan . However , most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_(shipwreck)', 'summary': "The Antonio López was a historic vessel of the Spanish merchant marine . When built in 1881-82 , she was the first Spanish-built steel merchant vessel with a complete electrical lighting system . She was also one of the most important Spanish blockade-runners during the American blockade of ( then-Spanish ) Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War , its crew delivering a supply of military materials critical to the island 's defense after the ship was grounded in June 1898 under fire from the Americans . The shipwreck is the only known Spanish wreck in American waters from the conflict . Its wreck site , in 1,700 feet ( 520 m ) of water off Dorado , Puerto Rico , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 9 , 1997 ( # 93001593 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorado 18°28′48″N 66°13′50″W / 18.48°N 66.230556°W / 18.48 ; -66.230556 ( Antonio Lopez )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorado,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Dorado ( Spanish pronunciation : [ doˈɾaðo ] ) is a town and municipality in the northern coast of Puerto Rico , 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of San Juan and is located in the northern region of the island , bordering the Atlantic Ocean , north of Toa Alta , east of Vega Alta , and west of Toa Baja . Dorado is spread over five barrios and Dorado Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . The town is regarded as a tourist destination with golf courses , hotels , and beaches [ by whom ? - Discuss ] . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Dorado Airport was operated from 1942 to 1996 . The airport began as a military landing strip , then became a civilian airport in the 1960s with Caribair and Dorado Wings flights operating until 1980 and 1982 respectively . The airport operated as a private landing strip throughout the 1980s and then fell into disrepair . In 1996 , the airport was rezoned as residential land and redeveloped . Dorado has upscale neighborhoods and a small downtown area with a plaza ( Spanish town square ) , as other Puerto Rican municipalities . The town 's patron saint is Anthony of Padua , and patron saint celebrations are held at the plaza every year on June 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caguana Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caguana_Ceremonial_Ball_Courts_Site', 'summary': 'The Caguana Ceremonial Ball Courts Site in Caguana barrio , Utuado , Puerto Rico , is considered , by archeologists , one of the most important archeological sites in the West Indies . Studies estimate it is over 800 years old , built by the Taíno around 1270 AD . Approximately 30 ball courts ( bateyes ) have been identified and many have been restored to their original state . The game of batey is believed to have originated in Mesoamerica and is said to have been played in Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola , the Bahamas and the Virgin Islands . Monoliths and petroglyphs carved by the Taínos can be seen among the rocks and stones , some weighing over a ton , that were most likely brought from the Tanama River located adjacent to the site . Also located near the site is the Cemí Mountain ( Montaña Cemí ) which was believed , by the Taínos , to be the home of their gods and the reason they built the ball courts in that area . The Caguana Site most likely served several different functions . First it was used for ceremonial dances , religious rituals and other rites ; it was used for playing ball games in which two teams of equal numbers tossed a ball to each other ; and third , it is believed to be used to make astronomical observations .'}]}, {'value': 'November 4 , 1993 ( # 92001671 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utuado 18°17′49″N 66°46′55″W / 18.2969°N 66.7819°W / 18.2969 ; -66.7819 ( Caguana Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utuado,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Utuado ( Spanish pronunciation : [ uˈtwaðo ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the central mountainous region of the island known as La Cordillera Central . It is located north of Adjuntas and Ponce ; south of Hatillo and Arecibo ; east of Lares ; and west of Ciales and Jayuya . In land area it is the third-largest municipality in Puerto Rico ( after Arecibo and Ponce ) . According to the 2000 US Census , the city has a population of 35,336 spread over 24 wards and Utuado Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . The name Utuado derives from the Taíno word Otoao , meaning between mountains . The municipality is known as La Ciudad del Viví meaning The City of the Viví , derived from the Viví River which runs through Utuado : one river branch comes from Adjuntas and the other from Jayuya . These two rivers then meet near the Fernando L. Ribas Dominicci Avenue and continue the journey to Lago Dos Bocas . Utuado is the main city of the Utuado micropolitan statistical area and is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caparra Archaeological Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caparra_Archaeological_Site', 'summary': 'Caparra is an archaeological site in the municipality of Guaynabo , Puerto Rico . It was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1994 . The site contains the remains of the first Spanish capital of the island , settled in 1508 and abandoned in 1521 . It represents the oldest known European settlements on United States territory . The site is on the grounds of the Museum of the Conquest and Colonization of Puerto Rico ( Museo de la Conquista y Colonizaciòn ) , which features artifacts from the site and other archaeological sites in Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 1994 ( # 84003155 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guaynabo 18°24′18″N 66°06′51″W / 18.405°N 66.114167°W / 18.405 ; -66.114167 ( Caparra Archaeological Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guaynabo,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Guaynabo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ɡwaiˈnaβo ] ) is a municipality in the northern part of Puerto Rico ( US ) , located in the northern coast of the island , north of Aguas Buenas , south of Cataño , east of Bayamón , and west of San Juan . Guaynabo is spread over 9 wards and Guaynabo Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the suburb ) . Guaynabo is considered , along with its neighbors - San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Carolina , Cataño , Trujillo Alto , and Toa Baja - to be part of the San Juan metropolitan area . It is also part of the larger San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area , ( the largest MSA in Puerto Rico ) . The municipality has a land area of 27.13 square miles ( 70.3 km2 ) and a population of 97,924 as of the 2010 census . The studios of WAPA-TV is located in Guaynabo .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casa Dra . Concha Melendez Ramirez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casa_Dra._Concha_Melendez_Ramirez', 'summary': 'The Casa Dra . Concha Meléndez Ramírez is a historic house at 1400 Vilá Mayo in San Juan , Puerto Rico . It is a modest two-story Spanish Revival structure , finished in adobe-colored concrete and a clay tile roof . The house is notable as the longtime home of Dra . Concha Meléndez Ramírez ( 1895-1983 ) , a leading literary figure of 20th century Puerto Rico . Now a museum , library , and research center , it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2011 ; it is the first such designation for a Puerto Rican literary site .'}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 2013 ( # 11000414 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan 18°27′10″N 66°04′03″W / 18.4528°N 66.0675°W / 18.4528 ; -66.0675 ( Casa Dra . Concha Melendez Ramirez )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Fortaleza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Fortaleza', 'summary': "La Fortaleza ( The Fortress ) is the official residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico . It was built between 1533 and 1540 to defend the harbor of San Juan . The structure is also known as Palacio de Santa Catalina ( Santa Catalina 's Palace ) . It is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the New World . It was listed by UNESCO in 1983 as part of the World Heritage Site La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1640 reconstruction , the chapel of Santa Catalina , which originally existed outside the walls , was demolished and was integrated to the walls of the structure , resulting in the alternate name Santa Catalina 's Palace ."}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1960 ( # 66000951 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan 18°27′50″N 66°07′09″W / 18.463889°N 66.119167°W / 18.463889 ; -66.119167 ( La Fortaleza )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old San Juan Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zona_Histórica_de_San_Juan', 'summary': 'Old San Juan ( Spanish : Viejo San Juan ) is a historic district located at the northwest triangle of the islet of San Juan . Its area roughly correlates to the Ballajá , Catedral , Marina , Mercado , San Cristóbal , and San Francisco subbarrios of barrio San Juan Antiguo in the municipality of San Juan , Puerto Rico . Old San Juan is the oldest settlement within Puerto Rico and the historic colonial section of the city of San Juan . This historic district is a National Historic Landmark District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Old San Juan Historic District . It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 2013 ( # 13000284 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan 18°26′44″N 66°04′33″W / 18.4456°N 66.0758°W / 18.4456 ; -66.0758 ( Old San Juan Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Landing Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salt_River_Bay_National_Historical_Park_and_Ecological_Preserve', 'summary': 'Salt River Bay National Historic Park and Ecological Preserve is a unit of the National Park Service on the island of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands . It preserves upland watersheds , mangrove forests , and estuarine and marine environments that support threatened and endangered species . It also contains the Columbus Landing Site , a National Historic Landmark that is the only known site where members of a Columbus expedition set foot on what is now United States territory . The site is marked by Fort Salé , a remaining earthworks fortification from the French period of occupation , about 1617 . The park also preserves prehistoric and colonial-era archeological sites including the only existing example of a ball court in the US Virgin Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 1960 ( # 66000743 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Croix 17°46′44″N 64°45′32″W / 17.778889°N 64.758889°W / 17.778889 ; -64.758889 ( Columbus Landing Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands', 'summary': "Saint Croix [ a ] ( pronounced KROY , /ˈkrɔɪ/ ) is an island in the Caribbean Sea , and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . St. Croix is the largest of the islands in the territory . However , the territory 's capital , Charlotte Amalie , is located on Saint Thomas . As of the 2010 United States Census , St. Croix 's population was 50,601 . The island 's highest point is Mount Eagle , at 355 meters ( 1,165 ft ) . St. Croix 's nickname is Twin City , for its two towns , Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the northeast part of the island . In September 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit St Croix with the weaker part of its eyewall ."}]}, {'value': 'Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The Virgin Islands ( Spanish : Islas Vírgenes ) are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . They are geologically and biogeographically the easternmost part of the Greater Antilles , the northern islands belonging to the Puerto Rican trench and St. Croix being a displaced part of the same geologic structure . Politically , the British Virgin Islands have been governed as the western island group of the Leeward Islands , which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles , and form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . The archipelago is separated from the true Lesser Antilles by the Anegada Passage and from the main island of Puerto Rico by the Virgin Passage . The islands fall into three different political jurisdictions :'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Christian', 'summary': 'Fort Christian is a Dano-Norwegian-built fort in Charlotte Amalie , Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands . Built 1672-1680 , early in the first successful colonial establishment on the island , the fort served as a critical point of defense and government during the entire period of Dano-Norwegian , and later Danish , administration , which ended in 1917 with the sale of the islands to the United States . It currently holds the St. Thomas Museum , which holds artifacts and art of the Dano-Norwegian period . It was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1977 . The fort property was the Charlotte Amalie National Historic Site , also known as St. Thomas National Historic Site , which was a U.S. National Historic Site from December 24 , 1960 until February 5 , 1975 , when it was disbanded and ownership was transferred to Virgin Islands , to be administered as a territorial park . :23 It is a contributing property in the Charlotte Amalie Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1977 ( # 77001329 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Thomas 18°20′27″N 64°55′47″W / 18.340833°N 64.929722°W / 18.340833 ; -64.929722 ( Fort Christian )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'Saint Thomas ( Danish : Sankt Thomas ) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and , together with Saint John , and Saint Croix , form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie . As of the 2010 census , the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634 , about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total . The district has a land area of 32 square miles ( 83 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The Virgin Islands ( Spanish : Islas Vírgenes ) are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . They are geologically and biogeographically the easternmost part of the Greater Antilles , the northern islands belonging to the Puerto Rican trench and St. Croix being a displaced part of the same geologic structure . Politically , the British Virgin Islands have been governed as the western island group of the Leeward Islands , which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles , and form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . The archipelago is separated from the true Lesser Antilles by the Anegada Passage and from the main island of Puerto Rico by the Virgin Passage . The islands fall into three different political jurisdictions :'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Frederik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Frederik', 'summary': "Fort Frederik , also known as Frederiksfort , is a U.S. National Historic Landmark in Frederiksted , United States Virgin Islands . It was built between 1752 and 1760 by Denmark-Norway to defend the economic interests of the natural deep water port of Frederiksted and to ward off pirates . It has red and white painted walls , making it quite different then yellow and white of Fort Christiansværn on the other side of the island . It is located at the north end of Frederiksted , in St. Croix , south of the junction of Mahogany Road and VI 631 . It should not be confused with Frederiks Fort , Fortberg Hill , on St. John , which is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places . According to Westergaard , It was soon found that a customs house was not sufficient , but that cannon must be provided , and placed as to command the roads where the ships lay anchored . In lack of such a 'water battery ' , ships were accustomed to slip away in the night-time without securing papers of paying their dues . In 1776 , the first salute from foreign soil to the new nation of the United States of America was fired from the fort . The salute of Old Glory which had been raised on an American brigantine at port in Frederiksted was a violation of the laws of Denmark-Norway 's neutrality however the islands had helped the British colonist in America sealing a friendliness between the two colonies , and the salute was therefore appropriate . It is from this fort that Danish Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipated the slaves on 3 July 1848 . John Gottliff ( also known as Moses Gotlieb , General Bordeaux , or Buddhoe ) had led 8,000 blacks in a freedom march to Frederiksted . At the time , there were 17,000 slaves and 5,000 free blacks on St. Croix ."}]}, {'value': 'September 25 , 1997 ( # 97001269 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Croix 17°42′55″N 64°53′00″W / 17.715256°N 64.883453°W / 17.715256 ; -64.883453 ( Fort Frederik )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands', 'summary': "Saint Croix [ a ] ( pronounced KROY , /ˈkrɔɪ/ ) is an island in the Caribbean Sea , and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . St. Croix is the largest of the islands in the territory . However , the territory 's capital , Charlotte Amalie , is located on Saint Thomas . As of the 2010 United States Census , St. Croix 's population was 50,601 . The island 's highest point is Mount Eagle , at 355 meters ( 1,165 ft ) . St. Croix 's nickname is Twin City , for its two towns , Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the northeast part of the island . In September 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit St Croix with the weaker part of its eyewall ."}]}, {'value': 'Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The Virgin Islands ( Spanish : Islas Vírgenes ) are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . They are geologically and biogeographically the easternmost part of the Greater Antilles , the northern islands belonging to the Puerto Rican trench and St. Croix being a displaced part of the same geologic structure . Politically , the British Virgin Islands have been governed as the western island group of the Leeward Islands , which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles , and form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . The archipelago is separated from the true Lesser Antilles by the Anegada Passage and from the main island of Puerto Rico by the Virgin Passage . The islands fall into three different political jurisdictions :'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Thomas Synagogue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Thomas_Synagogue', 'summary': 'St. Thomas Synagogue is a historic synagogue at 2116 Crystal Gade , Queens Quarters , in Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands . The formal name of the synagogue is Congregation Beracha Veshalom Vegmiluth Hasadim . Built in 1833 for a congregation founded in 1792 , it is the synagogue with the longest history of continuous use on what is now United States soil . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 25 , 1997 ( # 97001270 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Thomas 18°20′41″N 64°55′59″W / 18.344722°N 64.933056°W / 18.344722 ; -64.933056 ( St. Thomas Synagogue )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'Saint Thomas ( Danish : Sankt Thomas ) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and , together with Saint John , and Saint Croix , form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie . As of the 2010 census , the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634 , about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total . The district has a land area of 32 square miles ( 83 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The Virgin Islands ( Spanish : Islas Vírgenes ) are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . They are geologically and biogeographically the easternmost part of the Greater Antilles , the northern islands belonging to the Puerto Rican trench and St. Croix being a displaced part of the same geologic structure . Politically , the British Virgin Islands have been governed as the western island group of the Leeward Islands , which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles , and form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . The archipelago is separated from the true Lesser Antilles by the Anegada Passage and from the main island of Puerto Rico by the Virgin Passage . The islands fall into three different political jurisdictions :'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Blackbeard 's Castle ( Skytsborg )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Blackbeard's_Castle", 'summary': "Blackbeard 's Castle is one of five National Historic Landmarks in the U.S. Virgin Islands . It is located in the city of Charlotte Amalie , on the island of St. Thomas . Built in 1679 by the Danes as a watchtower to protect the harbor as well as Fort Christian . Blackbeard 's Castle was originally called Skytsborg ( meaning protection castle ) . It is located at the highest point on Government Hill . Skytsborg served as a very effective vantage point for Danish soldiers to spot enemy ships . Fort Christian is at sea level , thus making it ideal for thwarting attackers with cannon fire ; however , the fort itself did not provide an ideal view of incoming ships entering the harbor . It is not known what year Skytsborg took on the name of Blackbeard 's Castle , but the infamous Edward Teach , commonly known as Blackbeard , did sail the Caribbean waters in the early 18th century . It has become part of the lore of the island that he used the tower as a lookout for his own purposes of piracy . It was the centerpiece of a private residence for many years , and was turned into a hotel , but is no longer open to the public ."}]}, {'value': 'October 12 , 1994 ( # 91001844 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Thomas 18°20′38″N 64°55′47″W / 18.343842°N 64.929592°W / 18.343842 ; -64.929592 ( Blackbeard 's Castle ( Skytsborg ) )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'Saint Thomas ( Danish : Sankt Thomas ) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and , together with Saint John , and Saint Croix , form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie . As of the 2010 census , the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634 , about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total . The district has a land area of 32 square miles ( 83 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The Virgin Islands ( Spanish : Islas Vírgenes ) are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea . They are geologically and biogeographically the easternmost part of the Greater Antilles , the northern islands belonging to the Puerto Rican trench and St. Croix being a displaced part of the same geologic structure . Politically , the British Virgin Islands have been governed as the western island group of the Leeward Islands , which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles , and form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . The archipelago is separated from the true Lesser Antilles by the Anegada Passage and from the main island of Puerto Rico by the Virgin Passage . The islands fall into three different political jurisdictions :'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wake Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Island', 'summary': 'Wake Island ( also known as Wake Atoll ) is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean in the northeastern area of the Micronesia subregion , 1,501 miles ( 2,416 kilometers ) east of Guam , 2,298 miles ( 3,698 kilometers ) west of Honolulu , 1,991 miles ( 3,204 kilometers ) southeast of Tokyo , and 898 miles ( 1,445 kilometers ) north of Majuro . The island is an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States that is also claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands . Wake Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world and the nearest inhabited island is Utirik Atoll in the Marshall Islands , 592 miles ( 953 kilometers ) to the southeast . Wake Island , one of 14 U.S. insular areas , is administered by the United States Air Force under an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior . The center of activity on the atoll is at Wake Island Airfield , which is primarily used as a mid-Pacific refueling stop for military aircraft and an emergency landing area . The 9,800-foot ( 3,000 m ) runway is the longest strategic runway in the Pacific islands . South of the runway is the Wake Island Launch Center , a missile launch site of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site operated by the United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command and the Missile Defense Agency . About 94 people live on the island , and access to it is restricted . Population fluctuates depending on operations being conducted by Missile Defense Agency activities . On December 8 , 1941'}]}, {'value': 'September 16 , 1985 ( # 85002726 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wake Island 19°18′00″N 166°38′00″E / 19.3°N 166.633333°E / 19.3 ; 166.633333 ( Wake Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Island', 'summary': 'Wake Island ( also known as Wake Atoll ) is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean in the northeastern area of the Micronesia subregion , 1,501 miles ( 2,416 kilometers ) east of Guam , 2,298 miles ( 3,698 kilometers ) west of Honolulu , 1,991 miles ( 3,204 kilometers ) southeast of Tokyo , and 898 miles ( 1,445 kilometers ) north of Majuro . The island is an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States that is also claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands . Wake Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world and the nearest inhabited island is Utirik Atoll in the Marshall Islands , 592 miles ( 953 kilometers ) to the southeast . Wake Island , one of 14 U.S. insular areas , is administered by the United States Air Force under an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior . The center of activity on the atoll is at Wake Island Airfield , which is primarily used as a mid-Pacific refueling stop for military aircraft and an emergency landing area . The 9,800-foot ( 3,000 m ) runway is the longest strategic runway in the Pacific islands . South of the runway is the Wake Island Launch Center , a missile launch site of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site operated by the United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command and the Missile Defense Agency . About 94 people live on the island , and access to it is restricted . Population fluctuates depending on operations being conducted by Missile Defense Agency activities . On December 8 , 1941'}]}, {'value': 'Wake Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Island', 'summary': 'Wake Island ( also known as Wake Atoll ) is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean in the northeastern area of the Micronesia subregion , 1,501 miles ( 2,416 kilometers ) east of Guam , 2,298 miles ( 3,698 kilometers ) west of Honolulu , 1,991 miles ( 3,204 kilometers ) southeast of Tokyo , and 898 miles ( 1,445 kilometers ) north of Majuro . The island is an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States that is also claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands . Wake Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world and the nearest inhabited island is Utirik Atoll in the Marshall Islands , 592 miles ( 953 kilometers ) to the southeast . Wake Island , one of 14 U.S. insular areas , is administered by the United States Air Force under an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior . The center of activity on the atoll is at Wake Island Airfield , which is primarily used as a mid-Pacific refueling stop for military aircraft and an emergency landing area . The 9,800-foot ( 3,000 m ) runway is the longest strategic runway in the Pacific islands . South of the runway is the Wake Island Launch Center , a missile launch site of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site operated by the United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command and the Missile Defense Agency . About 94 people live on the island , and access to it is restricted . Population fluctuates depending on operations being conducted by Missile Defense Agency activities . On December 8 , 1941'}]}], 'section_title': 'NHLs in U.S. commonwealths and territories', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_United_States_commonwealths_and_territories,_associated_states,_and_foreign_states_0', 'intro': 'This is a List of National Historic Landmarks in U.S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. Included are lists of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and of National Park Service administered areas in U.S. Commonwealths and territories, U.S.-associated states, and in the foreign state of Morocco. There are 23 NHLs in these areas.'}
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Which historic landmark is also known as Matautu Ridge Gun Site and found in the territory that consists of five main islands and two coral atolls ?
Blunts Point Battery
0964ccbedf2e4610
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_films', 'title': 'List of sports films', 'header': ['Title', 'Year', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Derby_(1895_film)', 'summary': "The Derby is an 1895 British short black-and-white silent documentary film , produced and directed by Birt Acres for exhibition on Robert W. Paul 's Kinetoscopes , featuring the end of the 29 May 1895 Epsom Derby viewed from a raised position close to the finishing line with the main stand in the distance . A photograph of Acres filming the movie has survived , which shows that the camera used in the production was relatively portable . The film was long considered lost but footage discovered in the Ray Henville collection in 1995 has been identified by the BFI as being from this film ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "One of cinema 's earliest depictions of racing , set at 1895 Epsom Derby", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epsom_Derby', 'summary': "The Derby Stakes , officially the Investec Derby , popularly known as the Derby is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old colts and fillies . It is run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey over a distance of one mile , four furlongs and 6 yards ( 2,420 metres ) , on the first Saturday of June each year . It is Britain 's richest horse race , and the most prestigious of the five Classics . It is sometimes referred to as the Blue Riband of the turf . The race serves as the middle leg of the Triple Crown , preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger . Owners rarely try to have their horses win all three races any more , as it is hard on the horses . The name Derby has become synonymous with great races all over the world , and as such has been borrowed many times , notably by the Kentucky Derby in the United States . The Derby run at Epsom is the original and in Great Britain is invariably referred to as the Derby . It is one of Britain 's great national sporting events and has a large worldwide TV audience ."}]}, {'value': 'Kissing Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissing_Cup', 'summary': "Kissing Cup is a 1913 British silent sports film directed by Jack Hulcup and starring Harry Gilbey , Chrissie White and Cecil Mannering . The film 's title is an allusion to the poem Kissing Cup 's Race by Campbell Rae Brown . A jockey manages to escape a gang of kidnappers and makes it to Sandown in time to win his race ."}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silent film about a jockey who manages to escape a gang of kidnappers and make it to Sandown in time to win his race', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Gamble for Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Gamble_for_Love', 'summary': 'A Gamble for Love is a 1917 British silent sports film directed by Frank Wilson and starring Gerald Ames , James Lindsay and George Foley . It was based on a novel of the same title by Nat Gould , set in the horseracing world .'}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Silent film about a lord who tries to interfere with a lady 's horse", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Dead Certainty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Dead_Certainty', 'summary': "A Dead Certainty is a 1920 British silent sports drama film directed by George Dewhurst and starring Gregory Scott , Poppy Wyndham and Cameron Carr . It was based on a novel by Nathaniel Gould . A jockey comes under pressure from his girlfriend 's relations to fix a horse race ."}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A British film about a rider pressured to fix a race', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sport of Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sport_of_Kings_(1921_film)', 'summary': 'The Sport of Kings is a 1921 British silent sports film directed by Arthur Rooke and starring Victor McLaglen , Douglas Munro and Cyril Percival . The screenplay concerns a man who tries to prevent his wealthy ward from marrying a man involved in the horseracing world .'}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A man ( Victor McLaglen ) looks out for his young ward and her racehorse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_McLaglen', 'summary': 'Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen ( 10 December 1886 - 7 November 1959 ) was a British-American film actor . He was known as a character actor , particularly in Westerns , and made seven films with John Ford and John Wayne . McLaglen won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1935 for his role in The Informer .'}]}, {'value': 'The Kentucky Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kentucky_Derby_(1922_film)', 'summary': "The Kentucky Derby is a 1922 American silent adventure film directed by King Baggot and starring Reginald Denny . It is based on a Broadway play The Suburban by Charles T. Dazey . It was produced and distributed by Universal Film Manufacturing Company . Denny 's first starring feature-length movie . The film survives today ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Trainer goes to great lengths to keep an owner 's son far from the Derby", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky Pride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Pride', 'summary': "Kentucky Pride is a 1925 American silent drama film from Fox Film about the life of a horse breeder and racer , directed by the famed film director John Ford and starring Henry B. Walthall ( who had previously played the Little Colonel in D. W. Griffith 's controversial 1915 film The Birth of a Nation ) . It is among Ford 's lesser-known works , but has been praised for sweetness and charm and its beautiful depiction of the life of horses and the relationship between the protagonist and his daughter . Several well-known thoroughbred racehorses appear in the film , including the legendary Man o ' War . A print of Kentucky Pride is in the Museum of Modern Art film archive ."}]}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Directed by John Ford , a silent film that includes Man o ' War", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Ford', 'summary': "John Ford ( February 1 , 1894 - August 31 , 1973 ) was an American film director . He is renowned both for Westerns such as Stagecoach ( 1939 ) , The Searchers ( 1956 ) , and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , as well as adaptations of classic 20th-century American novels such as the film The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . His four Academy Awards for Best Director ( in 1935 , 1940 , 1941 , and 1952 ) remain a record . One of the films for which he won the award , How Green Was My Valley , also won Best Picture . In a career that spanned more than 50 years , Ford directed more than 140 films ( although most of his silent films are now lost ) and he is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers of his generation . Ford 's work was held in high regard by his colleagues , with Orson Welles and Ingmar Bergman among those who have named him one of the greatest directors of all time . Ford made frequent use of location shooting and long shots , in which his characters were framed against a vast , harsh , and rugged natural terrain ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Man_o'_War", 'summary': "Man o ' War ( March 29 , 1917 - November 1 , 1947 ) was an American Thoroughbred who is widely considered one of the greatest racehorses of all time . Several sports publications , including The Blood-Horse , Sports Illustrated , ESPN , and the ( AP ) Associated Press , voted Man o ' War as the outstanding horse of the 20th century . During his racing career just after World War I , Man o ' War won 20 of 21 races and $ 249,465 ( equivalent to $ 3,184,000 in 2019 ) in purses . He was the unofficial 1920 American horse of the year and was honored with Babe Ruth as the outstanding athlete of the year by The New York Times . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1957 . On March 29 , 2017 , the museum opened a special exhibit in his honor , Man o ' War at 100 . In 1919 , Man o ' War won 9 of 10 starts including the Hopeful Stakes and Belmont Futurity , then the most important races for two-year-old horses in the United States . His only loss came at Saratoga Race Course , later nicknamed the Graveyard of Champions , where he lost by a neck to a colt fittingly named Upset . Man o ' War was not entered in the 1920 Kentucky Derby because his owner , Samuel Riddle , did not believe in racing at the distance of 10 furlongs so early in a young horse 's career . Instead , Man o ' War made his three-year-old debut in the Preakness Stakes where he defeated Upset by \u200b1 1⁄2 lengths . Man o ' War later won the Belmont Stakes by 20 lengths while setting a world record . Throughout the summer and fall , he continued to dominate his fellow three-year-olds , setting multiple records while conceding large amounts of weight to his rivals ."}]}, {'value': 'The Shamrock Handicap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Shamrock_Handicap', 'summary': 'The Shamrock Handicap is a 1926 American romance film directed by John Ford . Prints of the film still exists in the Museum of Modern Art film archive and Cinematheque Royale de Belgique .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irish lass ( Janet Gaynor ) comes to America with horse Dark Rosaleen for steeplechase race', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janet_Gaynor', 'summary': "Janet Gaynor ( born Laura Augusta Gainor ; October 6 , 1906 - September 14 , 1984 ) was an American film , stage and television actress and painter . Gaynor began her career as an extra in shorts and silent films . After signing with Fox Film Corporation ( later 20th Century-Fox ) in 1926 , she rose to fame and became one of the biggest box office draws of the era . In 1929 , she was the first winner of the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in three films : 7th Heaven ( 1927 ) , Sunrise : A Song of Two Humans ( 1927 ) , and Street Angel ( 1928 ) . This was the only occasion on which an actress has won one Oscar for multiple film roles . Gaynor 's career success continued into the sound film era , and she achieved a notable success in the original version of A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) , for which she received a second Best Actress Academy Award nomination . After retiring from acting in 1939 , Gaynor married film costume designer Adrian with whom she had a son . She briefly returned to acting in films and television in the 1950s and later became an accomplished oil painter . In 1980 , Gaynor made her Broadway debut in the stage adaptation of the 1971 film Harold and Maude and appeared in the touring theatrical production of On Golden Pond in February 1982 . In September 1982 , she sustained multiple injuries when the taxicab in which she and others were passengers was struck by a drunken driver . These injuries eventually caused her death in September 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sporting Blood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Blood_(1931_film)', 'summary': 'Sporting Blood is a 1931 American MGM sports drama film directed by Charles Brabin . The film stars Clark Gable ( in his first starring role ) , Ernest Torrence , and Madge Evans . Two other pictures bore this same title , one released in 1916 by Fox and another by MGM in Sporting Blood ( 1940 ) . Although they , too , centered on horse racing , none of the plots had any direct connection with the others .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rid Riddell ( Clark Gable ) enters his horse Tommy Boy in the Kentucky Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Gable', 'summary': "William Clark Gable ( February 1 , 1901 - November 16 , 1960 ) was an American film actor , often referred to as The King of Hollywood . He had roles in more than 60 motion pictures in a wide variety of genres in a career that lasted 37 years , three decades of which was as a leading man . Gable died of a heart attack ; his final on screen appearance was of an aging cowboy in The Misfits , released posthumously in 1961 . Born and raised in Ohio , Gable traveled to Hollywood where he began his film career as an extra in Hollywood silent films between 1924 and 1926 . He progressed to supporting roles for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and his first leading role in 1931 's Dance , Fools , Dance was alongside Joan Crawford , who requested him for the part . His next role , in the romantic drama Red Dust ( 1932 ) with reigning sex symbol Jean Harlow , made him MGM 's biggest male star . Gable won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Frank Capra 's It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) , co-starring Claudette Colbert . He was nominated for the same award for his roles in Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) , and Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , as Rhett Butler opposite Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara . He found continued commercial and critical success with Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) , San Francisco ( 1936 ) , Saratoga ( 1937 ) , Test Pilot ( 1938 ) , and Boom Town ( 1940 ) , three of which co-starred Spencer Tracy . Gable appeared opposite some of the most popular actresses of their time . Joan Crawford was a favorite actress of his to work with , and he partnered with her in eight films . Myrna Loy worked with him seven times , and he was paired with Jean Harlow in six productions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Derby', 'summary': "The Kentucky Derby /ˈdɜːrbi/ is a horse race held annually in Louisville , Kentucky , United States , on the first Saturday in May , capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival . The competition is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles ( 2.0 km ) at Churchill Downs . Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds ( 57 kilograms ) and fillies 121 pounds ( 55 kilograms ) . It is dubbed The Run for the Roses , stemming from the blanket of roses draped over the winner . It is also known in the United States as The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports or The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports because of its approximate duration . It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown , followed by the Preakness Stakes , and then the Belmont Stakes . Unlike the Preakness and Belmont Stakes , which took hiatuses in 1891-1893 and 1911-1912 respectively , the Kentucky Derby has been held uninterrupted since 1875 . Even with the Olympics and major professional sports leagues canceled at those points , the Derby , Preakness , and Belmont took place during the Great Depression and both World Wars . A horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown . In the 2015 listing of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities ( IFHA ) , the Kentucky Derby tied with the Whitney Handicap as the top Grade 1 race in the United States outside the Breeders ' Cup races . The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance numbers of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , and the Breeders ' Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweepstakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweepstakes_(film)', 'summary': 'Sweepstakes is a 1931 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Albert S. Rogell from a screenplay written by Lew Lipton and Ralph Murphy . The film stars Eddie Quillan , James Gleason , Marian Nixon , Lew Cody , and Paul Hurst , which centers around the travails and romances of jockey Buddy Doyle , known as the Whoop-te-doo Kid for his trademark yell during races . Produced by the newly formed RKO Pathé Pictures , this was the first film Charles R. Rogers would produce for the studio , after he replaced William LeBaron as head of production . The film was released on July 10 , 1931 , through RKO Radio Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A suspended jockey rides his horse Six-Shooter in a race in Tijuana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tijuana,_Mexico', 'summary': "Tijuana ( US : /tiːˈ ( h ) wɑːnə/ tee- ( H ) WAH-nə , [ a ] Spanish : [ tiˈxwana ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of both Baja California State and the Baja Peninsula . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana transborder urban agglomeration and the larger Southern California megalopolis . As the 6th-largest city in Mexico and center of the 6th-largest metro area in Mexico , Tijuana exerts a strong influence in education and politics - across Mexico , in transportation , culture and art - across all three Californias ( the U.S. state of California , Baja California and Baja California Sur ) , and in manufacturing and as a migration hub - across the North American continent . Currently one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in Mexico , Tijuana maintains GaWC 'sufficiency city ' status . As of 2015 [ update ] , the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,641,570 . Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California , and is the municipal seat and the cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality ( Mexican states are divided into municipalities , rather than counties as in the U.S. ) . Tijuana covers 70% of the territory of the municipality and contains 80% of its population . A dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent , the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies . In the early 21st century , Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America . Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca . The city is the most visited border city in the world ; sharing a border of about 24 km ( 15 mi ) with its sister city San Diego . More than fifty million people cross the border between these two cities every year ."}]}, {'value': 'Men of Chance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Men_of_Chance', 'summary': 'Men of Chance is a 1931 American pre-Code drama film directed by George Archainbaud , starring Ricardo Cortez , Mary Astor , and John Halliday .'}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamond Johnny Silk is double-crossed by his own wife at a Paris racetrack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broadway Bill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadway_Bill', 'summary': "Broadway Bill is a 1934 American comedy drama film directed by Frank Capra and starring Warner Baxter , Myrna Loy , Walter Connolly , and Helen Vinson . Written by Robert Riskin and based on the short story Strictly Confidential by Mark Hellinger , the film is about a man 's love for his thoroughbred race horse and the woman who helps him achieve his dreams . Capra disliked the final product , and in an effort to make it more to his liking , he remade the film in 1950 as Riding High . In later years , the distributor of Riding High , Paramount Pictures , acquired the rights to Broadway Bill . The film was released in the United Kingdom as Strictly Confidential . Broadway Bill was filmed between June 18 and August 16 , 1934 at Columbia Studios in Hollywood , and on location at Tanforan Racetrack in San Bruno , Warner Bros. Ranch , and the Pacific Coast Steel Mills . After an initial preview on October 24 , Capra re-edited some scenes based upon audience reaction . The film premiered on November 30 , 1934 in New York City , and was released in the United States on December 27 , 1934 . The film received positive reviews , with Andre Sennwald in The New York Times calling it sly and impertinent screen comedy , painlessly whimsical and completely engaging ."}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Story of a man 's love for his thoroughbred and a woman who helps him achieve his dreams", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Racing Luck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_Luck_(1935_film)', 'summary': "Racing Luck is a 1935 American action film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Joseph O'Donnell and George Wallace Sayre . The film stars William Boyd , Barbara Worth , George Ernest , Esther Muir , Ernest Hilliard and Onest Conley . The film was released on November 19 , 1935 , by Republic Pictures ."}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After his horse Life Belt fails a drug test , a trainer is suspended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot Tip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Tip_(film)', 'summary': "Hot Tip is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Ray McCarey and James Gleason from a screenplay by Hugh Cummings , Olive Cooper , and Louis Stevens , based on William Slavens McNutt 's short story , Leander Clicks , which had been published in the August 1928 edition of Red Book Magazine . Gleason also starred in the film , along with ZaSu Pitts , Margaret Callahan , and Russell Gleason ( James ' son ) . It was released by RKO Radio Pictures on September 6 , 1935 ."}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leadpipe looks like a cinch , but a tipster persuades a fellow to bet on a loser instead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thoroughbred', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thoroughbred_(film)', 'summary': 'Thoroughbred is a 1936 Australian race-horse drama film directed by Ken G. Hall , partly based on the life and career of Phar Lap . Hollywood star Helen Twelvetrees was imported to Australian to appear in the film . The film also stars Frank Leighton and John Longden .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A plot in Australia to kill favored Stormalong before the Melbourne Cup', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Educated Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Educated_Evans', 'summary': 'Educated Evans is a 1936 British comedy film , directed by William Beaudine and starring Max Miller . The film , set in the world of horse racing , was based on the 1924 novel of the same name by the prolific Edgar Wallace . It is one of five films starring Miller which is not known to be extant , and is classed as missing , believed lost . A sequel Thank Evans was released in 1938 ; it too is missing . The film was made at Teddington Studios , with sets designed by Peter Proud .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A wealthy couple ask a Cockney tipster to train their horse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Racing Blood', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jockey buys lame colt for under $ 5 , turns him into a champion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three Men on a Horse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Men_on_a_Horse_(film)', 'summary': 'Three Men on a Horse is a 1936 comedy film directed and produced by Mervyn LeRoy , adapted from the Broadway play of the same name written by George Abbott and John Cecil Holm . A mild-mannered greeting card poet has the uncanny ability to pick winners in horse races .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greeting-card writer Erwin Trowbridge has a knack for picking racetrack winners', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Down the Stretch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Down_the_Stretch', 'summary': 'Down the Stretch is a 1936 American drama film directed by William Clemens and written by William Jacobs . The film stars Patricia Ellis , Mickey Rooney , Dennis Moore , Willie Best , Gordon Hart and Wild Bill Elliott . The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 18 , 1936 .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banned at home , rider Mickey Rooney moves to England to find success', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickey_Rooney', 'summary': "Mickey Rooney ( born Ninnian Joseph Yule Jr. ; September 23 , 1920 - April 6 , 2014 ) was an American actor , vaudevillian , comedian , producer , and radio personality . In a career spanning nine decades and continuing until shortly before his death , he appeared in more than 300 films and was among the last surviving stars of the silent film era . At the height of a career that was marked by declines and comebacks , Rooney performed the role of Andy Hardy in a series of 16 films in the 1930 's and 1940 's that epitomized American family values . A versatile performer , he became a celebrated character actor later in his career . Laurence Olivier once said he considered Rooney the best there has ever been . Clarence Brown , who directed him in two of his earliest dramatic roles , National Velvet and The Human Comedy , said he was the closest thing to a genius I ever worked with . Rooney first performed in vaudeville as a child and made his film debut at the age of six . At 14 , he played Puck in the play and later the 1935 film adaptation of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Critic David Thomson hailed his performance as one of the cinema 's most arresting pieces of magic . In 1938 , he co-starred in Boys Town . At 19 , he was the first teenager to be nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Babes in Arms , and he was awarded a special Academy Juvenile Award in 1939 . At the peak of his career between the ages of 15 and 25 , he made 43 films , which made him one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 's most consistently successful actors and a favorite of MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer ."}]}, {'value': 'All In', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_In_(film)', 'summary': 'All In is a 1936 British sports comedy film directed by Marcel Varnel and starring Ralph Lynn , Gina Malo and Garry Marsh . The owner of a racing stables has high hopes of winning The Derby , but fate intervenes . It is also known by the alternative title Tattenham Corner . The film was made at Islington Studios by Gainsborough Pictures and based on a play by Philip Merivale and Brandon Fleming .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A broke bloke inherits a stable and sets out to win The Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epsom_Derby', 'summary': "The Derby Stakes , officially the Investec Derby , popularly known as the Derby is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old colts and fillies . It is run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey over a distance of one mile , four furlongs and 6 yards ( 2,420 metres ) , on the first Saturday of June each year . It is Britain 's richest horse race , and the most prestigious of the five Classics . It is sometimes referred to as the Blue Riband of the turf . The race serves as the middle leg of the Triple Crown , preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger . Owners rarely try to have their horses win all three races any more , as it is hard on the horses . The name Derby has become synonymous with great races all over the world , and as such has been borrowed many times , notably by the Kentucky Derby in the United States . The Derby run at Epsom is the original and in Great Britain is invariably referred to as the Derby . It is one of Britain 's great national sporting events and has a large worldwide TV audience ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Horse racing', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_films_29', 'intro': 'This compilation of films covers all sports activities. Sports films have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties, standard elements of melodrama.'}
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Who was the director of the 1922 comedy where a trainer goes to great lengths to keep an owner 's son far from the Derby ?
King Baggot
09664e9e70ec6c67
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_track_and_field', 'title': 'Oregon Ducks track and field', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Year', 'Event', 'Result', 'Medal'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dan Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Kelly_(athlete)', 'summary': "Daniel Kelly ( Daniel Joseph Dan Kelly ; September 1 , 1883 - April 9 , 1920 ) was an American long jumper and sprinter . He attended the University of Portland 's Columbia Prep high school , where 1905 , he broke the existing world record for Long Jump with a jump of 22 feet , 1-1/4 inches . He later attended the University of Oregon , where in 1906 , he equaled the world records in the 100 meter and 200 meter dashes in the same day . In 1908 , Kelly briefly joined the Irish American Athletic Club , and competed for the United States in the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , Great Britain in the long jump where he won the silver medal . He is a member of the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broad jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-3.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Hawkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Martin William Hawkins ( February 20 , 1888 - October 27 , 1959 ) was an American athlete who won the bronze medal in the 110 m hurdles at the 1912 Summer Olympics . A track star at the University of Oregon , Hawkins later attended law school at Oregon and became a lawyer and judge in Portland .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High hurdles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Hill', 'summary': "Ralph Anthony Hill ( December 26 , 1908 - October 17 , 1994 ) was an American runner . He set an American record over the mile in 1930 and won a silver medal in the 5000 m event at the 1932 Olympics . Hill studied at the University of Oregon when competing in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles on the 5000 m. In an exciting race on August 5 , 1932 , he came in second behind Lauri Lehtinen , with each runner recording a time of 14:30.0 . The judges deliberated for an hour before they could decide not to disqualify Lehtinen , as he had appeared to block Hill twice . Hill refused to file a protest , stating that he believed Lehtinen 's obstruction of him was accidental . Lauri Virtanen came in third 14 seconds behind . After college Hill made a career of farming near Klamath Falls . The local Henley High School renamed its football field in September 1992 after its alumnus Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14:30.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mack Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Robinson_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Matthew MacKenzie Mack Robinson ( July 18 , 1914 - March 12 , 2000 ) was an American track and field athlete . He is best known for winning a silver medal in the 1936 Summer Olympics , where he broke the Olympic record in the 200 meter but still finished behind Jesse Owens . He was the older brother of Baseball Hall of Fame member Jackie Robinson .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otis Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otis_Davis', 'summary': 'For the baseball player , see Otis Davis ( baseball )'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '400 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.07 ( WR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otis Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otis_Davis', 'summary': 'For the baseball player , see Otis Davis ( baseball )'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x400 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:02.37 ( WR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Dellinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dellinger', 'summary': 'William Bill Solon Dellinger ( born March 23 , 1934 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . He competed in the 5,000 m at the 1956 , 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1964 , setting his personal record . He lettered in track at the University of Oregon in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13:49.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Jerome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Jerome', 'summary': 'Henry Winston Jerome OC ( September 30 , 1940 - December 7 , 1982 ) , known as Harry Jerome , was a Canadian school teacher and track and field runner who competed in three Olympic Games , the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the Pan-American Games during the 1960s . Jerome was born in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , the son of Harry Vincent Jerome and Elsie Ellen Howard , and moved to North Vancouver , British Columbia , at age 12 . His grandfather was John Howard , a railway porter , who represented Canada in the 1912 Summer Olympics . His sister , Valerie Jerome , was also an Olympian who competed for Canada at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . Harry Jerome died of a brain aneurysm on December 7 , 1982 , at the age of 42 , in North Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canada has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games and almost every Summer Olympic Games since its debut at the 1900 games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , which it boycotted . Canada has won at least one medal at every Olympics in which it has competed . The Canadian Olympic Committee ( COC ) is the National Olympic Committee for Canada . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , which was hosted in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , the country won more gold medals than any other competing nation for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '221-5 ( OR-q )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': "Brazil first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920 , after missing the previous five Summer editions . The country has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for the 1928 Games . As of 2016 , Brazilian athletes have won a total of 129 medals in 15 different Summer sports . Brazil has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992 , though to this date no Brazilian athlete has won an Olympic medal in winter sports . The country 's best result at the Winter Olympics was a ninth-place finish achieved by snowboarder Isabel Clark Ribeiro at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Since Brazil is mostly a tropical nation , the country 's most important results so far have been achieved at the Summer editions . Volleyball ( indoors and beach volley ) , sailing and judo are Brazil 's top medal-producing sports in the Summer editions . Brazil has hosted the Summer Olympic once , in 2016 . This edition marked the country 's most successful participation at the Summer Olympics to date , earning seven gold medals and nineteen medals overall . Brazil 's previous best result had been five gold medals earned at the 2004 edition , in Athens , and seventeen medals overall , earned at the 2012 edition , in London . One athlete from Brazil has been awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal : Vanderlei de Lima , a long-distance runner who was attacked by a spectator during the men 's marathon at the 2004 edition in Athens , Greece , when he was leading the race . Lima lost two places , winning the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.00 ( OR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '217-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': "Brazil first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920 , after missing the previous five Summer editions . The country has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for the 1928 Games . As of 2016 , Brazilian athletes have won a total of 129 medals in 15 different Summer sports . Brazil has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992 , though to this date no Brazilian athlete has won an Olympic medal in winter sports . The country 's best result at the Winter Olympics was a ninth-place finish achieved by snowboarder Isabel Clark Ribeiro at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Since Brazil is mostly a tropical nation , the country 's most important results so far have been achieved at the Summer editions . Volleyball ( indoors and beach volley ) , sailing and judo are Brazil 's top medal-producing sports in the Summer editions . Brazil has hosted the Summer Olympic once , in 2016 . This edition marked the country 's most successful participation at the Summer Olympics to date , earning seven gold medals and nineteen medals overall . Brazil 's previous best result had been five gold medals earned at the 2004 edition , in Athens , and seventeen medals overall , earned at the 2012 edition , in London . One athlete from Brazil has been awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal : Vanderlei de Lima , a long-distance runner who was attacked by a spectator during the men 's marathon at the 2004 edition in Athens , Greece , when he was leading the race . Lima lost two places , winning the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Martin', 'summary': "Lisa Frances Ondieki ( née O'Dea , formerly Martin ; born 12 May 1960 ) is an Australian former long-distance runner . In the marathon , she won the 1988 Olympic silver medal and two Commonwealth Games gold medals . Other marathon victories included the 1988 Osaka International Ladies Marathon and the 1992 New York City Marathon . She also won the Great North Run Half Marathon three times . Her best time for the marathon of 2:23:51 , set in 1988 , made her the fourth-fastest female marathon runner in history at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': "Australia has sent athletes to almost all editions of the modern Olympic Games . Australia has competed in every Summer Olympic Games , as well as every Winter Olympics except 1924-32 and 1948 . In 1908 and 1912 Australia competed with New Zealand under the name Australasia . The Australian Olympic Committee was founded and recognised in 1895 . Edwin Flack was the first athlete to represent Australia at the Olympics . He won gold in both the 800 metres and the 1500 metres , competed in the marathon and won a bronze medal in tennis doubles at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . Australia 's kit is green and gold . Australia has hosted the Summer Olympic games twice : in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney . Australia finished 3rd and 4th in the respective medal counts . In the Summer Olympics since 2000 , Australia has placed 4th , 4th , 6th , 8th* and 10th respectively . ( *Australia initially finished in 10th position in 2012 , but 8th position after the redistributed gold medal to Jared Tallent ) . Given Australia has a population of only around 23 million people ( ranked 53rd in the world ) , this fact is frequently cited as noteworthy , and is ostensibly due to a strong sporting culture ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:25.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keshia Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keshia_Baker', 'summary': "Keshia Chantay Baker ( born January 30 , 1988 Fairfield , California ) is an American track and field athlete . She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay event , running in the heats and winning a gold medal . While running for her home town Fairfield High School , she finished third in the 400 meters at the 2006 CIF California State Meet . She had been a finalist the previous two years . Then she ran for the University of Oregon . At the 2010 NCAA Championships , she anchored Oregon 's winning 4x400 relay team to victory , while finishing fourth in the open 400 meters . Earlier in the season , she was runner up in 400 meters at the NCAA Indoor Championships , both times behind future Olympic teammate Francena McCorory ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x400 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:16.99 ( semis )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashton Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Eaton', 'summary': "Ashton James Eaton OLY ( born January 21 , 1988 ) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion , who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event . Eaton was the second decathlete ( after Roman Šebrle ) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon , with 9,039 points , a score he bettered on August 29 , 2015 , when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points . His world record was broken by Frenchman Kévin Mayer on September 16 , 2018 with a total of 9,126 points , who become the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier . He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene , Oregon . In college , Eaton competed for the University of Oregon , where he was a five-time NCAA champion , and won The Bowerman award in 2010 . In 2011 , Eaton won the first international medal of his career , a silver , in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships . The following year , Eaton broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships , and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials . After setting the world record , Eaton won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record . Eaton is only the third Olympian ( after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain 's Daley Thompson ) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon . He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galen Rupp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galen_Rupp', 'summary': "Galen Rupp ( born May 8 , 1986 ) is an American long-distance runner . He competed in the Summer Olympics in 2008 in Beijing , 2012 in London , and 2016 in Rio de Janeiro . In London he won the silver medal in the men 's 10,000 meters , and in Rio de Janeiro he won the bronze medal in the men 's marathon . Rupp has competed for the University of Oregon and trained under Alberto Salazar as a member of the Nike Oregon Project . He won the 2017 Chicago Marathon , the first American to do so since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002 . Rupp holds multiple American records at high school , collegiate , and senior levels . They include records in the 10,000 meters with a time of 26:44.36 and at the indoor 2 mile , 3000 meters , and 5000 meters with times of 8:07.41 , 7:30.16 , and 13:01.26 , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27:30.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Centrowitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Centrowitz_Jr.', 'summary': 'Matthew Centrowitz Jr. ( born October 18 , 1989 ) is an American middle-distance runner who specializes in the 1500 meters . He became a prominent figure in U.S. running when he won a bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics . A seasoned competitor with a potent finishing kick , he competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 1500 meters - where he finished 4th by only 0.04 seconds . At the 2013 World Championships in Athletics , Centrowitz improved on his bronze medal performance with a silver in the same event . At the 2016 World Indoor Championships , he won his first major international championship in the 1500 meters . He then won the gold medal in the 1500 meters at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro with the slowest winning time since 1932 , becoming the first U.S. runner to win the event since 1908 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:50.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashton Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Eaton', 'summary': "Ashton James Eaton OLY ( born January 21 , 1988 ) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion , who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event . Eaton was the second decathlete ( after Roman Šebrle ) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon , with 9,039 points , a score he bettered on August 29 , 2015 , when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points . His world record was broken by Frenchman Kévin Mayer on September 16 , 2018 with a total of 9,126 points , who become the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier . He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene , Oregon . In college , Eaton competed for the University of Oregon , where he was a five-time NCAA champion , and won The Bowerman award in 2010 . In 2011 , Eaton won the first international medal of his career , a silver , in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships . The following year , Eaton broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships , and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials . After setting the world record , Eaton won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record . Eaton is only the third Olympian ( after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain 's Daley Thompson ) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon . He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,893 ( OR-t )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phyllis Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phyllis_Francis', 'summary': 'Phyllis Chanez Francis ( born May 4 , 1992 ) is an American track and field athlete . She won the gold medal at the 2017 World Championships in the 400 metres and 4×400 metres relay events .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x400 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:19.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_Gardner', 'summary': 'English Gardner ( born April 22 , 1992 ) is an American track and field sprinter who specializes in the 100-meter dash . Her personal best of 10.74 seconds , set in 2016 , ranks her in the top ten all-time for the distance .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x100 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable athletes -- Olympians', 'section_text': "Main article : List of University of Oregon Olympians Since Oregon 's first Olympian , Dan Kelly , who finished second place in the broad jump of the 1908 Summer Olympics , at least one athlete from the University of Oregon has participated in each of the Summer Olympics since . This includes the 1980 Summer Olympics which the United States boycotted , when Chris Braithwaite competed for Trinidad , his native country . [ 84 ] Out of the scores of Olympians who attended the University of Oregon , the following have received medals : [ 5 ] .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { display : flex ; flex-direction : column } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { display : flex ; flex-direction : row ; clear : left ; flex-wrap : wrap ; width:100% ; box-sizing : border-box } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { margin:1px ; float : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader { clear : both ; font-weight : bold ; text-align : center ; align-self : center ; background-color : transparent ; width:100% } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : left ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center { text-align : center ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left { text-align : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right { text-align : right } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center { text-align : center } @ media all and ( max-width:720px ) { .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; max-width : none ! important ; align-items : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { justify-content : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { float : none ! important ; max-width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; text-align : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : center } } Martin Hawkins , 1912Ralph Hill ( right ) at the 1932 OlympicsJoaquim Cruz , 2007English Gardner at the Rio Olympics", 'uid': 'Oregon_Ducks_track_and_field_0', 'intro': "The Oregon Ducks track and field program is the intercollegiate track and field team for the University of Oregon located in the U.S. state of Oregon. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference. The team participates in indoor and outdoor track and field as well as cross country. Known as the Ducks, Oregon's first track and field team was fielded in 1895. The team holds its home meets at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon. Robert Johnson is the current head coach and since the program's inception in 1895, there have only been seven permanent head coaches. The Ducks claim 31 NCAA National Championships among the three disciplines. Due to its rich heritage, the home of the Ducks is popularly dubbed as Tracktown, USA. Four of the head coaches in Oregon's history have been inducted into the USTFCCCA Hall of Fame. Several people involved with the program have developed innovative coaching strategies and helped restructure amateur athletics. Alumni of the program have continued to the Olympics and professional ranks while some others have founded athletic corporations like Nike and SPARQ. Oregon's track and field history has been documented in two major motion films Without Limits and Prefontaine as well as the books Bowerman and the Men of Oregon and Pre: The Story of America's Greatest Running Legend."}
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Who is the athlete from the country whose Olympic Committee was founded and recognized in 1895 ?
Lisa Martin
0966a22f2ab05dca
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools', 'title': 'List of Ivy League business schools', 'header': ['School name', 'Host institution', 'Location', 'Degree programs offered', 'Year founded'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Wharton School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania ( /ˈhwɔːrtən/ WHAWR-tən ; also known as Wharton Business School , The Wharton School or simply Wharton ) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania , a private Ivy League university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Established in 1881 through a donation from Joseph Wharton , the Wharton School is the world 's oldest collegiate school of business . The Wharton School awards Bachelor of Science in Economics degrees at the undergraduate level and Master of Business Administration degrees at the postgraduate level , both of which require the selection of a major . Wharton also offers a doctoral program and houses , or co-sponsors , several diploma programs either alone or in conjunction with the other schools at the university . Wharton 's MBA program is ranked No . 1 in the United States according to Forbes and No . 1 in the United States according to the 2020 U.S. News & World Report ranking . Meanwhile , Wharton 's MBA for Executives and undergraduate programs are ranked No . 3 and No . 1 in the United States respectively by U.S. News . MBA graduates of Wharton earn an average $ 159,815 first year base pay not including bonuses , the highest of all the leading schools . Wharton 's MBA program is tied for the highest in the United States with an average GMAT score of 732 ( 97th percentile ) for its entering class ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia , Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS Econ , MBA/EMBA , PhD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Science ( Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae , B.S. , BS , B.Sc . or BSc ; or , less commonly , S.B. , SB , or Sc.B. , from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus ) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years . The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860 . Whether a student of a particular subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities . For example , an economics degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) by one university but as a BS by another , and some universities offer the choice of either . Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA , even in the natural sciences , while some universities offer only the BS , even in non-science fields . At universities that offer both BA and BS degrees in the same discipline , the BS degree is usually more extensive in that particular discipline and is targeted toward students who are pursuing graduate school or a profession in that field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Business Administration ( MBA or M.B.A. ) degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounting , applied statistics , business communication , business ethics , business law , business strategy , finance , managerial economics , management , entrepreneurship , marketing , supply-chain management , and operations management in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy . Most programs also include elective courses and concentrations for further study in a particular area , for example accounting , finance , and marketing . MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty credits ( sixty to ninety in a quarter system ) , much higher than the thirty credits ( thirty-six to forty-five in a quarter system ) typically required for degrees that cover some of the same material such as the Master of Economics , Master of Finance , Master of Accountancy , Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree . Accreditation bodies specifically for MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education . Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time , part-time , executive ( abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends ) and distance learning students , many with specialized concentrations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy', 'summary': "A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD , Ph.D. , or DPhil ; Latin philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae ) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries . PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields . As an earned research degree , those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge , normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation , and defend their work against experts in the field . The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor , researcher , or scientist in many fields . Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may , in many jurisdictions , use the title Doctor ( often abbreviated Dr or Dr. ) with their name , although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field , culture , or society . Those who teach at universities or work in academic , educational , or research fields are usually addressed by this title professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation . Alternatively , holders may use post-nominal letters such as Ph.D. , PhD , or DPhil ( depending on the awarding institution ) . It is , however , considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time . The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country , institution , and time period , from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates . During the studies that lead to the degree , the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student ; a student who has completed all their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate ( see : all but dissertation ) . A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted a master 's degree en route to the doctoral degree . Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as PhD ABD , meaning All But Dissertation ."}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuck School of Business', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuck_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The Tuck School of Business ( also known as Tuck , and formally known as the Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance ) is the graduate business school of Dartmouth College , an Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire . Founded in 1900 through a donation made by Dartmouth alumnus Edward Tuck , the Tuck School was the first institution in the world to offer a master 's degree in business administration . The Tuck School awards only one degree , the Master of Business Administration degree , through a full-time , residential program . The school does not offer an Executive MBA or a part-time program , believing that such programs , while lucrative , would dilute the focus of its full-time MBA program . Tuck does , however , offer an Advanced Management Program for executives , which spans either one or two weeks depending on the course . In addition , Tuck offers a 4-week , intensive summer program to liberal arts students seeking to build a foundation in core business concepts . Within Dartmouth , faculty from Tuck and The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice are partnering to offer a Master of Health Care Delivery Science degree from Dartmouth College . Moreover , Tuck partners with the Thayer School of Engineering to teach management courses through a Master of Engineering Management program offered by Thayer School of Engineering . Compared to other elite business schools , Tuck is known for its rural setting and small class size - each MBA class consists of about 280 students . As such , both factors , combined with Tuck 's commitment to the full-time MBA program attribute to its high giving rate among the 10,300 Tuck alumni across 73 countries . Almost 70% of all Tuck alumni regularly give to the school , the highest rate among business schools worldwide . The MBA program has held a top-10 ranking in multiple publications , including U.S. News & World Report , Bloomberg , The Economist , Forbes , Business Insider , and Vault ."}]}, {'value': 'Dartmouth College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth_College', 'summary': "Dartmouth College ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock , it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Although founded as a school to educate Native Americans in Christian theology and the English way of life , Dartmouth primarily trained Congregationalist ministers throughout its early history before it gradually secularized , emerging at the turn of the 20th century from relative obscurity into national prominence . Following a liberal arts curriculum , the university provides undergraduate instruction in 40 academic departments and interdisciplinary programs including 57 majors in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering , and enables students to design specialized concentrations or engage in dual degree programs . Dartmouth comprises five constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Geisel School of Medicine , the Thayer School of Engineering , the Tuck School of Business , and the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies . The university also has affiliations with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , the Rockefeller Institute for Public Policy , and the Hopkins Center for the Arts . With a student enrollment of about 6,400 , Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League . Undergraduate admissions are highly competitive , with an acceptance rate of 7.9% for the Class of 2023 . Situated on a terrace above the Connecticut River , Dartmouth 's 269-acre main campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England . The university functions on a quarter system , operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms . Dartmouth is known for its undergraduate focus , strong Greek culture , and wide array of enduring campus traditions . Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings , and has been cited as a leading university for undergraduate teaching and research by U.S. News & World Report ."}]}, {'value': 'Hanover , New Hampshire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Business Administration ( MBA or M.B.A. ) degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounting , applied statistics , business communication , business ethics , business law , business strategy , finance , managerial economics , management , entrepreneurship , marketing , supply-chain management , and operations management in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy . Most programs also include elective courses and concentrations for further study in a particular area , for example accounting , finance , and marketing . MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty credits ( sixty to ninety in a quarter system ) , much higher than the thirty credits ( thirty-six to forty-five in a quarter system ) typically required for degrees that cover some of the same material such as the Master of Economics , Master of Finance , Master of Accountancy , Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree . Accreditation bodies specifically for MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education . Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time , part-time , executive ( abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends ) and distance learning students , many with specialized concentrations .'}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard Business School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Business_School', 'summary': 'Harvard Business School ( HBS ) is the graduate business school of Harvard University . Located in Boston , Massachusetts , it is consistently ranked among the top business schools in the world , and offers a large full-time MBA program , management-related doctoral programs , and many executive education programs . It owns Harvard Business Publishing , which publishes business books , leadership articles , online management tools for corporate learning , case studies , and the monthly Harvard Business Review . It is also home to the Baker Library/Bloomberg Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Harvard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBA , PhD , DBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Business Administration ( MBA or M.B.A. ) degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounting , applied statistics , business communication , business ethics , business law , business strategy , finance , managerial economics , management , entrepreneurship , marketing , supply-chain management , and operations management in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy . Most programs also include elective courses and concentrations for further study in a particular area , for example accounting , finance , and marketing . MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty credits ( sixty to ninety in a quarter system ) , much higher than the thirty credits ( thirty-six to forty-five in a quarter system ) typically required for degrees that cover some of the same material such as the Master of Economics , Master of Finance , Master of Accountancy , Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree . Accreditation bodies specifically for MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education . Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time , part-time , executive ( abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends ) and distance learning students , many with specialized concentrations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Doctor of Business Administration ( commonly abbreviated as D.B.A. , DBA , DrBA , or BusD ) is a research doctorate awarded on the basis of advanced study , examinations , project work and research in business administration . The D.B.A . is a terminal degree in business administration . Along with the Ph.D. or D.Phil. , it represents the highest academic qualification in business administration , and is typically required to gain employment as a full-time , tenure-track university professor or postdoctoral researcher in the field . As with other earned doctorates , individuals with the degree are awarded the academic title doctor , which is often represented via the English honorific Dr. or the post-nominal letters DBA or PhD . D.B.A . candidates submit a significant project , typically referred to as a thesis or dissertation , consisting of a body of original academic research that is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal . Candidates must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners called a thesis , dissertation , or doctoral committee . In the United States , the Doctor of Business Administration is recognized by the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) as a research degree . The D.B.A . is also considered by both the United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundation to be equivalent to the more commonly awarded Ph.D .'}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia Business School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Business_School', 'summary': 'Columbia Business School ( CBS ) is the business school of Columbia University in the City of New York in Manhattan , New York City . Established in 1916 , Columbia Business School is one of the oldest business schools in the world . It is one of six Ivy League business schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_University', 'summary': "Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MPhil , MS , MBA/EMBA , PhD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy', 'summary': 'The Master of Philosophy ( abbr . M.Phil . or MPhil ; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister ) is an advanced postgraduate degree . An MPhil typically includes a taught portion and a significant research portion , during which a thesis project is conducted under supervision . An MPhil may be awarded to postgraduate students after completing taught coursework and one to two years of original research , which may also serve as a provisional enrollment for a PhD programme .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Science', 'summary': "A Master of Science ( Latin : Magister Scientiae ; abbreviated MS , M.S. , MSc , M.Sc. , SM , S.M. , ScM or Sc.M . ) is a master 's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree . In contrast to the Master of Arts degree , the Master of Science degree is typically granted for studies in sciences , engineering and medicine and is usually for programs that are more focused on scientific and mathematical subjects ; however , different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the humanities and social sciences . While it ultimately depends upon the specific program , earning a Master of Science degree typically includes writing a thesis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Business Administration ( MBA or M.B.A. ) degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounting , applied statistics , business communication , business ethics , business law , business strategy , finance , managerial economics , management , entrepreneurship , marketing , supply-chain management , and operations management in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy . Most programs also include elective courses and concentrations for further study in a particular area , for example accounting , finance , and marketing . MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty credits ( sixty to ninety in a quarter system ) , much higher than the thirty credits ( thirty-six to forty-five in a quarter system ) typically required for degrees that cover some of the same material such as the Master of Economics , Master of Finance , Master of Accountancy , Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree . Accreditation bodies specifically for MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education . Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time , part-time , executive ( abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends ) and distance learning students , many with specialized concentrations .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Curtis_Johnson_Graduate_School_of_Management', 'summary': "The Johnson School traces its beginnings to the university 's founding in 1865 . University co-founder Ezra Cornell proposed a Department of Trade and Commerce for the new university , which was a radical departure from the day 's conventional notions about higher education , as this proposal was made sixteen years before Joseph Wharton endowed the nation 's first collegiate business school at the University of Pennsylvania . At a university faculty meeting on October 2 , 1868 , Cornell co-founder and first president Andrew Dickson White , suggested the creation of a professorship in bookkeeping in the context of a larger proposal : the creation of a commercial college . In the meantime , the Agriculture College continued to have a Department of Agricultural Economics and the Arts College continued to have a Department of Economics . Formal movements towards a business school began in 1914 , when faculty in the NYS College of Agriculture ( which today offers an undergraduate business major ) convened the first meeting of the Committee on a Commercial College . Led by economics professor Allyn Young , the committee recommended the creation of a two-year graduate course leading to the Master 's degree in both business and public administration . Young had been trained at Harvard University , and the influence on the committee 's discussion of its business school 's creation only six years prior was apparent , as the committee 's recommendations included instruction for graduate students only , selectivity in admissions , and integration into the larger university community . The idea of a business school took a backseat to World War I and its effects on the Cornell population . Following the Armistice of 1918 , third university president Jacob Gould Schurman called for the establishment of such a school , which he estimated would require $ 1 million of initial funding . However , financial difficulties surrounding the Great Depression would further delay its creation ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': 'Ithaca , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBA/EMBA , PhD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Business Administration ( MBA or M.B.A. ) degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounting , applied statistics , business communication , business ethics , business law , business strategy , finance , managerial economics , management , entrepreneurship , marketing , supply-chain management , and operations management in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy . Most programs also include elective courses and concentrations for further study in a particular area , for example accounting , finance , and marketing . MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty credits ( sixty to ninety in a quarter system ) , much higher than the thirty credits ( thirty-six to forty-five in a quarter system ) typically required for degrees that cover some of the same material such as the Master of Economics , Master of Finance , Master of Accountancy , Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree . Accreditation bodies specifically for MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education . Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time , part-time , executive ( abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends ) and distance learning students , many with specialized concentrations .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yale School of Management', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_School_of_Management', 'summary': "The Yale School of Management ( also known as Yale SOM ) is the graduate business school of Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . The School awards the Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) , MBA for Executives ( EMBA ) , Master of Advanced Management ( MAM ) , Master 's Degree in Systemic Risk , Master 's Degree in Global Business & Society , Master 's Degree in Asset Management , and Ph.D. degrees , as well as joint degrees with nine other graduate programs at Yale University . As of August 2019 , 666 students were enrolled in its MBA program , 134 in the EMBA program , 70 in the MAM program , 32 in the Master of Global Business Studies program , 11 in the Master of Systemic Risk program , and 59 in the PhD program ; 122 students were pursuing joint degrees . The School has 90 full-time faculty members , and the dean is Kerwin Kofi Charles . The School conducts education and research in leadership , behavioral economics , operations management , marketing , entrepreneurship , organizational behavior , and other areas . The EMBA program offers focused study in healthcare , asset management , or sustainability . The School also offers semester-long student exchange programs with HEC Paris , IESE , the London School of Economics , the National University of Singapore Business School , and Tsinghua University . Students may also propose a quarter- or semester-long exchange program with any of the 25 other schools of the Global Network for Advanced Management ."}]}, {'value': 'Yale University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University', 'summary': "Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'New Haven , Connecticut', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MBA/EMBA , PhD , Executive Education , Joint Degree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration', 'summary': 'The Master of Business Administration ( MBA or M.B.A. ) degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific management . The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration such as accounting , applied statistics , business communication , business ethics , business law , business strategy , finance , managerial economics , management , entrepreneurship , marketing , supply-chain management , and operations management in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy . Most programs also include elective courses and concentrations for further study in a particular area , for example accounting , finance , and marketing . MBA programs in the United States typically require completing about forty to sixty credits ( sixty to ninety in a quarter system ) , much higher than the thirty credits ( thirty-six to forty-five in a quarter system ) typically required for degrees that cover some of the same material such as the Master of Economics , Master of Finance , Master of Accountancy , Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree . Accreditation bodies specifically for MBA programs ensure consistency and quality of education . Business schools in many countries offer programs tailored to full-time , part-time , executive ( abridged coursework typically occurring on nights or weekends ) and distance learning students , many with specialized concentrations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy', 'summary': "A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD , Ph.D. , or DPhil ; Latin philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae ) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries . PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields . As an earned research degree , those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge , normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation , and defend their work against experts in the field . The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor , researcher , or scientist in many fields . Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may , in many jurisdictions , use the title Doctor ( often abbreviated Dr or Dr. ) with their name , although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field , culture , or society . Those who teach at universities or work in academic , educational , or research fields are usually addressed by this title professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation . Alternatively , holders may use post-nominal letters such as Ph.D. , PhD , or DPhil ( depending on the awarding institution ) . It is , however , considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time . The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country , institution , and time period , from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates . During the studies that lead to the degree , the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student ; a student who has completed all their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate ( see : all but dissertation ) . A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted a master 's degree en route to the doctoral degree . Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as PhD ABD , meaning All But Dissertation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Executive_education', 'summary': 'Executive education ( ExEd or Exec . Ed ) refers to academic programs at graduate-level business schools for executives , business leaders and functional managers globally . These programs are generally non-credit and non-degree-granting , but sometimes lead to certificates and some offer continuing education units accepted by professional bodies and institutes . Estimates by Business Week magazine suggest that executive education in the United States is approximately an $ 800 million annual business with approximately 80 percent provided by university-based business schools . Key players in university-based executive education span elite [ clarification needed ] universities , as well as many regional and mid-sized universities and business schools around the world . Customized programs , which are tailored for and offered to executives of a single company , represent the fastest growing segment of the market . Customized programs help organizations increase management capability by combining the science of business and performance management into specialized programs that enable executives to develop new knowledge , skills and attitudes . Knowledge translates into the capability an organization applies to the products and services it brings to the marketplace . Research shows that a firm with a clearly articulated and understood business and capability strategy will have a higher market-to-book value than a firm that does not . Open enrollment programs also are available as part of university-based executive education offerings , which occur throughout the year on selected dates , and are available to participants from different companies and organizations . Shorter executive education programs tend to focus on specific roles or industries , or on improving specific leadership skills , such as persuasion , negotiation , teambuilding or communication . Some executive education providers offer more comprehensive management training options , such as the modular Advanced Management Program ( AMP ) offered independently by several business schools .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Double_degree', 'summary': "A double degree program , sometimes called a dual degree , combined degree , conjoint degree , joint degree or double graduation program , involves a student 's working for two university degrees in parallel - either at the same institution or at different institutions ( sometimes in different countries ) - and completing them in less time than it would have taken to earn them separately . The two degrees might be in the same subject area ( especially when the course is split between countries ) , or in two different subjects ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_H._Dyson_School_of_Applied_Economics_and_Management', 'summary': "The Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management is a unit within both the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the newly founded Cornell S.C. Johnson College of Business of Cornell University , a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca , New York . With an acceptance rate of 3% , The Dyson School is the most selective program in the Cornell University system . The Dyson School houses Cornell 's undergraduate business school as well as graduate education in applied economics . The school focuses on business , agribusiness , environmental and resource economics , and international and development economics offering a Bachelor of Science in Applied Economics and Management and three graduate degrees , M.S. , M.P.S . and Ph.D , in Applied Economics and Management . As of 2017 , the Dyson School has 64 full-time faculty and 17 lecturers or adjunct faculty . In 2015 , there were 104 graduate students and 735 undergraduates in Dyson School . Of these 735 undergraduates , 39% are female students and 11% international students . The program was originally named the Department of Agricultural Economics , then renamed Applied Economics and Management in 2002 , and most recently , renamed in 2010 in honor of Charles H. Dyson following a US $ 25 million donation by his family , including his son , John S. Dyson , '65 . The program offers students the opportunity to venture into one of 11 distinct concentrations from Accounting to Strategy and these serve to enrich the educational experience of undergraduate and graduate students alike ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': 'Ithaca , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS , MS , MPS , PhD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Professional_Studies', 'summary': "Master of Professional Studies ( MPS or MProf ) is a type of master 's degree concentrated in an applied field of study . MPS degrees are often interdisciplinary . While Master of Arts and Master of Science degree programs tend to focus on theory and research , Master of Professional Studies degrees tend to emphasize practical skills designed for current and aspiring professionals , including post-bachelor and post-graduate students , and often require some amount of fieldwork or internship to complement classroom learning . Admission to the MPS program typically requires documentation of professional experience and competencies , in addition to an earned undergraduate degree or postgraduate education and satisfactory standardized test scores such as the Graduate Record Examination ."}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornell University School of Hotel Administration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University_School_of_Hotel_Administration', 'summary': "The School of Hotel Administration ( SHA , more commonly known as the Hotel School ) at Cornell University is a specialized business school in the SC Johnson College of Business at Cornell University , a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1922 , it was the world 's first four-year intercollegiate school devoted to hospitality management . The undergraduate business curriculum at SHA is one of only three such Ivy League programs accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) . Students in the Hotel School are referred to as Hotelies ."}]}, {'value': 'Cornell University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': 'Ithaca , New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BS , MMH , MS , PhD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Management_in_Hospitality', 'summary': 'Hospitality management is the study of the hospitality industry . A degree in the subject may be awarded either by a University college dedicated to the studies of hospitality management or a business school with a relevant department . Degrees in hospitality management may also be referred to as hotel management , hotel and tourism management , or hotel administration . Degrees conferred in this academic field include BA , Bachelor of Business Administration , BS , BASc , MS , MBA , PhD and short term course . Hospitality management covers hotels , restaurants , cruise ships , amusement parks , destination marketing organizations , convention centers , country clubs and many more .'}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "This list of Ivy League business schools outlines the six universities of the Ivy League that host a business school . The creation of business schools at Ivy League universities occurred over a period of nearly a century , beginning with the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania , founded in 1881 by Joseph Wharton , which was the first collegiate ( undergraduate ) business school in the world . [ 1 ] In 1900 , the Tuck School at Dartmouth was founded as the world 's first graduate school of business ; and in 1921 , Harvard Business School became the first business school to offer the MBA degree . Two Ivy League institutions , Brown University and Princeton University , do not have business schools . However Princeton is home to the Bendheim Center for Finance , which specializes in quantitative finance and offers an undergraduate finance certificate and the masters in finance degree . Brown offers a Business Economics track within its Commerce , Organizations and Entrepreneurship undergraduate concentration , [ 2 ] and a joint MBA program with Spain 's Instituto de Empresa Business School . [ 3 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools_0', 'intro': "This list of Ivy League business schools outlines the six universities of the Ivy League that host a business school. The creation of business schools at Ivy League universities occurred over a period of nearly a century, beginning with the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1881 by Joseph Wharton, which was the first collegiate (undergraduate) business school in the world. In 1900, the Tuck School at Dartmouth was founded as the world's first graduate school of business; and in 1921, Harvard Business School became the first business school to offer the MBA degree. Two Ivy League institutions, Brown University and Princeton University, do not have business schools. However Princeton is home to the Bendheim Center for Finance, which specializes in quantitative finance and offers an undergraduate finance certificate and the masters in finance degree. Brown offers a Business Economics track within its Commerce, Organizations and Entrepreneurship undergraduate concentration, and a joint MBA program with Spain's Instituto de Empresa Business School."}
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Dartmouth College 's business school was founded by a donation from which patron ?
Edward Tuck
0966c11e55f92a4c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wood_County,_Wisconsin', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Wood County, Wisconsin', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Wisconsin State Fair Round Barn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Wisconsin_State_Fair_Round_Barn', 'summary': "The World 's Largest Round Barn is a name of the red fairground barn in Marshfield , Wisconsin , United States . Originally built in 1916 , the barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Central Wisconsin State Fair Round Barn in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 21 , 1997 ( # 97000269 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jct . of Vine Ave. and E. 17th St. 44°39′08″N 90°10′27″W / 44.652222°N 90.174167°W / 44.652222 ; -90.174167 ( Central Wisconsin State Fair Round Barn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': "Designed by local builder Frank Felhofer , the large show barn was built in 1916 to be the focal point of the fairground . It 's now considered the world 's largest round barn", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Wisconsin_State_Fair', 'summary': 'The Central Wisconsin State Fair is a state fair held annually in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The Central Wisconsin State Fair Round Barn on the fairgrounds has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1997 . The fair should not be confused with the Wisconsin Valley Fair .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia Park Band Shell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 3 , 2008 ( # 08000842 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '201 W. Arnold St. 44°40′10″N 90°10′28″W / 44.669568°N 90.174408°W / 44.669568 ; -90.174408 ( Columbia Park Band Shell )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Art deco band shell built with brick from the Marshfield Brick Company by the city in 1931 as a make-work project and to provide free summer entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_deco', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Make-work_program', 'summary': 'A make-work job is a job that has less immediate financial benefit to the economy than the job costs to support . Make-work jobs are similar to workfare , but are publicly offered on the job market and have otherwise normal employment requirements ( workfare jobs , in contrast , may be handed out to a randomly selected applicant or have special requirements such as continuing to search for a non-workfare job ) .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Daly House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 4 , 1993 ( # 93001172 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '641 Baker St. 44°23′36″N 89°49′06″W / 44.393333°N 89.818333°W / 44.393333 ; -89.818333 ( Elizabeth Daly House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin Rapids is a city in and the county seat of Wood County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 18,367 at the 2010 census . According to the 2010 census , the Wisconsin Rapids micropolitan area was home to 54,362 people . The city also forms one of the core areas of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2000 population : 75,555 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1909 American Foursquare home with Georgian Revival influence . Elizabeth was the wife of John Daly , lumberman , businessman , and paper man , who had died in a logging camp accident', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Foursquare', 'summary': 'The American Foursquare or American Four Square is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s . A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century , the American Foursquare was plain , often incorporating handcrafted honest woodwork ( unless purchased from a mail-order catalog ) . This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles . It is also sometimes called Transitional Period . The hallmarks of the style include a basically square , boxy design , two-and-one-half stories high , usually with four large , boxy rooms to a floor , a center dormer , and a large front porch with wide stairs . The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space , to use a small city lot to best advantage . Other common features included a hipped roof , arched entries between common rooms , built-in cabinetry , and Craftsman-style woodwork . A typical design would be as follows : first floor , from front to back , on one side , the living room and dining room ; while on the other side , the entry room or foyer , stairway and kitchen . Sometimes a bathroom was also included . Second floor , front to back , on one side , bedroom , bathroom and bedroom ; while on the other side , bedroom , stairway and bedroom . The bedrooms had a slightly longer dimension along the front and back of the house with side-by-side closets between the bedrooms . This gave a very efficient layout , with a bedroom in each corner and a centralized bathroom and stairway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgian_architecture', 'summary': 'Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830 . It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover - George I , George II , George III , and George IV - who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830 . The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture ; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture . In the United States the term Georgian is generally used to describe all buildings from the period , regardless of style ; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are architectural in intention , and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period , though that covers a wide range . The Georgian style is highly variable , but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome , as revived in Renaissance architecture . Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition , but typically restrained , and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior . The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before , replacing English vernacular architecture ( or becoming the new vernacular style ) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period . Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance ; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube . Regularity , as with ashlar ( uniformly cut ) stonework , was strongly approved , imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules : the lack of symmetry , where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible , was deeply felt as a flaw , at least before John Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles . Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning . Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century , Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nels and Nellie Johnson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 12 , 2019 ( # 100004378 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '850 1st Ave. S. 44°23′16″N 89°50′04″W / 44.3877°N 89.8344°W / 44.3877 ; -89.8344 ( Nels and Nellie Johnson House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Rapids,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin Rapids is a city in and the county seat of Wood County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 18,367 at the 2010 census . According to the 2010 census , the Wisconsin Rapids micropolitan area was home to 54,362 people . The city also forms one of the core areas of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2000 population : 75,555 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2.5-story home designed in Queen Anne style by William H. Parker and built by Joseph Golla in 1892 . Nels co-founded the Johnson , Hills & Company department store and was first president of Consolidated Water and Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Consolidated_Papers,_Inc.', 'summary': 'Consolidated Papers , Inc. ( CPI ) was a paper manufacturer headquartered in Wisconsin Rapids , Wisconsin . It was incorporated as the Consolidated Water Power Company on 16 July 1894 . Over time it expanded to include operations in Biron , Stevens Point , Whiting , Appleton and Port Arthur , Ontario . The company was an innovator in the production of coated paper . In 2000 , the company was bought by the Finnish company Stora Enso . The former Consolidated paper mills were sold in 2007 to NewPage , which was in turn acquired by Verso in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield Central Avenue Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield_Central_Avenue_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Marshfield Central Avenue Historic District is part of the old downtown of Marshfield , Wisconsin . The original wooden downtown burned in a huge fire in 1887 . Some of the brick buildings built immediately after the fire still stand - especially near the railroad . Other buildings were added later , and the district includes some off Central , like the old city hall and the depot .'}]}, {'value': 'November 4 , 1993 ( # 93001166 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly , Central Ave. from Depot St. to Third St. 44°39′59″N 90°10′26″W / 44.666389°N 90.173889°W / 44.666389 ; -90.173889 ( Marshfield Central Avenue Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Includes many old brick businesses like the Thomas House Hotel built after the fire of 1887 , the Romanesque Revival old city hall built in 1901 , the Craftsman-styled Wisconsin Central depot built in 1910 , and the eclectic-styled Hotel Charles built in 1925 , which hosted JFK , Patsy Cline , and possibly John Dillinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Craftsman', 'summary': 'The American Craftsman style , or the American Arts and Crafts movement , is an American domestic architectural , interior design , landscape design , applied arts , and decorative arts style and lifestyle philosophy that began in the last years of the 19th century . As a comprehensive design and art movement , it remained popular into the 1930s . However , in decorative arts and architectural design , it has continued with numerous revivals and restoration projects through present times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897–1954)', 'summary': 'The Wisconsin Central Railway Company was created in 1897 when the Wisconsin Central Railroad ( 1871-99 ) was reorganized from bankruptcy . In 1954 , the name went back to Wisconsin Central Railroad Company . The railroad was merged into the Soo Line Railroad in 1961 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_F._Kennedy', 'summary': "John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 - November 22 , 1963 ) , often referred to by the initials JFK and Jack , was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War , and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba . A Democrat , Kennedy represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming president . Kennedy was born into a wealthy , political family in Brookline , Massachusetts . He graduated from Harvard University in 1940 , before joining the U.S . Naval Reserve the following year . During World War II , he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service . After the war , Kennedy represented the Massachusetts 's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 . He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960 . While in the Senate , Kennedy published his book Profiles in Courage , which won a Pulitzer Prize . In the 1960 presidential election , he narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent vice president . Kennedy 's administration included high tensions with communist states in the Cold War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patsy_Cline', 'summary': "Patsy Cline ( born Virginia Patterson Hensley ; September 8 , 1932 - March 5 , 1963 ) was an American singer . She is considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century and was one of the first country music artists to successfully crossover into pop music . Cline had several major hits during her eight-year recording career , including two number-one hits on the Billboard Hot Country and Western Sides chart . Cline 's first professional performances began at the local WINC radio station when she was fifteen . In the early 1950s , Cline began appearing in a local band led by performer Bill Peer . Various local appearances led to featured performances on Connie B . Gay 's Town and Country television broadcasts . It also led to the signing of her first recording contract with the Four Star label in 1954 . She had minor success with her earliest Four Star singles including A Church , A Courtroom and Goodbye ( 1955 ) and I 've Loved and Lost Again ( 1956 ) . In 1957 however , Cline made her first national television appearance on Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts . After performing Walkin ' After Midnight , the single would become her first major hit on both the country and pop charts . Cline 's further singles with Four Star Records were unsuccessful , although she continued performing and recording ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Dillinger', 'summary': "John Herbert Dillinger ( /ˈdɪlɪndʒər/ ; June 22 , 1903 - July 22 , 1934 ) was an American gangster in the Great Depression-era United States . He operated with a group of men known as the Dillinger Gang or The Terror Gang which was accused of robbing 24 banks and four police stations , among other crimes . Dillinger escaped from jail twice . He was also charged with the murder of an East Chicago , Indiana police officer who shot Dillinger in his bullet-resistant vest during a shootout , prompting him to return fire ; he was not convicted of this crime . However , it was Dillinger 's only homicide charge , despite his infamy . He courted publicity and the media ran exaggerated accounts of his bravado and colorful personality , styling him as a Robin Hood figure . In response , J. Edgar Hoover , then Director of the Bureau of Investigation ( BOI ) , used Dillinger and his gang as his campaign platform to evolve the BOI into the FBI , developing more sophisticated investigative techniques as weapons against organized crime . After evading police in four states for almost a year , Dillinger was wounded and returned to his father 's home to recover . He returned to Chicago in July 1934 and sought refuge in a brothel owned by Ana Cumpănaș , who informed police and federal agents of his whereabouts . On July 22 , 1934 , the police and the Division of Investigation closed in on the Biograph Theater . Federal agents , led by Melvin Purvis and Samuel P. Cowley , moved to arrest Dillinger as he exited the theater . He drew a Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket and attempted to flee , but was killed ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield Post Office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 24 , 2000 ( # 00001243 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '202 S. Chestnut Ave. 44°39′59″N 90°10′35″W / 44.666389°N 90.176389°W / 44.666389 ; -90.176389 ( Marshfield Post Office )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Example of classical revival architecture , built around 1930 using brick from the Marshfield Brick and Tile Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield Senior High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 6 , 2005 ( # 05000272 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '900 E. Fourth St. 44°39′38″N 90°09′55″W / 44.660556°N 90.165278°W / 44.660556 ; -90.165278 ( Marshfield Senior High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': '1940 art deco building designed by Eschweiler & Eschweiler , modern for its day with labs , gyms , libraries , an auditorium , and an observatory . Built during the Depression , part of the funding for construction came from a Public Works Administration grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexander_C._Eschweiler', 'summary': "Alexander Chadbourne Eschweiler ( August 10 , 1865 - June 12 , 1940 ) was an American architect with a practice in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . He designed both residences and commercial structures . His eye-catching Japonist pagoda design for filling stations for Wadham 's Oil and Grease Company of Milwaukee were repeated over a hundred times , though only a very few survive . His substantial turn-of-the-20th-century residences for the Milwaukee business elite , in conservative Jacobethan or neo-Georgian idioms , have preserved their cachet in the city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Great_Depression', 'summary': "The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s , beginning in the United States . The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations ; in most countries , it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s . It was the longest , deepest , and most widespread depression of the 20th century . The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world 's economy can decline . The Great Depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4 , 1929 , and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29 , 1929 , ( known as Black Tuesday ) . Between 1929 and 1932 , worldwide gross domestic product ( GDP ) fell by an estimated 15% . By comparison , worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession . Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s . However , in many countries , the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II . The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor . Personal income , tax revenue , profits and prices dropped , while international trade plunged by more than 50% . Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33% ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Public_Works_Administration', 'summary': 'Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , part of the New Deal of 1933 , was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes . It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression . It built large-scale public works such as dams , bridges , hospitals , and schools . Its goals were to spend $ 3.3 billion in the first year , and $ 6 billion in all , to provide employment , stabilize purchasing power , and help revive the economy . Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35 , and again in 1938 . Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works , it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944 . The PWA spent over $ 7 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work . It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s and remains vital eight decades later . The PWA was much less controversial than its rival agency with a confusingly similar name , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by Harry Hopkins , which focused on smaller projects and hired unemployed unskilled workers .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parkin Ice Cream Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 8 , 2009 ( # 08001303 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108 W. 9th St. 44°39′35″N 90°10′44″W / 44.659628°N 90.179022°W / 44.659628 ; -90.179022 ( Parkin Ice Cream Company )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Former ice cream plant built in 1941 . The Parkins were involved in the movement to create a national dairy marketing compact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Parkin_(Wisconsin)', 'summary': 'John Wilbur Parkin ( April 10 . 1918 - June 4 , 2003 ) was an American businessman and politician .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pleasant Hill Residential Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pleasant_Hill_Residential_Historic_District', 'summary': "The Pleasant Hill Residential Historic District is a largely intact old neighborhood a few blocks east of Marshfield 's downtown . Most of the contributing properties in the district were built between 1880 and 1949 , including large , stylish homes built by businessmen and professionals , and smaller vernacular homes built by laborers . The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 for its concentration of intact historical architecture . Marshfield began in 1872 when the Wisconsin Central Railroad built its main line just a hundred yards north of the forest that would become the Pleasant Hill neighborhood . Hotels and saloons opened for the railroad workers and lumberjacks , then hardware stores and harness shops . A sawmill opened , a furniture factory , a feed mill , and a stave and heading factory . Doctors and lawyers set up practices . The rough little community among the stumps grew rapidly , with a population of 2,090 by 1885 . But do n't picture the orderly Central Avenue of today ; instead picture horses pulling clanking wagons past drunken lumberjacks stumbling to the next saloon , churning the unpaved Central Avenue into mud , dust , or slush . The earliest large , stylish houses in Marshfield were built starting in 1880 by the officers of the Upham Company , west of Central near their sawmill in what is now the Upham House Historic District . Not long after , other businessmen and professionals began building large , stylish houses a few blocks east of Central on what was probably already called Pleasant Hill . It was n't much of a hill , but it was higher than Central Avenue , and it must have seemed pleasant compared to the dirt and noise on Central ."}]}, {'value': 'July 5 , 2000 ( # 00000780 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by E. First St. , Ash Ave. , E. Fourth St. , and S. Cedar Ave. 44°39′49″N 90°10′12″W / 44.663611°N 90.17°W / 44.663611 ; -90.17 ( Pleasant Hill Residential Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Largely intact neighborhood , mostly homes built between 1880 and 1949 . Some were built by businessmen within walking distance of their stores on Central Avenue . Examples include the 1897 Queen Anne Winch house ( pictured ) , the 1904 Georgian Revival Wahle/Laird house , the 1915 Prairie style Schaefer house , and the 1924 Tudor Revival Wilson house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eli_Winch', 'summary': 'Eli Winch ( April 20 , 1848 - December 10 , 1938 ) was an American manufacturer and politician . Born in Wilmington , Essex County , New York , Winch moved with his family to Rubicon , Wisconsin and then to Fond du Lac , Wisconsin . Winch farmed in Charlestown , Wisconsin . He then worked for the Webster Manufacturing Company of Menasha , Wisconsin in 1872 and was the superintendent of the hub and spoke factory for the Webster Manufacturing Company in Marshfield , Wisconsin . While living in Marshfield , Winch served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1905 , and was a Republican . Winch died in Palm Beach , Florida .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgian_Revival', 'summary': 'Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830 . It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover - George I , George II , George III , and George IV - who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830 . The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture ; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture . In the United States the term Georgian is generally used to describe all buildings from the period , regardless of style ; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are architectural in intention , and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period , though that covers a wide range . The Georgian style is highly variable , but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome , as revived in Renaissance architecture . Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition , but typically restrained , and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior . The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before , replacing English vernacular architecture ( or becoming the new vernacular style ) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period . Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance ; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube . Regularity , as with ashlar ( uniformly cut ) stonework , was strongly approved , imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules : the lack of symmetry , where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible , was deeply felt as a flaw , at least before John Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles . Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning . Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century , Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prairie_style', 'summary': "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tudor_Revival', 'summary': 'Tudor Revival architecture ( also known as mock Tudor in the UK ) first manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century . Based on revival of aspects that were perceived as Tudor architecture , in reality it usually took the style of English vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into the Tudor period . The style later became an influence elsewhere , especially the British colonies . For example , in New Zealand , the architect Francis Petre adapted the style for the local climate . In Singapore , then a British colony , architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House . The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects as Norman Shaw and George Devey , in what at the time was thought Neo-Tudor design . Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects of Jacobethan in favor of more domestic styles of Merrie England , which were cosier and quaint . It was associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willard D. Purdy Junior High and Vocational School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willard_D._Purdy_Junior_High_and_Vocational_School', 'summary': 'The Willard D. Purdy Junior High and Vocational School , also known as Purdy School , is a historic school building located on Third Street in Marshfield , Wisconsin , United States . Built in 1919 , it was the first junior high school in Marshfield . It was named after a local soldier who died in World War I . The building was designed in the Collegiate Gothic style by Childs & Smith from Chicago . A substantial addition to the school in 1926 increased the size by more than three-fold and was designed by architects Parkinson & Dockendorff from La Crosse , Wisconsin . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1992 ( # 92001188 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110 W. Third St. 44°39′52″N 90°10′33″W / 44.664444°N 90.175833°W / 44.664444 ; -90.175833 ( Willard D. Purdy Junior High and Vocational School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'The north section was designed by Frank Childs of Chicago in collegiate gothic style and built 1919-20 . In 1926 a matching addition was added to the south . Purdy was a WWI soldier from Marshfield who threw himself on a grenade to save his comrades', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic_in_North_America', 'summary': 'Collegiate Gothic is an architectural style subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture , popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries for college and high school buildings in the United States and Canada , and to a certain extent Europe . A form of historicist architecture , it took its inspiration from English Tudor and Gothic buildings . It has returned in the 21st century in the form of prominent new buildings at schools and universities including Princeton and Yale . Ralph Adams Cram , arguably the leading Gothic Revival architect and theoretician in the early 20th century , wrote about the appeal of the Gothic for educational facilities in his book Gothic Quest : Through architecture and its allied arts we have the power to bend men and sway them as few have who depended on the spoken word . It is for us , as part of our duty as our highest privilege to act.for spreading what is true .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton and Catherine Roddis House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 5 , 2002 ( # 08001060 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1108 E. 4th St. 44°39′33″N 90°09′42″W / 44.659117°N 90.161767°W / 44.659117 ; -90.161767 ( Hamilton and Catherine Roddis House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': "Dutch Colonial Revival home on a large lot , with a porte-cochère and a ballroom on the third floor , designed by Marshfield architect Gus Krasin in 1914 . Hamilton was the head of Roddis Lumber and Veneer Company and showcased his company 's wood products in finishing his home 's interior", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Dutch Colonial is a style of domestic architecture , primarily characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves along the length of the house . Modern versions built in the early 20th century are more accurately referred to as Dutch Colonial Revival , a subtype of the Colonial Revival style .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Porte-cochère', 'summary': "A porte-cochère ( /ˌpɔːrt koʊˈʃɛr/ ; French : [ pɔʁt.kɔ.ʃɛʁ ] , late 17th century , literally 'coach gateway ' ; plural : porte-cochères , portes-cochères ) is a doorway to a building or courtyard , often very grand , through which vehicles can enter from the street or a covered porch-like structure at a main or secondary entrance to a building through which originally a horse and carriage and today a motor vehicle can pass to provide arriving and departing occupants protection from the elements . Portes-cochères are still found on such structures as major public buildings and hotels , providing covered access for visitors and guests arriving by motorized transport . Portes-cochères , which are for vehicle passage , are often confused with porticos , columned porches or entries for human traffic ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skunk Hill ( Tah-qua-kik ) Ceremonial Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tah-qua-kik', 'summary': 'Powers Bluff is a wooded hill in central Wisconsin near Arpin . American Indians lived there until the 1930s , calling it Tah-qua-kik , or Skunk Hill . Because of their religious and ceremonial activities , Tah-qua-kik is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Today part of the hill is occupied by Powers Bluff County Park , locally known for its inner-tube hill on winter weekends . At 1472 feet above sea level , it is the highest point in Wood County .'}]}, {'value': 'July 5 , 2002 ( # 02000732 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arpin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arpin,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Arpin is a village in Wood County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 333 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Former Potawatomi village , with cemeteries and dance rings still visible', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potawatomi', 'summary': 'The Pottawatomi /ˌpɑːtəˈwɑːtəmiː/ , also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi ( among many variations ) , are a Native American people of the Great Plains , upper Mississippi River , and western Great Lakes region . They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language , a member of the Algonquian family . The Potawatomi call themselves Neshnabé , a cognate of the word Anishinaabe . The Potawatomi are part of a long-term alliance , called the Council of Three Fires , with the Ojibwe and Odawa ( Ottawa ) . In the Council of Three Fires , the Potawatomi are considered the youngest brother and are referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi , a name that means keepers of the fire and refers to the council fire of three peoples . In the 19th century , they were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment in the late 18th century and removed from their lands in the Great Lakes region to reservations in Oklahoma . Under Indian Removal , they eventually ceded many of their lands , and most of the Potawatomi relocated to Nebraska , Kansas , and Indian Territory , now in Oklahoma . Some bands survived in the Great Lakes region and today are federally recognized as tribes . In Canada , there are over 20 First Nation bands .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soo Line Steam Locomotive 2442', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 13 , 2009 ( # 09000310 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'circa 1800 S. Central Ave. 44°39′05″N 90°11′04″W / 44.651425°N 90.184461°W / 44.651425 ; -90.184461 ( Soo Line Steam Locomotive 2442 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Built in 1911 by ALCO of Schenectady , this 2-8-0 Consolidation steam locomotive hauled freight for the Wisconsin Central Railroad from 1911 to 1956 . Includes a matching tender which carried coal and water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Locomotive_Company', 'summary': 'The American Locomotive Company ( often shortened to ALCO , ALCo or Alco ) was an American manufacturer of locomotives , diesel generators , steel and tanks . The company was formed in 1901 by the merger of Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady , New York , with seven smaller locomotive manufacturers . The American Locomotive Automobile Company subsidiary designed and manufactured automobiles under the Alco brand from 1905 to 1913 and produced nuclear energy from 1954 to 1962 . The company changed its name to Alco Products , Incorporated in 1955 . In 1964 , the Worthington Corporation acquired the company . The company went out of business in 1969 . The name is currently being used by Fairbanks Morse Engine for their FMALCO line .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York', 'summary': 'Schenectady ( /skəˈnɛktədi/ ) is a city in Schenectady County , New York , United States , of which it is the county seat . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 66,135 . The name Schenectady is derived from a Mohawk word , skahnéhtati , meaning beyond the pines . Schenectady was founded on the south side of the Mohawk River by Dutch colonists in the 17th century , many from the Albany area . They were prohibited from the fur trade by the Albany monopoly , which kept its control after the English takeover in 1664 . Residents of the new village developed farms on strip plots along the river . Connected to the west via the Mohawk River and Erie Canal , Schenectady developed rapidly in the 19th century as part of the Mohawk Valley trade , manufacturing and transportation corridor . By 1824 more people worked in manufacturing than agriculture or trade , and the city had a cotton mill , processing cotton from the Deep South . Numerous mills in New York had such ties with the South . Through the 19th century , nationally influential companies and industries developed in Schenectady , including General Electric and American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) , which were powers into the mid-20th century . Schenectady was part of emerging technologies , with GE collaborating in the production of nuclear-powered submarines and , in the 21st century , working on other forms of renewable energy . Schenectady is in eastern New York , near the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2-8-0', 'summary': 'Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives , 2-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle , usually in a leading truck , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles , and no trailing wheels . In the United States and elsewhere , this wheel arrangement is commonly known as a Consolidation , after the Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroads Consolidation , the name of the first 2-8-0 . The Consolidation represented a notable advance in locomotive power . After 1875 , it became the most popular type of freight locomotive in the United States and was built in greater quantities than any other single wheel arrangement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steam_locomotive', 'summary': "A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine . These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material - usually coal , wood , or oil - to produce steam in a boiler . The steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotive 's main wheels ( drivers ) . Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive , either on the locomotive itself or in wagons ( tenders ) pulled behind . Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century . Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1802 . The first commercially successful steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop. , the Salamanca ( locomotive ) , the Locomotion No . 1 , built by George Stephenson and his son Robert 's company Robert Stephenson and Company , was the first steam locomotive to haul passengers on a public railway , the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . In 1830 , George Stephenson opened the first public inter-city railway , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway . Robert Stephenson and Company was the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in the United Kingdom , the United States , and much of Europe in the first decades of steam . In the 20th century , Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) Nigel Gresley designed some of the most famous locomotives , including the Flying Scotsman , the first steam locomotive officially recorded over 100 mph in passenger service , and a LNER Class A4 , 4468 Mallard , which still holds the record for being the fastest steam locomotive in the world ( 126 mph ) . From the early 1900s , steam locomotives were gradually superseded by electric and diesel locomotives , with railways fully converting to electric and diesel power beginning in the late 1930s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897–1954)', 'summary': 'The Wisconsin Central Railway Company was created in 1897 when the Wisconsin Central Railroad ( 1871-99 ) was reorganized from bankruptcy . In 1954 , the name went back to Wisconsin Central Railroad Company . The railroad was merged into the Soo Line Railroad in 1961 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tender_(rail)', 'summary': 'A tender or coal-car is a special rail vehicle hauled by a steam locomotive containing its fuel ( wood , coal , or oil ) and water . Steam locomotives consume large quantities of water compared to the quantity of fuel , so their tenders are necessary to keep them running over long distances . A locomotive that pulls a tender is called a tender locomotive . Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board the locomotive ( itself ) instead are called tank locomotives . A brake tender is a tender that is heavy and used ( primarily ) to provide greater braking efficiency .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gov . William H. Upham House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gov._William_H._Upham_House', 'summary': "Upham Mansion also known as Gov . William H. Upham House at 212 West Third Street , Marshfield , Wisconsin , is the former family home of Wisconsin governor William H. Upham . The house is now a museum and lies in the NRHP registered Upham House Historic District . The mansion is Italiante style , constructed in 1880 . The furnishings of the house are mainly the original family furnishings , other items are of a matching , Victorian , vintage . Many are products of Upham 's furniture business . Notable is an engraving of Lincoln reading the Emancipation Proclamation presented to Upham by the subject . Also of note is a Shimmeger harp sent to Chicago to be assembled and rescued from the Chicago fire ."}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 1976 ( # 76000083 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '212 W. 3rd St. 44°39′56″N 90°10′38″W / 44.665556°N 90.177222°W / 44.665556 ; -90.177222 ( Gov . William H. Upham House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Italianate home built in 1880 by the owner of the first sawmill in Marshfield , a furniture factory , a general store , a flour mill , an electric plant , a waterworks , and other enterprises . He organized a bank and was instrumental in reconstructing the city after the fire of 1887 . Upham later became governor of Wisconsin . Now a museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_H._Upham', 'summary': 'William Henry Upham ( May 3 , 1841 - July 2 , 1924 ) was an American soldier , businessman , and politician who served as the 18th Governor of Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upham House Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 30 , 2008 ( # 08000753 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Generally bounded by W. 3rd St. , S. Walnut Ave. , W. 4th St. , and S. Chestnut Ave. 44°39′58″N 90°10′40″W / 44.666089°N 90.177831°W / 44.666089 ; -90.177831 ( Upham House Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Oldest neighborhood in Marshfield , including the 1880 William Upham house itself , the 1880 Stick style Wheeler house , and the 1882 Italianate Frank Upham house . ( All three led the Upham enterprises , all lived on the same block , and all survived the fire of 1887 . ) Also the 1895 Queen Anne Wheeler house , the 1908 American Foursquare Sparr house , the 1922 Trudeau bungalow , and the 1925 Neogothic First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stick_style', 'summary': 'The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style , transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century , and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s . It is named after its use of linear stickwork ( overlay board strips ) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Foursquare', 'summary': 'The American Foursquare or American Four Square is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s . A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century , the American Foursquare was plain , often incorporating handcrafted honest woodwork ( unless purchased from a mail-order catalog ) . This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles . It is also sometimes called Transitional Period . The hallmarks of the style include a basically square , boxy design , two-and-one-half stories high , usually with four large , boxy rooms to a floor , a center dormer , and a large front porch with wide stairs . The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space , to use a small city lot to best advantage . Other common features included a hipped roof , arched entries between common rooms , built-in cabinetry , and Craftsman-style woodwork . A typical design would be as follows : first floor , from front to back , on one side , the living room and dining room ; while on the other side , the entry room or foyer , stairway and kitchen . Sometimes a bathroom was also included . Second floor , front to back , on one side , bedroom , bathroom and bedroom ; while on the other side , bedroom , stairway and bedroom . The bedrooms had a slightly longer dimension along the front and back of the house with side-by-side closets between the bedrooms . This gave a very efficient layout , with a bedroom in each corner and a centralized bathroom and stairway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bungalow', 'summary': 'A bungalow is a small house or cottage that is either single-storey or has a second storey built into a sloping roof ( usually with dormer windows ) , and may be surrounded by wide verandas . The style is derived from the thatched huts of Bengali farmers . The British altered the style and built bungalows around British India . The first house in England that was classified as a bungalow was built in 1869 . In America it was initially used as a vacation architecture , and was most popular between 1900-1918 , especially with the Arts and Crafts movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neogothic', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian', 'summary': "Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism , which traces its origins to Britain , particularly Scotland . Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government , which is governed by representative assemblies of elders . A great number of Reformed churches are organized this way , but the word Presbyterian , when capitalized , is often applied uniquely to churches that trace their roots to the Church of Scotland , as well as several English dissenter groups that formed during the English Civil War . Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God , the authority of the Scriptures , and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ . Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain . In fact , most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection , and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America , mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants . The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the Reformed theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors , although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism . Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation ( elders ) ; a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making ( presbytery , synod and general assembly ) . The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Reformation of the 16th century , the example of John Calvin 's Republic of Geneva being particularly influential . Most Reformed churches that trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government . In the twentieth century , some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement , including the World Council of Churches . Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions , especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wahle-Laird House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wahle-Laird_House', 'summary': 'The Wahle-Laird House is a Classical Revival home built in 1904 in Marshfield , Wisconsin by Dr. Henry Wahle . It was later the boyhood home of Melvin Laird , U.S . Senator and Secretary of Defense , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1992 ( # 91001988 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208 S. Cherry Ave. 44°39′50″N 90°10′14″W / 44.663889°N 90.170556°W / 44.663889 ; -90.170556 ( Wahle-Laird House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': "Colonial Revival home with widow 's walk , built in 1904 for Dr. Henry Wahle . Bought in 1923 by W. D. Connor as a gift to his daughter Helen and son-in-law Rev . Melvin Laird . They raised their family there , including Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': "The Colonial Revival architectural style seeks to revive elements of American colonial architecture . The beginnings of the Colonial Revival style are often attributed to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 , which reawakened Americans to the architectural traditions of their colonial past . Fairly small numbers of Colonial Revival homes were built c. 1880-1910 , a period when Queen Anne-style architecture was dominant in the United States . From 1910-1930 , the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant , with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style . In the immediate post-war period ( c. 1950s-early 1960s ) , Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed , but in simplified form . In the present-day , many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles . While the dominant influences in Colonial Revival style are Georgian and Federal architecture , Colonial Revival homes also draw , to a lesser extent , from the Dutch Colonial style and post-medieval English styles . Colonial Revival homes are often eclectic in style , freely combining aspects from several of these prototypes . Although associated with the architectural movement , Colonial Revival also refers to historic preservation , landscape architecture and garden design , and decorative arts movements that emulate or draw inspiration from colonial forms . Cyril M. Harris 's American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia noted that Colonial Revival houses are usually the result of a rather free interpretation of their prototypes ; they tend to be larger , may differ significantly from the houses they seek to emulate , and often exaggerate architectural details ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Widow's_walk", 'summary': "A widow 's walk , also known as a widow 's watch or roofwalk , is a railed rooftop platform often with a small enclosed cupola frequently found on 19th-century North American coastal houses . The name is said to come from the wives of mariners , who would watch for their spouses ' return , often in vain as the ocean took the lives of the mariners , leaving the women widows . In other coastal communities , the platforms were called Captain 's Walk , as they topped the homes of the more successful captains ; supposedly , ship owners and captains would use them to search the horizon for ships due in port . However , there is little or no evidence that widow 's walks were intended or regularly used to observe shipping . Widow 's walks are in fact a standard decorative feature of Italianate architecture , which was very popular during the height of the Age of Sail in many North American coastal communities . The widow 's walk is a variation of the Italianate cupola . The Italianate cupola , also known as a belvedere , was an important ornate finish to this style , although it was often high maintenance and prone to leaks . Beyond their use as viewing platforms , they are frequently built around the chimney of the residence , thus creating access to the structure . This allows the residents of the home to pour sand down burning chimneys in the event of a chimney fire in the hope of preventing the house from burning down ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_D._Connor', 'summary': 'William Duncan Connor ( March 24 , 1864 - November 20 , 1944 ) was a Canadian-born American politician and the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907-1909 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Melvin_R._Laird,_Sr.', 'summary': "Melvin Robert Laird Sr. ( August 7 , 1877 - March 19 , 1946 ) was an American politician , businessman , and clergyman . Born in Maysville , Illinois , Laird received his bachelor 's degree from the University of Illinois , his masters from Princeton University , and his doctorate degree from Millikin University . He was a Presbyterian minister and educator . Laird served in the United States Army in World War I as a chaplain . He was also an office manager for the Connor Lumber and Land Company in Marshfield , Wisconsin . He served on the Wood County , Wisconsin Board of Supervisors . He also served in the Wisconsin State Senate from 1941 until his death in 1946 , as a Republican . He died in Rochester , Minnesota . His son Melvin R. Laird was elected in a special election to succeed his father ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense', 'summary': "The secretary of defense ( SecDef ) is the leader and chief executive officer of the United States Department of Defense , the executive department of the Armed Forces of the U.S . The secretary of defense 's position of command and authority over the U.S. military is second only to that of the president . This position corresponds to what is generally known as a defense minister in many other countries . The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council . The secretary of defense is a statutory office , and the general provision in 10 U.S.C . § 113 provides that subject to the direction of the President , its occupant has authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense . The same statute further designates the secretary as the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense . To ensure civilian control of the military , no one may be appointed as the secretary of defense within seven years of serving as a commissioned officer of a regular ( i.e. , non-reserve ) component of an armed force . Subject only to the orders of the president , the secretary of defense is in the chain of command and exercises command and control , for both operational and administrative purposes , over all Department of Defense forces - the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force - as well as the U.S. Coast Guard when its command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense . Only the secretary of defense ( or the president or Congress ) can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three military departments ( the departments of the Army , Navy , and Air Force ) and the 10 Combatant Commands ( Africa Command , Central Command , European Command , Indo-Pacific Command , Northern Command , Southern Command , Cyber Command , Special Operations Command , Strategic Command , Transportation Command ) . Because the Office of Secretary of Defense is vested with legal powers that exceed those of any commissioned officer , and is second only to the president in the military hierarchy , its incumbent has sometimes unofficially been referred to as a de facto deputy commander-in-chief . ( The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense and the president , and while the chairman may assist the secretary and president in their command functions , the chairman is not in the chain of command . )"}, {'url': '/wiki/Melvin_R._Laird', 'summary': "Melvin Robert Bom Laird ( September 1 , 1922 - November 16 , 2016 ) was an American politician , writer and statesman . He was a U.S. congressman from Wisconsin from 1953 to 1969 before serving as Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard Nixon . Laird was instrumental in forming the administration 's policy of withdrawing U.S. soldiers from the Vietnam War ; he coined the expression Vietnamization , referring to the process of transferring more responsibility for combat to the South Vietnamese forces . First elected in 1952 , Laird was the last surviving Representative elected to the 83rd Congress at the time of his death ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Wakeley 's Tavern", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 27 , 1974 ( # 74000146 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "W end of Wakeley Rd . 44°17′58″N 89°53′27″W / 44.299444°N 89.890833°W / 44.299444 ; -89.890833 ( Wakeley 's Tavern )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nekoosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nekoosa,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Nekoosa is a city in Wood County , Wisconsin , United States . Its name derives from the Ho-Chunk word , Nįįkuusra , Nakrusa , or Nįkusara which translates to running water . The population was 2,580 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'In 1837 , Robert and Mary Wakely were one of the first families to settle in the area , poling up the river on a raft . They ran a trading post at the site and in 1842 built the Greek Revival house and inn for trappers , hunters , Indians , lumbermen , traders and settlers . A.k.a . Old Ferry Farm because Wakeley established a cable ferry across to Nekoosa in the 1870s . Now part of Historic Point Basse , a living history museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States . It revived the style of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the Greek temple , with varying degrees of thoroughness and consistency . A product of Hellenism , it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture , which had for long mainly drawn from Roman architecture . The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts , London in 1842 . With a newfound access to Greece , or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites , archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders . In each country it touched , the style was looked on as the expression of local nationalism and civic virtue , and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that was thought to characterize the architecture of France and Italy , two countries where the style never really took hold . This was especially the case in Britain , Germany and the United States , where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations . The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design , sometimes called Neo-Grec , was at its peak by the beginning of the 19th century , when the designs of Thomas Hope had influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical , Empire , Russian Empire , and Regency architecture in Britain . Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries , lasting until the Civil War in America ( 1860s ) and even later in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wakely Road Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 5 , 2001 ( # 01000345 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wakely Road over Wakely Creek 44°18′00″N 89°53′19″W / 44.3°N 89.888611°W / 44.3 ; -89.888611 ( Wakely Road Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saratoga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saratoga,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Saratoga is a town in Wood County , Wisconsin , United States . As of the 2015 census , the population of the town is 5,023 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Stone single- arch bridge , built in 1892 . The only stone bridge left in the county', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arch_bridge', 'summary': 'An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch . Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side . A viaduct ( a long bridge ) may be made from a series of arches , although other more economical structures are typically used today .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weinbrenner Shoe Factory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 27 , 2008 ( # 08000841 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '305 W. 3rd St. 44°39′58″N 90°10′40″W / 44.666106°N 90.177886°W / 44.666106 ; -90.177886 ( Weinbrenner Shoe Factory )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Brick-clad factory complex designed by Gus Krasin and built in 1935 during Great Depression by the city and the FERA to coax the Weinbrenner Shoe Company of Milwaukee to create jobs in Marshfield . As of 2015 , still making boots !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Depression', 'summary': "The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s , beginning in the United States . The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations ; in most countries , it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s . It was the longest , deepest , and most widespread depression of the 20th century . The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world 's economy can decline . The Great Depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4 , 1929 , and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29 , 1929 , ( known as Black Tuesday ) . Between 1929 and 1932 , worldwide gross domestic product ( GDP ) fell by an estimated 15% . By comparison , worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession . Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s . However , in many countries , the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II . The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor . Personal income , tax revenue , profits and prices dropped , while international trade plunged by more than 50% . Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33% ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration', 'summary': "The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration ( ERA ) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933 . FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) . Prior to 1933 , the federal government gave loans to the states to operate relief programs . One of these , the New York state program TERA ( Temporary Emergency Relief Administration ) , was set up in 1931 and headed by Harry Hopkins , a close adviser to Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt asked Congress to set up FERA - which gave grants to the states for the same purpose - in May 1933 , and appointed Hopkins to head it . Along with the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) it was the first relief operation under the New Deal . FERA 's main goal was to alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government . Jobs were more expensive than direct cash payments ( called the dole ) , but were psychologically more beneficial to the unemployed , who wanted any sort of job , for self-esteem , to play the role of male breadwinner . From May 1933 until it closed in December 1935 , FERA gave states and localities $ 3.1 billion ( the equivalent of $ 55.4 billion in 2017 ) . FERA provided work for over 20 million people and developed facilities on public lands across the country . Faced with continued high unemployment and concerns for public welfare during the coming winter of 1933-34 , FERA instituted the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) as a $ 400 million short-term measure to get people to work . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was shut down in 1935 and its work taken over by two completely new federal agencies , the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Administration"}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Fifth Street-West Sixth Street Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 14 , 2006 ( # 06000054 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W. Fifth St. and W. Sixth St. , generally bounded by Adams Ave. and Oak Ave. 44°39′56″N 90°11′13″W / 44.665556°N 90.186944°W / 44.665556 ; -90.186944 ( West Fifth Street-West Sixth Street Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Marshfield is a city in Wood County and Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10 , Highway 13 and Highway 97 . The largest city in Wood County , its population was 19,118 at the 2010 census . Of this , 18,218 were in Wood County , and 900 were in Marathon County . The city is part of the United States Census Bureau 's Marshfield-Wisconsin Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Wood County ( 2010 population : 74,749 ) . The portion of the city in Marathon County is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area . Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic , a large healthcare system that serves much of Central , Northern , and Western Wisconsin . In 2010 , Marshfield was ranked 5th in a list of The Best Small Cities to Raise a Family compiled by Forbes magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'In 1898 the McKinley High School was built on the west edge of Marshfield , where the old Washington School now stands . The George Adler farm on the gentle hill west of it was gradually sold , platted and populated with homes in a wide variety of styles including Queen Anne , American Foursquare , Craftsman , Bungalows , Colonial Revival , Dutch Colonial Revival , and Mediterranean Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture', 'summary': 'The Queen Anne style in British architecture refers to either the English Baroque architectural style approximately of the reign of Queen Anne ( reigned 1702-1714 ) , or a revived form that was popular in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century ( when it is also known as Queen Anne revival ) . In other English-speaking parts of the world , Queen Anne style refers to entirely different styles . In British architecture the term is mostly used of domestic buildings up to the size of a manor house , and usually designed elegantly but simply by local builders or architects , rather than the grand palaces of noble magnates . Contrary to the American usage of the term , it is characterised by strongly bilateral symmetry with an Italianate or Palladian-derived pediment on the front formal elevation . The architectural historian Marcus Binney , writing in The Times in 2006 , describes Poulton House built in 1706 , during the reign of Queen Anne , as .Queen Anne at its most delightful . Binney lists what he describes as the typical features of the style :'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Foursquare', 'summary': 'The American Foursquare or American Four Square is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s . A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century , the American Foursquare was plain , often incorporating handcrafted honest woodwork ( unless purchased from a mail-order catalog ) . This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles . It is also sometimes called Transitional Period . The hallmarks of the style include a basically square , boxy design , two-and-one-half stories high , usually with four large , boxy rooms to a floor , a center dormer , and a large front porch with wide stairs . The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space , to use a small city lot to best advantage . Other common features included a hipped roof , arched entries between common rooms , built-in cabinetry , and Craftsman-style woodwork . A typical design would be as follows : first floor , from front to back , on one side , the living room and dining room ; while on the other side , the entry room or foyer , stairway and kitchen . Sometimes a bathroom was also included . Second floor , front to back , on one side , bedroom , bathroom and bedroom ; while on the other side , bedroom , stairway and bedroom . The bedrooms had a slightly longer dimension along the front and back of the house with side-by-side closets between the bedrooms . This gave a very efficient layout , with a bedroom in each corner and a centralized bathroom and stairway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Craftsman', 'summary': 'The American Craftsman style , or the American Arts and Crafts movement , is an American domestic architectural , interior design , landscape design , applied arts , and decorative arts style and lifestyle philosophy that began in the last years of the 19th century . As a comprehensive design and art movement , it remained popular into the 1930s . However , in decorative arts and architectural design , it has continued with numerous revivals and restoration projects through present times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bungalow', 'summary': 'A bungalow is a small house or cottage that is either single-storey or has a second storey built into a sloping roof ( usually with dormer windows ) , and may be surrounded by wide verandas . The style is derived from the thatched huts of Bengali farmers . The British altered the style and built bungalows around British India . The first house in England that was classified as a bungalow was built in 1869 . In America it was initially used as a vacation architecture , and was most popular between 1900-1918 , especially with the Arts and Crafts movement .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': "The Colonial Revival architectural style seeks to revive elements of American colonial architecture . The beginnings of the Colonial Revival style are often attributed to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 , which reawakened Americans to the architectural traditions of their colonial past . Fairly small numbers of Colonial Revival homes were built c. 1880-1910 , a period when Queen Anne-style architecture was dominant in the United States . From 1910-1930 , the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant , with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style . In the immediate post-war period ( c. 1950s-early 1960s ) , Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed , but in simplified form . In the present-day , many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles . While the dominant influences in Colonial Revival style are Georgian and Federal architecture , Colonial Revival homes also draw , to a lesser extent , from the Dutch Colonial style and post-medieval English styles . Colonial Revival homes are often eclectic in style , freely combining aspects from several of these prototypes . Although associated with the architectural movement , Colonial Revival also refers to historic preservation , landscape architecture and garden design , and decorative arts movements that emulate or draw inspiration from colonial forms . Cyril M. Harris 's American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia noted that Colonial Revival houses are usually the result of a rather free interpretation of their prototypes ; they tend to be larger , may differ significantly from the houses they seek to emulate , and often exaggerate architectural details ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Dutch Colonial is a style of domestic architecture , primarily characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves along the length of the house . Modern versions built in the early 20th century are more accurately referred to as Dutch Colonial Revival , a subtype of the Colonial Revival style .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Mediterranean Revival is a design style introduced in the United States in the waning nineteenth century variously incorporating references from Spanish Renaissance , Spanish Colonial , Beaux-Arts , Italian Renaissance , Arabic Andalusian architecture , and Venetian Gothic architecture . Peaking in popularity during the 1920s and 1930s , the movement drew heavily on the style of palaces and seaside villas and applied them to the rapidly expanding coastal resorts of Florida and California . Structures are typically based on a rectangular floor plan , and feature massive , symmetrical primary façades . Stuccoed walls , red tiled roofs , windows in the shape of arches or circles , one or two stories , wood or wrought iron balconies with window grilles , and articulated door surrounds are characteristic . Keystones were occasionally employed . Ornamentation may be simple or dramatic . Lush gardens often appear . The style was most commonly applied to hotels , apartment buildings , commercial structures , and residences . Architects August Geiger and Addison Mizner were foremost in Florida , while Bertram Goodhue , Sumner Spaulding , and Paul Williams were in California . [ citation needed ] There are also examples of this architectural style in Cuba , such as the Hotel Nacional de Cuba , in Havana .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wood_County,_Wisconsin_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Wood County, Wisconsin. It is intended to provide a comprehensive listing of entries in the National Register of Historic Places that are located in Wood County, Wisconsin. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a map. There are 22 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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Of the cities with only 1 historical place , which is the most populous ?
Saratoga
09689d003ede5421
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference_football_individual_awards', 'title': 'Big East Conference football individual awards', 'header': ['Season', 'Coach', 'School', 'Year with school', 'Record'], 'data': [{'value': '1991 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season was the main college football season sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The season began on August 28 , 1991 , and ended on January 1 , 1992 . For the second consecutive season , there was a split national championship . Both the Miami Hurricanes and the Washington Huskies finished the season undefeated ( 12-0 ) and with the top ranking in a nationally recognized poll . Under the conference-bowl selection alignments of the time , the Hurricanes and Huskies could not meet in a decisive title game because Washington was slotted into the Rose Bowl as the Pac-10 champions , and the other spot in the Rose Bowl was automatically given to the Big Ten champions ( Michigan ) . The Rose Bowl 's selection terms later thwarted potential title matchups of undefeated teams following the 1994 and 1997 seasons . Following the 1998 Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) realignment , several Pac-10 and Big Ten teams were able to play in a BCS title game instead of being forced to play a non-title contender in the Rose Bowl ; these include the Ohio State Buckeyes in 2002 , 2006 and 2007 , the USC Trojans in 2004 and 2005 and the Oregon Ducks in 2010 . Miami closed the 1991 season with a 22-0 shutout over No . 11 Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , but their season was defined by a dramatic November victory over then No . 1 ranked and perennial rival Florida State . That game ended with the FSU place kicker missing a field goal , wide right , which would become a theme in the Florida State-Miami football rivalry ; this game later took on the moniker Wide Right I. Nebraska lost to both national champions in 1991 and finished at 9-2-1 , ranked No . 15 in the AP poll ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Erickson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Erickson', 'summary': "Dennis Brian Erickson ( born March 24 , 1947 ) is an American football coach who most recently served as the head coach for the Salt Lake Stallions of the Alliance of American Football league . He was also the head coach at the University of Idaho ( 1982-1985 , 2006 ) , the University of Wyoming ( 1986 ) , Washington State University ( 1987-1988 ) , the University of Miami ( 1989-1994 ) , Oregon State University ( 1999-2002 ) , and Arizona State University ( 2007-2011 ) . During his tenure at Miami , Erickson 's teams won two national championships , in 1989 and 1991 . His record as a college football head coach is 179-96-1 ( .650 ) . Erickson was also the head coach of two teams in the NFL , the Seattle Seahawks ( 1995-1998 ) and the San Francisco 49ers ( 2003-2004 ) , and tallied a mark of 40-56 ( .417 ) . Erickson retired on December 30 , 2016 , after 47 years in coaching . In 2018 , the AAF named Erickson as the head coach of the Salt Lake Stallions , bringing him out of retirement ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football', 'summary': "The Miami Hurricanes football team represents the University of Miami in the sport of American football . The Hurricanes compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The program began in 1926 and has won five AP national championships ( 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 ) . The Miami Hurricanes are among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history . Miami is ranked fourth on the list of All-time Associated Press National Poll Championships , tied with Southern California and Ohio State and behind Alabama , Notre Dame , and Oklahoma . Miami also holds a number of NFL Draft records , including most first-round selections in a single draft and most consecutive drafts with at least one first-round selection . Two Hurricanes have won the Heisman Trophy and nine have been inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame . The team plays its home games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida . The Hurricanes ' head coach is Manny Diaz ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season was the first year of the Bowl Coalition and concluded with Alabama 's first national championship in thirteen years - their first since the departure of Bear Bryant . One of Bryant 's former players , Gene Stallings , was the head coach , and he used a style similar to Bryant 's , a smashmouth running game combined with a tough defense . The members of the Bowl Coalition were the Sugar Bowl , Orange Bowl , Cotton Bowl Classic , and Fiesta Bowl . Under the agreement the Sugar Bowl , Orange Bowl , and Cotton Bowl Classic hosted the Southeastern Conference , Big 8 , and Southwest Conference champions , respectively , and then a pool of at large teams was formed between the Atlantic Coast Conference champ , the Big East champ , Notre Dame , and two conference runners-up from the Big 8 , SWC , ACC , Big East and Pac-10 . The highest ranked host team would play the highest ranked at-large team . If the two highest ranked teams were both at-large teams , the championship game would be hosted by the Fiesta Bowl . So for this year , ( host ) SEC champ Alabama played ( at-large ) Big East Champ Miami-FL , the Orange Bowl featured ( host ) Big-8 champ Nebraska and ( at-large ) ACC champ Florida St. , the Cotton Bowl Classic featured ( host ) SWC champ Texas A & M and ( at-large ) independent Notre Dame , and the Fiesta Bowl featured ( at-large ) Big East runner up Syracuse and ( at-large ) Big 8 runner up Colorado . The 1992 season also saw the expansion of the SEC and the first conference championship game to be played in the country . Before the 1992 season , the Arkansas Razorbacks and the South Carolina Gamecocks joined the SEC , which expanded the conference to twelve teams . The conference then split into two divisions , and the winner of each division would face off in the SEC Championship Game in Birmingham 's historic Legion Field ( later moved to Atlanta 's Georgia Dome , in 1994 ) . In the first year of the new system , Alabama won the SEC West , Florida won the SEC East , and the Tide won the match-up 28-21 on an Antonio Langham interception return for a touchdown in the closing minutes . In the Sugar Bowl , to decide the national champion , Miami came in a heavy favorite with even heavier swagger ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Erickson ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season saw Florida State crowned national champions , in both the AP and Coaches poll . Under the Bowl Coalition , undefeated Big 8 champ and # 2 ranked Nebraska hosted ACC champ and # 1 ranked Florida State in the Orange Bowl . This produced a clear champion in the Coaches Poll and the AP poll , despite Florida State 's loss to Notre Dame 31-24 during the regular season , in a game known by many as the Game of the Century . This much hyped clash between # 1 and # 2 was the site of the first ever live broadcast of the ESPN College GameDay show and did not fail to live up to expectations as Irish defensive back Shawn Wooden batted down a Charlie Ward pass in the end zone with three seconds left to play . Despite the win over Florida State , Notre Dame 's title chances ended the very next week when the Fighting Irish lost to # 17 Boston College . Further controversy surrounded the inclusion of one-loss Florida State in the national title game over undefeated West Virginia , who was ranked # 2 ( ahead of Florida State ) by the final regular season coaches ' poll but not the AP ( Nebraska was # 2 in the AP ) . Despite beating Florida State in the regular season , Notre Dame finished # 2 in the two major polls . Florida State , during the 1993 regular season played # 2 Notre Dame , # 2 Nebraska , # 3 Miami , # 7 Florida , # 13 North Carolina , # 15 Virginia , and # 17 Clemson . FSU went 3-1 vs top 7 teams while playing only 1 home game in the 4 contests . Florida State 's Charlie Ward threw for 3,032 yards , completed 70 percent of his passes and became the first player to win the Heisman Trophy and the national championship in the same season since Pittsburgh 's Tony Dorsett in 1976 . The Alamo Bowl played its inaugural game . The Sunshine Classic was no longer sponsored by Blockbuster Entertainment , and was now known as the Carquest Bowl ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Nehlen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Nehlen', 'summary': "Donald Eugene Nehlen ( born January 1 , 1936 ) is a former American football player and coach . He was head football coach at Bowling Green State University ( 1968-1976 ) and at West Virginia University ( 1980-2000 ) . Nehlen retired from coaching college football in 2001 with a career record of 202-128-8 and as the 17th winningest coach in college football history . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2005 and has served as a president of the American Football Coaches Association . Nehlen was a multi-sport athlete at Lincoln High School ( Canton , Ohio ) where he excelled in football , basketball , and baseball . Nehlen played quarterback at Bowling Green ( 1955-1957 ) and led the team to a Mid-American Conference championship in 1956 . He began his coaching career in 1958 at Mansfield Senior High School and then served as head coach at Canton South High School and Canton McKinley High School . Nehlen was later an assistant coach at the University of Cincinnati , Bowling Green , and the University of Michigan . Since his retirement from coaching , Nehlen has been a spokesman for the coal industry . Nehlen received the 2002 Distinguished West Virginian Award from the West Virginia Broadcasters Association . In 2006 , Nehlen published a book called Don Nehlen 's Tales from the West Virginia Sideline , an autobiographical account recalling his 21-year tenure as the head football coach at West Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football', 'summary': 'The West Virginia Mountaineers football team represents West Virginia University ( also referred to as WVU or West Virginia ) in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of college football . West Virginia plays its home games on Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium on the campus of West Virginia University in Morgantown , West Virginia . The Mountaineers compete in the Big 12 Conference . With a 752-495-45 record as of the conclusion of the 2018 season , WVU ranks 14th in victories among NCAA FBS programs , and has the most victories among those programs that never claimed nor won a national championship . West Virginia was originally classified as a College Division school in the 1937 season , and joined the University Division , forerunner of Division I , in 1939 . It has been a member of Division I FBS since 1978 ( known as Division I-A until 2006 ) . The Mountaineers have registered 82 winning seasons in their history , including one unbeaten season ( 10-0-1 ) in 1922 and nine seasons with at least ten wins ( 1922 , 1969 , 1988 , 1993 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 , 2016 ) . The Mountaineers have won or shared a total of 15 conference championships , including eight Southern Conference titles and seven Big East Conference titles .'}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season , play of college football in the United States at the NCAA Division I-A level , began in August 1994 and ended on January 2 , 1995 . Nebraska , who finished the season undefeated , ended the year ranked No . 1 in both the Associated Press and Coaches polls . This was the first national championship of coach Tom Osborne 's career at Nebraska , despite coming close in two prior attempts ; in 1983 , his team lost to Miami after Osborne , with his team trailing 31-30 late in the game , elected to try for the lead instead of the tie and failed . In the previous season , Osborne 's team lost to eventual national champion Florida State on a missed field goal as time expired . Although Osborne 's team finished the season unbeaten , the national championship picture again was engulfed in controversy . For much of the second half of the season , Nebraska and Penn State were regarded as the top two teams in the country . This raised the possibility of a split national championship for the third time since 1990 , due in large part to the system in place that had been concocted to avoid a split title . Following the 1991 season , where Miami and Washington split the national championship in the AP and Coaches ' polls , the Bowl Coalition was founded . The Coalition consisted of six bowls , with the Orange , Fiesta , Cotton , and Sugar bowls were all considered potential hosts for a national championship game . Since three of these bowls already had specific tie-ins with conferences , an agreement was struck where the conferences would agree to release those teams from their contractual obligations in order to achieve a # 1 vs # 2 matchup . For the first two years of the Coalition , this did occur without incident as the Sugar and Orange Bowls in 1993 and 1994 featured # 1 vs. # 2 matchups in their respective games ."}]}, {'value': 'Dennis Erickson ( 3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season was the first year of the Bowl Alliance . Tom Osborne led Nebraska to its second straight national title with a victory over Florida in the Fiesta Bowl . This matchup was only possible because of the new Bowl Alliance . Under the old system , Nebraska would have been tied to the Orange Bowl and Florida to the Sugar Bowl . The Bowl Alliance created a national championship game which would rotate between the Orange , Sugar , and Fiesta Bowls free of conference tie-ins and featuring the # 1 and # 2 teams as chosen by the Bowl Alliance Poll . The Pac-10 and Big Ten chose not to participate , keeping their tie-ins with the Rose Bowl . Nebraska was showing signs of dynasty , playing in its third consecutive national title game , and became the first school to claim back-to-back titles since the 1970s . This was a dominant Nebraska team , averaging 52 points per game and a 39-point average margin of victory , including a 62-24 victory over Florida . This lopsided victory came after Florida was picked by many sportswriters to win the game . Ohio State almost created a national title controversy , going into its final regular season game against Michigan undefeated and ranked # 2 . Had they finished the season # 2 the Bowl Alliance would have been unable to pit # 1 vs. # 2 as the Big Ten champ was tied to the Rose Bowl . However , Michigan upset Ohio State .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Beamer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Beamer', 'summary': 'Franklin Mitchell Beamer ( born October 18 , 1946 ) is a retired American college football coach , most notably for the Virginia Tech Hokies , and former college football player . Beamer was a cornerback for Virginia Tech from 1966 to 1968 . His coaching experience began in 1972 , and from 1981 to 1986 Beamer served as the head football coach at Murray State University . He then went on to become the head football coach at Virginia Tech from 1987 until his final game in 2015 . He was one of the longest tenured active coaches in NCAA Division I FBS and , at the time of his retirement , was the winningest active coach at that level . Upon retiring , Beamer accept a position as special assistant to the Virginia Tech athletic director , where he focuses on athletic development and advancement . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football', 'summary': "The Virginia Tech Hokies football team represents Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the sport of American football . The Hokies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . They previously competed in the Big East . Their home games are played at Lane Stadium , located in Blacksburg , Virginia with a seating capacity of over 65,000 fans . Lane Stadium was [ when ? ] considered to be one of the loudest stadiums in the country , being voted number one in ESPN 's Top 20 Scariest Places to Play . Also , it was recognized in 2005 by Rivals.com as having the best home-field advantage in the country . It is currently the 31st largest stadium in college football . In 124 seasons , the Hokies have won over 700 games and appeared in 32 bowl games , including the 2000 BCS National Championship game . The Hokies currently rank 23rd among all Division I college football teams for most wins . With 25 consecutive bowl appearances , beginning in 1993 , the Hokies currently have the longest bowl game streak in the country recognized by the NCAA . The program has also claimed ten conference titles ( 2 South Atlantic , 1 Southern , 3 Big East & 4 ACC ) and produced eight All-Americans ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the Florida Gators crowned National Champions , but not as unanimously as the Bowl Alliance would have hoped . Florida defeated Florida State in the Sugar Bowl , which was the designated National Championship that year . Florida had faced Florida State earlier in the year , when they were ranked # 1 and # 2 , and lost . Were it not for Texas beating Nebraska , then # 3 , in the first ever Big 12 Championship Game , Florida would n't have even been in the bowl game . And even once they were there , it was n't certain a victory would mean a national championship . The Rose Bowl game featured # 2 Arizona State and # 4 Ohio State . Florida St. and Arizona St. were the only unbeatens going into bowl season , so a Rose Bowl victory would give the Sun Devils a legitimate chance on winning the title . This scenario looked plausible as Arizona State 's Jake Plummer scored with 1:40 left to play in the game , making the score 17-14 . But Ohio State 's backup quarterback Joe Germaine marched down the field to pull out a heart stopping 20-17 win . On the one hand , this meant the national title game the following night would produce an incontrovertible champion . On the other hand , it left doubt to whether or not Ohio State deserved a stake in the national title , as evidenced by the team 's 1½ first place votes in the final AP poll . The Pac-10 and Big Ten could no longer afford to hold on to tradition while the rest of the country wanted a clear national champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Beamer ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season , play of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-A level , began in late summer 1997 and culminated with the major bowl games in early January 1998 . The national championship was split for the third time in the 1990s . The Michigan Wolverines finished the season atop the AP Poll after completing a 12-0 campaign with a Big Ten Conference championship and a victory in the Rose Bowl over Washington State . The Nebraska Cornhuskers garnered the top ranking in the Coaches ' Poll with a 13-0 record , a Big 12 Conference championship , and a win over Tennessee in the Orange Bowl . Michigan 's Charles Woodson , who played primarily at cornerback , but also saw time on offense as a wide receiver and on special teams as a punt returner , won the Heisman Trophy , becoming the first primarily defensive player to win the award . The 1997 season was the third and final season in which the major bowl games were organized under the Bowl Alliance system . The Bowl Championship Series was instituted the following year . In Tom Osborne 's last season as head coach , Nebraska took over the # 1 ranking in the nation after defeating Texas Tech midway through the season . Three weeks later , despite winning at Missouri in an overtime game against an unranked Missouri football team , Nebraska slipped to a # 2 ranking in the polls , as voters were n't impressed by the way the Cornhuskers won the game ( a controversial kicked ball that was caught for the game-tying TD as time expired in regulation ) ; Michigan moved ahead of Nebraska after its 34-8 victory over # 3 ranked Penn State . The consensus # 1 team going into the bowl season was undefeated Michigan , ranked # 1 in both the AP and the USA Today/ESPN Coaches Poll . Led by coach of the year Lloyd Carr and Heisman Trophy winner Charles Woodson , Michigan went into the 1998 Rose Bowl against # 8 Washington State . Michigan defeated Washington State 21-16 ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Harris_(coach)', 'summary': 'Walter William Harris ( born November 9 , 1946 ) is a former American football player and coach . Harris served as the head football coach at the University of the Pacific in Stockton , California from 1989 to 1991 , the University of Pittsburgh from 1997 to 2004 , and at Stanford University from 2005 to 2006 , compiling a career college football record of 69-85 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Panthers football program is the intercollegiate football team of the University of Pittsburgh , often referred to as Pitt , located in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Traditionally the most popular sport at the university , Pitt football has played at the highest level of American college football competition , now termed the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , since the beginning of the school 's official sponsorship of the sport in 1890 . As of the 2013 season , Pitt competes as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Pitt claims nine national championships and is among the top 20 college football programs in terms of all-time wins . Its teams have featured many coaches and players notable throughout the history of college football , including , among all schools , the twelfth most College Football Hall of Fame inductees , the twelfth most consensus All-Americans , and the fourth most Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees . The Panthers are currently coached by Pat Narduzzi . Pitt plays home games at Heinz Field which they share with the National Football League Pittsburgh Steelers and utilize the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sports Performance Complex as their practice facility ."}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': 'The 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season , play of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-A level , began in late summer 1998 and culminated with the major bowl games in early January 1999 . It was the first season of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) , which saw the Tennessee Volunteers win the national championship , one year after star quarterback Peyton Manning left for the National Football League ( NFL ) . Tennessee defeated the Florida State Seminoles , 23-16 , in the Fiesta Bowl in Tempe , Arizona , to secure the inaugural BCS National Championship . The BCS combined elements of the old Bowl Coalition and the Bowl Alliance it replaced . The agreement existed between the Rose , Fiesta , Sugar , and Orange bowl games , with the Cotton Bowl Classic diminishing in status since the breakup of the Southwest Conference . Like the Bowl Alliance , a national championship game would rotate between the four bowls , with the top two teams facing each other . These teams were chosen based upon a BCS poll , combining the AP Poll , the Coaches Poll , and a computer component . The computer factored in things such as strength of schedule , margin of victory , and quality wins without taking into account time ( in other words , a loss early in the season and a loss late in the season were on equal footing ) . Like the Bowl Coalition , the BCS bowls not hosting the national championship game would retain their traditional conference tie-ins . The first run of the Bowl Championship Series was not without controversy as Kansas State finished third in the final BCS standings , but was not invited to a BCS bowl game . Ohio State ( ranked 4th ) and two-loss Florida ( 8th ) received the at-large bids instead . Also , Tulane went undefeated , but finished 10th in the BCS standings and was not invited to a BCS bowl because of their low strength of schedule .'}]}, {'value': 'Terry Shea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Shea', 'summary': "Terence William Shea ( born June 12 , 1946 ) is an American football coach and former player . Currently , Shea does quarterback consulting work for future NFL draft prospects . Most recently he worked with Robert Griffin III RG3 ( 2nd overall pick 2012 ) , Blaine Gabbert ( 10th overall pick 2011 ) , Sam Bradford ( 1st overall pick 2010 ) , Matthew Stafford ( 1st overall pick 2009 ) , and Josh Freeman ( 17th overall pick 2009. whom Shea later brought to the Bolts in 2015 ) . Shea also trained and developed current college quarterbacks Collin Klein ( Kansas State ) and Tommy Rees ( Notre Dame ) . Born in San Mateo , California , Shea graduated from Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose in 1964 . From 1964 to 1967 , he was one of the quarterbacks on the University of Oregon 's football team . From 1968 to 1969 , he was a graduate assistant coach at Oregon . From 1970 to 1975 , he coached at Mount Hood Community College . From 1976 to 1983 , he coached at Utah State . From 1984 to 1986 , he was the offensive coordinator at San Jose State . From 1987 to 1989 , he was the Offensive Coordinator at Cal . From 1990 to 1991 , he was the head football coach at San Jose State , where he compiled a 15-6-2 record ."}]}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football', 'summary': 'The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represents Rutgers University in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) . Rutgers competes as a member of the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Prior to joining the Big Ten , the team was a member of the American Athletic Conference ( formerly the Big East Conference ) from 1991 to 2013 . Rutgers plays its home games at SHI Stadium , in Piscataway , New Jersey . The team is currently led by head coach Greg Schiano . The Rutgers football team is notable for playing in what is considered to be the first ever intercollegiate football game in 1869 , in which they defeated Princeton University by a score of 6-4 . For this reason , Rutgers has been described as the birthplace of college football .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season saw Florida State named national champions , defeating Virginia Tech in the BCS Sugar Bowl . Florida State became the first team in history to start out preseason # 1 and remain there through the entire season . Their 12-0 season gave them 109 victories in the '90s , the most for any decade . Virginia Tech also had a remarkable season behind freshman quarterback Michael Vick , who was being touted as college football 's best player . Vick was outshined in the national championship game by Florida State wide receiver Peter Warrick . Warrick had early problems with the law , charged with a misdemeanor he sat out two games early in the season . But he scored three touchdowns in the title game , earning MVP honors . The BCS adopted a new rule after the previous season , nicknamed the Kansas State Rule , which stated that any team ranked in the top four in the final BCS poll is assured of an invitation to a BCS bowl game . A lot of teams faced debacles . East Carolina faced Hurricane Floyd , and in that same week , faced the # 9 Miami Hurricanes . The Pirates were down , 23-3 , but scored 24 unanswered points to win the football game , 27-23 . Kansas State finished 6th in the BCS standings but again received no BCS bowl invitation , this time being passed over in favor of Michigan ( ranked 8th ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Beamer ( 3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the Oklahoma Sooners claiming their first national championship and their first conference championship since the departure of head coach Barry Switzer . Oklahoma coach Bob Stoops was in his second season as head coach , having been the defensive coordinator of Steve Spurrier 's 1996 National Champion Florida Gators , and also having helped Bill Snyder turn the Kansas State Wildcats around in the early 1990s . Stoops erased a three-game losing streak against rival Texas by a score of 63-14 , one of the worst defeats in Texas ' football history . Despite the lopsided victory , this game marked a return of the Red River Shootout to a rivalry game with national title implications . The BCS title game was not without controversy , as the system shut fourth-ranked Washington out of the championship game , despite being the only team who had beaten each # 2 Miami and # 5 Oregon State and having the same 10-1 record as # 3 Florida State during the regular season . 10-1 Miami , who handed # 3 Florida State their only loss , was ranked higher in both the AP Writers ' Poll and the ESPN/USA Today Coaches ' Poll , and had the same record as the Seminoles , was also seen as a possible title contender . Virginia Tech also was left out of the BCS bowls , despite being ranked higher than one of the at-large teams , Notre Dame . The South Carolina Gamecocks broke a 21-game losing streak , stretching back into 1998 , to go 8-4 including a win over Ohio State in the Outback Bowl . Two new bowl games began in the 2000 season : the Silicon Valley Bowl , which had a contractual tie-in with the WAC , and the Galleryfurniture.com Bowl ."}]}, {'value': 'Butch Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butch_Davis', 'summary': "Paul Hilton Butch Davis Jr. ( born November 17 , 1951 ) is an American football coach . He is the head football coach at Florida International University . After graduating from the University of Arkansas , he became an assistant college football coach at Oklahoma State University and the University of Miami before becoming the defensive coordinator for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was head coach of the University of Miami 's Hurricanes football team from 1995 to 2000 and the NFL 's Cleveland Browns from 2001 to 2004 . Davis served as the head coach of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC ) Tar Heels football team from 2007 until the summer of 2011 , when a series of National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) investigations resulted in his dismissal . He was hired by the NFL 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an advisor in February 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with the University of Miami winning the national title for the fifth time . The Hurricanes were led by Larry Coker , who was in his first year as head coach after five years as Miami 's offensive coordinator under Butch Davis and became the first head coach since 1989 's Dennis Erickson from the University of Miami to win a national title in his first season . Coker had the benefit of inheriting a star-studded program that Davis had rebuilt in the aftermath of NCAA sanctions in the mid-to-late '90s . Miami completed a perfect 12-0 season , which culminated in a 37-14 win over Nebraska in the Rose Bowl BCS National Championship Game . In yet another controversial season for the BCS , ( AP ) # 4 Nebraska was chosen as the national title opponent despite not having even played in the Big 12 championship game . The Huskers went into their last regularly scheduled game at Colorado undefeated , but left Boulder having lost the game by a score of 62-36 . The Buffaloes went on to win the Big 12 championship game . The BCS computers , among other things , did n't weigh later games any more heavily than earlier games , and one-loss Nebraska came out ahead of two-loss # 3 Colorado and one-loss , # 2 Oregon . Some fans chanted number 4 at the title game held at the Rose Bowl . Florida State did not win the ACC championship for the first time since joining the conference in 1991 , losing out to Maryland . Steve Spurrier left the Florida Gators at the end of the season to coach the Washington Redskins , accepting what was then the largest salary for an NFL head coach . The season had one of the more competitive Heisman Trophy races with Eric Crouch of Nebraska winning by only a small margin over Rex Grossman of Florida ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Coker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Coker', 'summary': 'Larry Edward Coker ( born June 23 , 1948 ) is an American football coach and former player . From 2001 to 2006 , he served as the head coach at the University of Miami . His 2001 Miami team was named the consensus national champion after an undefeated season that culminated with a victory in the Rose Bowl over Nebraska . In the process of winning the championship , Coker became the second head coach since 1948 to win the national championship in his first season . ( Bennie Oosterbaan from the University of Michigan and Dennis Erickson of Miami were the last two head coaches to accomplish this feat . ) Coker was fired by Miami on November 24 , 2006 following his sixth loss that season . After a stint as a television analyst for ESPNU , he was announced as the head coach for UTSA , whose Roadrunners football team began play in 2011 . He resigned as UTSA coach on January 5 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with a double overtime national championship game . Ohio State and Miami both came into the Fiesta Bowl undefeated . The underdog Buckeyes defeated the defending-champion Hurricanes 31-24 , ending Miami 's 34-game winning streak . Jim Tressel won the national championship in only his second year as head coach . Rose Bowl officials were vocally upset over the loss of the Big Ten champ from the game . Former New England Patriots coach Pete Carroll returned the USC Trojans to a BCS bid in only his second season as head coach . Notre Dame also returned to prominence , as Tyrone Willingham became the first coach in Notre Dame history to win 10 games in his first season . Beginning with the 2002 season , teams were allowed to schedule twelve regular season games instead of eleven leading to additional revenues for all teams and allowing players the enhanced opportunity to break various statistical records ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Coker ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season ended with an abundance of controversy , resulting in a split national championship . This was the first split title since the inception of the BCS , something the BCS intended to eliminate . At season 's end , three BCS Automatic Qualifying ( AQ ) conference teams finished the regular season with one loss , with only two spots available in the BCS National Championship Game . Three BCS Non-Automatic Qualifying ( Non-AQ ) conference teams also finished with one loss , TCU , Boise State and Miami ( OH ) , stirring the debate of the BCS being unfair to BCS Non-AQ conference teams . LSU defeated Oklahoma in the 2004 Sugar Bowl , securing the BCS National Championship , as the ESPN/USA Today Coaches ' Poll was contractually obligated to vote the winner of the BCS National Championship Game # 1 . Meanwhile , when AP # 1 USC beat ( number 5 ) Michigan in the 2004 Rose Bowl , the AP voters kept USC in the top spot , and USC secured the AP title . Army became the first team in NCAA Division I-A football modern history to finish the season 0-13 . The Home Depot Coach of the Year Award sponsored by ESPN chose USC coach Pete Carroll as their award recipient , while the Paul Bear Bryant Award , voted on by an association of sportswriters , chose LSU coach Nick Saban . The Orange Bowl game was noteworthy in that Miami and Florida State previously had scheduled to play each other on Labor Day in 2004 . Playing in the Orange Bowl ensured that their next meeting would be each of their very next games and their first of the 2004 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rich Rodriguez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rich_Rodriguez', 'summary': 'Richard Alan Rodriguez ( born May 24 , 1963 ) , popularly known as Rich Rod , is a former American football coach and former player . Rodriguez previously served as the head football coach at Salem University ( 1988 ) , Glenville State College ( 1990-1996 ) , West Virginia University ( 2001-2007 ) , the University of Michigan ( 2008-2010 ) , and the University of Arizona ( 2012-2017 ) . His career college football coaching record stands at 163-118-2 . In 2011 , Rodriguez worked as an analyst for CBS Sports .'}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': "The 2004 NCAA Division I-A football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The regular season began on August 28 , 2004 and ended on December 4 , 2004 . The postseason concluded on January 4 , 2005 with the Orange Bowl , which served as the season 's BCS National Championship Game . USC defeated Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl by a score of 55-19 , which earned the Trojans their second consecutive AP title and first-ever BCS title . The Orange Bowl win and accompanying BCS title were later vacated as part of the sanctions levied against USC following an NCAA investigation . USC appealed the decision but was denied by the NCAA , and the 2004 BCS title was officially vacated on June 6 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Harris ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association'}]}, {'value': 'Rich Rodriguez ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season', 'summary': "The 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The regular season began on August 31 , 2006 and ended on December 2 , 2006 . The postseason concluded on January 8 , 2007 with the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona , where the # 2 Florida Gators defeated the # 1 Ohio State Buckeyes by a score of 41-14 to win the national title . The Boise State Broncos were the year 's only undefeated team in both levels of Division I football after defeating Oklahoma in the Fiesta Bowl ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Schiano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Schiano', 'summary': 'Gregory Edward Schiano ( born June 1 , 1966 ) is an American football coach . He is the current head coach of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights of the Big Ten Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The regular season began on August 30 , 2007 and ended on December 1 , 2007 . The postseason concluded on January 7 , 2008 with the BCS National Championship Game in New Orleans , where the # 2-ranked LSU Tigers defeated the # 1 Ohio State Buckeyes to win their second BCS and third overall national title . For just the second time in the Bowl Championship Series era , no FBS team finished the season undefeated . Kansas was the only team from a BCS automatic-qualifying conference to finish the entire season with just one loss .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)', 'summary': "Brian Keith Kelly ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is currently the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame , a position he has held since December 2009 . Kelly was previously head coach at Grand Valley State University ( 1991-2003 ) , Central Michigan University ( 2004-2006 ) , and the University of Cincinnati ( 2006-2009 ) . He led the Grand Valley State Lakers to consecutive NCAA Division II Football Championships in 2002 and 2003 . Kelly 's 2012 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team reached the 2013 BCS National Championship Game ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_football', 'summary': 'The Cincinnati Bearcats football program represents the University of Cincinnati in college football . They compete at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level as members of the American Athletic Conference , and have played their home games in historic Nippert Stadium since 1924 . The Bearcats have an all-time record of over .500 as of 2018 , having reached their 600th program victory in 2017 . The team has had a bit of a resurgence in the past few years , going 98-56 since 2006 , along with 9 bowl game appearances , 5 conference titles , two BCS Bowl berths , and 22 NFL Draft selections .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season', 'summary': "The 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The regular season began on August 28 , 2008 and ended on December 6 , 2008 . The postseason concluded on January 8 , 2009 with the BCS National Championship Game in Miami Gardens , Florida , which featured the top two teams ranked by the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) : the # 2 Florida Gators and # 1 Oklahoma Sooners . Florida defeated Oklahoma by a score of 24-14 to win their second BCS title in three years and third overall national championship in school history . The Utah Utes were selected national champions by Anderson & Hester after beating the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 2009 Sugar Bowl , finishing the season as the nation 's only undefeated team ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Kelly ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)', 'summary': "Brian Keith Kelly ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is currently the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame , a position he has held since December 2009 . Kelly was previously head coach at Grand Valley State University ( 1991-2003 ) , Central Michigan University ( 2004-2006 ) , and the University of Cincinnati ( 2006-2009 ) . He led the Grand Valley State Lakers to consecutive NCAA Division II Football Championships in 2002 and 2003 . Kelly 's 2012 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team reached the 2013 BCS National Championship Game ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The regular season began on September 3 , 2009 and ended on December 12 , 2009 . The postseason concluded on January 7 , 2010 with the BCS National Championship Game in Pasadena , California , where the Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Texas Longhorns by the score of 37-21 . For the first time in the history of the Heisman Trophy , the annual award for the most outstanding player in college football , two previous Heisman winners played in the same season - 2008 winner Sam Bradford of Oklahoma and 2007 winner Tim Tebow of Florida . For the first time since 1946 , the top three vote-getters from the previous season all returned : Bradford , Colt McCoy of Texas , and Tebow , in that order .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Kelly ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)', 'summary': "Brian Keith Kelly ( born October 25 , 1961 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is currently the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame , a position he has held since December 2009 . Kelly was previously head coach at Grand Valley State University ( 1991-2003 ) , Central Michigan University ( 2004-2006 ) , and the University of Cincinnati ( 2006-2009 ) . He led the Grand Valley State Lakers to consecutive NCAA Division II Football Championships in 2002 and 2003 . Kelly 's 2012 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team reached the 2013 BCS National Championship Game ."}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season', 'summary': 'The 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The regular season began on September 2 , 2010 and ended on December 11 , 2010 . The postseason concluded on January 10 , 2011 with the BCS National Championship Game at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . The Auburn Tigers defeated the Oregon Ducks to complete an undefeated season and win their second national title in school history .'}]}, {'value': 'Randy Edsall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Edsall', 'summary': "Randy Douglas Edsall ( born August 27 , 1958 ) is an American football coach who is currently in his second stint as the head coach at the University of Connecticut . He was director of football research-special projects for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League ( NFL ) previously in 2016 . He was the head coach at the University of Maryland from 2011 to 2015 . Edsall was previously the head coach at Uconn from 1999 until the 2011 Fiesta Bowl , and oversaw the program 's promotion from the NCAA Division I-AA level to Division I-A . He is UConn 's all-time leader in wins and games coached ."}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_football', 'summary': "The UConn Huskies football team is a college football team that represents the University of Connecticut in the sport of American football . The team competes in NCAA Division I FBS as an Independent . Connecticut first fielded a team in 1896 , and participated in Division I-AA until 1999 . The Huskies began their two-year Division I-A transition period in 2000 , and became a full-fledged Division I-A team in 2002 . From 2000 to 2003 the team played as an independent . The school 's football team then joined the conference of its other sport teams , the Big East ( later named the American Athletic Conference ( the American ) in 2013 ) , taking effect in 2004 , through 2019 . In 2019 , UConn announced that the team would be leaving the American to play as an independent ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Coach of the Year -- Winners', 'section_text': 'Frank Beamer won three times with Virginia Tech . Butch Davis won with Miami in 2000 . West Virginia coach Rich Rodriguez was the 2003 winner .', 'uid': 'Big_East_Conference_football_individual_awards_4', 'intro': "The Big East Conference gave five football awards at the conclusion of every season. The awards were first given in 1991 following the conference's first football season, and last given in 2012 before the conference was restructured as the American Athletic Conference. The five awards included Offensive Player of the Year, Defensive Player of the Year, Special Teams Player of the Year, Rookie of the Year, and Coach of the Year. Recipients were selected by the votes of the conference's eight head coaches. Award recipients included Heisman Trophy winners, NFL first-round draft picks, and NFL All-Star selections. The Miami Hurricanes were the most successful team through the school's tenure with the conference from 1991 to 2004, winning six awards for offensive players, seven for defense, four for special teams, three for Rookie of the Year, and six for Coach of the Year. Every conference member received at least two awards. Donovan McNabb of Syracuse is the only player to win more than two awards; he was named Rookie of the Year in 1995 and Offensive Player of the Year in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Frank Beamer of Virginia Tech, Dennis Erickson of Miami, and Brian Kelly of Cincinnati were each Coach of the Year three times."}
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How many can be accommodated by the home football stadium of the university that employed Frank Beamer ?
65,000
096a2f4db3f19b8a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Central_Queensland', 'title': 'List of schools in Central Queensland', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barcaldine State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcaldine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcaldine,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Barcaldine ( /bɑːrˈkɔːldɪn/ ) is a rural town and locality in the Barcaldine Region in Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Barcaldine had a population of 1,422 people . This is the administrative centre of the Barcaldine Region . Barcaldine played a major role in the Australian labour movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Barcaldine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcaldine_Region', 'summary': 'The Barcaldine Region is a local government area in Central West Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by three previous local government areas which had existed for over a century . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 21.6 million .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biloela State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biloela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biloela,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Biloela ( /bɪloʊˈiːlə/ BIL-oh-EE-lə ) is a rural town and locality in Shire of Banana , Central Queensland , Australia . It is situated 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) inland from the port city of Gladstone at the junction of the Burnett and Dawson highways . Biloela is the administrative centre of Banana Shire , which has an area of 15,729 square kilometres ( 6,073 sq mi ) . In the 2016 census , Biloela had a population of 5,758 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Banana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Banana', 'summary': "The Shire of Banana is a local government area located in the Capricorn region of Queensland , Australia , inland from the regional city of Gladstone . The shire was named after the first township in the region ( Banana ) , which in turn was named for the burial site of a huge dun coloured bullock named 'Banana ' . The council sits in the town of Biloela , which is the largest town in the Shire . Major industries in the shire include coal mining , beef production , power generation , dryland cropping and irrigation cropping such as lucerne and cotton ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackall State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackall,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Blackall is a small town and rural locality in the Blackall-Tambo Region in Central West Queensland , Australia . At the 2016 census Blackall had a population of 1,416 . It is the service centre for the Blackall-Tambo Region . The dominant industry in the area is grazing .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackall-Tambo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackall-Tambo_Region', 'summary': 'The Blackall-Tambo Region is a local government area in Central West Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it was preceded by two previous local government areas dating from the 1870s . For the financial year 2010/11 it had an approximate operating budget of A $ 30m . In June 2018 , the Blackall-Tambo Region had a population of 1,863 .'}]}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwater State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackwater,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Blackwater is both a town and a locality in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia , 190 km west of Rockhampton . It is a town in a significant coal mining area in Central Queensland . The name of the township was inspired by the dark colour of local waterholes .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capella State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capella,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Capella is a small town and locality in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Capella had a population of 1,010 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clermont State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clermont,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Clermont is a town and a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . Clermont is a major hub for the large coal mines in the region as well as serving agricultural holdings . In the 2016 census , Clermont had a population of 3,031 people , but its boundaries have subsequently changed .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dysart State High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dysart_State_High_School', 'summary': "Dysart State High School is a co-educational public high school in Dysart , Central Queensland , Australia , serving grades 7 through 12 . Opened in 1982 , it was developed from a Secondary Department attached to Dysart State School in 1978 . Dysart 's mission is To help , encourage & challenge the individual to strive to fulfil his or her potential in all facets of life . The school 's motto is : Strive to Achieve ."}]}, {'value': 'Dysart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dysart,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Dysart is a town and a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . Dysart is a service centre for the nearby Norwich Park coal mine , which closed in 2012 , the Saraji coal mine , and the Lake Vermont Coal Mine , as well as grazing properties in the district . Most residents are employed by the coal mines . [ citation needed ] At the 2016 Census , Dysart had a population of 2,991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerald State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerald,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Emerald is a rural town and locality in the Central Highlands Region , Queensland , Australia . As at June 2018 , Emerald had an urban population of 14,119 . The town is the business centre for the Central Highlands Regional Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Highlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Highlands_Region', 'summary': 'Central Highlands Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gladstone State High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_State_High_School', 'summary': 'Gladstone State High School is a coeducational public secondary school based in West Gladstone , a suburb of Gladstone in the Gladstone Region in Queensland , Australia . The school has a total enrolment of more than 1500 students per year , with an official count of 1509 students in 2017 . Gladstone State High School consists of over 125 staff members , including the School Principal , Garry Goltz , as well as five Deputy Principals , two Heads of School , thirteen Heads of Department , six Year Level Coordinators and three Guidance Officers .'}]}, {'value': 'West Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Gladstone,_Queensland', 'summary': 'West Gladstone is a suburb of Gladstone in the Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2011 census , West Gladstone had a population of 5,201 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenden State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenden,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Glenden is a mining town and rural locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . The population has since declined rapidly , however , since the local mine changed its roster to a seven-days-on , seven-days-off roster , and is expected to continue to do so . Many residents are relocating to towns like Proserpine that offer a more stable environment .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenmore State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawana,_Queensland_(Rockhampton)', 'summary': 'Kawana is a suburb of Rockhampton in the Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia . At the 2011 census , Kawana had a population of 4,657 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longreach State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longreach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longreach,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Longreach is a town and a locality in the Longreach Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Longreach had a population of 2,970 people . It is the administrative centre of the Longreach Regional Council , which was established in 2008 as a merger of the former Longreach , Ilfracombe , and Isisford shires .'}]}, {'value': 'Longreach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longreach_Region', 'summary': "The Longreach Region is a local government area in Central West Queensland , Australia . Established in 2008 , it superseded three previous local government areas that had existed for more than a century . It has an estimated operating budget of A $ 22.3m . Traditionally , pastoral activities , tourism , and rural education have been the areas of focus within the region , with a major agricultural college and attractions such as the Australian Stockman 's Hall of Fame and the Qantas Founders Outback Museum ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlemount Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlemount', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlemount,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Middlemount is a town and locality in Isaac Region , Central Queensland , Australia . It is nicknamed the Giant Peanut by some locals due to its peanut-shaped road layout .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moranbah State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moranbah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moranbah,_Queensland', 'summary': "Moranbah is a town and locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia , located on the Peak Downs Highway between Mackay and Clermont . It is a coal mining town and at the 2016 census had a population of 8,735 . In addition to the permanent population , Moranbah also has a large fly-in fly-out population in excess of 1500 who work in Moranbah 's mines . Moranbah services the Peak Downs Mine , Goonyella Riverside Mine , Broadmeadow Mine , Moranbah North coal mine , North Goonyella coal mine and several other smaller mines in the region . Although one of the newest towns in the region , its central location and large population has made it the seat of the Isaac Regional Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Isaac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Region', 'summary': 'The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland , Queensland , Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Morgan State High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Morgan_State_High_School', 'summary': 'Mount Morgan State High School is a heritage-listed state high school and technical college at 4 Central Street , Mount Morgan , Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia . It was built in 1908 . It was formerly known as Mount Morgan Technical College . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 December 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Morgan,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Mount Morgan is a town and locality in Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia . The town was the administrative centre of the Mount Morgan Shire until March 2008 , when it was amalgamated with neighbouring local government areas to form the Rockhampton Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moura State High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moura,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Moura is a small town and locality in the Shire of Banana in Central Queensland , Australia . It services the surrounding coal mining and rural activities . It is situated approximately 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) west of Biloela on the Dawson Highway , 186 kilometres ( 116 mi ) west of the port city of Gladstone , and 171 kilometres ( 106 mi ) south west of Rockhampton .'}]}, {'value': 'Banana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Banana', 'summary': "The Shire of Banana is a local government area located in the Capricorn region of Queensland , Australia , inland from the regional city of Gladstone . The shire was named after the first township in the region ( Banana ) , which in turn was named for the burial site of a huge dun coloured bullock named 'Banana ' . The council sits in the town of Biloela , which is the largest town in the Shire . Major industries in the shire include coal mining , beef production , power generation , dryland cropping and irrigation cropping such as lucerne and cotton ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Rockhampton State High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Rockhampton_State_High_School', 'summary': "North Rockhampton State High School is a co-educational State High School located in Rockhampton , Queensland , Australia . It currently has over 1000 students enrolled and over 80 teaching staff . North Rockhampton High School is currently an academy of excellence in hockey . [ citation needed ] To its members , the school is commonly referred to as 'North Rocky High ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Frenchville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frenchville,_Queensland', 'summary': "Frenchville is a suburb of Rockhampton in Queensland , Australia . Situated at the base of the Berserker Range about seven kilometres to the north of the Fitzroy River , the district was named for Anthelme Thozet , first director of the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens in the 1860s . Frenchman 's Creek which runs through the area was also named for Thozet . At the 2016 census , Frenchville had a population of 9,028 ; a slight decrease from the 9,159 recorded in 2011 . The area was completely rural in character until the late 1960s , with small holdings and dairy farms predominating . A State primary school was established in 1900 . In the late 1960s suburban development rapidly took place and the small school rapidly grew to an enrolment of well over 1,000 in the late 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockhampton State High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_State_High_School', 'summary': "Rockhampton State High School is a coeducational public secondary school located in Wandal , a suburb of Rockhampton in Queensland , Australia . The school has a total enrolment of more than 1000 students , with an official count of 1119 students in 2017 . Rockhampton State High School 's role of the Principal of the School is currently held by Kirsten Dwyer . The school also consists of three Deputy Principals , twelve Heads of Department , twelve Year Level Coordinators , one Business Services Manager , two Guidance Officers , one School Chaplain , one School Nurse and 70 teaching staff ."}]}, {'value': 'Wandal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wandal,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Wandal is a suburb of Rockhampton in the Rockhampton Region , Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Wandal had a population of 4,014 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Rockhampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockhampton_Region', 'summary': "The Rockhampton Region is a Local Government Area in Central Queensland , Australia , located on the Tropic of Capricorn about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) north of Brisbane . Rockhampton is the region 's major city ; the region also includes the Fitzroy River , Mount Archer National Park and Berserker Range ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosedale State School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosedale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosedale,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Rosedale is a rural town and locality split between the Gladstone Region and the Bundaberg Region in central Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tannum Sands State High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tannum_Sands_State_High_School', 'summary': 'Tannum Sands State High School ( TSSHS or often Tannum High ) is a public high school located in Tannum Sands , Gladstone Region , Queensland , Australia . Each grade has an average of about 213 students . It is the first and only secondary school established in the Tannum Sands area . The school offers an extensive curriculum for its students , and receives approximately 95% of the students living in the Tannum Sands catchment area for Year 8 each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Tannum Sands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tannum_Sands,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Tannum Sands is a coastal town and locality on the central east coast of Queensland , Australia within the Gladstone Region . At the 2016 census , Tannum Sands had a population of 5,145 . The population of Tannum Sands and neighbouring twin town Boyne Island is approaching 10,000 . The two localities are separated only by the Boyne River and joined by a bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladstone_Region', 'summary': 'Gladstone Region is a local government area in Queensland , Australia . The council covers an area of 10,484 square kilometres ( 4,048 sq mi ) , had an estimated resident population at 30 June 2018 of 62,979 , and have an estimated operating budget of A $ 84 million .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'State schools -- State high schools and colleges', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Central_Queensland_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Central Queensland region of Queensland, Australia, and includes schools in Central West Queensland. The region is centred on the coastal cities of Rockhampton and Gladstone, and the inland towns of Emerald, Longreach and Barcaldine.Prior to 2015, the Queensland education system consisted of primary schools, which accommodated students from kindergarten to Year 7 (ages 5-13), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 8 to 12 (ages 12-18). However, from 2015, Year 7 became the first year of high school.'}
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How far is this Local Government Area from Brisbane that has this state high school and technical college built in 1908 can be found ?
600 kilometres
096b22a71b051f88
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Palau', 'title': 'List of islands of Palau', 'header': ['Name', 'Population', 'Area ( square kilometer )', 'State'], 'data': [{'value': 'Angaur ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angaur', 'summary': 'Angaur ( Japanese : アンガウル , Hepburn : Angauru ) or Ngeaur is an island in the island nation of Palau . The island , which forms its own state , has an area of 8 km² ( 3 mi² ) . Its population was 130 in 2012 . The state capital is the village of Ngeremasch on the western side . A second village , Rois , is immediately east of Ngeremasch . The first sighting of Angaur , Babeldaob , Koror , and Peleliu recorded by Westerners was by the Spanish expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos at the end of January 1543 . They were then charted as Los Arrecifes ( The Reefs in Spanish ) . In November and December 1710 , these three islands were again visited and explored by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by Sargento Mayor Francisco Padilla on board of the patache Santísima Trinidad . Two years later they were explored in detail by the expedition of Spanish naval officer Bernardo de Egoy . From 1909 until 1954 phosphate mining took place on Angaur , originally by the Germans , then the Japanese , and finally by Americans . Angaur is the site of a major World War II battle . The Battle of Angaur was part of the larger offensive campaign called Operation Forager that ran from June to Nov 1944 .'}]}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angaur ( State )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angaur', 'summary': 'Angaur ( Japanese : アンガウル , Hepburn : Angauru ) or Ngeaur is an island in the island nation of Palau . The island , which forms its own state , has an area of 8 km² ( 3 mi² ) . Its population was 130 in 2012 . The state capital is the village of Ngeremasch on the western side . A second village , Rois , is immediately east of Ngeremasch . The first sighting of Angaur , Babeldaob , Koror , and Peleliu recorded by Westerners was by the Spanish expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos at the end of January 1543 . They were then charted as Los Arrecifes ( The Reefs in Spanish ) . In November and December 1710 , these three islands were again visited and explored by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by Sargento Mayor Francisco Padilla on board of the patache Santísima Trinidad . Two years later they were explored in detail by the expedition of Spanish naval officer Bernardo de Egoy . From 1909 until 1954 phosphate mining took place on Angaur , originally by the Germans , then the Japanese , and finally by Americans . Angaur is the site of a major World War II battle . The Battle of Angaur was part of the larger offensive campaign called Operation Forager that ran from June to Nov 1944 .'}]}, {'value': 'Babeldaob ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babeldaob', 'summary': "Babeldaob ( also Babelthuap ) is the largest island in the island nation of the Republic of Palau . It is in the western Caroline Islands , and the second largest island in the Micronesia region of Oceania . Palau 's capital , Ngerulmud , is located on Babeldaob , in Melekeok State . Babeldaob is one of the most underdeveloped populated islands in the Pacific Ocean . The area of Babeldaob , 331 km2 ( 128 sq mi ) , makes up over 70% of the land area of the entire Republic of Palau . It has about 30% of the country 's population , with about 6,000 people living on it ."}]}, {'value': '5125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '368', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple states', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kayangel ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kayangel', 'summary': 'Kayangel ( Ngcheangel , Japanese : カヤンゲル州 ) is the northernmost state of Palau 24 km ( 15 mi ) north of Koror . The land area is about 1.4 km2 ( 0.54 sq mi ) . The population is 138 ( census of 2000 ) . The state consists of three atolls in different states of development :'}]}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.682', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kayangel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kayangel', 'summary': 'Kayangel ( Ngcheangel , Japanese : カヤンゲル州 ) is the northernmost state of Palau 24 km ( 15 mi ) north of Koror . The land area is about 1.4 km2 ( 0.54 sq mi ) . The population is 138 ( census of 2000 ) . The state consists of three atolls in different states of development :'}]}, {'value': 'Ngerekebesang Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ngerekebesang_Island', 'summary': 'Ngerekebesang Island ( alternative names : Ngerekebesang Hamlet , Arakabesan ) is an island in the state of Koror , Palau , where the office of the President of the Republic of Palau was located before the capital was moved to the state of Melekeok . It is composed of three towns : Ngerekebesang , Meyuns , and Echang , where most Southwest Islanders moved to after a storm struck the southwest islands . They were later resettled . [ citation needed ] Meyuns is host to the largest hospital in Palau , Belau National Hospital . Ngerkebesang Island and the Island of Koror are connected by a causeway . The causeway , currently being remodeled , was originally built during the Japanese occupation of Palau .'}]}, {'value': '1,778', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koror', 'summary': "Koror ( Japanese : コロール州 ) is the state comprising the main commercial centre of the Republic of Palau . It consists of several islands , the most prominent being Koror Island ( also Oreor Island ) . The state of Koror ( population 14,000 as of 2004 [ update ] ) contains about 70% of the population of the country . The nation 's former capital and largest town , also called Koror or Koror City , is located here . The town has a population of 11,200 and is located at 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719Coordinates : 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719 . On 7 October 2006 , Ngerulmud replaced Koror as Palau 's capital city ."}]}, {'value': 'Oreor ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oreor', 'summary': "Koror ( Japanese : コロール州 ) is the state comprising the main commercial centre of the Republic of Palau . It consists of several islands , the most prominent being Koror Island ( also Oreor Island ) . The state of Koror ( population 14,000 as of 2004 [ update ] ) contains about 70% of the population of the country . The nation 's former capital and largest town , also called Koror or Koror City , is located here . The town has a population of 11,200 and is located at 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719Coordinates : 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719 . On 7 October 2006 , Ngerulmud replaced Koror as Palau 's capital city ."}]}, {'value': '9800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koror', 'summary': "Koror ( Japanese : コロール州 ) is the state comprising the main commercial centre of the Republic of Palau . It consists of several islands , the most prominent being Koror Island ( also Oreor Island ) . The state of Koror ( population 14,000 as of 2004 [ update ] ) contains about 70% of the population of the country . The nation 's former capital and largest town , also called Koror or Koror City , is located here . The town has a population of 11,200 and is located at 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719Coordinates : 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719 . On 7 October 2006 , Ngerulmud replaced Koror as Palau 's capital city ."}]}, {'value': 'Peleliu ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peleliu', 'summary': 'Peleliu ( or Beliliou , Japanese : ペリリュー州 ) is an island in the island nation of Palau . Peleliu , along with two small islands to its northeast , forms one of the sixteen states of Palau . The island is notable as the location of the Battle of Peleliu in World War II .'}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peleliu ( State )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peleliu', 'summary': 'Peleliu ( or Beliliou , Japanese : ペリリュー州 ) is an island in the island nation of Palau . Peleliu , along with two small islands to its northeast , forms one of the sixteen states of Palau . The island is notable as the location of the Battle of Peleliu in World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'Sonsorol ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonsorol', 'summary': 'Sonsorol ( Japanese : ソンソロール州 ) is one of the sixteen states of Palau . The administrative center , and only village , is Dongosaru on Sonsorol island . The inhabitants speak Sonsorolese , a local Trukic language , and Palauan . The islands of the state of Sonsorol , together with the islands of Hatohobei , form the Southwest Islands of Palau . The state is subdivided into four municipalities , which correspond to the four individual islands , that were previously inhabited . The islands are , from north to south ( Fanna Island and Sonsorol Island are together called Sonsorol Islands ) :'}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonsorol ( State )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonsorol', 'summary': 'Sonsorol ( Japanese : ソンソロール州 ) is one of the sixteen states of Palau . The administrative center , and only village , is Dongosaru on Sonsorol island . The inhabitants speak Sonsorolese , a local Trukic language , and Palauan . The islands of the state of Sonsorol , together with the islands of Hatohobei , form the Southwest Islands of Palau . The state is subdivided into four municipalities , which correspond to the four individual islands , that were previously inhabited . The islands are , from north to south ( Fanna Island and Sonsorol Island are together called Sonsorol Islands ) :'}]}, {'value': 'Tobi ( Island )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobi_(Island)', 'summary': "Tobi is an island in the Palauan state of Hatohobei . With a population of about 30 , it holds all of the state 's people , with the exception of a weather base on another island . Most of the inhabitants live on the island 's west side and speak Tobian . Tobi , Helen Reef ( Hotsarihie ) , Transit Reef ( Pieraurou ) , and the islands in the state of Sonsorol make up The Republic of Palau 's Southwest Islands . Tobi is 1.6 km long and 0.8 km wide , and has an area of about 0.85 square kilometres ( 0.33 sq mi ) . Coordinates : 03°00′22″N 131°07′26″E / 3.00611°N 131.12389°E / 3.00611 ; 131.12389"}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hatohobei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hatohobei', 'summary': "Tobi Island , or Hatohobei ( Tobian ) , also ハトホベイ州 ( Japanese ) , is the southernmost of Palau 's sixteen states , consisting of Tobi Island and Helen Reef . The total land area is about 0.88 km² . The population was 80 in 1962 , 51 in 1995 , 23 in 2000 , and 40 in 2014 . Tobian , English and Sonsorolese are the official languages of Hatohobei State . It is the least populous first-level administrative subdivision in the world . The individual islands of Hatohobei , together with the islands of the state of Sonsorol , form the Southwest Islands of Palau ."}]}, {'value': 'Malakal Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malakal_Island', 'summary': "Malakal Island ( Ngemelachel in Palauan ) is an island in the state of Koror , Palau . It is located at 134.45 , 7.330278 . One of the tribes in Survivor : Micronesia was named Malakal . Malakal Island is the site of Koror 's port , as well as the radio station T8AA-AM . Coordinates : 7°19′57″N 134°27′11″E / 7.33250°N 134.45306°E / 7.33250 ; 134.45306"}]}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.861', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koror', 'summary': "Koror ( Japanese : コロール州 ) is the state comprising the main commercial centre of the Republic of Palau . It consists of several islands , the most prominent being Koror Island ( also Oreor Island ) . The state of Koror ( population 14,000 as of 2004 [ update ] ) contains about 70% of the population of the country . The nation 's former capital and largest town , also called Koror or Koror City , is located here . The town has a population of 11,200 and is located at 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719Coordinates : 7°20′32″N 134°28′38″E / 7.34222°N 134.47719°E / 7.34222 ; 134.47719 . On 7 October 2006 , Ngerulmud replaced Koror as Palau 's capital city ."}]}, {'value': 'Ngercheu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ngercheu', 'summary': 'Ngercheu , or Carp Island , is an island located within the nation of Palau , specifically within the state of Peleliu . The island is located 5 km northwest of the main island of Peleliu . Ngercheu is roughly 1 sq km , star-shaped , and densely forested . The Carp Island Resort is located on the island and caters to an Asian tourist base .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.098', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peleliu ( State )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peleliu', 'summary': 'Peleliu ( or Beliliou , Japanese : ペリリュー州 ) is an island in the island nation of Palau . Peleliu , along with two small islands to its northeast , forms one of the sixteen states of Palau . The island is notable as the location of the Battle of Peleliu in World War II .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_islands_of_Palau_0', 'intro': 'A list of inhabited islands of the Republic of Palau, located in the eastern Caroline Islands Archipelago. The islands are within the Micronesia region of Oceania, in the western Pacific Ocean.'}
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What is the largest hospital on the island in Palau with a population of 1,778 ?
Belau National Hospital
096f666085c9c461
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_Maryland', 'title': 'List of sports venues in Maryland', 'header': ['Venue Name', 'City/Town', 'Current Tenants', 'Seating Capacity', 'Year Opened'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pimlico Race Course', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course', 'summary': "Pimlico Race Course is a thoroughbred horse racetrack in Baltimore , Maryland , most famous for hosting the Preakness Stakes . Its name is derived from the 1660s when English settlers named the area where the facility currently stands in honor of Olde Ben Pimlico 's Tavern in London . The racetrack is nicknamed Old Hilltop after a small rise in the infield that became a favorite gathering place for thoroughbred trainers and race enthusiasts . It is currently owned by the Stronach Group ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109,748', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FedExField', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FedExField', 'summary': "FedExField , originally Jack Kent Cooke Stadium , is an American football stadium located near the Capital Beltway in Prince George 's County , Maryland , U.S. , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) east of Washington , D.C. , near the site of the old Capital Centre arena . The stadium is the home of the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From 2004 until 2010 , it had the largest seating capacity in the NFL at over 91,000 . Currently , the capacity is 82,000 . FedEx Field is in the Summerfield census-designated place and has a Landover postal address ."}]}, {'value': 'Landover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landover,_Maryland', 'summary': "Landover is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States . Landover is located very close to Washington , although it does not directly border Washington D.C. unlike its neighboring communities , Chapel Oaks and Fairmount Heights , which directly border Washington D.C. and go all the way up to/touch the Maryland/ D.C. line . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 23,078 . Landover is contained between Sheriff Road and Central Avenue to the south , Hill Road , Cabin Branch Drive , and the Washington Metropolitan Area Orange Line tracks to the west , John Hanson Highway ( U.S. Highway 50 ) to the west , and Washington D.C. 's Capital Beltway ( Interstate 495 ) to the north and east . Landover borders the communities of New Carrollton , Landover Hills , Glenarden , Lanham , Ardmore , Kentland , Cheverly , Chapel Oaks , Fairmount Heights , Carmody Hills , Pepper Mill Village , Walker Mill , and Largo ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington Redskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Redskins', 'summary': 'The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than one thousand games since their founding 88 years ago in 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over six hundred regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( the latter three in Super Bowls ) , and have captured fourteen divisional titles and six conference championships . The Redskins were the first NFL franchise with an official marching band , the Redskins Band , and the first with a fight song , Hail to the Redskins . The team began play in Boston as the Braves in 1932 , and became the Redskins the following year . In 1937 , the team relocated to Washington , D.C. , where they have been based since . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 NFL championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They have been league runner-up six times , losing the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 title games , and Super Bowls VII and XVIII . With 24 postseason appearances , the Redskins have an overall postseason record of 23-18 . Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots ( six each ) , San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) .'}]}, {'value': '91,704', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M & T Bank Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M&T_Bank_Stadium', 'summary': 'M & T Bank Stadium is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Baltimore , Maryland . It is the home of the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League . The stadium is immediately adjacent to Oriole Park at Camden Yards , the home of the Baltimore Orioles . Often referred to as Ravens Stadium , M & T Bank Stadium officially opened in 1998 , and is currently one of the most praised stadiums in the NFL for fan amenities , ease of access , concessions and other facilities . The stadium was originally known as Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards , until PSINet acquired the naming rights in 1999 , naming it PSINet Stadium . It then reverted to Ravens Stadium in 2002 when PSINet filed for bankruptcy . M & T Bank bought the naming rights in 2003 and signed a 15-year , $ 75 million contract with the Ravens , which was brokered by Team Services , LLC . The naming rights deal for M & T Bank Stadium was renewed for $ 60M over 10 years in 2014 , extending the name through 2027 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Ravens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens', 'summary': "The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at M & T Bank Stadium and is headquartered in Owings Mills . The Ravens were established in 1996 , after Art Modell , who was then the owner of the Cleveland Browns , announced plans to relocate the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore in 1995 . As part of a settlement between the league and the city of Cleveland , Modell was required to leave the Browns ' history and records in Cleveland for a replacement team and replacement personnel that would take control in 1999 . In return , he was allowed to take his own personnel and team to Baltimore , where such personnel would then form an expansion team . The Ravens have been one of the more successful franchises since their inception , having qualified for the NFL playoffs 12 times since 2000 , with two Super Bowl championship titles ( Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII ) , two AFC Championship titles ( 2000 and 2012 ) , 15 playoff victories , four AFC Championship game appearances ( 2000 , 2008 , 2011 and 2012 ) , six AFC North division titles ( 2003 , 2006 , 2011 , 2012 , 2018 , and 2019 ) , and are currently the only team in the NFL to hold a perfect record in multiple Super Bowl appearances . The Ravens organization was led by general manager Ozzie Newsome from 1996 until his retirement following the 2018 season , and has had three head coaches : Ted Marchibroda , Brian Billick , and since 2008 , John Harbaugh . Starting with a record-breaking defensive performance in their 2000 season , the Ravens have established a reputation for strong defensive play throughout team history , featuring Hall of Fame players like middle linebacker Ray Lewis and safety Ed Reed as well as Pro Bowl players like defensive end Terrell Suggs and defensive tackle Haloti Ngata . The team is owned by Steve Bisciotti and valued at $ 2.59 billion , making the Ravens the 29th-most valuable sports franchise in the world ."}]}, {'value': '71,008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital One Field at Maryland Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_One_Field_at_Maryland_Stadium', 'summary': "Maryland Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park , Maryland . It is the home of Maryland Terrapins football and men 's lacrosse teams , which compete in the Big Ten Conference . The facility was formerly named Byrd Stadium after Harry Curley Byrd , a multi-sport athlete , football coach , and university president in the first half of the 20th century . Due to a student government complaint over Byrd 's namesake ( Byrd supported a segregated university ) , the USM Board of Regents renamed the facility Maryland Stadium in 2015 . Capital One holds the naming rights of the field , having acquired Chevy Chase Bank shortly after the latter purchased naming rights in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'College Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Park,_Maryland', 'summary': "The City of College Park is in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States , and is approximately four miles ( 6.4 km ) from the northeast border of Washington . The population was 30,413 at the 2010 United States Census . It is best known as the home of the University of Maryland , College Park , and since 1994 the city has also been home to the National Archives at College Park , a facility of the U.S. National Archives , as well as to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Center for Weather and Climate Prediction ( NCWCP ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland Terrapins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins', 'summary': "The Maryland Terrapins , commonly referred to as the Terps , consist of 19 men 's and women 's athletic teams that represent the University of Maryland , College Park in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I competition . Maryland was a founding member of the Southern Conference in 1921 , a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1952 , and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference . The nickname was coined in 1932 by Harry C. Curley Byrd , then the school 's football coach and later the school 's president . Previously , Maryland teams were known as the Old Liners - a reference to the state 's nickname , The Old Line State . However , the school newspaper , The Diamondback , wanted a better nickname . Byrd thought Terrapins was a good choice because of the diamondback terrapins endemic to the Chesapeake Bay region . Byrd 's hometown of Crisfield was famous for the number of terrapins along its shores . The school mascot is an anthropomorphic turtle named Testudo . The official team colors are red , white , black , and gold , derived from the Maryland state flag . It is the only NCAA school to have four official school colors . On July 1 , 2014 , the Terrapins became members of the Big Ten Conference following 62 years of membership in the Atlantic Coast Conference . The university currently sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men 's and women 's sports , which compete at the NCAA Division I level ."}]}, {'value': '51,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oriole Park at Camden Yards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oriole_Park_at_Camden_Yards', 'summary': 'Oriole Park at Camden Yards , often referred to as just Oriole Park or Camden Yards , is a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ballpark located in Baltimore , Maryland . Home to the Baltimore Orioles , it is the first of the retro major league ballparks constructed during the 1990s and early 2000s . It was completed in 1992 to replace Memorial Stadium . The park is situated in downtown Baltimore , a few blocks west of Inner Harbor in the Camden Yards Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Orioles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles', 'summary': "The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore , Maryland . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . As one of the American League 's eight charter teams in 1901 , this particular franchise spent its first year as a major league club in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers before moving to St. Louis , Missouri , to become the St. Louis Browns in 1902 . After 52 years in St. Louis , the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by a syndicate of Baltimore business and civic interests led by attorney and civic activist Clarence Miles and Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro , Jr . The team 's current owner is American trial lawyer Peter Angelos . The Orioles adopted their team name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland ; it had also been used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore , including another AL charter member franchise also named the Baltimore Orioles , which moved north in 1903 to eventually become the New York Yankees . Nicknames for the team include the O 's and the Birds . The Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983 , when they made six World Series appearances , winning three of them ( 1966 , 1970 , 1983 ) . This era of the club featured several future Hall of Famers who would later be inducted representing the Orioles , such as third baseman Brooks Robinson , outfielder Frank Robinson , starting pitcher Jim Palmer , first baseman Eddie Murray , shortstop Cal Ripken Jr. , and manager Earl Weaver . The Orioles have won a total of nine division championships ( 1969-1971 , 1973-1974 , 1979 , 1983 , 1997 , 2014 ) , six pennants ( 1966 , 1969-1971 , 1979 , 1983 ) , and three wild card berths ( 1996 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Since moving to Baltimore in 1954 , the franchise has a win-loss record of 5306-5174 ( with a winning percentage of .506 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . After suffering a stretch of 14 straight losing seasons from 1998 to 2011 , the team qualified for the postseason three times under manager Buck Showalter and general manager Dan Duquette , including a division title and advancement to the American League Championship Series for the first time in 17 years in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '48,876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navy–Marine_Corps_Memorial_Stadium', 'summary': "Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium is an open-air stadium located off the campus of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland . Opened in 1959 , it serves as the home stadium of the Navy Midshipmen college football and lacrosse teams , and the professional Chesapeake Bayhawks of Major League Lacrosse . The stadium is also the host of the Military Bowl . The stadium 's opener was a 29-2 win over William & Mary on September 26 , 1959 , and its current seating capacity is 34,000 . The attendance record is 38,792 , set in 2017 during Navy 's 48-45 defeat of Air Force on October 7 . Prior to 1959 , Navy played its home games at Thompson Stadium , which seated only 12,000 . Its site on campus is now occupied by Lejeune Hall , the venue for USNA water sports . The stadium hosted soccer games as part of the 1984 Summer Olympics . In April 2018 , D.C. United of the Major League Soccer played a regular season game versus Columbus Crew ."}]}, {'value': 'Annapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland', 'summary': "Annapolis ( /əˈnæpəlɪs/ ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County . Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River , 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles ( 50 km ) east of Washington , D.C. , Annapolis is part of the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census . This city served as the seat of the Confederation Congress ( former Second Continental Congress ) and temporary national capital of the United States in 1783-1784 . At that time , General George Washington came before the body convened in the new Maryland State House and resigned his commission as commander of the Continental Army . A month later , the Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , ending the American Revolutionary War , with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States . The city and state capitol was also the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention , which issued a call to the states to send delegates for the Constitutional Convention to be held the following year in Philadelphia . Over 220 years later , the Annapolis Peace Conference was held in 2007 . Annapolis is the home of St. John 's College , founded 1696 ; the United States Naval Academy , established 1845 , is adjacent to the city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy Midshipmen Chesapeake Bayhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen', 'summary': "The Navy Midshipmen are the athletic teams that represent the United States Naval Academy . The academy sponsors 33 varsity sports teams and 12 club sport teams . Both men 's and women 's teams are called Navy Midshipmen or Mids . They participate in the NCAA 's Division I , as a non-football member of the Patriot League , a football-only member of the American Athletic Conference in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , and a member of the Collegiate Sprint Football League ( men ) , Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( men ) , Eastern Association of Women 's Rowing Colleges , Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League ( men ) , and Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association . Navy is also one of approximately 300 members of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) . The most important sporting event at the academy is the annual Army-Navy Game . The 2014 season marked Navy 's 13th consecutive victory over Army . The three major service academies ( Navy , Air Force , and Army ) compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) . Participation in athletics is , in general , mandatory at the Naval Academy and most Midshipmen not on an intercollegiate team must participate actively in intramural or club sports . There are exceptions for non-athletic Brigade Support Activities such as YP Squadron ( a professional surface warfare training activity providing midshipmen the opportunity to earn the Craftmaster Badge ) or the Drum and Bugle Corps . Varsity-letter winners wear a specially-issued blue cardigan with a large gold N patch affixed . If they belong to a team that beats Army in any sport designated Star competition , they are also awarded a gold star ( N-Star ) to affix near the N for each such victory ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chesapeake_Bayhawks', 'summary': "The Chesapeake Bayhawks are a Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) professional men 's field lacrosse team based in Annapolis , Maryland since 2010 . They have played in the greater Baltimore metro area since the MLL 's inaugural 2001 season , as the Baltimore Bayhawks from 2001-2006 , the Washington Bayhawks from 2007-2009 . They have won six Steinfeld Cup titles , the most of any MLL franchise ."}]}, {'value': '34,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xfinity Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xfinity_Center_(College_Park,_Maryland)', 'summary': "Xfinity Center is the indoor arena and student activities center that serves as the home of the University of Maryland Terrapins men 's and women 's basketball teams . Ground was broken in May 2000 and construction was completed in October 2002 at a cost of $ 125 million . It replaced Cole Field House as the Terrapins ' home court , which had served as the home of Maryland basketball since 1955 . The on-campus facility was originally named the Comcast Center after Comcast Corporation purchased a 20-year , $ 25 million corporate naming agreement when the arena opened in 2002 . In July 2014 , it was renamed Xfinity Center after Comcast 's cable brand , Xfinity . Xfinity Center , which has a capacity of 17,950 , opened for Midnight Madness on October 11 , 2002 and the first official men 's game was a 64-49 victory over Miami University ( Ohio ) on November 24 , 2002 . In its first season , 281,057 fans visited to watch Terrapin basketball games for a per-game average of 17,566 as Maryland finished fifth in the nation in attendance . On January 25 , 2012 , the court was renamed in honor of Gary Williams , the men 's basketball coach who retired the previous year . Though Xfinity Center is the largest arena in the state of Maryland , it is the second-largest arena in the Washington , D.C. metropolitan area by seating capacity , just behind Capital One Arena in Washington , D.C. , which has an official seating capacity of roughly 500 more than Xfinity Center . The facility is also used for concerts , graduation ceremonies including those for the University of Maryland , state high school basketball tournaments , and other special events . Concert seating capacity is nearly 19,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'College Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Park,_Maryland', 'summary': "The City of College Park is in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States , and is approximately four miles ( 6.4 km ) from the northeast border of Washington . The population was 30,413 at the 2010 United States Census . It is best known as the home of the University of Maryland , College Park , and since 1994 the city has also been home to the National Archives at College Park , a facility of the U.S. National Archives , as well as to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Center for Weather and Climate Prediction ( NCWCP ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland Terrapins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins', 'summary': "The Maryland Terrapins , commonly referred to as the Terps , consist of 19 men 's and women 's athletic teams that represent the University of Maryland , College Park in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I competition . Maryland was a founding member of the Southern Conference in 1921 , a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1952 , and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference . The nickname was coined in 1932 by Harry C. Curley Byrd , then the school 's football coach and later the school 's president . Previously , Maryland teams were known as the Old Liners - a reference to the state 's nickname , The Old Line State . However , the school newspaper , The Diamondback , wanted a better nickname . Byrd thought Terrapins was a good choice because of the diamondback terrapins endemic to the Chesapeake Bay region . Byrd 's hometown of Crisfield was famous for the number of terrapins along its shores . The school mascot is an anthropomorphic turtle named Testudo . The official team colors are red , white , black , and gold , derived from the Maryland state flag . It is the only NCAA school to have four official school colors . On July 1 , 2014 , the Terrapins became members of the Big Ten Conference following 62 years of membership in the Atlantic Coast Conference . The university currently sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men 's and women 's sports , which compete at the NCAA Division I level ."}]}, {'value': '17,950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurel Park Racecourse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurel_Park_Racecourse', 'summary': 'Laurel Park is an American thoroughbred racetrack located just outside Laurel , Maryland which opened in 1911 . The track is \u200b1 1⁄8 miles in circumference . Its name was changed to Laurel Race Course for several decades until returning to the Laurel Park designation in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland', 'summary': "Laurel is a city in Maryland , United States , located almost midway between Washington and Baltimore on the banks of the Patuxent River . While the city limits are entirely in northern Prince George 's County , outlying developments extend into Anne Arundel , Montgomery and Howard counties . Founded as a mill town in the early 19th century , Laurel expanded local industry and was later able to become an early commuter town for Washington and Baltimore workers following the arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1835 . Largely residential today , the city maintains a historic district centered on its Main Street , highlighting its industrial past . The Department of Defense is a prominent presence in the Laurel area today , with the Fort Meade Army base , the NSA and Johns Hopkins ' Applied Physics Laboratory all located nearby . Laurel Park , a thoroughbred horse racetrack , is located just outside the city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Farms Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Farms_Arena', 'summary': 'Royal Farms Arena ( originally the Baltimore Civic Center and formerly Baltimore Arena and 1st Mariner Arena ) is an arena located in Baltimore . The Arena is located about a block away from the Baltimore Convention Center on the corner of Baltimore Street and Hopkins Place ; it is also only a short distance from the Inner Harbor . It seats 11,100 and can be expanded up to 14,000 , depending upon the event . The Arena is owned by the city of Baltimore and is currently managed by SMG , a private management company . The Arena officially opened October 23 , 1962 . Designed by AG Odell Jr. and Associates , it was built on the site of Old Congress Hall , where the Continental Congress met in 1776 . As a cornerstone for the Inner Harbor redevelopment during the 1980s , it was reopened after renovations and was renamed the Baltimore Arena in 1986 . In 2003 , it was renamed for 1st Mariner Bank , which purchased naming rights to the arena for 10 years . It was reported that 1st Mariner Bank paid the city $ 75,000 a year to keep the naming rights to the complex . When this naming rights agreement ended in 2013 , the arena was briefly returned to its Baltimore Arena name , until Royal Farms purchased the naming rights in September 2014 . This deal calls for Royal Farms to pay $ 250,000 annually for five years to the city , and gives Royal Farms first rights to renew or restructure their deal at the end of the contract , or in the event that the city constructs a new arena . A cornerstone to the Arena was laid in 1961 with a vault that included messages from then-U.S. President John F. Kennedy , then-Maryland governor J. Millard Tawes , and then-Baltimore Mayor J. Harold Grady .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,000 ( Concert ) 12,289 ( Basketball ) 11,286 ( Ice hockey , Indoor soccer , Arena football )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indoor_soccer', 'summary': 'Indoor soccer or arena soccer ( known internationally as indoor football , minifootball , fast football , floorball or showball ) , is a game derived from association football adapted for play in a walled indoor arena . Indoor soccer , as it is most often known in the United States and Canada , was originally developed in these two countries as a way to play soccer during the winter months , when snow would make outdoor play difficult . In those countries , gymnasiums are adapted for indoor soccer play . In other countries the game is played in either indoor or outdoor arenas surrounded by walls , and is referred to by different names ( such as fast football ( futbol rapido ) in Mexico , showbol in South America , and indoor football ( futbol indoor ) in Spain ) . Indoor soccer has different regulations from other versions of association football designed for indoor play , such as futsal and five-a-side football . Unlike futsal , which is played on wooden or ceramic surfaces , indoor soccer is played on synthetic turf ( or , in the case of the British Masters Football variety , synthetic carpet ) . Indoor soccer courts are either delimited by walls or lines , and there are no player throw-ins . FIFA , the international body that oversees international association football competitions , does not sanction the synthetic turf version of indoor soccer , having developed its own code of indoor football ( which they refer to as futsal ) . Indoor soccer is most popular in the United States , Canada , and Mexico , with several amateur , collegiate and professional leagues functioning . While internationally less popular than futsal , indoor soccer is also played at the league level in many countries outside North America . The World Minifootball Federation ( WMF ) is the governing body of indoor soccer at the international level , having replaced the International Fast Football Federation ( FIFRA ) . The term minifootball , which was originally coined in Europe , has been adopted by the WMF as a standard international name for the sport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arena_football', 'summary': "Arena football is a variety of eight-man gridiron football . The game is played indoors on a smaller field than American or Canadian football , designed to fit in the same surface area as a standard North American ice hockey rink , resulting in a faster and higher-scoring game that can be played on the floors of indoor arenas . The sport was invented in 1981 , and patented in 1987 , by Jim Foster , a former executive of the National Football League and the United States Football League . The name is trademarked by Gridiron Enterprises and had a proprietary format until its patent expired in 2007 . Three leagues have played under arena football rules : the Arena Football League , which played 32 seasons in two separate runs from 1987 to 2008 and 2010 to 2019 ; arenafootball2 , the AFL 's erstwhile developmental league , which played 10 seasons from 2000 through 2009 ; and the China Arena Football League , which began play in 2016 but is not directly affiliated with the AFL . The CAFL , which operates on a heavily abbreviated schedule solely in China , is the only currently active league playing by arena rules . Through the late 1990s , the Arena Football League was the only league playing any variant of the sport designed for indoor play . A clarification limiting the scope of its patent allowed for competing indoor American football leagues to use the same size field and most other aspects of the game . Arena football is distinguished from the other indoor leagues by its use of large rebound nets attached to the side of each goalpost , which keep any missed field goal or overthrown ball in the field of play and allow the ball to remain live ; the rebound nets were the only part of the patent that was upheld until it expired ."}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Unitas Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Unitas_Stadium', 'summary': 'Johnny Unitas Stadium at Minnegan Field is a multi-purpose sports stadium in Towson , Maryland , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Towson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Towson ( /ˈtaʊsən , -zən/ ) is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County , Maryland , United States . The population was 55,197 as of the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Baltimore County and the second-most populous unincorporated county seat in the United States ( after Ellicott City , the seat of nearby Howard County , southwest of Baltimore ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Towson Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson_Tigers', 'summary': "The Towson Tigers , formerly the Towson College Knights , are the athletics teams of Towson University . All of the major athletic teams compete in the Colonial Athletic Association with 19 Division I athletic teams ( 13 in women 's sports , 6 in men 's sports ) . Gymnastics competes in the EAGL conference , having rejoined the league in the Spring of 2012 . Since joining the CAA in 2001-02 , the Tigers have won 16 league championships ; the Tigers have won titles in football , baseball , men 's lacrosse , women 's lacrosse , men 's soccer , men 's golf , women 's swimming and diving , and volleyball . In addition , the women 's gymnastics program has captured six ECAC Championships over the last eight years ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) . During an athletics history that traces its roots to the 1920s , Towson has sent teams and individual student-athletes to NCAA post-season competition in baseball , basketball , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , swimming , track & field and volleyball . In May 2011 , the department broke ground on the SECU Arena , a new 5000-seat , state-of-the-art arena for basketball , volleyball and gymnastics . The arena was completed in May 2013 and opened in June 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hughes Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hughes_Stadium_(Morgan_State)', 'summary': "Hughes Stadium , also known as The Den , is a multi-purpose stadium in Baltimore , Maryland . It is primarily used for football and is home of the Morgan State Bears . The stadium opened in 1937 and currently has a capacity of 10,001 . Hughes Stadium features two separate seating structures behind both sidelines . During football games , the field is also the performing stage for Morgan State 's marching band ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Morgan State Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morgan_State_Bears_football', 'summary': "The Morgan State Bears football team competes in American football on behalf of Morgan State University . The Bears compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision , currently as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . The Bears play their home games at Hughes Stadium , a 10,000 seat facility in Baltimore , Maryland . Morgan State began playing football in 1898 , 31 years after the school was founded . The team 's all-time record is 405 wins , 379 losses and 38 ties . 173 of those wins came between 1929 and 1959 when Edward P. Hurt was the head coach and the Bears won 14 Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( CIAA ) championships . Earl Banks won four CIAA championships during the 1960s and an additional championship in 1971 after Morgan entered the MEAC . The Bears have won three MEAC Championships ( 1976 , 1979 and 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homewood Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homewood_Field', 'summary': "Homewood Field is the athletics stadium of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland . It was built in 1906 and has an official capacity of 8,500 people . The name is taken , as is that of the entire campus , from the name of the estate of Charles Carroll of Carrollton . Homewood Field is located on the northern border of the campus . It serves as the home field for the university 's football , soccer , field hockey and lacrosse teams . It was also the home field for the professional lacrosse team , the Baltimore Bayhawks , for the 2001 and 2003 Major League Lacrosse seasons . It hosted the Division I NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship in 1975 , and was the site for the 2016 Big Ten men 's lacrosse tournament . The south grandstand is named for Conrad Gebelein ( 1884-1981 ) , longtime music director at the university . While known primarily for being the Yankee Stadium of Lacrosse , its largest record crowd actually filled the stands for a football game . In 1915 on Thanksgiving Day , 13,000 spectators watched Hopkins grind out a 3-0 win over in-state rival University of Maryland . Fletcher Watts ground out the game-winning goal as the last moments ticked down . From then until 1934 , the teams met on that day all but two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Johns Hopkins Blue Jays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Blue_Jays', 'summary': 'The Johns Hopkins Blue Jays are the athletic teams that represent Johns Hopkins University . They compete in the NCAA Division III , except for their lacrosse teams , which compete in Division I . They are primarily members of the Centennial Conference . The team colors are Columbia blue ( PMS 284 ) and black , and the blue jay is their mascot . Homewood Field is the home stadium . Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season . The Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame , governed by US Lacrosse , was located on the Homewood campus , adjacent to Homewood Field , until 2016 when it moved to its new facilities in Sparks , Maryland . Past Johns Hopkins lacrosse teams have represented the United States in international competition . At the 1932 Summer Olympics lacrosse demonstration event Hopkins played for the US . They have also gone to Melbourne , Australia to win the 1974 World Lacrosse Championship .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adventure Sports Center International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_Sports_Center_International', 'summary': 'Adventure Sports Center International is an Olympic standard white water rafting and canoe/kayak slalom center located on the mountaintop above the Wisp Ski Resort at Deep Creek Lake , McHenry , Maryland , United States . In addition to serving as a venue for slalom races and training , the center offers a range of services to the general public including guided raft trips , inflatable kayak rentals , and riverboard rentals .'}]}, {'value': 'McHenry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McHenry,_Maryland', 'summary': "McHenry is a community located in Garrett County , Maryland , United States , on the northernmost shore of Deep Creek Lake . Located on the outskirts of McHenry is the Garrett County Airport , Wisp Ski Resort , and Golf Club at Wisp . McHenry is part of the media market of Pittsburgh . McHenry 's population as of 2012 was 1,328 ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur W. Perdue Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_W._Perdue_Stadium', 'summary': "Arthur W. Perdue Stadium is a baseball stadium in Salisbury , Maryland . It is the home of the Baltimore Orioles Class A affiliate Delmarva Shorebirds . Named for the founder of Perdue Farms , Arthur Perdue , it features the Eastern Shore Baseball Hall of Fame . The stadium seats 5,200 fans and opened in 1996 . As the second-largest seating venue in Salisbury , it also occasionally is used for concerts or other events . Until 2016 , the larger Wicomico Youth and Civic Center had a real covenant against serving alcohol . As such , the stadium was chosen as the venue for Fernando Guerrero 's middleweight title-winning boxing match in October 2009 . The University of Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) played their 2018 and 2019 seasons at Perdue Stadium while Hawk Stadium in Princess Anne was renovated . Perdue Stadium hosted the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament from 2015 to 2017 . In 1998 , the stadium hosted the Delmarva Rockfish , a team in the single-season Maryland Fall Baseball league ."}]}, {'value': 'Salisbury , Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland', 'summary': "Salisbury ( /ˈsɔːlzbəri/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Wicomico County , Maryland , United States , and the largest city in the state 's Eastern Shore region . The population was 30,343 at the 2010 census . Salisbury is the principal city of the Salisbury , Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city is the commercial hub of the Delmarva Peninsula , which was long devoted to agriculture and had a southern culture . It calls itself The Comfortable Side of Coastal ."}]}, {'value': 'Delmarva Shorebirds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delmarva_Shorebirds', 'summary': 'The Delmarva Shorebirds is a Minor League Baseball team based in Salisbury , Maryland . It is a member of the Single-A South Atlantic League ( SAL ) and an affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles . Its home games are played at Arthur W. Perdue Stadium . The ballclub has won two South Atlantic League championships , in 1997 and 2000 . Also in 1997 , the Shorebirds received Baseball Americas Bob Freitas Award for Class A baseball . In July 2018 , Baltimore Orioles extended their contract with the Delmarva Shorebirds .'}]}, {'value': '5,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dickerson Whitewater Course', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickerson_Whitewater_Course', 'summary': "The Dickerson Whitewater Course , on the Potomac River near Dickerson , Maryland , was built for use by canoe and kayak paddlers training for the 1992 Olympic Games in Spain . It was the first pump-powered artificial whitewater course built in North America , and is still the only one anywhere with heated water . It remains an active training center for whitewater slalom racing , swiftwater rescue training , and other whitewater activities . The facility is owned by the NRG Energy company . Except during special events , access requires membership in the Potomac Whitewater Racing Center , a USA Canoe/Kayak National Training Center . The course was constructed in 1991 , inside a pre-existing straight , 900-foot ( 270 m ) -long concrete channel , 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide . Since 1959 , the channel has returned cooling water from the Dickerson Generating Station to the Potomac River , 41 miles ( 66 km ) upstream from Washington , D.C. Water is pumped from the river , warmed as much as 35 °F ( 20 °C ) as it cools the power plant 's three coal-fired generators , and then emptied into the channel for gravity flow back to the river . ( The plant has three other generators which use a different cooling system . ) Streamflow through the course is 200 cu ft/s ( 5.7 m3/s ) to 600 cu ft/s ( 17 m3/s ) , depending on the operation of the plant 's three coal-fired generators and their six cooling water pumps . In the summer months , when water temperature in the channel exceeds 100 °F ( 38 °C ) , the course is closed for health reasons . It is also closed when the Potomac River rises above 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) on the Little Falls gauge 20,000 cu ft/s ( 570 m3/s ) , flooding the lower section of the course ."}]}, {'value': 'Dickerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickerson,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Dickerson is an Unincorporated community in Montgomery County , Maryland . It is on Maryland Route 28 , between Sugarloaf Mountain and the Potomac River . It is a community near the town of Poolesville , Maryland . Dickerson is 61.5 square miles ( 159 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Warner Soccer Facility', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Warner_Soccer_Facility', 'summary': "The Glenn Warner Soccer Facility is a soccer-specific stadium at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland . The college soccer facility is named for beloved longtime coach Glenn Warner . It was the site of Crystal Palace Baltimore 's first-ever match , a 3-1 loss to its parent club on July 15 , 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Annapolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland', 'summary': "Annapolis ( /əˈnæpəlɪs/ ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County . Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River , 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles ( 50 km ) east of Washington , D.C. , Annapolis is part of the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census . This city served as the seat of the Confederation Congress ( former Second Continental Congress ) and temporary national capital of the United States in 1783-1784 . At that time , General George Washington came before the body convened in the new Maryland State House and resigned his commission as commander of the Continental Army . A month later , the Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , ending the American Revolutionary War , with Great Britain recognizing the independence of the United States . The city and state capitol was also the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention , which issued a call to the states to send delegates for the Constitutional Convention to be held the following year in Philadelphia . Over 220 years later , the Annapolis Peace Conference was held in 2007 . Annapolis is the home of St. John 's College , founded 1696 ; the United States Naval Academy , established 1845 , is adjacent to the city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'Navy Midshipmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen', 'summary': "The Navy Midshipmen are the athletic teams that represent the United States Naval Academy . The academy sponsors 33 varsity sports teams and 12 club sport teams . Both men 's and women 's teams are called Navy Midshipmen or Mids . They participate in the NCAA 's Division I , as a non-football member of the Patriot League , a football-only member of the American Athletic Conference in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , and a member of the Collegiate Sprint Football League ( men ) , Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( men ) , Eastern Association of Women 's Rowing Colleges , Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League ( men ) , and Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association . Navy is also one of approximately 300 members of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) . The most important sporting event at the academy is the annual Army-Navy Game . The 2014 season marked Navy 's 13th consecutive victory over Army . The three major service academies ( Navy , Air Force , and Army ) compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) . Participation in athletics is , in general , mandatory at the Naval Academy and most Midshipmen not on an intercollegiate team must participate actively in intramural or club sports . There are exceptions for non-athletic Brigade Support Activities such as YP Squadron ( a professional surface warfare training activity providing midshipmen the opportunity to earn the Craftmaster Badge ) or the Drum and Bugle Corps . Varsity-letter winners wear a specially-issued blue cardigan with a large gold N patch affixed . If they belong to a team that beats Army in any sport designated Star competition , they are also awarded a gold star ( N-Star ) to affix near the N for each such victory ."}]}, {'value': '1,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenway Avenue Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenway_Avenue_Stadium', 'summary': "Greenway Avenue Stadium , located in Cumberland , Maryland serves as the primary athletics stadium for Allegany County , Maryland , United States . Greenway Avenue Stadium was constructed in the 1930s by the Public Works Administration as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal . In 1998 , the stadium was upgraded to an all weather playing surface in anticipation of hosting scrimmages by the Washington Redskins who held summer training camp at Frostburg State University . The stadium seats 6,054 with a total capacity of approximately 15,000 . Each year thousands of spectators attend the student athletic events held in the stadium . The facility is shared by Allegany High School and Fort Hill High School , and is the location of some of the state 's finest music and sporting events ."}]}, {'value': 'Cumberland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Cumberland is a city in and the county seat of Allegany County , Maryland , United States . It is the primary city of the Cumberland , MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . At the 2010 census , the city had a population of 20,859 , and the metropolitan area had a population of 103,299 . Located on the Potomac River , Cumberland is a regional business and commercial center for Western Maryland and the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia . Historically Cumberland was known as the Queen City , as it was once the second largest in the state . Because of its strategic location on what became known as the Cumberland Road through the Appalachians , after the American Revolution it served as a historical outfitting and staging point for westward emigrant trail migrations throughout the first half of the 1800s . In this role , it supported the settlement of the Ohio Country and the lands in that latitude of the Louisiana Purchase . It also became an industrial center , served by major roads , railroads , and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal , which connected Cumberland to Washington , D.C. and is now a national park . Today , Interstate 68 bisects the town . Industry declined after World War II . Much of the later urban , business and technological development in the state has been concentrated in eastern coastal cities . Today the Cumberland , MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area is one of the poorest in the United States , ranking 305th out of 318 metropolitan areas in per capita income .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,054', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Grove Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Grove_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nymeo Field at Harry Grove Stadium , located in Frederick , Maryland , is the home of the Frederick Keys , a class A minor league affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles . Opened in 1990 , it seats 5,400 fans .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland', 'summary': "Frederick is a city in , and the county seat , of Frederick County in the U.S. state of Maryland . It is part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area . Frederick has long been an important crossroads , located at the intersection of a major north-south Indian trail and east-west routes to the Chesapeake Bay , both at Baltimore and what became Washington , D.C. and across the Appalachian mountains to the Ohio River watershed . It is a part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is part of a greater Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area . The city 's population was 65,239 people at the 2010 United States Census , making it the second-largest incorporated city in Maryland , behind Baltimore . Frederick is home to Frederick Municipal Airport ( IATA : FDK ) , which accommodates general aviation , and to the county 's largest employer U.S. Army 's Fort Detrick bioscience/communications research installation ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Keys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Keys', 'summary': 'The Frederick Keys minor league baseball team is the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Baltimore Orioles . The Keys are based in Frederick , Maryland . The franchise is named for Star Spangled Banner poet Francis Scott Key , a native of Frederick County . A new team mascot Frank Key , short for Francis Scott Key , joined the current mascot , a coyote named Keyote , at the beginning of the 2011 baseball season . The team is currently owned by Maryland Baseball Holding LLC , after being purchased in 2006 from Comcast Spectacor . Home games are played at Harry Grove Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '5,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hytche Athletic Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hytche_Athletic_Center', 'summary': "Hytche Athletic Center is a 5,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Princess Anne , Maryland . It is home to the University of Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks men 's and women 's basketball teams and women 's volleyball team . It replaced J. Millard Tawes Gymnasium as the home of UMES basketball upon its opening in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Princess Anne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Anne,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Princess Anne is a town in Somerset County , Maryland , United States , and also serves as its county seat . The population was 3,290 at the 2010 census . Princess Anne is included in the Salisbury , Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area . The town is notable as the location of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore and the home of the Teackle Mansion .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_Eastern_Shore_Hawks', 'summary': "The University of Maryland Eastern Shore Hawks ( commonly UMES ) are the fifteen sports teams representing University of Maryland Eastern Shore in Princess Anne , Maryland in intercollegiate athletics . These include men and women 's basketball , cross country , indoor track , outdoor track , and tennis ; women 's sports include bowling , softball , and volleyball ; men 's sports include baseball and golf . The Hawks are members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) and Eastern College Athletic Conference . The Hawks compete in the MEAC for most sports and in the ECAC for volleyball , track and field , bowling and baseball ."}]}, {'value': '5,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John B. Schuerholz Baseball Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_B._Schuerholz_Baseball_Complex', 'summary': 'The John B. Schuerholz Baseball Complex is a baseball venue located in Towson , Maryland , United States . It is used by the Towson University Tigers baseball team . It has a capacity of 500 spectators and opened in 2001 . The playing surface of the field is natural grass . On April 29 , 2001 , the baseball facility at Towson University was named John B. Schuerholz Park . The stadium is named in honor of John Schuerholz , a 1962 Towson alumnus and former member of the baseball program . His contributions to Towson University allowed the renovations to take place . He is currently the President of the Atlanta Braves . The renovations to the facility included permanent seating , a press box , and a concessions area .'}]}, {'value': 'Towson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Towson ( /ˈtaʊsən , -zən/ ) is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County , Maryland , United States . The population was 55,197 as of the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Baltimore County and the second-most populous unincorporated county seat in the United States ( after Ellicott City , the seat of nearby Howard County , southwest of Baltimore ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Towson Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Towson_Tigers', 'summary': "The Towson Tigers , formerly the Towson College Knights , are the athletics teams of Towson University . All of the major athletic teams compete in the Colonial Athletic Association with 19 Division I athletic teams ( 13 in women 's sports , 6 in men 's sports ) . Gymnastics competes in the EAGL conference , having rejoined the league in the Spring of 2012 . Since joining the CAA in 2001-02 , the Tigers have won 16 league championships ; the Tigers have won titles in football , baseball , men 's lacrosse , women 's lacrosse , men 's soccer , men 's golf , women 's swimming and diving , and volleyball . In addition , the women 's gymnastics program has captured six ECAC Championships over the last eight years ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) . During an athletics history that traces its roots to the 1920s , Towson has sent teams and individual student-athletes to NCAA post-season competition in baseball , basketball , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , swimming , track & field and volleyball . In May 2011 , the department broke ground on the SECU Arena , a new 5000-seat , state-of-the-art arena for basketball , volleyball and gymnastics . The arena was completed in May 2013 and opened in June 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' The following tables lists sports venues in Maryland which are in current use .', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_venues_in_Maryland_0', 'intro': 'The following tables lists sports venues in Maryland which are in current use.'}
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What is the capacity of the venue located in the area historically known as the `` Queen City '' ?
6,054
097128f7439b24b6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Turkey at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nurcan Taylan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurcan_Taylan', 'summary': 'Nurcan Taylan ( born October 29 , 1983 in Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish Olympic , world and European champion in weightlifting . She holds six European and one world record ( and tied two more world records ) . She was banned by the International Weightlifting Federation ( IWF ) after she tested positive for the anabolic steroid Methandienone for two years starting on 26 October 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_48_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 48 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 14 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halil Mutlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halil_Mutlu', 'summary': 'In 1994 , he won both the European and world championships , titles that would soon become commonplace for him . He made his first Olympic appearance in 1992 in the 52 kg category and finished fifth . In 1996 , in the 54 kg category , the reigning world champion and world record holder , Mutlu broke the world record in the snatch and went on to win the gold medal by 7.5 kg . At the 1999 World Championships he beat silver medal winner Adrian Jigău by around 20 kg and set a new world record . He remained undefeated until the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , where he was even more dominant than he had been in Atlanta . This time he set world records in both the snatch and the clean and jerk and won by 17.5 kg in the 56 kg category . He was suffering from a shoulder injury in 2003 and temporarily moved to the 62 kg class . His career appeared in doubt after a torn right rotator cuff and ruptured biceps tendon sidelined him for most of 2002 . Mutlu dominated in his weight class since mid-1990s . By the time of the Athens Olympics in 2004 , Mutlu won the world championship five times , although he had missed the 2002 season because of injury . In Athens he out lifted Wu Meijin of China by 5 kg in the snatch and then extended his lead in the jerk to earn victory by 7.5 kg . At 31 , he captured his third consecutive gold medal at the Olympics in Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_56_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 56 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 15 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taner Sağır', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taner_Sağır', 'summary': 'Taner Sağır ( born March 13 , 1985 in Kardzhali , Bulgaria ) is a Turkish world and Olympic weightlifting champion . Coming into Athens as holder of all the junior world records at the age of only 19 , he broke the Olympic records in the category -77 kg snatch , clean and jerk and total . He is seen as a great talent by authorities .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 77 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_77_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 77 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 19 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk . On 12 February 2013 , the International Olympic Committee decided to strip Oleg Perepetchenov of his 2004 Olympic bronze medal after both probes were retested and showed traces of anabolic steroids ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Şeref Eroğlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Şeref_Eroğlu', 'summary': 'Şeref Eroğlu ( born 25 November 1975 , in Kahramanmaraş ) is a Turkish wrestler .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 66 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_66_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 66 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 24 to August 25 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahri Tanrıkulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahri_Tanrıkulu', 'summary': "Bahri Tanrıkulu ( born March 16 , 1980 in Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish taekwondo practitioner , who competed in the Men 's 80 kg division at the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens , Greece and won the silver medal . He studied at Akdeniz University . He is Turkey 's first World and European Taekwondo champion . He was a member of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Sports Club before he transferred to Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kağıt Spor Kulübü . The 1.86 m ( 6.1 ft ) tall athlete is student of physical education and sports at Akdeniz University . He qualified for participation at the 2012 Summer Olympics where he reached the semi final ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in the Sports Pavilion at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex in Athens , Greece where 124 competitors competed in eight events , four each for men and women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 80 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_80_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 80 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place on August 26 at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex . Moving up to 12 kg heavier than his weight in Sydney four years earlier , U.S. taekwondo jin Steven López defied his odds to crush and heavily kick Turkey 's Bahri Tanrıkulu with a score 3-0 for his second Olympic gold . Iran 's Yousef Karami rallied for a tight 9-8 victory over Azerbaijan 's Rashad Ahmadov to grab the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atagün Yalçınkaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atagün_Yalçınkaya', 'summary': 'Atagün Yalçınkaya ( born December 14 , 1986 in the Altındağ district of Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish boxer in the bantamweight ( 54 kg ) division best known for winning the silver medal in the light-flyweight category at the 2004 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Light flyweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Light_flyweight', 'summary': 'The light flyweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 18 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing less than 48 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze *', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eşref Apak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eşref_Apak', 'summary': 'Eşref Apak ( born 3 January 1982 in Kalecik , Ankara ) is a Turkish hammer thrower . Apak was a member of Fenerbahçe Athletics in Istanbul then transferred to Enkaspor , where he is coached by Artun Talay . The 185 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) tall athlete at 115 kg ( 254 lb ) is a student of physical education and sports at Gazi University in Ankara . Apak took part at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and won a surprising bronze medal with 79.51 m after the gold medalist Hungarian athlete Adrián Annus was disqualified by IOC for a doping violation . In 2005 Apak participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería and won the gold medal with his throw of 77.88 metres . His personal best performance , and Turkish record , is 81.45 metres set on 4 June 2005 at the Cezmi Or Memorial Games . Eşref Apak is married to sprinter Sema Aydemir , and the couple has a son Ali . He served a 2-year doping ban for the use of a prohibited substance , Stanozolol . The ban lasted from 8 June 2013 to 25 June 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's hammer throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_hammer_throw", 'summary': "The men 's hammer throw competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held at the Olympic Stadium on 20-22 August . Adrián Annus of Hungary originally won the competition , but he was disqualified after being found guilty of tampering with his sample at the doping control . The original runner-up , Koji Murofushi , was accordingly declared the 2004 Olympic champion . Originally , Ivan Tsikhan won the silver medal , but he was disqualified in 2012 after a retest of his samples from 2004 were positive for methandienone . Tsikhan withdrew from the 2012 Summer Olympics as a result . The decision was taken to vacate his medal , leaving the only medallists as Murofushi with gold and Eşref Apak of Turkey with the bronze . The athlete in a position to be elevated to the Olympic bronze medal , Vadim Devyatovskiy of Belarus , had previously been subject to a court case by the International Olympic Committee regarding doping at the 2008 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'August 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sedat Artuç', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sedat_Artuç', 'summary': 'Sedat Artuç ( born June 9 , 1976 in Oltu , Erzurum Province ) is a Turkish European champion in weightlifting . He is winner of silver medal in World championship and of bronze medal at the 2004 Olympics . Artuç , 1.63 m tall , is a member of EGO Sport Club in Ankara , Turkey . He is coached by Tuncer Şenses . In 2005 , Artuç was banned from international competition by the International Weightlifting Federation for 2 years for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_56_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 56 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 15 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reyhan Arabacıoğlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reyhan_Arabacıoğlu', 'summary': 'Reyhan Arabacıoğlu ( born 1980 in Bulgaria ) is a Turkish weightlifter competing in the 77 kg division . He started weightlifting in İzmir , where he is a member of the weightlifting team of İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Spor Kulübü .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 77 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_77_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 77 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 19 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk . On 12 February 2013 , the International Olympic Committee decided to strip Oleg Perepetchenov of his 2004 Olympic bronze medal after both probes were retested and showed traces of anabolic steroids ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehmet Özal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehmet_Özal', 'summary': "Mehmet Özal ( born 31 October 1978 in Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish wrestler in Greco-Roman style . He is member of the İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K . He competed in the men 's Greco-Roman 96 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal . At the World Championships he has won a bronze and a gold medal , in 2001 and 2002 respectively . He also won a bronze medal at the 2005 Mediterranean Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 96 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_96_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 96 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 25 to August 26 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aydin Polatci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aydin_Polatci', 'summary': 'Aydın Polatçı ( born 15 May 1977 ) is a Turkish wrestler . He was born in Istanbul . He was Olympic bronze medalist in Freestyle wrestling in 2004 . He also competed at the 2000 and 2008 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle 120 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_freestyle_120_kg", 'summary': "The men 's freestyle 120 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 27 to August 28 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Turkey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Turkey competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. Turkish athletes have competed at every Summer Olympic Games since its debut in 1908. Turkey did not attend the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States boycott. The Turkish Olympic Committee (Turkish: Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi, TMOK) sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games. A total of 65 athletes, 45 men and 20 women, competed in 10 sports. There was only a single competitor in shooting and taekwondo. The Turkish team featured two defending Olympic champions from Sydney: Greco-Roman wrestler Hamza Yerlikaya, and weightlifter and world record holder Halil Mutlu, who competed at his fourth Olympic Games as the most sophisticated athlete of the team. Among the Turkish athletes, three of them were born in the former Soviet Union (two of which were previously played for the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona), namely archer Natalia Nasaridze, long distance runner Ebru Kavaklıoğlu, and Belarusian-born heptathlete Anzhela Atroshchenko. Finn sailor Ali Enver Adakan, who achieved a top ten finish in Sydney four years earlier, was appointed by the committee to carry the Turkish flag in the opening ceremony. Turkey left Athens with a total of eleven Olympic medals (three golds, four silver, and four bronze), being considered its most successful Olympics with respect to the overall medal count since 1948. Nearly half of these medals were awarded to the athletes in weightlifting, including a third straight defense for Halil Mutlu in the men's bantamweight class on his final Olympic bid. Meanwhile, Eşref Apak originally claimed the bronze in men's hammer throw."}
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Which athlete received their medal earlier ? Was it a Turkish boxer who won a silver medal in light-flyweight at the 2004 Olympics , or the person holding six European and one world record ?
Nurcan Taylan
0972518dd14030c9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somerset_towers', 'title': 'List of Somerset towers', 'header': ['Name of church', 'Listed building grade', 'Year tower built', 'Location', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Church of St. Mary the Virgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Batcombe', 'summary': 'The Church of St Mary the Virgin in Batcombe , Somerset , England , dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was restored in the 19th . It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building . The church is built of limestone from the Doulting Stone Quarry . The tower , which has triple belfry openings , contains five bells dating from 1760 and made by Thomas Bilbie , of the Bilbie family , in Cullompton . The interior of the church includes an octagonal font . The stained glass windows include one at the eastern end of the south aisle by Heaton , Butler and Bayne which was installed around 1896 and the east window from 1930 by Archibald Keightley Nicholson . The churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Navy sailor of World War I . The parish is part of the deanery of Bruton and Cary within the Wells Archdeanery .'}]}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1543', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batcombe 51°08′57″N 2°26′38″W / 51.1493°N 2.4439°W / 51.1493 ; -2.4439 ( Church of St Mary the Virgin , Batcombe )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batcombe,_Somerset', 'summary': 'Batcombe is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset , England , situated in the steep valley of the River Alham five miles south-east of Shepton Mallet . The parish has a population of 439 . Batcombe village is at the heart of the parish , which also includes the hamlets of Westcombe , Spargrove and Eastcombe ( historically Ashcombe ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dates from the 15th and 16th centuries and was restored in the 19th . The tower contains five bells dating from 1760 and made by Thomas Bilbie in Cullompton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bilbie_family', 'summary': 'The Bilbie family were bell founders and clockmakers based initially in Chew Stoke , Somerset and later at Cullompton , Devon in south-west England from the late 17th century to the early 19th century . Their importance to the local economy and in local history is commemorated by Bilbie Road in Chew Stoke and in the village sign .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cullompton', 'summary': "Cullompton ( /kəˈlʌm ( p ) tən/ ) is a town and civil parish in the district of Mid Devon and the county of Devon , England . It is 13 miles ( 21 km ) north-east of Exeter and lies on the River Culm . In 2011 the parish as a whole had a population of 8,499 while the built-up area of the town had a population of 7,439 The earliest evidence of occupation is from the Roman period - there was a fort on the hill above the town and occupation in the current town centre . Columtune was mentioned in Alfred the Great 's will which left it to his youngest son Aethelweard ( c.880-922 ) . In the past the town 's economy had a large component of wool and cloth manufacture , then later leather working and paper manufacture . A large proportion of town 's inhabitants are commuters but there is some local manufacturing , including flour and paper mills . It has a monthly farmers ' market held on the second Saturday of every month which is the oldest event of its kind in the South West . It is home to two grade I listed buildings : the fifteenth-century St Andrew 's parish church and the seventeenth-century house known as The Walronds . The centre of the town is the only conservation area in Mid Devon and there are seven grade II* listed buildings and ninety grade II listed buildings in the parish ."}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Chedzoy', 'summary': 'The Anglican Church of St Mary in Chedzoy , Somerset , England dates from the 13th century and has been designated as a grade I listed building . There is evidence of a Church in Chedzoy in 1166 when it was given along with the parent church in North Petherton to Buckland Priory . The tower dates from the early 16th century when the porch , clerestory , the arch into the north transept , and the windows in the north aisle were added . Much of the current building is from the 17th century , although the Norman chancel , chancel arch and doorway remain . It was extensively remodelled by William Butterfield in 1861 . A late medieval screen and rood loft were removed around 1841 . The font has survived since the 13th century . The pulpit is from the 16th century . Amongst the memorials is a brass believed to commemorate Richard Sydenham who died in 1499 . Local tradition says that the church still bears marks form the forces of the Duke of Monmouth during the Monmouth Rebellion who sharpened their swords before battle , however this is unlikely to be the true source of the marks . The parish is part of the benefice of Westonzoyland with Chedzoy within the Sedgemoor deanery .'}]}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1539', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chedzoy 51°08′04″N 2°56′34″W / 51.1345°N 2.9429°W / 51.1345 ; -2.9429 ( Church of St Mary , Chedzoy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chedzoy', 'summary': 'Chedzoy ( alternatively Chedzey ) is a civil parish village 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Bridgwater in the Sedgemoor district of Somerset .'}]}, {'value': 'Dates from the 13th century . It still bears marks form the forces of The Duke of Monmouth during the Monmouth Rebellion who sharpened their swords before battle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth', 'summary': 'James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth , 1st Duke of Buccleuch , KG , PC ( 9 April 1649 - 15 July 1685 ) was a Dutch-born English nobleman . Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy , he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands , the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England , Scotland , and Ireland with mistress Lucy Walter . He served in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and commanded English troops taking part in the Third Anglo-Dutch War before commanding the Anglo-Dutch brigade fighting in the Franco-Dutch War . He led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 , an attempt to depose his uncle , King James II and VII . After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate King in the town of Taunton in Somerset , Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his Protestantism and his position as the son of Charles II , in opposition to James , who was a Roman Catholic . The rebellion failed , and Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion', 'summary': "The Monmouth Rebellion , also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion , the Revolt of the West or the West Country rebellion , was an attempt to overthrow James II . Prince James , Duke of York , had become King of England , Scotland , and Ireland upon the death of his elder brother Charles II on 6 February 1685 . James II was a Roman Catholic and some Protestants under his rule opposed his kingship . James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth , the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II , claimed to be rightful heir to the throne and attempted to displace James II . Plans were discussed to overthrow the monarch , following the failure of the Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II and James in 1683 , while Monmouth was in self-imposed exile in the Dutch Republic . The Monmouth rebellion was coordinated with Argyll 's Rising , a rebellion in Scotland , where Archibald Campbell , the Earl of Argyll , landed with a small force . The Duke of Monmouth had been popular in the South West of England , so he planned to recruit troops locally and take control of the area before marching on London . Monmouth landed at Lyme Regis on 11 June 1685 . In the following few weeks , his growing army of nonconformists , artisans and farm workers fought a series of skirmishes with local militias and regular soldiers commanded by Louis de Duras , 2nd Earl of Feversham and John Churchill , who later became the Duke of Marlborough . Monmouth 's forces were unable to compete with the regular army and failed to capture the city of Bristol . The rebellion ended with the defeat of Monmouth 's army at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685 by forces led by Feversham and Churchill . Monmouth was executed for treason on 15 July 1685 ."}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Mary Magdalene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalene,_Chewton_Mendip', 'summary': 'The Church of St Mary Magdalene in Chewton Mendip , Somerset , England , was built in the 1540s and has been designated as a Grade I listed building .'}]}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1540', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chewton Mendip 51°16′34″N 2°34′48″W / 51.2761°N 2.5799°W / 51.2761 ; -2.5799 ( Church of St Mary Magdalene , Chewton Mendip )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chewton_Mendip', 'summary': 'Chewton Mendip is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset , England . It is situated 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Wells , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Bristol on the Mendip Hills and is the source of the River Chew . The parish includes the hamlets of Bathway and Green Ore .'}]}, {'value': "Made of Lias Stone , with a tower of Doulting Stone which was unfinished in 1541 . The tower contains a bell dating from 1753 and made by Thomas Bilbie . In addition , there is a peal of eight bells by Taylor 's of Loughborough . The church , which was started in 1441 by Carthusian monks , incorporates several Norman features including the north doorway . The register commences in the year 560 . Near the altar is a stone seat , known as a 'frid ' for those , especially criminals , who took sanctuary in the church . The church includes monuments to Sir Henry Fitzroger and his wife who died in 1388 and Frances Lady Waldegrave 1879 . The Waldegrave family have owned Chewton from 1553 , but did not live in the village until the 1860s . Wade and Wade in their 1929 book Somerset described the church as a singularly interesting church , which possesses one of the most stately towers in the county", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taylors_Eayre_&_Smith_Ltd', 'summary': "John Taylor & Co , commonly known as Taylor 's Bell Foundry , Taylor 's of Loughborough , or simply Taylor 's , is the world 's largest working bell foundry . It is in Loughborough , in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire , England . The business originated in the 14th century and became Taylor 's after the Taylor family took over in 1784 . In September 2009 Taylors went into administration but was bought out of administration by a consortium called UK Bellfoundries Ltd , led by Andrew Wilby , which successfully re-financed and re-established the business . Since then the company has re-established its presence both in the UK and in the Carillon and other export markets . In 2018 the company established a subsidiary called John Taylor International , based in Australia , to serve the southern hemisphere markets . In 2016 the Directors of UK Bellfoundries Ltd founded the Loughborough Bellfoundry Trust and transferred ownership of the buildings , equipment , intellectual property and the Museum to that body in perpetuity to safeguard it for the future . The Trust has received emergency grants to restore several parts of the building from Historic England as it was listed as a Grade 2* building at risk . Further restoration is planned . The company manufactures bells for use in clock towers , rings of bells for change ringing , chimes , and carillons . In 2005 John Taylor 's had merged with Eayre & Smith Ltd ( bellhangers ) and from 2005 until 2009 became Taylors Eayre & Smith Ltd . The Foundry has a museum of bells and bellfounding which is the only one of its kind in the UK ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norman_architecture', 'summary': 'The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries . In particular the term is traditionally used for English Romanesque architecture . The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps , and at the same time monasteries , abbeys , churches and cathedrals , in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded arches ( particularly over windows and doorways ) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Martin,_Fivehead', 'summary': 'The Anglican Church of St Martin in Fivehead , Somerset , England dates from the 13th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building . The church built of Hamstone includes a three-bay nave , chancel , south aisle and porch , and a west tower . The three-stage tower dates from around 1505 . It is supported by diagonal buttresses and embellished with corner pinnacles and gargoyles . There are six bells the oldest of which was cast around 1500 . Within the church is a palimpsest depicting Jane Seymour . There was a gallery at the back of the nave , however this was removed along with the box pews during Victorian restoration . The Norman font has a cylindrical stem and bowl , which has an intricately decorated rim . Outside the church next to the village green is the War Memorial The parish is within the benefice of Curry Rivel with Fivehead and Swell which is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells .'}]}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fivehead 51°00′06″N 2°55′22″W / 51.001667°N 2.922778°W / 51.001667 ; -2.922778 ( Church of St Martin , Fivehead )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fivehead', 'summary': 'Fivehead is a village and civil parish in Somerset , England , situated on the Fivehead River , 8 miles ( 12.9 km ) east of Taunton in the South Somerset district . In 2011 the parish , which includes the hamlet of Swell , had a population of 609 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dates from the 13th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St Peter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter,_Langford_Budville', 'summary': 'The Church of St. Peter in Langford Budville , Somerset , England dates from the 15th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building . The red sandstone church has the capacity for about 150 people , including the north aisle which was added in 1866 to accommodate worshippers from Binden House . The tower was added in 1509 and the south aisle soon afterwards . The church was restored in 1846 and the north aisle added in 1866 . The vestry and organ chamber were added in 1873 . The tower holds five bells which were re-hung as part of the refurbishment in the 1990s , which also included repairs to the roof and stonework . There is a War Memorial in the form of a brass plaque . Until 1863 Langford Budville was a chapelry of Milverton , and in 1930 Runnington was united with the benefice . The parish is within the Wellington and district benefice which is part of the Tone deanery .'}]}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1510', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langford Budville 50°59′56″N 3°16′01″W / 50.9988°N 3.2669°W / 50.9988 ; -3.2669 ( Church of St. Peter , Langford Budville )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langford_Budville', 'summary': "Langford Budville is a village and civil parish in Somerset , England , situated near the River Tone 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north-west of Wellington , 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) from Wiveliscombe and 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) west of Taunton in the Somerset West and Taunton district . The parish includes the hamlets of Bindon , Lower Chipley , Lower Wellisford , Ramsey and Runnington . The parish has a population of 535 . Langford Budville has a few basic facilities ; like most villages it has a church ( St Peter 's ) , a public house ( The Martlet ) , and a school ( Langford Budville Church of England Primary ) There is also a hotel ."}]}, {'value': 'Dates from the 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St Nicholas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_West_Pennard', 'summary': 'The Church of St Nicholas in West Pennard , Somerset , England , dates from the 15th century and is a Grade I listed building . From the 13th to 15th century West Pennard was a chapelry of the Church of St John the Baptist in Glastonbury . The chapel was dedicated to Saint Nicholas in 1210 . The tower dates from around 1482 , following the chancel and south aisle which had been built earlier in the 15th century . The north aisle was added in the 16th century . The tower holds six bells four of which were cast in the early 17th century . The interior includes a screen with Tudor carvings in the chancel . The churchyard cross , which was built between 1493 and 1524 by Abbot Richard Beere of Glastonbury , is also Grade I listed . The parish is part of the Brue benefice which includes Baltonsborough with Butleigh , West Bradley and West Pennard within the Glastonbury deanery .'}]}, {'value': 'I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c . 1482', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Pennard 51°08′28″N 2°38′23″W / 51.1412°N 2.6397°W / 51.1412 ; -2.6397 ( Church of St Nicholas , West Pennard )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Pennard', 'summary': 'West Pennard ( or West Pennard Manor ) is a village and civil parish east of Glastonbury , situated at the foot of Pennard Hill , in the Mendip district of Somerset , England . The parish includes the hamlets of Coxbridge and Woodlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Dates from the 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Andrews Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Andrews_Church,_Chew_Stoke', 'summary': "The Anglican St Andrew 's Church is on the outskirts of Chew Stoke , within the English county of Somerset . The church , parts of which date from the 15th century , is a Grade II* listed building . The stone church 's three-stage tower has six bells , three of which were made by the local Bilbie family , to whom a redundant bell at the back of the church serves as a memorial . The interior of the church is largely Victorian and includes 156 angels in wood and stone . The churchyard includes graves and memorials to local residents and the base of a 14th-century cross . The remains of the cross from Morteon were moved to Chew Stoke when their original site was flooded during the construction of Chew Valley Lake in the 1950s . The Parish of Chew Stoke is within the Benefice of Chew Stoke with Nempnett Thrubwell and forms part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells . Two rectories are associated with the church , one dating from 1529 and both now private residences ."}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c . 1475', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chew Stoke 51°21′03″N 2°38′18″W / 51.3507°N 2.6383°W / 51.3507 ; -2.6383 ( St Andrew 's Church , Chew Stoke )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chew_Stoke', 'summary': 'Chew Stoke is a small village and civil parish in the Chew Valley , in Somerset , England , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of Bristol . It is at the northern edge of the Mendip Hills , a region designated by the United Kingdom as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty , and is within the Bristol/Bath green belt . The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill , which is approximately 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) southwest of Chew Stoke itself . Chew Stoke has a long history , as shown by the number and range of its heritage-listed buildings . The village is at the northern end of Chew Valley Lake , which was created in the 1950s , close to a dam , pumping station , sailing club , and fishing lodge . A tributary of the River Chew , which rises in Strode , runs through the village . The population of 991 is served by one shop , one working public house , a primary school and a bowling club . Together with Chew Magna , it forms the ward of Chew Valley North in the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset . Chew Valley School and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile ( 1.6 km ) from Chew Stoke . The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural ; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment .'}]}, {'value': 'Constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862 . The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone , and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret . In the tower hang bells cast by the Bilbie family who lived and worked in the village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_bell', 'summary': 'A church bell in the Christian tradition is a bell which is rung in a church for a variety of ceremonial purposes , and can be heard outside the building . Traditionally they are used to call worshippers to the church for a communal service , and to announce times of daily prayer , called the canonical hours . They are also rung on special occasions such as a wedding , or a funeral service . In some religious traditions they are used within the liturgy of the church service to signify to people that a particular part of the service has been reached . The ringing of church bells , in the Christian tradition , is also believed to drive out demons . The traditional European church bell ( see cutaway drawing ) used in Christian churches worldwide consists of a cup-shaped metal resonator with a pivoted clapper hanging inside which strikes the sides when the bell is swung . It is hung within a steeple or belltower of a church or religious building , so the sound can reach a wide area . Such bells are either fixed in position ( hung dead ) or hung from a pivoted beam ( the headstock ) so they can swing to and fro . A rope hangs from a lever or wheel attached to the headstock , and when the bell ringer pulls on the rope the bell swings back and forth and the clapper hits the inside , sounding the bell . Bells that are hung dead are normally sounded by hitting the sound bow with a hammer or occasionally by a rope which pulls the internal clapper against the bell . A church may have a single bell , or a collection of bells which are tuned to a common scale . They may be stationary and chimed , rung randomly by swinging through a small arc , or swung through a full circle to enable the high degree of control of English change ringing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bilbie_family', 'summary': 'The Bilbie family were bell founders and clockmakers based initially in Chew Stoke , Somerset and later at Cullompton , Devon in south-west England from the late 17th century to the early 19th century . Their importance to the local economy and in local history is commemorated by Bilbie Road in Chew Stoke and in the village sign .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Nempnett_Thrubwell', 'summary': 'The Anglican Church of St Mary stands on Knap Hill in Nempnett Thrubwell , Somerset , England dates from the 15th century , but was built on the site of an earlier Norman church . It is a Grade II* listed building , Before the dissolution of the monasteries the parish belonged to Flaxley Abbey in Gloucestershire . In 1537 the land and manor were granted to Sir William Kingston . The parish register lists christenings , marriages and burials from 1568 . The three stage tower , which contains five bells , has set back buttresses and two arch bell openings with tracery . The tower is crowned by a parapet with blank arcading , and square pinnacles , it also has a slightly higher stair turret . The nave was restored at a cost of £700 in 1864 . The late Victorian chancel of 1897 is in the decorated style . Inside the church is a screen attributed to Pugin , although Nikolaus Pevsner is of the opinion the architect is probably Pugin the younger . The base of a 15th-century cross in the churchyard is listed Grade II . Wade and Wade in their 1929 book Somerset described it as a small building with a Perp . W. tower , from the W. face of which project two curious and uncanny carved heads of a man and beast .'}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c . 1468', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nempnett Thrubwell 51°20′16″N 2°40′47″W / 51.3379°N 2.6798°W / 51.3379 ; -2.6798 ( Church of St Mary , Nempnett Thrubwell )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nempnett_Thrubwell', 'summary': "Nempnett Thrubwell is a small village and civil parish in dairying country on the western edge of Bath and North East Somerset , in the county of Somerset , England . It is about 15 km south-west of Bristol . The parish , which has a population of 177 , is sheltered by the Mendip Hills , near the River Yeo in the Chew Valley . It is the site of the Fairy Toot oval barrow . Lying just to the north of Blagdon Lake , isolated Nempnett Thrubwell falls within the network of minor roads bounded by the A38 , A368 , B3114 and B3130 ; whilst signposted from each of these major routes , a lack of any further signposting makes it difficult to locate the village when arriving by road . The landscape is characterized by isolated farmsteads , the vernacular older buildings generally of the local Lias limestone or of render with clay-tiled roofs . Though being largely rural and consisting of one road and a few houses , Nempnett Thrubwell 's curiously comedic name makes the village something of a famous local attraction . It is the subject of the song Down In Nempnett Thrubwell by The Wurzels and is mentioned in the earlier Adge Cutler song Up The Clump ."}]}, {'value': 'A tower containing five bells . The tower has set back buttresses and two arch bell openings with tracery . The tower is crowned by a parapet with blank arcading , and square pinnacles , it also has a slightly higher stair turret . The late Victorian chancel of 1897 is in the decorated style . Inside the church is a screen attributed to Pugin , although Pevsner is of the opinion the architect is probably Pugin the younger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buttresses', 'summary': 'A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall . Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings , as a means of providing support to act against the lateral ( sideways ) forces arising out of the roof structures that lack adequate bracing . The term counterfort can be synonymous with buttress , and is often used when referring to dams , retaining walls and other structures holding back earth . Early examples of buttresses are found on the Eanna Temple ( ancient Uruk ) , dating to as early as the 4th millennium BCE . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Turret', 'summary': 'In architecture , a turret ( from Italian : torretta , little tower ; Latin : turris , tower ) is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle . Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification . As their military use faded , turrets were used for decorative purposes , as in the Scottish baronial style . A turret can have a circular top with crenelations as seen in the picture at right , a pointed roof , or other kind of apex . It might contain a staircase if it projects higher than the building ; however , a turret is not necessarily higher than the rest of the building ; in this case , it is typically part of a room , that can be simply walked into - see the turret of Chateau de Chaumont on the collection of turrets , which also illustrates a turret on a modern skyscraper . A building may have both towers and turrets ; turrets might be smaller or higher but turrets instead project from the edge of a building rather than continue to the ground . The size of a turret is therefore limited , since it puts additional stresses on the structure of the building . Turrets were traditionally supported by a corbel . In modern times , a gun turret is a weapon mount that houses the crew or mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon , allowing the weapon to be aimed and fired in some degree of azimuth and elevation . It can be found on warships , combat vehicles , military aircraft , and land fortifications , and usually offers some degree of armour or protection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pugin', 'summary': 'Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ( /ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin ; 1 March 1812 - 14 September 1852 ) was an English architect , designer , artist and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture . His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster , London , England , and its iconic clock tower , later renamed the Elizabeth Tower , which houses the bell known as Big Ben . Pugin designed many churches in England , and some in Ireland and Australia . He was the son of Auguste Pugin , and the father of Edward Welby Pugin and Peter Paul Pugin , who continued his architectural firm as Pugin & Pugin . He also created Alton Castle in Alton , Staffordshire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner', 'summary': 'Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA ( 30 January 1902 - 18 August 1983 ) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides , The Buildings of England ( 1951-74 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Augustus_Pugin', 'summary': 'Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ( /ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin ; 1 March 1812 - 14 September 1852 ) was an English architect , designer , artist and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture . His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster , London , England , and its iconic clock tower , later renamed the Elizabeth Tower , which houses the bell known as Big Ben . Pugin designed many churches in England , and some in Ireland and Australia . He was the son of Auguste Pugin , and the father of Edward Welby Pugin and Peter Paul Pugin , who continued his architectural firm as Pugin & Pugin . He also created Alton Castle in Alton , Staffordshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Cloford', 'summary': 'The Church of St Mary in Cloford , Wanstrow , Somerset , England was built in the 15th century . It is a Grade II* listed building .'}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c . 1505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloford 51°11′40″N 2°23′34″W / 51.1944°N 2.3929°W / 51.1944 ; -2.3929 ( Church of St Mary , Cloford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloford', 'summary': 'Wanstrow is a village and civil parish 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south west of Frome in the Mendip district of Somerset , England . The parish includes the village of Cloford .'}]}, {'value': 'Norman church dates from the 15th century and was rebuilt in 1856', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_architecture', 'summary': 'The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries . In particular the term is traditionally used for English Romanesque architecture . The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps , and at the same time monasteries , abbeys , churches and cathedrals , in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded arches ( particularly over windows and doorways ) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of St Thomas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c . 1497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pylle 51°08′39″N 2°33′50″W / 51.1443°N 2.564°W / 51.1443 ; -2.564 ( Church of St Thomas , Pylle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pylle', 'summary': 'Pylle is a village and civil parish 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south west of Shepton Mallet , and 7 miles ( 11.3 km ) from Wells , in the Mendip district of Somerset , England . It has a population of 160 . The parish includes the hamlet of Street on the Fosse . The village is very close to the site of the Glastonbury Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Rebuilt in 1868 for the Portman family , but a 15th-century tower from the earlier church remains', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other Somerset towers', 'section_text': 'Poyntz Wright also uses his systematics to date some small towers : Nempnett Thrubwell at around 1468 ; Chew Stoke about 1475 ; West Pennard at about 1482 ; Charlton Musgrove at perhaps around 1490 ; Pylle at about 1497 ; Cloford after 1500 . He also pegs three of the smaller towers in the western part of Somerset : Combe Florey about 1499 ; Fivehead , around 1505 ; and Langford Budville , 1509 . The end of the Perpendicular period in architecture coincides with construction of Ruishton , 1533 ; Chedzoy , 1539 ; and Batcombe and Chewton Mendip , around 1540 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Somerset_towers_12', 'intro': "The Somerset towers, church towers built in the 14th to 16th centuries, have been described as among England's finest contributions to medieval art. The paragraphs and descriptions below describe features of some of these towers. The organization follows Peter Poyntz-Wright's scheme for grouping the towers by what he understands to be roughly the date and group of mason-architects who built them. Poyntz-Wright's scheme came under criticism in the 1980s."}
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What river is located near the village that is home to the most recently built Somerset tower ?
River Alham
097282ab5eaf8310
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_improvisational_theatre_companies', 'title': 'List of improvisational theatre companies', 'header': ['Name', 'Group Level', 'Improv Type', 'Location', 'Date Established'], 'data': [{'value': 'Yours Truly Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yours_Truly_Theatre,_Bangalore', 'summary': "Yours Truly Theatre is an improvisational and interactive theatre group established in 2003 and based in Bangalore , India . It is currently run by Nandini Rao who is also the co-founder and Artistic Director of the group . In 2012 the group performed & conducted theatre workshop across Europe right from Edinburgh fringe theatre festival , European Theatre festival , Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan , London to The Hague - Netherlands , Zurich - Switzerland , Berlin - Germany , Paris - France ending the tour at Milano - Italy . The group was featured on BBC & PRI 'S The World & Nandini Rao was also selected as the finalist of YCE - Young Creative Entrepreneur Award by British Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangalore , India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangalore', 'summary': "Bangalore , officially known as Bengaluru ( [ ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of over ten million , making it a megacity and the third-most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India , on the Deccan Plateau at an elevation of over 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) above sea level , which is the highest among India 's major cities . Its multi-ethnic , multi-religious , and cosmopolitan character is reflected by its more than 1000 Hindu temples , 400 mosques , 100 churches , 40 Jain Basadis , three Sikh gurdwaras , two Buddhist viharas and one Parsi fire temple located in an area of 741 km² of the metropolis . The religious places are further represented by the proposed Chabad of the Jewish community . The numerous Bahá'ís have a society called the Bahá ' í Centre . In 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā - a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire - established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bengaluru and its oldest areas , or petes , which exist to the present day . After the fall of Vijayanagar empire in 16th century , the Mughals sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar ( 1673-1704 ) , the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees . When Haider Ali seized control of the Kingdom of Mysore , the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands . It was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India ."}, {'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Improv Bandits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Improv_Bandits', 'summary': "The Improv Bandits are an improvisational theatre group in Auckland , New Zealand . They have performed with renowned improvisors Wayne Brady and Colin Mochrie , as well as voice actor Dan Castellaneta . The Improv Bandits were formed by Wade Jackson , and have been described in the New Zealand Herald as one of New Zealand 's most successful comedy ventures ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Court Jesters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Court_Jesters', 'summary': 'The Court Jesters is a professional improv company founded in 1989 and based in Christchurch , New Zealand . It is a subsidiary of The Court Theatre professional theatre company , acting as a second company within the theatre . The group provide entertainment for corporate and private clients , run weekly community improv workshops and an annual Theatresports competition for high schools , as well as performing their own twice-weekly improv comedy show , Scared Scriptless .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christchurch , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christchurch', 'summary': "Christchurch ( /ˈkraɪstʃɜːrtʃ/ ; Māori : Ōtautahi ) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region . The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Island 's east coast , just north of Banks Peninsula . The urban area is home to 377,200 residents , and the territorial authority has 385,500 people , which makes it the second-most populous city in New Zealand after Auckland and before Wellington . The Avon River flows through the centre of the city , with an urban park located along its banks . Archaeological evidence has indicated that people first settled in the Christchurch area in about 1250 . Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856 , making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand . The Canterbury Association , which settled the Canterbury Plains , named the city after Christ Church , Oxford . The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square ; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area , except for the Pacific to the east and the Port Hills to the south . Agriculture is the historic mainstay of Christchurch 's economy . The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city 's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries . Christchurch is one of five 'gateway cities ' for Antarctic exploration , hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations . The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012 , with the most destructive of them occurring at 12.51 p.m. on Tuesday , 22 February 2011 , in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city collapsed or suffered severe damage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wellington Improvisation Troupe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_Improvisation_Troupe', 'summary': 'The Wellington Improvisation Troupe ( WIT ) is a not-for-profit , community-based improvisational theatre group in Wellington , New Zealand . It is run by a committee elected by and from its forty to sixty active members . WIT performs both long and short-form improvisation .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wellington , New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boom Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boom_Chicago', 'summary': "Boom Chicago is an international creative group , based in Amsterdam , The Netherlands , that writes and performs sketch and improvisational comedy at the Rozentheater . The group was founded in 1993 by Americans Andrew Moskos , Pep Rosenfeld and Ken Schaefle , who named it after their hometown and the home of improvisation . In 1994 , they moved from the Iboya on the Korte Leidsedwarsstraat to the Lijnbaansgracht in the space that later became the Sugar Factory and Lovelee . In 1998 , they took over and restored the Leidseplein Theater in the city 's theater and club district . In 2012 , the comedy show moved to their more spacious home on the Rozengracht , while the Chicago Social Club remains at the Leidseplein . Today the group performs their own shows or hosts outside productions at the Rozentheater . The venue with two theaters also houses Boom Chicago for Business and their training arm , the Boom Chicago Academy . Boom Chicago addresses Dutch , American and world social and political issues like privacy , the role of technology , Europe , the extreme right , Pim Fortuyn , 9/11 , social media and the gig economy . Their unique mixing of comedy styles combined with technology has been popular with audiences and critics alike . 2019 's The Future is Here . And it is Slightly Annoying uses AI to program a robot to improvise with the cast on stage . They were the creative forces behind Comedy Central News ( CCN ) , a news show on the Dutch Comedy Central TV for two seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amsterdam , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amsterdam', 'summary': "Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IGLU Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IGLU_Theatre', 'summary': 'IGLU Theatre ( based on acronyme in Slovene language Impro Gledališče Ljubljana ) is a Slovenian improvisational theatre , located in Ljubljana , capital city of Slovenia , and founded by younger generation of impro performers Vid Sodnik , Juš Milčinski , and Peter Frankl Jr . Participating in the most notable theatresports championship in Slovenia , Impro League , they have won it four times as members of various teams and hold numerous titles for the best improviser in Slovenia . As a team they were also winners of the Impro League 2013/14 season . They are members of European impro association Ohana .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ljubljana , Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ljubljana', 'summary': 'Ljubljana ( UK : /ˌljuːbˈljɑːnə , ˌlʊbliˈɑːnə/ , US : /ˌljuːbliˈɑːnə , liˌuː-/ , Slovene : [ ljuˈbljàːna ] ( listen ) , locally also [ luˈblàːna ] ; also known by other historical names ) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia . It has been the cultural , educational , economic , political , and administrative centre of independent Slovenia since 1991 . During antiquity , a Roman city called Emona stood in the area . Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century . Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region , it was the historical capital of Carniola , one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg Monarchy . It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 . After World War II , Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narobov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narobov', 'summary': 'Kolektiv Narobov is a performing arts collective from Ljubljana , Slovenia . In their very beginnings , the members of the collective have been trained in the Northamerican style of theatre improvisation , influenced by some of its most notable practitioners , such as Keith Johnstone , Del Close , Ruth Zaporah , Randy Dixon , and others . However , ever since they have been developing their unique approach to improvisation , combining theatre improvisation techniques with the influences of physical theatre , contemporary dance and clowning . Kolektiv Narobov has made significant steps in applying the principles of spontaneous composition and live interaction with the audience , as done in theatre improvisation , into various other styles and media . These range from experimental theatre , clown and cabaret pieces to site-specific performances and radio plays , all the way to film . Since the founding of the collective in 2004 , Kolektiv Narobov has reached international acclaim , touring , guest-performing and teaching all across Europe , Canada and the United States . In 2013 , Kolektiv Narobov has joined Zavod Federacija Ljubljana , a big network of Slovenian artists who offer each other organisational , artistic and production support .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatresports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theatresports', 'summary': "Theatresports is a form of improvisational theatre , which uses the format of a competition for dramatic effect . Opposing teams can perform scenes based on audience suggestions , with ratings by the audience or by a panel of judges . Developed by director Keith Johnstone in Calgary , Alberta , in 1977 , the concept of Theatresports originated in Johnstone 's observations of techniques used in professional wrestling to generate heat , or audience reaction . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Ljubljana , Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ljubljana', 'summary': 'Ljubljana ( UK : /ˌljuːbˈljɑːnə , ˌlʊbliˈɑːnə/ , US : /ˌljuːbliˈɑːnə , liˌuː-/ , Slovene : [ ljuˈbljàːna ] ( listen ) , locally also [ luˈblàːna ] ; also known by other historical names ) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia . It has been the cultural , educational , economic , political , and administrative centre of independent Slovenia since 1991 . During antiquity , a Roman city called Emona stood in the area . Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century . Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region , it was the historical capital of Carniola , one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg Monarchy . It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 . After World War II , Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Improvvisart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lecce , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lecce', 'summary': "Lecce ( US : /ˈlɛtʃeɪ , ˈleɪtʃeɪ/ , Italian : [ ˈlettʃe ] ( listen ) , locally [ ˈlɛttʃe ] ; Salentino : Lècce ; Griko : Luppìu ; Latin : Lupiae ; Ancient Greek : Λουπίαι , romanized : Loupíai ) is a historic city of 95,766 inhabitants ( 2015 ) in southern Italy , the capital of the province of Lecce , the second province in the region by population , as well as one of the most important cities of Apulia . It is the main city of the Salentine Peninsula , a sub-peninsula at the heel of the Italian Peninsula and is over 2,000 years old . Because of the rich Baroque architectural monuments found in the city , Lecce is commonly nicknamed The Florence of the South . The city also has a long traditional affinity with Greek culture going back to its foundation ; the Messapians who founded the city are said to have been Cretans in Greek records . To this day , in the Grecìa Salentina , a group of towns not far from Lecce , the griko language is still spoken . In terms of industry , the Lecce stone - a particular kind of limestone - is one of the city 's main exports , because it is very soft and workable , thus suitable for sculptures . Lecce is also an important agricultural centre , chiefly for its olive oil and wine production , as well as an industrial centre specializing in ceramic production ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo Comedy Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Comedy_Store', 'summary': 'The Tokyo Comedy Store ( TCS ) is an English-language comedy show held in central Tokyo , Japan , which features stand-up comedians and improvised comedy . The Tokyo Comedy Store was founded in 1994 as the Tokyo Comedy Club by Kevin Burns . Burns gathered together stand-up comics and a hypnotist by placing many ads in the Tokyo Classifieds ( now called The Metropolis ) , calling for performers . The first show was held at the Tokyo American Club , and the second at the British Club in Ebisu , Tokyo . Roughly around the same time a separate group called the Tokyo Cynics started an all stand-up comedy show in the Takadanobaba area at a bar called The Fiddler . By about 1998 , Burns was no longer involved , and from that time up until the mid-2000s the group was run first by Nick Abrahams , then Michael Naishtut , who had been independently performing improv comedy in Tokyo , and Chris Wells , one of the founding members of TCS . Naishtut was also hosting the Tokyo Cynics shows , and the two groups were effectively merged . Around the same time , the name was changed to the Tokyo Comedy Store . Since then , the Tokyo Comedy Store has held multiple shows every month at various venues . Venues come and go , and so over the year shows have come and gone , or moved locations , but there were usually between three and six shows running at any one time . Other shows around Tokyo had been organized by Dave Gutteridge , who since the early 2000s had been a show runner , performer , and administrator of the website . Some shows involved stand-up , some involved improv , and some involved both .'}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul City Improv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_City_Improv', 'summary': "Seoul City Improv ( SCI ) is a theater company and improvisational comedy troupe located in Seoul , South Korea . Founded in 2007 , in Seoul 's Itaewon neighborhood by an international group of actors and creatives it known to be Korea 's oldest English-language improv group and has since grown to perform all around the world , including Taiwan , Tokyo , Hong Kong , USA , Canada and more ."}]}, {'value': 'Professional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul , South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Improvisational theatre companies in other countries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_improvisational_theatre_companies_3', 'intro': "Improvisational theatre companies, also known as improv troupes or improv groups, are the primary practitioners of improvisational theater. Modern companies exist around the world and at a range of skill levels. Most groups make little or no money, while a few, well-established groups are profitable. Although improvisational theater has existed in some form or another since the 16th century, modern improv began with the teachings of Viola Spolin in Chicago, Illinois, USA and Keith Johnstone during the 1940-50s in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Spolin's teachings led to the creation of The Compass Players, the first modern improvisational theater company, in 1955. The presence of The Compass Players, The Second City, and ImprovOlympic in Chicago created a strength in the form within the city that continues to this day. New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Toronto are other major hubs of improvisational theater in the North America. Many companies host improvisational theatre festivals or give improvisational theatre classes. Professional groups often perform a regular stage show acted by the most senior members. Along with this, they host house improv teams made up of improv students or graduates from their classes. In the past decade, professional improvisational theater groups have gradually started working more with corporate clients, using improvisational games to improve productivity and communication in the workplace. Major Professional companies have branches in more than one city, have touring groups, and/or host large-scale improvisational comedy schools."}
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How many times has the improv theater founded in Ljubljana , Slovenia in 2013 won the Impro League ?
four
0973f63b509e90f9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Francophone_Album_of_the_Year', 'title': 'Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner ( s )', 'Album', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1992', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1992 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 29 March 1992 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Rick Moranis was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television from 9 pm Eastern . Nominations were announced 12 February 1992 . Bryan Adams was nominated in 7 categories to set a Juno record , while Tom Cochrane received nominations in 6 . Adams sparked controversy in the Canadian music industry several months earlier when he openly criticised Canadian content regulations when his album project , Waking Up the Neighbours , was disqualified as Canadian for radio airplay purposes . That album was created largely with the help of non-Canadian producer Robert John Mutt Lange , therefore the songs fell below the legal Canadian content threshold . However , Adams qualified for the 1992 Juno nominations as an individual Canadian citizen . The 1992 Juno Awards thus became viewed as a showdown between Adams and Tom Cochrane , as the latter met Canadian content requirements . When all the 1992 Juno Awards were presented , Tom Cochrane was the major winner with 4 Junos , compared to 3 for Adams . 1992 's awards also featured an unprecedented three-way tie for winners in the Best Jazz Album category ."}]}, {'value': 'Luc de Larochellière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_de_Larochellière', 'summary': 'Luc De Larochellière ( born 27 April 1966 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Quebec .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauvez mon âme', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Album du peuple - Tome 1 - François Pérusse Kathleen - Kathleen Snob - Les B.B . Vilain Pingouin - Vilain Pingouin", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Album_du_peuple_–_Tome_1", 'summary': "L'Album du peuple - Tome 1 is the first comedy album from François Pérusse . He received a Félix award for his work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/François_Pérusse', 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_(singer)', 'summary': "Kathleen Sergerie , known professionally as Kathleen , is a Canadian pop singer from Quebec , who records only under her first name . She released several albums and scored hits on the Canadian charts in the early 1990s with songs such as Où aller and Ça va bien ! Her 1993 album Ça va bien ! was written and produced by Jean-Pierre Isaac . As of 2006 , she joined with the Ville Émard Blues Band and performed in Montreal . Although she has not released a solo album since 1996 , she told the newspaper L'Avantage gaspésien in 2017 that she was beginning work on her fourth album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_B.B.', 'summary': "Les B.B . ( pronounced leh beh beh ) was a Canadian band from the province of Quebec . It had great success in the 1980s and the early 1990s . It is made up of Patrick Bourgeois ( vocals , guitar , bass ) , Alain Lapointe ( keyboards , guitar , bass and backing vocals ) and François Jean ( drums ) . Bourgeois was the main songwriter for the band 's releases , but he died in November 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vilain_Pingouin', 'summary': 'Vilain Pingouin is a rock band from Quebec , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1993', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1993 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 21 March 1993 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Celine Dion was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television at 8 pm Toronto time . This year , all performers at the ceremonies would be Canadians , in contrast to some ceremonies in previous years . Nominations were announced 9 February 1993 . Celine Dion received 7 nominations , tying the record set by Bryan Adams at the 1992 awards . Bryan Adams and Tom Cochrane were prominent male nominees this year ."}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': 'Dion chante Plamondon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dion_chante_Plamondon', 'summary': 'Dion chante Plamondon ( meaning Dion Sings Plamondon ) is the tenth studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion . It was originally released on 4 November 1991 by Columbia Records and features French-language songs with words written by French-Canadian lyricist , Luc Plamondon . In Francophone countries in Europe , the album was renamed Des mots qui sonnent , meaning Words That Resonate . It includes French hit song , Un garçon pas comme les autres ( Ziggy ) . Dion chante Plamondon won the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year and Félix Award for Best Selling Album of the Year . It topped the chart in Quebec and reached number four in France .'}]}, {'value': 'Quand on se donne - Francis Martin À contre-jour - Julie Masse Aux portes du matin - Richard Séguin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Martin_(musician)', 'summary': 'Francis Martin Lavergne ( born August 28 , 1968 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian musician and author . He has recorded and performed under the stage names Francis Martin and , as of 2011 , Kaya ; under the latter name and as James K. Field , he has also published several works of spiritual literature .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Masse', 'summary': 'Julie Masse ( born June 3 , 1970 ) is a Canadian pop singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Séguin', 'summary': "Richard Séguin ( born March 27 , 1952 in Pointe-aux-Trembles , Québec ) is a Québécois songwriter , musician and singer . His music career began in the 1970s with the duo Les Séguin , with his twin sister Marie-Claire . The duo achieved considerable popular success in Québec . Their folk reprise of Felix Leclerc 's Le train du nord enjoyed huge radio play and record sales , along with other titles . Richard Séguin has led a solo career since 1979 , frequently collaborating with his sister Marie Claire on many of her own solo albums . Séguin has received several prizes , including Felix Awards from the Québec music industry association ADISQ . Some of his albums were certified platinum ( sales of over 100 000 copies ) . [ clarification needed ] Séguin 's songwriting features a delicately intertwined tapestry of blues , folk and rock music influences , feeding from the works of many musicians from Québec and abroad , a reflection of the artist 's wide-open range of inspiration . Séguin 's lyrics abound with powerful , striking metaphors , illustrating how power relationships not only modify social structures , but personal life as well . A few of his songs have been translated and recorded in English by Gary U.S. Bonds . In addition to his lifelong involvement in songwriting , Séguin has also developed considerable skills as a visual artist . His wood engravings borrow altogether from traditional Québec folk art , Native American Art , German Expressionism and Arte Povera ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1994', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1994 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 20 March 1994 in Toronto at a ceremony in the O'Keefe Centre . Roch Voisine was the host for the ceremonies , which were taped that afternoon for broadcast that evening on CBC Television . Nominations were announced 8 February 1994 . Starting in 1994 , the Best New Solo Artist combined the former Most Promising Male and Female Vocalist categories . Reggae also received its own category , after years of being included under banners such as world beat or mixed with calypso . A new category for aboriginal music was also introduced and was awarded by Robbie Robertson . The award faced controversy after nominee Sazacha Red Sky was accused of cultural appropriation by Leonard George son of Chief Dan George , the alleged writer of the song that has since been registered as Public Domain , because she was not personally a member of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation and according to Leonard George did not have the right to record it under their cultural traditions . His son Leonard George sought a legal injunction to prevent the award from being presented at the Juno Awards ceremony at all , and a final compromise revising Red Sky 's nomination to reflect the album instead of the song was announced on the morning of the ceremony . Around the time of the 1994 ceremonies , there were plans to host the 1995 ceremonies in Winnipeg . However , Juno organisers CARAS was demanding substantial funding from the Winnipeg committee attempting to host the awards . Atlantic group The Rankin Family was the major winner in 1994 , winning awards in four categories including Entertainer of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'François Pérusse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Pérusse', 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}]}, {'value': "L'Album du peuple - Tome 2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Album_du_peuple_–_Tome_2", 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ça va bien - Kathleen Corridors - Laurence Jalbert Pelchat - Mario Pelchat Europe Tour - Roch Voisine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_(singer)', 'summary': "Kathleen Sergerie , known professionally as Kathleen , is a Canadian pop singer from Quebec , who records only under her first name . She released several albums and scored hits on the Canadian charts in the early 1990s with songs such as Où aller and Ça va bien ! Her 1993 album Ça va bien ! was written and produced by Jean-Pierre Isaac . As of 2006 , she joined with the Ville Émard Blues Band and performed in Montreal . Although she has not released a solo album since 1996 , she told the newspaper L'Avantage gaspésien in 2017 that she was beginning work on her fourth album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurence_Jalbert', 'summary': 'Laurence Jalbert ( born Lise Jalbert , 18 August 1959 in Rivière-au-Renard , Quebec ) is a pop and rock singer-songwriter from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Pelchat', 'summary': 'Mario Pelchat ( born 1 February 1964 ) is a Canadian Francophone singer from Quebec . He received the Felix Award in 1990 and 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe_Tour', 'summary': 'Europe Tour is a 1992 album by Canadian singer Roch Voisine containing some of his best live performances in Europe with 22 of his hits , 18 in French and 4 in English . The album was successful on the chart . In France , the album spawned a sole single : La légende Oochigeas , which was released in live version and hit number four on the singles chart and remained in the top 50 for 20 weeks . Europe Tour debuted at # 15 on 21 October 1992 on the SNEP Albums Chart and had a peak at number two seven weeks later . It totaled ten weeks in the top ten and 20 weeks in the top 50 . In 1993 , the album was certified Platinum disc for over 300,000 copies sold .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roch_Voisine', 'summary': 'Joseph Armand Roch Voisine , OC ONB ( born 26 March 1963 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter , actor , and radio and television host who lives in Montreal , Quebec and Paris , France . He writes and performs material in both English and French . He won the Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year in 1994 . In 1997 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1995', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1995 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 26 March 1995 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Mary Walsh , Rick Mercer and other regulars of the television series This Hour Has 22 Minutes were the hosts for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television . Almost 10,000 people were in attendance , and over 6,500 public tickets were sold . Nominees were announced on 1 February 1995 . Susan Aglukark and Jann Arden were among the prominent nominees this year . Vancouver rock band 54-40 's album Smilin ' Buddha Cabaret was accidentally left off the nomination list for Best Alternative Album ; after realizing the error , the Academy decided to add them to the category , and rather than remove another band 's album simply widened the category to six nominees . Leonard Rambeau , the long-time manager of Anne Murray , received a special lifetime achievement award ; Rambeau died later that year of cancer ."}]}, {'value': 'Roch Voisine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roch_Voisine', 'summary': 'Joseph Armand Roch Voisine , OC ONB ( born 26 March 1963 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter , actor , and radio and television host who lives in Montreal , Quebec and Paris , France . He writes and performs material in both English and French . He won the Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year in 1994 . In 1997 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Coup de tête', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coup_de_tête_(album)', 'summary': 'Coup de tête is a 1994 French language album by Canadian singer Roch Voisine . It includes the hit singles Laisse-la rêver and Jean Johnny Jean .'}]}, {'value': "Obsession - Éric Lapointe Déchaînée - France d'Amour Johanne Blouin chante Noel - Johanne Blouin Y - Lynda Lemay", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Lapointe_(singer)', 'summary': "Éric Lapointe ( born 28 September 1969 ) is a francophone lead singer and guitarist for his eponymous band . His band is characterized by a heavy metal style containing elements of punk , grunge , pop and hard rock from guitarist Stéphane Dufour 's riffs . Lapointe has released eight studio albums , three compilation albums , and two live albums . He is currently the most successful male music artist in French Canadian history in terms of sales , having sold more than one million total discs . [ citation needed ] He has also made appearances on film ."}, {'url': "/wiki/France_d'Amour", 'summary': "France Rochon ( born 30 March 1967 in Mont-Rolland , Sainte-Adèle , Quebec , Canada ) , better known as France D'Amour , is a French Canadian singer songwriter from Quebec . She studied music at Collège Lionel-Groulx in Sainte-Thérèse , Quebec specialising in jazz and playing guitar . Later , she was part of various musical formations , notably U-Bahn , The Answer and France . In 1992 , she gained great fame with her debut album Animal that was certified gold in Quebec . In 2002 , she had success in France as well through her collaboration with Jean-Jacques Goldman , who co-wrote the album with his team ( Robert Goldman , Jacques Veneruso , Christophe Battaglia , Erick Benzi and Gildas Arzel ) . She has also appeared on stage and in film . In 1998 , she played the role of Esmeralda in a French tour version of the musical comedy Notre-Dame-de-Paris . She also appeared in a secondary role in the film Les Boys 3 as well as in the film 's soundtrack . France d'Amour has a son , François , born in 1988 . In April 2011 , she also confirmed during a popular talk programme on Quebec television Tout le monde en parle that she followed the Church of Scientology for almost 20 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johanne_Blouin', 'summary': 'Johanne Blouin ( born September 19 , 1955 ) , is a Canadian singer-songwriter . She won the Félix Award twice for her albums Merci Félix ( 1988 ) and Johanne Blouin ( 1989 ) . Blouin was born in Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1996', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 1996 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 10 March 1996 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Anne Murray was the host for the ceremonies , which were broadcast on CBC Television . Quebec-based independent classical label Analekta Records boycotted the Junos after failing to receive a Juno nomination after attempts for five years . Analekta claimed its sales were twice that of CBC Records . Several record stores such as CD Plus , HMV , Sunrise and Music World also intended to boycott the Junos because competing music retailer Columbia House had signed on as a Juno advertiser . Nominations were announced 31 January 1996 . Prominent nominees were Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain who had recent internationally successful albums who both won Grammy Awards on 28 February 1996 . Alanis Morissette won in five Juno categories , becoming this year 's major winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': "D'eux", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/D'eux", 'summary': "D'eux ( French for Of Them , About Them , or From Them ; homophonic with deux [ dø ] , meaning two ) is the third French-language studio album on a major label by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released by Columbia Records on 30 March 1995 in Canada and on 3 April 1995 in France . It was issued in other countries in the following months . In the United States , it was released under the title The French Album . D'eux was preceded by the lead hit single , Pour que tu m'aimes encore . The album was mainly written and produced by French singer-songwriter , Jean-Jacques Goldman . It garnered favorable reviews from music critics and became the best-selling French-language album of all time , with sales of over ten million copies worldwide ."}]}, {'value': "Beau Dommage - Beau Dommage Carpe diem - Lara Fabian C'est la vie - Mario Pelchat Bohémienne - Marjo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beau_Dommage', 'summary': "Beau Dommage is a rock band from Montreal , Quebec , Canada , who achieved popular success in Quebec and France in the 1970s . The group 's style included rich vocal harmonies and elements borrowed from folk and country music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carpe_diem_(Lara_Fabian_album)', 'summary': "Carpe diem is Lara Fabian 's second French album released in 1994 . The album sold more than 250,000 copies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lara_Fabian', 'summary': 'Lara Sophie Katy Crokaert ( born 9 January 1970 ) , better known as Lara Fabian , is a Canadian-Belgian singer , songwriter , musician , actress and producer . She has sold over 20 million records worldwide as of September 2017 and is one of the best-selling Belgian artists of all time . She was born in Etterbeek , Brussels to a Belgian father and a Sicilian mother . Since 1996 she holds a Canadian citizenship alongside her original Belgian citizenship . As of 2015 she lived in Walloon Brabant province in Belgium just outside Brussels . She has since moved back to Montreal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Pelchat', 'summary': 'Mario Pelchat ( born 1 February 1964 ) is a Canadian Francophone singer from Quebec . He received the Felix Award in 1990 and 1992 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marjo', 'summary': 'Marjolène Morin ( born 2 August 1953 ) , professionally known as Marjo , is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Quebec .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1997', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1997 , representing Canadian music industry achievements of the previous year , were awarded on 9 March 1997 in Hamilton , Ontario at a ceremony in the Copps Coliseum . Jann Arden was host for the major ceremonies which were broadcast on CBC Television . Nominations were announced on 29 January 1997 . Major winners were Celine Dion and The Tragically Hip .'}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': 'Live à Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Live_à_Paris', 'summary': "Live à Paris ( meaning Live in Paris ) is the third live album by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released on 21 October 1996 by Columbia Records . It features primarily French-language songs , mainly from D'eux ( 1995 ) , but also includes The Power of Love , River Deep , Mountain High and a studio version of To Love You More as a bonus track . Live à Paris topped the charts in France , Belgium , Switzerland and Quebec , and was certified 2× Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , denoting sales of over two million copies in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Quatre saisons dans le désordre - Daniel Bélanger Pure - Lara Fabian Luce Dufault - Luce Dufault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quatre_saisons_dans_le_désordre', 'summary': 'Quatre saisons dans le désordre ( free English translation : Four Seasons Unsorted ) is the second album by Québécois singer and musician Daniel Bélanger . It was released by Audiogram on May 12 , 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Bélanger', 'summary': 'Daniel Bélanger ( born December 26 , 1961 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter . His music is eclectic , inspired by alternative rock , folk and electronic music , sometimes humorous , sometimes wistful .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pure_(Lara_Fabian_album)', 'summary': "Lara Fabian 's third studio album Pure , was a three million-selling album , which reached Diamond status in France , from which came the anti-homophobia anthem La Différence . The album went platinum in less than two weeks . Lara again was bestowed with awards , being awarded a Félix Award for Popular Album Of The Year at the 1997 ADISQ gala and was also nominated for two Juno Awards of 1997 in the Best Female Singer and Best Selling French Album categories . Pure has become one of the best-selling French-language albums of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lara_Fabian', 'summary': 'Lara Sophie Katy Crokaert ( born 9 January 1970 ) , better known as Lara Fabian , is a Canadian-Belgian singer , songwriter , musician , actress and producer . She has sold over 20 million records worldwide as of September 2017 and is one of the best-selling Belgian artists of all time . She was born in Etterbeek , Brussels to a Belgian father and a Sicilian mother . Since 1996 she holds a Canadian citizenship alongside her original Belgian citizenship . As of 2015 she lived in Walloon Brabant province in Belgium just outside Brussels . She has since moved back to Montreal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luce_Dufault', 'summary': "Luce Dufault ( born August 19 , 1966 in Orleans , Ontario ) is a Canadian singer . She is of French descent . She played in two musicals from Luc Plamondon , La Légende de Jimmy and Starmania . She recorded a few hits including Soirs de scotch , Au delà des mots and Ce qu'il reste de nous . In March 2019 , she was one of 11 singers from Quebec , alongside Ginette Reno , Diane Dufresne , Céline Dion , Isabelle Boulay , Louise Forestier , Laurence Jalbert , Catherine Major , Ariane Moffatt , Marie Denise Pelletier and Marie-Élaine Thibert , who participated in a supergroup recording of Renée Claude 's 1971 single Tu trouveras la paix after Claude 's diagnosis with Alzheimer 's disease was announced ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1998', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1998 were presented in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The primary ceremonies at GM Place before an audience of 10 000 on 22 March 1998 . Actor Jason Priestley of the television series Beverly Hills , 90210 hosted these ceremonies which were televised by CBC . A backstage internet telecast was also introduced for this year . Performers included Jann Arden , Econoline Crush , Leahy , Sarah McLachlan , Ron Sexsmith , and Shania Twain . Nominations were announced on 11 February 1998 . The previously combined Blues/Gospel category became separate Best Blues Album and Best Gospel Album categories as of this year . The Canadian Music Hall of Fame welcomed David Foster as its 1998 inductee .'}]}, {'value': 'Marie-Michèle Desrosiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie-Michèle_Desrosiers', 'summary': "Marie-Michèle Desrosiers ( born March 6 , 1950 ) is a Canadian pop and rock singer from Quebec . She is most noted as a former member of the influential rock group Beau Dommage , and for her album Marie Michèle Desrosiers chante les classiques de Noël , which won the Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1998 . Desrosiers studied piano at Collège Lionel-Groulx and acting at the National Theatre School of Canada before joining Beau Dommage as a singer and keyboardist . She appeared on all of the band 's four albums during its original run in the 1970s ; on Passagers , she received her first songwriting credit for Le Coeur endormi . Following the band 's breakup in the late 1970s , Desrosiers pursued a solo career , releasing her self-titled debut album in 1980 . She released a second album , Plus fort , in 1983 before participating in Beau Dommage 's 1984 reunion concert . She followed up in 1985 with Aimer pour aimer , and recorded vocals for François Dompierre 's soundtrack to the 1985 film The Alley Cat ( Le Matou ) . Throughout this time she also took a number of acting roles , predominantly in stage and musical theatre . She participated in the recording of Beau Dommage 's reunion album in 1994 . She released Marie Michèle Desrosiers chante les classiques de Noël , her first album of Christmas music , in November 1996 . Her most commercially successful album , it sold over 100,000 copies in Quebec within just a few weeks of its release . In addition to the album 's Juno Award win , it was a shortlisted finalist for Album of the Year , and Desrosiers for Female Singer of the Year , at the Prix Félix in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marie-Michèle Desrosiers chante les classiques de Noël', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miserere - Bruno Pelletier La force de comprendre - Dubmatique Versions Reno - Ginette Reno Parle pas si forte - Térez Montcalm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Pelletier', 'summary': 'Bruno Pelletier ( born August 7 , 1962 ) is a Québécois singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dubmatique', 'summary': "Dubmatique is a French Canadian hip hop group formed in 1992 in Montreal , Quebec . The group 's original line up consisted of OTMC , DiSoul , and Dj Choice . Dubmatique is often regarded as one of the groups that launched French Canadian Hip Hop , and within this category they are the only group to have an album certified Platinum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ginette_Reno', 'summary': 'Ginette Reno , OC CQ ( born 28 April 1946 ) is a Québécois author , composer , singer , and actress . She has received nominations for the Genie and Gemini Awards and is a multi-recipient of the Juno Award . She is a gold and platinum selling Canadian musician .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Térez_Montcalm', 'summary': "Térez Montcalm ( born Thérèse Montcalm in 1963 ) is a Canadian jazz singer and songwriter . She sings and plays acoustic guitar , which she has played since a young age , as well as double bass . She describes herself as a jazz singer with a very 'rock ' attitude . Her influences include Jimi Hendrix , Elvis Presley , and Billie Holiday , and her music has been compared to that of Edith Piaf and Janis Joplin . Her career started in 1981 . During her early years as a musician , she performed as a warm-up act for the Cowboy Junkies . Her first album , Risque , was released in 1994 and she was nominated for five ADISQ awards in 1995 . The tour following the release of the album consisted of over 100 shows in Canada and around Europe . Her second album , Parle Pas Si Fort , was brought out in 1997 and this was followed by an eponymous album in 2002 . In 2006 , she released the album Voodoo , her first sung in the English language . The album achieved a peak position of No . 43 in the French albums chart , and was on the chart for 30 weeks ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_1999', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 1999 honouring Canadian music industry achievements were held in Hamilton , Ontario , Canada . The primary ceremonies at Copps Coliseum on 7 March 1999 were broadcast by CBC Television and hosted by Mike Bullard . Nominations were announced 27 January 1999 from the Glenn Gould Studio in Toronto . CBC technicians under the Communications , Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada were on strike in early 1999 . However , the union chose not to picket the Juno Awards broadcast . Luc Plamondon was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Céline Dion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Céline_Dion', 'summary': "Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ ( /seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ , also UK : /- ˈdiːɒn/ , French : [ selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃ ] , Quebec French : [ - d͡zjɔ̃ ] ; born 30 March 1968 ) is a Canadian singer . Born into a large family from Charlemagne , Quebec , she emerged as a teen star in her homeland with a series of French-language albums during the 1980s . She first gained international recognition by winning both the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival and the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest , where she represented Switzerland . After learning to speak English , she signed on to Epic Records in the United States . In 1990 , Dion released her debut English-language album , Unison , establishing herself as a viable pop artist in North America and other English-speaking areas of the world . During the 1990s , she achieved worldwide fame after releasing several best-selling English albums , such as Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) , which were both certified diamond in the US . She also scored a series of international number-one hits , including The Power of Love , Think Twice , Because You Loved Me , It 's All Coming Back to Me Now , My Heart Will Go On , and I 'm Your Angel . Dion continued releasing French albums between each English record ; D'eux ( 1995 ) became the best-selling French-language album of all time , while S'il suffisait d'aimer ( 1998 ) , Sans attendre ( 2012 ) , and Encore un soir ( 2016 ) , were all certified diamond in France . During the 2000s , she built her reputation as a highly successful live performer with A New Day . in Las Vegas Strip ( 2003-07 ) , which remains the highest-grossing concert residency of all time , as well as the Taking Chances World Tour ( 2008-09 ) , one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time . Dion 's music has been influenced by genres ranging from rock and R & B to gospel and classical . Her recordings are mainly in French and English , although she also sings in Spanish , Italian , German , Latin , Japanese , and Mandarin Chinese ."}]}, {'value': "S'il suffisait d'aimer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/S'il_suffisait_d'aimer", 'summary': "S'il suffisait d'aimer ( retitled S'il suffisait d'aimer ( If Only Love Could Be Enough ) for the US release ) is a French-language studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion , released by Columbia Records on 7 September 1998 . The album was mainly written and produced by French singer-songwriter , Jean-Jacques Goldman . It garnered favorable reviews from music critics and became the second best-selling French-language album of all time , after Dion 's own D'eux ( 1995 ) . It includes three hit singles : Zora sourit , S'il suffisait d'aimer and On ne change pas . S'il suffisait d'aimer won the Juno Award for Best Selling Francophone Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': "Enchantée - Carmen Campagne L'Album du peuple , volume 1 - François Pérusse Grand parleur , petit faiseur - Kevin Parent Lynda Lemay - Lynda Lemay", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Campagne', 'summary': "Carmen Campagne CM ( September 8 , 1959 - July 4 , 2018 ) was a Canadian singer and children 's entertainer . She , along with Connie Kaldor , received a Juno Award at the 1989 Award ceremony in the category Best Children 's Album for Lullaby Berceuse . A Fransaskois from Willow Bunch , Saskatchewan , she was a member of the folk music band Folle Avoine in the 1970s . Her brother Paul Campagne and sisters Suzanne Campagne , Michelle Campagne and Annette Campagne , her bandmates in Folle Avoine , have also continued in music with the folk band Hart-Rouge . In 2013 , she was made a Member of the Order of Canada for her contributions as a singer , songwriter and composer enhancing music for young children and using music in French-language education . Campagne died of cancer at age 58 on July 4 , 2018 , in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts , Quebec ."}, {'url': '/wiki/François_Pérusse', 'summary': "François Pérusse ( born October 8 , 1960 , in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ) is a Québécois comedian and musician famous for his radio sketches featuring puns and absurd humour . His best-known sketches are from the series Les 2 minutes du peuple ( The Peoples ' 2 Minutes ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Parent', 'summary': 'Kevin Parent ( born 12 December 1972 ) is a bilingual Québécois singer-songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2000', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2000 were held in Toronto , Ontario , Canada during the weekend of 11-12 March 2000 . The primary ceremonies were hosted by The Moffatts at the SkyDome ( now Rogers Centre ) on 12 March 2000 and broadcast on CBC Television . This marked the first year that the award ceremonies were divided over two days , with non-televised award categories presented on 11 March . The following award categories were nationally televised :'}]}, {'value': 'La Chicane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Chicane', 'summary': "La Chicane is a Canadian francophone rock band based in Val-d'Or , Quebec . Their sound is described as jazz-rock or lounge rock ."}]}, {'value': 'En catimini', 'urls': []}, {'value': "D'autres rives - Bruno Pelletier Les fourmis - Jean Leloup Live - Lynda Lemay Notre-Dame de Paris , version integrale - various artists", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Pelletier', 'summary': 'Bruno Pelletier ( born August 7 , 1962 ) is a Québécois singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_fourmis', 'summary': 'Les Fourmis ( English : The Ants ) is a 1991 science fiction novel by French writer Bernard Werber . It was released in English as Empire of the Ants . The book sold more than two million copies and has been translated into more than 30 languages . [ citation needed ] It was also taken to video game format . Les Fourmis is the first novel of La Saga des Fourmis trilogy ( also known as La Trilogie des Fourmis ( The Trilogy of the Ants ) , followed by Le Jour des fourmis ( The Day of the Ants , 1992 ) and La Révolution des fourmis ( The Revolution of the Ants , 1996 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Leloup', 'summary': 'Jean Leclerc ( born May 14 , 1961 ) is a Québécois singer-songwriter and author from Sainte-Foy , Quebec , Canada . He is popularly known as Jean Leloup ( which he likes to translate to John the Wolf ) , a stage name he kept using until 2006 , when he temporarily changed his name to Jean Leclerc , only to resurrect his wolf character in August 2008 . He is known for his colourful personality and unique musical style in the francophone rock community .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)', 'summary': 'Notre-Dame de Paris is a sung-through French musical which debuted on 16 September 1998 in Paris . It is based upon the novel Notre-Dame de Paris ( The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ) by the French novelist Victor Hugo . The music was composed by Riccardo Cocciante ( also known as Richard Cocciante ) and the lyrics are by Luc Plamondon . Since its debut , it has been professionally played in Belgium , Canada , China , France , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Poland , Russia , Singapore , South Korea , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Turkey , United Kingdom and United States , and has been translated into eight languages ( English , Spanish , Italian , Russian , Korean , Flemish , Polish , and Kazakh ) . A shorter version in English was performed in 2000 in Las Vegas , Nevada ( United States ) and a full-length London production , also in English , ran for seventeen months . Several songs from the show , such as Vivre , Belle and Le temps des cathédrales , have been released as singles with a huge success in French speaking countries . Notre-Dame de Paris , according to the Guinness Book of Records , had the most successful first year of any musical ever . The score has been recorded at least seven times to date ( 2007 ) : the original French concept album , which featured Israeli singer Achinoam Nini ( aka Noa ) as Esmeralda was followed by a live , complete recording of the original Paris cast . A complete recording of the score in Italian was made , along with a single disc of highlights in Spanish from the Barcelona production . The original London cast album featured several of the original Paris stars , but only preserved a fraction of the score in English .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2001', 'summary': 'The Juno Awards of 2001 were held in Hamilton , Ontario Canada during the weekend of 3-4 March 2001 . The primary ceremonies were hosted by Rick Mercer at Copps Coliseum on 4 March 2001 and broadcast on CBC Television . Performers during the telecast included : Deborah Cox , Nelly Furtado , The Guess Who , Jacksoul , Michie Mee , The Moffatts and Treble Charger . Nominations were announced 24 January 2001 . Nelly Furtado received five nominations and won four of these . The 2001 awards were the last Junos broadcast on CBC Television until 2018 . From 2002 to 2017 , the awards would move to CTV . Up to 2001 , every primary Juno ceremony had been aired on the CBC since the first Juno telecast in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ginette Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginette_Reno', 'summary': 'Ginette Reno , OC CQ ( born 28 April 1946 ) is a Québécois author , composer , singer , and actress . She has received nominations for the Genie and Gemini Awards and is a multi-recipient of the Juno Award . She is a gold and platinum selling Canadian musician .'}]}, {'value': "Un grand Noël d'amour", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Seul - Garou Mieux qu'ici bas - Isabelle Boulay Scènes d'amour - Isabelle Boulay L'Opéra du mendiant - Nicola Ciccone", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seul_(album)', 'summary': 'Seul is the debut album recorded by the Canadian singer Garou . Released in November 2000 , this album was a great success in the francophone countries , reaching the top of the charts in France and Belgium ( Wallonia ) and becoming the best-selling album of 2001 . It contains the hit single Seul which also topped the charts in these countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Garou_(singer)', 'summary': 'Pierre Garand ( born 26 June 1972 ) , known by his stage name Garou ( a diminutive of his last name Garand ) , is a Canadian singer and actor from Sherbrooke , Quebec . He is known for his work in the musical Notre-Dame de Paris ( playing Quasimodo in both the original French and English casts ) and the No . 1 hits Belle , Seul , Sous le vent , and La Rivière de notre enfance . He currently holds the SNEP record for most weeks at No . 1 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Boulay', 'summary': 'Isabelle Boulay , CQ ( born 6 July 1972 ) is a French Canadian singer .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Scènes_d'amour", 'summary': "Scènes d'amour is francophone Canadian pop singer Isabelle Boulay 's first live album , released in 2000 . Most tracks on the album were recorded in 1999 during the Les FrancoFolies de Montréal annual summer festival in Montreal , where she appeared on stage and sang with a host of famous guest stars . Tracks 8-9 were recorded in Studio Piccolo ; the 17th was recorded when Boulay was on tour with Francis Cabrel during the fall of 1999 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Boulay', 'summary': 'Isabelle Boulay , CQ ( born 6 July 1972 ) is a French Canadian singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicola_Ciccone', 'summary': "Nicola Ciccone is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter , novelist and writer of Italian origin , based in Quebec . His songs have been in English , Italian , French , and Spanish . To date , he has released seven albums , nominated for many ADISQ , CRIA and Juno prizes and has authored two novels , L'Étoile enfant and Dans les yeux d'Ophelia and an autobiography Cuore ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2002', 'summary': "The Juno Awards of 2002 were presented in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada during the weekend of 13-14 April 2002 . Nominations were announced 11 February 2002 at a news conference hosted by Mike Bullard . Awards for the secondary categories were presented in a non-televised gala on 13 April . The primary ceremonies were conducted on 14 April at Mile One Stadium and televised by CTV , the first time for the private broadcaster . CBC Television had previously held the broadcast rights for the primary Juno ceremonies . The telecast was hosted by members of Barenaked Ladies and attracted the highest ratings in several years ( approximately 1.4 million viewers ) . Diana Krall won awards three categories based on her album The Look of Love . Nickelback also won three Junos on the strength of their album Silver Side Up , whose recording engineer won an additional Juno . Daniel Lanois was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Parent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Parent', 'summary': 'Kevin Parent ( born 12 December 1972 ) is a bilingual Québécois singer-songwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Les vents ont changé', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Etc ... - Gabrielle Destroismaisons Cordial - La Bottine Souriante Disparu - La Chicane Du coq à l'âme - Lynda Lemay", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Etc...', 'summary': "Et cetera ( English : /ɛtˈsɛtərə/ , Latin : [ ɛt ˈkeːtɛra ] ) , abbreviated to etc. , etc , & c. , or & c , is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean and other similar things , or and so forth . Translated literally from Latin , et means 'and ' , while cētera means 'the rest ' ; thus the expression means 'and the rest ( of such things ) ' . It is a calque of the Koine Greek καὶ τὰ ἕτερα kai ta hetera , 'and the other things ' . ( The usual Modern Greek form is και τα λοιπά kai ta loipá , 'and the remainder ' . )"}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabrielle_Destroismaisons', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Destroismaisons ( born December 29 , 1982 in Saint-Lin-Laurentides , Quebec ) is a Québécois singer . In 2000 , she released her debut album Etc. , which sold more than 100,000 copies in a few months and led to Destroismaisons being awarded one win and two nominations at the 2002 Félix Awards and a nomination at the 2002 Juno Awards . She participated in the 20 year anniversary show of La fureur as a guest singer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cordial_(album)', 'summary': "Cordial is the tenth studio album from Québécois band La Bottine Souriante . It was released in 2001 through the band 's own label , Les Productions Mille-Pattes . Like in the band 's recent albums , contemporary instruments are added in to give the songs a modern sound . In this album , synthesizers , drums and mixing ( track 16 ) are introduced . The first track is even mixed with traditional arabic music . All the songs and reels are still mostly traditional ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Bottine_Souriante', 'summary': "La Bottine Souriante is a folk band from Canada . The band specializes in traditional French Canadian folk music , often with a modern twist . Formed in 1976 by Yves Lambert , Andre Marchand , and Mario Forest , they have toured extensively through Europe and North America . In 1990 , the band integrated a four-piece horn section with traditional instruments such as accordion , fiddle , guitar , piano and double bass , in order to add an element of jazz to their music . In 1998 , they contributed a song to the Canadian Celtic music compilation by The Chieftains , Fire in the Kitchen . The group 's name means the smiling boot , which refers to the appearance of a work boot with worn-out soles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Chicane', 'summary': "La Chicane is a Canadian francophone rock band based in Val-d'Or , Quebec . Their sound is described as jazz-rock or lounge rock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lynda_Lemay', 'summary': 'Lynda Lemay ( born 25 July 1966 in Portneuf , Quebec ) is a Canadian francophone singer-songwriter . Through her mother she is a descendant of Zacharie Cloutier . After winning regional awards in 1989 she went to France and regularly tours in Quebec and France , including at the Paris Olympia . Her recording Live was nominated as one of the best-selling Francophone albums at the 2000 Juno Awards .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients -- Best Selling Francophone Album ( 1992–2002 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Juno_Award_for_Francophone_Album_of_the_Year_0', 'intro': 'The Juno Award for Francophone Album of the Year is an annual award presented by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) for the best French-language album in Canada. From 1993 to 2003, it was awarded as the Best Selling Francophone Album, based entirely on album sales, but is now chosen by a jury vote.'}
null
null
What is the winning year for the third live album by Canadian singer Celine Dion ?
1997
0976c1c50b4de1b7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyandot_County,_Ohio', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyandot County, Ohio', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armstrong Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armstrong_Farm_(Crane_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio)', 'summary': "The Armstrong Farm , also known as the Reber Farm , is a historic farm complex near Upper Sandusky in Crane Township , Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . Known for its association with Thomas V. Reber , a longtime president of the Wyandot County Agricultural Society , it was built in 1830 . The farmhouse , which is the central building on the farmstead , is a vernacular structure built of brick with a gabled roof of shingles . The original foundation , constructed of dry stone , has been shored up by modern concrete , although the original foundation is still visible at certain points . Among the other buildings on the property are a small summer kitchen and two garages , located just south and west of the house . When the Armstrong Farm was founded , significant numbers of Wyandots still lived on a reservation in the vicinity of Upper Sandusky ; the farm 's early inhabitants were distinguished by their relations with the Wyandots . In 1986 , the Armstrong Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It qualified for inclusion because of its place in local history , because of its connection to the leading Reber and Armstrong families , and because of its unusually well-preserved historic architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'January 17 , 1986 ( # 86000070 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13706 State Route 199 40°47′48″N 83°15′53″W / 40.796667°N 83.264722°W / 40.796667 ; -83.264722 ( Armstrong Farm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_199', 'summary': 'Ohio State Route 199 ( SR 199 ) is a north-south highway in northwest Ohio . Its southern terminus is at an interchange with US 23 just south of Upper Sandusky , and its northern terminus is at US 20 and SR 795 in Perrysburg . The route begins northerly into Upper Sandusky , and then on to Carey , where it joins US 23 . The two routes run concurrently from Carey to Fostoria . From there , SR 199 continues to West Millgrove and to US 6 , whose route it joins for a mile ( 1.6 km ) as it crosses the Portage River . The route then continues north to Perrysburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Crane Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crane_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Crane Township is one of the thirteen townships of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . The 2010 census found 7,514 people in the township , 6,596 of whom lived in the city of Upper Sandusky .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Col. Crawford Burn Site Monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col._Crawford_Burn_Site_Monument', 'summary': "The Colonel Crawford Burn Site Monument is a war monument in rural Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . Placed in the 1870s , it commemorates the death by burning of Colonel William Crawford during the concluding years of the American Revolution . The stone monument itself was long the subject of local interest , and it has been named a historic site . As the end of the American Revolution approached , warfare continued in the backcountry of modern Ohio ; British-allied Indians continued to harass the American settlers . In 1782 , a regiment of Virginia soldiers was sent in reprisal to destroy Indian villages on the Sandusky River , under the command of William Crawford , a friend of victorious General George Washington . However , the Crawford expedition ended on June 4 after a skirmish south of modern-day Carey , and the Americans retreated . Colonel Crawford was captured by the Indians after the battle , and seven days later he was tortured and burned at the stake on the banks of Tymochtee Creek in present-day northeastern Wyandot County . As the centenary of the burning approached , a movement arose to commemorate Crawford 's death with a monument . The movement 's proponents were aroused by a strong sense of the incident 's importance : besides being the earliest major event in Wyandot County history , it was the county 's most prominent event of all time in their opinion . One of the county 's leading lawyers , Curtis Berry , originated the idea of marking the site . The marker is made of sandstone from Berea , Ohio , worked in the shape of a cannon and cut approximately 6.5 feet ( 2.0 m ) tall . Local labor at B.L ."}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1982 ( # 82003667 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast of Crawford 40°55′23″N 83°20′04″W / 40.923056°N 83.334444°W / 40.923056 ; -83.334444 ( Col. Crawford Burn Site Monument )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawford Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawford_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Crawford Township is one of the thirteen townships of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . The 2010 census found 4,789 people in the township , 3,674 of whom lived in the village of Carey .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian Mill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 10 , 1970 ( # 70000525 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.5 miles northeast of Upper Sandusky on a Crane Township road 40°51′47″N 83°15′15″W / 40.863056°N 83.254167°W / 40.863056 ; -83.254167 ( Indian Mill )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crane Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crane_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Crane Township is one of the thirteen townships of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . The 2010 census found 7,514 people in the township , 6,596 of whom lived in the city of Upper Sandusky .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parker Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parker_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Parker Covered Bridge , near Upper Sandusky , Ohio , was built in 1873 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . It is located in Crane Township , Wyandot County , Ohio , about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) northeast of Upper Sandusky on Township Road 40A . It is a Howe truss covered bridge built by J.C. Davis . The bridge was burned on May 17 , 1991 and was restored in 1993 . It is 171.9 feet ( 52.4 m ) in total length with span 162.1 feet ( 49.4 m ) long . It is covered in the Ohio Historic Places Dictionary .'}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 1975 ( # 75001558 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 miles northeast of Upper Sandusky on Township Road 40A 40°54′11″N 83°14′41″W / 40.903056°N 83.244722°W / 40.903056 ; -83.244722 ( Parker Covered Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crane Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crane_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Crane Township is one of the thirteen townships of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . The 2010 census found 7,514 people in the township , 6,596 of whom lived in the city of Upper Sandusky .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Sandusky Avenue Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 22 , 1980 ( # 80003248 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Sandusky Ave. 40°49′18″N 83°16′53″W / 40.821667°N 83.281389°W / 40.821667 ; -83.281389 ( South Sandusky Avenue Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Sandusky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Upper Sandusky is a city and the county seat of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States , along the upper Sandusky River , which flows north to Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie . The city is approximately 59 mi ( 96 km ) south of Toledo and 62 mi ( 99 km ) north of Columbus . The population was 6,596 at the 2010 census . The city was founded in 1843 and named for an earlier Wyandot Indian village of the same name , which was located nearby . It was named Upper because it is located near the headwaters of the Sandusky River ;'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swartz Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swartz_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Swartz Covered Bridge , near Wyandot , Ohio , was built in 1880 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is a Howe truss covered bridge . It is located northwest of Wyandot on County Road 130 , in Antrim Township , Wyandot County , Ohio . It is covered in the Ohio Historic Places Dictionary .'}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 1976 ( # 76001553 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwest of Wyandot on County Road 130 40°46′14″N 83°10′09″W / 40.770556°N 83.169167°W / 40.770556 ; -83.169167 ( Swartz Covered Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antrim Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antrim_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Antrim Township is one of the thirteen townships of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . The 2010 census found 1,243 people in the township .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Walker Jr. House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 11 , 1980 ( # 80003249 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '132-134 N. 4th St. 40°49′44″N 83°16′42″W / 40.828889°N 83.278333°W / 40.828889 ; -83.278333 ( William Walker Jr. House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Sandusky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Upper Sandusky is a city and the county seat of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States , along the upper Sandusky River , which flows north to Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie . The city is approximately 59 mi ( 96 km ) south of Toledo and 62 mi ( 99 km ) north of Columbus . The population was 6,596 at the 2010 census . The city was founded in 1843 and named for an earlier Wyandot Indian village of the same name , which was located nearby . It was named Upper because it is located near the headwaters of the Sandusky River ;'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West End Elementary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1987 ( # 87001989 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 West St. 40°57′06″N 83°23′13″W / 40.951667°N 83.386944°W / 40.951667 ; -83.386944 ( West End Elementary School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carey,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Carey is a village in Wyandot County , Ohio , United States . The population was 3,674 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyandot County Courthouse and Jail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 2 , 1973 ( # 73001553 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courthouse Sq . 40°49′37″N 83°16′50″W / 40.826944°N 83.280556°W / 40.826944 ; -83.280556 ( Wyandot County Courthouse and Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Sandusky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Upper Sandusky is a city and the county seat of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States , along the upper Sandusky River , which flows north to Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie . The city is approximately 59 mi ( 96 km ) south of Toledo and 62 mi ( 99 km ) north of Columbus . The population was 6,596 at the 2010 census . The city was founded in 1843 and named for an earlier Wyandot Indian village of the same name , which was located nearby . It was named Upper because it is located near the headwaters of the Sandusky River ;'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyandot Mission Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyandot_Mission_Church', 'summary': "Wyandot Mission Church is a historic church in Upper Sandusky , Ohio . It was built in 1824 under the direction of Reverend James B. Finley and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . The Wyandot Mission Church , located on East Church Street in the Old Mission Cemetery , is the first officially recognized mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America . Many of the Wyandot people from the Grand Reservation worshipped there until the U.S. Government ordered their relocation to Kansas in 1843 . The church was restored in 1889 and designated a National Shrine of the Methodist Church in 1960 . A historical marker was placed at the church in 2003 for the celebration of Ohio 's bicentennial anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1976 ( # 76001552 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern side of Upper Sandusky off Church St. 40°50′10″N 83°16′41″W / 40.836111°N 83.278194°W / 40.836111 ; -83.278194 ( Wyandot Mission Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Sandusky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Sandusky,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Upper Sandusky is a city and the county seat of Wyandot County , Ohio , United States , along the upper Sandusky River , which flows north to Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie . The city is approximately 59 mi ( 96 km ) south of Toledo and 62 mi ( 99 km ) north of Columbus . The population was 6,596 at the 2010 census . The city was founded in 1843 and named for an earlier Wyandot Indian village of the same name , which was located nearby . It was named Upper because it is located near the headwaters of the Sandusky River ;'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyandot_County,_Ohio_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyandot County, Ohio. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyandot County, Ohio, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are 10 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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When was the historic bridge in Antrim Township constructed ?
1880
0977766a083aabcf
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito_Memories', 'title': 'Taito Memories', 'header': ['Title', 'Genre', 'Original release'], 'data': [{'value': 'Field Goal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_Goal_(video_game)', 'summary': "Field Goal ( フィールドゴール Fīrudo Gōru ) is an arcade game released in 1979 by Taito . It is a clone of the game Breakout , where the player must use the rotary knob to control a paddle and hit the ball into the red , yellow and blue helmets on the screen . Each time a row of helmets is cleared out , a new row will appear in its place . If the player hits the orange area towards the top of the screen , it will decrease the size of the player 's paddle . Sometimes a football player will appear , and if the ball hits him , the player will earn bonus points ."}]}, {'value': 'Breakout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakout_clone', 'summary': "A Breakout clone ( also known as a Breakout-style game , block-breaking game , brick buster , or brick smash , brick break , brick destroyer/destruction , or ball-and-paddle game ) is a sub-class of the bat-and-ball genre . The genre is named for the dynamics of the player-controlled block , called a bat or a paddle , upon which the game is based , which hits a ball towards another player 's bat or different objects such as colored tiles ( called a brick ) . The term brick buster , coined in the early 2000s , mostly refers to more modern games . [ citation needed ] Breakout-style games are characterized by the addition of a wall of blocks or similar objects that the player chips away at with the ball as part of the main gameplay . Since the release of the original Breakout arcade game in 1976 , and Super Breakout two years later , there have been many clones and updates for various platforms . The profusion and notability of such games has been enough for them to also be referred to by some as a genre in their own right . Among the cloners was Breakout designer Steve Wozniak , who wrote Little Brick Out , a software version for the Apple II of his own hardware game . In 1986 Arkanoid revitalized the concept by adding power-ups and a feel of depth to the visuals . Many Breakout clones since then have been styled after Arkanoid . In 1991 , Atari Games released a remake of Breakout called Off the Wall . It modeled spin on the ball . While the original Breakout has the paddles laid out horizontally , a number of clones have changed this concept : Krakout on the Commodore 64 has the paddles vertically , with most of the gameplay happening in a horizontal layout , while TRAZ offers levels ( complete with a level editor ) that can have both paddles that move horizontally and paddles that move vertically ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_(video_game)', 'summary': "Phoenix is an outer space-themed , fixed shooter video game released in arcades in 1980 . According to Centuri 's Joel Hochberg , the game was licensed from a smaller Japanese developer . Amstar Electronics ( which was located in Phoenix , Arizona ) licensed the game to Centuri for manufacture in the United States . Taito released the game in Japan . Atari , Inc. released a port of Phoenix for the Atari 2600 in 1982 . The Phoenix mothership is one of the first video arcade game bosses to be presented as a separate challenge . This was before the term boss was coined ."}]}, {'value': 'Fixed shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-em-up', 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polaris_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Polaris is a 1980 fixed shooter arcade game by Taito . Players control a submarine which can only shoot missiles upward . The goal of the player is to destroy all of the airplanes in each level while avoiding bombs dropped from the aircraft , as well as mines launched by enemy submarines and depth charges dropped from boats that speed by . Versions for the Atari 2600 and VIC-20 were released by Tigervision .'}]}, {'value': 'Fixed shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-em-up', 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Swordsman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Swordsman', 'summary': 'Great Swordsman ( グレートソードマン ) is a 1984 fighting arcade game developed by Allumer and published by Taito . In 2005 , it was later included in Taito Legends .'}]}, {'value': 'Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fighting_game', 'summary': "A fighting game is a video game genre based around close combat between a limited number of characters , in a stage in which the boundaries are fixed . The characters fight each others until they defeat their opponents or the time expires . The matches typically consist of several rounds , in an arena , with each player character having different abilities but each is relatively viable to choose . Players must master techniques such as blocking , counter-attacking , and chaining attacks together into combos . Starting in the early 1990s , most fighting games allowed the player to execute special attacks by performing specific input combinations . The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat 'em ups , which involve large numbers of enemies against the human player . The first game to feature fist fighting was Heavyweight Champ in 1976 , but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984 . The following year , Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles , while The Way of the Exploding Fist further popularized the genre on home systems . In 1987 , Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks . In 1991 , Capcom 's highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre . The fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s , particularly in arcades . This period spawned dozens of other popular fighting games , including franchises like Street Fighter , Super Smash Bros. , Tekken , and Virtua Fighter ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sea Fighter Poseidon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horizontal-scrolling shooter', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shoot_'em_up", 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gyrodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyrodine', 'summary': "'Gyrodine ( ジャイロダイン , Jairodain ) is a top-down , vertical , helicopter scrolling shooter for the Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom , MSX and arcade developed by Crux and published by Taito in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vertical-scrolling shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-em-up', 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buggy Challenge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_video_game', 'summary': 'The racing video game genre is the genre of video games , either in the first-person or third-person perspective , in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land , water , air or space vehicles . They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings . In general , they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations , and simpler arcade racing games . Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Typhoon Gal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fighting_game', 'summary': "A fighting game is a video game genre based around close combat between a limited number of characters , in a stage in which the boundaries are fixed . The characters fight each others until they defeat their opponents or the time expires . The matches typically consist of several rounds , in an arena , with each player character having different abilities but each is relatively viable to choose . Players must master techniques such as blocking , counter-attacking , and chaining attacks together into combos . Starting in the early 1990s , most fighting games allowed the player to execute special attacks by performing specific input combinations . The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat 'em ups , which involve large numbers of enemies against the human player . The first game to feature fist fighting was Heavyweight Champ in 1976 , but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984 . The following year , Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles , while The Way of the Exploding Fist further popularized the genre on home systems . In 1987 , Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks . In 1991 , Capcom 's highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre . The fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s , particularly in arcades . This period spawned dozens of other popular fighting games , including franchises like Street Fighter , Super Smash Bros. , Tekken , and Virtua Fighter ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal Soldier Isaac II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vertical-scrolling shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-em-up', 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Halley 's Comet", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Halley's_Comet_(video_game)", 'summary': "Halley 's Comet is an arcade video game created by Pacific Manufacturing Ltd and manufactured by its parent company Taito . Receiving a worldwide release in 1986 , Halley 's Comet is a vertically scrolling shooter where the player defends various planets around the solar system from a direct collision with Halley 's Comet and the various alien swarms which accompany it ."}]}, {'value': 'Vertical-scrolling shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-em-up', 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Land Sea Air Squad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vertical-scrolling shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-em-up', 'summary': "Shoot 'em up ( also known as shmup or STG ) is a subgenre of video games within the shooter subgenre in the action genre . There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up . Some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement ; others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives . The genre 's roots can be traced back to Spacewar ! , one of the earliest computer games , developed in 1962 . The shoot 'em up genre was later established by the hit arcade game Space Invaders , which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978 , and the genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as Asteroids and Galaxian in 1979 . Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s and early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s , and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts , particularly in Japan . Bullet hell games are a subgenre that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles , often in visually impressive formations ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operation Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Operation_Wolf', 'summary': 'Operation Wolf ( オペレーションウルフ , Operēshon Urufu ) is a one-player shooter video game made by Taito in 1987 . It spawned three sequels : Operation Thunderbolt ( 1988 ) , Operation Wolf 3 ( 1994 ) and Operation Tiger ( 1998 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_gallery_game', 'summary': "Shooter games are a subgenre of action video game , which often test the player 's spatial awareness , reflexes , and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments . Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players . Usually this weapon is a firearm or some other long-range weapon , and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense , armor for additional defense , or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons . A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition , armor or health , or upgrades which augment the player character 's weapons . Most commonly , the purpose of a shooter game is to shoot opponents and proceed through missions without the player character being killed or dying as a result of the player 's actions . A shooting game is a genre of video game where the focus is almost entirely on the defeat of the character 's enemies using the weapons given to the player ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Throttle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Throttle_(1987_video_game)', 'summary': 'Full Throttle , also known as Top Speed ( for USA and the rest of the world ) , is a one-player racing arcade game developed by Taito Corporation in 1987 . It is very similar in style to the Out Run games in that it features a fast , red car hurtling through the U.S. countryside . The key difference in gameplay is the addition of a nitro boost button .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_video_game', 'summary': 'The racing video game genre is the genre of video games , either in the first-person or third-person perspective , in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land , water , air or space vehicles . They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings . In general , they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations , and simpler arcade racing games . Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plump Pop', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Breakout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakout_clone', 'summary': "A Breakout clone ( also known as a Breakout-style game , block-breaking game , brick buster , or brick smash , brick break , brick destroyer/destruction , or ball-and-paddle game ) is a sub-class of the bat-and-ball genre . The genre is named for the dynamics of the player-controlled block , called a bat or a paddle , upon which the game is based , which hits a ball towards another player 's bat or different objects such as colored tiles ( called a brick ) . The term brick buster , coined in the early 2000s , mostly refers to more modern games . [ citation needed ] Breakout-style games are characterized by the addition of a wall of blocks or similar objects that the player chips away at with the ball as part of the main gameplay . Since the release of the original Breakout arcade game in 1976 , and Super Breakout two years later , there have been many clones and updates for various platforms . The profusion and notability of such games has been enough for them to also be referred to by some as a genre in their own right . Among the cloners was Breakout designer Steve Wozniak , who wrote Little Brick Out , a software version for the Apple II of his own hardware game . In 1986 Arkanoid revitalized the concept by adding power-ups and a feel of depth to the visuals . Many Breakout clones since then have been styled after Arkanoid . In 1991 , Atari Games released a remake of Breakout called Off the Wall . It modeled spin on the ball . While the original Breakout has the paddles laid out horizontally , a number of clones have changed this concept : Krakout on the Commodore 64 has the paddles vertically , with most of the gameplay happening in a horizontal layout , while TRAZ offers levels ( complete with a level editor ) that can have both paddles that move horizontally and paddles that move vertically ."}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chase H.Q', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chase_H.Q.', 'summary': "Chase H.Q . ( チェイスH.Q. , Chase Headquarters ) is a 1988 arcade racing game , released by Taito . It is sometimes seen as a spiritual successor to Taito 's earlier Full Throttle . The player assumes the role of a police officer named Tony Gibson , member of the Chase Special Investigation Department . Along with his partner , Raymond Broady , he must stop fleeing criminals in high-speed pursuits in a black Porsche 928 . The game was well received in the gaming industry , resulting in three arcade-based sequels being released : Special Criminal Investigation ( 1989 ) , Super Chase : Criminal Termination ( 1992 ) and Chase H.Q . 2 ( 2007 ) . Two spin-offs were also released : Crime City ( 1989 ) and Quiz H.Q . ( 1990 ) . The game was ported to many home computers by Ocean Software in 1989 , including versions for the ZX Spectrum , Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , MSX , Amiga and Atari ST. Taito produced versions for the Family Computer ( 1989 ) , Game Boy ( 1990 ) , Master System ( 1990 ) , TurboGrafx-16 ( 1990 ) , Game Gear ( 1991 ) and Saturn ( 1996 ) . It was released for PlayStation 2 in Japan in 2007 as part of Taito Memories II Volume 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_video_game', 'summary': 'The racing video game genre is the genre of video games , either in the first-person or third-person perspective , in which the player partakes in a racing competition with any type of land , water , air or space vehicles . They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to entirely fantastical settings . In general , they can be distributed along a spectrum anywhere between hardcore simulations , and simpler arcade racing games . Racing games may also fall under the category of sports games .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rainbow Islands Extra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainbow_Islands_Extra', 'summary': "Rainbow Islands : The Story of Bubble Bobble 2 ( レインボーアイランド ) is a 1987 arcade game developed and published by Taito . The arcade version was licensed to Romstar for North American manufacturing and distribution . The game is subtitled The Story of Bubble Bobble 2 and is the sequel to Taito 's hit game Bubble Bobble from the previous year . It is the second of four arcade games in the Bubble Bobble series ( followed by Bubble Symphony and Bubble Memories , but itself has two direct sequels : Parasol Stars and Bubble Bobble Part 2 ) . The game was ported for numerous home computers and game consoles . The main characters are Bubblun and Bobblun , the protagonists of Bubble Bobble ( known as Bub and Bob in the western releases ) . However , in this game they appear in their human forms as Bubby and Bobby , as opposed to the bubble dragons of the first game ( following on from the first game 's true ending ) . Also unlike the first game , players must now alternate ( i.e. , take turns ) , with player one as Bubby ( green shirt ) , and player 2 as Bobby ( blue shirt ) ( the same color scheme as in the first game ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Platform_game', 'summary': "Platform games , or platformers , are a video game genre and subgenre of action game . In a platformer , the player controlled character must jump and climb between suspended platforms while avoiding obstacles . Environments often feature uneven terrain of varying height that must be traversed . The player often has some control over the height and distance of jumps to avoid letting their character fall to their death or miss necessary jumps . The most common unifying element of games of this genre is the jump button , but now there are other alternatives like swiping a touchscreen . Other acrobatic maneuvers may factor into the gameplay as well , such as swinging from objects such as vines or grappling hooks , as in Ristar or Bionic Commando , or bouncing from springboards or trampolines , as in Alpha Waves . These mechanics , even in the context of other genres , are commonly called platforming , a verbification of platform . Games where jumping is automated completely , such as 3D games in The Legend of Zelda series , fall outside of the genre . Platform games originated in the early 1980s , which were often about climbing ladders as much as jumping , with 3D successors popularized in the mid-1990s . The term describes games where jumping on platforms is an integral part of the gameplay and came into use after the genre had been established , no later than 1983 . The genre is frequently combined with elements of other genres , such as the shooter elements in Contra , Beat 'em up elements of Viewtiful Joe , adventure elements of Flashback , or role-playing game elements of Castlevania : Symphony of the Night . While commonly associated with console gaming , there have been many important platform games released to video arcades , as well as for handheld game consoles and home computers ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final Blow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Final_Blow', 'summary': "Final Blow is a boxing arcade game released in 1988 by Taito . The name remained the same for all ported platforms , except for the Sega Genesis versions , which Sega released outside Japan as James 'Buster ' Douglas Knockout Boxing featuring Buster Douglas himself in 1990 immediately after his upset victory over Mike Tyson ."}]}, {'value': 'Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fighting_game', 'summary': "A fighting game is a video game genre based around close combat between a limited number of characters , in a stage in which the boundaries are fixed . The characters fight each others until they defeat their opponents or the time expires . The matches typically consist of several rounds , in an arena , with each player character having different abilities but each is relatively viable to choose . Players must master techniques such as blocking , counter-attacking , and chaining attacks together into combos . Starting in the early 1990s , most fighting games allowed the player to execute special attacks by performing specific input combinations . The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat 'em ups , which involve large numbers of enemies against the human player . The first game to feature fist fighting was Heavyweight Champ in 1976 , but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984 . The following year , Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles , while The Way of the Exploding Fist further popularized the genre on home systems . In 1987 , Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks . In 1991 , Capcom 's highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre . The fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s , particularly in arcades . This period spawned dozens of other popular fighting games , including franchises like Street Fighter , Super Smash Bros. , Tekken , and Virtua Fighter ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volfied', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volfied', 'summary': "Volfied ( ヴォルフィード , Vorufīdo ) is an arcade game designed by Fukio Mitsuji and released by Taito in 1989 . It is a successor to Qix , with extra features and a futuristic science fiction aesthetic , rather than Qix 's abstract geometry style ; the player pilots a small spaceship named Monotros instead of a Stix , and the enemies come in the form of various aliens ."}]}, {'value': 'Maze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_maze_video_games', 'summary': "Maze game is a video game genre description first used by journalists during the 1980s to describe any game in which the entire playing field is a maze . Quick player action is required to escape monsters , outrace an opponent , or navigate the maze within a time limit . After the release of Namco 's Pac-Man in 1980 , many maze games followed its conventions of completing a level by traversing all paths and a way of temporarily turning the tables on pursuers ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Night Striker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Striker', 'summary': "Night Striker ( ナイトストライカー , Naito Sutoraikā ) is a 1989 shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Taito for the Taito Z System . In the game , the player flies an armoured car shooting enemy invaders to destroy a terrorist organisation . Night Striker combines gameplay elements of Sega 's Space Harrier and Out Run . Versions were released for the Sega Mega-CD in 1993 , Sony PlayStation in 1995 , and Sega Saturn ( as Night Striker S ) in 1996 . A version was released on the Taito Memories II Gekan [ a ] compilation for the PlayStation 2 in 2007 . Night Striker received mixed reviews , and the Mega-CD version in particular was heavily criticised , primarily due to poor graphics . The music was composed by Taito 's Zuntata sound team , and has been released separately . The game was only released in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooter_game', 'summary': "Shooter games are a subgenre of action video game , which often test the player 's spatial awareness , reflexes , and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments . Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players . Usually this weapon is a firearm or some other long-range weapon , and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense , armor for additional defense , or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons . A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition , armor or health , or upgrades which augment the player character 's weapons . Most commonly , the purpose of a shooter game is to shoot opponents and proceed through missions without the player character being killed or dying as a result of the player 's actions . A shooting game is a genre of video game where the focus is almost entirely on the defeat of the character 's enemies using the weapons given to the player ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle Shark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Shark', 'summary': "Battle Shark ( バトルシャーク ) is a first person shoot 'em up arcade game released in 1989 by Taito . The player looks through a submarine periscope in order to destroy enemies , featuring simulated damage whenever the player gets hit by either an enemy torpedo or a missile . The player starts off with a limited amount of torpedoes , which slowly replenishes itself , so players must shoot accurately . Power-up targets appear throughout the games , which can increase the player 's supply of torpedoes , repairs damage or add extra firepower in addition to the torpedoes . At the end of each stage , the player faces off against a Boss character . The game was released for Taito Legends in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooter_game', 'summary': "Shooter games are a subgenre of action video game , which often test the player 's spatial awareness , reflexes , and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments . Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players . Usually this weapon is a firearm or some other long-range weapon , and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense , armor for additional defense , or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons . A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition , armor or health , or upgrades which augment the player character 's weapons . Most commonly , the purpose of a shooter game is to shoot opponents and proceed through missions without the player character being killed or dying as a result of the player 's actions . A shooting game is a genre of video game where the focus is almost entirely on the defeat of the character 's enemies using the weapons given to the player ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Games -- Taito Memories II Gekan', 'section_text': 'This is the final compilation , released in Japan on March 29 , 2007 .', 'uid': 'Taito_Memories_2', 'intro': 'Taito Memories[a] is a series of arcade video game compilations developed and published by Taito exclusively in Japan. A total of five collections were released - four on the PlayStation 2, and one on the PlayStation Portable. The first entry, Taito Memories Jōkan, was released in 2005, with the latest being Taito Memories II Gekan, released in 2007. The PlayStation 2 entries each have twenty-five titles, while the PlayStation Portable game has sixteen - all included games are arcade games published by Taito. A similar series of collections, Taito Legends, was released outside Japan in North America and Europe - many titles from the Taito Memories series would be added into several Taito Legends compilations, alongside much of its user-interface being re-used. The series was a commercial success for Taito, with a few entries being re-released under The Best budget line-up - the first two compilations sold 145,616 copies combined. [n 1] Critical reception for the games were also positive, with their large selection of games being highly praised, although criticism would be drawn to later entries, many classifying their game library as filler content. Square Enix holds the rights to the series, following their acquisition of Taito.'}
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Field Goal was modeled after a game created how many years earlier ?
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hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_period_drama_films_set_in_Asia', 'title': 'Historical period drama films set in Asia', 'header': ['Title', 'Release date', 'Time period', 'Notes on setting'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rajaraja Cholan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajaraja_Cholan', 'summary': "Rajaraja Cholan is a 1973 Tamil film about the life of the Chola king Rajaraja Chola . The high-budget film has Sivaji Ganesan playing the title role . It was the first 70 mm film to be released in Tamil . Kunnakudi Vaidhyanathan composed the music for the film . Sivaji Ganesan 's portrayal as Rajaraja Chola was critically acclaimed ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '947 - 1015 AD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil , About the life history of great king Raja Raja Chola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_cinema', 'summary': "Tamil cinema is the filmmaking industry of Tamil-language motion pictures . It is based in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood , leading to the industrys nickname Kollywood , the word being a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood . The first Tamil silent film , Keechaka Vadham , was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1918 . The first talking motion picture , Kalidas , was a multilingual and was released on 31 October 1931 , less than seven months after India 's first talking motion picture Alam Ara . By the end of the 1930s , the legislature of the State of Madras passed the Entertainment Tax Act of 1939 . Tamil cinema later had a profound effect on other filmmaking industries of India , establishing Madras ( now Chennai ) as a secondary hub for Hindi cinema , other South Indian film industries , as well as Sri Lankan cinema . Over the last quarter of the 20th century , Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres in Singapore , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , Japan , the Middle East , parts of Africa , Oceania , Europe , North America and other countries . The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and Tamil diaspora populations in Malaysia , Singapore , and the Western Hemisphere ."}]}, {'value': 'Veerapandiya Kattabomman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veerapandiya_Kattabomman_(film)', 'summary': "Veerapandiya Kattabomman ( transl . Kattabomman , the Brave Warrior ) is a 1959 Indian Tamil-language biographical war film produced and directed by B. R. Panthulu . The film stars Sivaji Ganesan , Gemini Ganesan , Padmini , S. Varalakshmi , and Ragini , with V. K. Ramasamy and Javar Seetharaman in supporting roles . Its soundtrack and score were composed by G. Ramanathan . Produced and distributed by Panthulu under his banner Padmini Pictures , the film is loosely based on the story of Veerapandiya Kattabomman , the 18th-century South Indian chieftain who rebelled against the East India Company . It was an adaptation of the play of the same name by Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy which featured Sivaji Ganesan as the title character , and premiered in August 1957 . Principal photography began in October the same year , and took place mainly in Jaipur and Madras ( now Chennai ) till late 1958 . This was the first Tamil film released in Technicolor . Veerapandiya Kattabomman premiered in London on 10 May 1959 , and was released in Tamil Nadu six days later . It was critically acclaimed ; Sivaji Ganesan 's performance as Kattabomman received widespread praise , although some film scholars considered elements in the film , particularly the portrayal of the title character , to be historically inaccurate . It was a commercial success , running for over 25 weeks in theatres and becoming a silver jubilee film . Veerapandiya Kattabomman was dubbed and released in Telugu as Veerapandiya Kattabrahmanna in the same year , and in Hindi as Amar Shaheed the following year ."}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1760 - 1799 AD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil , About the life history of great king Veerapandiya Kattabomman who struggled against British people from Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'Veer Savarkar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veer_Savarkar_(film)', 'summary': 'Veer Savarkar is a Hindi 2001 Indian film based on the life of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar . This version was released on DVD format . This film was produced by Savarkar Darshan Prathisthan , under the president-ship of Sudhir Phadke . It premiered on 16 November 2001 , in Mumbai , New Delhi , Nagpur and six other Indian cities . Rediff.com reports a claim that it is the first movie in the world financed by public donations . On 28 May 2012 its Gujarati language version was released by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat , Narendra Modi . The film was screened retrospective on August 13th 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1897-1947 AD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'about life and times of great revolutionary Swatantryaveer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siddhartha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siddhartha_(1972_film)', 'summary': 'Siddhartha is a 1972 American film based on the novel of the same name by Hermann Hesse , directed by Conrad Rooks . It was shot on location in Northern India , and features work by noted cinematographer Sven Nykvist . The locations used for the film were the holy city of Rishikesh and the private estates and palaces of the Maharajah of Bharatpur .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 563-483 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'about the life of a boy and his search for a meaningful way of life', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khamosh Pani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khamosh_Pani', 'summary': 'Khamosh Pani ( Punjabi : خاموش پانی ( Shahmukhi ) , ਖਮੋਸ਼ ਪਾਨੀ ( Gurmukhi ) ; Silent Waters ) is a 2003 Indo-Pakistani film about a widowed mother and her young son living in a Punjabi village as it undergoes radical changes during the late 1970s . Shot in a Pakistani village , the film was also released in India . It won seven awards , including Golden Leopard ( Best Film ) , Best Actress , and Best Direction at the 56th Locarno International Film Festival , Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'about a widowed mother and her young son set in a late 1970s village in Punjab , Pakistan which is coming under radical influence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gautama Buddha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_(film)', 'summary': 'Tathagatha Buddha : The Life & Times of Gautama Buddha ( Hindi : बुद्ध ) , also known as Gautama Buddha and as The Path Finder , is a multilingual feature film on the life and times of the Buddha directed by Allani Sridhar and is based upon the story by Sadguru Sivananda Murty . The film was released in Telugu in 2007 and in other languages in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 563-483 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'about the life of Gautama Buddha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gautama_Buddha', 'summary': 'The Buddha ( also known as Siddhārtha Gautama ) , [ note 3 ] was a philosopher , mendicant , meditator , and spiritual teacher who lived in ancient India ( c. 5th to 4th century BCE ) . [ note 4 ] The world religion of Buddhism was founded by the efforts of him and his followers . He taught for around forty years and built a large following , both monastic and lay . His teaching is based on an insight into suffering and the end of suffering ( nirvāṇa ) . The Buddha was born in the Shakya country , to an aristocratic family . He renounced lay life and after several years of mendicancy , meditation and asceticism , he is reported to have had a spiritual awakening . He is thus known by the title Buddha which means Awakened One . The Buddha then traveled throughout the Ganges plain teaching and building a religious community . The Buddha taught a middle way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism found in the Indian śramaṇa movement . He taught a spiritual path that included ethical training and meditative practices such as jhana and mindfulness . The Buddha also critiqued the practices of brahmin priests , such as animal sacrifice . After his death , the Buddhist community compiled his teachings into extensive collections , the Discourses ( Suttas ) and Monastic Codes ( Vinaya ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Amrapali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amrapali_(film)', 'summary': "Amrapali is a 1966 historical Hindi film directed by Lekh Tandon , starring Vyjayanthimala and Sunil Dutt as leads . Music of the film was by Shankar-Jaikishan . The rights to this film are owned by Shah Rukh Khan 's Red Chillies Entertainment . It was based on the life of Amrapali ( Ambapali ) , the nagarvadhu ( royal courtesan ) of Vaishali in present-day Bihar , the capital of the Licchavi republic in ancient India around 500 BC and Ajatashatru , the Haryanka dynasty king of the Magadha empire , who falls in love with her . Though he destroys Vaishali to get her , she in the meantime has been transformed by her encounter with Gautama Buddha , of whom she becomes a disciple and an Arahant herself . Her story finds mention in old Pali texts and Buddhist traditions . The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . Though the film was n't a commercial success , in time it started being seen as classic and is remembered not just for its dramatic cinematography of war scenes by Dwarka Divecha , and Bhanu Athaiya 's costumes for which she travelled to the Ajanta Caves , to seek references in Buddhist frescoes of the era , to create period costumes that subsequently became a template for costumes of that era , but also for the strong Anti-war sentiment the film reveals in the end ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 500 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'based on the life of Ambapali in India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambapali', 'summary': "Āmrapālī , also known as Ambapālika , Ambapali , or Amra was a celebrated nagarvadhu ( royal courtesan ) of the republic of Vaishali ( located in present-day Bihar ) in ancient India around 500 BC . Following the Buddha 's teachings , she became an arahant . She is mentioned in the old Pali texts and Buddhist traditions , particularly in conjunction with the Buddha staying at her mango grove , Ambapali vana , which she later donated to his order and wherein he preached the famous Ambapalika Sutta . The legend of Amrapali originated in the Buddhist Jataka Tales some 1500 years ago ."}]}, {'value': 'Sikandar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sikandar_(1941_film)', 'summary': 'Sikandar or Sikander is a 1941 epic Bollywood film directed by Sohrab Modi and starring Prithviraj Kapoor as Alexander the Great .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '326 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indian-made film set in 326 BC , after Alexander the Great has conquered Persia and pertains to his conquest of the kingdoms of Pauravas ( in modern Pakistan and northwest India )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_the_Great', 'summary': "Alexander III of Macedon ( Greek : Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών ; 20/21 July 356 BC - 10/11 June 323 BC ) , commonly known as Alexander the Great ( Ancient Greek : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας , romanized : Aléxandros ho Mégas ) , was a king ( basileus ) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon [ a ] and a member of the Argead dynasty . He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20 . He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa , and by the age of thirty , he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world , stretching from Greece to northwestern India . He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history 's most successful military commanders . During his youth , Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16 . After Philip 's assassination in 336 BC , he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army . Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father 's pan-Hellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia . In 334 BC , he invaded the Achaemenid Empire ( Persian Empire ) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years . Following the conquest of Anatolia , Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles , most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela . He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety . [ b ] At that point , his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Beas River . Alexander endeavoured to reach the ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea and invaded India in 326 BC , winning an important victory over the Pauravas at the Battle of the Hydaspes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Persia', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pauravas', 'summary': 'Pauravas was an ancient Indian dynasty in the northwest Indian subcontinent ( present-day India and Pakistan ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Asoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aśoka_(film)', 'summary': 'Aśoka is a 2001 Indian epic historical drama film directed and co-written by Santosh Sivan . It is a dramatised version of the early life of emperor Asoka , of the Maurya dynasty , who ruled most of the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BCE . The film stars Kareena Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , Hrishita Bhatt , Ajith Kumar ( in his only Hindi film to date ) , and Danny Denzongpa . It was produced by Khan , Juhi Chawla and Radhika Sangoi . The screenplay was written by Santosh Sivan and Saket Chaudhary and the dialogue by Abbas Tyrewala . It was originally released as Ashoka The Great in India . The film was widely screened across the United Kingdom and North America , and was also selected for screening at the Venice Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival , where it got positive response .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '273-232 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fictionalized account of the reign of Ashoka ( r. ) , of the Mauryan Empire in India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashoka', 'summary': "Ashoka ( Brāhmi : 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓 , Asoka , IAST : Aśoka , English : /əˈʃoʊkə/ ) sometimes Ashoka the Great , was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty , who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE . The grandson of the founder of the Maurya Dynasty , Chandragupta Maurya , Ashoka promoted the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia . Considered by many to be one of India 's greatest emperors , Ashoka expanded Chandragupta 's empire to reign over a realm stretching from present-day Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east . It covered the entire Indian subcontinent except for parts of present-day Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Kerala . The empire 's capital was Pataliputra ( in Magadha , present-day Patna ) , with provincial capitals at Taxila and Ujjain . Ashoka waged a destructive war against the state of Kalinga ( modern Odisha ) , which he conquered in about 260 BCE . In about 263 BCE , he converted to Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War , which he had waged out of a desire for conquest and which reportedly directly resulted in more than 100,000 deaths and 150,000 deportations . He is remembered for the Ashoka pillars and edicts , for sending Buddhist monks to Sri Lanka and Central Asia , and for establishing monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha . Beyond the Edicts of Ashoka , biographical information about him relies on legends written centuries later , such as the 2nd-century CE Ashokavadana ( Narrative of Ashoka , a part of the Divyavadana ) , and in the Sri Lankan text Mahavamsa ( Great Chronicle ) . The emblem of the modern Republic of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka . His Sanskrit name Aśoka means painless , without sorrow ( the a privativum and śoka , pain , distress ) . In his edicts , he is referred to as Devānāmpriya ( Pali Devānaṃpiya or the Beloved of the Gods ) , and Priyadarśin ( Pali Piyadasī or He who regards everyone with affection ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mauryan_Empire', 'summary': "The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power based in Magadha and founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated the Indian subcontinent between 322 and 185 BCE . Comprising the majority of South Asia , the Maurya Empire was centralized by the conquest of the Indo-Gangetic Plain , and its capital city was located at Pataliputra ( modern Patna ) . The empire was the largest political entity that has ever existed in the Indian subcontinent , extending over 5 million square kilometres ( 1.9 million square miles ) at its zenith under Ashoka . Chandragupta Maurya raised an army , with the assistance of Chanakya ( also known as Kauṭilya ) , and overthrew the Nanda Empire in c. 322 BCE . Chandragupta rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India by conquering the satraps left by Alexander the Great , and by 317 BCE the empire had fully occupied northwestern India . The Mauryan Empire then defeated Seleucus I , a diadochus and founder of the Seleucid Empire during the Seleucid-Mauryan war , thus acquiring territory west of the Indus River . At its greatest extent , the empire stretched along the natural boundary of the Himalayas , to the east into Assam , to the west into what is present-day Balochistan , Pakistan and the Hindu Kush mountains of what is now eastern Afghanistan . The dynasty expanded into India 's southern regions by the reign of the emperor Bindusara , but it excluded Kalinga ( modern Odisha ) , until it was conquered by Ashoka . It declined for about 50 years after Ashoka 's rule , and dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of the Shunga dynasty in Magadha . Under Chandragupta Maurya and his successors , internal and external trade , agriculture , and economic activities all thrived and expanded across South Asia due to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance , administration , and security . The Maurya dynasty built the Grand Trunk Road , one of Asia 's oldest and longest trade networks , connecting the Indian subcontinent with Central Asia . After the Kalinga War , the Empire experienced nearly half a century of centralized rule under Ashoka ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayura_(film)', 'summary': 'Mayura is a 1975 Indian Kannada epic historical drama film , directed by Vijay . It is one of the most popular films of acclaimed Kannada actor Dr Rajkumar , who plays the role of Prince Mayurasharma of the Kadamba dynasty , the earliest native kingdom to rule over what is today the modern state of Karnataka . The film depicts the life of Mayura , a Brahmin youth , as he discovers his royal heritage and realizes his destiny of ascending to the throne of the then-Pallava kingdom . Based on a novel of the same name by Devudu Narasimha Sastri , the film is notable for its various scenes filmed inside and around the famous Mysore Palace . The movie was also the last movie to be shot inside the Mysore Palace . The movie saw a theatrical run of 30 weeks . It is considered by many as a symbol of Kannada pride . The movie was dubbed in Telugu as Mahaveera Mayura . K. V. Vijayendra Prasad , father of S. S. Rajamouli and the storywriter of Baahubali : The Beginning had revealed that he was inspired by this movie while writing the story for Baahubali . He had further revealed that the core story line - about the hero not knowing his birth secret that he belongs to a royal family and lives in isolation in a village - was also inspired by this movie .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '345-365', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kannada film based on the Kadamba Dynasty 's King Mayurasharma set in India", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kannada_cinema', 'summary': "Kannada cinema , also known as Sandalwood , is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Kannada language widely spoken in the state of Karnataka . The 1934 film Sati Sulochana directed by Y. V. Rao was the first talkie film in the Kannada language . It was also the first film starring Subbaiah Naidu , and was the first motion picture screened in the erstwhile Mysore Kingdom . The film was produced by Chamanlal Doongaji , who in 1932 founded South India Movietone in Bengaluru . Major literary works have been adapted to the Kannada screen such as B. V. Karanth 's Chomana Dudi ( 1975 ) , Girish Karnad 's Kaadu ( 1973 ) , Pattabhirama Reddy 's Samskara ( 1970 ) ( based on a novel by U. R. Ananthamurthy ) , which won the Bronze Leopard at Locarno International Film Festival , and T. S. Nagabharana 's Mysuru Mallige ( based on the works of acclaimed poet K. S. Narasimhaswamy ) . Kannada cinema is known for producing experimental works which received global and critical acclaim such as Girish Kasaravalli 's Ghatashraddha ( 1977 ) , which won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany , Dweepa ( 2002 ) , which won Best Film at Moscow International Film Festival , Singeetam Srinivasa Rao 's silent film Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) , screened at the Cannes Film Festival , Ram Gopal Varma 's docudrama Killing Veerappan ( 2016 ) , and Prashanth Neel 's Historical period drama , K.G.F : Chapter 1 ( 2018 ) , which became the first Kannada language film to have grossed ₹250 crores worldwide at the box office ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty', 'summary': 'The Kadambas ( 345-525 CE ) were an ancient royal family of Karnataka , India , that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district . The kingdom was founded by Mayurasharma in c. 345 which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions , an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers and the marital relations they kept with other kingdoms and empires , such as the Vakatakas and Guptas of northern India . Mayurasharma defeated the armies of the Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with the help of some native tribes and claimed sovereignty . The Kadamba power reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma . The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with autonomy . From the mid-6th century the dynasty continued to rule as a vassal of larger Kannada empires , the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties . Notable among these are the Kadambas of Goa , the Kadambas of Halasi and the Kadambas of Hangal . During the pre-Kadamba era the ruling families that controlled the Karnataka region , the Mauryas and later the Satavahanas , were not natives of the region and therefore the nucleus of power resided outside present-day Karnataka . The Kadambas were the first indigenous dynasty to use Kannada , the language of the soil at an administrative level . In the history of Karnataka , this era serves as a broad-based historical starting point in the study of the development of region as an enduring geo-political entity and Kannada as an important regional language .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mayurasharma', 'summary': "Mayurasharma ( Kannada : ಮಯೂರಶರ್ಮ ) ( or Mayuravarma ( Kannada : ಮಯೂರವರ್ಮ ) ) ( r.345-365 C.E . ) , a kannada scholar and a native of Talagunda ( in modern Shimoga district ) , was the founder of the Kadamba Kingdom of Banavasi , the earliest native kingdom to rule over what is today the modern state of Karnataka , India . Before the rise of the Kadambas , the centres of power ruling the land were outside the Karnataka region ; thus the Kadambas ' ascent to power as an independent geo-political entity , with Kannada , the language of the soil as a major regional language , is a landmark event in the history of modern Karnataka with Mayurasharma as an important historical figure . The earliest Kannada language inscriptions are attributed to the Kadambas of Banavasi ."}]}, {'value': 'Ambikapathy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambikapathy_(1937_film)', 'summary': 'Ambikapathy ( also spelled as Ambikapathi ) is a 1937 Indian Tamil musical period film directed by American film director Ellis R. Dungan . It starred M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar , M. R. Santhanalakshmi , Serugulathur Sama , T. S. Balaiya , N. S. Krishnan , T. A. Madhuram and P. G. Venkatesan . Ambikapathy is regarded as one of the greatest hits of pre-independence Tamil cinema . Ambikapathy , along with Chintamani were the greatest hits of 1937 and made critics regard him as the first superstar of Tamil cinema . This was the first Tamil film to name a music director in its credits .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1083', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil , a love story set in India in 1083', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Urumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urumi_(film)', 'summary': "Urumi ( Malayalam : ഉറുമി ) is a 2011 Indian Malayalam-language period action film written by Shankar Ramakrishnan and directed and co-produced by Santosh Sivan . It stars Prithviraj Sukumaran , Prabhu Deva , Genelia D'Souza , Amol Gupte , Jagathy Sreekumar , Nithya Menon , and Alexx O'Nell in lead roles and features Tabu , Arya and Vidya Balan in extended cameos . The film is set in the early 16th century , when Portuguese sailors dominated the Indian Ocean . The story follows Chirakkal Kelu ( Prithviraj ) , seeking to avenge the death of his father at the hands of the sailors , and his cohorts Vavvali of Nagapattinam ( Prabhu Deva ) , princess Ayesha of Arackel ( Genelia D'Souza ) and princess Bala of Chirakkal ( Nithya Menon ) . The plot incorporates the intrigues of the Chirakkal royal house , where Kelu serves as commander-in-chief , its rivalry with the house of Arackal , and the assassination of prince Bhanu Vikraman ( Ankur Khanna ) . . The plot also incorporates such historical figures as Estêvão da Gama ( Alexx O'Nell ) , Vasco da Gama ( Alexx O'Nell & Robin Pratt ) and Chenichery Kurup ( Jagathy Sreekumar ) . The film was made on a budget of more than ₹12 crore ( US $ 1.7 million ) , making it the second-most expensive Malayalam film at the time , after Gokulam Gopalan 's Pazhassi Raja ( 2009 ) . The film also marked the debut of Prithviraj Sukumaran as producer . Urumi was released in Hindi as Ek Yodha Shoorveer , in Tamil as Urumi : Padhinaintham Nootrandu Uraivaal written by Sasikumaran and dubbed in Telugu with the same title , Urumi . The film was critically acclaimed . It won two Kerala State Film Awards , for Best Background Music ( Deepak Dev ) and for Best Sound Recordist ( M. R. Rajakrishnan ) ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16th century AD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malayalam , historical fiction on Portuguese in Malabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malayalam', 'summary': 'Malayalam ( /ˌmələˈjɑːləm/ ; Malayalam : മലയാളം , Malayāḷam ? [ mələjaːɭəm ] ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district ) by the Malayali people . It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India spoken by nearly 2.88% of Indians . Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé ) and is spoken by 37 million people worldwide . Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states ; with significant number of speakers in the Nilgiris , Kanyakumari , and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu , and Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka . Due to Malayali expatriates in the Persian Gulf , the language is also widely spoken in Gulf countries . The origin of Malayalam remains a matter of dispute among scholars . One view holds that Malayalam and modern Tamil are offshoots of Middle Tamil and separated from it sometime after the c. 7th century AD . A second view argues for the development of the two languages out of Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Tamil-Malayalam in the prehistoric era . Designated a Classical Language in India in 2013 , it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan in the 16th century . The oldest documents written purely in Malayalam and still surviving are the Vazhappalli Copper plates from 832 AD and Tharisapalli Copper plates from 849 AD . The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the Vatteluttu alphabet , and later the Kolezhuttu , which derived from it .'}]}, {'value': 'Mughal-e-Azam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam', 'summary': "Mughal-e-Azam ( transl . The Great Mughal ) is a 1960 Indian epic historical drama film directed by K. Asif and produced by Shapoorji Pallonji . Starring Prithviraj Kapoor , Madhubala , Durga Khote , and Dilip Kumar , it follows the love affair between Mughal Prince Salim ( who went on to become Emperor Jahangir ) and Anarkali , a court dancer . Salim 's father , Emperor Akbar , disapproves of the relationship , which leads to a war between father and son . The development of Mughal-e-Azam began in 1944 , when Asif read a play set in the reign of Emperor Akbar ( 1556-1605 ) . Production was plagued by delays and financial uncertainty . Before its principal photography began in the early 1950s , the project had lost a financier and undergone a complete change of cast . Mughal-e-Azam cost more to produce than any previous Indian motion picture ; the budget for a single song sequence exceeded that typical for an entire film of the period . The soundtrack , inspired by Indian classical and folk music , comprises 12 songs voiced by playback singer Lata Mangeshkar along with Mohammed Rafi , Shamshad Begum and classical singer Bade Ghulam Ali Khan , and is often cited among the finest in Bollywood cinematic history . Mughal-e-Azam had the widest release of any Indian film up to that time , and patrons often queued all day for tickets . Released on 5 August 1960 , it broke box office records in India and became the highest-grossing Indian film of all time , a distinction it held for 15 years . By some accounts , Mughal-e-Azam remains the highest-grossing Indian film of all time , adjusted for inflation ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1569-1605', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bollywood film telling a story set during the Mughal Empire , depicting conflict between King Akbar and his son Crown Prince Salim over Anarkali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bollywood', 'summary': "Hindi cinema , often known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema , is the Indian Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai ( formerly Bombay ) . The term is a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood . The industry is related to Cinema of South India and other Indian film industries , making up Indian Cinema - the world 's largest by number of feature films produced . Indian cinema has an annual output of 1,986 feature films in 2017 . Bollywood is its largest film producer , with 364 Hindi films produced in 2017 . Bollywood represents 43 percent of Indian net box-office revenue ; Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 percent , and the remaining regional cinema constituted 21 percent in 2014 . Bollywood is one of the largest centres of film production in the world . In 2001 ticket sales , Indian cinema ( including Bollywood ) reportedly sold an estimated 3.6 billion tickets worldwide , compared to Hollywood 's 2.6 billion tickets sold . Bollywood films tend to use a colloquial dialect of Hindi-Urdu ( or Hindustani ) , mutually intelligible by Hindi and Urdu speakers , and modern Bollywood movies increasingly incorporate elements of Hinglish . The most popular commercial genre in Bollywood since the 1970s has been the masala film , which freely mixes different genres including action , comedy , romance , drama and melodrama along with musical numbers . Masala films generally fall under the musical film genre , of which Indian cinema has been the largest producer since the 1960s when it exceeded the American film industry 's total musical output after musical films declined in the West ; the first Indian musical talkie was Alam Ara ( 1931 ) , several years after the first Hollywood musical talkie The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) . Alongside commercial masala films , a distinctive genre of art films known as parallel cinema has also existed , presenting realistic content and avoidance of musical numbers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mughal_Empire', 'summary': "The Mughal Empire or Mogul Empire , was an early-modern empire in South Asia . For some two centuries , the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west , northern Afghanistan in the northwest , and Kashmir in the north , to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east , and the uplands of the Deccan plateau in South India . The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur , a warrior chieftain from what today is Uzbekistan , who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid- and Ottoman empires , to defeat the Sultan of Delhi , Ibrahim Lodhi , in the First Battle of Panipat , and to sweep down the plains of Upper India . The Mughal imperial structure , however , is sometimes dated to 1600 , to the rule of Babur 's grandson , Akbar , This imperial structure lasted until 1720 , until shortly after the death of the last major emperor , Aurengzeb , during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent . Reduced subsequently , especially during the East India Company rule in India , to the region in and around Old Delhi , the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Although the Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare , it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule , but rather equalized and placated them through new administrative practices , and diverse ruling elites , leading to more efficient , centralised , and standardized rule . The base of the empire 's collective wealth was agricultural taxes , instituted by the third Mughal emperor , Akbar . These taxes , which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator , were paid in the well-regulated silver currency , and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets . The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India 's economic expansion . Burgeoning European presence in the Indian ocean , and its increasing demand for Indian raw- and finished products , created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts . There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite , resulting in greater patronage of painting , literary forms , textiles , and architecture , especially during the reign of Shah Jahan . Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are : Agra Fort , Fatehpur Sikri , Red Fort , Humayun 's Tomb , Lahore Fort and the Taj Mahal , which is described as , The jewel of Muslim art in India , and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Akbar_the_Great', 'summary': "Abu ' l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar ( Persian : ابو الفتح جلال الدين محمد اكبر ; October 1542 [ a ] - 27 October 1605 ) , popularly known as Akbar the Great , ( Akbar-i-azam اکبر اعظم ) , and also as Akbar I ( IPA : [ əkbər ] ) , was the third Mughal emperor , who reigned from 1556 to 1605 . Akbar succeeded his father , Humayun , under a regent , Bairam Khan , who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India . A strong personality and a successful general , Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include most of the Indian subcontinent . His power and influence , however , extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military , political , cultural , and economic dominance . To unify the vast Mughal state , Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy . To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire , he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects . Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity , Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty , expressed through an Indo-Persian culture , to himself as an emperor . Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy , leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture . Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture . He was fond of literature , and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit , Urdu , Persian , Greek , Latin , Arabic and Kashmiri , staffed by many scholars , translators , artists , calligraphers , scribes , bookbinders and readers . He did much of the cataloging himself through three main groupings . Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women , and he decreed that schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus should be established throughout the realm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jahangir', 'summary': "Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim ( Persian : نورالدین محمد سلیم ) , known by his imperial name Jahangir ( Persian : جهانگیر ) ( 31 August 1569 - 28 October 1627 ) , was the fourth Mughal Emperor , who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627 . His imperial name ( in Persian ) , means 'conqueror of the world ' , 'world-conqueror ' or 'world-seizer ' ( Jahan : world ; gir : the root of the Persian verb gereftan : to seize , to grab ) . The tale of his relationship with the Mughal courtesan , Anarkali , has been widely adapted into the literature , art and cinema of India ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anarkali', 'summary': "Anarkali ( Urdu : انارکلی ) ( pomegranate blossom ) , born as Sharif un-Nissa belongs to Sheikh Family , and also known as Nadira Begum , was a courtesan from Lahore ( in modern-day Pakistan ) . According to one of the stories , Anarkali had an illicit relationship with the Crown Prince Jahangir and the Mughal Emperor Akbar had her enclosed in a wall where she died . There is no historic proof of Anarakali 's existence although her character often appears in movies , books and fictionalized versions of history . Anarkali was first mentioned in the journal of an English tourist and trader , William Finch , after he visited the Mughal Empire on 24 August , 1608 . The story was also written by Indian writer Abdul Halim Sharar and on the first page of his book , he clearly mentions it to be a work of fiction . Nevertheless , Anarkali 's story has been adapted into literature , art and cinema . [ citation needed ] She is depicted in the Bollywood movie , Mughal-e-Azam , which is set during the Mughal period . According to legend , Anarkali was ordered to be buried alive between two walls by Mughal Emperor Akbar for having an illicit relationship with the Crown-Prince Salim , later to become Mughal Emperor Jahangir . There is disagreement among scholars concerning the authenticity of Anarkali 's story . There are many supporting and opposing views such as the ones mentioned below . The earliest Western stories about the love affair between Salim and Anarkali were written by two British travellers , William Finch and Edward Terry . William Finch reached Lahore in February 1611 ( only 11 years after the supposed death of Anarkali ) , to sell indigo he had purchased at Bayana on behalf of the East India Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Jodha-Akbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jodha-Akbar', 'summary': 'Jodhaa Akbar is a 2008 Indian historical romance film , co-written , produced and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker . It stars Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan in the lead roles , with Sonu Sood , Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Ila Arun in supporting roles . The shooting began at Karjat and the film was released on 15 February 2008 . The film centres on the romance between the Mughal Emperor Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar , played by Hrithik Roshan , and the Rajput Princess Jodhaa Bai who becomes his wife , played by Aishwarya Rai . Acclaimed composer A. R. Rahman composed the musical score . The soundtrack of the film was released on 19 January 2008 . Upon release , it was a critical and commercial success . The film won the Audience Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the São Paulo International Film Festival , two awards at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival , seven Star Screen Awards five Filmfare Awards and two National Film Awards , in addition to two nominations at the 3rd Asian Film Awards .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1556-1605', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bollywood film set during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar ( r. 1556-1605 ) , depicts his marriage to a Hindu Rajput princess Jodhaa Bai . Directed by Ashutosh Gowariker , and stars Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai in the title roles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mughal_Emperor', 'summary': "The Mughal Emperors , Moghul , from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century , built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent , mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India , Pakistan , Afghanistan and Bangladesh . The Mughals emerged as a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia . Their founder Babur , a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley ( in modern Uzbekistan ) , was a direct descendant of Timur ( generally known in western nations as Tamerlane ) and also affiliated with Genghis Khan through Timur 's marriage to a Genghisid princess . Many of the later Mughal emperors had significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Rajput and Persian princesses . Akbar , for instance , was half-Persian ( his mother was of Persian origin ) , Jahangir was half-Rajput and quarter-Persian , and Shah Jahan was three-quarters Rajput . During Aurangzeb 's Islamic sharia based government , the empire , as the world 's largest economy , worth over 25% of world GDP , controlled all of the Indian subcontinent , extending from Chittagong in the east to Kabul and Baluchistan in the west , Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River basin in the south . Its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million ( a quarter of the world 's population ) , over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres ( 1.2 million square miles ) . Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor , Bahadur Shah II , was deposed in 1857 , with the establishment of the British Raj ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Akbar_the_Great', 'summary': "Abu ' l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar ( Persian : ابو الفتح جلال الدين محمد اكبر ; October 1542 [ a ] - 27 October 1605 ) , popularly known as Akbar the Great , ( Akbar-i-azam اکبر اعظم ) , and also as Akbar I ( IPA : [ əkbər ] ) , was the third Mughal emperor , who reigned from 1556 to 1605 . Akbar succeeded his father , Humayun , under a regent , Bairam Khan , who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India . A strong personality and a successful general , Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include most of the Indian subcontinent . His power and influence , however , extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military , political , cultural , and economic dominance . To unify the vast Mughal state , Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy . To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire , he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects . Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity , Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty , expressed through an Indo-Persian culture , to himself as an emperor . Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy , leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture . Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture . He was fond of literature , and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit , Urdu , Persian , Greek , Latin , Arabic and Kashmiri , staffed by many scholars , translators , artists , calligraphers , scribes , bookbinders and readers . He did much of the cataloging himself through three main groupings . Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women , and he decreed that schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus should be established throughout the realm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hindu', 'summary': "Hindus ( Hindustani : [ ˈɦɪndu ] ( listen ) ) are persons who regard themselves as culturally , ethnically , or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism . Historically , the term has also been used as a geographical , cultural , and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent . The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time . Starting with the Persian and Greek references to the land of the Indus in the 1st millennium BCE through the texts of the medieval era , the term Hindu implied a geographic , ethnic or cultural identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent around or beyond the Sindhu ( Indus ) river . By the 16th century , the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not Turkic or Muslims . [ a ] [ b ] The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local South Asian population , in a religious or cultural sense , is unclear . Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era , or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars . A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and Bengali . The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati , Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma ( Hinduism ) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma ( Islam ) . The Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu ' in religious context in 1649 . In the 18th century , the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus , in contrast to Mohamedans for Mughals and Arabs following Islam . By the mid-19th century , colonial orientalist texts further distinguished Hindus from Buddhists , Sikhs and Jains , but the colonial laws continued to consider all of them to be within the scope of the term Hindu until about mid-20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rajput', 'summary': 'Rajput ( from Sanskrit raja-putra , son of a king ) is a large multi-component cluster of castes , kin bodies , and local groups , sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent . The term Rajput covers various patrilineal clans historically associated with warriorhood : several clans claim Rajput status , although not all claims are universally accepted . The term Rajput acquired its present meaning only in the 16th century , although it is also anachronistically used to describe the earlier lineages that emerged in northern India from 6th century onwards . In the 11th century , the term rajaputra appeared as a non-hereditary designation for royal officials . Gradually , the Rajputs emerged as a social class comprising people from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the membership of this class became largely hereditary , although new claims to Rajput status continued to be made in the later centuries . Several Rajput-ruled kingdoms played a significant role in many regions of central and northern India until the 20th century . The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found in north , west , central and east India . These areas include Rajasthan , Gujarat , Uttar Pradesh , Himachal Pradesh , Haryana , Jammu , Uttarakhand , Bihar and Madhya Pradesh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashutosh_Gowariker', 'summary': "Ashutosh Gowariker ( born 15 February 1964 ) is an Indian film director , actor , screenwriter and producer . He is known for directing films set on a huge canvas while boasting of an opulent treatment . His works include Lagaan ( 2001 ) , Swades ( 2004 ) , Jodhaa Akbar ( 2008 ) , What 's Your Raashee ? ( 2009 ) , Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey ( 2010 ) and Mohenjo Daro ( 2016 ) . His film Lagaan was nominated in the Best Foreign Language Film category in 74th Academy Awards , which makes him a voting member of the Academy Awards . He returned to acting by playing the lead role in the critically acclaimed comedy-drama Ventilator ( 2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan', 'summary': "Hrithik Roshan ( English : /ˈrɪtɪk ˈrɒʃən/ , born 10 January 1974 ) is an Indian actor who appears in Bollywood films . He has portrayed a variety of characters and is known for his dancing skills . One of the highest-paid actors in India , he has won many awards , including six Filmfares , four for Best Actor and one each for Best Debut and Best Actor ( Critics ) . Starting in 2012 , he appeared in Forbes India 's Celebrity 100 based on his income and popularity . Roshan has frequently collaborated with his father . He made brief appearances as a child actor in several films in the 1980s and later worked as an assistant director on four of his father 's films . His first leading role was in the box-office success Kaho Naa . Pyaar Hai ( 2000 ) , for which he received several awards . Performances in the 2000 terrorism drama Fiza and the 2001 ensemble melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham . consolidated his reputation but were followed by several poorly received films . The 2003 science fiction film Koi . Mil Gaya , for which Roshan won two Filmfare Awards , was a turning point in his career ; he also appeared in its sequels : Krrish ( 2006 ) and Krrish 3 ( 2013 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai', 'summary': "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan ( born 1 November 1973 ) is an Indian actress and the winner of the Miss World 1994 pageant . Through her successful acting career , she has established herself as one of the most popular and influential celebrities in India . Rai has received numerous accolades , including two Filmfare Awards , and was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012 . She has often been cited in the media as the most beautiful woman in the world . While in college , Rai did a few modelling jobs . Following appearances in several television commercials , she entered the Miss India pageant , in which she placed second . She was then crowned Miss World 1994 , after which she began receiving offers to act in film . She made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam 's 1997 Tamil film Iruvar and had her first Hindi film release in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya that same year . Her first commercial success was the Tamil romantic drama Jeans ( 1998 ) , following which she achieved wider success and won two Best Actress awards at Filmfare for her performances in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) and Devdas ( 2002 ) . Rai garnered critical appreciation for portraying a passionate artist in the Tamil romance Kandukondain Kandukondain ( 2000 ) , Tagore 's heroine , Binodini , in the Bengali film Chokher Bali ( 2003 ) , a depressed woman in the drama Raincoat ( 2004 ) , Kiranjit Ahluwalia in the British drama film Provoked ( 2006 ) , and a nurse in the drama Guzaarish ( 2010 ) . Rai 's greatest commercial successes have been the romance Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) , the adventure film Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , the historical romance Jodhaa Akbar ( 2008 ) , the science fiction film Enthiran ( 2010 ) , and the romantic drama Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) . Rai married actor Abhishek Bachchan in 2007 ; the couple have one daughter ."}]}, {'value': 'Taj Mahal : An Eternal Love Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taj_Mahal:_An_Eternal_Love_Story', 'summary': 'Taj Mahal : An Eternal Love Story is a 2005 Bollywood historical drama film directed by Akbar Khan . The movie starred Kabir Bedi , Sonya Jehan , Manisha Koirala , Arbaaz Khan , Vaquar Shaikh and Pooja Batra in the title roles . The movie was released on 18 November in India . Music was composed by the legend of Indian film music Naushad Ali . This was the last work of Naushad Ali who died on 5 May 2006 . It was the most expensive Indian film at the time , surpassing the budget of Devdas ( 2002 ) and costing more than ₹500 million ( $ 11.34 million ) . The film was released in Pakistan by Eveready Pictures and did record business at the box office . However , the film was a financial failure in India , where it grossed only ₹210 million , bringing its worldwide gross to ₹311 million ( $ 7.1 million ) .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1627-58', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Directed by Akbar Khan . This movie entails the story of Shah Jahan ( r. 1627-58 ) and his Queen Mumtaz Mahal ( 1593-1631 ) . Mumtaz was the love of Shah Jahan 's life , and the monument this Mughal emperor built to honour his deceased love was the Taj Mahal ( constructed from 1632 to 1653 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paradesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paradesi_(2013_film)', 'summary': "Paradesi ( transl . Vagabond ) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language period drama film written and directed by Bala starring Atharvaa , Vedhicka and Dhansika . The film 's music was scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar . The film was based on novel Eriyum Panikadu , Tamil translation of English novel Red Tea by Paul Harris Daniel and inspired from real life incidents that took place before independence in the 1930s . It was released on 15 March 2013 . The dubbed version of Telugu was released with the same name . The film opened to positive reviews . and become an above average success ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Bala . This movie is based on the lives affected by plantation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Deceivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Deceivers_(film)', 'summary': 'The Deceivers is a 1988 adventure film directed by Nicholas Meyer , starring Pierce Brosnan and Saeed Jaffrey . The film is based on the 1952 John Masters novel of the same name regarding the murderous Thuggee of India .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1825', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'about Thugees in India in 1825', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thugee', 'summary': "Thuggee ( UK : /θʌˈɡiː/ , US : /ˈθʌɡi/ ) refers to the acts of Thugs , an organised gang of professional robbers and murderers . The English language word thug traces its roots to the Hindi ठग ( ṭhag ) , which means 'swindler ' or 'deceiver ' . Related words are the verb thugna ( 'to deceive ' ) , from the Sanskrit स्थग ( sthaga 'cunning , sly , fraudulent ' ) and स्थगति ( sthagati , 'he conceals ' ) . This term , describing the murder and robbery of travellers , is popular in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent and particularly India . Thugs are said to have travelled in groups across the Indian subcontinent . There were numerous traditions about their origin . One recorded by D. F. McLeod traced it to some Muslim tribes formed from those who fled Delhi after murdering a physician . Another traced it to some great Muslim families who fled after murdering a favoured slave of Akbar . These original Muslim Thugs spread Thuggee amongst Rajputs , Hindus , Lodhis and Ahirs . According to other traditions by Thugs , they were Kanjars or descended from those who worked in the Mughal camps . Others have blamed the rise of Thugs on the disbanding of armies in employment of Indian rulers after the British conquest . Thugs are said to have operated as gangs of highway robbers , tricking and later strangling their victims ."}]}, {'value': 'Veer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veer_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Veer : An Epic Love Story of a Warrior ( transl . Brave ) is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language epic action film directed by Anil Sharma , and starring Salman Khan , Zareen Khan , Mithun Chakraborty , Jackie Shroff , Sohail Khan , Rishabh Jain .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1825', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'set during the 1825 Pindari movement of Rajasthan , when India was ruled by the British . Directed by Anil Sharma stars Salman Khan in lerole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shatranj Ke Khiladi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shatranj_Ke_Khiladi_(film)', 'summary': "Shatranj Ke Khilari ( English : The Chess Players ) is a 1977 Indian film written and directed by Satyajit Ray , based on Munshi Premchand 's short story of the same name . Amjad Khan plays the role of Wajid Ali Shah , King of Awadh , and Richard Attenborough plays the role of General James Outram . The film also features the actors Sanjeev Kumar , Saeed Jaffrey , Shabana Azmi , David Abraham , and Tom Alter , as well as Amitabh Bachchan as the narrator . This is the first Hindi feature film of filmmaker Satyajit Ray and second being 'Sadgati'- another adaptation of Premchand 's short story ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': "( The Chess Players , 1977 ) entailing the East India Company 's annexation of the kingdom of Oudh ( Awadh ) from Wajid Ali Shah in 1856 on the eve of the Sepoy Mutiny", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_India_Company', 'summary': "The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) , East India Trading Company ( EITC ) , or the British East India Company , and informally known as John Company , Company Bahadur , or simply The Company , was an English and later British joint-stock company . It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region , initially with Mughal India and the East Indies , and later with Qing China . The company ended up seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent , colonised parts of Southeast Asia , and colonised Hong Kong after a war with Qing China . Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , spices , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833 , Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning , the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics , just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 . These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . By contrast , wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oudh', 'summary': 'The Oudh State ( /ˈaʊd/ , also Kingdom of Oudh , or Awadh State ) was a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until annexation by the British in 1856 . Oudh , the now obsolete but once official English-language name of the state , also written historically as Oude , derived from the name of Ayodhya , its first capital . As the Mughal Empire declined and decentralized , local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy , and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing the fertile lands of the Central and Lower Doab . With the British East India Company entering Bengal and decisively defeating Oudh at the Battle of Buxar in 1764 , Oudh fell into the British orbit . The capital of Oudh was in Faizabad , but the British Agents , officially known as residents , had their seat in Lucknow . The Nawab of Oudh , one of the richest princes , paid for and erected a Residency in Lucknow as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements . Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857 . In the course of this uprising detachments of the British Indian Army from the Bombay Presidency overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign . Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859 . This rebellion is also historically known as the Oudh campaign . After the British annexation of Oudh by the Doctrine of Lapse , the North Western Provinces became the North Western Provinces and Oudh .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Shah', 'summary': "Wajid Ali Shah ( Urdu : واجد علی شاہ ) ( 30 July 1822 - 1 September 1887 ) was the tenth and last Nawab of Awadh , holding the position for 9 years , from 13 February 1847 to 11 February 1856 . Nawab Wajid Ali Shah 's first wife was Alam Ara who was better known as Khas Mahal because of her exquisite beauty [ clarification needed ] . She was one of two Nikahi [ clarification needed ] wives . His kingdom , long protected by the British under treaty , was eventually annexed bloodlessly on 11 February 1856 , two days before the ninth anniversary of his coronation . The Nawab was exiled to Garden Reach in Metiabruz , then a suburb of Kolkata , where he lived out the rest of his life on a generous pension . He was a poet , playwright , dancer and great patron of the arts . He is widely credited with the revival of Kathak as a major form of classical Indian dance . He is survived by many descendants ."}]}, {'value': 'Junoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junoon_(1978_film)', 'summary': "Junoon ( Hindi : जुनून , translation : The Obsession ) is a 1978 Indian Hindi language film produced by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Shyam Benegal . The film is based on Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella , A Flight of Pigeons , set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The film 's soundtrack was composed by Vanraj Bhatia , and cinematography by Govind Nihalani . Its cast included Shashi Kapoor , his wife Jennifer Kendal , Nafisa Ali , Tom Alter , Shabana Azmi , Kulbhushan Kharbanda , Naseeruddin Shah , Deepti Naval , Pearl Padamsee and Sushma Seth . The film also featured Shashi and Jennifer 's children Karan Kapoor , Kunal Kapoor , and Sanjana Kapoor ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1857', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'about a love story between one of the Rebels of 1857 in Rohilkhand and an Anglo-Indian woman that he has held hostage ( along with her mother and grandmother )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rohilkhand', 'summary': 'Rohilkhand is a region in the northwestern part of the Uttar Pradesh state of India , centered around Bareilly and Moradabad divisions . Part of the upper Ganges Plain , the region is named after the Rohilla Pashtun ( also known as Afghan or Pathan ) tribes . The region was called Madhyadesh in the Sanskrit epics Mahabharata and Ramayana .'}]}], 'section_title': 'South Asia -- Indian subcontinent history', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Asian_historical_drama_films_1', 'intro': 'Historical or period drama is a film genre in which stories are based on historical events and famous persons. Some historical dramas attempt to accurately portray a historical event or biography, to the degree that the available historical research will allow. Other historical dramas are fictionalised tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds. Due to the sheer volume of films included in this genre and in the interest of continuity, this list is primarily focused on films pertaining to the history of East Asia, Central Asia, and India. For films pertaining to the history of Near Eastern and Western civilisation, please refer to list of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization. The films on this page are divided into regions, and within each region the films are listed chronologically by subject matter.'}
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What is the film whose setting notes are one of 22 scheduled languages of India spoken by nearly 2.88 % of Indians ?
Urumi
097920c97681a6ba
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards,_lectures_and_medals_of_the_Royal_Society', 'title': 'Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society', 'header': ['Awards', 'Created', 'Description', 'Recent winners'], 'data': [{'value': "Armourers and Brasiers ' Company Prize", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Armourers_and_Brasiers'_Company_Prize", 'summary': "The Royal Society Armourers and Brasiers ' Company Prize is sponsored by the Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers and awarded biennially by the Royal Society for excellence in materials science and technology and is accompanied by a £2000 gift . The medal was first awarded in 1985 to Michael F. Ashby in recognition of his outstanding contributions to materials science , first for identifying the mechanism underlying and by modelling theoretically a number of phenomena of great importance to the materials engineer ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Awarded biennially for excellence in materials science and technology the Armourers and Brasiers ' Company Prize is sponsored by the Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers and is accompanied by a £ 2000 gift", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Armourers_and_Brasiers', 'summary': "The Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London . The Armourers ' Guild was established in 1322 ; it received a Royal Charter in 1453 . Other Companies , including the Armour Repairers , merged with the Armourers . In 1708 , brass workers joined the Company , which was renamed as the Armourers ' and Brasiers ' Company . The Company does support the metallurgy industry , but does not retain a close association with its original trade , as is the case with a majority of Livery Companies . It exists primarily as a charitable establishment . The Company is based at Armourers ' Hall , situated on the corner of Coleman Street and London Wall , and has occupied this same site since 1346 . The Hall was one of the very few to escape destruction in the Great Fire of London in 1666 . In 1795 , the Hall was enlarged , but it was decided in 1839 to rebuild it completely . The lantern , or dome , of the Livery Hall was added in 1872 . On 29 December 1940 , during a major blitz on London , the surrounding area was devastated , but again the Hall survived . The Armourers ' and Brasiers ' Company ranks twenty-second in the order of precedence of Livery Companies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pound_sterling', 'summary': 'Pound sterling ( symbol : £ ; ISO code : GBP ) , commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as sterling , is the official currency of the United Kingdom , Jersey , Guernsey , the Isle of Man , Gibraltar , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , and Tristan da Cunha . It is subdivided into 100 pence ( singular : penny , abbreviated : p ) . The Pound sterling is the oldest currency in continuous use . A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound . Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies and the Chinese yuan , it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights . As of 30 September 2019 [ update ] , sterling is also the fifth most-held reserve currency in global reserves . The British Crown dependencies of Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man produce their own local issues of sterling ( the Guernsey pound , the Jersey pound and the Manx pound ) which are considered fully equivalent to UK sterling in their respective regions . The pound sterling is also used in Gibraltar ( alongside the Gibraltar pound ) , the Falkland Islands ( alongside the Falkland Islands pound ) , Saint Helena and Ascension Island in Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( alongside the Saint Helena pound ) . The Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling , issuing its own banknotes , and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland . Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England ; their governments guarantee convertibility at par .'}]}, {'value': 'Steven Armes 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Armes', 'summary': 'Steven Peter Armes ( born 1962 ) FRS is a Professor of polymer chemistry and colloid chemistry at the University of Sheffield .'}]}, {'value': 'GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline_Prize', 'summary': 'The GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture is awarded by the Royal Society of London for original contributions to medical and veterinary sciences published within ten years from the date of the award . Sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline , the medal is awarded with a gift of £2500 . The medal was first awarded in 1980 to César Milstein in recognition of his pioneering the production of monoclonal antibodies from hybrid cell lines and initiating their application worldwide in many fields of biology and medicine , and has since been awarded 13 times .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded biennially for original contributions to medical and veterinary sciences published within ten years from the date of the award the GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture is both an award and a lecture , and is accompanied by a £2500 gift . The award was initially sponsored by the Wellcome Trust in 1986 but in 2002 was renamed the GlaxoSmithKline Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellcome_Trust', 'summary': "The Wellcome Trust is a research charity based in London , United Kingdom . It was established in 1936 with legacies from the pharmaceutical magnate Sir Henry Wellcome to fund research to improve human and animal health . The aim of the Trust is to achieve extraordinary improvements in health by supporting the brightest minds , and in addition to funding biomedical research it supports the public understanding of science . It had a financial endowment of £25.9 billion in 2018 , making it the fourth wealthiest charitable foundation in the world , after the American Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the Danish Novo Nordisk Foundation and the Dutch INGKA Foundation ( related to the IKEA company ) . The Trust has been described by the Financial Times as the United Kingdom 's largest provider of non-governmental funding for scientific research , and one of the largest providers in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline', 'summary': "GlaxoSmithKline plc ( GSK ) is a British multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Brentford , London . Established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham , GSK was the world 's seventh largest pharmaceutical company as of 2015 , after Johnson & Johnson , Pfizer , Novartis , Merck , Hoffmann-La Roche and Sanofi . [ n 1 ] Emma Walmsley became CEO on 31 March 2017 and is the first female CEO of the company . The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . As of August 2016 it had a market capitalisation of £81 billion ( around $ 107 billion ) , the fourth largest on the London Stock Exchange . It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange . GSK 's drugs and vaccines earned revenue of £21.3 billion in 2013 . Its top-selling products that year were Advair , Avodart , Flovent , Augmentin , Lovaza and Lamictal . GSK 's consumer products , which earned revenue of £5.2 billion in 2013 , include Sensodyne and Aquafresh toothpaste , the malted-milk drink Horlicks , Abreva for cold sores , Breathe Right nasal strips , Nicoderm and Nicorette nicotine replacements , and Night Nurse , a cold remedy . The company developed the first malaria vaccine , RTS , S , which it said in 2014 it would make available for five percent above cost . Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines , such as amoxicillin , mercaptopurine , pyrimethamine and zidovudine . In 2012 , GSK pleaded guilty to promotion of drugs for unapproved uses , failure to report safety data , and kickbacks to physicians in the United States and agreed to pay a $ 3 billion ( £1.9bn ) settlement ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Hattersley 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Hattersley', 'summary': 'Andrew Tym Hattersley CBE FRS ( born 1958 , London ) is a Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Exeter and is known for his research in monogenic diabetes . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2010 . In 1981 , he received his BA from Emmanuel College , Cambridge . He received his BM BCh in 1984 and his DM in 1997 , both from Oxford University . He did further training in diabetes at Hammersmith Hospital . He was a lecturer at the University of Birmingham from 1993-1994 , and he has worked at Exeter since 1995 . He identified glucokinase as the first gene causing diabetes and has published over 500 papers on the topic of diabetes . His subsequent work has developed the understanding of MODY and the treatments and supportive therapies available . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Faraday Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London_Michael_Faraday_Prize', 'summary': 'The Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize is awarded for excellence in communicating science to UK audiences . Named after Michael Faraday , the medal itself is made of silver gilt , and is accompanied by a purse of £2500 .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded annually for excellence in communicating science to UK audiences the winner of the Michael Faraday Prize is expected to give a lecture , where he or she will be presented with the £2500 gift that accompanies the prize', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martyn Poliakoff 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martyn_Poliakoff', 'summary': 'Sir Martyn Poliakoff CBE CChem FRS FREng FRSC FIChemE ( born 16 December 1947 ) is a British chemist , working on gaining insights into fundamental chemistry , and on developing environmentally acceptable processes and materials . The core themes of his work are supercritical fluids , infrared spectroscopy and lasers . He is a research professor in chemistry at the University of Nottingham . His group comprises several members of staff , postdoctoral research fellows , postgraduate students and overseas visitors . As well as carrying out research at the University of Nottingham , he is a lecturer , teaching a number of modules including green chemistry . He is also known for his leading role in The Periodic Table of Videos .'}]}, {'value': 'Milner Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milner_Award', 'summary': 'The Royal Society Milner Award , supported by Microsoft Research , is given for outstanding achievement in computer science by a European researcher . It replaces the Royal Society and Académie des Sciences Microsoft Award and is named in honour of Robin Milner , a pioneer in computer science . The recipient should be an active researcher in computer science , excepting Microsoft research employees , who has been resident in Europe for at least 12 months prior to their nomination . The winner of the award receives a medal and a personal prize of £5,000 . The winner is invited to deliver a public lecture on their research at the Society . The recipient is chosen by the Council of the Royal Society on the recommendation of the Milner Award Committee . The Committee is made up of Fellows of the Royal Society , Members of the Académie des sciences ( France ) and Members of Leopoldina ( Germany ) . Nominations are valid for five years after which the candidate can not be re-nominated until a year after the nomination has expired .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Royal Society Milner Award , supported by Microsoft Research , is given annually for outstanding achievement in computer science by a European researcher . It replaces the Royal Society and Académie des sciences Microsoft Award and is named in honour of Professor Robin Milner FRS ( 1934-2010 ) , a pioneer in computer science', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Milner', 'summary': 'Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner ( 13 January 1934 - 20 March 2010 ) , known as Robin Milner or A. J. R. G. Milner , was a British computer scientist , and a Turing Award winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Cordelia Schmid 2020', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cordelia_Schmid', 'summary': 'Cordelia Schmid is computer vision researcher , currently Head of the THOTH project team at INRIA ( French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation ) , Montbonnot , France . Schmid obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Karlsruhe , and her doctorate from the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble , with a prizewinning thesis on Local Greyvalue Invariants for Image Matching and Retrieval . Schmid was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) in 2012 for contributions to large-scale image retrieval , classification and object detection . She was a co-winner of the Longuet-Higgins Prize in 2006 , in 2014 , and again in 2016 . In 2017 , she became a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . She won the 2020 Milner award .'}]}, {'value': 'Mullard Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mullard_Award', 'summary': 'The Mullard Award is awarded annually by the Royal Society to a person who has an outstanding academic record in any field of natural science , engineering or technology and whose contribution is currently making or has the potential to make a contribution to national prosperity in Britain . It was established in 1967 , and has been awarded to more people at once than any other Royal Society medal , with five individuals receiving the award in 1970 . The award is a silver gilt medal , which comes with a £2,000 prize and a £1,500 grant to be used for travel and attending conferences .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded to an individual who has an outstanding academic record in any area of natural science , engineering or technology and whose work is currently making or has the potential to make a contribution to national prosperity in the United Kingdom the Mullard Award is aimed at scientists and engineers in the early stages of their career and is accompanied by a £2000 gift', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hagan Bayley 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hagan_Bayley', 'summary': 'John Hagan Pryce Bayley FRS ( born 13 February 1951 ) is a British scientist , who holds the position of Professor of Chemical Biology at the University of Oxford .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Society Africa Prize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Society_Africa_Prize', 'summary': 'The Royal Society Africa Prize ( formerly known as the Royal Society Pfizer Prize ) has been awarded by the Royal Society since 2006 to African-based researchers at the start of their career who are making innovative contributions to the biological sciences in Africa . £60,000 is awarded as a grant for the recipient to carry out a research project that is linked to an African centre of scientific excellence , normally a University or equivalent research centre , and a further £5,000 is given directly to the prizewinner . The final award under the Pfizer name was made in 2016 , after which the award was renamed the Royal Society Africa Prize , and consists of a grant of £11,000 and a gift of £1000 .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To recognise research scientists based in Africa who are making an innovative contribution to the biological sciences , including basic medical science , which contributes significantly to capacity building in Africa . The winner will receive an £11,000 grant towards her research project , a bronze medal and a gift of £1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Mwandumba 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Mwandumba', 'summary': 'Henry Charles Mwandumba is an African Professor of Medicine and Deputy Director of the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome research programme . He who works on the tuberculosis phagosome in the University of Malawi College of Medicine , and serves as President of the Federation of African Immunological Societies . In 2019 Mwandumba was awarded the Royal Society Africa Prize .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Society Athena Prize', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded biennially ( in even years ) for individuals and teams , working in UK academic and research communities , who have contributed most to the advancement of diversity in science , technology , engineering and mathematics ( STEM ) within their communities . The recipients of the prize receive a medal and a gift of £5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma Chapman 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Chapman', 'summary': 'Emma Olivia Chapman ( born 1988 ) [ citation needed ] ( née Woodfield ) is a British physicist and Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow at Imperial College London . Her research investigates the epoch of reionization . She won the 2018 Royal Society Athena Prize .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Society Prize for Science Books', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Society_Prizes_for_Science_Books', 'summary': 'The Royal Society Science Books Prize is an annual £25,000 prize awarded by the Royal Society to celebrate outstanding popular science books from around the world . It is open to authors of science books written for a non-specialist audience , and since it was established in 1988 has championed writers such as Stephen Hawking , Jared Diamond , Stephen Jay Gould and Bill Bryson . In 2015 The Guardian described the prize as the most prestigious science book prize in Britain .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Currently known as the Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize , it is awarded annually to the book judged to be the previous year 's best general science writing for a non-specialist reader . The winner receives £25,000", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Wulf 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Wulf', 'summary': 'Andrea Wulf ( born 1972 ) is a British historian and writer who has written books , newspaper articles and book reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosalind Franklin Award', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Award', 'summary': "The Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award was established in 2003 and is awarded annually by the Royal Society to a woman for an outstanding work in any field of Science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ( STEM ) . It is named in honour of Rosalind Franklin and initially funded by the Department of Trade and Industry ( DTI ) and subsequently the Department for Innovation , Universities and Skills ( DIUS ) as part of its efforts to promote women in STEM . Women are a significantly underrepresented group in STEM making up less than 9% of the United Kingdom 's full-time and part-time Professors in Science . The award consists of a medal and a grant of £30,000 , and the recipient delivers a lecture as part of the Society 's public lecture series , some of which are available on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awarded annually for an outstanding contribution to any area of Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics ( STEM ) the Rosalind Franklin Award is accompanied by a £30,000 research grant and is awarded exclusively to women', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nguyen_TK_Thanh', 'summary': 'Nguyễn Thị Kim Thanh FRSC FInstP FRSB FIMMM is a Professor of Nanomaterials at University College London . She was awarded the 2019 Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award for her research and efforts toward gender equality .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Awards', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Awards,_lectures_and_medals_of_the_Royal_Society_0', 'intro': 'The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis, and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal which is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science'}
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What is the award whose recent winner is an African Professor of Medicine and Deputy Director of the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome research programme ?
Royal Society Africa Prize
097a24010dd2ebf2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'title': 'United States at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Ferguson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Ferguson_(snowboarder)', 'summary': 'Ben Ferguson ( born January 21 , 1995 ) is an American snowboarder from Bend , Oregon . He won the silver medal at the Winter X Games XX and the bronze medal at the Winter X Games XXII . In 2018 , he was named to the U.S. Olympic Snowboarding Team for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Ben spends most of his summers in Mt . Hood , Oregon teaching young snowboarders during his signature sessions at High Cascade Snowboard Camp . He is sponsored by Burton Snowboards , Redbull , Mt . Bachelor , Anon Optics , and Crabgrab .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' halfpipe", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_halfpipe", 'summary': "The boys ' halfpipe competition of the snowboarding events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , was held between January 14 and 15 , at Kühtai . 27 athletes from 18 different countries took part in this event ."}]}, {'value': 'January 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summer Britcher Tucker West Ty Andersen Pat Edmunds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summer_Britcher', 'summary': 'Summer Britcher ( born March 21 , 1994 ) is an American luger who earned a place on the Olympic team to compete at the 2014 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tucker_West', 'summary': "Tucker West ( born June 15 , 1995 ) is an American luger who , at the age of 18 , was the youngest male ever to qualify to represent the United States in the men 's luge at the Olympics . West placed 22nd in the men 's single competition at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics took place at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck venue in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed team relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shoma Uno ( JPN ) Jordan Bauth ( USA ) Eugenia Tkachenka / Yuri Hulitski ( BLR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoma_Uno', 'summary': 'Shoma Uno ( 宇野 昌磨 , Uno Shōma , born 17 December 1997 ) is a Japanese figure skater . He is the 2018 Olympic silver medalist , a two-time World silver medalist ( 2018 , 2017 ) , the 2019 Four Continents Champion , a four-time Grand Prix Final medalist ( 2015-2018 ) , the 2017 Asian Winter Games champion , and a four-time Japanese national champion ( 2016-2019 ) . Earlier in his career , he became the 2015 World Junior champion , 2014-15 Junior Grand Prix Final champion , and 2012 Youth Olympic silver medalist . Uno is the first skater to successfully land a quadruple flip in an international competition . He is also the historic record-holder for the highest score by a junior in the short program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Japan competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eugenia_Tkachenka', 'summary': 'Eugenia Tkachenka ( born 24 December 1997 ) is a Belarusian competitive ice dancer . With former partner Yuri Hulitski , she placed 10th at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics and 17th at the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn , Estonia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Hulitski', 'summary': "Yuri Cheslavavich Hulitski ( Belarusian : Юрый Чэслававіч Гуліцкі ; born 18 April 1996 ) is a Belarusian competitive ice dancer . With Anna Kublikova , he is the 2018 Open d'Andorra silver medalist and the 2019 Belarusian national champion . He has competed in the final segment at three ISU Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Belarus_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Belarus competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria . The Belarusian team consisted of 16 athletes in 7 sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Figure skating at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics took place at the OlympiaWorld venue in Innsbruck , Austria . Unique to the Youth Olympic Games was a mixed NOC team trophy competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed NOC team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_NOC_Team', 'summary': "The mixed NOC team figure skating competition of the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Olympiahalle in Innsbruck . The eight teams were composed of one men 's single skater , one ladies ' single skater , and one ice dancing duo , each performing a free program or free dance . Pairs were not included due to the low number of entries ( five pairs total ) ."}]}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arielle Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arielle_Gold', 'summary': "Arielle Townsend Gold ( born May 4 , 1996 ) is an American Olympic medalist snowboarder . In 2012 , she won the gold medal in the halfpipe at the FIS Junior Snowboarding World Championships , at the age of 15 . The next year , she won the gold medal in the halfpipe at the FIS Snowboarding World Championships 2013 , at the age of 16 , becoming the second-youngest snowboarder to win a world championship . She won a bronze medal in the superpipe at the 2013 Winter X Games XVII . In 2014 , she was the youngest member of the US Sochi Winter Olympics halfpipe team , at the age of 17 . However , she suffered a separated shoulder directly before the competition , and was unable to compete . Competing for the US in the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang , South Korea , she won a bronze medal in the women 's halfpipe event Her older brother is Olympian snowboarder Taylor Gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' halfpipe", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Girls'_halfpipe", 'summary': "The girls ' halfpipe competition of the snowboarding events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , was held between January 14 and 15 , at Kühtai . 17 athletes from 14 different countries took part in this event ."}]}, {'value': 'January 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Ferguson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Ferguson_(snowboarder)', 'summary': 'Ben Ferguson ( born January 21 , 1995 ) is an American snowboarder from Bend , Oregon . He won the silver medal at the Winter X Games XX and the bronze medal at the Winter X Games XXII . In 2018 , he was named to the U.S. Olympic Snowboarding Team for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Ben spends most of his summers in Mt . Hood , Oregon teaching young snowboarders during his signature sessions at High Cascade Snowboard Camp . He is sponsored by Burton Snowboards , Redbull , Mt . Bachelor , Anon Optics , and Crabgrab .'}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' slopestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arielle Gold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arielle_Gold', 'summary': "Arielle Townsend Gold ( born May 4 , 1996 ) is an American Olympic medalist snowboarder . In 2012 , she won the gold medal in the halfpipe at the FIS Junior Snowboarding World Championships , at the age of 15 . The next year , she won the gold medal in the halfpipe at the FIS Snowboarding World Championships 2013 , at the age of 16 , becoming the second-youngest snowboarder to win a world championship . She won a bronze medal in the superpipe at the 2013 Winter X Games XVII . In 2014 , she was the youngest member of the US Sochi Winter Olympics halfpipe team , at the age of 17 . However , she suffered a separated shoulder directly before the competition , and was unable to compete . Competing for the US in the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang , South Korea , she won a bronze medal in the women 's halfpipe event Her older brother is Olympian snowboarder Taylor Gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Snowboarding at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 16 to 19 January .'}]}, {'value': "Girls ' slopestyle", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Blunck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Blunck', 'summary': "Aaron Blunck ( born April 12 , 1996 ) is an American freestyle skier from Crested Butte , Colorado . Blunck competed in the men 's halfpipe event at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . He qualified for the final , where he placed seventh out of 12 competitors . Blunck won the gold medal at the 2017 Winter X Games in Aspen in the men 's superpipe . During the summer , Blunck can be found at Mt . Hood , Oregon , where he hosts a Takeover Session at Windells Camp ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle Skiing at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the Nordkette Innsbruck and Kuhtai in Igls , Innsbruck , Austria from 17 January to 22 January . The difference in the Youth Olympic program for freestyle skiing compared to the Winter Olympics was that there were no aerials or moguls competition for both genders , and an inclusion of a ski half-pipe for both genders .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' halfpipe", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_halfpipe", 'summary': "The boys ' halfpipe competition of the freestyle skiing events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , was held between January 14 and 15 , at Kühtai . 13 athletes from 13 different countries took part in this event ."}]}, {'value': 'January 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ty Andersen Pat Edmunds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics took place at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck venue in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': "Boys ' doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Kubek Heather Mooney Sean Doherty Patrick Caldwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Doherty_(biathlete)', 'summary': 'Sean Doherty ( born June 8 , 1995 ) is an American biathlete . Doherty competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia and the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang , South Korea . Among other competitions , he participated in the Biathlon World Cup opening 2015 in Östersund , Jämtland , Sweden in November and December .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Caldwell_(skier)', 'summary': 'Patrick Caldwell ( born February 18 , 1994 in Lyme , New Hampshire ) is an American cross-country skier and son of Tim Caldwell . He is an alumnus of Dartmouth College and will be competing for the United States at the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cross-Country Skiing at the 2012 Youth Winter Olympics took place at the Cross-Country World Cup Course at the Seefeld Arena in Seefeld , Austria from 14 to 16 January . Five events were contested ( 2 per gender ) and a mixed relay with biathlon athletes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics took place at the temporary Biathlon Course at the Seefeld Arena venue in Innsbruck , Austria . One of the mixed events is contested together with cross-country skiers .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country Biathlon mixed relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Korey Dropkin ( USA ) Marina Verenich ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korey_Dropkin', 'summary': 'Korey Dropkin ( born June 11 , 1995 in Boston , Massachusetts ) is an American curler originally from Southborough , Massachusetts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Russia competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling was contested at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics at the Innsbruck Exhibition Centre in Innsbruck , Austria from 14 January to 22 January . The mixed team event took place from 14 January to 18 January , while the mixed doubles tournament took place from 20 January to 22 January . The Athlete Role Models for the Youth Olympics curling competition were Eve Muirhead of Great Britain and Uli Kapp of Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_–_Mixed_doubles', 'summary': 'Mixed doubles curling at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics was held from January 20 to 22 at the Innsbruck Exhibition Centre in Innsbruck , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_States_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'The United States competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.'}
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How many athletes took part in the event Arielle Gold competed in on January 15th ?
17
097ab8d73d722822
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Shende', 'title': 'Bela Shende', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Song ( s )', 'Music director ( s )', 'Language', 'Co-singer ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tera Mera Saath Rahen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tera_Mera_Saath_Rahen', 'summary': 'Tera Mera Saath Rahen is a 2001 Indian drama film directed by Mahesh V. Manjrekar .'}]}, {'value': 'Dum dum diga diga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anand Raj Anand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anand_Raj_Anand', 'summary': 'Anand Raaj Anand is an Indian composer , lyricist and playback singer in the Hindi film industry . He is filmfare nominated artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Atul Kale', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ehsaas : The Feeling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ehsaas:_The_Feeling', 'summary': 'Ehsaas : The Feeling is a 2001 Bollywood film . It Stars Sunil Shetty and Shabana Raza .'}]}, {'value': 'Tumse milkar hua hai Ehsaas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anand Raj Anand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anand_Raj_Anand', 'summary': 'Anand Raaj Anand is an Indian composer , lyricist and playback singer in the Hindi film industry . He is filmfare nominated artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'K.K', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paheli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paheli', 'summary': "Paheli ( English : Riddle ) is a Bollywood fantasy film released in India on 24 June 2005 . It is a remake of the 1973 Hindi movie Duvidha by Mani Kaul . It was directed by Amol Palekar and produced by Juhi Chawla , Aziz Mirza , Sanjiv Chawla and Shah Rukh Khan , who also plays the male lead . Paheli is based on the short story written by Vijayadan Detha in Rajasthani language and tells the story of a wife ( Rani Mukerji ) who is left by her husband ( Shah Rukh Khan ) and visited by a ghost , disguised as her husband , who is in love with her and takes her husband 's place . Sunil Shetty , Juhi Chawla , Rajpal Yadav and Amitabh Bachchan have supporting roles in the film . The movie opened the ninth Zimbabwe International Film Festival at the Libertie Cinema Complex in Harare . It was also screened at both the Sundance Film Festival and the Palm Springs International Film Festival . The working title of the movie was Ghost Ka Dost ( translates to Friend of a Ghost ) . Paheli was India 's official entry to the 2006 Oscars ."}]}, {'value': '• Kangna Re • Khali Hai Tere Bina • Minnat Kare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'M.M . Kreem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M.M._Kreem', 'summary': 'Koduri Marakathamani Keeravaani , better known as M. M. Keeravani , is an Indian film music composer and playback singer , who works in Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi cinema . He is also known by his aliases Marakathamani , and M. M. Kreem . He has recorded most of his songs with singers S. P. Balasubrahmanyam , K. S. Chithra . In 1997 , he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for the Telugu movie Annamayya . He has won 8 Filmfare Awards , eleven state Nandi Awards and a Tamil Nadu State Film Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi_language', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': '• Shreya Ghoshal , Madhushree , Kalapini Komakali , Sonu Nigam • Hariharan • Shreya Ghosal , Madhushree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal', 'summary': "Shreya Ghoshal ( born 12 March 1984 ) is an Indian playback singer . She has received four National Film Awards , four Kerala State Film Awards , two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards , seven Filmfare Awards including six for Best Female Playback Singer and ten Filmfare Awards South . She has recorded songs for film music and albums in various Indian languages and has established herself as a leading playback singer of Indian cinema . Ghoshal aspired to become a playback singer from an early age . At the age of four , she started learning music . At the age of six , she started her formal training in classical music . At the age of sixteen , she was noticed by the mother of film-maker Sanjay Leela Bhansali when she entered and won the television singing reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( called Sa Re Ga Ma at that time ) . Following that , she made her Bollywood playback singing debut with Bhansali 's romantic drama Devdas ( 2002 ) for which she received a National Film Award , a Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer and a Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent . Apart from playback singing , Ghoshal has appeared as a judge on several television reality shows and she also appears in music videos . She performs in musical concerts around the world . She has been honored by the United States state of Ohio , where Governor Ted Strickland declared 26 June 2010 as Shreya Ghoshal Day . In April 2013 , she was honoured in London by the selected members of House of Commons of the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Madhushree', 'summary': "Madhushree ( born Sujata Bhattacharya ) is an Indian singer , who sings in Hindi , Bengali , Kannada , Tamil and Telugu films . A familiar voice in A. R. Rahman 's compositions , Madhushree hails from a musically inclined family , having previously been trained in classical and western styles music . Her father wanted her to be a classical singer , Madhushree joined the Rabindra Bharati University and completed her masters , but her desire was always to be a playback singer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonu_Nigam', 'summary': 'Sonu Nigam ( born 30 July 1973 ) is an Indian playback singer , live performer , composer , host , and actor . He sings predominantly in Hindi and Kannada language films . He has also sung in English , Bengali , Manipuri , Gujarati , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi , Tulu , Assamese , Odia , Nepali , Maithili , Malayalam and various Indian languages . [ citation needed ] Nigam has also released Indian pop albums and acted in a number of films . He has been one of the highest paid Indian singers . He is often regarded as a Modern Rafi and is now considered as one of the most versatile and greatest singers of the Hindi film industry of all time . He is also regarded as the Lord of Chords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)', 'summary': 'Hariharan ( born 3 April 1955 ) is an Indian playback and ghazal singer , whose songs have been featured mainly in Tamil and Hindi . Also he sang notable songs in Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Marathi and Bhojpuri films . He is an established ghazal singer and one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music . In 2004 , he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India and is a two-time National Award winner . Hariharan , associating with Lesle Lewis , formed Colonial Cousins , a two-member band . They have cut many private music albums and also scored music for few feature films in Tamil cinema and Bollywood cinema .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jodhaa Akbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jodhaa_Akbar', 'summary': 'Jodhaa Akbar is a 2008 Indian historical romance film , co-written , produced and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker . It stars Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan in the lead roles , with Sonu Sood , Kulbhushan Kharbanda and Ila Arun in supporting roles . The shooting began at Karjat and the film was released on 15 February 2008 . The film centres on the romance between the Mughal Emperor Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar , played by Hrithik Roshan , and the Rajput Princess Jodhaa Bai who becomes his wife , played by Aishwarya Rai . Acclaimed composer A. R. Rahman composed the musical score . The soundtrack of the film was released on 19 January 2008 . Upon release , it was a critical and commercial success . The film won the Audience Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the São Paulo International Film Festival , two awards at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival , seven Star Screen Awards five Filmfare Awards and two National Film Awards , in addition to two nominations at the 3rd Asian Film Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Mann Mohana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. R. Rahman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._R._Rahman', 'summary': "Allahrakka Rahman ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born A. S. Dileep Kumar on 6 January 1967 ) , known professionally as A. R. Rahman , is an Indian composer , singer and music producer . His works are noted for integrating Indian classical music with electronic music , world music and traditional orchestral arrangements . Rahman also introduced 7.1 surround sound technology to South Indian films . He is nicknamed Isai Puyal ( the musical storm ) and Mozart of Madras . Rahman initially composed scores for different documentaries and jingles for advertisements and Indian television channels . With an his in-house studio Panchathan Record Inn , Rahman 's film-scoring career began during the early 1990s with the Tamil film Roja . Rahman followed this with successful scores and songs for Tamil-language films for the Chennai film industry , including Ratnam 's politically-charged Bombay , the urban Kadhalan , Thiruda Thiruda and S. Shankar 's debut film Gentleman . Rahman 's score for his first Hollywood film , the comedy Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) , won the BMI Award for Best Score . His music for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) earned him Best Original Score and Best Original Song at the 81st Academy Awards . Rahman has also become a humanitarian and philanthropist , donating and raising money for a number of causes and charities . In 2017 , he made his debut as a director and writer for the film Le Musk . Among Rahman 's awards are six National Film Awards , two Academy Awards , two Grammy Awards , a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , fifteen Filmfare Awards and seventeen Filmfare Awards South ."}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaalmiki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaalmiki', 'summary': 'Valmiki ( /vɑːlˈmiːki/ ; Sanskrit : वाल्मीकि , Vālmīki ) is celebrated as the harbinger-poet in Sanskrit literature . The epic Ramayana , dated variously from 5th century BCE to first century BCE , is attributed to him , based on the attribution in the text itself . He is revered as Ādi Kavi , the first poet , author of Ramayana , the first epic poem . Ramayana , originally written by Valmiki , consists of 24,000 shlokas and 7 cantos ( kaṇḍas ) including Uttara Kanda . [ citation needed ] Ramayana is composed of about 480,002 words , being a quarter of the length of the full text of the Mahabharata or about four times the length of the Iliad . The Ramayana tells the story of a prince , Rama of the city of Ayodhya in the Kingdom of Kosala , whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana , the demon-king ( Rakshasa ) of Lanka . The Valmiki Ramayana is dated variously from 500 BCE to 100 BCE or about co-eval with early versions of the Mahabharata . As with many traditional epics , it has gone through a process of interpolations and redactions , making it impossible to date accurately . British satirist Aubrey Menen says that Valmiki was , recognized as a literary genius , and thus was considered , an outlaw , presumably because of his , philosophic scepticism , as part of an Indian Enlightenment period . Valmiki is also quoted to be the contemporary of Rama . Menen claims Valmiki is , the first author in all history to bring himself into his own composition . Rama met Valmiki during his period of exile and interacted with him .'}]}, {'value': 'Kooda Varuviya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilayaraja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilayaraja', 'summary': "Ilaiyaraaja ( born 2 June 1943 ) is an Indian film composer , singer , songwriter , instrumentalist , orchestrator , conductor-arranger and lyricist who works in the Indian film industry , predominantly in Tamil . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Indian music composers , he is credited with introducing western musical sensibilities in the Indian musical mainstream . Reputed to be the world 's most prolific composer , he has composed over 7000 songs , provided film scores for more than 1000 movies and performed in more than 20,000 concerts . Being the first Asian to compose a full symphony with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London , Ilaiyaraaja is known to have written the entire symphony in less than a month . He is also a gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music , London , Distance Learning Channel . In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema in 2013 , Ilaiyaraaja was voted as the all-time greatest film-music director of India . US-based world cinema portal Taste of Cinema placed Ilaiyaraaja at the 9th position in its list of 25 greatest film composers in the history of cinema and he is the only Indian composer in that list . Ilaiyaraaja is known for integrating Indian folk music and traditional Indian instrumentation with western classical music techniques . His scores are often performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra . He is a recipient of five Indian National Film Awards - three for Best Music Direction and two for Best Background Score . In 2010 , he was awarded the Padma Bhushan , the third-highest civilian honour in India and the Padma Vibhushan in 2018 , the second-highest civilian award by the government of India . In 2012 , he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award , the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists , for his creative and experimental works in the music field ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silambattam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silambattam_(film)', 'summary': "Silambattam ( English : Stick fighting ) is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film written and directed by cinematographer-turned-director S. Saravanan , making his directorial debut . The film stars Silambarasan Rajendar in dual roles while Sneha , Sana Khan , Prabhu and Kishore also play lead roles . Nedumudi Venu , Santhanam and Ponvannan play supporting roles with Premji Amaren in a special appearance . Yuvan Shankar Raja composed the film 's background score and soundtrack . The film released on 12 December 2008 . It was later dubbed into Telugu and released as Maa Vaadu . Silambattam opened to mixed reviews but became a commercial superhit ."}]}, {'value': 'Machaan Machaan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuvan_Shankar_Raja', 'summary': "Yuvan Shankar Raja ( born 31 August 1979 ) is an Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer-songwriter . He predominantly scores music for Tamil films . Considered a versatile composer , he is particularly known for his use of Western music elements and often credited with having introduced hip hop to the Tamil film and music industry and started the era of remixes in Tamil Nadu . He is the only Indian composer to win the Cyprus International Film Festival Award in 2006 for the soundtrack of Raam . His notable works and loyal fanbase earned him the honorific nickname the Youth Icon . Within a span of 15 years , Yuvan Shankar Raja has worked on over 100 films . Being the youngest son of the legendary composer Ilaiyaraaja , he began his musical career in 1996 , at the age of 15 , when he composed the film score for Aravindhan . He made his breakthrough with the Thulluvadho Ilamai ( 2001 ) soundtrack , and evolved as one of Tamil cinema 's most sought-after composers by the mid-2000s . In 2015 , he created his own music label , U1 Records and in 2017 , he started his own film production studio , YSR Films . Yuvan has won two Filmfare Awards ; the Best Music Director Award in 2004 for his score in the drama 7G Rainbow Colony and Filmfare Special Award - South in 2009 for his Telugu musical Oy ! . He has also received six nominations for Filmfare Awards , two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards in 2006 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilayaraja', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aegan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegan', 'summary': "Aegan ( Tamil : ஏகன் ) is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action film directed and co-written by Raju Sundaram and produced by Ayngaran International . It is based on the 2004 Indian film , Main Hoon Na . It stars Ajith Kumar and Nayanthara in the lead roles , with Suman , Jayaram , Nassar , Navdeep , and Piaa Bajpai in supporting roles . The film revolves around a daredevil cop who , on behalf of his ailing father and the ambition of a lieutenant general , returns to college in Ooty . Whilst protecting the general 's daughter , he attempts to reconcile with his stepbrother from his father 's marriage . Furthermore , he has to ward off the international criminal John Chinnappa , who is trying to kill the general , an ex-aide of his who has turned police approver . How the cop manages to solve all three problems forms the crux of the story . The film opened to Indian audiences on 25 October 2008 , coinciding with the Diwali season . The film , upon release received mixed reviews and did good business at box office . The film was later dubbed into Hindi as Jaanbaaz Commando in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Odum Varayil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuvan_Shankar_Raja', 'summary': "Yuvan Shankar Raja ( born 31 August 1979 ) is an Indian film score and soundtrack composer and singer-songwriter . He predominantly scores music for Tamil films . Considered a versatile composer , he is particularly known for his use of Western music elements and often credited with having introduced hip hop to the Tamil film and music industry and started the era of remixes in Tamil Nadu . He is the only Indian composer to win the Cyprus International Film Festival Award in 2006 for the soundtrack of Raam . His notable works and loyal fanbase earned him the honorific nickname the Youth Icon . Within a span of 15 years , Yuvan Shankar Raja has worked on over 100 films . Being the youngest son of the legendary composer Ilaiyaraaja , he began his musical career in 1996 , at the age of 15 , when he composed the film score for Aravindhan . He made his breakthrough with the Thulluvadho Ilamai ( 2001 ) soundtrack , and evolved as one of Tamil cinema 's most sought-after composers by the mid-2000s . In 2015 , he created his own music label , U1 Records and in 2017 , he started his own film production studio , YSR Films . Yuvan has won two Filmfare Awards ; the Best Music Director Award in 2004 for his score in the drama 7G Rainbow Colony and Filmfare Special Award - South in 2009 for his Telugu musical Oy ! . He has also received six nominations for Filmfare Awards , two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards in 2006 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_language', 'summary': 'Tamil ( /ˈtæmɪl/ ; தமிழ் Tamiḻ [ t̪amiɻ ] , pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka , and by the Tamil diaspora , Sri Lankan Moors , Chindians , and Douglas . Tamil is an official language in three countries : India , Sri Lanka and Singapore . In India , it is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry . Furthermore , Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English , Malay and Mandarin . Tamil is spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world . A. K. Ramanujan described it as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past . The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world . A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years . The earliest period of Tamil literature , Sangam literature , is dated from ca . 300 BC - AD 300 .'}]}, {'value': 'KK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KK_(singer)', 'summary': 'Krishnakumar Kunnath ( popularly known as KK , K.K . or Kay Kay ) is an Indian singer . He is a prominent singer in Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Bengali and Gujarati languages films . KK is noted for his clear and soothing voice ; broad vocal range and noteplay . He is considered as one of the most versatile singers of India .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "What 's Your Raashee ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/What's_Your_Raashee?_(soundtrack)", 'summary': "What 's Your Raashee ? is the soundtrack album to the 2009 romantic comedy film of the same name . The soundtrack is composed by Sohail Sen and the lyrics are penned by Javed Akhtar . It was released by Sony Music on 9 September 2009 and upon release , the soundtrack received critical acclaim from music critics , who commended Sen 's musicianship and vocal ability ."}]}, {'value': '• Su Chhe • Koi Jaane na', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sohail Sen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sohail_Sen', 'summary': "Sohail Sen ( born 24 June 1984 ) is an Indian film composer , musician and singer who works in Bollywood . He debuted as a film composer with the Hindi film Sirf ( 2008 ) , which went majorly unnoticed . Later , he gained fame as a Hindi film composer , with his acclaimed work in What 's Your Raashee ? ( 2009 ) . [ dead link ] He is also known for composing the popular soundtracks of Mere Brother Ki Dulhan , Ek Tha Tiger , and Gunday ."}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Rajab Ali Bharti', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunguma_Poovum_Konjum_Puravum', 'summary': 'Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum is a 2009 Indian Tamil drama film , directed by debutante Rajamohan , who earlier worked under renowned directors like A. Venkatesh and S. D. Vijay Milton , which stars newcomers Ramakrishnan and Thananya in lead roles . It is produced by SPB Charan under his banner Capital Film Works and has musical score by acclaimed music director Yuvan Shankar Raja . The film released on 24 April 2009 to Good responses .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinnan Sirusu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javed Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javed_Ali', 'summary': 'Javed Ali is an Indian playback singer who predominantly sings in Hindi language Bollywood films . He has also sung in various regional languages like Bengali , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Odia , Tamil , Telugu and Urdu .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horn Ok Please', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horn_Ok_Please', 'summary': 'Horn OK Please or Sound Horn is a phrase commonly painted on commercial vehicles like trucks , buses or local taxis in India . The purpose of the phrase is to alert a driver of a vehicle approaching from behind to sound their horn in case they wish to overtake . On April 30 , 2015 , the Government of Maharashtra banned the use of Horn OK Please on the rear side of commercial vehicles , on the grounds that it encourages motorists to honk unnecessarily and leads to noise pollution . Signage on the rear side of commercial vehicles , such as trucks and tempos , across Maharashtra is a gross violation of Section 134 ( 1 ) of the Maharashtra Motor Vehicle Rules , which deals with signage to be used on the rear and sides of vehicles . Bal Malkit Singh , a former president of the All India Motor Transport Congress , welcomed the ban stating that the phrase was required in the past when the roads were narrow ; on modern wide roads and multi-lane highways , the drivers could use lights and indicators to overtake other vehicles .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayela Ayela', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lalit Pandit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lalit_Pandit', 'summary': 'Jatin-Lalit are an Indian film music director duo consisting of Jatin Pandit and his brother Lalit Pandit . They have written the widely popular scores for films such as Yaara Dildara , Khiladi , Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar , Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman , Khamoshi : The Musical , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , Fareb , Yes Boss , Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai , Kuch Kuch Hota Hai , Sarfarosh , Ghulam , Mohabbatein , Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham and Fanaa . Jatin-Lalit is their professional name and appears on the covers of their music CDs and DVDs .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Sudesh Bhosle , Nana Patekar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudesh_Bhosle', 'summary': 'Sudesh Bhosale is an Indian playback singer who primarily sings for Bollywood films . He was born to Sumantai Bhosale . Bhosale is known for his ability to mimic actor Amitabh Bachchan , having sung for him in various films.He studied in Ambedkar College wadala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nana_Patekar', 'summary': 'Nana Patekar ( born 1 January 1951 ) is an Indian film actor and writer , philanthropist and filmmaker , mainly working in Hindi and Marathi cinema . He is best known for his role in the film Agni Sakshi written by Ranbir Pushp for which he won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor . He also won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Parinda ( 1989 ) . He then won the Filmfare Best Villain Award for his role in Angaar ( 1992 ) . In 1995 , he won the National Film Award for Best Actor as well as the Filmfare and the Screen awards for Best Actor for his role in Krantiveer ( 1994 ) . He also won his second Filmfare Best Villain Award for his role in Apaharan ( 2005 ) . In 2017 he won the Filmfare Marathi award for best actor for his performance in Natsamrat . He , along with Irrfan Khan , are the only actor ( s ) ever to win Filmfare Award for Best Actor , Best Supporting Actor and Best Villain categories . He was bestowed with the fourth highest civilian honour of India , the Padma Shri award for his dedication in the field of Films and Arts . After making his acting debut in Bollywood with the 1978 drama Gaman , Patekar acted in a few Marathi films and some Bollywood films . After these roles , he achieved his breakthrough by starring as a gangster in Parinda ( 1989 ) , for which he won the National Film Award and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor . Later , he acted in and made his directorial debut with Prahaar : The Final Attack ( 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natrang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natrang', 'summary': 'Natarang , also spelled Natrang ( Marathi : नटरंग , an ornamental word for artist , especially a theatre artist ) , is a 2010 Indian Marathi film directed by debutant Ravi Jadhav and starring Atul Kulkarni and Sonalee Kulkarni . composer duo Ajay−Atul composed the original score and songs of the film . Based on Natarang , 1978 Marathi novel by Dr. Anand Yadav , the film depicts the journey of a young artiste in overcoming hurdles in the form of family , friends , society and to finally realise the unthinkable dream . Set in the 1970s , in the backdrop of a village in Maharashtra , Natarang highlights the emotions related to gender bias and the sacrifices of an artiste for the love of his art .'}]}, {'value': '• Wajle Ki Bara • Kashi Mi Jau Mathurechya Bajari • Apsara Aali', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajay-Atul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajay-Atul', 'summary': "Ajay-Atul ( Marathi : अजय-अतुल ) is the music alias of Indian music director duo of brothers Ajay and Atul Gogavale . They are working on Ajay Devgn 's Taanaji , Ranbir Kapoor 's Shamshera , Amitabh Bachchan 's Jhund , Shoojit Sircar 's Sardar Udham Singh . In 2008 , Ajay-Atul won the Best Music Direction award at the 56th National Film Awards from the Government of India for contributing music to the Marathi film Jogwa . The pair made their debut on the 2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100 List securing a position of 82 . They are first Indian music directors to record their music at Sony scoring studios in Hollywood for Marathi movie Sairat . They have composed music for many hit Hindi movies such as PK , Agneepath , Singham , Brothers & Marathi movies like Sairat , Natrang , Lai Bhari , Fandry . Some of their most popular compositions are Zingaat , Chikni Chameli , Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin , Wajle Ki Bara , Apsara Aali , Kombdi Palali , Malhar Wari , Morya , Lallati Bhandar , Mauli , Bring It On , Mera Naam Mary Hai and Dolby Song ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': '• Solo • Ajay Gogavale • Ajay-Atul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ajay-Atul', 'summary': "Ajay-Atul ( Marathi : अजय-अतुल ) is the music alias of Indian music director duo of brothers Ajay and Atul Gogavale . They are working on Ajay Devgn 's Taanaji , Ranbir Kapoor 's Shamshera , Amitabh Bachchan 's Jhund , Shoojit Sircar 's Sardar Udham Singh . In 2008 , Ajay-Atul won the Best Music Direction award at the 56th National Film Awards from the Government of India for contributing music to the Marathi film Jogwa . The pair made their debut on the 2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100 List securing a position of 82 . They are first Indian music directors to record their music at Sony scoring studios in Hollywood for Marathi movie Sairat . They have composed music for many hit Hindi movies such as PK , Agneepath , Singham , Brothers & Marathi movies like Sairat , Natrang , Lai Bhari , Fandry . Some of their most popular compositions are Zingaat , Chikni Chameli , Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin , Wajle Ki Bara , Apsara Aali , Kombdi Palali , Malhar Wari , Morya , Lallati Bhandar , Mauli , Bring It On , Mera Naam Mary Hai and Dolby Song ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai', 'summary': 'Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai is an Indian Marathi language romantic drama film released on 11 June 2010 . Produced by Mirah Entertainment Pvt Ltd and distributed by Twinkle Group . Directed and co-written by Satish Rajwade with a screenplay by Rajwade and Parag Kulkarni . It had only 2 characters unnamed in the movie played by Mukta Barve and Swwapnil Joshi . The movie is based on a love story between a boy and girl from different cities of Pune and Mumbai respectively Swwapnil Joshi and Mukta Barve and how their competitive spirits get them together . The film was critically and commercially successful and a superhit at the box office . A Sequel , Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2 was released on 12 November 2015 . It was remade in Hindi in 2014 as Mumbai Delhi Mumbai , in Kannada as Pyarge Aagbittaite , in Telugu as Made in Vizag and in Punjabi as Chandigarh Amritsar Chandigarh .'}]}, {'value': 'Ka Kalena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avinash-Vishwajeet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avinash-Vishwajeet', 'summary': 'Avinash-Vishwajeet are a Marathi film composer duo consisting of Avinash and Vishwajeet Joshi . They have written the scores for films such as Sanngto Aika… ! , Popat , Premachi Goshta , Badam Rani Gulam Chor , Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai . Avinash-Vishwajeet is their professional name and appears on the covers of their music CDs and DVDs . Apart from music direction , Vishwajeet Joshi is also a lyrics .'}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'We Are Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_Are_Family_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'We Are Family is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Siddharth Malhotra and produced by Karan Johar . The movie features Kajol , Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in the lead roles , and is an official remake of the 1998 film Stepmom . It released worldwide on 3 September 2010 , and a day before in India and UAE . Upon release , it received positive reviews from critics . In particular Kajol and Kareena Kapoors performance were much acclaimed .'}]}, {'value': 'Sun Le Dua Yeh Aasmaan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy', 'summary': 'Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is an Indian musical trio consisting of Shankar Mahadevan , Ehsaan Noorani and Loy Mendonsa . They have composed music for over 50 soundtracks across five languages - Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi and English . Amongst the most critically acclaimed Indian musicians , the trio have won numerous awards , including National Film Award ( India ) , Filmfare Awards , IIFA Awards . They are often referred to as the Amar Akbar Anthony of the Hindi film music industry .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirch', 'summary': "Mirch ( transl . Chilli ) is a 2010 Indian drama film written and directed by Vinay Shukla . The film featured Konkona Sen Sharma and Raima Sen in pivotal roles . The film began filming in Bikaner , Rajasthan . According to Shukla , the subject of the film is gender equality and women 's sexuality . The film revolves around four short stories subjected on issues of women emancipation , based on a story from the Panchatantra which travels in its various versions to modern times . Konkona Sen Sharma and Raima Sen star in two of these short stories . The film premiered at the I View Film Festival on 26 September 2010 . The film had the theatrical release on 17 December 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mann Bhi Hai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monty Sharma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monty_Sharma', 'summary': 'Monty Sharma ( born 17 April 1970 ) is a music composer from India scoring music for Bollywood . He is popular for being the background music composer for Black ( 2005 ) , Ram-Leela ( 2013 ) and music director for Saawariya ( 2007 ) . He is cousin of famous Indian music composer Mithoon & nephew of famous music composer Pyarelal Sharma of popular Indian music composer duo Laxmikant-Pyarelal .'}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kanimozhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kanimozhi_(film)', 'summary': 'Kanimozhi is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language musical romance film directed and written by Sripathi Rangasamy and jointly produced by T. Siva and Sona Heiden . It stars Jai , Shazahn Padamsee , and Vijay Vasanth in the lead roles . The film features music composed by Satish Chakravarthy , cinematography by Chidamparam and editing done by duo Praveen K. L. and N. B. Srikanth . Kanimozhi was launched in March 2010 and shot in 46 days , being completed in August 2010 . Following the release of Enthiran and post-production works , the film was delayed by three months and released on 26 November 2010 . It was panned by critics and became a failure at the box office . However , in 2012 the film was dubbed in Telugu as Love Journey .'}]}, {'value': '• Muzhumadhi • Yaaro Ival Ival Yaaro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satish Chakravarthy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satish_Chakravarthy', 'summary': 'Satish Chakravarthy is an Indian music composer , who mainly produces film scores and soundtracks in the Tamil film industry . He rose to fame with critically acclaimed music in the films , Leelai and Kanimozhi .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parthiv Gohil , Mukesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parthiv_Gohil', 'summary': 'Parthiv Gohil ( born 18 February 1976 ) is a playback singer for Indian films including Devdas , Saawariya , Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster , and Kisaan .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kacheri Arambam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kacheri_Arambam', 'summary': 'Kaccheri Aarambam ( English : Celebration/Performance Begins ) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language action comedy romantic drama film written and directed by Thiraivannan , starring Jiiva and Poonam Bajwa in the lead roles , whilst , J. D. Chakravarthy plays a pivotal role . The film released on 19 March 2010 and received mixed reviews but became a successful venture at the box office .'}]}, {'value': 'Azhagu Azhagu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. Imman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D._Imman', 'summary': 'Immanuel Vasanth Dinakaran ( born 24 January 1983 ) , better known as D. Imman , is an Indian film composer and singer , predominantly working in the Tamil , Hindi , Telugu , Kannada , and Malayalam film industry . His first film as music director was Thamizhan in 2002 . Since then he has composed music for 100 films .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balgandharva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balgandharva_(film)', 'summary': 'Balgandharva is a biographical Marathi film on one of the Marathi singers and stage actors Narayan Shripad Rajhans , famously known as Bal Gandharva ( Bal=child + Gandharva=Singer of Heaven ) . The name was bestowed to Narayan by Lokmanya Tilak after listening to his public performance in Pune while he was very young . The film is directed by Ravi Jadhav , whose debutant film Natarang won critical acclaims as well as good box office report . The film is produced by Nitin Chandrakant Desai , the National Award-winning Art Director , under the banner of Iconic Chandrakant Productions Pvt . Ltd . The film was declared Super Hit at the box-office .'}]}, {'value': 'Aaj Mhare Ghar Pawana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaushal Inamdar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaushal_Inamdar', 'summary': 'Kaushal S. Inamdar ( born 2 October 1971 ) is an Indian music composer and singer in Marathi and Hindi movies . His work in music spans from composing music for films , television , drama to events , concerts in Hindi and Marathi , composing music for ballets , advertisements , and also albums . He is currently settled at Goregaon , a Mumbai suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pathinaaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathinaaru', 'summary': "Pathinaaru ( Tamil : பதினாறு ; English : Sixteen ) is a 2011 Tamil romantic drama film written and directed by Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy , who earlier directed films like V.I.P ( 1997 ) , Punnagai Poove ( 2003 ) and A Aa E Ee ( 2009 ) . It stars Shiva and Madhu Shalini in lead along with musician Darbuka Siva and television artist Abhishek in pivotal roles . The film 's background score and soundtrack was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja . After being launched in October 2008 under the title 16 , the film was shot for over one year , getting finished in early 2010 only . One year after its completion , Kalaipuli S. Thanu bought the distribution rights and released the film on 28 January 2011 under his V. Creations banner . However , this movie was unsuccessful at the Box-Office . Despite that the movie did not fare well at the box office , it was remade as Jolly Boy in Kannada language ."}]}, {'value': 'Adada En Meethu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuvan Shankar Raja', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hariharan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)', 'summary': 'Hariharan ( born 3 April 1955 ) is an Indian playback and ghazal singer , whose songs have been featured mainly in Tamil and Hindi . Also he sang notable songs in Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Marathi and Bhojpuri films . He is an established ghazal singer and one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music . In 2004 , he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India and is a two-time National Award winner . Hariharan , associating with Lesle Lewis , formed Colonial Cousins , a two-member band . They have cut many private music albums and also scored music for few feature films in Tamil cinema and Bollywood cinema .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arjun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arjun_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Arjun is a 2011 ( Marathi अर्जुन ) Indian film released on 16 September 2011 by Cinematics . It was written , directed and produced by F. M. Ilyas along with A. M. Burondkar .'}]}, {'value': 'He shwas tuze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lalit Sen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lalit_Sen', 'summary': "Lalit Sen ( born 21 April 1932 ) is an Indian politician . He was elected to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India as a member of the Indian National Congress . He was a student of Bishop Cotton School , Shimla and did his degree from St. Stephen 's College , Delhi ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathi_language', 'summary': "Marathi ( English : /məˈrɑːti/ ; मराठी Marāṭhī ; Marathi : [ məˈɾaʈʰi ] ( listen ) ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by around 83.1 million Marathi people of Maharashtra , India . It is the official language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India , respectively , and is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India . With 83.1 million speakers in 2019 , Marathi ranks 10th in the list of most spoken languages in the world . Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India , after Hindi and Bengali . The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages , dating back to around 600 AD . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . Koli and Malvani Konkani have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties . Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we ' and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine . In its phonology , it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( [ l ] and [ ɭ ] ( Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kunal Ganjawala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunal_Ganjawala', 'summary': 'Kunal Ganjawala ( born 14 April 1972 ) is an Indian playback singer whose songs are mostly featured in Hindi and Kannada films . He has also sung in Marathi , Bengali and other official languages of India . Kunal began his career by singing jingles . He came to limelight in Hindi with the song Bheege Honth Tere from the film Murder in 2004 . It was his first biggest hit . The song earned him Zee Cine Award as Best Playback Singer in 2005 . He came to limelight in Kannada with the song Neene Neene from the film Akash in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neethaane En Ponvasantham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neethaane_En_Ponvasantham', 'summary': "Neethaane En Ponvasantham ( transl . You Are My Golden Springtime ) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language romance film co written , co produced and directed by Gautham Menon , featuring Jiiva and Samantha in the lead roles . The film is based on a story written by Reshma Ghatala , who produced the film alongside Elred Kumar , Jayaraman , Venkat Somasundaram and Menon . The cinematography was handled by M. S. Prabhu and Om Prakash . The film 's background score and soundtrack were composed by Ilaiyaraaja which went on to become a chartbuster , and the soundtrack album sold a record 8.5 million units through various platforms on its release . Neethaane En Ponvasantham tells the love story of Varun ( Jiiva ) and Nithya ( Samantha ) through three stages of their life ; their school days , college life and then in their late twenties . The venture was simultaneously shot in Telugu as Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu , which features Nani playing Jiiva 's role , while the team also briefly filmed an incomplete Hindi version with Aditya Roy Kapoor , with Samantha playing the leading female role in all three versions . The film was released on 14 December 2012 , receiving positive to mixed reviews from critics , before enduring a good run at the box office . The film was praised for its ravishing music and the chemistry between the lead actors ; Jiiva and Samantha were appreciated for their performances , although the film 's screenplay was criticised . At the end of its theatrical run Neethane En Ponvasantham received a number of awards , including the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress for Samantha ."}]}, {'value': 'Vaanam Mella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilaiyaraja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilaiyaraja', 'summary': "Ilaiyaraaja ( born 2 June 1943 ) is an Indian film composer , singer , songwriter , instrumentalist , orchestrator , conductor-arranger and lyricist who works in the Indian film industry , predominantly in Tamil . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Indian music composers , he is credited with introducing western musical sensibilities in the Indian musical mainstream . Reputed to be the world 's most prolific composer , he has composed over 7000 songs , provided film scores for more than 1000 movies and performed in more than 20,000 concerts . Being the first Asian to compose a full symphony with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London , Ilaiyaraaja is known to have written the entire symphony in less than a month . He is also a gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music , London , Distance Learning Channel . In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema in 2013 , Ilaiyaraaja was voted as the all-time greatest film-music director of India . US-based world cinema portal Taste of Cinema placed Ilaiyaraaja at the 9th position in its list of 25 greatest film composers in the history of cinema and he is the only Indian composer in that list . Ilaiyaraaja is known for integrating Indian folk music and traditional Indian instrumentation with western classical music techniques . His scores are often performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra . He is a recipient of five Indian National Film Awards - three for Best Music Direction and two for Best Background Score . In 2010 , he was awarded the Padma Bhushan , the third-highest civilian honour in India and the Padma Vibhushan in 2018 , the second-highest civilian award by the government of India . In 2012 , he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award , the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists , for his creative and experimental works in the music field ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilaiyaraaja', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Discography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Bela_Shende_0', 'intro': "Bela Shende is an Indian playback singer. She performed several songs in Bollywood and regional films. Mann Mohana from the film Jodhaa Akbar, Su Che from the film What's Your Raashee?, Wajle Ki Baara and Apsara Aali from Natarang are some of her famous songs. In 2014 she was awarded the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song Khurkhura from the Marathi film Tuhya Dharma Koncha. Shende started her career with the music album Kaisa Yeh Jadoo which was well received by the masses and was critically acclaimed. Her career in Bollywood started with the film Tera Mera Saath Rahen where she voiced for a brief part. She again got a big break in the 2005 submission for Academy Award, Paheli, where she voiced Rani Mukerji. In 2008 she crooned a bhajan in the Ashutosh Gowariker directorial Jodhaa Akbar for an A. R. Rahman composition and got an IIFA Award for Best Female Playback nomination for the song. She then crooned hits in Marathi, her mother tongue, and received several awards and nominations for her excellence. Her renditions of lavnis Apsara Aali and Vajle Ki Baara from the Marathi film Natarang were well received. She became the sole voice of Kangana Ranaut in the 2013 musical Rajjo. Bela is credited as a talented vocalist and has established a career in the Marathi film industry."}
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What is the alias of the director whose song appeared in the 2005 fantasy film ?
Marakathamani
097ada14173636ba
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_and_Colleges_Athletic_Association', 'title': 'Universities and Colleges Athletic Association', 'header': ['Institution', 'Nickname', 'Status', 'Founded', 'Color', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Central Colleges of the Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Colleges_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Central Colleges of the Philippines , Inc. ( CCP ) ( Filipino : Sentral Kolehiyo ng Pilipinas ) also known as ( CCP ) is a coeducational educational institution located in Doña Imelda , Quezon City , Metro Manila , Philippines . Formerly known as the Polytechnic Colleges of the Philippines , Inc. ( PCP ) , CCP was established on January 18 , 1954 with an enrollment of 300 students . CCP has eleven academic programs or colleges at present .'}]}, {'value': 'CCP Bobcats', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crimson and Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quezon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quezon_City', 'summary': "Quezon City ( UK : /ˈkeɪzɒn/ , US : /ˈkeɪsɒn , -sɔːn , -soʊn/ ; Tagalog : Lungsod Quezon [ luŋˈsod ˈkɛson ] ; also known as QC or Kyusi ) is a highly urbanized city and the most populous city in the Philippines . It was founded by and named after Manuel L. Quezon , the 2nd President of the Philippines , to replace Manila as the national capital . The city was proclaimed as such in 1948 , though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila . Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government . It is the largest city in terms of population and land area in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region of the Philippines . Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province , which was also named after the president . Quezon City hosts a number of government offices , the most important of which are the Batasang Pambansa Complex ( the seat of the House of Representatives , the lower chamber of the Philippine Congress ) , and the Quezon City Reception House ( the current seat of the Vice President of the Philippines ) . Quezon City also serves as home to the University of the Philippines Diliman - the national university - and Ateneo de Manila University . Also located in Quezon City is the Quezon Memorial Circle , a national park . The park is an ellipse bounded by Elliptical Road . Its main feature is the Quezon Memorial Shrine , a 66-meter-tall mausoleum containing the remains of President Quezon and his wife , First Lady Aurora Quezon . The shrine is considered Quezon City 's foremost landmark and is depicted in its city seal ."}]}, {'value': 'De La Salle University-Dasmariñas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_La_Salle_University-Dasmariñas', 'summary': 'De La Salle University-Dasmariñas ( Tagalog : Pamantasang De La Salle-Dasmariñas ) ( also referred to as DLSU-D or La Salle - Dasma ) is a Roman Catholic Lasallian University in Dasmariñas City , Cavite , Philippines and a member institution of De La Salle Philippines . DLSU-D , despite its name , is an autonomous university separate from the De La Salle University in Manila . Both universities are members of the De La Salle Philippines System .'}]}, {'value': 'DLSU-D Patriots', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green and White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dasmariñas , Cavite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dasmariñas,_Cavite', 'summary': 'Dasmariñas , officially the City of Dasmariñas , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Dasmariñas ) , or simply known as Dasmariñas City , is a 1st class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 659,019 people . Nicknamed Dasma , it has a land area of 90.1 square kilometers ( 34.8 sq mi ) and is located 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) south of Manila . The growing congestion and outward urban expansion of the Metropolitan Manila Area has led to rapid development of the city . This inevitable growth is manifested by the influx of industries , the presence of large educational and health institutions , and the growing number of subdivisions accommodating its growing population .'}]}, {'value': 'National College of Business and Arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_College_of_Business_and_Arts', 'summary': 'The National College of Business and Arts or NCBA is a private Educational Institution in the Philippines with campuses located in Cubao , Fairview and Taytay . NCBA Collegiate Department offers degree programs in the Arts , Sciences , Business and Education as well as Diploma programs . NCBA also offers Graduate degrees in Master in Business Administration and Master in Public Administration .'}]}, {'value': 'NCBA Wildcats', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White and Green', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quezon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quezon_City', 'summary': "Quezon City ( UK : /ˈkeɪzɒn/ , US : /ˈkeɪsɒn , -sɔːn , -soʊn/ ; Tagalog : Lungsod Quezon [ luŋˈsod ˈkɛson ] ; also known as QC or Kyusi ) is a highly urbanized city and the most populous city in the Philippines . It was founded by and named after Manuel L. Quezon , the 2nd President of the Philippines , to replace Manila as the national capital . The city was proclaimed as such in 1948 , though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila . Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government . It is the largest city in terms of population and land area in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region of the Philippines . Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province , which was also named after the president . Quezon City hosts a number of government offices , the most important of which are the Batasang Pambansa Complex ( the seat of the House of Representatives , the lower chamber of the Philippine Congress ) , and the Quezon City Reception House ( the current seat of the Vice President of the Philippines ) . Quezon City also serves as home to the University of the Philippines Diliman - the national university - and Ateneo de Manila University . Also located in Quezon City is the Quezon Memorial Circle , a national park . The park is an ellipse bounded by Elliptical Road . Its main feature is the Quezon Memorial Shrine , a 66-meter-tall mausoleum containing the remains of President Quezon and his wife , First Lady Aurora Quezon . The shrine is considered Quezon City 's foremost landmark and is depicted in its city seal ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Francis of Assisi College System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_College_System', 'summary': 'Saint Francis of Assisi College ( SFAC ) is a system of private , Catholic-oriented but non-sectarian Philippine educational institutions , offering complete education from pre-school up to the graduate or masteral level of education . The main campus is situated in Las Piñas City , Metro Manila .'}]}, {'value': 'SFACS Doves', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red and White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Piñas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Piñas', 'summary': "The story about the true origin of the city 's name , Las Piñas , varies . One version mentioned , that traders from the province of Cavite and Batangas shipped their first piñas ( Spanish for pineapples ) for sale to this town , before they were distributed to nearby markets . Another version related that it was Las Peñas ( the rocks ) , evident by the quarrying of stones and adobe , which were used to construct buildings and bridges . The old church bell , from St. Joseph Parish Church , founded by Diego Cera , has been preserved inside the church museum . An inscription on the bell states , Siendo cura del pueblo de Laspeñas el M.R.P . Padre Diego Cera se fundió este equilón año de 1820 , showing that even during the time of Diego Cera , the town 's first parish priest , the town was called Las Peñas , for some time , and eventually was renamed Las Piñas ."}]}, {'value': 'Emilio Aguinaldo College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo_College', 'summary': 'Emilio Aguinaldo College is a private , non-sectarian institute of education located in Manila , Philippines . It runs under the management of the Yaman Lahi Foundation Incorporated .'}]}, {'value': 'EAC Generals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EAC_Generals', 'summary': "The Emilio Aguinaldo College ( EAC ) Generals are the varsity teams of Emilio Aguinaldo College of Paco , Manila . The Immaculate Conception Academy ( ICA ) is paired as the junior ( high school ) varsity team of the Emilio Aguinaldo College ( EAC ) . The EAC-ICA Brigadiers is the junior team of EAC Generals . They formerly played at the Universities and Colleges Athletic Association ( UCAA ) and the National Capital Region Athletic Association ( NCRAA ) . They are now playing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( Philippines ) . The Generals nickname honors President General Emilio Aguinaldo , the first President of the Philippines and the college 's namesake ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red and White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ermita , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ermita,_Manila', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manila', 'summary': "Manila ( /məˈnɪlə/ ; Tagalog : Maynilà , pronounced [ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , officially the City of Manila ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Maynilà [ luŋˈsod nɐŋ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , is the capital of the Philippines and a highly urbanized city . It is the most densely populated city proper in the world as of 2018 . It was the first chartered city by virtue of the Philippine Commission Act 183 on July 31 , 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No . 409 or the Revised Charter of the City of Manila on June 18 , 1949 . Manila , alongside Mexico City and Madrid are considered the world 's original set of Global Cities due to Manila 's commercial networks being the first to traverse the Pacific Ocean , thus connecting Asia with the Spanish Americas , marking the first time in world history when an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circled the planet . Manila is also the second most natural disaster-afflicted capital city in the world next to Tokyo , yet it is simultaneously among the most populous and fastest growing cities in Southeast Asia . The Spanish city of Manila was founded on June 24 , 1571 , by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi . The date is regarded as the city 's official founding date ; however , a settlement has already existed dating back as far as 1258 . Manila was also the seat of power for most of the country 's colonial rulers . It is home to many historic sites , some of which were built during the 16th century . Manila has many of the Philippines ' firsts , including the first university ( 1590 ) , light station ( 1642 ) , lighthouse tower ( 1846 ) , water system ( 1878 ) , hotel ( 1889 ) , electricity ( 1895 ) , oceanarium ( 1913 ) , stock exchange ( 1927 ) , flyover ( 1930s ) , zoo ( 1959 ) , pedestrian underpass ( 1960 ) , science high school ( 1963 ) , city-run university ( 1965 ) , city-run hospital ( 1969 ) , and rapid transit system ( 1984 ; also considered as the first rapid transit system in Southeast Asia ) . The term Manila is commonly used to refer to the whole metropolitan area , the greater metropolitan area or the city proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Piñas College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Piñas_College', 'summary': 'Centro Escolar Las Piñas ( CELP ) formerly known as Las Piñas College is a school located in Pilar Village , Almanza , Las Piñas City , Metro Manila , Philippines . The school was founded 1973 , when , Dr. Faustino Legaspi Uy opened the School of Nursing with the Graduate of Nursing ( GN ) Program using the Las Piñas General Hospital - that eventually became Dr. Faustino L. Uy Medical Foundation - as the clinical division . Initially created to provide a Nursing program , over the years the school has evolved to provide kindergarten , primary and secondary schooling , along with several bachelors programs and a masters program . It has been acquired by Centro Escolar University in 2015 and now serves as a satellite campus of the university .'}]}, {'value': 'LPC Pink Lions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Piñas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Piñas', 'summary': "The story about the true origin of the city 's name , Las Piñas , varies . One version mentioned , that traders from the province of Cavite and Batangas shipped their first piñas ( Spanish for pineapples ) for sale to this town , before they were distributed to nearby markets . Another version related that it was Las Peñas ( the rocks ) , evident by the quarrying of stones and adobe , which were used to construct buildings and bridges . The old church bell , from St. Joseph Parish Church , founded by Diego Cera , has been preserved inside the church museum . An inscription on the bell states , Siendo cura del pueblo de Laspeñas el M.R.P . Padre Diego Cera se fundió este equilón año de 1820 , showing that even during the time of Diego Cera , the town 's first parish priest , the town was called Las Peñas , for some time , and eventually was renamed Las Piñas ."}]}, {'value': 'Asian College of Science and Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_College_of_Science_and_Technology', 'summary': 'Asian College ( formerly Asian Institute of Electronics and Asian College of Science and Technology ) is a CHED and TESDA-accredited private tertiary educational institution in the Philippines founded in 1972 . It has campuses in Quezon City and Dumaguete City , Negros Oriental . It also offers DepEd and TESDA-certified senior high school .'}]}, {'value': 'ACSAT Lightnings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue and Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurora Blvd. , Quezon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quezon_City', 'summary': "Quezon City ( UK : /ˈkeɪzɒn/ , US : /ˈkeɪsɒn , -sɔːn , -soʊn/ ; Tagalog : Lungsod Quezon [ luŋˈsod ˈkɛson ] ; also known as QC or Kyusi ) is a highly urbanized city and the most populous city in the Philippines . It was founded by and named after Manuel L. Quezon , the 2nd President of the Philippines , to replace Manila as the national capital . The city was proclaimed as such in 1948 , though a significant number of government buildings remained in Manila . Quezon City held status as the official capital until 1976 when a presidential decree was issued to reinstate and designate Manila as the capital and Metro Manila as the seat of government . It is the largest city in terms of population and land area in Metro Manila , the National Capital Region of the Philippines . Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province , which was also named after the president . Quezon City hosts a number of government offices , the most important of which are the Batasang Pambansa Complex ( the seat of the House of Representatives , the lower chamber of the Philippine Congress ) , and the Quezon City Reception House ( the current seat of the Vice President of the Philippines ) . Quezon City also serves as home to the University of the Philippines Diliman - the national university - and Ateneo de Manila University . Also located in Quezon City is the Quezon Memorial Circle , a national park . The park is an ellipse bounded by Elliptical Road . Its main feature is the Quezon Memorial Shrine , a 66-meter-tall mausoleum containing the remains of President Quezon and his wife , First Lady Aurora Quezon . The shrine is considered Quezon City 's foremost landmark and is depicted in its city seal ."}]}, {'value': 'Colegio de Sta . Monica', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CSM Cougars', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yellow and Red', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Piñas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Piñas', 'summary': "The story about the true origin of the city 's name , Las Piñas , varies . One version mentioned , that traders from the province of Cavite and Batangas shipped their first piñas ( Spanish for pineapples ) for sale to this town , before they were distributed to nearby markets . Another version related that it was Las Peñas ( the rocks ) , evident by the quarrying of stones and adobe , which were used to construct buildings and bridges . The old church bell , from St. Joseph Parish Church , founded by Diego Cera , has been preserved inside the church museum . An inscription on the bell states , Siendo cura del pueblo de Laspeñas el M.R.P . Padre Diego Cera se fundió este equilón año de 1820 , showing that even during the time of Diego Cera , the town 's first parish priest , the town was called Las Peñas , for some time , and eventually was renamed Las Piñas ."}]}, {'value': 'Trace College Laguna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TCL Red Stallions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Baños , Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Baños,_Laguna', 'summary': "Los Baños , officially the Municipality of Los Baños ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Los Baños ) , is a 1st class municipality in the province of Laguna , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 112,008 people . It has a total land area of 56.5 square kilometers and is bordered on the south and south-west by Mount Makiling , on the north by Laguna de Bay , on the north-west by Calamba and on the east by the town of Bay . The town is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) southeast of Manila and is accessible via the South Luzon Expressway . The municipality lies on the northern slopes of the long dormant volcano Mount Makiling and is known among tourists for its hot spring resorts . Los Baños also hosts two constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System : the University of the Philippines Los Baños and University of the Philippines Open University , along with other foreign and local and international research centers , such as the International Rice Research Institute , the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity , the Philippine Rice Research Institute , Philippine Carabao Center at UPLB , and SEAMEO-SEARCA , making the town a temporary home for tens of thousands of both local and foreign undergraduate and graduate students , researchers and support staff . Los Baños was declared as the Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No . 349 . The proclamation , however , does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities . Aside from its importance in academics , science and research , Los Baños is a well-known tourist destination . Because of the town 's proximity to Metro Manila , Los Baños ' hot spring resorts are frequent weekend or summer getaways for residents of the vast metropolis and tourists from other places in the Philippines and abroad . Tourists who visit Los Baños also come to the several native delicacies stores in the town to buy the town 's famous Buko pie ( coconut meat pie ) as well as a home-grown brand of chocolate cake ."}]}, {'value': 'Technological Institute of the Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technological_Institute_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Technological Institute of the Philippines ( T.I.P . ) is a private , stock , non-sectarian school founded in February 1962 by a group of educators headed by Engineer Demetrio A. Quirino Jr. and his wife Dr. Teresita U. Quirino . T.I.P . is ranked 42 out of the top 100 universities in the Philippines by the Madrid-based Webometrics Ranking of World Universities .'}]}, {'value': 'TIP Engineers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold and Black', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quiapo , Manila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila', 'summary': 'Quiapo ( [ ˈkjapɔʔ ] ) is a district of Manila , Philippines . It derives its name from the water cabbage ( Pistia stratiotes ) , which is named quiapo or kiapo in the Tagalog language . Referred to as the Old Downtown of Manila , Quiapo is home to the Quiapo Church , where the feast of the Black Nazarene is held with millions of people attending annually . Quiapo has also made a name for itself as a place for marketplace bargain hunting . Plaza Miranda , in the heart of the Quiapo district , is a town square named after Jose Sandino y Miranda , who served as secretary of the treasury of the Philippines from 1853 to 1863 . It is located in front of the Quiapo Church , and has become a popular site for political rallies . On August 21 , 1971 , while the Liberal Party held its miting de avance in the plaza , a bomb exploded , killing nine and injuring almost 100 civilians . The Quiapo district is also home to a sizable Muslim population . The Golden Mosque and Green Mosque are located here . Stores offering herbal products , and a large population of self-described fortune tellers , surround the Quiapo church . Thievery and sales of illegally copied media are prevalent in the district . In recent years , the local government of Manila , spearheaded by then-Mayor Lito Atienza , launched the Buhayin ang Maynila ( Revitalize Manila ) project which greatly rehabilitated Quiapo and its vicinities , most especially Plaza Miranda , Quinta Market , the Arsenio Lacson Underpass and the University Belt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manila', 'summary': "Manila ( /məˈnɪlə/ ; Tagalog : Maynilà , pronounced [ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , officially the City of Manila ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Maynilà [ luŋˈsod nɐŋ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , is the capital of the Philippines and a highly urbanized city . It is the most densely populated city proper in the world as of 2018 . It was the first chartered city by virtue of the Philippine Commission Act 183 on July 31 , 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No . 409 or the Revised Charter of the City of Manila on June 18 , 1949 . Manila , alongside Mexico City and Madrid are considered the world 's original set of Global Cities due to Manila 's commercial networks being the first to traverse the Pacific Ocean , thus connecting Asia with the Spanish Americas , marking the first time in world history when an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circled the planet . Manila is also the second most natural disaster-afflicted capital city in the world next to Tokyo , yet it is simultaneously among the most populous and fastest growing cities in Southeast Asia . The Spanish city of Manila was founded on June 24 , 1571 , by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi . The date is regarded as the city 's official founding date ; however , a settlement has already existed dating back as far as 1258 . Manila was also the seat of power for most of the country 's colonial rulers . It is home to many historic sites , some of which were built during the 16th century . Manila has many of the Philippines ' firsts , including the first university ( 1590 ) , light station ( 1642 ) , lighthouse tower ( 1846 ) , water system ( 1878 ) , hotel ( 1889 ) , electricity ( 1895 ) , oceanarium ( 1913 ) , stock exchange ( 1927 ) , flyover ( 1930s ) , zoo ( 1959 ) , pedestrian underpass ( 1960 ) , science high school ( 1963 ) , city-run university ( 1965 ) , city-run hospital ( 1969 ) , and rapid transit system ( 1984 ; also considered as the first rapid transit system in Southeast Asia ) . The term Manila is commonly used to refer to the whole metropolitan area , the greater metropolitan area or the city proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Emilio Aguinaldo College-Dasmarinas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EAC-D Generals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EAC_Generals', 'summary': "The Emilio Aguinaldo College ( EAC ) Generals are the varsity teams of Emilio Aguinaldo College of Paco , Manila . The Immaculate Conception Academy ( ICA ) is paired as the junior ( high school ) varsity team of the Emilio Aguinaldo College ( EAC ) . The EAC-ICA Brigadiers is the junior team of EAC Generals . They formerly played at the Universities and Colleges Athletic Association ( UCAA ) and the National Capital Region Athletic Association ( NCRAA ) . They are now playing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( Philippines ) . The Generals nickname honors President General Emilio Aguinaldo , the first President of the Philippines and the college 's namesake ."}]}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red and White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dasmarinas , Cavite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dasmarinas,_Cavite', 'summary': 'Dasmariñas , officially the City of Dasmariñas , ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Dasmariñas ) , or simply known as Dasmariñas City , is a 1st class city in the province of Cavite , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 659,019 people . Nicknamed Dasma , it has a land area of 90.1 square kilometers ( 34.8 sq mi ) and is located 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) south of Manila . The growing congestion and outward urban expansion of the Metropolitan Manila Area has led to rapid development of the city . This inevitable growth is manifested by the influx of industries , the presence of large educational and health institutions , and the growing number of subdivisions accommodating its growing population .'}]}, {'value': 'Universal College of Nursing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_College', 'summary': 'Universal College , formerly the Universal College of Nursing , is a school located in Parañaque City , Metro Manila , Philippines . It was established in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'UCN Dragons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paranaque City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paranaque_City', 'summary': 'Parañaque , officially the City of Parañaque ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Parañaque , Tagalog pronunciation : [ paɾɐˈɲäke̞ ] ) , or simply known as Parañaque City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Metro Manila , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 665,822 people . It is bordered to the north by Pasay , to the northeast by Taguig , to the southeast by Muntinlupa , to the southwest by Las Piñas , and to the west by Manila Bay . Like the rest of Metro Manila , Parañaque experiences a tropical climate with only two distinct seasons , wet ( July to September ) and dry ( October to June ) . The city enjoys an annual rainfall of 1,822 millimetres ( 71.7 in ) and an average daily maximum temperature of 34.4 °C ( 93.9 °F ) . Parañaque is the home of the PAGCOR Entertainment City , a gaming and entertainment complex under development by the state owned Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation spanning an area of 8 km2 ( 3.1 sq mi ) in Bay City , where four large integrated resorts are based namely Solaire Resort & Casino , City of Dreams Manila , Okada Manila , and the soon to be completed Westside City Resorts World . It is also the home of the Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange public transport , and the Aseana City business district development which includes Ayala Malls Manila Bay .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Former members', 'section_text': 'DLSU-DCSMTCLTIPEAC-D Locations of some of the former NAASCU member schools', 'uid': 'Universities_and_Colleges_Athletic_Association_1', 'intro': 'The Universities and Colleges Athletic Association (UCAA) is an athletic association of colleges and universities in the Philippines. It was established in 2002. The season is usually held during the first semester of the school year, which regularly starts from August to October.'}
null
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In 2015 , what University acquired the institution that is a school located in the city with a name containing the Spanish word for pineapples and that have an athletics team who wear only one color ?
Centro Escolar University
097ae7e534f12a8d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_the_Central_African_Republic_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for the Central African Republic at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chloe Sauvourel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chloe_Sauvourel', 'summary': "Chloé Sauvourel ( born June 18 , 2000 ) is a swimmer from the Central African Republic . She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women 's 50 metre freestyle event ; her time of 37.15 seconds in the heats did not qualify her for the semifinals . She was the flagbearer for her country at the Parade of Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics were held during the last 10 days of the games , from 12-21 August 2016 , at the Olympic Stadium . The sport of athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics was made into three distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Boui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Boui', 'summary': "David Boui ( born 28 June 1988 , in Bangui ) is a Central African Republican taekwondo practitioner . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed in the Men 's -68 kg competition and lost to silver medalist Mohammad Bagheri Motamed of Iran in the first round and to Afghan bronze medalist Rohullah Nikpai in the repechage . At the 2016 Olympics , he lost to Lee Dae-hoon in the first round ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo', 'summary': 'Taekwondo , Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do ( Korean 태권도/跆拳道 [ tʰɛ.k͈wʌn.do ] ( listen ) , English pronunciation /ˌtaɪkwɒnˈdoʊ/ , or /ˌtaɪˈkwɒndoʊ/ ) is a Korean martial art , characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks , jumping and spinning kicks , and fast kicking techniques . Taekwondo is a combative sport and was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate , Chinese martial arts , and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as Taekkyon , Subak , and Gwonbeop . The oldest governing body for Taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association ( KTA ) , formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans , or martial arts schools , in Korea . The main international organisational bodies for Taekwondo today are the International Taekwon-Do Federation ( ITF ) , founded by Choi Hong Hi in 1966 , and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo ( WT , formerly WTF ) , founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association . Gyeorugi ( [ kjʌɾuɡi ] ) , a type of full-contact sparring , has been an Olympic event since 2000 . The governing body for Taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mireille Derebona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mireille_Derebona', 'summary': 'Mireille Derebona ( born 19 May 1990 ) is a Central African middle distance runner who specializes in the 800 metres . She competed at the 2007 World Championships , but was knocked out in the first round . At the 2008 Olympic Games she was the flag bearer at the opening ceremony . She competed in heat six of the 800 metres , but was disqualified . Her personal best time is 2:22.0 minutes , achieved in June 2006 in Garoua .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest Ndissipou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Ndissipou', 'summary': "Ernest Ndjissipou ( born September 24 , 1972 in Bangui ) is a retired Central African long-distance and marathon runner . He represented the Central African Republic in three editions of the Olympic Games ( 1992 , 1996 , and 2004 ) , and has also set both a national record and a personal best of 2:18:06 in men 's marathon from the 2003 IAAF World Championships in Paris , France . Ndjissipou made his official debut as a long-distance runner in the men 's 5000 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , where he finished twelfth in the last of four preliminary heats with a time of 14:40.12 , trailing behind leader Salvatore Antibo of Italy by one minute and ten seconds . At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Ndjissipou extended his track and field resume by competing in the men 's marathon . Though he had never experienced road running in a global stage , Ndjissipou managed to claim a ninety-seventh spot successfully in a vast field of a hundred athletes with a time of 2:35:55 . Eight years after competing in his last Olympics , Ndjissipou qualified for his third Central African team , as a 31-year-old , in the men 's marathon at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by receiving a berth from the IAAF World Championships in Paris . He finished the race with a forty-fourth place time in 2:21:23 , trailing behind Italian runner and gold medalist Stefano Baldini and Brazil 's Vanderlei de Lima ( whose race had been grappled and pushed off by Irish protester Cornelius Horan ) by an estimation of ten seconds . Building his own milestone as a three-time Olympian , Ndjissipou was appointed by the National Olympic Committee ( French : Comité National Olympique et Sportif Centrafricain ) to carry the Central African flag in the opening ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zacharia Maidjida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zacharia_Maidjida', 'summary': "Zacharia Maidjida is a Central African Republic Olympic middle-distance runner . He represented his country in the men 's 1500 meters and the men 's 800 meters at the 1992 Summer Olympics . His times were a 1:50.41 and a 3:55.72 ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mickaël Conjungo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickaël_Conjungo', 'summary': 'Mickaël Glenn Conjungo Taumhas ( born 6 May 1969 in Bangui ) is a French discus thrower . He formerly represented his birth country of the Central African Republic . On the regional African level he won a gold medals at the 1993 African Championships , silver medals at the 1995 All-Africa Games and the 2000 African Championships and bronze medals at the 1998 African Championships and 1999 All-Africa Games . He also won silver at the 1994 Jeux de la Francophonie and bronze at the 1997 Jeux de la Francophonie . He competed at the Summer Olympics in 1992 , 1996 and 2000 and the World Championships in 1991 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 and 1999 without reaching the finals . His personal best throw is 63.78 metres , achieved in July 1994 in Sorgues . This is the current national record for the Central African Republic . For this country he holds the national record in all throwing events , and even pole vault . His sister , Maria-Joëlle Conjungo , is also a national record holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fidèle Mohinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fidèle_Mohinga', 'summary': "Fidèle Mohinga ( born 15 May 1964 ) is a Central African Republic boxer . He competed in the men 's welterweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Marie Sayet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Central African Republic at theOlympicsFlag of the Central African RepublicIOC codeCAFNOCComité National Olympique et Sportif CentrafricainMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer appearances19681972–19801984198819921996200020042008201220162020 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Central African Republic at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_the_Central_African_Republic_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Central African Republic at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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What city hosted the Olympics when Mickaël Conjungo was the flag bearer for the Central African Republic ?
Atlanta
097b604ac3238b08
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Important_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_(Heian_period:_structures)', 'title': 'List of Important Cultural Properties of Japan (Heian period: structures)', 'header': ['Structure', 'Date', 'Municipality', 'Prefecture', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': '* Daigo-ji Five-Storey Pagoda 醍醐寺五重塔 Daigōji gojūnotō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daigo-ji', 'summary': 'Daigo-ji ( 醍醐寺 , Daigo-ji ) is a Shingon Buddhist temple in Fushimi-ku , Kyoto , Japan . Its main devotion ( honzon ) is Yakushi . Daigo , literally ghee , is used figuratively to mean crème de la crème and is a metaphor of the most profound part of Buddhist thoughts .'}]}, {'value': '952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto', 'summary': "Kyoto ( /kiˈoʊtoʊ , ˈkjoʊtoʊ/ ; 京都 Kyōto , Japanese : [ kʲoꜜːto ] ( listen ) ) , officially Kyoto City ( 京都市 , Kyōto-shi , Japanese : [ kʲoːtoꜜɕi ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan . Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu , Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 1.47 million . In 794 , Kyoto ( then known as Heian-kyō ) was chosen as the new seat of Japan 's imperial court . The Emperors of Japan ruled from Kyoto in the following eleven centuries until 1869 , when the court relocated to Tokyo . The city was devastated during the Ōnin War in the 15th century and went into an extended period of decline , but gradually revived under the Tokugawa shogunate ( 1600-1868 ) and flourished as a major city in Japan . The modern municipality of Kyoto was established in 1889 . The city was spared from large-scale destruction during World War II and as a result , its prewar cultural heritage has mostly been preserved . Kyoto is considered the cultural capital of Japan and a major tourist destination . It is home to numerous Buddhist temples , Shinto shrines , palaces and gardens , many of which are listed collectively by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Prominent landmarks include the Kyoto Imperial Palace , Kiyomizu-dera , Kinkaku-ji , Ginkaku-ji and the Katsura Imperial Villa . Kyoto is also a center of higher learning , with Kyoto University being an institution of international renown ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Byōdō-in Phoenix Hall ( central hall ) 平等院鳳凰堂 ( 中堂 ) Byōdōin hōōdō ( chūdō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byōdō-in', 'summary': 'Byōdō-in ( 平等院 ) is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan , built in late Heian period . It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū ( Pure Land ) and Tendai-shū sects .'}]}, {'value': '1053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Uji ( 宇治市 , Uji-shi ) is a city on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . Founded on March 1 , 1951 , Uji is between the two ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto . The city sits on the Uji River , which has its source in Lake Biwa . As of October 1 , 2015 , Uji has an estimated population of 184,726 and is the second largest city in Kyoto Prefecture . It has an area of 67.54 km2 , giving it a population density of 2,735 persons per km2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Byōdō-in Phoenix Hall ( south wing corridor ) 平等院鳳凰堂 ( 両翼廊 ( 南 ) ) Byōdōin hōōdō ( ryōyokurō ( minami ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byōdō-in', 'summary': 'Byōdō-in ( 平等院 ) is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan , built in late Heian period . It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū ( Pure Land ) and Tendai-shū sects .'}]}, {'value': '1053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Uji ( 宇治市 , Uji-shi ) is a city on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . Founded on March 1 , 1951 , Uji is between the two ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto . The city sits on the Uji River , which has its source in Lake Biwa . As of October 1 , 2015 , Uji has an estimated population of 184,726 and is the second largest city in Kyoto Prefecture . It has an area of 67.54 km2 , giving it a population density of 2,735 persons per km2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Byōdō-in Phoenix Hall ( north wing corridor ) 平等院鳳凰堂 ( 両翼廊 ( 北 ) ) Byōdōin hōōdō ( ryōyokurō ( kita ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byōdō-in', 'summary': 'Byōdō-in ( 平等院 ) is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan , built in late Heian period . It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū ( Pure Land ) and Tendai-shū sects .'}]}, {'value': '1053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Uji ( 宇治市 , Uji-shi ) is a city on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . Founded on March 1 , 1951 , Uji is between the two ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto . The city sits on the Uji River , which has its source in Lake Biwa . As of October 1 , 2015 , Uji has an estimated population of 184,726 and is the second largest city in Kyoto Prefecture . It has an area of 67.54 km2 , giving it a population density of 2,735 persons per km2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Byōdō-in Phoenix Hall ( tail corridor ) 平等院鳳凰堂 ( 尾廊 ) Byōdōin hōōdō ( birō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byōdō-in', 'summary': 'Byōdō-in ( 平等院 ) is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan , built in late Heian period . It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū ( Pure Land ) and Tendai-shū sects .'}]}, {'value': '1053', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uji,_Kyoto', 'summary': 'Uji ( 宇治市 , Uji-shi ) is a city on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyoto , in Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . Founded on March 1 , 1951 , Uji is between the two ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto . The city sits on the Uji River , which has its source in Lake Biwa . As of October 1 , 2015 , Uji has an estimated population of 184,726 and is the second largest city in Kyoto Prefecture . It has an area of 67.54 km2 , giving it a population density of 2,735 persons per km2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture', 'summary': "Kyoto Prefecture ( 京都府 , Kyōto-fu ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,610,353 ( 1 October 2015 ) and has a geographic area of 4,612 km² ( 1,780 sq mi ) . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast , Shiga Prefecture to the east , Mie Prefecture to the southeast , Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south , and Hyogo Prefecture to the west . Kyoto is the capital and largest city of Kyoto Prefecture , with other major cities including Uji , Kameoka , and Maizuru . Kyoto Prefecture is located on the Sea of Japan coast and extends to the southeast towards the Kii Peninsula , covering territory of the former provinces of Yamashiro , Tamba , and Tango . Kyoto Prefecture is centered on the historic Imperial capital of Kyoto , and is one of Japan 's two urban prefectures using the designation fu rather than the standard ken for prefectures . Kyoto has made Kyoto Prefecture one of the most popular tourism destinations in Japan for national and international tourists , and 21% of the prefecture 's land area was designated as Natural Parks . Kyoto Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area , the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world 's most productive regions by GDP ."}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Hōryū-ji Belfry 法隆寺鐘楼 Hōryūji shōrō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hōryū-ji', 'summary': "Hōryū-ji ( 法隆寺 , lit . Temple of the Flourishing Law ) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , in Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji ( 法隆学問寺 ) , or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law , the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery . The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607 , but according to the Nihon Shoki , in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning . However , reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago , the Kondō ( main holl ) is widely recognized as the world 's oldest wooden building . A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of Kondo in January 26 , 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period , a national treasure , and shocked the Japanese . Based on this accident , the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties . In 1993 , Horyu-ji Temple , along with Hokki-ji , was registered as Japan 's first UNESCO World Heritage site under the name of Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area . A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story Pagoda were cut down in 594 , before burned down in 670 ."}]}, {'value': '1005-1020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ikaruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ikaruga,_Nara', 'summary': 'Ikaruga ( 斑鳩町 , Ikaruga-chō ) is a town in Ikoma District , Nara , Japan . Ikaruga is home to Hōryū-ji and Hokki-ji , ancient Buddhist temples collectively inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Other ancient temples include Hōrin-ji , also in the vicinity of Hōryū-ji . The town was named after the Palace of Prince Shōtoku , Ikaruga-no-Miya ( Imperial Palace of Ikaruga , or Imperial House of Ikaruga ) , whose grounds were at Hōryū-ji , thus it is also called Ikaruga-dera ( temple of Ikaruga ) . [ citation needed ] As of April 1 , 2015 , the town has an estimated population of 27,341 , with 11,308 households . The total area is 14.27 km2 ( 6 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '* Hōryū-ji Large Lecture Hall 法隆寺大講堂 Hōryūji daikōdō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hōryū-ji', 'summary': "Hōryū-ji ( 法隆寺 , lit . Temple of the Flourishing Law ) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , in Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji ( 法隆学問寺 ) , or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law , the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery . The temple was founded by Prince Shōtoku in 607 , but according to the Nihon Shoki , in 670 all buildings were burned down by lightning . However , reconstructed at least 1,300 years ago , the Kondō ( main holl ) is widely recognized as the world 's oldest wooden building . A fire that broke out during the dismantling and repair of Kondo in January 26 , 1949 destroyed a mural of the Asuka period , a national treasure , and shocked the Japanese . Based on this accident , the day when the fire broke out is now fire prevention day for cultural properties . In 1993 , Horyu-ji Temple , along with Hokki-ji , was registered as Japan 's first UNESCO World Heritage site under the name of Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area . A tree ring survey conducted in 2001 revealed that the shinbashira of the five-story Pagoda were cut down in 594 , before burned down in 670 ."}]}, {'value': '990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ikaruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ikaruga,_Nara', 'summary': 'Ikaruga ( 斑鳩町 , Ikaruga-chō ) is a town in Ikoma District , Nara , Japan . Ikaruga is home to Hōryū-ji and Hokki-ji , ancient Buddhist temples collectively inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Other ancient temples include Hōrin-ji , also in the vicinity of Hōryū-ji . The town was named after the Palace of Prince Shōtoku , Ikaruga-no-Miya ( Imperial Palace of Ikaruga , or Imperial House of Ikaruga ) , whose grounds were at Hōryū-ji , thus it is also called Ikaruga-dera ( temple of Ikaruga ) . [ citation needed ] As of April 1 , 2015 , the town has an estimated population of 27,341 , with 11,308 households . The total area is 14.27 km2 ( 6 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nara_Prefecture', 'summary': "Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,348,930 ( 1 September 2017 ) and has a geographic area of 3,691 km² ( 1,425 sq mi ) . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north , Osaka Prefecture to the northwest , Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest , and Mie Prefecture to the east . Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture , with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific Ocean coast , and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures . Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thousand Buddha Treasure Tower 多宝千仏石幢 tahō senbutsu sekitō', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1084', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dazaifu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dazaifu,_Fukuoka', 'summary': 'Dazaifu ( 太宰府市 , Dazaifu-shi ) is a city located in Fukuoka Prefecture , Japan , part of the greater Fukuoka metropolitan area . Nearby cities include Ōnojō and Chikushino . Although mostly mountainous , it does have arable land used for paddy fields and market gardening . As of October 2018 , the city has an estimated population of 72,231 with 29,355 households and a population density of 2,440 persons per km² . The total area is 29.58 km² . The city was officially founded on April 1 , 1982 , although it has been important historically for more than a thousand years . It was a administrative capital of Fukuoka at around 663 CE .'}]}, {'value': 'Fukuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Fukuoka Prefecture ( Japanese : 福岡県 , Hepburn : Fukuoka-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan on Kyūshū Island . The capital is the city of Fukuoka . As of 2018 , it is the ninth most populated prefecture in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Structures -- Middle Heian period', 'section_text': 'Five surviving sites with eight component structures have been designated , all but one of them National Treasures . The Phoenix Hall at Byōdō-in is designated as a single site with four component structures . The five-storey pagoda at Daigo-ji is the earliest structure within the current borders of the city of Kyoto . Both form part of the World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto ( Kyoto , Uji and Otsu Cities ) . [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Important_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_(Heian_period:_structures)_1', 'intro': 'This list is of Japanese structures dating from the Heian period (794-1185) that have been designated Important Cultural Properties (including *National Treasures).'}
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What prefecture does this prefecture , where Japan 's first Buddhist temple to be registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site is , share borders with to the east ?
Mie Prefecture
097dccb5fbed6442
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cruise_ships', 'title': 'List of cruise ships', 'header': ['Name', 'Operator', 'Began operation', 'Tonnage', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Van Gogh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Van_Gogh', 'summary': 'MS Salamis Filoxenia is a cruise ship owned by the Cyprus-based Salamis Cruises . She was built in 1975 by Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard as the Belorussiya class-cruiseferry Gruziya for the Black Sea Shipping Company , Soviet Union . She was rebuilt into a cruise ship during the 1980s . In 1995 , she was renamed Odessa Sky and in 1999 briefly Club 1 before renamed Van Gogh later in 1999 . In 2009 , she was acquired by her current owner and renamed Salamis Filoxenia .'}]}, {'value': 'Travelscope / Van Gogh Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travelscope', 'summary': 'Joseph Rosendo ( born September 20 , 1946 , Miami , Florida ) is an American travel journalist , broadcaster , television personality and public speaker . Since 2007 he has been the executive producer , host , director and writer of the American Public Television series Joseph Rosendos Travelscope which has aired on PBS and Public Television Stations in the United States and Canada with 117 episodes in distribution . Season 10 was released in the sprng of 2018 and Season 11 followed in August , 2019 . Joseph Rosendos Travelscope has won 42 Telly awards , been nominated for 18 National Daytime Emmy Awards and won six , including 2 personal Emmys for Outstanding Directing in a Lifestyle/Culinary/Travel Program category and 2 Emmys for his role as host .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Van_Gogh_Cruises', 'summary': 'Club Cruise was a Netherlands-based cruise ship company , that chartered vessels to other operators , including Transocean Tours and Phoenix Reisen . The company had also operated ships under its own brands , first in 1999 on short cruises from the Netherlands and during 2008 in the United Kingdom cruise market under the banner of Van Gogh Cruises . Club Cruise was reportedly seeking to list itself in the London Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,402', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating . Formerly : Club I , Odessa Sky , Gruziya', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veendam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Veendam', 'summary': "MS Veendam is one of Holland America Line 's cruise ships and is named for the capital of Northern Netherlands 's peat colonies . Features on the vessel include the two-tiered Rotterdam Dining Room , suites with private verandas , multiple lounges , and a wide teak deck ."}]}, {'value': 'Holland America Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holland_America_Line', 'summary': "Holland America Line is a British/American-owned cruise line , a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc headquartered in Seattle , Washington , United States . Holland America Line was founded in Rotterdam , Netherlands , and from 1873 to 1989 , it operated as a Dutch shipping line , a passenger line , a cargo line and a cruise line operating primarily between the Netherlands and North America . As part of the company 's legacy , it was directly involved in the transport of many hundreds of thousands of emigrants from the Netherlands to North America . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55,451', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ventura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Ventura', 'summary': 'MV Ventura is a Grand-class cruise ship of the P & O Cruises fleet . The ship was built by Fincantieri at their shipyard in Monfalcone , Italy . At 116,017 tonnes and 291.4 m ( 956 ft ) , Ventura is the second largest of seven ships currently in service with P & O Cruises . She officially entered service with the company in April 2008 and was named by Dame Helen Mirren.Ventura underwent a refit at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg , Germany , during March and April 2013 , and re-entered service on 7 April 2013 with a voyage to Spain and Portugal .'}]}, {'value': 'P & O Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P&O_Cruises', 'summary': "P & O Cruises is a British cruise line based at Carnival House in Southampton , England , operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc . It was founded in 1977 as a subsidiary of the shipping company P & O , and traces its heritage to P & O 's first passenger operations in 1837 . Along with P & O Cruises Australia , a sister company also founded by P & O , it has the oldest heritage of any cruise line in the world . P & O Cruises was divested from P & O in 2000 , becoming a subsidiary of P & O Princess Cruises , before coming under its current ownership in 2003 , following a merger between P & O Princess Cruises and Carnival Corporation . In 2018 , the company had a 2.4% market share of all cruise lines worldwide ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '116,017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vidanta Elegant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vidanta Cruises', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,396', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly : Voyager , Crown Monarch , Cunard Crown Monarch , Nautican , Walrus , Havens Star , Neptune , Rembrandt II , Jules Verne , Alexander Von Humboldt II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viking Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Viking_Sea_(2015)', 'summary': 'MV Viking Sea is a cruise ship built by Italian shipbuilders Fincantieri for Viking Ocean Cruises . It is the second ship to grace the name Viking Sea , the first being Viking Sky which was originally assigned this name . Viking Sea sailed from Venice to New Capital Quay on the River Thames at Greenwich , London , England , where on 5 May 2016 she became the largest vessel named in London . She will sail around Scandinavia , the Baltic and across the Mediterranean during her maiden season . Viking Sea has 3 sister ships , Viking Star , Viking Sky and Viking Sun .'}]}, {'value': 'Viking Ocean Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viking_Ocean_Cruises', 'summary': 'Viking Cruises is a cruise line providing river and ocean cruises . Its operating headquarters are in Basel , Switzerland , and its marketing headquarters in Los Angeles , California . The company has two divisions , Viking River Cruises and Viking Ocean Cruises . As of July 2018 , it operates a fleet of 62 river vessels and 6 ocean ships , offering cruises along the rivers and oceans of North and South America , the Caribbean , Europe , Russia , Egypt , China and Southeast Asia .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47,842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viking Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Viking_Sky', 'summary': 'MV Viking Sky is a cruise ship that was launched in 2016 and entered service in 2017 . She is operated by Viking Ocean Cruises . On 23 March 2019 , she suffered an engine failure off the coast of Norway . A partial evacuation by helicopters took place .'}]}, {'value': 'Viking Ocean Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viking_Ocean_Cruises', 'summary': 'Viking Cruises is a cruise line providing river and ocean cruises . Its operating headquarters are in Basel , Switzerland , and its marketing headquarters in Los Angeles , California . The company has two divisions , Viking River Cruises and Viking Ocean Cruises . As of July 2018 , it operates a fleet of 62 river vessels and 6 ocean ships , offering cruises along the rivers and oceans of North and South America , the Caribbean , Europe , Russia , Egypt , China and Southeast Asia .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viking Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MV_Viking_Star', 'summary': 'MV Viking Star is the lead ship of the Viking Star class [ citation needed ] of cruise ships , and the first such ship operated by Viking Ocean Cruises , a division of Viking Cruises . She entered service in April 2015 . Two Viking Star-class sister ships , Viking Sea and Viking Sky , joined her in the Viking Ocean Cruises fleet in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Viking Ocean Cruises', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viking_Ocean_Cruises', 'summary': 'Viking Cruises is a cruise line providing river and ocean cruises . Its operating headquarters are in Basel , Switzerland , and its marketing headquarters in Los Angeles , California . The company has two divisions , Viking River Cruises and Viking Ocean Cruises . As of July 2018 , it operates a fleet of 62 river vessels and 6 ocean ships , offering cruises along the rivers and oceans of North and South America , the Caribbean , Europe , Russia , Egypt , China and Southeast Asia .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47842', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vision of the Seas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vision_of_the_Seas', 'summary': 'Vision of the Seas is a Vision-class cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International , the last of her class . Her maiden voyage was on May 2 , 1998 , following which she sailed for a year in Europe before being moved to other routes . In 2013 , Vision of the Seas received a dry dock refit .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Caribbean International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International', 'summary': "Royal Caribbean International ( RCI ) , previously known as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line ( RCCL ) , is a cruise line brand founded in 1968 in Norway and organised as a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. ( RCCL ) since 1997 . Based in Miami , Florida , United States , it is the largest cruise line by revenue and second largest by passengers counts . In 2018 , Royal Caribbean International controlled 19.2% of the worldwide cruise market by passengers and 14.0% by revenue . It also operates many of the world 's largest ships ; as of July 2019 [ update ] , the line operates twenty-six ships , including the four largest cruise ships in the world , and has six additional ships on order ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78,340', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vistamar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plantours & Partner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating ; since 2012 Orient Queen II ( Abou Merhi Cruises )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volendam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MS_Volendam', 'summary': 'MS Volendam is a Rotterdam-class ( R-class ) cruise ship belonging to Holland America Line . There are ten decks , with passenger cabins spread across six of them . The theme aboard Volendam is flowers and the décor throughout the ship emphasizes floral patterns . She sails out of Australia , Asia and conducts cruises of the Inside Passage traversing British Columbia and Alaska .'}]}, {'value': 'Holland America Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holland_America_Line', 'summary': "Holland America Line is a British/American-owned cruise line , a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc headquartered in Seattle , Washington , United States . Holland America Line was founded in Rotterdam , Netherlands , and from 1873 to 1989 , it operated as a Dutch shipping line , a passenger line , a cargo line and a cruise line operating primarily between the Netherlands and North America . As part of the company 's legacy , it was directly involved in the transport of many hundreds of thousands of emigrants from the Netherlands to North America . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60,906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Voyager of the Seas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Voyager_of_the_Seas', 'summary': 'Voyager of the Seas is the lead ship of the Voyager class of cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International ( RCI ) . Constructed by Kværner Masa-Yards at its Turku New Shipyard in Turku , Finland , she was launched on November 27 , 1998 , and formally named by Olympic figure skater Katarina Witt on November 20 , 1999 . Upon her departure on her maiden voyage the following day , November 21 , 1999 , Voyager of the Seas was the largest cruise ship in the world , although she was overtaken the following year by her sister ship Explorer of the Seas . She measured 137,276 gross tonnage ( GT ) at launch and following a refit in 2014 her tonnage increased to 138,194 GT . She is 311 m ( 1,020 ft 4 in ) long overall , has a waterline beam of 36.8 m ( 120 ft 9 in ) and a height of 63 m ( 206 ft 8 in ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Caribbean International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International', 'summary': "Royal Caribbean International ( RCI ) , previously known as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line ( RCCL ) , is a cruise line brand founded in 1968 in Norway and organised as a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. ( RCCL ) since 1997 . Based in Miami , Florida , United States , it is the largest cruise line by revenue and second largest by passengers counts . In 2018 , Royal Caribbean International controlled 19.2% of the worldwide cruise market by passengers and 14.0% by revenue . It also operates many of the world 's largest ships ; as of July 2019 [ update ] , the line operates twenty-six ships , including the four largest cruise ships in the world , and has six additional ships on order ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '138,194', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operating', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'V', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_cruise_ships_21', 'intro': "This is a list of cruise ships, both those in service and those that have ceased to operate. Ocean liners are included on this list only if they also functioned as cruise ships. (See: list of ocean liners.) As some cruise ships have operated under multiple names, all names will be listed in the Status section, along with the history of the vessel, under the vessel's current or most recent name. If a vessel is not currently operating as a cruise ship, only the most recent operation will be listed here. Likewise, if a vessel fulfilled another role before becoming a cruise ship, the first entry for the vessel will occur when the vessel began its career as a cruise ship."}
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What is the status of the ship whose operator has the oldest heritage of any cruise line in the world ?
Operating
098037226381a3d0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World', 'title': 'Miss World', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Represented', 'Placement at Miss World'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2003', 'summary': "Miss World 2003 , the 53rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 6 December 2003 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . The pageant was presented by Phil Keoghan , Amanda Byram , and Angela Chow . The contestants also paid a visit to Hong Kong , Xi'an , Shanghai , and Beijing . Azra Akın of Turkey crowned her successor Rosanna Davison of Ireland , the daughter of popular musician Chris de Burgh , claiming Ireland 's first major beauty pageant title . 106 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown , marking at that time , the biggest edition in the pageant history . This was the first time China hosted the pageant . Ticket pricing for the event ranged from $ 110 to $ 2,730 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosanna Davison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosanna_Davison', 'summary': 'Rosanna Diane Davison ( born 17 April 1984 ) is an Irish actress , singer , writer , model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss World 2003 . She is the daughter of musician Chris de Burgh , and the song For Rosanna was written by her father for his 1986 album , Into the Light in her honour .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss World 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2004', 'summary': "Miss World 2004 , the 54th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 4 December 2004 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . The 2004 pageant marks the second straight year that Sanya played host of the pageant . Rosanna Davison of Ireland crowned her successor María Julia Mantilla of Peru . 107 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown marking at that time , the biggest turnout in the pageant 's 54-year history . That record was held until Miss World 2008 where 109 nations sent representatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Randall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Randall', 'summary': 'Nancy Randall ( born c. 1982 ) is a Brazilian-American beauty queen who represented the United States at Miss World 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2nd Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2005', 'summary': 'Miss World 2005 , the 55th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 10 December 2005 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . María Julia Mantilla of Peru crowned her successor Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir of Iceland . 102 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . All contestants competed in three fast track events , Beach Beauty , Miss Talent , and Beauty With a Purpose contests . The winner of each competition immediately became one of the fifteen pageant semi-finalists .'}]}, {'value': 'Yulia Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yulia_Ivanova_(model)', 'summary': 'Yulia Ivanova ( Russian : Юлия Иванова ) ( born 1983 , Novosibirsk ) is a Russian beauty queen and a model . She was crowned Krasa Rossii in 2005 and later represented Russia at Miss World 2005 . She made the top 15 by winning the Beach Beauty competition . Before competing in beauty pageants Yulia was a contestant in Ty - supermodel cycle 2 TV show & participated in Krasa Rossii 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 15 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2006', 'summary': 'Miss World 2006 , the 56th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 30 September 2006 at the Sala Kongresowa , the main 2,897-seat auditorium of the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw , Poland . It was the first time ever that the pageant was held in the Continental Europe and a European city other than London , United Kingdom , having previously been held there in 2002 after the Nigeria Controversy . The pageant officially concluded after Taťána Kuchařová from the Czech Republic was crowned Miss World 2006 by outgoing titleholder Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir of Iceland . A total of 104 countries competed in the pageant , the 12th largest number behind 2013 ( 127 ) 2014 ( 121 ) , 2012 ( 116 ) , 2010 ( 115 ) , 2015 ( 114 ) , 2011 ( 113 ) , 2009 ( 112 ) , 2008 ( 109 ) , 2004 ( 107 ) , and 2007 and 2003 ( both 106 ) . All contestants were divided in six regional groups : Africa , Americas , Asia Pacific , Caribbean , Northern Europe and Southern Europe . Gdynia was the host of the Beach Beauty contest , Giżycko hosted the Miss Sports contest and Wrocław hosted the Miss Talent competition . The fourth event was Beauty with a Purpose . This is the first time the Czech Republic won the title of Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Federica Guzmán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federica_Guzmán', 'summary': 'Alexandra Federica Guzmán Diamante , ( born May 23 , 1981 ) is a Venezuelan TV Host , model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Venezuela World 2006 . Guzmán competed as Miss Miranda in Miss Venezuela 2001 ( and the preceding Miss World Venezuela 2001 ) without success . However , the altered schedule of the Miss World 2006 pageant forced the Miss Venezuela Organization to prepare an emergency pageant to select a candidate , wherein several former contestants from previous editions of the national contest participated . Guzmán was the undisputed favorite for the national title , causing the usual controversy , She classified to the semifinals , after winning the Beach Beauty Once in the pageant , Federica was fast-tracked into the semi-finals after winning the Beach Beauty preliminary competition . She proceeded to compete for the title of Miss World 2006 on the night of September 30 , 2006 , in the Americas group but failed to make the final cut . The winner of Miss World Americas 2006 title was Miss Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 17 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2007', 'summary': 'Miss World 2007 , the 57th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 1 December 2007 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China . It was hosted by Fernando Allende and Angela Chow . Zhang Zilin of China won the crown and succeeded Taťána Kuchařová of the Czech Republic . The 106 contestants recorded the official torch relay anthem Light the Passion , Share the Dream for the 2008 Olympic Games as a major co-operation between the Beijing Olympic Committee and Miss World Limited . The song had its first broadcast to a global audience at the 57th Miss World final on 1 December . In addition , to coincide with World AIDS Day , the pageant presented a special tribute to the fight against AIDS , with a televised speech from former South African President Nelson Mandela and the presence of his daughter and grandson , along with traditional dancers from South Africa who joined the contestants in a special song .'}]}, {'value': 'Ada De La Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_de_la_Cruz', 'summary': 'Ada Aimée de la Cruz Ramírez ( born June 15 , 1986 , in Villa Mella ) is a Dominican model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Dominican Republic 2009 and placed 1st Runner-Up at Miss Universe 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'Top 16 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2008', 'summary': 'Miss World 2008 , the 58th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 13 December 2008 at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg , South Africa . Originally , the pageant was going to take place in Kiev , Ukraine , but because of the ongoing 2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis in neighbouring South Ossetia , the Miss World Organization decided to move the pageant away from Eastern Europe . 109 contestants from all over the world compete for the crown , the second highest turnout in the 59 years of the pageant . Zhang Zilin of China crowned Ksenia Sukhinova of Russia as the brand new Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Anagabriela Espinoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anagabriela_Espinoza', 'summary': "Anagabriela Espinoza Marroquín ( born April 18 , 1988 ) is a Mexican model and beauty queen who won Miss International 2009 on November 28 , 2009 , in Chengdu , Sichuan , China . At the age of nineteen , Anagabriela Espinoza competed against thirty-three other contestants in the 2007 national Nuestra Belleza México contest held in Manzanillo , Colima on October 5 , 2007 . She obtained Nuestra Belleza Mexico Mundo and the right to compete in the 58th international Miss World pageant held in Johannesburg , South Africa . Espinoza won the Miss World Beach Beauty fast track event and award , which automatically gave her a semifinal spot in the 2008 Miss World competition , held December 13 , 2008 . A year later , Anagabriela Espinoza was chosen to represent Mexico in Miss International 2009 . She became the second Mexican delegate to win that title , just two years after Priscila Perales ' victory in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Top 15 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2009', 'summary': "Miss World 2009 , the 59th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 12 December 2009 at the Gallagher Convention Centre in Johannesburg , South Africa . 112 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown , marking the biggest turnout in the pageant 's history . Ksenia Sukhinova of Russia crowned her successor Kaiane Aldorino of Gibraltar at the end of event . It is the first time that someone from Gibraltar won Miss World . In the past , people from mainland Britain have won ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaiane Aldorino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaiane_Aldorino', 'summary': 'Kaiane Loise Aldorino Lopez , GMH ( née Aldorino ; born 8 July 1986 ) is a Gibraltarian politician and former Mayor of Gibraltar , as well as Miss World 2009 . From 2017 to 2019 , she held the ceremonial position of Mayor of Gibraltar , after previously serving as Deputy Mayor since 2014 . Aldorino previously was a beauty pageant titleholder , being crowned Miss Gibraltar 2009 , and later winning Miss World 2009 in Johannesburg , South Africa . She was the first Gibraltarian woman ever to reach the semifinals of a major international pageant , and is the only to ever win one , as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Gibraltar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibraltar', 'summary': "Gibraltar ( /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/ jih-BRAWL-tər , Spanish : [ xiβɾalˈtaɾ ] ) is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula . It has an area of 6.7 km2 ( 2.6 sq mi ) and is bordered to the north by Spain . The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area , home to over 32,000 people , primarily Gibraltarians . In 1704 , Anglo-Dutch forces captured Gibraltar from Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of the Habsburg claim to the Spanish throne . The territory was ceded to Great Britain in perpetuity under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . During World War II it was an important base for the Royal Navy as it controlled the entrance and exit to the Mediterranean Sea , the Strait of Gibraltar , which is only 14.3 km ( 8.9 mi ) wide at this naval choke point . It remains strategically important , with half the world 's seaborne trade passing through the strait . Today Gibraltar 's economy is based largely on tourism , online gambling , financial services and cargo ship refuelling . The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations because Spain asserts a claim to the territory . Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and , in a 2002 referendum , the idea of shared sovereignty was also rejected ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss World 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2010', 'summary': 'Miss World 2010 , the 60th anniversary of the Miss World pageant , was held on 30 October 2010 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya , China after Vietnam backed out of the hosting contract . 115 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . Kaiane Aldorino of Gibraltar crowned her successor Alexandria Mills of the United States at end of the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Yara Lasanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yara_Lasanta', 'summary': 'Yara Liz Lasanta Santiago ( born April 3 , 1986 in Barranquitas , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican meteorologist and beauty pageant titleholder who participated and finished top 25 in Miss World 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 20 semifinalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2011', 'summary': 'Miss World 2011 , the 61st edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 6 November 2011 at the Earls Court Two in London , United Kingdom . As part of the events , the contestants also travelled to Edinburgh , Scotland between 23 and 27 October . Alexandria Mills of the United States crowned her successor Ivian Sarcos of Venezuela at the end of the event , she is the sixth Venezuelan women to win Miss World . Although over 120 delegates were expected to compete , problems regarding the timely acquisition of visas prevented several candidates from participating , thus reducing the final number to 113 . Miss World 2011 was viewed by over 1 billion people worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Alize Lily Mounter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alize_Lily_Mounter', 'summary': 'Alize Lily Mounter ( born 29 September 1988 ) is a Welsh actress , journalist , model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss England in 2011 . She represented England at the 61st Miss World in London , where she made the Top 7 and was ranked 4th place overall . She received the titles of Miss World Europe , Miss United Kingdom and Miss World Beach Beauty . Later she represented the United Kingdom at Miss International on 21 October 2012 in Okinawa , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 7 finalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2012', 'summary': 'Miss World 2012 , the 62nd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 18 August 2012 at Dongsheng Fitness Center Stadium in Ordos , Inner Mongolia , China . 116 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown . Ivian Sarcos of Venezuela crowned her successor Yu Wenxia of China at the end of the event . This is the second time China has won the title of Miss World .'}]}, {'value': 'Sophie Moulds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '1st Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2013', 'summary': "Miss World 2013 , the 63rd edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 28 September 2013 at Bali Nusa Dua International Convention Center , South Kuta , Bali , Indonesia . Contestants from 127 countries and territories competed in this year 's Miss World pageant , marking the biggest turnout for any major international beauty pageant as of 2020 . Yu Wenxia of China crowned her successor Megan Young of the Philippines at the end of the event . This is , to date , the only time that the Philippines won the title of Miss World , making it the third country ever to win at least once in all of the Big Four international beauty pageants . The show was hosted by singer and supermodel Myleene Klass , theatre Producer Kamal Ibrahim and Actor Daniel Mananta , while television personality Amanda Zevannya and Steve Douglas provided commentary and analysis throughout the event . Britain 's singer-songwriter Matt Cardle and Britain 's Eurovision winner Blue performed during the competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Sancler Frantz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Top 6 finalist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_World_2014', 'summary': 'Miss World 2014 , the 64th edition of the Miss World pageant , was held on 14 December 2014 at the ExCeL London in London , United Kingdom . 121 contestants competed for the crown . Megan Young of the Philippines crowned her successor Rolene Strauss of South Africa at the end of the event . This is the second time that South Africa has won the title outright and the third time they have held the title .'}]}, {'value': 'Olivia Asplund', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Top 25 semifinalist', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Fast track events -- Miss World Beach Beauty', 'section_text': 'Miss World Beach Beauty was a swimsuit or fast track competition in the Miss World pageant . [ 67 ] The Beach Beauty event first started in 2003 , when the Miss World Organization decided to have preliminary or fast track events to automatically give a semifinal spot to some of the delegates . This event allowed the Miss World delegates ( over 100 ) to have a chance of being in the semifinals . The winner goes on to make the semifinals automatically . The Beach Beauty event showcased different swimsuits designed by Miss World 1975 , Wilnelia Merced . In 2014 , the organisation eliminated the swimsuit competition from the pageant . [ 68 ]', 'uid': 'Miss_World_Top_Model_1', 'intro': "Miss World is the oldest running international beauty pageant. It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000, Morley's widow, Julia Morley, has co-chaired the pageant. Along with Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth, this pageant is one of the Big Four international beauty pageants - the most coveted beauty titles when it comes to international pageant competitions. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on 14 December 2019 in London, England. She is the fourth Jamaican to win Miss World."}
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What sophisticated civilizations were in the home country of Anagabriela Espinoza ?
Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec
09813a43d032a1f8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'title': 'Hungary at the 2012 Summer Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamás Sors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamás_Sors', 'summary': 'Tamás Sors is a Hungarian Paralympic swimmer who competes in S9 classification events . He has won Paralympics gold twice in the 100m butterfly at Beijing and London .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre butterfly S9", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metre_butterfly_S9", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre butterfly S9 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 30 August , at the London Aquatics Centre . Two heats were held with eight swimmers in each . The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': '30 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Péter Pálos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Péter_Pálos', 'summary': "Péter Pálos ( born 1985 ) is a Hungarian para table tennis player who has an intellectual impairment . He is one of Hungary 's top performing Paralympic table tennis players as a former world number one in his sports class 11 on three occasions : April to September 2013 , April to September 2014 and August to October 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from Thursday 30 August to Saturday 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . 276 athletes , 174 men and 102 women , competed in 29 events . Table tennis events have been held at the Paralympics since the first Games in Rome in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual - Class 11", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_individual_–_Class_11", 'summary': "The Men 's individual table tennis - Class 11 tournament at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London tookplace from 30 August to 3 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . This class was for athletes with intellectual impairment . In the preliminary stage , athletes competed in two groups of three . Top two in each group qualified for the semi-finals ."}]}, {'value': '3 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamás Sors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamás_Sors', 'summary': 'Tamás Sors is a Hungarian Paralympic swimmer who competes in S9 classification events . He has won Paralympics gold twice in the 100m butterfly at Beijing and London .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 400m Freestyle - S9", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_400_metre_freestyle_S9", 'summary': "The men 's 400m freestyle S9 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Aquatics Centre on 4 September . There were two heats ; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': '4 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Göngyi Dani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Wheelchair fencing - Women 's foil B", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_foil_B", 'summary': "The women 's foil B wheelchair fencing competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 4 September at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre . The tournament started with a group phase round-robin followed by a knockout stage . During a qualification round-robin , bouts lasted a maximum of three minutes , or until one athlete had scored five hits . There was then a knockout phase , in which bouts lasted a maximum of nine minutes ( three periods of three minutes ) , or until one athlete had scored 15 hits . The event was won by Yao Fang , representing China ."}]}, {'value': '4 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zsuzsanna Krajnyák', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Krajnyák', 'summary': 'Zsuzsanna Krajnyák ( born 23 December 1978 ) is a Hungarian Paralympic medallist in wheelchair fencing . Her first Paralympic medals came in the 2000 Summer Paralympics where she won two bronze medals . Other wheelchair fencing competitions won medals at were the European and World Championships . Krajnyák was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Wheelchair fencing - Women 's épée A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_épée_A", 'summary': "The women 's épée category A fencing competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 5 September 2012 at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre in London . This class was for athletes who had good trunk control and their fencing arm was not affected by their impairment ."}]}, {'value': '5 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamás Tóth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 metre freestyle S9", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_50_metre_freestyle_S9", 'summary': "The men 's 50m freestyle S9 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Aquatics Centre on 5 September . There were three heats ; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': '5 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veronika Juhász Zsuzsanna Krajnyák Gyöngyi Dani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Krajnyák', 'summary': 'Zsuzsanna Krajnyák ( born 23 December 1978 ) is a Hungarian Paralympic medallist in wheelchair fencing . Her first Paralympic medals came in the 2000 Summer Paralympics where she won two bronze medals . Other wheelchair fencing competitions won medals at were the European and World Championships . Krajnyák was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team open", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_team_open", 'summary': "The Women 's team épée open at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place on 8 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre ."}]}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamás Tóth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre freestyle S9", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metre_freestyle_S9", 'summary': "The men 's 100m freestyle S9 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Aquatics Centre on 7 September . There were three heats ; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikolett Szabó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikolett_Szabó_(judoka)', 'summary': 'Nikolett Szabó ( born May 11 , 1979 ) is a Hungarian blind judoka who participates in international level events .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The Judo competition of the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in ExCeL London from 30 August to 1 September . There were 13 events , corresponded to seven weight classes for men and six for women . At the Paralympics , judo was contested by visually impaired athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Judo - Women 's 70 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_70_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 70 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 1 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '1 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zsuzsanna Krajnyák', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Krajnyák', 'summary': 'Zsuzsanna Krajnyák ( born 23 December 1978 ) is a Hungarian Paralympic medallist in wheelchair fencing . Her first Paralympic medals came in the 2000 Summer Paralympics where she won two bronze medals . Other wheelchair fencing competitions won medals at were the European and World Championships . Krajnyák was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Wheelchair fencing - Women 's foil A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_foil_A", 'summary': "The women 's individual foil A at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place on 4 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . This class was for athletes who had good trunk control and their fencing arm was not affected by their impairment ."}]}, {'value': '4 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richárd Osváth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richárd_Osváth', 'summary': 'Richárd Osváth ( born 28 February 1985 ) is a Romanian-born wheelchair fencer representing Hungary in international competitions . He won a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London and a silver medal in the 2013 Wheelchair Fencing World Championships , both in Foil A . He also won a silver medal in the 2014 Wheelchair European Fencing Championships in Sabre A and a gold medal in Foil A .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Wheelchair fencing - Men 's foil A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_foil_A", 'summary': "The men 's individual foil A at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place on 4 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre . This class is for athletes who have good trunk control and their fencing arm is not affected by their impairment ."}]}, {'value': '4 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Biacsi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Biacsi', 'summary': "Ilona Biacsi ( born 29 December 1985 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Hungary competing mainly in category T20 middle-distance events . Biacsi competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , winning a bronze medal in the women 's 1,500m race in her classification . She also won the European Championship title in the 1,500 metres in 2014 in Swansea . Biacsi 's twin sister , Bernadett is also a T20 middle-distance athlete and the two were chosen to be joint flag bearers for Hungary at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Running', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1500 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The Women 's 1500m athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from 31 August to 8 September . A total of three events were contested over this distance for three different classifications ."}]}, {'value': '5 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zsolt Vereczkei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zsolt_Vereczkei', 'summary': 'Zsolt Vereczkei ( born February 22 , 1977 ) is a Hungarian backstroke Paralympic swimmer and former world record holder who competes in international level events . He was awarded the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2016 and the Halassy Oliver Prize from the Hungarian Paralympic Committee for his services to Paralympic sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wheelchair_fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 4 September to 8 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 metre backstroke S5", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_50_metre_backstroke_S5", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre backstroke S5 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 6 September , at the London Aquatics Centre . Three heats were held , each with six swimmers . The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': '6 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamás Sors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamás_Sors', 'summary': 'Tamás Sors is a Hungarian Paralympic swimmer who competes in S9 classification events . He has won Paralympics gold twice in the 100m butterfly at Beijing and London .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre freestyle S9", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metre_freestyle_S9", 'summary': "The men 's 100m freestyle S9 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Aquatics Centre on 7 September . There were three heats ; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': '7 September', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Hungary_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_0', 'intro': 'Hungary competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from August 29 to September 9, 2012.'}
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What is the sport of the athlete who won a silver medal in the 2014 Wheelchair European Fencing Championships in Sabre A and a gold medal in Foil A ?
Fencing
0981c27f2db140c9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Salal_SC', 'title': 'Umm Salal SC', 'header': ['Name', 'Nationality', 'Position', 'Debut', 'Appearances', 'Goals'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jawad Akeel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jawad_Akeel', 'summary': 'Jawad Ahannach ( Arabic : جواد أحناش ) is a naturalized Qatari football player .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '141', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ibrahima Nadiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ibrahima_Nadiya', 'summary': 'Ibrahima Ndiaye ( born 11 March 1985 in Dakar ) is a Qatari footballer , who currently plays .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '133', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baba Malick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baba_Malick', 'summary': "Baba Malick N'Diaye ( born 3 September 1983 in Cordina ) is a Senegalese born-Qatari footballer , who currently plays for Umm Salal ."}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ismail Mousa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ismail_Mousa', 'summary': 'Ismael Mousa ( Arabic : إسماعيل موسى ) ( born 9 July 1991 ) is a Qatari footballer . He currently plays for Umm Salal .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dheyab Al-Annabi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dheyab_Al-Annabi', 'summary': 'Dheyab Al-Annabi ( Arabic : ذياب العنابي ) ( born 20 June 1990 ) is a Qatari footballer . He currently plays for Umm Salal .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeddo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohamed_El-Sayed', 'summary': 'Mohammed El-Sayed Abdulmutallab , known by his nickname Jeddo , ( born 27 January 1987 in Dukhan ) is a Qatari international footballer of Sudanese descent who plays as a striker for Al-Khor .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Striker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fábio César', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fábio_César_Montezine', 'summary': 'Fábio César Montezine ( Arabic : فابيو سيزار مونتيزين ; born 24 February 1979 in Londrina , Brazil ) is a naturalized Qatari football player who is currently playing for Umm Salal in the Qatari league and for the Qatar national football team . As a junior , he played for the big Brazilian club São Paulo . He played a major part of his career in Italy , where he spent three years for Napoli . In 2005 , he moved to Qatar to play for Al-Arabi . Fabio then became the playmaker of Umm Salal , with whom he reached the semi-finals of the AFC Champions League in 2009 . Fabio later went on to play for Al-Rayyan for four seasons , during which he led his team to win the Emir Cup three times and the Heir Apparent Cup once . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mustafa Aden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saoud Ghanem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Husain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohamed_Husain', 'summary': 'Mohamed Husain Bahzad ( born 31 July 1980 ) is a Bahraini football defender who currently plays for Al-Riffa and captains the Bahrain national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Bahrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrain', 'summary': "Bahrain ( /bɑːˈreɪn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : البحرين al-Baḥrayn Arabic pronunciation : [ al baħrajn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn ) , is a sovereign state in the Persian Gulf . The island nation comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mi ) King Fahd Causeway . According to the most recent 2010 census , Bahrain 's population is over 1.2 million , of which around half are non-nationals . At 780 square kilometres ( 300 sq mi ) in size , it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . The capital and largest city is Manama . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam , in 628 AD . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , it declared independence ."}]}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magno Alves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magno_Alves', 'summary': 'Magno Alves de Araújo ( Aporá , Bahia , Brazil , 13 January 1976 ) is a Brazilian football player who most recently played for Floresta EC as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Striker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dahi Al Naemi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dahi_Al_Naemi', 'summary': 'Dahi Al Naemi ( born 5 September 1978 ) is a Qatari footballer who is a defender for Umm-Salal . Al Naemi played for Qatar at the 1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Ecuador . He subsequently played for the senior national team in FIFA World Cup Qualifiers 1998 , 2002 and 2006 . In 2009 , his club Umm-Salal became the first Qatari side in history to reach the semi-finals of the AFC Champions League .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of notable players', 'section_text': 'See also : Category : Umm Salal SC players Only league games are counted . To appear in this list , a player must have either : Made at least 50 appearances for the team Scored at least 15 goals for the team Updated 14 August 2013 . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]', 'uid': 'Umm_Salal_SC_0', 'intro': 'Umm Salal Sport Club (Arabic: نادي أم صلال الرياضي ) is a Qatari professional association football team playing at the first level Qatar Stars League. It is based in Umm Salal. It used to be known as Al-Tadamun Sport Club. It is best known for being the first Qatari club to make it to the semi-finals of the AFC Champions League.'}
null
null
In what year did Umm Salal SC 's host country gain independence from Britian ?
1971
0981cd257bfea5dd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress', 'title': '93rd United States Congress', 'header': ['State ( class )', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Ohio ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio', 'summary': 'Ohio was admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Sherrod Brown ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Rob Portman ( serving since 2011 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation .'}]}, {'value': 'William B. Saxbe ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_B._Saxbe', 'summary': 'William Bart Bill Saxbe ( /ˈsæks.biː/ ; June 24 , 1916 - August 24 , 2010 ) was an American politician affiliated with the Republican Party , who served as a U.S . Senator for Ohio , and was the Attorney General for Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford , and as the U.S . Ambassador to India . At the time of his death , Saxbe was an oldest living Republican Senator and the second-oldest living Senator overall ( after Harry F. Byrd Jr. of Virginia ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned January 3 , 1974 , to become Attorney General . Successor appointed January 4 , 1974 to finish the term', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General', 'summary': 'The United States Attorney General ( AG ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice , the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States , and a member of the Cabinet of the United States . Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the President of the United States and appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General , which includes executive staff and several deputies . The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr , appointed by President Donald J. Trump .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard Metzenbaum ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum', 'summary': 'Howard Morton Metzenbaum ( June 4 , 1917 - March 12 , 2008 ) was an American politician and businessman who served for almost 20 years as a Democratic member of the U.S. Senate from Ohio ( 1974 , 1976-1995 ) . He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives and Senate from 1943 to 1951 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 4 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevada ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Nevada', 'summary': 'Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31 , 1864 and has been represented in the United States Senate by 26 people . Its current U.S. senators are Democrats Catherine Cortez Masto ( Class 3 , serving since 2017 ) and Jacky Rosen ( Class 1 , serving since 2019 ) . Nevada has been represented by 14 Republicans and 14 Democrats .'}]}, {'value': 'Alan Bible ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Bible', 'summary': 'Alan Harvey Bible ( November 20 , 1909 - September 12 , 1988 ) was an American lawyer and politician . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as a United States Senator from Nevada from 1954 to 1974 . He previously served as Attorney General of Nevada from 1942 to 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 17 , 1974 , to give successor preferential seniority . Successor appointed December 18 , 1974 , having already been elected to the next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Laxalt ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Laxalt', 'summary': "Paul Dominique Laxalt ( August 2 , 1922 - August 6 , 2018 ) was an American attorney and politician who was Governor of Nevada from 1967 to 1971 and a United States Senator from 1974 to 1987 . He was one of Ronald Reagan 's closest friends in politics . After Reagan was elected President in 1980 , many in the national press referred to Laxalt as The First Friend . He was the older brother of Robert Laxalt , who was a noted and prolific writer . He was a member of the Republican Party ."}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Utah', 'summary': 'Utah was admitted to the Union on January 4 , 1896 , and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current Senators are Republicans Mike Lee and Mitt Romney .'}]}, {'value': 'Wallace F. Bennett ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wallace_F._Bennett', 'summary': 'Wallace Foster Bennett ( November 13 , 1898 - December 19 , 1993 ) was an American businessman and politician . A member of the Republican Party , he served as a United States Senator from Utah from 1951 to 1974 . He was the father of Bob Bennett , who later held his seat in the Senate ( 1993-2011 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 20 , 1974 , to give successor preferential seniority . Successor appointed December 21 , 1974 , having already been elected to the next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jake Garn ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Garn', 'summary': 'Edwin Jacob Jake Garn ( born October 12 , 1932 ) is an American astronaut , politician , and member of the Republican Party , who served as a U.S . Senator representing Utah from 1974 to 1993 . Garn became the first sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a Payload Specialist during NASA mission STS-51-D ( April 12-19 , 1985 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio', 'summary': 'Ohio was admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Sherrod Brown ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Rob Portman ( serving since 2011 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard Metzenbaum ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum', 'summary': 'Howard Morton Metzenbaum ( June 4 , 1917 - March 12 , 2008 ) was an American politician and businessman who served for almost 20 years as a Democratic member of the U.S. Senate from Ohio ( 1974 , 1976-1995 ) . He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives and Senate from 1943 to 1951 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 23 , 1974 , to give successor preferential seniority . Successor appointed December 24 , 1974 , having already been elected to the next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Glenn ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Glenn', 'summary': "John Herschel Glenn Jr. ( July 18 , 1921 - December 8 , 2016 ) was a United States Marine Corps aviator , engineer , astronaut , businessman , and politician . He was the first American to orbit the Earth , circling it three times in 1962 . Following his retirement from NASA , he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States senator from Ohio , and in 1998 flew into space again at age 77 . Before joining NASA , Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II , China and Korea . He shot down three MiG-15s , and was awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen Air Medals . In 1957 , he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight across the United States . His on-board camera took the first continuous , panoramic photograph of the United States . He was one of the Mercury Seven , military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the nation 's first astronauts . On February 20 , 1962 , Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission , becoming the first American to orbit the Earth , and the fifth person and third American in space . He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962 , the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978 , was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990 , and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012 . Glenn resigned from NASA in January 1964 . A member of the Democratic Party , Glenn was first elected to the Senate in 1974 and served for 24 years , until January 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 24 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kentucky', 'summary': "This is a list of United States senators from Kentucky . The state 's Senators belong to Classes 2 and 3 . Kentucky is currently represented in the U.S. Senate by Republicans Mitch McConnell ( serving since 1985 ) and Rand Paul ( serving since 2011 ) . Currently on his sixth term in office , McConnell is Kentucky 's longest serving Senator and has also been the Republican Leader of the United States Senate since 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Marlow Cook ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlow_Cook', 'summary': 'Marlow Webster Cook ( July 27 , 1926 - February 4 , 2016 ) was an American politician who served from his appointment in December 1968 until his resignation , in December 1974 , as a Rockefeller ( Moderate ) Republican United States Senator from Louisville , Kentucky . He also ran a lobby-law firm Cook and Henderson with Dave Henderson . They were the primary political lobbyists for the Tobacco Institute in the early 1980s .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 27 , 1974 , to give successor preferential seniority . Successor appointed December 28 , 1974 , having already been elected to the next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wendell H. Ford ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wendell_H._Ford', 'summary': "Wendell Hampton Ford ( September 8 , 1924 - January 22 , 2015 ) was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky . He served for twenty-four years in the U.S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky . He was the first person to be successively elected lieutenant governor , governor and United States senator in Kentucky history . The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999 , he was considered the leader of the state 's Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until his retirement from the Senate in 1999 . At the time of his retirement , he was the longest-serving senator in Kentucky 's history , a mark which was then surpassed by Mitch McConnell in 2009 . He is the most recent Democrat to have served as a Senator from the state of Kentucky . Born in Daviess County , Kentucky , Ford attended the University of Kentucky , but his studies were interrupted by his service in World War II . After the war , he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business . He also continued his military service in the Kentucky Army National Guard . He worked on the gubernatorial campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959 , and became Combs ' executive assistant when Combs was elected governor . Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs ' ally and successor , Ned Breathitt , Ford won the seat and served one four-year term before running for lieutenant governor in 1967 . He was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Nunn ."}]}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Hampshire ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire 's current senators are Democrats Jeanne Shaheen and Maggie Hassan . Senator Shaheen is currently serving her second term , and Senator Hassan is currently serving her first term in the United States Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'Norris Cotton ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norris_Cotton', 'summary': 'Norris Henry Cotton ( May 11 , 1900 - February 24 , 1989 ) was an American politician from the state of New Hampshire . A member of the Republican Party , he served as a U.S. Representative and subsequently as a U.S . Senator .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 31 , 1974 , to give successor preferential seniority . Successor appointed December 31 , 1974 , having already been elected to the next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis C. Wyman ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_C._Wyman', 'summary': 'Louis Crosby Wyman ( March 16 , 1917 - May 5 , 2002 ) was an American politician from the Republican Party . He was a U.S. Representative and , for three days , a U.S . Senator from New Hampshire . This was one of the shortest tenures in Senate history .'}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Florida', 'summary': "Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3 , 1845 and elects its U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Florida 's U.S. Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union . They were filled again in July 1868 . The state is currently represented by Republicans Marco Rubio ( serving since 2011 ) and Rick Scott ( serving since 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Gurney ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Gurney', 'summary': 'Edward John Gurney ( January 12 , 1914 - May 14 , 1996 ) was an attorney and an American politician based in Florida , where he served as a Representative and a United States Senator . Born and reared in Portland , Maine , Gurney moved to Florida after his service in World War II . Elected to the House of Representatives in 1962 , Gurney was the second Republican elected to Congress from Florida in the 20th century . In 1968 Gurney was elected as the first Republican Senator from Florida since Reconstruction . Following his indictment in an influence peddling scandal , he resigned December 31 , 1974 . Eventually he was acquitted of all charges . After being defeated in a run for Congress in 1978 , Gurney retired from politics and resumed his law practice .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 31 , 1974 , in an influence peddling scandal . Successor appointed January 1 , 1975 , having already been elected to the next term', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Influence_peddling', 'summary': "Influence peddling is the illegal practice of using one 's influence in government or connections with persons in authority to obtain favours or preferential treatment for another , usually in return for payment . Also called traffic of influence or trading in influence . In fact , influence peddling is not necessarily illegal as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) has often used the term undue influence peddling to refer to illegal acts of lobbying . However , influence peddling bears the stench of corruption that may de-legitimise democratic politics with the general public ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Stone ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Stone_(politician)', 'summary': 'Richard Bernard Stone ( September 22 , 1928 - July 28 , 2019 ) was an American politician who served as a Democratic United States Senator from Florida from 1975 to 1980 and later served as Ambassador at Large to Central America and Ambassador to Denmark .'}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15 , 1836 , and elects its senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Arkansas 's Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 , due to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from June 1868 . Its current senators are Republicans John Boozman and Tom Cotton ."}]}, {'value': 'J. William Fulbright ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._William_Fulbright', 'summary': 'James William Fulbright ( April 9 , 1905 - February 9 , 1995 ) was a United States Senator representing Arkansas from January 1945 until his resignation in December 1974 . Fulbright is the longest serving chairman in the history of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . A Southern Democrat and a staunch multilateralist who supported the creation of the United Nations , he was also a segregationist who signed the Southern Manifesto . Fulbright opposed McCarthyism and the House Un-American Activities Committee and later became known for his opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War . His efforts to establish an international exchange program eventually resulted in the creation of a fellowship program which bears his name , the Fulbright Program .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 31 , 1974 . Successor began next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this Congress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'North Carolina ratified the Constitution on November 21 , 1789 , after the beginning of the 1st Congress . Its current senators are Republicans Thom Tillis and Richard Burr .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Ervin ( D )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Ervin', 'summary': "Samuel James Sam Ervin Jr. ( September 27 , 1896 - April 23 , 1985 ) was an American politician . A Democrat , he served as a U.S . Senator from North Carolina from 1954 to 1974 . A native of Morganton , he liked to call himself a country lawyer , and often told humorous stories in his Southern drawl . During his Senate career , Ervin was a legal defender of the Jim Crow laws and racial segregation , as the South 's constitutional expert during the congressional debates on civil rights . Unexpectedly , he became a liberal hero for his support of civil liberties . He is remembered for his work in the investigation committees that brought down Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1954 and especially for his investigation of the Watergate scandal in 1972 that led to the resignation of Richard Nixon ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 31 , 1974 . Successor began next term', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this Congress', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- Senate', 'section_text': 'See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate', 'uid': '93rd_United_States_Congress_0', 'intro': "The Ninety-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1975, during the end of Richard Nixon's presidency, and the beginning of Gerald Ford's. This Congress was the first (and, to date, only) Congress with more than two Senate Presidents (the Vice President of the United States), in this case, three. After the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford was appointed under the authority of the newly ratified 25th Amendment. Ford became President the next year and Nelson Rockefeller was appointed in his place. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970. Both chambers had a Democratic majority."}
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Who is on her second senate term in the state that Norris Cotton left at the 93rd Congress of the United States ?
Jeanne Shaheen
0982e1bb42850c7c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_track_and_field', 'title': 'Oregon Ducks track and field', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Year', 'Event', 'Result', 'Medal'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dan Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Kelly_(athlete)', 'summary': "Daniel Kelly ( Daniel Joseph Dan Kelly ; September 1 , 1883 - April 9 , 1920 ) was an American long jumper and sprinter . He attended the University of Portland 's Columbia Prep high school , where 1905 , he broke the existing world record for Long Jump with a jump of 22 feet , 1-1/4 inches . He later attended the University of Oregon , where in 1906 , he equaled the world records in the 100 meter and 200 meter dashes in the same day . In 1908 , Kelly briefly joined the Irish American Athletic Club , and competed for the United States in the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London , Great Britain in the long jump where he won the silver medal . He is a member of the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broad jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-3.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Hawkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Martin William Hawkins ( February 20 , 1888 - October 27 , 1959 ) was an American athlete who won the bronze medal in the 110 m hurdles at the 1912 Summer Olympics . A track star at the University of Oregon , Hawkins later attended law school at Oregon and became a lawyer and judge in Portland .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High hurdles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Hill', 'summary': "Ralph Anthony Hill ( December 26 , 1908 - October 17 , 1994 ) was an American runner . He set an American record over the mile in 1930 and won a silver medal in the 5000 m event at the 1932 Olympics . Hill studied at the University of Oregon when competing in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles on the 5000 m. In an exciting race on August 5 , 1932 , he came in second behind Lauri Lehtinen , with each runner recording a time of 14:30.0 . The judges deliberated for an hour before they could decide not to disqualify Lehtinen , as he had appeared to block Hill twice . Hill refused to file a protest , stating that he believed Lehtinen 's obstruction of him was accidental . Lauri Virtanen came in third 14 seconds behind . After college Hill made a career of farming near Klamath Falls . The local Henley High School renamed its football field in September 1992 after its alumnus Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14:30.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mack Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Robinson_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Matthew MacKenzie Mack Robinson ( July 18 , 1914 - March 12 , 2000 ) was an American track and field athlete . He is best known for winning a silver medal in the 1936 Summer Olympics , where he broke the Olympic record in the 200 meter but still finished behind Jesse Owens . He was the older brother of Baseball Hall of Fame member Jackie Robinson .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otis Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otis_Davis', 'summary': 'For the baseball player , see Otis Davis ( baseball )'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '400 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.07 ( WR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otis Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otis_Davis', 'summary': 'For the baseball player , see Otis Davis ( baseball )'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x400 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:02.37 ( WR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Dellinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dellinger', 'summary': 'William Bill Solon Dellinger ( born March 23 , 1934 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . He competed in the 5,000 m at the 1956 , 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1964 , setting his personal record . He lettered in track at the University of Oregon in 1954 , 1955 , and 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,000 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13:49.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Jerome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Jerome', 'summary': 'Henry Winston Jerome OC ( September 30 , 1940 - December 7 , 1982 ) , known as Harry Jerome , was a Canadian school teacher and track and field runner who competed in three Olympic Games , the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the Pan-American Games during the 1960s . Jerome was born in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , the son of Harry Vincent Jerome and Elsie Ellen Howard , and moved to North Vancouver , British Columbia , at age 12 . His grandfather was John Howard , a railway porter , who represented Canada in the 1912 Summer Olympics . His sister , Valerie Jerome , was also an Olympian who competed for Canada at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . Harry Jerome died of a brain aneurysm on December 7 , 1982 , at the age of 42 , in North Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canada has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games and almost every Summer Olympic Games since its debut at the 1900 games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , which it boycotted . Canada has won at least one medal at every Olympics in which it has competed . The Canadian Olympic Committee ( COC ) is the National Olympic Committee for Canada . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , which was hosted in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , the country won more gold medals than any other competing nation for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '221-5 ( OR-q )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': "Brazil first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920 , after missing the previous five Summer editions . The country has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for the 1928 Games . As of 2016 , Brazilian athletes have won a total of 129 medals in 15 different Summer sports . Brazil has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992 , though to this date no Brazilian athlete has won an Olympic medal in winter sports . The country 's best result at the Winter Olympics was a ninth-place finish achieved by snowboarder Isabel Clark Ribeiro at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Since Brazil is mostly a tropical nation , the country 's most important results so far have been achieved at the Summer editions . Volleyball ( indoors and beach volley ) , sailing and judo are Brazil 's top medal-producing sports in the Summer editions . Brazil has hosted the Summer Olympic once , in 2016 . This edition marked the country 's most successful participation at the Summer Olympics to date , earning seven gold medals and nineteen medals overall . Brazil 's previous best result had been five gold medals earned at the 2004 edition , in Athens , and seventeen medals overall , earned at the 2012 edition , in London . One athlete from Brazil has been awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal : Vanderlei de Lima , a long-distance runner who was attacked by a spectator during the men 's marathon at the 2004 edition in Athens , Greece , when he was leading the race . Lima lost two places , winning the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.00 ( OR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mac Wilkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Wilkins', 'summary': 'Mac Maurice Wilkins ( born November 15 , 1950 ) is an American athlete , who competed mainly in the discus throw . He was born in Eugene , Oregon and graduated in 1969 from Beaverton High School in Beaverton , Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '217-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquim Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joaquim_Cruz', 'summary': 'Joaquim Carvalho Cruz ( born March 12 , 1963 ) is a former Brazilian middle-distance runner , winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute , 42 seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': "Brazil first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920 , after missing the previous five Summer editions . The country has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then , except for the 1928 Games . As of 2016 , Brazilian athletes have won a total of 129 medals in 15 different Summer sports . Brazil has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992 , though to this date no Brazilian athlete has won an Olympic medal in winter sports . The country 's best result at the Winter Olympics was a ninth-place finish achieved by snowboarder Isabel Clark Ribeiro at the 2006 Winter Olympics . Since Brazil is mostly a tropical nation , the country 's most important results so far have been achieved at the Summer editions . Volleyball ( indoors and beach volley ) , sailing and judo are Brazil 's top medal-producing sports in the Summer editions . Brazil has hosted the Summer Olympic once , in 2016 . This edition marked the country 's most successful participation at the Summer Olympics to date , earning seven gold medals and nineteen medals overall . Brazil 's previous best result had been five gold medals earned at the 2004 edition , in Athens , and seventeen medals overall , earned at the 2012 edition , in London . One athlete from Brazil has been awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal : Vanderlei de Lima , a long-distance runner who was attacked by a spectator during the men 's marathon at the 2004 edition in Athens , Greece , when he was leading the race . Lima lost two places , winning the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1:43.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Martin', 'summary': "Lisa Frances Ondieki ( née O'Dea , formerly Martin ; born 12 May 1960 ) is an Australian former long-distance runner . In the marathon , she won the 1988 Olympic silver medal and two Commonwealth Games gold medals . Other marathon victories included the 1988 Osaka International Ladies Marathon and the 1992 New York City Marathon . She also won the Great North Run Half Marathon three times . Her best time for the marathon of 2:23:51 , set in 1988 , made her the fourth-fastest female marathon runner in history at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': "Australia has sent athletes to almost all editions of the modern Olympic Games . Australia has competed in every Summer Olympic Games , as well as every Winter Olympics except 1924-32 and 1948 . In 1908 and 1912 Australia competed with New Zealand under the name Australasia . The Australian Olympic Committee was founded and recognised in 1895 . Edwin Flack was the first athlete to represent Australia at the Olympics . He won gold in both the 800 metres and the 1500 metres , competed in the marathon and won a bronze medal in tennis doubles at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . Australia 's kit is green and gold . Australia has hosted the Summer Olympic games twice : in 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney . Australia finished 3rd and 4th in the respective medal counts . In the Summer Olympics since 2000 , Australia has placed 4th , 4th , 6th , 8th* and 10th respectively . ( *Australia initially finished in 10th position in 2012 , but 8th position after the redistributed gold medal to Jared Tallent ) . Given Australia has a population of only around 23 million people ( ranked 53rd in the world ) , this fact is frequently cited as noteworthy , and is ostensibly due to a strong sporting culture ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2:25.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keshia Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keshia_Baker', 'summary': "Keshia Chantay Baker ( born January 30 , 1988 Fairfield , California ) is an American track and field athlete . She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay event , running in the heats and winning a gold medal . While running for her home town Fairfield High School , she finished third in the 400 meters at the 2006 CIF California State Meet . She had been a finalist the previous two years . Then she ran for the University of Oregon . At the 2010 NCAA Championships , she anchored Oregon 's winning 4x400 relay team to victory , while finishing fourth in the open 400 meters . Earlier in the season , she was runner up in 400 meters at the NCAA Indoor Championships , both times behind future Olympic teammate Francena McCorory ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x400 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:16.99 ( semis )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashton Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Eaton', 'summary': "Ashton James Eaton OLY ( born January 21 , 1988 ) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion , who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event . Eaton was the second decathlete ( after Roman Šebrle ) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon , with 9,039 points , a score he bettered on August 29 , 2015 , when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points . His world record was broken by Frenchman Kévin Mayer on September 16 , 2018 with a total of 9,126 points , who become the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier . He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene , Oregon . In college , Eaton competed for the University of Oregon , where he was a five-time NCAA champion , and won The Bowerman award in 2010 . In 2011 , Eaton won the first international medal of his career , a silver , in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships . The following year , Eaton broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships , and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials . After setting the world record , Eaton won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record . Eaton is only the third Olympian ( after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain 's Daley Thompson ) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon . He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galen Rupp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galen_Rupp', 'summary': "Galen Rupp ( born May 8 , 1986 ) is an American long-distance runner . He competed in the Summer Olympics in 2008 in Beijing , 2012 in London , and 2016 in Rio de Janeiro . In London he won the silver medal in the men 's 10,000 meters , and in Rio de Janeiro he won the bronze medal in the men 's marathon . Rupp has competed for the University of Oregon and trained under Alberto Salazar as a member of the Nike Oregon Project . He won the 2017 Chicago Marathon , the first American to do so since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002 . Rupp holds multiple American records at high school , collegiate , and senior levels . They include records in the 10,000 meters with a time of 26:44.36 and at the indoor 2 mile , 3000 meters , and 5000 meters with times of 8:07.41 , 7:30.16 , and 13:01.26 , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27:30.90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew Centrowitz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Centrowitz_Jr.', 'summary': 'Matthew Centrowitz Jr. ( born October 18 , 1989 ) is an American middle-distance runner who specializes in the 1500 meters . He became a prominent figure in U.S. running when he won a bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics . A seasoned competitor with a potent finishing kick , he competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 1500 meters - where he finished 4th by only 0.04 seconds . At the 2013 World Championships in Athletics , Centrowitz improved on his bronze medal performance with a silver in the same event . At the 2016 World Indoor Championships , he won his first major international championship in the 1500 meters . He then won the gold medal in the 1500 meters at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro with the slowest winning time since 1932 , becoming the first U.S. runner to win the event since 1908 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500 meters', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:50.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashton Eaton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton_Eaton', 'summary': "Ashton James Eaton OLY ( born January 21 , 1988 ) is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion , who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event . Eaton was the second decathlete ( after Roman Šebrle ) to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon , with 9,039 points , a score he bettered on August 29 , 2015 , when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points . His world record was broken by Frenchman Kévin Mayer on September 16 , 2018 with a total of 9,126 points , who become the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier . He competed for the Oregon Track Club Elite team based in Eugene , Oregon . In college , Eaton competed for the University of Oregon , where he was a five-time NCAA champion , and won The Bowerman award in 2010 . In 2011 , Eaton won the first international medal of his career , a silver , in the decathlon at the 2011 World Championships . The following year , Eaton broke his own world record in the heptathlon at the 2012 World Indoor Championships , and then broke the world record in the decathlon at the Olympic Trials . After setting the world record , Eaton won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . He successfully defended his Olympic title in Rio 2016 by winning the decathlon gold medal and tying the Olympic record . Eaton is only the third Olympian ( after Bob Mathias of the US and Great Britain 's Daley Thompson ) to achieve back-to-back gold medals in the decathlon . He announced his retirement from the sport just a few months later on January 3 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,893 ( OR-t )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phyllis Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phyllis_Francis', 'summary': 'Phyllis Chanez Francis ( born May 4 , 1992 ) is an American track and field athlete . She won the gold medal at the 2017 World Championships in the 400 metres and 4×400 metres relay events .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x400 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:19.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/English_Gardner', 'summary': 'English Gardner ( born April 22 , 1992 ) is an American track and field sprinter who specializes in the 100-meter dash . Her personal best of 10.74 seconds , set in 2016 , ranks her in the top ten all-time for the distance .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics', 'summary': 'The United States of America ( USA ) has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee ( USOPC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . From 1896 to 2018 inclusive , U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4x100 meter relay', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable athletes -- Olympians', 'section_text': "Main article : List of University of Oregon Olympians Since Oregon 's first Olympian , Dan Kelly , who finished second place in the broad jump of the 1908 Summer Olympics , at least one athlete from the University of Oregon has participated in each of the Summer Olympics since . This includes the 1980 Summer Olympics which the United States boycotted , when Chris Braithwaite competed for Trinidad , his native country . [ 84 ] Out of the scores of Olympians who attended the University of Oregon , the following have received medals : [ 5 ] .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { display : flex ; flex-direction : column } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { display : flex ; flex-direction : row ; clear : left ; flex-wrap : wrap ; width:100% ; box-sizing : border-box } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { margin:1px ; float : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader { clear : both ; font-weight : bold ; text-align : center ; align-self : center ; background-color : transparent ; width:100% } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : left ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center { text-align : center ; background-color : transparent } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left { text-align : left } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right { text-align : right } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center { text-align : center } @ media all and ( max-width:720px ) { .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner { width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; max-width : none ! important ; align-items : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow { justify-content : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle { float : none ! important ; max-width:100% ! important ; box-sizing : border-box ; text-align : center } .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption { text-align : center } } Martin Hawkins , 1912Ralph Hill ( right ) at the 1932 OlympicsJoaquim Cruz , 2007English Gardner at the Rio Olympics", 'uid': 'Oregon_Ducks_track_and_field_0', 'intro': "The Oregon Ducks track and field program is the intercollegiate track and field team for the University of Oregon located in the U.S. state of Oregon. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference. The team participates in indoor and outdoor track and field as well as cross country. Known as the Ducks, Oregon's first track and field team was fielded in 1895. The team holds its home meets at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon. Robert Johnson is the current head coach and since the program's inception in 1895, there have only been seven permanent head coaches. The Ducks claim 31 NCAA National Championships among the three disciplines. Due to its rich heritage, the home of the Ducks is popularly dubbed as Tracktown, USA. Four of the head coaches in Oregon's history have been inducted into the USTFCCCA Hall of Fame. Several people involved with the program have developed innovative coaching strategies and helped restructure amateur athletics. Alumni of the program have continued to the Olympics and professional ranks while some others have founded athletic corporations like Nike and SPARQ. Oregon's track and field history has been documented in two major motion films Without Limits and Prefontaine as well as the books Bowerman and the Men of Oregon and Pre: The Story of America's Greatest Running Legend."}
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What is the country of the athlete who announced his retirement from the sport on January 3 , 2017 ?
United States
0982e6394c7a3ead
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1959 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Norris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Norris_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Frederick Fred Norris ( 4 September 1921 - 13 December 2006 ) was a British long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '42:44.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Sando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Sando', 'summary': 'Frank Dennis Sando ( 14 March 1931 - 13 October 2012 ) was a British long-distance runner . A two-time winner at the International Cross Country Championships ( 1955 , 1957 ) , Sando represented Great Britain in two consecutive Summer Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '42:52.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salah Beddiaf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '43:01.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basil Heatley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basil_Heatley', 'summary': "Benjamin Basil Heatley ( 25 December 1933 - 3 August 2019 ) was a British competitive long-distance runner , who was an Olympic marathon silver medallist and former world marathon record-holder . Although he favoured cross country running , he was also a skilled marathon runner and , despite running shoe technology being in its infancy , he was able to adapt easily to the change of conditions underfoot . Heatley was a three-time winner of the English National Cross Country title ( 1960 , 1961 , 1963 ) . He competed in the International Cross Country Championships seven times between 1957 and 1964 , winning the world title in 1961 . In the early 1960s , he set a British record and a world record for the 10-mile run , then on 13 June 1964 he broke the record for the world 's fastest marathon . Four months later , he won a silver medal for Great Britain at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics when he finished second in the Olympic marathon ( defending champion Abebe Bikila broke Heatley 's world record on winning his second gold medal ) . The 1964 Olympics marked the end of Heatley 's international career ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '43:10.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanley Eldon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stan_Eldon', 'summary': 'Stanley Edward Eldon ( born 1 May 1936 in Windsor , Berkshire ) is a retired British cross country runner . Eldon is most notable for winning the International Cross Country Championships held in Cardiff in 1958 . Eldon was inspired to become a runner after viewing a film of the 1948 Olympics and joined Eton Athletics Club . In 1956 he ran a junior World Best of 14 minutes 19 seconds over 3 miles . As an adult he came to note as an aggressive front runner . In 1958 he won the International Cross Country Championships in a time of 46 minutes 29 seconds beating Alain Mimoun and Frank Sando into second and third respectively . That same year Eldon won the inaugural Nos Galan road race , and was the mystery runner in the race in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '43:10.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alain Mimoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Mimoun', 'summary': 'Alain Mimoun ( 1 January 1921 - 27 June 2013 ) was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events , cross-country running and the marathon . He was the 1956 Olympic champion in the marathon . He is the most bemedalled French athletics sportsperson in history . In 1999 , readers of the French athletics magazine Athlétisme Magazine voted him as the French Athlete of the 20th Century . On the track Mimoun won three Olympic silver medals , finishing second behind Emil Zátopek in the 10,000 metres final in 1948 and again second behind him in both the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres finals in 1952 . He was also the silver medallist in both events behind Zátopek at the 1950 European Athletics Championships . From 1949 to 1958 , he won four individual gold medals and two individual silver medals at the International Cross Country Championships . He was a four-time gold medallist at the Mediterranean Games , completing the 5,000 m/10,000 m double in both 1951 and 1955 . Born in Algeria , Mimoun fought military battles for France and the Western Allies during World War II . He settled in metropolitan France shortly after leaving the French army . Overall , he represented France in four consecutive Olympic Games from 1948 to 1960 . He competed internationally for France on 86 occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '43:15.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Amoros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '43:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhadi Ben Abdesselam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhadi_Ben_Abdesselam', 'summary': "Rhadi Ben Abdesselam ( Arabic : راضي بن عبد السلام ; 28 February 1929 - 4 October 2000 ) was a Moroccan long-distance runner . He competed at the 1960 Olympics in the marathon and 10,000 meters events . He also ran in the International Cross Country Championships in 1958-1963 . In March 1960 , he and Belgium 's Gaston Roelants quickly broke away from the field , and he became the first African athlete to win the individual gold medal in that event , defeating Roelants by 40 yards . On September 8 , 1960 , he finished in 14th place in the finals-only 10,000 meters , in 29:32.0 , almost a minute behind the winner , the Soviet Union 's Pyotr Bolotnikov , who broke the Olympic record for the event . Just two days later , the blazing pace through the first 20 kilometers in the marathon helped result in an eventual world record for the barefoot winner , Ethiopia 's Abebe Bikila . After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers , the leading pair stayed stride-for-stride until the final 500 meters , with Ben Abdesselam finishing a close second in 2:15:41.6 , 25.4 seconds behind Abebe 's new world record . Abebe 's mark trimmed 8/10ths of a second off Sergei Popov 's world record of 2:15:17.0 , set in 1958 . Ironically , Abebe had been advised to watch out for Ben Abdesselam , but the latter wore his 10,000 meter competition number , so Abebe was unaware of the identity of his pursuer . Popov finished 5th in Rome , two minutes behind New Zealand 's Barry Magee , who took the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '43:20.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcel Vandewattyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Vandewattyne', 'summary': 'Marcel Vandewattyne ( 7 July 1924 - 18 September 2009 ) was a Belgian long-distance runner who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '43:25.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henri Clerckx', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '43:46.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakir Benaissa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '43:50.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Pérez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '43:53.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Perkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '43:57.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdallah Ould Lamine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '44:02.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Maynard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '44:09.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis García', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '44:13.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamoud Ameur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamoud_Ameur', 'summary': 'Hamoud Ameur ( born 6 January 1932 in Algeria ) is a French former long-distance runner who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '44:17.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Said', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': '44:18.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurèle Vandendriessche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurèle_Vandendriessche', 'summary': 'Aurèle Vandendriessche ( born 4 July 1932 ) is a retired Belgian marathon runner , who won silver medals at the 1962 and 1966 European Championships . He competed at the 1956 , 1960 and 1964 Olympics with the best result of seventh place in 1964 . Twice winner of the Boston Marathon ( 1963 and 1964 ) , he recorded his best time there , 2:17:44 in 1965 , while finishing fourth . At the 1960 Olympics , Abebe Bikila , followed barefoot at the rear of the lead pack , which was moving at a scorching pace and included Arthur Keily , Bakir Benaïssa , Rhadi Ben Abdesselam who was the reigning world cross-country champion , Bertie Messitt , the marathon world record holder Sergey Popov , and Vandendriessche . Bikila won , setting a world record at 2:15:16.2 . After they dispatched the rest of the field by 25 kilometers , Abdesselam stayed with Bikila until the final 500 meters , finishing second at in 2:15:41.6 . Vandendriessche abandoned the race . He placed seventh at the 1964 Olympics , where Bikila won again with a new worlds record .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '44:27.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alastair Wood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '44:28', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Men 's ( 9 mi / 14.5 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1959_International_Cross_Country_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The 1959 International Cross Country Championships was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the National Stadium on March 21, 1959. Morocco entered a team for the first time after gaining independence. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published.'}
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null
When was the last year the fourth place finisher at the 1959 International Cross Country Championships won an English National Cross Country title ?
1963
098379f9b400b68e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Important_Intangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties', 'title': 'List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties', 'header': ['Name', 'Date', 'Remarks', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spring Hoe Festival of Higoshi Shinmei Shrine ( 樋越神明宮の春鍬祭 , higoshi shinmei-gū no haru kuwa matsuri )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Spring hoe festival including theatrical performances of various stages of the farming process . Seen as a prayer for abundant crops , the festival 's earliest record is from 1798", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoe_(tool)', 'summary': 'A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural and horticultural hand tool used to shape soil , remove weeds , clear soil , and harvest root crops . Shaping the soil includes piling soil around the base of plants ( hilling ) , digging narrow furrows ( drills ) and shallow trenches for planting seeds or bulbs . Weeding with a hoe includes agitating the surface of the soil or cutting foliage from roots , and clearing soil of old roots and crop residues . Hoes for digging and moving soil are used to harvest root crops such as potatoes .'}]}, {'value': 'Shinmei Shrine , Tamamura , Gunma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamamura,_Gunma', 'summary': 'Tamamura ( 玉村町 , Tamamura-machi ) is a town located in Gunma Prefecture , Japan . As of February 2015 , the town had an estimated population of 36,952 , and a population density of 1430 persons per km² . Its total area is 25.78 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Gunma Prefecture ( 群馬県 , Gunma-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region . Its capital is Maebashi .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonito Fishing Festival of Kōzushima ( 神津島のかつお釣り行事 , kōzushima no katsuo tsuri gyōji )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Using a crude model boat of aotake ( green bamboo ) , within the shrine precincts , bonito fishermen are simulating all stages of their work from departure , over fishing to return to the port . This is seen as a prayer for a good catch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonito', 'summary': 'Bonitos are a tribe of medium-sized , ray-finned predatory fish in the family Scombridae - a family it shares with the mackerel , tuna , and Spanish mackerel tribes , and also the butterfly kingfish . Also called the tribe Sardini , it consists of eight species across four genera ; three of those four genera are monotypic , having a single species each .'}]}, {'value': 'Monoiminamikoto Shrine , Kōzushima , Tokyo |', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kōzushima,_Tokyo', 'summary': 'Kōzushima Village ( 神津島村 , Kōzushima-mura ) is a village located in Ōshima Subprefecture , Tokyo Metropolis , Japan . As of 1 June 2016 [ update ] , the village had an estimated population of 1,856 , and a population density of 99.9 persons per km² . Its total area is 18.58 square kilometres ( 7.17 sq mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tokyo', 'summary': "Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō , English : /ˈtoʊkioʊ/ , Japanese : [ toːkʲoː ] ( listen ) ) , officially Tokyo Metropolis ( 東京都 , Tōkyō-to ) , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan . The capital of Japan , it houses the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government . Tokyo forms part of the Kantō region on the southeastern side of Japan 's main island , Honshu , and includes the Izu and Ogasawara Islands . Originally a small fishing village named Edo ( 江戸 ) , the city became a prominent political center of Japan when Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters in 1603 . When Emperor Meiji moved the imperial seat to the city from Kyoto in 1868 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , literally the Eastern Capital . The Tokyo Metropolis formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture ( 東京府 , Tōkyō-fu ) and the city of Tokyo ( 東京市 , Tōkyō-shi ) . While commonly referred to as a city , Tokyo is a collective entity of multiple smaller municipalities , including 23 special wards and various bed towns in the western area . Modern Tokyo is categorized as an alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . As of 2019 , the population of Tokyo was estimated to be over 13.9 million , making it Japan 's most populous prefecture . The metropolitan area is the world 's most populous with over 40 million people as well as the world 's largest urban agglomeration economy . As of 2011 [ update ] , Tokyo hosted 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies , the highest number of any city in the world at that time . The city ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spiral Rice Planting of Sado ( 佐渡の車田植 , sado no kuruma taue )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'end of May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seedlings are planted in a circular fashion by three or four workers while singing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sado , Niigata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sado,_Niigata', 'summary': 'Sado ( 佐渡市 , Sado-shi ) is a city located on Sado Island ( 佐渡島 , Sado-shima/Sado-ga-shima ) in Niigata Prefecture , Japan . Since 2004 , the city has comprised the entire island , although not all of its total area is urbanized . Sado is the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Okinawa Island ( excluding the Northern Territories ) . As of May 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 55,474 , and a population density of 64.8 persons per km2 . The total area is 855.26 km2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Niigata Prefecture ( 新潟県 , Niigata-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu . Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 ( 1 July 2019 ) and is the fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area at 12,584.18 km² ( 4,858.78 sq mi ) . Niigata Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the southwest , Gunma Prefecture to the south , Fukushima Prefecture to the east , and Yamagata Prefecture to the northeast . Niigata is the capital and largest city of Niigata Prefecture , with other major cities including Nagaoka , Jōetsu , and Sanjō . Niigata Prefecture contains the Niigata Major Metropolitan Area centered on Niigata with a population of 1,395,612 , the largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast and the twelfth-largest in Japan . Niigata Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and features Sado Island , the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Okinawa Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Oku-noto no Aenokoto ( 奥能登のあえのこと )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 9 and December 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agricultural festival of rice farmers on the Noto Peninsula in which the deity of the rice field is invited to the house and entertained . The December event is to express gratitude for the harvest , while the event in February is meant to ensure an abundant harvest . The ritual has been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noto_Peninsula', 'summary': 'Noto Peninsula ( 能登半島 , Noto-hantō ) is a peninsula that projects north into the Sea of Japan/East Sea from the coast of Ishikawa Prefecture in central Honshū , the main island of Japan . The main industries of the peninsula are agriculture , fisheries , and tourism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity', 'summary': 'UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance . This list is published by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage , the members of which are elected by State Parties meeting in a General Assembly . Through a compendium of the different oral and intangible treasures of humankind worldwide , the programme aims to draw attention to the importance of safeguarding intangible heritage , which UNESCO has identified as an essential component and as a repository of cultural diversity and of creative expression . The list was established in 2008 when the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage took effect . As of 2010 [ update ] the programme compiles two lists . The longer , Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity , comprises cultural practices and expressions [ that ] help demonstrate the diversity of this heritage and raise awareness about its importance . The shorter , List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding , is composed of those cultural elements that concerned communities and countries consider to require urgent measures to keep them alive . In 2013 four elements were inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding , which helps States Parties mobilize international cooperation and assistance to ensure the transmission of this heritage with the participation of the concerned communities . The Urgent Safeguarding List now numbers 35 elements . The Committee [ which ? ] also inscribed 25 elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity , which serves to raise awareness of intangible heritage and provide recognition to communities traditions and know-how that reflect their cultural diversity . The List does not attribute or recognize any standard of excellence or exclusivity .'}]}, {'value': 'Okunoto , Ishikawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Ishikawa Prefecture ( 石川県 , Ishikawa-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu island . Ishikawa Prefecture has a population of 1,140,573 ( 31 October , 2019 ) and has a geographic area of 4,186 km² ( 1,616 sq mi ) . Ishikawa Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the east , Gifu Prefecture to the southeast , and Fukui Prefecture to the south . Kanazawa is the capital and largest city of Ishikawa Prefecture , with other major cities including Hakusan , Komatsu , and Kaga . Ishikawa is located on the Sea of Japan coast and features the most of the Noto Peninsula which forms Toyama Bay , one of the largest bays in Japan . Ishikawa Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region and formerly an important populated center that contained some of the wealthiest han ( domains ) of the Japanese feudal era . Ishikawa Prefecture is home to Kanazawa Castle , Kenroku-en one of the Three Great Gardens of Japan , Nyotaimori ( body sushi ) , and Kutani ware .'}]}, {'value': 'Mibu Rice Planting ( 壬生の花田植 , mibu no hana taue )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first Sunday in June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rice-planting ritual starting with a performance of hayashi musicians welcoming the kami of the fields and decorated cows being led into the field . A phalanx of planting girls then carries out the actual planting accompanied by ondo songs , large and small drums , gongs and flutes . The event has been inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hayashi_(music)', 'summary': 'A hayashi ( 囃子 ) is a group of performers who provide musical accompaniment for Japanese Noh or kabuki theatre , yose ( 寄席 ) performances of rakugo , or a festival . In Noh , the hayashi sit along the rear of the stage , facing the audience and fully visible . A distinct and separate group of performers from the chorus , they are purely instrumentalists ; the type of instruments featured and the order in which they sit on stage follow established practices . The leftmost performer plays a small taiko , set on a stand before him , with two drumsticks . To his right is the ōtsuzumi hip drum , followed by the kotsuzumi shoulder drum , and the Noh flute ( nōkan or simply fue ) . In kabuki , a number of shamisen players are added , along with , depending on the play , taiko drums of various sizes , various types of flutes , and other instruments , including a myriad of devices for sound effects . The kabuki hayashi is generally located in a small room just off-stage , and is not visible to the audience , though a barred window in the walls of the stage set indicates its location . For matsubame plays and dances , those based on works from Noh and kyōgen , the hayashi will often be located along the rear of the stage , fully visible in imitation of Noh and kyōgen modes . As with kabuki actors , and other performers in traditional arts , instrumentalists in the traditions of Noh hayashi , kabuki hayashi , and nagauta shamisen ( the shamisen style used in kabuki and bunraku ) , are members of a number of traditional lineages , following the iemoto system . Performers traditionally take on the name of their school as an art-name ( i.e . stage name ) . Notable hayashi lineages include the Tōsha school , Mochizuki school , and Tanaka school .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kami', 'summary': 'Kami is the Japanese word for a god , deity , divinity , or spirit . It has been used to describe mind ( 心霊 ) , God ( ゴッド ) , supreme being ( 至上者 ) , one of the Shinto deities , an effigy , a principle , and anything that is worshipped . Although deity is the common interpretation of kami , some Shinto scholars argue that such a translation can cause a misunderstanding of the term . [ page needed ] The wide variety of usage of the word kami can be compared to the Sanskrit Deva and the Hebrew Elohim , which also refer to God , gods , angels , or spirits . The etymological origin of the word kami is from proto-Japonic kamugami ( „ to shine ( into the eye ) ) or kagami ( „ mirror ) , and was used to describe the characteristics of the kami . The word was first used during the Yayoi period and linked to the early Japanese culture . The most likely origin comes from old-Japanese kami 上 ( the ones above ) . Some other etymological suggestions are :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity', 'summary': 'UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance . This list is published by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage , the members of which are elected by State Parties meeting in a General Assembly . Through a compendium of the different oral and intangible treasures of humankind worldwide , the programme aims to draw attention to the importance of safeguarding intangible heritage , which UNESCO has identified as an essential component and as a repository of cultural diversity and of creative expression . The list was established in 2008 when the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage took effect . As of 2010 [ update ] the programme compiles two lists . The longer , Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity , comprises cultural practices and expressions [ that ] help demonstrate the diversity of this heritage and raise awareness about its importance . The shorter , List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding , is composed of those cultural elements that concerned communities and countries consider to require urgent measures to keep them alive . In 2013 four elements were inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding , which helps States Parties mobilize international cooperation and assistance to ensure the transmission of this heritage with the participation of the concerned communities . The Urgent Safeguarding List now numbers 35 elements . The Committee [ which ? ] also inscribed 25 elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity , which serves to raise awareness of intangible heritage and provide recognition to communities traditions and know-how that reflect their cultural diversity . The List does not attribute or recognize any standard of excellence or exclusivity .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitahiroshima , Hiroshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kitahiroshima,_Hiroshima', 'summary': 'Kitahiroshima ( 北広島町 , Kitahiroshima-chō ) is a town in Yamagata District , Hiroshima Prefecture , Japan . Kitahiroshima was formed on February 1 , 2005 from the merger of the towns of Chiyoda , Geihoku , Ōasa and Toyohira , all from Yamagata District . As of April 30 , 2017 , population data , the town has an estimated population of 19,115 , with 8,508 households , and a population density of 30 persons per km² . The total area is 645.86 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Hiroshima Prefecture ( 広島県 , Hiroshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region on Honshu island . The capital is the city of Hiroshima . It has a population of around 2.8 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Farming Rituals of Aso ( 阿蘇の農耕祭事 , aso no nōkō saiji )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13th day of first month and 25th day of 9th month ( Aso Shrine ) ; 16th day of first month and 23rd , 24th days of 9th month ( Kuninomiyako Shrine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aso_Shrine', 'summary': "Aso Shrine ( 阿蘇神社 , Aso-jinja ) is a Shinto Shrine in Aso , Kumamoto Prefecture , Japan . Aso is one of the oldest shrines in Japan . This shrine holds several Important Cultural Properties , including Ichi-no-shinden ( 一の神殿 ) , Ni-no-shinden ( 二の神殿 ) , and Rōmon ( 楼門 ) . The Aso family in charge of the shrine is said to have the second oldest recorded lineage in Japan after the Imperial family . The Aso Shrine was heavily damaged in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes . The shrine 's rōmon ( tower gate ) completely collapsed . The haiden ( worshiping hall ) also collapsed ."}]}, {'value': 'A series of agricultural festivals associated with the four seasons and enacted as a prayer for abundant crops and as a thanks for the harvest , among these : rice field festival ( onda matsuri ) , making the field ( tatsukuri ) , fire swinging ritual ( hifuri shinji ) , fūchinsai , nemurinagashi rite , hitaki fire rite , and the tanomi festival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aso , Kumamoto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aso,_Kumamoto', 'summary': 'Aso ( 阿蘇市 , Aso-shi ) is a city located in Kumamoto Prefecture , Japan . The modern city of Aso was established on February 11 , 2005 , from the merger of the former town of Aso , absorbing the town of Ichinomiya , and the village of Namino ( all from Aso District ) . As of March 31 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 27,039 , with 11,355 households and a population density of 72 persons per km2 . The total area is 376.25 km2 . The source of the Kikuchi River is located in the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kumamoto Prefecture ( 熊本県 , Kumamoto-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu . The capital is the city of Kumamoto .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanegashima Hōman Shrine Rice planting Festival ( 種子島宝満神社の御田植祭 , tanegashima hōman jinja no otaue matsuri )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanegashima', 'summary': 'Tanegashima ( 種子島 ) is one of the Ōsumi Islands belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . The island , 444.99 km2 in area , is the second largest of the Ōsumi Islands , and has a population of 33,000 persons . Access to the island is by ferry , or by air to New Tanegashima Airport . Administratively , the island is divided into the city , Nishinoomote , and the two towns , Nakatane and Minamitane . The towns belong to Kumage District .'}]}, {'value': 'April 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ritual rice planting event accompanied by song and drums as a prayer for an abundant harvest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minamitane , Kagoshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minamitane,_Kagoshima', 'summary': 'Minamitane ( 南種子町 , Minamitane-chō ) is a town located on Tanegashima , in Kumage District , Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . As of June 2013 , the town has an estimated population of 5,925 and a population density of 53.8 persons per km² . The total area is 110.40 km² . The headquarters of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency are located at the Tanegashima Space Center in Minamitane .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kagoshima Prefecture ( 鹿児島県 , Kagoshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands . The capital is the city of Kagoshima .'}]}, {'value': 'Yoronjima bashōfu ( fibre banana ) cloth manufacture craft ( 与論島の芭蕉布製造技術 , yoronjima no bashōfu seizō gijutsu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Musa_basjoo', 'summary': 'Musa basjoo , known variously as Japanese banana , Japanese fibre banana or hardy banana , is a species belonging to the genus Musa . It was previously thought to have originated in the Ryukyu islands of southern Japan , from where it was first described in cultivation , but is now known to have originated in subtropical southern China , where it is also widely cultivated , with wild populations found in Sichuan province .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvesting and processing of the Japanese fibre banana for the production of textiles by weaving on Yoronjima island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoron , Yoronjima , Ōshima District , Kagoshima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoron,_Kagoshima', 'summary': 'Yoron ( 与論町 , Yoron-chō ) is a town located on Yoronjima , in Ōshima District , Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . As of June 2013 , the town has an estimated population of 5,263 and a population density of 257 persons per km² . The total area is 20.49 km² . Much of the island is within the boundaries of the Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yoronjima', 'summary': 'Yoronjima ( 与論島 , Okinawan and Yoron : ユンヌ Yunnu ; Okinoerabu : ユーヌ Yuunu ) , also known as Yoron , is one of the Amami Islands . The island , 20.8 km² in area , has a population of approximately 6,000 people , and is administered as the town of Yoron , Kagoshima . Much of the island is within the borders of the Amami Guntō National Park .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ōshima_District,_Kagoshima', 'summary': 'Ōshima ( 大島郡 , Ōshima-gun ) is a district located in Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . As of the March 20 , 2006 merger but with 2003 population statistics , the district has an estimated population of 78,882 and a density of 84.4 persons per km² . The total area is 934.10 km² .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture', 'summary': 'Kagoshima Prefecture ( 鹿児島県 , Kagoshima-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands . The capital is the city of Kagoshima .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Designated cultural properties -- Manners and customs', 'section_text': '8 designations . All were designated under Criteria 1 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Important_Intangible_Folk_Cultural_Properties_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of 318 Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties of Japan.'}
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What is the population of the prefecture where the December 5 festival takes place ?
1,140,573
0983a9ff3ed760eb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French-language_films', 'title': 'List of French-language films', 'header': ['Year', 'French title', 'English title', 'Directed by'], 'data': [{'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mon oncle d'Amérique", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mon_oncle_d'Amérique", 'summary': "My American Uncle ( French : Mon oncle d'Amérique ) is a 1980 French film directed by Alain Resnais . The film stars Gérard Depardieu , Nicole Garcia , and Roger Pierre ."}]}, {'value': 'My American Uncle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_American_Uncle', 'summary': "My American Uncle ( French : Mon oncle d'Amérique ) is a 1980 French film directed by Alain Resnais . The film stars Gérard Depardieu , Nicole Garcia , and Roger Pierre ."}]}, {'value': 'Alain Resnais', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Resnais', 'summary': 'Alain Resnais ( French : [ alɛ̃ ʁɛnɛ ] ; 3 June 1922 - 1 March 2014 ) was a French film director and screenwriter whose career extended over more than six decades . After training as a film editor in the mid-1940s , he went on to direct a number of short films which included Night and Fog ( 1956 ) , an influential documentary about the Nazi concentration camps . Resnais began making feature films in the late 1950s and consolidated his early reputation with Hiroshima mon amour ( 1959 ) , Last Year at Marienbad ( 1961 ) , and Muriel ( 1963 ) , all of which adopted unconventional narrative techniques to deal with themes of troubled memory and the imagined past . These films were contemporary with , and associated with , the French New Wave ( la nouvelle vague ) , though Resnais did not regard himself as being fully part of that movement . He had closer links to the Left Bank group of authors and filmmakers who shared a commitment to modernism and an interest in left-wing politics . He also established a regular practice of working on his films in collaboration with writers previously unconnected with the cinema such as Jean Cayrol , Marguerite Duras , Alain Robbe-Grillet , Jorge Semprún and Jacques Sternberg . In later films , Resnais moved away from the overtly political topics of some previous works and developed his interests in an interaction between cinema and other cultural forms , including theatre , music , and comic books . This led to imaginative adaptations of plays by Alan Ayckbourn , Henri Bernstein and Jean Anouilh , as well as films featuring various kinds of popular song . His films frequently explore the relationship between consciousness , memory , and the imagination , and he was noted for devising innovative formal structures for his narratives . Throughout his career , he won many awards from international film festivals and academies .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Boum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Boum', 'summary': 'La Boum ( English title : The Party or Ready for Love ) is a 1980 French comedy film directed by Claude Pinoteau and starring Sophie Marceau , appearing in her film début . Written by Danièle Thompson and Claude Pinoteau , the film is about a thirteen-year-old French girl finding her way at a new high school and coping with domestic problems . The film was an international box-office hit , earning 4,378,500 admissions in France . The music was written by Vladimir Cosma , with Richard Sanderson singing the song Reality . A sequel movie , La Boum 2 , was released in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Pinoteau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Pinoteau', 'summary': 'Claude Pinoteau ( 25 May 1925 - 5 October 2012 ) was a French film director and scriptwriter . Born in Boulogne-Billancourt , Hauts de Seine , Île-de-France , France . He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine , aged 87 . His sister was the actress Arlette Merry .'}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Dernier métro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Metro', 'summary': "The Last Metro ( French : Le Dernier Métro ) is a 1980 historical drama film , written and directed by François Truffaut , that stars Catherine Deneuve and Gérard Depardieu . Opening in 1942 during the German occupation of France , it follows the fortunes of a small theatre in the Montmartre area of Paris which keeps up passive resistance by maintaining its cultural integrity , despite censorship , antisemitism and material shortages , to emerge triumphant at the wars end . The title evokes two salient facts of city life under the Germans : fuel shortages led people to spend their evenings in theatres and other places of entertainment , but the curfew meant they had to catch the last Métro train home . In 1981 , the film won 10 Césars for : best film , best actor ( Depardieu ) , best actress ( Deneuve ) , best cinematography , best director ( Truffaut ) , best editing , best music , best production design , best sound and best writing . It received Best Foreign Film nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . The Last Metro was one of Truffaut 's more successful productions , grossing $ 3,007,436 in the United States ; this was also true in France , where it had 3,384,045 admissions , making it one of his more successful films in his native country ."}]}, {'value': 'The Last Metro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Last_Metro', 'summary': "The Last Metro ( French : Le Dernier Métro ) is a 1980 historical drama film , written and directed by François Truffaut , that stars Catherine Deneuve and Gérard Depardieu . Opening in 1942 during the German occupation of France , it follows the fortunes of a small theatre in the Montmartre area of Paris which keeps up passive resistance by maintaining its cultural integrity , despite censorship , antisemitism and material shortages , to emerge triumphant at the wars end . The title evokes two salient facts of city life under the Germans : fuel shortages led people to spend their evenings in theatres and other places of entertainment , but the curfew meant they had to catch the last Métro train home . In 1981 , the film won 10 Césars for : best film , best actor ( Depardieu ) , best actress ( Deneuve ) , best cinematography , best director ( Truffaut ) , best editing , best music , best production design , best sound and best writing . It received Best Foreign Film nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . The Last Metro was one of Truffaut 's more successful productions , grossing $ 3,007,436 in the United States ; this was also true in France , where it had 3,384,045 admissions , making it one of his more successful films in his native country ."}]}, {'value': 'François Truffaut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Truffaut', 'summary': "François Roland Truffaut ( UK : /ˈtruːfoʊ , ˈtrʊfoʊ/ TROO-foh , TRUUF-oh , US : /truːˈfoʊ/ troo-FOH , French : [ fʁɑ̃swa ʁɔlɑ̃ tʁyfo ] ; 6 February 1932 - 21 October 1984 ) was a French film director , screenwriter , producer , actor , and film critic . He is widely regarded as one of the founders of the French New Wave . In a film career lasting over a quarter of a century , he remains an icon of the French film industry , having worked on over 25 films . Truffaut 's film The 400 Blows came to be a defining film of the French New Wave movement , and was followed by four sequels , Antoine et Colette , Stolen Kisses , Bed and Board , and Love on the Run , between 1958 and 1979 . Truffaut 's 1973 film Day for Night earned him critical acclaim and several accolades , including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . His other notable films include Shoot the Piano Player ( 1960 ) , Jules and Jim ( 1961 ) , The Soft Skin ( 1964 ) , The Wild Child ( 1970 ) , Two English Girls ( 1971 ) , The Last Metro ( 1980 ) , and The Woman Next Door ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trois hommes à abattre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trois_hommes_à_abattre', 'summary': "Three Men to Kill ( French : Trois hommes à abattre ) is a French crime film released in 1980 , directed by Jacques Deray , starring Alain Delon with Dalila Di Lazzaro . The screenplay is written by Jacques Deray , Alain Delon and Christopher Frank based on the novel Le Petit Bleu de la côte ouest by Jean-Patrick Manchette . The story is about Michel Gerfaut ( Delon ) , charming professional card player who out of nowhere becomes involved in some retribution between weapon traders of high level . With 2,194,795 tickets sold , the movie ranked 16th at the French box-office in 1980 . Three Men to Kill is the first film of a group of popular movies released in the 1980s and starring Alain Delon , which share a visual and narrative style , followed by For a Cop 's Hide ( 1981 ) and Le battant ( 1983 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Three Men to Kill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Men_to_Kill', 'summary': "Three Men to Kill ( French : Trois hommes à abattre ) is a French crime film released in 1980 , directed by Jacques Deray , starring Alain Delon with Dalila Di Lazzaro . The screenplay is written by Jacques Deray , Alain Delon and Christopher Frank based on the novel Le Petit Bleu de la côte ouest by Jean-Patrick Manchette . The story is about Michel Gerfaut ( Delon ) , charming professional card player who out of nowhere becomes involved in some retribution between weapon traders of high level . With 2,194,795 tickets sold , the movie ranked 16th at the French box-office in 1980 . Three Men to Kill is the first film of a group of popular movies released in the 1980s and starring Alain Delon , which share a visual and narrative style , followed by For a Cop 's Hide ( 1981 ) and Le battant ( 1983 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Deray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Deray', 'summary': 'Jacques Deray ( 19 February 1929 in Lyon - 9 August 2003 in Boulogne-Billancourt ) was a French film director and screenwriter . Deray is prominently known for directing many crime and thriller films .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diva_(1981_film)', 'summary': 'Diva is a 1981 French thriller film directed by Jean-Jacques Beineix , adapted from the novel Diva by Daniel Odier ( under the pseudonym Delacorta ) . It is one of the first French films to let go of the realist mood of 1970s French cinema and return to a colourful , melodic style , later described as cinéma du look . The film made a successful debut in France in 1981 with 2,281,569 admissions , and had success in the US the next year grossing $ 2,678,103 . The film became a cult classic and was internationally acclaimed .'}]}, {'value': 'Diva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diva_(1981_film)', 'summary': 'Diva is a 1981 French thriller film directed by Jean-Jacques Beineix , adapted from the novel Diva by Daniel Odier ( under the pseudonym Delacorta ) . It is one of the first French films to let go of the realist mood of 1970s French cinema and return to a colourful , melodic style , later described as cinéma du look . The film made a successful debut in France in 1981 with 2,281,569 admissions , and had success in the US the next year grossing $ 2,678,103 . The film became a cult classic and was internationally acclaimed .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Jacques Beinex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Beinex', 'summary': "Jean-Jacques Beineix ( [ bɛnɛks ] ; born 8 October 1946 ) is a French film director and generally seen as the best example of what came to be called the cinéma du look . Critic Ginette Vincendeau defined the films made by Beineix and others as youth-oriented films with high production values.The look of the cinéma du look refers to the films ' high investment in non-naturalistic , self-conscious aesthetics , notably intense colours and lighting effects . Their spectacular ( studio based ) and technically brilliant mise-en-scène is usually put to the service of romantic plots . The cinéma du look included the films of Luc Besson and Léos Carax . Luc Besson , like Beineix , was much maligned by the critical establishment during the 1980s , while Carax was much admired . In late 2006 , Beineix published a first volume of his autobiography , Les Chantiers de la gloire ( in French only ) . The title alluded to the French title of Stanley Kubrick 's film , Les Sentiers de la gloire ( Paths of Glory ) ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Pont du Nord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Pont_du_Nord', 'summary': 'Le Pont du Nord is a 1981 French film directed by Jacques Rivette . The film stars Bulle Ogier and her daughter Pascale Ogier . It was released in France on 13 January 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Rivette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Rivette', 'summary': "Jacques Rivette ( French : [ ʒak ʁivɛt ] ; 1 March 1928 - 29 January 2016 ) was a French film director and film critic most commonly associated with the French New Wave and the film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma . He made twenty-nine films , including L'amour fou ( 1969 ) , Out 1 ( 1971 ) , Celine and Julie Go Boating ( 1974 ) , and La Belle Noiseuse ( 1991 ) . His work is noted for its improvisation , loose narratives , and lengthy running times . Inspired by Jean Cocteau to become a filmmaker , Rivette shot his first short film at age twenty . He moved to Paris to pursue his career , frequenting Henri Langlois ' Cinémathèque Française and other ciné-clubs ; there , he met François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard , Éric Rohmer , Claude Chabrol and other future members of the New Wave . Rivette began writing film criticism , and was hired by André Bazin for Cahiers du Cinéma in 1953 . In his criticism , he expressed an admiration for American films - especially those of genre directors such as John Ford , Alfred Hitchcock and Nicholas Ray - and was deeply critical of mainstream French cinema . Rivette 's articles , admired by his peers , were considered the magazine 's best and most aggressive writings , particularly his 1961 article On Abjection and his influential series of interviews with film directors co-written with Truffaut . He continued making short films , including Le Coup de Berger , which is often cited as the first New Wave film . Truffaut later credited Rivette with developing the movement . Although he was the first New Wave director to begin work on a feature film , Paris Belongs to Us was not released until 1961 , by which time Chabrol , Truffaut and Godard released their own first features and popularised the movement worldwide . Rivette became editor of Cahiers du Cinéma during the early 1960s and publicly fought French censorship of his second feature film , The Nun ( 1966 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': "La Femme d ' à côté", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Woman_Next_Door', 'summary': "The Woman Next Door ( French : La Femme d ' à côté ) is a 1981 French film directed by François Truffaut . Reminiscent of the medieval legend of Tristan and Iseult but set among young middle-class people in a provincial city , it tells the story of a fatal romance between a loving husband ( Gérard Depardieu ) and the attractive woman ( Fanny Ardant ) who moves in next door . The last of Truffaut 's serious films , being followed by the more light-hearted Vivement dimanche ! , it was the 39th highest-grossing film of the year , with a total of 1,087,600 admissions in France ."}]}, {'value': 'The Woman Next Door', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Woman_Next_Door', 'summary': "The Woman Next Door ( French : La Femme d ' à côté ) is a 1981 French film directed by François Truffaut . Reminiscent of the medieval legend of Tristan and Iseult but set among young middle-class people in a provincial city , it tells the story of a fatal romance between a loving husband ( Gérard Depardieu ) and the attractive woman ( Fanny Ardant ) who moves in next door . The last of Truffaut 's serious films , being followed by the more light-hearted Vivement dimanche ! , it was the 39th highest-grossing film of the year , with a total of 1,087,600 admissions in France ."}]}, {'value': 'François Truffaut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Truffaut', 'summary': "François Roland Truffaut ( UK : /ˈtruːfoʊ , ˈtrʊfoʊ/ TROO-foh , TRUUF-oh , US : /truːˈfoʊ/ troo-FOH , French : [ fʁɑ̃swa ʁɔlɑ̃ tʁyfo ] ; 6 February 1932 - 21 October 1984 ) was a French film director , screenwriter , producer , actor , and film critic . He is widely regarded as one of the founders of the French New Wave . In a film career lasting over a quarter of a century , he remains an icon of the French film industry , having worked on over 25 films . Truffaut 's film The 400 Blows came to be a defining film of the French New Wave movement , and was followed by four sequels , Antoine et Colette , Stolen Kisses , Bed and Board , and Love on the Run , between 1958 and 1979 . Truffaut 's 1973 film Day for Night earned him critical acclaim and several accolades , including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . His other notable films include Shoot the Piano Player ( 1960 ) , Jules and Jim ( 1961 ) , The Soft Skin ( 1964 ) , The Wild Child ( 1970 ) , Two English Girls ( 1971 ) , The Last Metro ( 1980 ) , and The Woman Next Door ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Uns et les Autres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Uns_et_les_Autres', 'summary': "Les Uns et les Autres is a 1981 French film by Claude Lelouch . The film is a musical epic and it is widely considered as the director 's best work , along with Un Homme et une Femme . It won the Technical Grand Prize at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival . In the United States , it was distributed under the name Boléro in reference to Maurice Ravel 's orchestral piece , used in the film . The film was very successful in France with 3,234,549 admissions and was the 6th highest grossing film of the year ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Lelouch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Lelouch', 'summary': 'Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch ( French : [ ləluʃ ] ; born 30 October 1937 ) is a French film director , writer , cinematographer , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Beau Mariage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Beau_Mariage', 'summary': "Le Beau Mariage ( The Good Marriage ) is a 1982 French film directed by Éric Rohmer , starring Béatrice Romand , André Dussollier , Féodor Atkine . It is one of Rohmer 's comedies and proverbs ( comédies et proverbes ) . Its theme is a proverb from La Fontaine : Quel esprit ne bat la campagne ? qui ne fait château en Espagne ? ( that is , Who does n't daydream ? Who does n't build castles in Spain ) ."}]}, {'value': 'A Good Marriage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Beau_Mariage', 'summary': "Le Beau Mariage ( The Good Marriage ) is a 1982 French film directed by Éric Rohmer , starring Béatrice Romand , André Dussollier , Féodor Atkine . It is one of Rohmer 's comedies and proverbs ( comédies et proverbes ) . Its theme is a proverb from La Fontaine : Quel esprit ne bat la campagne ? qui ne fait château en Espagne ? ( that is , Who does n't daydream ? Who does n't build castles in Spain ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Rohmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Rohmer', 'summary': "Jean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer , known as Éric Rohmer ( French : [ eʁik ʁomɛʁ ] , 21 March 1920 - 11 January 2010 ) , was a French film director , film critic , journalist , novelist , screenwriter , and teacher . Rohmer was the last of the post-World War II French New Wave directors to become established . He edited the influential film journal , Cahiers du cinéma , from 1957 to 1963 , while most of his colleagues - among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut - were making the transition from film critics to filmmakers and gaining international attention . Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud 's was nominated at the Academy Awards . He won the San Sebastián International Film Festival with Claire 's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986 . Rohmer went on to receive the Venice Film Festival 's Career Golden Lion in 2001 . After Rohmer 's death in 2010 , his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as the most durable filmmaker of the French New Wave , outlasting his peers and still making movies the public wanted to see late in his career ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'été meurtrier", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'été_meurtrier", 'summary': "One Deadly Summer ( French : L'Été meurtrier ) is a 1983 French erotic drama film directed by Jean Becker , and adapted by Sébastien Japrisot from his own novel . Isabelle Adjani won a César award for her performance in this film . The film was a massive hit in France gaining 5,137,040 admissions and was the 2nd highest-grossing film of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'One Deadly Summer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Deadly_Summer', 'summary': "One Deadly Summer ( French : L'Été meurtrier ) is a 1983 French erotic drama film directed by Jean Becker , and adapted by Sébastien Japrisot from his own novel . Isabelle Adjani won a César award for her performance in this film . The film was a massive hit in France gaining 5,137,040 admissions and was the 2nd highest-grossing film of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Becker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Becker_(director,_actor)', 'summary': 'Jean Becker ( born 10 May 1933 ) is a French film director , screenwriter and actor . He is son of the director Jacques Becker .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vivement dimanche !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confidentially_Yours', 'summary': "Confidentially Yours ( United States title - original French title : Vivement dimanche ! , known as Finally , Sunday ! in other English-speaking markets and translations thereof in other markets ) is a 1983 French film directed by François Truffaut . It is based on the novel The Long Saturday Night , by the American author Charles Williams , and was Truffaut 's last film . He died the next year , aged 52 , after being diagnosed with a brain tumor . The film had a total of 1,169,635 admissions in France and was the 39th highest-grossing film of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Confidentially Yours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confidentially_Yours', 'summary': "Confidentially Yours ( United States title - original French title : Vivement dimanche ! , known as Finally , Sunday ! in other English-speaking markets and translations thereof in other markets ) is a 1983 French film directed by François Truffaut . It is based on the novel The Long Saturday Night , by the American author Charles Williams , and was Truffaut 's last film . He died the next year , aged 52 , after being diagnosed with a brain tumor . The film had a total of 1,169,635 admissions in France and was the 39th highest-grossing film of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'François Truffaut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Truffaut', 'summary': "François Roland Truffaut ( UK : /ˈtruːfoʊ , ˈtrʊfoʊ/ TROO-foh , TRUUF-oh , US : /truːˈfoʊ/ troo-FOH , French : [ fʁɑ̃swa ʁɔlɑ̃ tʁyfo ] ; 6 February 1932 - 21 October 1984 ) was a French film director , screenwriter , producer , actor , and film critic . He is widely regarded as one of the founders of the French New Wave . In a film career lasting over a quarter of a century , he remains an icon of the French film industry , having worked on over 25 films . Truffaut 's film The 400 Blows came to be a defining film of the French New Wave movement , and was followed by four sequels , Antoine et Colette , Stolen Kisses , Bed and Board , and Love on the Run , between 1958 and 1979 . Truffaut 's 1973 film Day for Night earned him critical acclaim and several accolades , including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . His other notable films include Shoot the Piano Player ( 1960 ) , Jules and Jim ( 1961 ) , The Soft Skin ( 1964 ) , The Wild Child ( 1970 ) , Two English Girls ( 1971 ) , The Last Metro ( 1980 ) , and The Woman Next Door ( 1981 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viva la vie !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viva_la_vie!', 'summary': 'Viva la vie is a 1984 French film directed by Claude Lelouch .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Lelouch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Lelouch', 'summary': 'Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch ( French : [ ləluʃ ] ; born 30 October 1937 ) is a French film director , writer , cinematographer , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Péril en la demeure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Péril_en_la_demeure', 'summary': 'Death in a French Garden ( French : Péril en la demeure ) is a 1985 French drama film directed by Michel Deville . It was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Death in a French Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_in_a_French_Garden', 'summary': 'Death in a French Garden ( French : Péril en la demeure ) is a 1985 French drama film directed by Michel Deville . It was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Michel Deville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Deville', 'summary': "Michel Deville ( born 13 April 1931 ) is a French film director and screenwriter . Deville started his filmmaking career in the late 1950s , paralleling the emergence of the French New Wave directors . He never achieved the level of critical and international recognition of some of his contemporaries such as François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Chabrol , possibly because of his more conventional filmmaking style . Nevertheless , his films , especially his comedies from the 1970s and 1980s , were popular in his native France . [ citation needed ] One of Deville 's comedies , La Lectrice ( The Reader ) was probably his biggest success with international audiences . La Lectrice is about a woman ( played by Miou-Miou ) , who finds work reading novels for the blind but gradually finds herself unwittingly attracting a clientele of fetishists who enjoyed being read to . At one time his films were difficult to find in North America but presently ( 2007 ) seven of his films are available in DVD in the U.S. His 1980 film Le Voyage en douce was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival . Five years later , his film Death in a French Garden was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival . A clip from his 1968 film Benjamin is included in Robert Bressons Une Femme Douce ( 1969 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trois hommes et un couffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trois_hommes_et_un_couffin', 'summary': 'Three Men and a Cradle ( French : Trois hommes et un couffin ) is a 1985 French comedy film by Coline Serreau . The film was remade in Hollywood as Three Men and a Baby in 1987 which was subsequently remade into six Indian movies in five different languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Three Men and a Cradle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Three_Men_and_a_Cradle', 'summary': 'Three Men and a Cradle ( French : Trois hommes et un couffin ) is a 1985 French comedy film by Coline Serreau . The film was remade in Hollywood as Three Men and a Baby in 1987 which was subsequently remade into six Indian movies in five different languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Coline Serreau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coline_Serreau', 'summary': 'Coline Serreau ( born 29 October 1947 ) is a French actress , film director and writer .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subway_(film)', 'summary': 'Subway is a 1985 French thriller film directed by Luc Besson and starring Isabelle Adjani and Christopher Lambert . The film is classified as part of the cinema du look movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Subway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subway_(film)', 'summary': 'Subway is a 1985 French thriller film directed by Luc Besson and starring Isabelle Adjani and Christopher Lambert . The film is classified as part of the cinema du look movement .'}]}, {'value': 'Luc Besson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Besson', 'summary': 'Luc Paul Maurice Besson ( French : [ lyk bɛsɔ̃ ] ; born 18 March 1959 ) is a French film director , screenwriter , and producer . He directed or produced the films Subway ( 1985 ) , The Big Blue ( 1988 ) , and La Femme Nikita ( 1990 ) . Besson is associated with the Cinéma du look film movement . He has been nominated for a César Award for Best Director and Best Picture for his films Léon : The Professional and The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc . He won Best Director and Best French Director for his sci-fi action film The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) . He wrote and directed the 2014 sci-fi action film Lucy and the 2017 space opera film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets . In 1980 , he founded his own production company , Les Films du Loup , and , later , Les Films du Dauphin , which were superseded in 2000 by his co-founding EuropaCorp film company with his longtime collaborator , Pierre-Ange Le Pogam [ fr ] . As writer , director , or producer , Besson has so far been involved in the creation of more than 50 films .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenue de soirée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ménage', 'summary': 'Tenue de soirée ( also titled Ménage ) is a 1986 French comedy-drama film directed by Bertrand Blier . It was entered into the 1986 Cannes Film Festival where Michel Blanc won the award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Ménage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ménage', 'summary': 'Tenue de soirée ( also titled Ménage ) is a 1986 French comedy-drama film directed by Bertrand Blier . It was entered into the 1986 Cannes Film Festival where Michel Blanc won the award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Bertrand Blier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertrand_Blier', 'summary': "Bertrand Blier ( French : [ bɛʁtʁɑ̃ blje ] ; born 14 March 1939 ) is a French film director and writer . His 1978 film Get Out Your Handkerchiefs won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards . He is the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier . His 1996 film Mon Homme was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival . His 2005 film How Much Do You Love Me ? was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director . A defence of Blier 's work until 2000 was written by Sue Harris , Queen Mary College , London and published in 2001 by Manchester University Press ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean de Florette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Florette', 'summary': "Jean de Florette ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ də flɔʁɛt ] ) is a 1986 period tragedy [ excessive citations ] film directed by Claude Berri , based on a novel by Marcel Pagnol . It is followed by Manon des Sources . The film takes place in rural Provence , where two local farmers plot to trick a newcomer out of his newly inherited property . The film starred three of France 's most prominent actors - Gérard Depardieu , Daniel Auteuil , who won a BAFTA award for his performance , and Yves Montand in one of his last roles . The film was shot back to back with Manon des Sources , over a period of seven months . At the time the most expensive French film ever made , it was a great commercial and critical success , both domestically and internationally , and was nominated for eight César awards , and ten BAFTAs . The success of the two films helped promote Provence as a tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean de Florette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_de_Florette', 'summary': "Jean de Florette ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃ də flɔʁɛt ] ) is a 1986 period tragedy [ excessive citations ] film directed by Claude Berri , based on a novel by Marcel Pagnol . It is followed by Manon des Sources . The film takes place in rural Provence , where two local farmers plot to trick a newcomer out of his newly inherited property . The film starred three of France 's most prominent actors - Gérard Depardieu , Daniel Auteuil , who won a BAFTA award for his performance , and Yves Montand in one of his last roles . The film was shot back to back with Manon des Sources , over a period of seven months . At the time the most expensive French film ever made , it was a great commercial and critical success , both domestically and internationally , and was nominated for eight César awards , and ten BAFTAs . The success of the two films helped promote Provence as a tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'Claude Berri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Berri', 'summary': 'Claude Berri ( French : [ bɛʁi ] ; 1 July 1934 - 12 January 2009 ) was a French film director , writer , producer , actor and distributor .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manon des Sources', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manon_des_Sources_(1986_film)', 'summary': "Manon des Sources ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ manɔ̃ de suʁs ] ; meaning Manon of the Spring ) is a 1986 French language period tragedy [ excessive citations ] film . Directed by Claude Berri , it is the second of two films adapted from the 1966 two-volume novel by Marcel Pagnol , who wrote it based on his own earlier film of the same title . It is the sequel to Jean de Florette . It won an award [ specify ] in 1989 as best French film . Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources are ranked No . 60 in Empire magazine 's The 100 Best Films of World Cinema in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manon of the Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manon_des_Sources_(1986_film)', 'summary': "Manon des Sources ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ manɔ̃ de suʁs ] ; meaning Manon of the Spring ) is a 1986 French language period tragedy [ excessive citations ] film . Directed by Claude Berri , it is the second of two films adapted from the 1966 two-volume novel by Marcel Pagnol , who wrote it based on his own earlier film of the same title . It is the sequel to Jean de Florette . It won an award [ specify ] in 1989 as best French film . Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources are ranked No . 60 in Empire magazine 's The 100 Best Films of World Cinema in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Claude Berri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_Berri', 'summary': 'Claude Berri ( French : [ bɛʁi ] ; 1 July 1934 - 12 January 2009 ) was a French film director , writer , producer , actor and distributor .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Rayon vert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Green_Ray_(film)', 'summary': 'The Green Ray ( French : Le Rayon vert ) is a 1986 film by Éric Rohmer . It was released as Summer in North America . The film was adapted from the novel of the same name by Jules Verne . It was shot in France on 16mm film and much of the dialogue is improvised . The film won the Golden Lion and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1986 Venice Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'The Green Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Green_Ray_(film)', 'summary': 'The Green Ray ( French : Le Rayon vert ) is a 1986 film by Éric Rohmer . It was released as Summer in North America . The film was adapted from the novel of the same name by Jules Verne . It was shot in France on 16mm film and much of the dialogue is improvised . The film won the Golden Lion and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1986 Venice Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Éric Rohmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Rohmer', 'summary': "Jean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer , known as Éric Rohmer ( French : [ eʁik ʁomɛʁ ] , 21 March 1920 - 11 January 2010 ) , was a French film director , film critic , journalist , novelist , screenwriter , and teacher . Rohmer was the last of the post-World War II French New Wave directors to become established . He edited the influential film journal , Cahiers du cinéma , from 1957 to 1963 , while most of his colleagues - among them Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut - were making the transition from film critics to filmmakers and gaining international attention . Rohmer gained international acclaim around 1969 when his film My Night at Maud 's was nominated at the Academy Awards . He won the San Sebastián International Film Festival with Claire 's Knee in 1971 and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for The Green Ray in 1986 . Rohmer went on to receive the Venice Film Festival 's Career Golden Lion in 2001 . After Rohmer 's death in 2010 , his obituary in The Daily Telegraph described him as the most durable filmmaker of the French New Wave , outlasting his peers and still making movies the public wanted to see late in his career ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarraounia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarraounia_(film)', 'summary': 'Sarraounia is a 1986 historical drama film written and directed by Med Hondo . It is based on a novel of the same name by Nigerien author Abdoulaye Mamani , who co-wrote the screenplay . The novel and film concern the real-life Battle of Lougou between Azna ( remnant animist-Hausa people ) queen Sarraounia and the advancing French Colonial Forces of the Voulet-Chanoine Mission in 1899 . Sarraounia was one of the few African tribal leaders that resisted the advances of French expansionists Paul Voulet and Julien Chanoine . The film won the first prize at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ( FESPACO ) and was critically well received .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarraounia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarraounia_(film)', 'summary': 'Sarraounia is a 1986 historical drama film written and directed by Med Hondo . It is based on a novel of the same name by Nigerien author Abdoulaye Mamani , who co-wrote the screenplay . The novel and film concern the real-life Battle of Lougou between Azna ( remnant animist-Hausa people ) queen Sarraounia and the advancing French Colonial Forces of the Voulet-Chanoine Mission in 1899 . Sarraounia was one of the few African tribal leaders that resisted the advances of French expansionists Paul Voulet and Julien Chanoine . The film won the first prize at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ( FESPACO ) and was critically well received .'}]}, {'value': 'Med Hondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Med_Hondo', 'summary': 'Med Hondo ( born Mohamed Abid Hondo ; 4 May 1936 - 2 March 2019 ) was a Mauritanian film director , producer , screenwriter , actor and voice actor . He emigrated to France in 1959 and began to work in film during the 1960s . He received critical acclaim for his 1967 directorial début Soleil O .'}]}], 'section_title': '1980s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_French-language_films_8', 'intro': 'The following is a list of French-language films, films mostly spoken in the French language.'}
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When was the director born who made the Technical Grand Prize winner at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival ?
30 October 1937
09847da6ef732d65
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sturridge', 'title': 'Tom Sturridge', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Punk Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punk_Rock_(play)', 'summary': 'Punk Rock is a play by the British playwright Simon Stephens which premiered at the Royal Exchange in 2009 and transferred to the Lyric Hammersmith directed by Sarah Frankcom . The play concerns a group of private school sixth formers during their A Level mocks exams .'}]}, {'value': 'William', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyric Hammersmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyric_Hammersmith', 'summary': 'The Lyric Theatre , also known as the Lyric Hammersmith , is a theatre in King Street , in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , which takes pride in its original , groundbreaking productions .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wastwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wastwater_(play)', 'summary': "Simon Stephens ( born 6 February 1971 ) is an English playwright . Having taught on the Young Writers ' Programme at the Royal Court Theatre for many years , he is now an Artistic Associate at the Lyric Hammersmith . He is the inaugural Associate Playwright of Steep Theatre Company , Chicago , where four of his plays , Harper Regan , Motortown , Wastwater , and Birdland had their U.S. premieres . His writing is widely performed throughout Europe and , along with Dennis Kelly and Martin Crimp , he is one of the most performed English-language writers in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Court Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Royal Court Theatre , at different times known as the Court Theatre , the New Chelsea Theatre , and the Belgravia Theatre , is a non-commercial West End theatre on Sloane Square , in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , London , England . In 1956 it was acquired by and remains the home of the English Stage Company and is notable for its contributions to contemporary theatre .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Quarter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Court Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Royal Court Theatre , at different times known as the Court Theatre , the New Chelsea Theatre , and the Belgravia Theatre , is a non-commercial West End theatre on Sloane Square , in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , London , England . In 1956 it was acquired by and remains the home of the English Stage Company and is notable for its contributions to contemporary theatre .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orphans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orphans_(Lyle_Kessler_play)', 'summary': 'Orphans is a play by Lyle Kessler . It premiered in 1983 at The Matrix Theatre Company in Los Angeles , where it received critical and commercial success and won the Drama-Logue Award . The play has been performed by the Steppenwolf Theatre and on Broadway in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Phillip', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schoenfeld Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schoenfeld_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre is a Broadway theatre , previously known as the Plymouth Theatre , located at 236 West 45th Street ( George Abbott Way ) in Midtown Manhattan and renamed in 2005 in honor of Gerald Schoenfeld . Designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp to resemble the neighboring Shubert and Booth theatres designed by Henry B. Herts , the building was constructed by the Shubert brothers in 1917-18 , christened the Plymouth Theatre , and leased to producer Arthur Hopkins . He intended it to be a venue for legitimate plays starring notable actors such as John and Lionel Barrymore . The premiere production was A Successful Calamity , a comedy with William Gillette and Estelle Winwood . After Hopkins died in 1948 , control of the theatre returned to the Shuberts , who still own the property , which was designated a New York landmark in 1987 . The 1,080-seat house was renamed after Gerald Schoenfeld , chairman of the Shubert Organization , in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Trial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Trial', 'summary': "The Trial ( original German title : Der Process , later Der Proceß , Der Prozeß and Der Prozess ) is a novel written by Franz Kafka between 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously in 1925 . One of his best-known works , it tells the story of Josef K. , a man arrested and prosecuted by a remote , inaccessible authority , with the nature of his crime revealed neither to him nor to the reader . Heavily influenced by Dostoyevsky 's Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov , Kafka even went so far as to call Dostoyevsky a blood relative . Like Kafka 's other novels , The Trial was never completed , although it does include a chapter which appears to bring the story to an intentionally abrupt ending . After Kafka 's death in 1924 his friend and literary executor Max Brod edited the text for publication by Verlag Die Schmiede . The original manuscript is held at the Museum of Modern Literature , Marbach am Neckar , Germany . The first English language translation , by Willa and Edwin Muir , was published in 1937 . In 1999 , the book was listed in Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century and as No . 2 of the Best German Novels of the Twentieth Century ."}]}, {'value': 'God', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Young Vic Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Young_Vic_Theatre', 'summary': "The Young Vic theatre is a performing arts venue located on the Cut , near the South Bank , in the London Borough of Lambeth . Its philosophy is to foster emerging talent and collaborate with some of the worlds finest directors , performers and creatives ; creating award-winning productions which engage with the world we live in . For many years , the Young Vic has been synonymous with inclusivity , accessibility and creativity . The Young Vic was established by Frank Dunlop in 1970 . Kwame Kwei-Armah has been Artistic Director since February 2018 , succeeding David Lan . The Young Vic 's neighbourhood theatre programme , called Taking Part , engages over 15,000 local people every year via a wide range of projects , from skills-based workshops to on-stage performances . Their Directors Program has been running for nearly twenty years . The program currently serves nearly 1,000 directors , designers and producers living in the UK at the early stages of their career ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Buffalo_(play)', 'summary': 'American Buffalo is a 1975 play by American playwright David Mamet which had its premiere in a showcase production at the Goodman Theatre , Chicago . After two more showcase productions it opened on Broadway in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Wyndham 's Theatre", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wyndham's_Theatre", 'summary': "Wyndham 's Theatre is a West End theatre , one of two opened by actor/manager Charles Wyndham ( the other is the Criterion Theatre ) . Located on Charing Cross Road in the City of Westminster , it was designed c.1898 by W. G. R. Sprague , the architect of six other London theatres between then and 1916 . It was designed to seat 759 patrons on three levels ; later refurbishment increased this to four seating levels . The theatre was Grade II* listed by English Heritage in September 1960 ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_(play)', 'summary': '1984 is a 2013 play by Robert Icke and Duncan Macmillan based on the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell .'}]}, {'value': 'Winston Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hudson Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Hudson Theatre is a Broadway theater located at 139-141 West 44th Street , :1 between Times Square and 6th Avenue , New York City . Opened in 1903 , it became a leading theatrical venue before also serving in later years as a network radio and television studio , a night club , a movie theater , and a corporate event space . The Hudson Theatre reopened as a Broadway theater on February 11 , 2017 . The UK-based Ambassador Theatre Group ( ATG ) signed a long term lease on the theater in 2015 and invested in a complete refurbishment of the venue , bringing it back into full-time use as a Broadway playhouse . The theater is owned by Millennium & Copthorne Hotels . In 2016 , the Hudson Theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sea Wall/A Life', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Public Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Public_Theater', 'summary': "The Public Theater is a New York City arts organization founded as the Shakespeare Workshop in 1954 by Joseph Papp , with the intention of showcasing the works of up-and-coming playwrights and performers . It is led by Artistic Director Oskar Eustis and Executive Director Patrick Willingham . The venue opened in 1967 , mounting the world-premiere production of the musical Hair as its first show . The Public is headquartered at 425 Lafayette Street in the former Astor Library in Lower Manhattan . The building holds five theater spaces and Joe 's Pub , a cabaret-style venue used for new work , musical performances , spoken-word artists and soloists . The Public also operates the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , where it presents Shakespeare in the Park , one of New York City 's most beloved summer traditions . New York natives and visitors alike have been enjoying free Shakespeare in Central Park since performances began in 1954 . The Public is dedicated to embracing the complexities of contemporary society and nurturing both artists and audiences , as it continues Joseph Papp 's legacy of creating a place of inclusion and a forum for ideas . Notable productions in recent years include : The Merchant of Venice , featuring Al Pacino as Shylock ( 2010 ) ; Here Lies Love ( 2013 ) , by David Byrne ; Fun Home , adapted from Alison Bechdel 's illustrated memoir of the same name ( 2013 ) ; Eclipsed , by Danai Gurira and featuring Lupita Nyong ' o ( 2015 ) ; and Hamilton ( 2015 ) , by Lin-Manuel Miranda ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tom_Sturridge_2', 'intro': "Thomas Sidney Jerome Sturridge (born 21 December 1985) is an English actor best known for his work in Being Julia, Like Minds, and The Boat That Rocked. He was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Play for his performance in the Broadway play Orphans. He played the role of Carlo Marx in Walter Salles's film adaptation of the Jack Kerouac novel On the Road."}
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What year did a theatre open that had a show based on the novel by George Orwell ?
1903
098538f8d1ec416a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1999 European Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.176', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.266', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.376', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.466', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.444', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.534', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.638', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.728', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.781', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damon Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Hill', 'summary': "Damon Graham Devereux Hill , OBE ( born 17 September 1960 ) is a British former racing driver . He is the son of Graham Hill , and , along with Nico Rosberg , one of only two sons of a Formula One world champion to also win the title . He started racing on motorbikes in 1981 , and after minor success moved on to single-seater racing cars . Despite progressing steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989 , and often being competitive , he never won a race at that level . Hill became a test driver for the Formula One title-winning Williams team in 1992 . He was promoted to the Williams race team the following year after Riccardo Patrese 's departure and took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix . During the mid-1990s , Hill was Michael Schumacher 's main rival for the Formula One Drivers ' Championship , which saw the two clash several times on and off the track . Their collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix gave Schumacher his first title by a single point . Hill became champion in 1996 with eight wins , but was dropped by Williams for the following season . He went on to drive for the less competitive Arrows and Jordan teams , and in 1998 gave Jordan their first win . Hill retired from racing after the 1999 season . He has since launched several businesses and has made appearances playing the guitar with celebrity bands ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Mugen-Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mugen-Honda', 'summary': "Mugen Motorsports ( M-TEC Co. , Ltd ) ( 無限 ) is a Japanese company formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda , the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda , and Masao Kimura . Mugen , meaning Without Limit , Unlimited or Vast , ( hence the commonly placed word Power after , denoting Unlimited Power ) is an engine tuner and parts manufacturer that manufactures OEM parts such as body kits and sports exhausts for Honda Motor Company . Despite the family connections , however , Mugen is not , and has never been , owned by Honda Motor Company ; Mugen owner Hirotoshi Honda has been the biggest shareholder in Honda since his father 's death in 1991 . The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship , and , additionally , sells aftermarket parts to amateur enthusiasts . It was part of partnerships that won the Formula 3000 championship in 1990 and 1991 , and that eventually led to Mugen 's involvement in Formula One , from 1992 to 2000 , and up to 2005 was the exclusive supplier of Formula Nippon engines ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.818', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.908', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Peugeot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peugeot', 'summary': "Peugeot ( UK : /ˈpɜːʒoʊ/ , US : /p ( j ) uːˈʒoʊ/ ( listen ) , French : [ pøʒo ] ) is a French automotive manufacturer , part of Groupe PSA . The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810 in France , and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles . On 20 November 1858 , Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark . Armand Peugeot built the company 's first car , an unreliable steam tricycle , in collaboration with Léon Serpollet in 1889 ; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine . Due to family discord , Armand Peugeot founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot , in 1896 . The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux , France . Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there . In February 2014 , the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan for Groupe PSA , in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company . Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles , including five European Car of the Year awards . In 2013 and 2014 , Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe , the Renault car maker group being ranked first , with 114.9g CO2/km . Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand , citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s , where Peugeot is called the lion . Peugeot has been involved successfully in motor sport for more than a century ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.055', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Wurz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Wurz', 'summary': "Alexander Wurz ( born 15 February 1974 ) is an Austrian former professional racing driver , driver training expert and businessman . He competed in Formula One from 1997 until 2007 , and is also a two-time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hours . He is currently under contract to race for the Toyota factory racing team in the WEC ( World Endurance Championship ) . In Formula 1 , he is a commentator for TV and media , as well as being Williams F1 Team 's driver coach , [ citation needed ] chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association , and occasionally a driver steward ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Playlife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Playlife', 'summary': "Playlife is a fashion company based in Treviso , Italy . The company is owned by the Benetton family and is the sporting label of the clothes manufacturer . Playlife put their name to the engine supply of Formula One team Benetton 's cars from 1998 to 2000 . Playlife engines were re-badged Renault engines that had been acquired by Mecachrome in 1998 and Supertec in 1999 and 2000 . Other teams ran the same engines but kept the Mecachrome/Supertec name such as Williams , Arrows and BAR ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.144', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.234', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Salo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Salo', 'summary': 'Mika Juhani Salo ( born 30 November 1966 ) is a Finnish former professional racing driver . He competed in Formula One between 1994 and 2002 . His best ranking was 10th in the world championship in 1999 , when he stood in for the injured Michael Schumacher at Ferrari for six races , scoring two podiums . He also won the GT2 class in the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.314', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.404', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Diniz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Diniz', 'summary': "Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz ( born 22 May 1970 ) is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver . Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved minor success , before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season . The following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997 . In 1998 , he finished 14th in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently moved to Sauber for 1999 . He left Sauber after the 2000 season and bought a share in the Prost team , which folded a year later . Since leaving motorsport , Diniz founded the Formula Renault 2.0 Brazil Championship which he ran from 2002 and 2006 , later becoming a partner in Pão de Açúcar and operates an organic produce and dairy farm alongside his wife Tatiana Diniz . He is a Board Member of Food Tank , a non-profit organization that spotlights environmentally , socially , and economically sustainable ways of alleviating hunger , obesity , and poverty and works to create networks of people , organizations , and content to push for food system change . Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career due to his family backing , but he scored ten points during his Formula One career while most pay drivers did not score any ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:21.345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.435', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Herbert', 'summary': 'John Paul Johnny Herbert ( born 25 June 1964 ) is a retired British racing driver and television announcer . He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000 , for 7 different teams , winning three races and placed 4th in the 1995 championship . He also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B . He enjoyed much success in lower-level motor racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.379', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.469', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Stewart - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stewart_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team founded by triple Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996 . The team competed in F1 , as the Ford works-supported team , for only three seasons , from 1997 to 1999 . The 1999 season was by far its strongest , yielding one win ( Johnny Herbert at the European Grand Prix ) and one pole position ( Rubens Barrichello at the French Grand Prix ) en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship . At the end of 1999 , Ford bought the team outright and it was renamed Jaguar Racing . In 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull GmbH and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.490', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.580', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:21.634', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.724', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Zonta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Zonta', 'summary': 'Ricardo Luiz Zonta ( born March 23 , 1976 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.267', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.357', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alessandro Zanardi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Zanardi', 'summary': 'Alessandro Zanardi ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈaːleks dzaˈnardi ] ; born 23 October 1966 ) is an Italian professional racing driver and paracyclist . He won the CART championship in 1997 and 1998 in North America . He also raced in Formula One from 1991-1994 and again in 1999 ; his best result was a sixth-place finish in 1993 . He returned to CART in 2001 , but a major crash in the 2001 American Memorial resulted in the amputation of his legs . He returned to racing less than two years after the accident ; competing in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for BMW Team Italy-Spain between 2003 and 2009 . In addition to continuing to race cars , Zanardi took up competition in handcycling , a form of paralympic cycling , with the stated goal of representing Italy at the 2012 Summer Paralympics . In September 2011 , Zanardi won his first senior international handcycling medal , the silver medal in the H4 category time trial at the UCI World Road Para-Cycling Championships . In September 2012 he won gold medals at the London Paralympics in the individual H4 time trial and the individual H4 road race , followed by a silver medal in the mixed H1-4 team relay , and in September 2016 he won a gold and a silver medal at the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro .'}]}, {'value': 'Williams - Supertec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Supertec', 'summary': "Supertec was a brand of Formula One engines supplied by Dutch company Super Performance Competition Engineering BV , managed by Flavio Briatore and Bruno Michel . Supertec engines were updated 1998 Renault RS9 units , built by Mecachrome . In May 1998 Super Performance Competition Engineering signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Mecachrome to begin in the 1999 season . The engines were purchased and rebadged as Supertec . Supertecs powered Williams , Benetton and BAR in 1999 , and Benetton and Arrows in 2000 . The Benetton team rebadged the engines as Playlife . After the 2000 season , Supertec were collapsed due to financial problems and thus Renault Sport F1 bought Supertec 's assets in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.284', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.374', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luca Badoer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luca_Badoer', 'summary': "Luca Badoer ( born 25 January 1971 ) is an Italian former racing driver . Badoer has raced for the Scuderia Italia , Minardi , Forti Corse and most recently , Ferrari teams . In addition to his racing duties , Badoer was one of the active test and reserve drivers for Ferrari from 1998 to 2010 and in 2009 stood in for Ferrari 's regular race driver Felipe Massa at the European Grand Prix and the Belgian Grand Prix after the Brazilian was injured during qualifying for the Hungarian Grand Prix and his original replacement , Michael Schumacher , pulled out due to injury . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Badoer holds the record for the most Grand Prix starts ( 50 ) and the most race laps completed ( 2364 ) without scoring a point , although all of his races before his 2009 comeback came during a period when only the top six finishers scored points . Under the 2010 scoring system , he would have scored 26 points over his career . He nearly achieved a points finish in the 1999 European Grand Prix when a strong drive saw him reach fourth place , but the gearbox on his Minardi failed with 13 laps remaining ."}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.631', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Gené', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gené', 'summary': "Marc Gené i Guerrero ( born 29 March 1974 ) is a Spanish professional racing driver . He is best known as a tester for Williams and Ferrari in Formula One , Minardi Formula One driver and factory driver for Peugeot 's Le Mans team , with which he won the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans . His brother Jordi is also a racing driver , competing in the WTCC for SEAT . He had 36 starts in Formula One , mostly through two seasons with the Minardi team , with which he scored a sixth-place finish at the attrition-filled 1999 European Grand Prix . Starting from the 2010 season , Gené commented on Formula One races for Spanish television on Antena 3 . In 2013 he became an expert analyst for Sky Sport F1 HD in Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:22.760', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.850', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_European_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 1999 European Grand Prix (formally the Warsteiner Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 September 1999 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the fourteenth race of the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 66-lap race was won by Johnny Herbert, driving a Stewart-Ford, with Jarno Trulli second in a Prost-Peugeot and Herbert's teammate Rubens Barrichello third. It was considered to be one of the most eventful and exciting races of the 1999 season. Going into the race Mika Häkkinen, Eddie Irvine, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and David Coulthard were all harbouring World Championship aspirations. Häkkinen and Irvine were tied for the points lead, with Frentzen 10 points behind them and Coulthard a further two points back. In the previous round at Monza, Häkkinen had made an unforced error while leading, Coulthard and Irvine finished only 5th and 6th and Frentzen took his second race win of the season. In the race, a high number of retirements saw Marc Gené take 6th place for the Minardi team, their first points since Pedro Lamy's at the 1995 Australian Grand Prix. The Stewart cars took first and third, with Prost's Jarno Trulli finishing second. As a consequence of the race, Häkkinen moved into the lead in the World Drivers' Championship, two points ahead of Irvine, with Frentzen a further twelve behind. In the World Constructors Championship, McLaren extended their lead to twelve points over Ferrari. It would prove to be Johnny Herbert's 3rd and final F1 victory, also his 7th and final podium in what was the only victory for the Stewart Grand Prix team as well as their only double podium."}
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What is the lap time of the contestant who started karting at the age of eleven ?
1:20.176
09865aa07cf865e5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia', 'title': 'States and territories of Australia', 'header': ['Post', 'Incumbent', 'Political party', 'Appointed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Premier of New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales , Australia . The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system , with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature . The Premier is appointed by the Governor of New South Wales , and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament , the Legislative Assembly . Prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was also used . Premier has been used more or less exclusively from 1901 , to avoid confusion with the federal Prime Minister of Australia . The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian , the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party , who assumed office on 23 January 2017 . Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017 , after Baird resigned as Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladys Berejiklian MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Berejiklian', 'summary': "Gladys Berejiklian ( born 22 September 1970 ) is an Australian politician serving as the 45th and current Premier of New South Wales and the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party , offices which she assumed on 23 January 2017 following the resignation of Mike Baird . She has been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 2003 , representing the seat of Willoughby . Before becoming Premier , Berejiklian was the Treasurer of New South Wales and Minister for Industrial Relations in the second Baird government , and Minister for Transport in the O'Farrell and first Baird governments . She was also the Deputy Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party between 2014 and 2017 . On 23 March 2019 , she was re-elected as Premier of New South Wales when the Liberal-National Coalition won the 2019 state election ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(New_South_Wales_Division)', 'summary': "The Liberal Party of Australia ( New South Wales Division ) , commonly known as the New South Wales Liberals , is the state division of the Liberal Party of Australia in New South Wales . The party currently governs in New South Wales in coalition with the National Party of Australia ( NSW ) . The party is part of the federal Liberal Party which governs nationally in Coalition with the National Party of Australia . Following the Liberal Party 's formation in October 1944 , the NSW division of the Liberal Party was formed in January 1945 . For the following months , the Democratic Party and Liberal Democratic Party joined the Liberal Party and were replaced by the new party 's NSW division . In the 74 years since its foundation the party has won eight state elections to the Labor Party 's 13 , and has spent 27 years in office ( 1965 to 1976 , 1988 to 1995 and 2011 to the present ) to Labor 's 46 . Eight leaders have become Premier of New South Wales ; of those , five , Sir Robert Askin , Nick Greiner , Barry O'Farrell , Mike Baird and Gladys Berejiklian , have won at least one state election ."}]}, {'value': '23 January 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland', 'summary': 'The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland . By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a parliamentary majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland . The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland . The incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Annastacia Palaszczuk MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annastacia_Palaszczuk', 'summary': "Annastacia Palaszczuk ( /ˈpæləʃeɪ/ ( listen ) , Polish : [ pa'waʂt͡ʂuk ] ; born 25 July 1969 ) is an Australian politician and 39th Premier of Queensland , serving since the 2015 election . She has been a Labor member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland since the 2006 election , representing the electorate of Inala . She held various ministerial portfolios in the Bligh Labor government from 2009 . Following Labor 's defeat in the 2012 election , Palaszczuk succeeded Bligh as leader of Queensland Labor . After the defeat of the Newman LNP government in 2015 , Palaszczuk became the first woman in Australia to become Premier of a state from Opposition . Her first ministry was majority female ( 8 of 14 ) , a first in Australia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': 'Labor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)', 'summary': 'The Australian Labor Party ( Queensland Branch ) , commonly known as Queensland Labor is the Queensland branch of the Australian Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': '14 February 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of South Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia', 'summary': 'The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia , Australia . The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system , with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature . The Premier is appointed by the Governor of South Australia , and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament , the House of Assembly . Steven Marshall is the current Premier , having served since 19 March 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Steven Marshall MHA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Marshall', 'summary': "Steven Spence Marshall ( born 21 January 1968 ) is an Australian politician serving as the 46th and current Premier of South Australia . He has been a member of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia in the South Australian House of Assembly since 2010 , representing the electorate of Dunstan ( known as Norwood before 2014 ) . Marshall has been the Leader of the SA Liberals since February 2013 , and was the Leader of the Opposition between 2013 and 2018 . He had previously been the party 's deputy leader from October 2012 to February 2013 . Initially unsuccessful at the 2014 state election , Marshall led the opposition into government at the 2018 state election and on 19 March was sworn in as Premier by the Governor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly', 'summary': 'The House of Assembly , or lower house , is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of South Australia . The other is the Legislative Council . It sits in Parliament House in the state capital , Adelaide .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(South_Australian_Division)', 'summary': 'The Liberal Party of Australia ( South Australian Division ) , commonly known as the South Australian Liberals , is the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia . It was formerly the Liberal and Country League ( LCL ) , formed in 1932 , before changing its name in 1974 . It is one of two major parties in the bicameral Parliament of South Australia , the other being the Australian Labor Party ( SA Branch ) . The party has been led by Premier of South Australia Steven Marshall since the 2018 state election ; their first win in twenty years . During its 42-year existence as the Liberal and Country League , it spent 34 years in government , mainly due to an electoral malapportionment scheme known as the Playmander . The Playmander was named after LCL leader Sir Tom Playford , who was the Premier of South Australia for 27 years from 1938 until his election loss in 1965 . The Playmander was dismantled through an electoral reform in 1968 , with the 1970 election marking the beginning of democratic proportional representation . Since the electoral reform , the party has won only 4 of the 15 state elections : 1979 , 1993 , 1997 and 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '19 March 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania', 'summary': 'The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania . By convention , the leader of the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly is invited by the Governor of Tasmania to be Premier and principal adviser . Since 20 January 2020 , the Premier of Tasmania has been Peter Gutwein , leader of the Liberal Party , which holds 13 of the 25 seats in the House of Assembly .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Gutwein MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Gutwein', 'summary': 'Peter Carl Gutwein ( born 21 December 1964 ) is an Australian politician . He has been a Liberal Party member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly since 2002 representing the seat of Bass . On 20 January 2020 , he replaced Will Hodgman as leader of the Liberal Party in Tasmania , and was sworn in as 46th Premier of Tasmania later that day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(Tasmanian_Division)', 'summary': 'The Liberal Party of Australia ( Tasmanian Division ) , commonly known as the Tasmanian Liberals , is the state division of the Liberal Party of Australia in Tasmania . The party currently governs in Tasmania . The party is part of the federal Liberal Party of Australia which governs nationally in Coalition with the National Party of Australia .'}]}, {'value': '20 January 2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria', 'summary': 'The Premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria . The Premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria , and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly . Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855 . Between 1856 and 1892 , the head of the government was commonly called the premier or the prime minister , but neither title had any legal basis . The head of government always held another portfolio , usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer , for which they were paid a salary . The first head of government to hold the title of premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892 . The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Andrews MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Andrews', 'summary': 'Daniel Michael Andrews ( born 6 July 1972 ) is an Australian politician who is the 48th Premier of Victoria , a post he has held since 2014 . He has been the state leader of the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) since 2010 , and from 2010 to 2014 was Leader of the Opposition . Andrews has represented the Legislative Assembly seat of Mulgrave since the 2002 election , and served as a parliamentary secretary and minister in the Bracks and Brumby Labor governments . He led the ALP to victory at the 2014 state election , defeating the incumbent Coalition government , and won re-election at the 2018 election with an increased majority .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': 'Labor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Victorian_Branch)', 'summary': "The Australian Labor Party ( Victorian Branch ) , also known as Victorian Labor , is the semi-autonomous Victorian branch of the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) . The Victorian branch comprises two major wings : the parliamentary wing and the organisational wing . The parliamentary wing comprising all elected party members in the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council , which when they meet collectively constitute the party caucus . The parliamentary leader is elected from and by the caucus , and party factions have a strong influence in the election of the leader . The leader 's position is dependent on the continuing support of the caucus ( and party factions ) and the leader may be deposed by failing to win a vote of confidence of parliamentary members . By convention , the premier sits in the Legislative Assembly , and is the leader of the party controlling a majority in that house . The party leader also typically is a member of the Assembly , though this is not a strict party constitutional requirement . When the Labor party wins sufficient seats to be able to control a majority in the Legislative Assembly , the party leader becomes the State Premier and Labor will form the government . When the party is not in government , the party leader becomes the Leader of the Opposition . To become a Premier or Opposition Leader , the party leader must be or within a short period of time become a member of the Legislative Assembly . Daniel Andrews has been the leader of the party since 3 December 2010 and James Merlino has been deputy party leader since February 2012 . At the 2014 state election the ALP in Victoria obtained a majority with 47 of the 88 seats in the Legislative Assembly and formed the Government of Victoria ."}]}, {'value': '4 December 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premier of Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia . The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level , subject to the different Constitutions . The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark McGowan MLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_McGowan_(politician)', 'summary': "Mark McGowan ( born 13 July 1967 ) is an Australian politician , the 30th and current Premier of Western Australia . Born in Newcastle , McGowan was educated in country New South Wales before attending the University of Queensland . He subsequently worked as a legal officer for the Royal Australian Navy , serving at naval base HMAS Stirling , south of Perth . Remaining in Western Australia , McGowan served as a councillor at the City of Rockingham from 1994 until his election to the Legislative Assembly at the 1996 state election , representing the seat of Rockingham . After the 2005 election , he was elevated to the ministry , although he had served as a parliamentary secretary since the 2001 election . McGowan became leader of the Labor Party and opposition leader following Eric Ripper 's resignation in January 2012 , and led the party at its 2013 election defeat . Whilst in opposition , McGowan held several shadow portfolios in addition to his role as opposition leader . McGowan led Labor to a landslide win at the 2017 election , and was sworn in by Governor Kerry Sanderson on 17 March 2017 as the 30th premier of Western Australia . During his term , McGowan has worked to expand Chinese investment in Western Australia and has criticised other politicians for calling attention to human rights in China ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly', 'summary': 'The Western Australian Legislative Assembly , or lower house , is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia , an Australian state . The Parliament sits in Parliament House in the Western Australian capital , Perth . The Legislative Assembly today has 59 members , elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts . Members are elected using the preferential voting system . As with all other Australian states and territories , voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18 .'}]}, {'value': 'Labor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Western_Australian_Branch)', 'summary': 'The Australian Labor Party ( Western Australian Branch ) , commonly known as WA Labor , is the Western Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party . It is the current governing party of Western Australia since winning the 2017 election under Mark McGowan .'}]}, {'value': '17 March 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "The Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory is the head of government of the Australian Capital Territory . The leader of the party with the largest representation of seats in the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly usually takes on the role . Unlike other states and territories , the Chief Minister of the ACT is not nominally appointed by an administrator or viceroy , but elected directly by the Assembly . Since there are no local governments in the territory , the Chief Minister 's role is not only roughly equivalent to that of the Premiers of the states of Australia , but also that of the mayor of a local council . The current Chief Minister is Andrew Barr of the Labor Party , who was elected by the Assembly on 11 December 2014 following the resignation of Katy Gallagher ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Barr MLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Barr', 'summary': 'Andrew James Barr ( born 29 April 1973 ) is an Australian politician and Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory . He has been a Labor Party member in the ACT Legislative Assembly since 5 April 2006 , after being elected on a countback to replace former Treasurer Ted Quinlan , who resigned mid-term . Barr was immediately promoted to Cabinet upon his election . In addition to being Chief Minister , he holds the portfolios of Treasurer , Social Inclusion and Equality , Tourism and Special Events , and Trade , Industry and Investment . On 11 December 2014 he was elected as Chief Minister after his predecessor , Katy Gallagher , resigned and announced her intention to run for the Senate . Barr has been honoured by the LGBTI community as the first openly LGBTI head of government in Australia from 2014 , and was the first openly LGBTI member as well as government cabinet minister in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly', 'summary': 'The Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory ( known in short as the ACT Legislative Assembly ) is the unicameral legislature of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . It sits in the Legislative Assembly Building on Civic Square , close to the centre of the city of Canberra .'}]}, {'value': 'Labor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Australian_Capital_Territory_Branch)', 'summary': 'The Australian Labor Party ( Australian Capital Territory Branch ) , commonly known as ACT Labor , is the ACT branch of the Australian Labor Party . It is one of two major parties in the unicameral Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory . Originally a part of the Australian Labor Party ( New South Wales Branch ) , the ALP National Conference established an autonomous ACT Branch in 1973 . There have been four Labor Chief Ministers since self-government in 1989 . The most recent is the current Chief Minister , Andrew Barr , who has served since 2014 . The current ACT Labor Platform notes that the objective of the party is social justice and the pursuit of a fair , just and equitable society .'}]}, {'value': '11 December 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Minister of the Northern Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Northern_Territory', 'summary': 'The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is the head of government of the Northern Territory . The office is the equivalent of a State Premier . When the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was created in 1974 , the head of government was officially known as Majority Leader . This title was used in the first parliament ( 1974-1977 ) and the first eighteen months of the second . When self-government was granted the Northern Territory in 1978 , the title of the head of government became Chief Minister . The Chief Minister is formally appointed by the Administrator , who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whichever party holds the majority of seats in the unicameral Legislative Assembly . In times of constitutional crisis , the Administrator can appoint someone else as Chief Minister , however , this has never occurred . Since 31 August , following the 2016 election , the Chief Minister is Michael Gunner of the Labor Party . He is the first Chief Minister to have been born in the Northern Territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Gunner MLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gunner', 'summary': 'Michael Patrick Francis Gunner ( born 6 January 1976 ) is an Australian politician and the current Chief Minister of the Northern Territory . He is a Labor member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly , having held his seat of Fannie Bay in Darwin since the retirement of then Chief Minister Clare Martin at the 2008 election . Gunner was elected leader of Labor in the Northern Territory , and hence Leader of the Opposition , in April 2015 . He led Labor to a landslide victory in the 2016 Northern Territory election . He was sworn in on 31 August , becoming the first Chief Minister to have been born in the Northern Territory .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Territory_Legislative_Assembly', 'summary': 'The Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory is the only house of the Parliament of the Northern Territory , Australia . The Legislative Assembly has 25 members , each elected for single-member electorates . The voting method changed in February 2016 from full-preferential voting to optional preferential voting . The term of the Legislative Assembly is four years , and elections are on the fourth Saturday in August of the fourth year after the previous election , but can be earlier in the event of a no confidence vote in the Government . The last election for the Legislative Assembly was the 2016 election held on 27 August 2016 . The next election is scheduled for 22 August 2020 . Persons who are qualified under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 to vote for a member for the Northern Territory in the House of Representatives are qualified to vote at an election for the Legislative Assembly . Voting is compulsory for all those over 18 years of age . Since 2004 , elections have been conducted by the Northern Territory Electoral Commission , which also organises regular electoral redistributions .'}]}, {'value': 'Labor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Northern_Territory_Branch)', 'summary': 'The Australian Labor Party ( Northern Territory Branch ) , commonly known as Territory Labor , is the Northern Territory branch of the Australian Labor Party . It has been the governing party of the Northern Territory since winning the 2016 election under Michael Gunner . It previously held office from 2001 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '31 August 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Norfolk Island Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Norfolk_Island', 'summary': 'This article lists the heads of government of Norfolk Island . ( Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office , irrespective of continuation of status of that office )'}]}, {'value': 'Councillor Robin Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 July 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presidents of Australian Indian Ocean Territories : President of the Shire of Christmas Island President of the Shire of Cocos Council', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories', 'summary': 'Australian Indian Ocean Territories is the name since 1995 of an administrative unit under the Australian Department of Infrastructure , Transport , Regional Development and Local Government , consisting of two islands groups in the Indian Ocean under Australian sovereignty :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Christmas_Island', 'summary': "The Shire of Christmas Island is a local government area of the Australian external territory of Christmas Island ( 10°29′S 105°37′E / 10.483°S 105.617°E / -10.483 ; 105.617 ; post code : 6798 ) . The island is grouped with Western Australia but is administered by the Attorney-General 's Department and an Administrator . It covers an area of 136.7 km2 in the Indian Ocean about 2,360 km north-west of Perth and 500 km south of Java in Indonesia . It has a population of 1,448 ( ABS 2001 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_Shire_Council', 'summary': 'Chairmen of the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Council'}]}, {'value': 'Councillor Foo Kee Heng Councillor Balmut Pirus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 October 2011 May 2013', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Premiers and chief ministers of states and territories', 'section_text': 'Main article : Premiers of the Australian states', 'uid': 'States_and_territories_of_Australia_4', 'intro': "Government in the Commonwealth of Australia is exercised on three levels: federal, states and territories, and local government. There are six states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania. Historically, each is a successor to one of the previous Australian colonies. Each state has its own constitution, with its own legislature (parliament), judiciary and executive. The state parliaments have plenary legislative power, except that some areas of legislative power are exclusive to the Federal Parliament, many others are exercised concurrently with it and, in case of conflict between federal and state legislation, the federal legislation prevails. A decision of a state judiciary is subject to appeal to the High Court. There are also ten territories, whose existence and governmental structure (if any) depend on federal legislation. The territories are distinguished for federal administrative purposes between internal territories, i.e. those within the Australian mainland, and external territories, although the differences among all the territories relate to population rather than location. Two of the three internal territories - the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), which was established to be a neutral site of the federal capital, and the Northern Territory - function almost as states. Each has self-government, through its legislative assembly, but the assembly's legislation can be federally overridden. Each has its own judiciary, with appeal to a federal court."}
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What is the post of the incumbent who was born January 6 , 1976 ?
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_French_Grand_Prix', 'title': '2001 French Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:12.989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:12.999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.186', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.197', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Häkkinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Häkkinen', 'summary': "Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( Finnish : [ ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen ] ( listen ) ; born 28 September 1968 ) , nicknamed The Flying Finn , is a Finnish former racing driver . He was the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion , driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls . Häkkinen currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies . Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships . He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom . After success in the series , Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992 . The following year , he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti . After four years which yielded minor success for Häkkinen , he scored his first Formula One victory in 1997 . He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the season ending Japanese Grand Prix ; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors ' Championship . Häkkinen repeated his World Championship success in 1999 , taking five victories . He finished as runner-up in the Drivers ' Championship in 2000 , behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport , which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 . For 2005 , he moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) series , where he secured his first victory that year ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.268', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.279', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.310', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Pablo Montoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya', 'summary': "Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxwan ˈpaβlo monˈtoʝa ] ; born September 20 , 1975 ) , is a Colombian-American racing driver . He currently competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship driving for Acura Team Penske , having won the championship in 2019 . He won the International F3000 championship in 1998 , the CART FedEx Championship Series in 1999 in his debut year in the series , and the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship in 2019 . His race wins include the Indianapolis 500 ( 2000 , 2015 ) , Grand Prix of Monaco ( 2003 ) , 24 Hours of Daytona ( 2007 , 2008 , 2013 ) , British Grand Prix ( 2005 ) , Italian Grand Prix ( 2001 , 2005 ) , Grand Prix of Long Beach ( 1999 ) , and the Race of Champions ( 2017 ) . Montoya is , alongside Fernando Alonso , one of only two active drivers who have won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport in its original definition . Montoya also equals Mario Andretti and Dan Gurney by winning races in Indy cars , Formula One cars and NASCAR Cup cars . In October 2009 , Montoya was ranked 30th on Times Online 's list of the Top 50 Formula One drivers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.625', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.636', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz-Harald Frentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz-Harald_Frentzen', 'summary': "Heinz-Harald Frentzen ( born 18 May 1967 ) , nicknamed HHF , is a German former racing driver . He finished runner-up in the 1997 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Williams ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.815', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.826', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:13.867', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.878', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Heidfeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld', 'summary': 'Nick Lars Heidfeld ( born 10 May 1977 ) is a German professional racing driver . Despite scoring regular podium finishes in 2005 with Williams , and in 2007 and 2008 with BMW Sauber , Heidfeld never won a race after debuting in Formula One in 2000 . Heidfeld currently holds three Formula One records ; most podium finishes without a Grand Prix win ( 13 ) , most second-place finishes without a win ( 8 ) , and the most consecutive race classifications ( 41 ) . In 2011 , Heidfeld raced in Formula One for the Renault team as a replacement for the injured Robert Kubica , his former BMW Sauber teammate , before being replaced by Bruno Senna . He currently drives for the Rebellion Racing team in the FIA World Endurance Championship and for Mahindra Racing Formula E Team in Formula E .'}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:14.095', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.106', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.096', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.107', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Panis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Panis', 'summary': 'Olivier Panis ( born 2 September 1966 ) is a French professional racing driver . Panis drove in Formula One for ten seasons , scoring one win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team . As of 2019 , he is the last French driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix . He is the father of racing driver Aurélien Panis .'}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:14.181', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.192', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Irvine', 'summary': "Edmund Irvine Jr. ( born 10 November 1965 ) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland . He competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2002 , and finished runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers ' Championship , driving for Scuderia Ferrari . He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship , achieving early success , before progressing to the Formula Three and Formula 3000 Championships . He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix , where he achieved early notoriety for his involvement in incidents on and off the track . He scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan , before moving to Ferrari in 1996 . His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and challenged McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen for the World Championship . He moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000 , scoring the team 's first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002 . Irvine retired from competitive motorsport at the end of the 2002 season . Since retiring , Irvine became a media personality in Great Britain . He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005 , but talks came to nothing . Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market , having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:14.441', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.452', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimi Räikkönen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimi_Räikkönen', 'summary': "Kimi-Matias Räikkönen ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikːønen ] ; born 17 October 1979 ) , nicknamed Iceman , is a Finnish racing driver currently driving in Formula One for Alfa Romeo Racing . He won the 2007 Formula One World Championship in his first season at Scuderia Ferrari . After nine seasons racing in Formula One he left the sport to compete in the World Rally Championship in 2010 and 2011 , returning to Formula One from 2012 . In addition to this title , Räikkönen also finished second overall in 2003 and 2005 , and third in 2008 , 2012 and 2018 . Räikkönen has won 21 Grands Prix , making him the most successful Finnish driver in terms of Formula One race wins . He is the only driver to take a race win in the V10 , V8 and the hybrid V6 engine eras . Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001 , having competed in only 23 car races previously . He joined McLaren-Mercedes in 2002 , and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the championship to Michael Schumacher in 2003 , and Fernando Alonso in 2005 . Räikkönen 's seasons at McLaren were plagued by severe unreliability from his cars , prompting a move to Ferrari in 2007 . This change saw him crowned Formula One World Drivers ' Champion that season , pipping both McLaren drivers-Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso-to the title by just one point . In 2008 he equalled the record for the greatest number of fastest laps in a season for the second time . Räikkönen left both Scuderia Ferrari and the sport after the 2009 season , his sole victory that year having come in that season 's Belgian Grand Prix due to driving an uncompetitive Ferrari F60 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:14.536', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.547', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro de la Rosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Rosa', 'summary': 'Pedro Martínez de la Rosa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo ðe la ˈrosa ] ; born 24 February 1971 ) is a Spanish former Formula One driver who has participated in 107 Grands Prix for the Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT teams , debuting on 7 March 1999 , becoming one of very few drivers to score a point at his first race . He has scored a total of 35 championship points , which includes a podium finish at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix . On 21 November 2011 , De la Rosa signed a two-year contract to drive for the HRT F1 team , but he only remained with the team for one season , after HRT withdrew from the 2013 team list , leaving him without a drive for the 2013 season . On 16 January 2013 , De la Rosa was announced as the Ferrari development driver for the 2013 Formula One season . De la Rosa , along with Michael Schumacher was the last F1 driver that had raced in the sport in the 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaguar - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaguar_Racing', 'summary': "Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguar 's racing interests . It currently competes in Formula E under the name Panasonic Jaguar Racing . It was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.031', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luciano Burti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luciano_Burti', 'summary': 'Luciano Pucci Burti ( born 5 March 1975 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who briefly raced in Formula One . He is now a commentator for TV Globo .'}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Acer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Acer_Inc.', 'summary': "Acer Inc. ( /ˈeɪsər/ AY-sər ; Chinese : 宏碁股份有限公司 ; pinyin : Hóngqí Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī , lit . Hongqi Corporation Ltd. ; commonly known as Acer and stylized as acer ) is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation , specializing in advanced electronics technology , headquartered in Xizhi , New Taipei City , Taiwan . Acer 's products include desktop PCs , laptop PCs ( clamshells , 2-in-1s , convertibles and Chromebooks ) , tablets , servers , storage devices , virtual reality devices , displays , smartphones and peripherals . Acer also sells gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand . In the early 2000s , Acer implemented a new business model , shifting from a manufacturer to a designer , marketer and distributor of products , while performing production processes via contract manufacturers . In 2015 , Acer was the sixth-largest personal computer vendor in the world . Currently , in addition to its core IT products business , Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms , and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.072', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.083', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.231', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenson Button', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenson_Button', 'summary': "Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE ( born 19 January 1980 ) is a British racing driver and former Formula One driver . He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship , driving for Brawn GP . He currently competes in the Japanese Super GT Series driving a Honda NSX-GT for Team Kunimitsu , in which he won the title in 2018 . Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success , before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Williams for the 2000 season . The following year he switched to Benetton , which in 2002 became Renault , and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR . In 2004 he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship , with only the two Ferraris ahead of him . BAR was subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season , during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary , after 113 races . Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008 , he was left without a drive for the 2009 season , until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009 , and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive , Mercedes-engined car . He went on to win a record-tying six of the first seven races of the 2009 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix , having led on points all season ; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors ' Championship . For 2010 , he moved to McLaren , partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton . After finishing fifth for the team in 2010 , Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up ."}]}, {'value': 'Benetton - Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benetton_Formula', 'summary': 'Benetton Formula Ltd. , commonly referred to simply as Benetton , was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001 . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name . In 2000 , the team was purchased by Renault , but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons . In 2002 , the team became Renault F1 . The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.420', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.431', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jos Verstappen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jos_Verstappen', 'summary': 'Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen ( born 4 March 1972 ) is a Dutch former racing driver . After his F1 career Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races ( winning the 24 hours of Le Mans LMP2 class in 2008 ) . Prior to his F1 debut in 1994 , he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993 . Jos was considered the most successful Dutch F1 racing driver before he retired and began mentoring his son Max in Formula 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Asiatech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asiatech', 'summary': 'Asiatech was the trade name of Asia Motor Technologies France , a company founded in 2000 by Japanese private capital under the leadership of Dr. John Gano and Enrique Scalabroni , which purchased the assets of the Peugeot Formula One programme at the end of the 2000 season . Its mandate was to acquire top-level European engine technology for Asia and to create an Asian-themed F1 team . It increased staffing from 170 to 221 employees , supplied its engines in development for testing at no cost to minor teams in 2001 and 2002 , and had designed and presented the wind-tunnel model of its original F1 chassis when its Japanese private funding failed in 2002 . Asiatech returned the staff and facilities it had acquired back to Peugeot and wound down at the end of the 2002 season .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.707', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.718', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Alesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Alesi', 'summary': "Jean Alesi ( born Giovanni Alesi ; 11 June 1964 ) is a French racing driver of Italian origin . His father , Franco , was a mechanic from Alcamo , Sicily , and his mother was from Riesi . After successes in the minor categories , notably winning the 1989 Formula 3000 Championship , his Formula One career included spells at Tyrrell , Benetton , Sauber , Prost , Jordan and Ferrari , where he proved very popular among the tifosi . During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995 , his aggressive driving style , combined with the use of the number 27 on his car , led some journalists , and the tifosi , to compare him to Gilles Villeneuve and he won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix , but this proved to be the only win of his Formula One career . During his time in Formula One , Alesi was particularly good in the wet , and was a mercurial and passionate racer , whose emotions sometimes got the better of him . After leaving Formula One , from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship , winning some races , and his best result was a fifth place in the drivers ' championship . He raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009 , and raced at Le Mans in 2010 . He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition . For several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position . In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ."}]}, {'value': 'Prost - Acer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prost_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team owned and managed by four-time Formula One world champion Alain Prost . The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Acer_Inc.', 'summary': "Acer Inc. ( /ˈeɪsər/ AY-sər ; Chinese : 宏碁股份有限公司 ; pinyin : Hóngqí Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī , lit . Hongqi Corporation Ltd. ; commonly known as Acer and stylized as acer ) is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation , specializing in advanced electronics technology , headquartered in Xizhi , New Taipei City , Taiwan . Acer 's products include desktop PCs , laptop PCs ( clamshells , 2-in-1s , convertibles and Chromebooks ) , tablets , servers , storage devices , virtual reality devices , displays , smartphones and peripherals . Acer also sells gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand . In the early 2000s , Acer implemented a new business model , shifting from a manufacturer to a designer , marketer and distributor of products , while performing production processes via contract manufacturers . In 2015 , Acer was the sixth-largest personal computer vendor in the world . Currently , in addition to its core IT products business , Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms , and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications ."}]}, {'value': '1:15.774', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.785', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Bernoldi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Bernoldi', 'summary': 'Enrique Antônio Langue e Silvério de Bernoldi ( born 19 October 1978 in Curitiba ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who raced for the Arrows Formula One team in 2001 and 2002 , and was the test driver for BAR Honda between 2004 and 2006 . He entered IndyCar racing in 2008 , and competed in the FIA GT World Championship between 2009 and 2011 , in addition to entering multiple other competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Arrows - Asiatech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrows_Grand_Prix_International', 'summary': 'Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002 . It was known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asiatech', 'summary': 'Asiatech was the trade name of Asia Motor Technologies France , a company founded in 2000 by Japanese private capital under the leadership of Dr. John Gano and Enrique Scalabroni , which purchased the assets of the Peugeot Formula One programme at the end of the 2000 season . Its mandate was to acquire top-level European engine technology for Asia and to create an Asian-themed F1 team . It increased staffing from 170 to 221 employees , supplied its engines in development for testing at no cost to minor teams in 2001 and 2002 , and had designed and presented the wind-tunnel model of its original F1 chassis when its Japanese private funding failed in 2002 . Asiatech returned the staff and facilities it had acquired back to Peugeot and wound down at the end of the 2002 season .'}]}, {'value': '1:15.828', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.839', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Qualifying -- Qualifying classification', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_French_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 2001 French Grand Prix (officially the Mobil 1 Grand Prix de France) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, Magny-Cours, France on 1 July 2001 before a crowd of 120,717 people. It was the tenth race of the 2001 Formula One World Championship and the 51st running of the event as part of the series. The 72-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from second position. Ralf Schumacher finished second for the Williams team with Rubens Barrichello third in the other Ferrari. Ralf Schumacher led the opening 23 laps before he made his first pit stop and Michael Schumacher assumed the lead after the first round of pit stops. His nearest championship rival David Coulthard of the McLaren outfit served a ten-second stop-and-go penalty on lap 32 for an earlier transgression of speeding at the pit lane exit. Michael Schumacher pulled away from the slower car of Ralf Schumacher who baulked his teammate Juan Pablo Montoya, until his second pit stop on the 44th lap. Montoya led laps 46 to 50 before he ceded the lead to Michael Schumacher, who maintained it to take his fifth victory at the French Grand Prix, his sixth victory of the season and the 50th of his career. The result enabled Michael Schumacher to increase his Drivers' Championship lead over Coulthard in second to 31 points. Ralf Schumacher's second-place finish moved him past Barrichello for third. Although he retired from the event, Montoya kept fifth. Ferrari further extended their Constructors' Championship advantage to 52 points over the McLaren team in second."}
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What milestone of number of starts was obtained in 2010 by the person who finished the qualifying round of the French Grand Prix right behind Heinz-Harald Frentzen ?
300
09898e4318e04fb3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_State_Historic_Markers_in_Warren_County,_New_York', 'title': 'List of New York State Historic Markers in Warren County, New York', 'header': ['', 'Marker name', 'Location', 'City or Town', 'Marker text'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamond Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On Diamond Island in L. George', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolton , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolton,_New_York', 'summary': 'Bolton is a town in Warren County , New York , United States . It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 2,117 at the 2000 census . Bolton is on the east border of the county .'}]}, {'value': "In center of lake , military depot of Burgoyne 's Army , attacked , Sept. 1777 , by Americans under Col. Brown ; Later abandoned by enemy", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Half Way Brook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On US 9 At Northern End Of City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glens Falls , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Glens Falls is a city in Warren County , New York , United States and is the central city of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 14,700 at the 2010 census . The name was given by Colonel Johannes Glen , the falls referring to a large waterfall in the Hudson River at the southern end of the city . Glens Falls is a city in the southeast corner of Warren County , surrounded by the town of Queensbury to the north , east , and west , and by the Hudson River and Saratoga County to the south . Glens Falls is known as Hometown U.S.A. , a title Look Magazine gave it in 1944 . The city has also referred to itself as the Empire City .'}]}, {'value': 'Midway between Fort Edward and Fort George . On this site about 1755 stood a blockhouse enclosed by a stockade', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pass to Trout Brook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On NYS 8 & NYS 9N About 1 Mile North Of Hague', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hague , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hague,_New_York', 'summary': 'Hague is a town in northeastern Warren County , New York , United States located on the scenic Lake George . It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 854 at the 2000 census . The town was named after the city The Hague in the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Through This Pass To Trout Brook Was An Indian Trail Used By Robert Rogers After Battle On Snowshoes , 1758 , On Retreat To Ft. William Henry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort William Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_William_Henry', 'summary': "Fort William Henry was a British fort at the southern end of Lake George , in the province of New York . It is the site of notorious atrocities committed by the Huron tribes against the surrendered British and provincial troops following a successful French siege in 1757 . That event was portrayed in James Fenimore Cooper 's novel The Last of the Mohicans . The fort 's construction was ordered by Sir William Johnson in September 1755 , during the French and Indian War , as a staging ground for attacks against the French fort at Crown Point called Fort St. Frédéric . It was part of a chain of British and French forts along the important inland waterway from New York City to Montreal , and occupied a key forward location on the frontier between New York and New France . It was named for both Prince William , the Duke of Cumberland , the younger son of King George II , and Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester , a grandson of King George II and a younger brother of the future King George III . Following the 1757 siege , the French destroyed the fort and withdrew . While other forts were built nearby in later years , the site of Fort William Henry lay abandoned . In the 19th century , it was a destination for tourists . In the 1950s interest in the history of the site revived , and a replica of the fort was constructed . It is now operated as a living museum and a popular tourist attraction in the village of Lake George ."}]}, {'value': 'On Lake Front , L. George Vlge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake George , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_George_(village),_New_York', 'summary': "The Village of Lake George is a village within the town of Lake George in Warren County , New York , United States , located at the southern end of its namesake lake . The population was 985 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The village and the surrounding area is a famous summertime tourist region and historic summer colony , which at one time included Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe . Lake George was the county seat of Warren County until 1963 , when the county seat was moved to Queensbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Wm . Henry 1755 Built By Sir Wm . Johnson 1757 After A Gallant Defense Col. Monroe In Command Surrendered To The French Under Gen. Montcalm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Montcalm 's Camp , 1757", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On US 9 At Lake George Vlge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake George , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_George_(village),_New_York', 'summary': "The Village of Lake George is a village within the town of Lake George in Warren County , New York , United States , located at the southern end of its namesake lake . The population was 985 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The village and the surrounding area is a famous summertime tourist region and historic summer colony , which at one time included Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe . Lake George was the county seat of Warren County until 1963 , when the county seat was moved to Queensbury ."}]}, {'value': "On These Grounds Montcalm 's Army Camped During The Siege Of Fort Wm . Henry August 6-9 , 1757", 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hospital at Battle Of Lake George', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On State Reservation At Lake George Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake George , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_George_(village),_New_York', 'summary': "The Village of Lake George is a village within the town of Lake George in Warren County , New York , United States , located at the southern end of its namesake lake . The population was 985 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The village and the surrounding area is a famous summertime tourist region and historic summer colony , which at one time included Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe . Lake George was the county seat of Warren County until 1963 , when the county seat was moved to Queensbury ."}]}, {'value': "Many Wounded Soldiers And Some With Smallpox Were Cruelly Murdered By Indians Of Montcalm 's Army", 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Five Mile Run', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On US 9 About 2½ Miles North Of Glens Falls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensbury , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensbury,_New_York', 'summary': 'Queensbury is a town in Warren County , New York , United States . The population was 27,901 at the 2010 census . It contains the county seat of Warren County , located at a municipal center complex on U.S. Route 9 south of the village of Lake George . It was moved to the complex in 1963 from the original county seat of Lake George . The town is located in the southeastern corner of the county and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is named in honor of Queen Charlotte , the consort of George III of Great Britain and Ireland . Although primarily located north of the city of Glens Falls , Queensbury surrounds the city on three sides . The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom , a Six Flags theme park , is located in northwest Queensbury . West Mountain , a downhill skiing area , is located in the southwestern part of town .'}]}, {'value': 'In French And Indian War This Run Was Avoided Because Of Fear Of Attack By Hidden Indians . Name Changed To Meadow Run 1808', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Military_Road', 'summary': 'The following is a list of military roads worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'On US 9 About 4½ Miles North Of Glens Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glens_Falls', 'summary': 'Glens Falls is a city in Warren County , New York , United States and is the central city of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 14,700 at the 2010 census . The name was given by Colonel Johannes Glen , the falls referring to a large waterfall in the Hudson River at the southern end of the city . Glens Falls is a city in the southeast corner of Warren County , surrounded by the town of Queensbury to the north , east , and west , and by the Hudson River and Saratoga County to the south . Glens Falls is known as Hometown U.S.A. , a title Look Magazine gave it in 1944 . The city has also referred to itself as the Empire City .'}]}, {'value': 'Queensbury , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensbury,_New_York', 'summary': 'Queensbury is a town in Warren County , New York , United States . The population was 27,901 at the 2010 census . It contains the county seat of Warren County , located at a municipal center complex on U.S. Route 9 south of the village of Lake George . It was moved to the complex in 1963 from the original county seat of Lake George . The town is located in the southeastern corner of the county and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is named in honor of Queen Charlotte , the consort of George III of Great Britain and Ireland . Although primarily located north of the city of Glens Falls , Queensbury surrounds the city on three sides . The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom , a Six Flags theme park , is located in northwest Queensbury . West Mountain , a downhill skiing area , is located in the southwestern part of town .'}]}, {'value': 'Between Fort Edward And Lake George Built By Sir William Johnson During The Summer Of 1755', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oneida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oneida_Corners,_New_York', 'summary': 'Oneida Corners is a hamlet within the town of Queensbury in Warren County in the U.S. state of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'On NYS 9L About 3½ Miles North Of Glens Falls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensbury , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensbury,_New_York', 'summary': 'Queensbury is a town in Warren County , New York , United States . The population was 27,901 at the 2010 census . It contains the county seat of Warren County , located at a municipal center complex on U.S. Route 9 south of the village of Lake George . It was moved to the complex in 1963 from the original county seat of Lake George . The town is located in the southeastern corner of the county and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is named in honor of Queen Charlotte , the consort of George III of Great Britain and Ireland . Although primarily located north of the city of Glens Falls , Queensbury surrounds the city on three sides . The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom , a Six Flags theme park , is located in northwest Queensbury . West Mountain , a downhill skiing area , is located in the southwestern part of town .'}]}, {'value': 'Named For Tom Hammond , A Half Breed Oneida Indian A Thriving Settlement Doing A Large Lumbering Business At Close Of Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oneida_tribe', 'summary': "The Oneida ( Onyota ' a : ka or Onayotekaonotyu , meaning the People of the Upright Stone , or standing stone , Thwahrù·nęʼ in Tuscarora ) are a Native American tribe and First Nations band . They are one of the five founding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area of upstate New York , particularly near the Great Lakes . Originally the Oneida inhabited the area that later became central New York , particularly around Oneida Lake and Oneida County . Today the Oneida have four nationally recognized nations : Oneida Indian Nation in New York , an Oneida Nation , in and around Green Bay , Wisconsin in the United States ; and two in Ontario , Canada : Oneida at Six Nations of the Grand River and Oneida Nation of the Thames in Southwold ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Cameron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On Co. Rd . About 5 Miles West Of Warrensburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thurman , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thurman,_New_York', 'summary': 'Thurman is a town in the western part of Warren County , New York , United States . It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The town population was 1,199 at the 2000 census . The town is named after John Thurman , an early landowner . The town lies entirely inside the Adirondack Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Pioneer Woodsman Farmer , Justice Of The Peace , Settled In This Valley In 1773 . Buried 100 Feet West Of This Marker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weber Furlong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weber_Furlong', 'summary': "Wilhelmina Weber Furlong ( 1878-1962 ) was a German American artist and teacher . Among America 's earliest avant-garde elite modernist painters , Weber Furlong was a major American artist who pioneered modern impressionistic and modern expressionistic still life painting at the turn of the twentieth century 's American modernist movement . She has been called the first female modernist painter in American Modernism . Furlong 's path reflects similar struggles of women artists during the late 1800s and early 1900s who found themselves subjugated to the tastes of realist instructors who opposed both modernism in art and women artists ."}]}, {'value': 'The left side of City Hall on 42 Ridge Street Glens Falls , 12801 next to the Sidewalk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glens Falls , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Glens Falls is a city in Warren County , New York , United States and is the central city of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 14,700 at the 2010 census . The name was given by Colonel Johannes Glen , the falls referring to a large waterfall in the Hudson River at the southern end of the city . Glens Falls is a city in the southeast corner of Warren County , surrounded by the town of Queensbury to the north , east , and west , and by the Hudson River and Saratoga County to the south . Glens Falls is known as Hometown U.S.A. , a title Look Magazine gave it in 1944 . The city has also referred to itself as the Empire City .'}]}, {'value': "Weber Furlong ( 1878 - 1962 ) One of America 's great and influential artists of the twentieth century , Weber Furlong was among the first to champion the Modern art movement . The final years of her life were spent in Glens Falls , where she lived and taught near this site at her Ridge Street studio until her death in 1962 . Placed for the Warren County Bicentennial", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Listings county-wide', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_State_Historic_Markers_in_Warren_County,_New_York_0', 'intro': 'This is a complete list of New York State Historic Markers in Warren County, New York.'}
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Which historic marker is found in the city whose name came from a city in the Netherlands ?
Pass to Trout Brook
09899cdc70622e6f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'title': 'FIBA Intercontinental Cup', 'header': ['Year', 'Finals top scorer', 'Club', 'Points scored'], 'data': [{'value': '1965 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup_Test_Tournament', 'summary': 'The 1965 FIBA Intercontinental Cup Test Tournament was the test edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup . The game was contested by S.C. Corinthians Paulista , and the 1965 FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) champions , Real Madrid . The 1965 FIBA Intercontinental Cup Test was played with a single-game format , in São Paulo , Brazil , on 5 July 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wlamir Marques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wlamir_Marques', 'summary': "Wlamir Marques , also commonly known simply as Wlamir ( born July 16 , 1937 in São Vicente , Brazil ) is a retired Brazilian basketball player and basketball coach . Marques is considered to be one of the best Brazilian basketball players of all time , and to have been one of the best players in the world during the nineteen-sixties ( except for United States players ) . Alongside fellow countrymen Amaury Pasos , Algodão , and Rosa Branca , he led the best basketball generation Brazil ever had . At a height of 1.85 m ( 6 ' 1 ) tall , he played at the small forward position . He was nicknamed The Flying Saucer , and The Blonde Devil . Along with Kresimir Cosic , Marques is one of the top two medalists in FIBA World Cup history , having won 2 gold medals and 2 silver medals . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . The Ginásio Poliesportivo Wlamir Marques arena is named after him , in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.C._Corinthians_Paulista_basketball', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista , abbreviated as either S.C. Corinthians Paulista or S.C.C.P. , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo , Brazil . It is a part of the multi-sports club S.C. Corinthians Paulista ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1966 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 1st official edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Real Madrid Pavilion , Madrid , Spain . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid and Ignis Varèse , from the South American Club Championship participated Corinthians , and from the NABL played the Chicago Jamaco Saints ."}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni Gavagnin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Gavagnin', 'summary': 'Giovanni Gavagnin ( 15 September 1936 - 3 March 2013 ) was an Italian professional basketball player and coach . In 2009 , he was inducted into the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Ignis Varese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese', 'summary': "Pallacanestro Varese , also called by its current sponsor 's name , the Openjobmetis Varese , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Varese , Lombardy . Founded in 1945 , the team plays in the Italian first division LBA . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1967 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 2nd edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Varese , Naples & Rome . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Simmenthal Milano , Slavia VŠ Praha , and Ignis Varese . From the South American Club Championship participated Corinthians , and from the NABL participated the Akron Wingfoots ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Gennari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Gennari', 'summary': "Anthony Michael Gennari ( alternate name : Antonio ; 9 September 1942 - 22 May 2019 ) was an Italian-American former professional basketball player . At a height of 1.91 m ( 6 ' 3 ) tall , he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions ."}]}, {'value': 'Ignis Varese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese', 'summary': "Pallacanestro Varese , also called by its current sponsor 's name , the Openjobmetis Varese , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Varese , Lombardy . Founded in 1945 , the team plays in the Italian first division LBA . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1968 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 3rd edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Palestra and Spectrum , Philadelphia . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid and Simmenthal Milano , from the South American Club Championship participated Botafogo , and from the NABL participated the Akron Wingfoots ."}]}, {'value': 'Miles Aiken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miles_Aiken', 'summary': 'Miles Aiken ( born December 27 , 1941 ) is an American former professional basketball player , coach of the British Olympic basketball team , and sportscaster of basketball and American football . He was a center in college for St. Bonaventure University in the 1960s , and averaged over 23 points a game before suffering a knee injury . After college , he played as a power forward in the EuroLeague . There , he won two championships with Real Madrid . He also won the FIBA Saporta Cup with Partenope Napoli . Aiken coached the British Olympic basketball team in the 1970s , and later became a sportscaster of basketball and American football .'}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1969_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1969 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 4th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Macon , Georgia , United States . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid and Spartak ZJŠ Brno , and from the South American Club Championship participated Sírio . Macon Movers took part from the NCAA , and from the NABL participated the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Bobrovský', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Bobrovský', 'summary': 'Jan Bobrovský ( born March 29 , 1945 , Rosice ) is a former Czechoslovak professional basketball player , coach , and sports official . It is listed on the honor meritorious deed Sports Masters . His son in law is a former football defender Petr Křivánek .'}]}, {'value': 'Spartak ZJŠ Brno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Brno', 'summary': 'Basketball Club Brno ( Czech : Basketbalový Klub Brno ) , for sponsorship reasons egoé Brno , is a Czech professional basketball club based in the city of Brno . The team plays in the Czech National Basketball League - the highest competition in the Czech Republic . Home games of Brno are played in the Sportovní hala Sokola Brno , which has a capacity of 1,100 people .'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1970_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1970 FIBA Intercontinental Cup was the 5th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Palazzo dello Sport , Varese . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Ignis Varese , Real Madrid , and Slavia VŠ Praha , from the South American Club Championship participated SC Corinthians , and from the NABL participated the Columbia Sertoma ."}]}, {'value': 'Jiří Zídek Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiří_Zídek_Sr.', 'summary': "Jiří Zídek Sr. ( born February 8 , 1944 ) is a retired Czech professional basketball player . At 6 ' 9 ( 2.06 m ) , Zídek was a talented center , and is considered by many to arguably be the best Czech basketball player ever . He was named the Best Czech Player of the 20th Century . He was among the 105 player nominee list for the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors list . His son , Jiri Zidek Jr. , won the EuroLeague title with Žalgiris , in 1999 . They are to this day , the only father and son to have reached a EuroLeague title game as players ."}]}, {'value': 'Slavia VŠ Praha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USK_Praha', 'summary': "USK Praha , ( Czech : Univerzitní Sportovní Klub Praha , University Sports Club Prague ) , formerly known as Slavia VŠ Praha ( Czech : Slavia Vysoké Školy Praha ) , is a Czech professional basketball club that was founded in 1953 in the city of Prague . USK Praha plays in the NBL , the highest competition in the Czech Republic . It is a 14-times national champion . USK Praha became the first and so far the only men 's basketball club in Czech Republic , as well as former Czechoslovakia , to win one of the European cup competitions , the FIBA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1969 ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972 *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1972 FIBA Intercontinental Cup of National Teams was a special edition tournament of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup , and the 6th edition of the tournament overall . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Robertão José Corrêa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_José_Corrêa', 'summary': 'Roberto Robertão José Corrêa ( born 3 January 1951 ) , also commonly known as Roberto Corrêa , or simply as , Robertão , is a Brazilian former professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team', 'summary': "The Brazil national basketball team is governed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation ( Portuguese : Confederação Brasileira de Basketball ) , abbreviated as CBB . They have been a member of the International Federation of Basketball ( FIBA ) , since 1935 . Brazil 's national basketball team remains among the most successful in the Americas . It is the only team besides the United States , that has appeared at every FIBA Basketball World Cup , since it was first held in 1950 . Throughout its history , the Brazilian national team has won two FIBA World Cup gold medals ( 1959 and 1963 ) , three Summer Olympic Games bronze medals ( in 1948 , 1960 and 1964 ) , four FIBA AmeriCup gold medals ( 1984 , 1988 , 2005 and 2009 ) , and six Pan American Games gold medals ( 1971 , 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1973 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 7th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Ignis Varese and Jugoplastika , from the South American Club Championship participated Sírio and Vaqueros de Bayamón , and from the NABL participated the Lexington Marathon Oilers ."}]}, {'value': 'Arturo Guerrero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Guerrero', 'summary': "Arturo Guerrero Moreno ( born 30 August 1948 ) is a Mexican former basketball player and coach . With Mexico 's senior national team , he played at two Summer Olympic Games ( 1968 Mexico City and 1976 Montreal ) . Due to his shooting ability , he was nicknamed Mano Santa ( Holy Hand ) . Along with Manolo Raga , he is generally considered to be one of the two best Mexican basketball players of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Sírio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.C._Sirio_(basketball)', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Sírio , abbreviated as E.C . Sírio , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1974 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 8th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Mexico City , Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'John Lucas II & Bob Morse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Lucas_II', 'summary': 'John Harding Lucas II ( born October 31 , 1953 ) is an American professional basketball coach and former player . He serves as the player development coach of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played basketball and tennis at the University of Maryland , College Park and was an All-American in both .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Morse', 'summary': "Robert Bob Morse ( born January 4 , 1951 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2008 , Morse was chosen as one of the 50 most influential personalities in European club basketball , over the previous half-century ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland Terrapins & Ignis Varese', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Maryland Terrapins men 's basketball team represents the University of Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I competition . Maryland , a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , left the ACC in 2014 to join the Big Ten Conference . Gary Williams , who coached the Terrapins from 1989 to 2011 , led the program to its greatest success , including two consecutive Final Fours , which culminated in the 2002 NCAA National Championship . Under Williams , Maryland appeared in eleven straight NCAA Tournaments from 1994 to 2004 . He retired in May 2011 and was replaced by former Texas A & M coach Mark Turgeon . The Terrapins played in what many consider to be the greatest Atlantic Coast Conference game in history - and one of the greatest college basketball games ever - the championship of the 1974 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament , in which they lost 103-100 in overtime to eventual national champion North Carolina State . The game was instrumental in forcing the expansion of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , thus allowing for at-large bids and the inclusion of more than one team per conference . That Maryland team , with six future NBA draft picks , is considered by many to be the greatest team not to have participated in the NCAA tournament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese', 'summary': "Pallacanestro Varese , also called by its current sponsor 's name , the Openjobmetis Varese , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Varese , Lombardy . Founded in 1945 , the team plays in the Italian first division LBA . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1975 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 9th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Varese and Cantù , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Wayne Brabender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Brabender', 'summary': "Wayne Donald Brabender Cole ( born October 16 , 1945 ) is a retired American-Spanish basketball player and coach , who acquired Spanish citizenship on May 22 , 1968 . At a height of 6 ' 4 ( 1.93 m ) , he could play at either the shooting guard or small forward positions . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . On February 3 , 2008 , Brabender was chosen as one of the 50 most influential personalities to European professional club basketball , over the previous half-century , by the EuroLeague Basketball Experts Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1976 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 10th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Buenos Aires , Argentina ."}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Rullán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Rullán', 'summary': 'Rafael Rullán Ribera ( born 8 January 1952 in Palma de Mallorca , Spain ) is a retired Spanish professional basketball player . A talented center , whose versatility and range helped him to also play the power forward position , he was one of the stars of Real Madrid , throughout the seventies and the eighties .'}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1977 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 11th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Madrid . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Real Madrid as host club and title holder , Mobilgirgi Varèse , and Maccabi Elite as European Champions . From the South American Club Championship participated Atlética Francana . Dragones de Tijuana took part from the Mexican Basketball Circuit , and from the Division I ( NCAA ) participated the Providence Friars ."}]}, {'value': 'Walter Szczerbiak Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Szczerbiak_Sr.', 'summary': "Walter Szczerbiak Sr. ( born August 21 , 1949 ) is an American former professional basketball player . At 6 ' 6 ( 1.98 m ) , Szczerbiak played at the small forward position . On February 3 , 2008 , Szczerbiak was chosen as one of the 50 most influential personalities to European club basketball , over the previous half-century , by the EuroLeague Basketball Experts Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1978 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 12th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Buenos Aires . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Mobilgirgi Varèse and Real Madrid , from the South American Club Championship participated EC Sírio and Obras Sanitarias , and from the Division I ( NCAA ) participated the Rhode Island Rams ."}]}, {'value': 'John Coughran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Coughran', 'summary': "John Douglas Coughran ( born September 12 , 1951 ) is a former American professional basketball player . During his playing career , at a height of 2.01 m ( 6 ' 7 ) tall , he played at the small forward and power forward positions ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1979 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 13th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Oscar Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt', 'summary': "Oscar Daniel Bezerra Schmidt ( born February 16 , 1958 ) is a retired Brazilian professional basketball player . He is also known as Oscar Schmidt Bezerra in Spain , where he played for Fórum Valladolid for the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons , and simply Oscar , or Mão Santa ( Holy Hand ) , in his homeland . Schmidt played the small forward position , was 2.05 m ( 6 ft 8\u200b3⁄4 in ) tall and weighed 107 kg ( 236 lbs ) . He was born in Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil . He is considered to be the all-time leading scorer in the history of basketball , with 49,737 career points scored ( club play , plus national team play combined ) . He is also a record holder for the longest career span of a professional basketball player , and the top scorer in the history of the Summer Olympic Games . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . On August 20 , 2010 , Schmidt was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame , in recognition of his play in international competition . On September 8 , 2013 , Schmidt was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Sírio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Sírio_(basketball)', 'summary': "Esporte Clube Sírio , abbreviated as E.C . Sírio , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1980 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 14th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It took place at Skenderija , Sarajevo , Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Earl Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Williams_(basketball_player)', 'summary': 'Earl the Twirl Williams ( born March 24 , 1951 ) is an American-Israeli former professional basketball player and a teacher of children with special needs .'}]}, {'value': 'Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C.', 'summary': "Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C . , known for sponsorship reasons as the Maccabi FOX Tel Aviv ( מ.כ . מכבי פוקס תל-אביב ) , is a professional basketball club based in Tel Aviv , Israel . The team plays in the Israeli Premier League and internationally in the EuroLeague . The club started in the mid-1930s , as part of the Maccabi Tel Aviv Sports Club , which had been founded in 1906 . With 6 EuroLeague championships ( including the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague ) , one Adriatic League championship , 52 Israeli League championships , 44 Israeli State Cup titles , and 7 Israeli League Cup titles , Maccabi has been the most successful basketball team in Israel , and is also one of the most successful basketball teams outside of North America . Players such as Tal Brody , Miki Berkovich , Jim Boatwright , Kevin Magee , Earl Williams , and Aulcie Perry ; and more recently , Derrick Sharp , Šarūnas Jasikevičius , Tal Burstein , Anthony Parker , and Nikola Vujčić , have been among the elite of Europe 's basketball players ."}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1981 FIBA Club World Cup was the 15th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It was the first edition of the competition that was held under the name of FIBA Club World Cup . It took place at São Paulo , Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Mirza Delibašić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirza_Delibašić', 'summary': "Mirza Delibašić ( Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : Мирза Делибашић ; 9 January 1954 - 8 December 2001 ) was a Bosnian professional basketball player . Delibašić was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . He was enshrined into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2007 . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors . He is widely considered as one of the best shooters in the history of European basketball ."}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1982 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 16th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs and the 15th edition of the tournament in the form of a true intercontinental cup . It took place at Amsterdam , Rotterdam and Den Bosch , Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonello Riva & Dan Cramer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonello_Riva', 'summary': "Antonello Riva ( born 28 February 1962 in Rovagnate ) is an Italian retired professional basketball player . At 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) , he played at the shooting guard and small forward positions . He was nicknamed Nembo Kid . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2004 , he was given a trophy to mark his being the top scorer of all-time in the Italian League , with 14,397 points scored . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford Cantù & Nashua EBBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Cantù', 'summary': 'Pallacanestro Cantù , known for sponsorship reasons as S.Bernardo-Cinelandia Cantù , is an Italian professional basketball club that is based in Cantù , Lombardy . On the European-wide club competition scene , Cantù is second to Real Madrid - against whom they have an 8-2 record - for European trophies won , with twelve titles ( two EuroLeague , four FIBA Saporta Cups , four FIBA Korać Cups and also two FIBA Intercontinental Cups . ) , in addition to three domestic Italian Leagues and two Italian Supercups .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Den_Bosch_Basketball', 'summary': "Heroes Den Bosch is a Dutch professional basketball club based in 's-Hertogenbosch . The club plays in the Dutch Basketball League ( DBL ) , the top basketball division in the Netherlands , since 1972 . Founded as EBBC in 1951 , the club would have several sponsored names the following decades . Den Bosch has won a record sixteen Dutch championships as well as seven NBB Cup titles . The team has also been a regular at European competitions . Heroes plays their home games at the Maaspoort , which has a capacity of 2,700 people ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1983 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 17th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs and the 16th edition of the tournament in the form of a true intercontinental cup . It took place at Buenos Aires , Argentina ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonello Riva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonello_Riva', 'summary': "Antonello Riva ( born 28 February 1962 in Rovagnate ) is an Italian retired professional basketball player . At 6 ' 5 ( 1.96 m ) , he played at the shooting guard and small forward positions . He was nicknamed Nembo Kid . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . In 2004 , he was given a trophy to mark his being the top scorer of all-time in the Italian League , with 14,397 points scored . In 2008 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors ."}]}, {'value': 'Jollycolombani Cantù', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Cantù', 'summary': 'Pallacanestro Cantù , known for sponsorship reasons as S.Bernardo-Cinelandia Cantù , is an Italian professional basketball club that is based in Cantù , Lombardy . On the European-wide club competition scene , Cantù is second to Real Madrid - against whom they have an 8-2 record - for European trophies won , with twelve titles ( two EuroLeague , four FIBA Saporta Cups , four FIBA Korać Cups and also two FIBA Intercontinental Cups . ) , in addition to three domestic Italian Leagues and two Italian Supercups .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1984 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 18th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs and the 17th edition of the tournament in the form of a true intercontinental cup . It took place at Ginásio do Ibirapuera , São Paulo . From the FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) participated Banco Roma and FC Barcelona , from the South American Club Championship , participated Sírio and Obras Sanitarias , and from the NABL , participated the Lexington Marathon Oil ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Townsend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Townsend', 'summary': "Raymond Anthony Townsend ( born December 20 , 1955 ) is a Filipino-American retired professional basketball player . He played three seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Golden State Warriors and the Indiana Pacers . Townsend played college basketball with the UCLA Bruins , earning all-conference honors in the Pacific-8 ( known later as the Pac-12 ) . He was selected by the Warriors in the first round of the 1978 NBA draft , with the 22nd overall pick , and became the first Filipino-American to play in the NBA . During his playing career , he was listed at 6 ' 3 ( 1.91 m ) tall and 175 lbs . ( 79 kg ) . He played at the point guard position ."}]}, {'value': 'Banco Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pallacanestro_Virtus_Roma', 'summary': 'Pallacanestro Virtus Roma , commonly known as Virtus Roma , is an Italian professional basketball club based in Rome , Lazio . It plays in the Lega Basket Serie A ( LBA ) , since the 2019-20 season . It was formerly a major side in Europe , winning the 1983-84 FIBA European Champions Cup ( EuroLeague ) , and at one time being one of only 13 clubs to hold a EuroLeague A license . However , its standing later waned , and Virtus became less competitive in both Europe and the domestic LBA - which it had won in 1983 - before being voluntarily relegated to the Italian second division in July 2015 . For past club sponsorship names , see sponsorship names .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup', 'summary': "The 1985 FIBA Club World Cup was the 19th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men 's basketball clubs . It was the second edition of the competition that was held under the name of FIBA Club World Cup . It took place at Barcelona and Girona . From the FIBA European Champions Cup participated Banco di Roma Virtus , Limoges , Cibona , and FC Barcelona . Also participating were Monte Líbano , San Andrés , and Guantánamo from the South American Club Championship . The Team USA NCAA Olympics Select Team , called the Golden Eagles , took part from the Division I ( NCAA ) , and Maxaquene took part from the FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup . The Northern Cement , the Philippines , took part from the FIBA Asia Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Antonio San Epifanio Epi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Antonio_San_Epifanio', 'summary': "Juan Antonio San Epifanio Ruiz ( born 12 June 1959 ) , most commonly known as Epi , is a retired Spanish professional basketball player . He spent all of his club career playing with FC Barcelona . He was named the Mister Europa European Player of the Year in 1984 , by the Italian basketball magazine Superbasket , and the Best European Player of the 1980s decade , by the French sports newspaper L'Équipe . He was named one of FIBA 's 50 Greatest Players in 1991 . At the Opening Ceremony of the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympic Games , he was honoured with being the last athlete to carry the Olympic torch , before handing it to the archer , Antonio Rebollo , who lit the fire in the cauldron , with an arrow . He was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008 . He became a member of the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2016 . He is considered to be one of the greatest small forwards to ever play in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Bàsquet', 'summary': "FC Barcelona Bàsquet ( English : FC Barcelona Basketball ) , commonly referred to as FC Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional basketball club . It is a part of the FC Barcelona multi sports club , and was founded on 24 August 1926 , which makes it the oldest club in the Liga ACB . The club competes domestically in the Liga ACB and in the EuroLeague . Two times European champions , Barça completed a triple crown in 2003 by winning the season 's league , cup and EuroLeague . The team plays its home games at Palau Blaugrana , which was opened on 23 October 1971 . They share the facilities with the roller hockey , futsal , and handball teams of the club . Some of the well-known players that have played with the team included Pau Gasol , Rony Seikaly , Marc Gasol , Anderson Varejão , Juan Carlos Navarro , Jaka Lakovič , Šarūnas Jasikevičius , Dejan Bodiroga , Gianluca Basile , Ricky Rubio , Juan Antonio San Epifanio , Saša Đorđević , and Tony Massenburg . FC Barcelona also has a reserve team , called FC Barcelona Bàsquet B , that plays in the Spanish 2nd-tier LEB Oro ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- Finals top scorers', 'section_text': "Bob Morse was the FIBA Intercontinental Cup Finals ' Top Scorer in 1974 . Arvydas Sabonis was the FIBA Intercontinental Cup Finals ' Top Scorer in 1986 . Bob McAdoo was the FIBA Intercontinental Cup Finals ' Top Scorer in 1987 . Player nationality shown by national team . [ 18 ] [ 19 ]", 'uid': 'FIBA_Intercontinental_Cup_0', 'intro': "The FIBA Intercontinental Cup, also commonly referred to as the FIBA World Cup for Champion Clubs, or the FIBA Club World Cup, is a professional basketball competition that is endorsed by FIBA World and the NBA. Historically, its purpose has been to gather the premier basketball clubs from each of the world's geographical zones, and to officially decide the best basketball club of the world, which is officially crowned as the world club champion. The World Cup for Clubs has been contended mainly by the champions of the continents and/or world geographical regions that are of the highest basketball levels. The league champions of the NBA, which is considered the most prestigious club competition from the North American zone, currently decline participation. The NBA currently opts instead to send the champions from the NBA G League, which is its secondary club competition. While the league champions of the EuroLeague, which is considered Europe's most prestigious club competition, are not currently permitted to participate at the competition, due to the league's dispute with FIBA. In place of the EuroLeague champions, FIBA Europe instead sends the champions of their main club competition, the FIBA Champions League. FIBA has in the past announced plans to expand the tournament to possibly include the champion teams from the FIBA Africa League, the FIBA Asia Champions Cup, the Australian NBL, and possibly the NBA, at some point in the future."}
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What was the year of birth of the 1968 finals top scorer in the FIBA Intercontinental Cup ?
1941
098a05a9117c8dc0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Belarusian_First_League', 'title': '2013 Belarusian First League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Position in 2012'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gorodeya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Gorodeya', 'summary': 'FC Gorodeya ( Belarusian : ФК Гарадзея , FK Garadzeya ) is a Belarusian football club based in Haradzeya , Nesvizh Raion , Minsk Voblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Gorodeya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorodeya', 'summary': 'Haradzeya ( Belarusian : Гарадзея , Russian : Городея , Polish : Horodziej , Lithuanian : Gorodėja ) is an urban-type settlement in Belarus , located in the Nyasvizh District of Minsk Region .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitebsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Vitebsk', 'summary': 'FC Vitebsk ( Belarusian : ФК Віцебск , FK Vitsebsk ) is a Belarusian football club based in Vitebsk . The club plays in the Belarusian Premier League , the top division in Belarusian football . Their home stadium is Vitebsky Central Sport Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Vitebsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitebsk', 'summary': "Vitebsk , or Viciebsk ( Belarusian : Ві́цебск , Łacinka : Viciebsk , pronounced [ ˈvʲitsʲepsk ] ; Russian : Витебск , pronounced [ ˈvʲitʲɪpsk ] ) , is a city in Belarus . The capital of the Vitebsk Region , it had 342,381 inhabitants in 2004 , making it the country 's fourth-largest city . It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKVICH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_SKVICH_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC SKVICH Minsk was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk , last playing in the Belarusian Second League .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slutsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Slutsk', 'summary': 'FC Slutsk ( Belarusian : ФК Слуцк ; Russian : СФК Слуцк ) is a Belarusian football club based in Slutsk , Minsk Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Slutsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slutsk', 'summary': 'Slutsk ( officially transliterated as Sluck , Belarusian : Слуцк ; Russian : Слуцк ; Polish : Słuck , Lithuanian : Sluckas , Yiddish/Hebrew : סלוצק Slutsk ) is a city in Belarus , located on the Sluch River 105 km ( 65 mi ) south of Minsk . As of 2010 its population is of 61,400 . Slutsk is the administrative center of Slutsk District .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Granit_Mikashevichi', 'summary': 'Granit Mikashevichi ( Belarusian : Гранiт Мiкашэвiчы ) is a football club from Mikashevichi , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Mikashevichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikashevichi', 'summary': 'Mikashevichy ( Belarusian : Мікашэвічы , Mikaševičy , [ mʲikaˈʂɛvʲitʂɨ ] ; Russian : Микашевичи , Mikashevichi , Polish : Mikaszewicze ) is a city in the southwestern Belarusian Brest Region .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vedrich-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rechitsa-2014', 'summary': 'FC Rechitsa-2014 was a Belarusian football club based in Rechytsa .'}]}, {'value': 'Rechitsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rechitsa', 'summary': 'Rechytsa ( Belarusian : Рэчыца , pronounced [ ˈrɛtʂɨtsa ] ; Russian : Речица ; Polish : Rzeczyca ; Lithuanian : Rečyca ) is a city in the Gomel Region of Belarus . It is center of Rechytsa District . The city is situated at the mouth of Rechytsa River , flowing into the Dnieper . As of 2005 [ update ] the population was 65,532 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Volna_Pinsk', 'summary': 'FC Volna Pinsk is a Belarusian football club based in Pinsk , Brest Oblast . The club plays in Belarusian First League .'}]}, {'value': 'Pinsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pinsk', 'summary': "Pinsk ( Belarusian : Пі́нск ; Russian : Пи́нск [ pʲin̪s̪k ] ; Ukrainian : Пі́нськ , Pins ' k ; Polish : Pińsk ; Yiddish/Hebrew : פינסק , Lithuanian : Pinskas ) is a city in Brest Region of Belarus , in the Polesia region , at the confluence of the Pina River and the Pripyat River . The region was known as the Marsh of Pinsk and is southwest of Minsk . The city 's population is about 138,202 . The historic city has a restored city centre , with two-story buildings from the 19th century and the early 20th century . The centre has become an active place for youths of all ages with summer theme parks and a new association football stadium , which houses the city 's football club , FC Volna Pinsk ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bereza-2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bereza-2010', 'summary': 'FC Bereza-2010 ( or Byaroza-2010 ) was a Belarusian football club based in Byaroza , Brest Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Bereza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biaroza', 'summary': 'Biaroza ( Belarusian : Бяро́за , official Belarusian romanization standard : Biaroza , formerly Бяро́за-Карту́зская ; Russian : Берёза , tr . Beryoza ; Polish : Bereza ) is a town of 31 000 inhabitants ( 1995 ) in Western Belarus in the Brest Region . It is the administrative center of the Byaroza District .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smorgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Smorgon', 'summary': 'FC Smorgon is a Belarusian football club based in Smarhon . They will play in the Belarusian First League , the second level in Belarusian league system , after being relegated from the Belarusian Premier League in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Smorgon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smarhon', 'summary': 'Smarhon or Smorgon ( Belarusian : Смарго́нь , [ smarˈɣonʲ ] ; Russian : Сморгонь ; Lithuanian : Smurgainys ; Polish : Smorgonie ; Yiddish : סמאָרגאָן ) is a city in the Grodno Region of Belarus . It was the site of Smarhon air base , now mostly abandoned . Smarhon is located 107 km from the capital , Minsk .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lida', 'summary': 'FC Lida is a Belarusian association football club based in Lida , Grodno Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Lida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lida', 'summary': 'Lida ( Belarusian : Лі́да [ ˈlʲid̪ä ] ; Russian : Ли́да [ ˈlʲid̪ə ] ; Lithuanian : Lyda ; Polish : Lida ; Yiddish : לידע ) is a city 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Minsk in western Belarus in Grodno Region .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Polotsk', 'summary': 'FC Polotsk was a Belarusian professional football club based in Polotsk , Vitebsk Oblast , Belarus .'}]}, {'value': 'Polotsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polotsk', 'summary': 'Polotsk ( Russian : По́лоцк ; Belarusian : По́лацк , romanized : Polatsk ; Lithuanian : Polockas ; Polish : Połock ) is a historical city in Belarus , situated on the Dvina River . It is the center of the Polotsk District in Vitsebsk Voblast . Its population is more than 80,000 people . It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base . The city is also considered to be the geographical center of Europe .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khimik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Khimik_Svetlogorsk', 'summary': 'FC Khimik Svetlogorsk is a Belarusian football club based in Svetlogorsk , Gomel Voblast . The club is notable for being the only club in Belarus that has been playing the First League since the very first season ( 1992 ) without a single promotion or relegation for 29 seasons in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Svetlogorsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Svetlahorsk', 'summary': 'Svietlahorsk ( Belarusian : Светлаго́рск , [ sʲvʲetɫaˈɣorsk ] , Svetlogorsk ( Russian : Светлого́рск ) , until 1961 Šacilki , Belarusian : Шацілкі ) is a town in the Svietlahorsk District of Gomel Region of Belarus , the administrative center of the rajon ( district ) . It is located by the Berezina River and has 68,593 inhabitants ( 2015 estimate ) . Svietlаhorsk-na-Biarezinie ( Svietlаhorsk on Biarezina ) is also a railroad station on the Zhlobin - Kalinkavichy railway line .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smolevichi-STI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Smolevichi-STI', 'summary': 'FC Smolevichi is a Belarusian football club based in Smolevichi , Minsk Oblast .'}]}, {'value': 'Smolevichi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smolevichi', 'summary': 'Smalyavichy ( official transliteration : Smaliavičy ; Belarusian : Смалявічы ; Russian : Смолевичи , Smolevichi ; Yiddish : סמאלביטש , Smalevich , Polish : Smolewicze , Lithuanian : Smaliavičai ) is a city in Minsk Region , Belarus , capital of the Smalyavichy District . It is situated by the Plisa River .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slonim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Slonim', 'summary': 'Slonim-2017 is a Belarusian football club based in Slonim , Grodno Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Slonim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slonim', 'summary': 'Slonim ( Belarusian : Сло́нім , Russian : Сло́ним , Lithuanian : Slanimas , Polish : Słonim , Yiddish : סלאָנים , Slonim ) is a city in Grodno Region , Belarus , capital of the Slonim district . It is located at the junction of the Shchara and Isa rivers , 143 km ( 89 mi ) southeast of Grodno . The population in 2015 was 49,739 .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isloch Minsk Raion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Isloch_Minsk_Raion', 'summary': 'FC Isloch Minsk Raion ( Belarusian : ФК Іслач , FK Islach ; Russian : ФК Ислочь ) is a Belarusian football club based in Minsk , although they officially represent Minsk Raion and named after Islach River .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk Raion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk_Raion', 'summary': 'Minsk District ( Belarusian : Мінскі раён , Russian : Минский район ) is a second-level administrative subdivision ( raion ) of Belarus in Minsk Region . The administrative seat is the city of Minsk , administratively separated from the raion . The most populated town of the proper raion is Zaslawye .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minsk-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Minsk-2', 'summary': 'Minsk-2 was a Belarusian football club based in Minsk and was a reserve team of FC Minsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Second League , 5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams summary', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Belarusian_First_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 Belarusian First League is the 23rd season of 2nd level football in Belarus. It started in April and finished in November 2013.'}
null
null
Which region of Belarus is the city of the team Granit ?
Brest
098a0e7eee4e2f37
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_All-Americans', 'title': 'List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans', 'header': ['Year', 'Player name', 'Position', 'Selector ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '1915', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1915_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1915 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1915 college football season . The only selectors for the 1915 season who have been recognized as official by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) are Walter Camp , whose selections were published in Collier 's Weekly , and the International News Service ( INS ) , a newswire founded by William Randolph Hearst . Although not recognized by the NCAA , many other sports writers , newspapers , and coaches selected All-America teams in 1915 . They include Parke H. Davis , Walter Eckersall , and Fielding H. Yost ."}]}, {'value': 'William T. Van de Graaff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_T._Van_de_Graaff', 'summary': "William Travis Bully Van de Graaff ( October 25 , 1895 - April 26 , 1977 ) was an American football player , coach , and college athletics administrator . He attended Tuscaloosa High School . He played college football at the University of Alabama , where he was selected as an All-American in 1915 , Alabama 's first . He was 6 ' 1 187 pounds . Bully was placed on an Associated Press Southeast Area All-Time football team 1869-1919 era . Van de Graaff served as the head football coach at Colorado College from 1926 to 1939 , compiling a record of 49-47-6 . He coached hall of famer Dutch Clark . He died in Colorado Springs , Colorado on April 26 , 1977 at the age of 81 . He was the older brother of physicist Robert J . Van de Graaff , the designer of the Van de Graaff generator which produces high voltages . Bully 's two older brothers , Hargrove and Adrian , were also Alabama football players ."}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'WC-2 ; PD-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1925 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1925 . Walter Camp died in March 1925 , marking the end of his official All-American selections for Collier 's Weekly . The wire services and others moved in to fill the void in 1925 , with both the United Press and Associated Press offering their own All-American teams for the first time . The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1925 season are ( 1 ) the All-America Board ( AAB ) , ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) , ( 3 ) Collier 's Weekly , with Grantland Rice replacing Camp as the selector , ( 4 ) Football World magazine , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , and ( 8 ) the United Press ( UP ) . The only two unanimous All-Americans in 1925 were tackle Ed Weir of Nebraska and halfback Andy Oberlander of Dartmouth . Red Grange of Illinois and Bennie Oosterbaan of Michigan each received first-team designations from seven of the eight official selectors ."}]}, {'value': 'Allison Hubert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pooley_Hubert', 'summary': "Allison Thomas Stanislaus Pooley Hubert ( April 6 , 1901 - February 26 , 1978 ) was one of the South 's greatest American football players . He played quarterback for coach Wallace Wade 's football teams at the University of Alabama from 1922 to 1925 , leading Alabama to its first Rose Bowl victory in 1925 , known as the game that changed the South . Coach Wade called him undoubtedly one of the greatest football players of all time . He later became the head football and basketball coach at the University of Southern Mississippi and the Virginia Military Institute . He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'NB-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1926_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1926 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1926 . The six selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1926 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice with cooperation from ten coaches , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , based on polling of more than 100 coaches and critics , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , selected by Knute Rockne ( Notre Dame ) , Glenn Pop Warner ( Stanford ) , and Tad Jones ( Yale ) , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , and ( 6 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) . Other notable selectors included Billy Evans , the Central Press Association , the New York Sun , and Walter Eckersall ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Pickhard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Pickhard', 'summary': 'Frederick William Pickhard Jr. ( July 20 , 1906 - April 11 , 1993 ) was a college football player .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'BE-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoyt Wu Winslett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoyt_Winslett', 'summary': "Hoyt Wu Winslett ( January 22 , 1904 - October 2 , 1998 ) was an American college football player and businessman . He was part of the University of Alabama Crimson Tide 's first two national championship teams in 1925 and 1926 . Winslett is also recognized as Alabama 's first Associated Press All-American ."}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; CP-2 ; NYS-2 ; BE-1 ; DW-1 ; ES-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1929_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1929 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1929 . The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1929 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , and ( 7 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Holm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Holm', 'summary': "Bernard Patrick Holm ( May 22 , 1908 - July 15 , 1978 ) , nicknamed Tony Holm , was a professional American football player . In his four seasons in the NFL he played punter and quarterback . In 1933 he became the first quarterback for the now Pittsburgh Steelers . He was born in Birmingham , Alabama . Holm played college football for Wallace Wade 's Alabama Crimson Tide football teams , earning All-America honors in 1929 . Wade 's big express-train fullback , Tom Holm , is in the south all of what Al Marsters and Chris Cagle are in the east . His greatest game was in a 33-13 loss to Georgia Tech ."}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; INS-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred Sington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Sington', 'summary': 'Frederic William Sington ( February 24 , 1910 - August 20 , 1998 ) was an American football and baseball player . Sington was also an accomplished saxophonist . Sington was born in Birmingham , Alabama , and was Jewish . He attended Phillips High School .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'AP-3 ; UP-2 ; INS-2 ; NYP-1 ; DW-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1930 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1930 . The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1930 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , and ( 7 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Sington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Sington', 'summary': 'Frederic William Sington ( February 24 , 1910 - August 20 , 1998 ) was an American football and baseball player . Sington was also an accomplished saxophonist . Sington was born in Birmingham , Alabama , and was Jewish . He attended Phillips High School .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; UP-1 ; CO-1 ; INS-1 ; NEA-1 ; CP-1 ; NYEP-1 ; NYS-1 ; LAT ; AAB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Suther', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': 'AP-3 ; UP-3 ; INS-2 ; CP-1 ; NYEP-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1931_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1931 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1931 . The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1931 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , and ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Cain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Cain', 'summary': "John Lewis Hurri Sugar Cain ( November 17 , 1908 - August 18 , 1977 ) was an American football player , coach of football , baseball , and tennis , and college athletics administrator . He played college football at the University of Alabama , where he was a three-time All-American and a member of the 1930 national championship team that won the Rose Bowl . Cain served as the head football coach at Southwestern Louisiana Institute , now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette , from 1937 to 1941 and in 1946 , compiling a record of 33-19-5 . He was also the head baseball coach at Southwestern Louisiana from 1942 to 1944 . In 1947 , Cain moved to the University of Mississippi to serve as backfield coach for the football team under Johnny Vaught . He was also the head tennis coach at Ole Miss from 1957 to 1973 . Cain was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1973 . He stood 5'10 and weighed 183 pounds ."}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'UP-1 ; NEA-3 ; INS-3 ; WC ; CH-2 ; AAB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1932_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1932 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1932 . The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1932 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press , ( 3 ) the United Press , ( 4 ) the All-America Board , ( 5 ) the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) ; ( 6 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 7 ) Liberty magazine , and ( 8 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Cain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Cain', 'summary': "John Lewis Hurri Sugar Cain ( November 17 , 1908 - August 18 , 1977 ) was an American football player , coach of football , baseball , and tennis , and college athletics administrator . He played college football at the University of Alabama , where he was a three-time All-American and a member of the 1930 national championship team that won the Rose Bowl . Cain served as the head football coach at Southwestern Louisiana Institute , now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette , from 1937 to 1941 and in 1946 , compiling a record of 33-19-5 . He was also the head baseball coach at Southwestern Louisiana from 1942 to 1944 . In 1947 , Cain moved to the University of Mississippi to serve as backfield coach for the football team under Johnny Vaught . He was also the head tennis coach at Ole Miss from 1957 to 1973 . Cain was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1973 . He stood 5'10 and weighed 183 pounds ."}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'INS-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1933_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1933 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1933 . The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1933 season are ( 1 ) the All-America Board , ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) , ( 3 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 4 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 5 ) Liberty magazine , ( 6 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , ( 7 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) , and the United Press ( UP ) . The only unanimous selections were center Chuck Bernard of Michigan and quarterback Cotton Warburton of USC ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Hupke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Hupke', 'summary': 'Thomas George Hupke ( December 29 , 1910 - September 8 , 1959 ) was an American football player . He played college football at the University of Alabama from 1930 to 1933 and was selected as an All-American in 1933 . During the four years Hupke played for the Crimson Tide , the team compiled a record of 34-4-1 . He subsequently played professional football for six years with the Detroit Lions ( 1934-1937 ) and the Cleveland Rams ( 1938-1939 ) . He was a member of the 1935 Detroit Lions team that won the 1935 NFL Championship Game . In September 1959 , Hupke died in Detroit at age 48 after a long illness .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'AP-2 ; UP-2 ; CO-3 ; NANA-3 ; NEA-2 ; INS-3 ; CP-1 ; WD-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1934_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1934 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1934 . The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1934 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) , ( 3 ) the United Press ( UP ) , ( 4 ) the All-America Board ( AAB ) , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , ( 8 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) , and ( 9 ) the Sporting News ( SN ) . No player was the unanimous choice of all nine selectors . Quarterback Bobby Grayson of Stanford and fullback Pug Lund of Minnesota led the group with first-team designations from eight of the nine official selectors . Dixie Howell of Alabama and Chuck Hartwig of Pittsburgh each received six official first-team designations ."}]}, {'value': 'Millard Dixie Howell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dixie_Howell', 'summary': 'Millard Fleming Dixie Howell ( November 24 , 1912 - March 2 , 1971 ) was an American football and baseball player and coach . He played college football as a halfback at the University of Alabama from 1932 to 1934 and with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1937 . Howell served as the head football coach at Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe , now Arizona State University , from 1938 to 1941 and at the University of Idaho from 1947 to 1950 , compiling a career coaching record of 36-35-5 in college football . He also coached at the National University of Mexico in 1935 . Howell was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1970 . He also played professional baseball in eight minor league seasons following college .'}]}, {'value': 'HB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': 'UP-1 ; NEA-1 ; INS-1 ; NANA-1 ; CP-1 ; AP-2 ; LIB-1 ; WC-1 ; CSW-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Hutson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Hutson', 'summary': 'Donald Montgomery Hutson ( January 31 , 1913 - June 26 , 1997 ) was an American professional football player and assistant coach in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played as a split end and spent his entire eleven-year professional career with the Green Bay Packers . Under head coach Curly Lambeau , Hutson led the Packers to four NFL Championship Games , winning three : 1936 , 1939 , and 1944 . In his senior season at the University of Alabama in 1934 , Hutson was recognized as a consensus All-American and won a national championship with the Alabama Crimson Tide football team . After his career at Alabama , he joined the Packers in 1935 and played eleven seasons before he retired in 1945 . He led the league in receiving yards in seven separate seasons and in receiving touchdowns in nine . A talented safety on defense , he also led the NFL in interceptions in 1940 . Hutson was an eight-time All-Pro selection , a four-time All-Star , and was twice awarded the Joe F. Carr Trophy as the NFL Most Valuable Player . Hutson is considered to have been the first modern receiver , and is credited with creating many of the modern pass routes used in the NFL today . He was the dominant receiver of his day , during which he was widely considered one of the greatest receivers in NFL history . He held almost all major receiving records at the time of his retirement , including career receptions , yards , and touchdowns . He was inducted as a charter member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; UP-1 ; INS-1 ; LIB-1 ; NANA-2 ; NYS-1 ; WC-1 ; CSW-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Lee_(American_football)', 'summary': 'William Earl Lee Sr. ( August 19 , 1911 - June 23 , 1998 ) was an American football player . Lee played in 82 career games while starting in 60 of them . He played in each game of his first two seasons with the Dodgers ; after playing five games with the Dodgers , he was moved to the Green Bay Packers , where he played in four games . In his next four seasons , he played in every game of those seasons . He played in just one game of the 1942 season , and he played in just four games in 1946 . Lee is one of ten players that were named to the National Football League 1930s All-Decade Team that have not been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; LIB-1 ; NANA-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1935_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1935 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1935 . The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1935 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) , ( 3 ) the United Press ( UP ) , ( 4 ) the All-America Board ( AAB ) , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , ( 8 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) , and ( 9 ) the Sporting News ( SN ) . Jay Berwanger of Chicago was one of two unanimous All-American selections . Berwanger was also the first recipient of the Heisman Trophy and the first player selected in the first NFL Draft . Bobby Grayson of Stanford was the other unanimous All-American . He was one of Stanford 's Vow Boys , a group of freshmen players who vowed after a 1932 loss to the University of Southern California that they would never lose to the Trojans when they made the varsity team . The group kept their promise , defeating USC three straight years and becoming the first team in college football history to play in three consecutive Rose Bowl games . Other Vow Boys who made the 1935 All-American team include Monk Moscrip and Bob Reynolds . Bob Wilson of SMU received eight official first-team designations , and Jac Weller of Princeton received seven . The 1935 All-Americans also included two players who went on to Hall of Fame careers as coaches . Bear Bryant was named a third-team All-American at the end position by the NEA , and Bud Wilkinson of the University of Minnesota was named a second-team All-American by the UP and a third-team selection by the NEA and the Central Press Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Riley Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riley_Smith_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Riley Henry Smith ( July 14 , 1911 - August 9 , 1999 ) was an American college and professional football player who was a quarterback for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) during the late 1930s . He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide football team of the University of Alabama , where he was recognized as a consensus All-American . After his NFL career ended , he became a coach .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; UP-2 ; AAB-1 ; LIB-2 ; COL-1 ; NEA-1 ; INS-1 ; NANA-2 ; CP-2 ; NYS-1 ; WC-1 ; KCS-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1936_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1936 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1936 . The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1936 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) , ( 3 ) the United Press ( UP ) , ( 4 ) the All-America Board ( AAB ) , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , ( 8 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) , and ( 9 ) the Sporting News ( SN ) ."}]}, {'value': 'James L. Nesbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'CP-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_White', 'summary': 'Arthur Pershing Tarzan White ( December 6 , 1915 - January 23 , 1996 ) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the New York Giants and Chicago Cardinals . He played college football at the University of Alabama and was drafted in the second round of the 1937 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'AP-2 ; CP-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1937_College_Football_All-America_Team', 'summary': "The 1937 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1937 . The ten selectors recognized by the NCAA as official for the 1937 season are ( 1 ) Collier 's Weekly , as selected by Grantland Rice , ( 2 ) the Associated Press ( AP ) , ( 3 ) the United Press ( UP ) , ( 4 ) the All-America Board ( AAB ) , ( 5 ) the International News Service ( INS ) , ( 6 ) Liberty magazine , ( 7 ) the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , ( 8 ) Newsweek , ( 9 ) the North American Newspaper Alliance ( NANA ) , and ( 10 ) the Sporting News ( SN ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Kilgrow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': 'UP-2 ; INS-1 ; CP-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leroy Monsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leroy_Monsky', 'summary': 'Leroy Gerald Monsky , Sr. ( April 12 , 1916 - August 12 , 1981 ) was an All-American football player . Born in Montgomery , Alabama , Monsky was an All-State football player at Sidney Lanier High School . After high school , Monsky enrolled at the University of Alabama where he played on the Crimson Tide football teams from 1935-1937 . He was selected as a consensus All-American in 1937 at the guard position . He was the captain of the 1937 Alabama football team that played in the 1938 Rose Bowl . Noted sports writer Grantland Rice said of Monsky : Leroy Monsky , amazingly fast for his size and power , was outstanding on both offense and defense and was a key man in the Alabama attack which specializes in the use of the guards.led many a charge that put Alabama in front after a strenuous tussle . His fighting courage was the deciding factor in most of these games . Monsky was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1978 . He died in New York City in 1981 . While in college he was a member of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity , Psi chapter at the University of Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'AP-1 ; UP-2 ; COL-1 ; INS-2 ; CP-2 ; WC-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Ryba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'INS-3 ; CP-1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Selections', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_All-Americans_0', 'intro': 'The Alabama Crimson Tide college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and represents the University of Alabama in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). All-America selections are individual player recognitions made after each season when numerous publications release lists of their ideal team. The NCAA recognizes five All-America lists: the Associated Press (AP), American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), Sporting News (TSN), and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC). In order for an honoree to earn a consensus selection, he must be selected as first team in three of the five lists recognized by the NCAA, and unanimous selections must be selected as first team in all five lists. Since the establishment of the team in 1892, Alabama has had 135 players honored a total of 158 times as First Team All-America for their performance on the field of play. Included in these selections are 74 consensus selections, 34 of which were unanimous selections. In 2009, Alabama set both a school and national record for AP All-Americans with six first team selections. The most recent All-Americans from Alabama came after the 2019 season, when Jerry Jeudy, Alex Leatherwood, Jedrick Wills Jr., Xavier McKinney, and Jaylen Waddle were each named first-team All-America by various selectors.'}
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What is the year of the player who coached at the National University of Mexico in 1935 ?
1934
098acbf420b1fc0a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zersenay Tadesse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zersenay_Tadesse', 'summary': "Zersenay Tadese [ nb ] ( Tigrinya : ዘርእሰናይ ታደሰ ; born 8 February 1982 ) is an Eritrean long-distance track and road running athlete . He held the men 's half marathon world record from 2010 to 2018 . His bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 Athens Olympics made him the first ever Eritrean Olympic medallist , and his 20-km title at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships also made him the country 's first athlete to win at a world championship event . He does not use a sprint finish to win races ; his strategy relies on a combination of efficient running and fast pace setting . Zersenay ( Tadese is his father 's name ) has found most of his success in the half marathon , with four consecutive victories in the World Half Marathon Championships from 2006 to 2009 ( with a 2006 20km edition ) , a silver medal in 2010 and a fifth title in 2012 . His 5 titles are a record . He set a world record at the Lisbon Half Marathon in 2010 . He has also excelled in cross country running , winning a gold , a silver , and two bronze medals in the long distance race over five IAAF World Cross Country Championships . He is a four-time Olympian ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) . In 2009 , Zersenay became only the second man ( after Paul Tergat ) to win three World Championship medals over three different surfaces in the same year , winning World Cross Country bronze , 10,000 metres World Championship silver on the track , and gold in road running at the World Half Marathon Championships . He is a popular public figure in his home country ; 2500 guests attended his wedding to Merhawit Solomon , which was broadcast live on Eritrean television . His brother , Kidane Tadese , is also a professional distance runner ."}]}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': '59:56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Makau Musyoki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Makau_Musyoki', 'summary': 'Patrick Makau Musyoki ( born 2 March 1985 ) is a runner from Kenya . He is a former world record holder in the marathon - His time of 2:03:38 , run at the 2011 Berlin Marathon , was the world record for two years , until it was beaten by Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich at the 2013 Berlin Marathon . He is also notable for his half marathon performances , having won a number of prominent competitions in Europe in sub-1-hour performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Hassan Abdullah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_Abdullah', 'summary': 'Ahmad Hassan Abdullah ( Arabic : عبد الله أحمد حسن , born Albert Chepkurui on July 29 , 1981 in Kaptarakwa , Kenya ) is a long-distance and cross country runner , now representing Qatar after his switch from Kenya in 2003 . Other runners who have made the same switch include Saif Saeed Shaheen . Abdullah has won bronze medals at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the 2004 and 2008 editions of the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . He represented Qatar over 10,000 metres at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and three times at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics . He is a two-time Asian champion in the 10,000 m ( 2003 and 2007 ) and holds the Asian record with his personal best time of 26:38.76 minutes .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephen Kipkoech Kibiwott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Kipkoech_Kibiwott', 'summary': "Stephen Kipkoech Kibiwott ( born 3 April 1980 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in marathons and half marathons . He came fourth at the 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and shared in the team gold medal . Kibiwott began competing on the European professional road running circuit in 2006 after a top three finish at the Eldoret Half Marathon . He won both the Prague Half Marathon and Turin Marathon that same year and was runner-up at the Alexander the Great Marathon . He was much less success in 2007 , failing to finish the London and Prague Marathons , then finishing 28th at the Frankfurt Marathon . He returned to form in 2008 with wins at the Paris Half Marathon and another victory in Turin . His runner-up finish in a personal best of 59:44 minutes at the Lille Half Marathon secured his selection for Kenya at the 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , where he came fourth . He had the best year of his career in 2009 , setting personal bests of 59:37 minutes for the half marathon ( winning in Lille ) , and 2:07:54 hours for the marathon ( while runner-up at the Prague International Marathon ) . In his Asian debut , he came third at the JoongAng Seoul Marathon . He did not finish the 2011 Boston Marathon and despite quick times that year only managed one top three finish - doing so in Lille with a season 's best of 60:23 minutes . He entered the 2012 Dubai Marathon and recorded 2:08:11 hours ( his second fastest run ) , but was only 15th in the high quality race . He continued to run marathons , but failed to break two hours and ten minutes again ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:01:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yusei Nakao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:02:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dieudonné Disi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dieudonné_Disi', 'summary': 'Dieudonné Disi ( born 24 November 1980 in Ntyazo , Butare ) is a Rwandan long-distance and cross country runner . In 2009 he competed in the marathon at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics , but pulled out at the 28 km mark due to an injury . He rebounded after this with a series of victories in October , winning the 10,000 metres race at the Jeux de la Francophonie , the 20 Kilometres de Paris two weeks later , then equalling the course record at the Reims Half Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Rwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rwanda', 'summary': "Rwanda ( /ruˈɑːndə , -ˈæn-/ ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : u Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwaː.nda ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Ruanda , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y ' u Rwanda ; Swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda or République Rwandaise ) , is a country in Central Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland , and its capital city is Kigali . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 sq . km of land , and therefore it is the most densely populated mainland African country . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as additional official languages . The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abebe Dinkessa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abebe_Dinkessa', 'summary': 'Abebe Dinkesa Negera ( born 6 March 1984 , in Ambo ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres . He came to prominence with a silver medal at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics and he won a bronze medal in the same event two years later . He is the fifth fastest ever over the 10,000 m with a best time of 26:30.74 set in 2005 . He was fourth at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and also represented Ethiopia at the World Championships in Athletics later that year . An Achilles tendon problem ruled him out entirely in 2007 and affected his later performances . He won the African Mountain Running Championships at the Obudu Ranch Race in 2010 . He also competes in road running competitions , having won at the BOclassic and Great Ethiopian Run as well as coming fifth at the World Half Marathon Championships in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marilson dos Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marilson_dos_Santos', 'summary': "Marílson Gomes dos Santos ( born 6 August 1977 ) is a Brazilian long-distance runner . He won the 2006 and 2008 New York City Marathon , becoming the first South American to win the race . He was selected as the best male performer at the 2009 Brazilian national championships after breaking the meet records in both the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres races . He is the current South American record holder in both these events with times of 13:19.43 and 27:28.12 , respectively . He has won medals at the South American Cross Country Championships , starting with a silver in the junior race in 1996 , then taking the bronze in the men 's long race in 2000 , before winning his first championship title in 2008 . He ran at the 2010 London Marathon and came close to a personal best time , finishing in 2:08:46 for sixth place behind Abel Kirui . He signed up for the New York Marathon that year and used the Troféu Brasil de Atletismo ( the Brazilian athletics championships ) as his preparation , winning the 10,000 m title . He secured his third career win at the Saint Silvester Race in São Paulo at the end of the year - a record number for the competition in the international era . At the 2011 London Marathon , he set a personal best of 2:06:34 hours and placed fourth in the fast race behind a Kenyan trio of Emmanuel Mutai , Martin Lel and Patrick Makau . Dos Santos competed in the marathon at the 2008 , 2012 Summer Olympics and 2016 Olympics with the best result of fifth place in 2012 . He is married to Juliana Paula dos Santos , a fellow runner who won gold medals at the 2007 and 2015 Pan American Games . They have a son Miguel ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Maregu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Maregu', 'summary': 'Joseph Nganga Maregu ( born 22 November 1977 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in road running events from 10K to the marathon . A journeyman competitor on the roads , he made only one international appearance at the 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships , taking ninth place and a team gold medal with Kenya . Active between 2004 and 2014 , he initially focused on 10K and half marathon races and won a number of low level French competitions . His highest standard victories came at the Lille Half Marathon ( 2006 and 2007 ) and the Paris Half Marathon ( 2007 ) . His lifetime best of 59:45 minutes came during his second win in Lille . He ran his first marathon in Kenya in 2006 , but his debut time of 2:24:18 hours was slow . He turned to marathon running proper in 2009 , taking third at the Vienna City Marathon in a time of 2:09:25 hours . This was to be his best however and in five subsequent outings he did not better two hours and ten minutes . He had his last road win in 2010 at the Olomouc Half Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Essa Ismail Rashed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essa_Ismail_Rashed', 'summary': 'Essa Ismail Rashed ( Arabic : عيسى اسماعيل راشد ; born Daniel Kipkosgei on 14 December 1986 ) is a long-distance runner now representing Qatar after his switch from Kenya in 2004 . He represented his adopted country at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the World Championships in Athletics in 2005 and 2007 . He is coached by the Italian Renato Canova . In 10,000 metres he won a gold medal at the 2005 Asian Championships in Incheon and a silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha . He came twentieth in the 10,000 metres at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . He was the 5000 m bronze medallist at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships and went on to claim another bronze over 3000 m at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games later that year . Rashed ran an Asian indoor record for the 5000 m at the PSD Bank Meeting in Düsseldorf in 2010 , running a time of 13:19.10 minutes . Later that month he was just pipped to the gold in the 3000 m by teammate James Kwalia at the 2010 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships . He gained selection for the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and came ninth in the 3000 m final . He claimed a consecutive silver medal in the 10,000 m at the 2010 Asian Games . He ran a personal best in the marathon at the 2012 Amsterdam Marathon , coming eleventh with his run of 2:09:22 hours .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '1:03:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvain Rukundo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rwanda', 'summary': "Rwanda ( /ruˈɑːndə , -ˈæn-/ ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : u Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwaː.nda ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Ruanda , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y ' u Rwanda ; Swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda or République Rwandaise ) , is a country in Central Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland , and its capital city is Kigali . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 sq . km of land , and therefore it is the most densely populated mainland African country . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as additional official languages . The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Tesfay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eritrea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eritrea', 'summary': 'Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɪˈtreɪə , ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/ ( listen ) officially the State of Eritrea ) , is a country in the Horn of Africa in East Africa , with its capital at Asmara . It is bordered by Sudan in the west , Ethiopia in the south , and Djibouti in the southeast . The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea . The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 ( 45,406 sq mi ) , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands . Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country , with nine recognized ethnic groups in its population of around 3 million . Eritrea has nine national languages which are Tigrinya language , Tigre , Afar , Beja , Bilen , Kunama , Nara , Saho . Tigrinya , Arabic , and English serve as the three working languages . Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family , either of the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches . Among these communities , the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population , with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants . In addition , there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic minorities . Most people in the territory adhere to Islam or Christianity . The Kingdom of Aksum , covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia , was established during the first or second centuries AD .'}]}, {'value': '1:04:04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eshetu Wondemu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raji Assefa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ignacio Cáceres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ignacio_Cáceres', 'summary': 'Ignacio Cáceres ( born 18 June 1976 ) is a Spanish long-distance runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres , half marathon and marathon . He lives in Viladecans , Spain and his wife is the Spanish racewalker Eva Pérez .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Shelley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Shelley_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Michael Shelley ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Australian long-distance runner who competes in track events and road races . He has won gold medals in the marathon event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow , Scotland , as well as the 2018 Commonwealth Games at Gold Coast , Australia . He has also represented Australia at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . On the road , he has won at the Gold Coast Half Marathon and the City2Surf race in Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pedro Mora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Mora', 'summary': "Pedro Jesús Mora Suescun ( born 20 September 1977 in Independencia , Táchira ) is a Venezuelan long-distance runner . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , he competed in the Men 's marathon , finishing in 62nd place ."}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dereje Tesfaye', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Dawoud Sedam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '1:04:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giomar da Silva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1:05:07', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race results -- Men 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2008_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_0', 'intro': "The 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 12 October 2008. This event was first announced as the 2008 IAAF World Road Running Championships, but in November 2007, the IAAF announced that the name of the IAAF World Road Running Championships would revert to its original title of the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both\nfor the men's race and for the women's race."}
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What place did the runner place whose country has the world 's largest oil reserves ?
62nd
098b04b28fbfee17
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Media', 'title': 'Alpha Media', 'header': ['Callsign', 'Freq', 'City', 'Market', 'Transferred', 'From'], 'data': [{'value': 'WRWN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRWN', 'summary': 'WRWN ( 107.9 FM , Rewind 107.9 ) is a classic hits radio station owned by Alpha Media in Savannah , Georgia .'}]}, {'value': '107.9 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Royal , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Royal,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Port Royal is a town on Port Royal Island in Beaufort County , South Carolina , United States . Largely because of annexation of surrounding areas ( including Parris Island ) , the population of Port Royal rose from 3,950 in 2000 to 10,678 in 2010 , a 170% increase . As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau , Port Royal is included within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area . Port Royal is home to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island and Naval Hospital Beaufort .'}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Triad Broadcasting Company , LLC was an owner of radio stations in small and medium markets in the United States . It is based in Monterey , California . At the end of November 2012 , Triad announced the sale of its 32 radio stations in 5 markets to L & L Broadcasting , LLC . In January 2013 , Triad filed to transfer 30 of the stations to L & L Broadcasting , and leave the other two - 100.1 WKQY and 1470 WTZE at Tazewell , Virginia - to be shut down or sold to someone else at the request of L & L . The two Virginia stations were sold to Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls , Inc. in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'WGCO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WGCO', 'summary': 'WGCO ( 98.3 FM , Hot 98-3 ) is a commercial radio station licensed to Midway , Georgia . Owned by Dick Broadcasting , it broadcasts a contemporary hit radio format targeted towards Savannah and Brunswick . Its studios are in Savannah , while the transmitter is near Townsend , Georgia .'}]}, {'value': '98.3 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midway , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midway,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Midway is a city in Liberty County , Georgia , United States . It is a part of the Hinesville-Fort Stewart metropolitan statistical area . The population was 2,121 as of the 2010 census , up from 1,100 at the 2000 census . Midway has several museums , including the Midway Museum and Cemetery and the Dorchester Academy Museum . The Midway Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Triad Broadcasting Company , LLC was an owner of radio stations in small and medium markets in the United States . It is based in Monterey , California . At the end of November 2012 , Triad announced the sale of its 32 radio stations in 5 markets to L & L Broadcasting , LLC . In January 2013 , Triad filed to transfer 30 of the stations to L & L Broadcasting , and leave the other two - 100.1 WKQY and 1470 WTZE at Tazewell , Virginia - to be shut down or sold to someone else at the request of L & L . The two Virginia stations were sold to Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls , Inc. in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'WFXH-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WFXH-FM', 'summary': "WFXH-FM , known as Rock 106.1 , is an active rock radio station targeted to Savannah , Georgia . The station was a monitored reporter on the Alternative ( Modern Rock ) panel . Formerly , WFXH reported as an Alternative station to Arbitron and various radio industry publications . The station featured a specialty show called Underexposed Sunday nights 9-11pm . During the show they spotlight indie rock artists like The Decemberists , The Shins , Yeah Yeah Yeahs , The Arcade Fire , and Cold War Kids , along with local acts . That show has apparently been cancelled , its presence excised from the station 's website . In April 2008 , WFXH debuted You Heard It First , a new show heard weeknights at 11PM that features only new rock , as part of what the station calls New Rock Nights . Rock 106.1 also recently began streaming the station online at their website . Rock 106.1 was also home to Lex and Terry who have dominated morning drive for a number of years . In September 2006 , Rock 106.1 moved its main studios from Hilton Head Island to Savannah . The station ( along with sister stations 103.1 the Drive and Lucky Dog Country 106.9 ) have studios and sales offices in both Savannah and Hilton Head ; the only cluster in the market with this capability . The station 's broadcast transmitter is near Bluffton , South Carolina ."}]}, {'value': '106.1 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilton Head I. , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Hilton Head Island , sometimes referred to as simply Hilton Head , is a Lowcountry resort town and barrier island in Beaufort County , South Carolina , United States . It is 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of Savannah , Georgia , and 95 miles ( 153 km ) southwest of Charleston . The island is named after Captain William Hilton , who in 1663 identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound , which mapmakers named Hilton 's Headland . The island features 12 miles ( 19 km ) of beachfront on the Atlantic Ocean and is a popular vacation destination . In 2004 , an estimated 2.25 million visitors infused more than $ 1.5 billion into the local economy . The year-round population was 37,099 at the 2010 census , although during the peak of summer vacation season the population can swell to 150,000 . Over the past decade , the island 's population growth rate was 32% . Hilton Head Island is a primary city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 207,413 in 2015 . The island has a rich history that started with seasonal occupation by Native Americans thousands of years ago and continued with European exploration and the Sea Island Cotton trade . It became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports during the Civil War . Once the island fell to Union troops , hundreds of ex-slaves flocked to Hilton Head , which is still home to many of whom are descendants of freed slaves known as the Gullah ( or Geechee ) who have managed to hold on to much of their ethnic and cultural identity . The Town of Hilton Head Island incorporated as a municipality in 1983 and is well known for its eco-friendly development ."}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Triad Broadcasting Company , LLC was an owner of radio stations in small and medium markets in the United States . It is based in Monterey , California . At the end of November 2012 , Triad announced the sale of its 32 radio stations in 5 markets to L & L Broadcasting , LLC . In January 2013 , Triad filed to transfer 30 of the stations to L & L Broadcasting , and leave the other two - 100.1 WKQY and 1470 WTZE at Tazewell , Virginia - to be shut down or sold to someone else at the request of L & L . The two Virginia stations were sold to Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls , Inc. in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'WUBB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WUBB', 'summary': 'WUBB is a country music formatted radio station targeted towards Savannah and Hilton Head known as Bob 106.9 . At one time the station was on 104.9 , which did not provide as strong a signal .'}]}, {'value': '106.9 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bluffton , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bluffton,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Bluffton is a Lowcountry town in Beaufort County , South Carolina , United States . It is primarily located around U.S. Route 278 , between Hilton Head Island and Interstate 95 . The town 's original one square mile area , now known as Old Town , is situated on a bluff along the May River . The population was counted by the 2010 census at 12,893 , and was estimated to have swelled to 23,097 in 2018 . Additionally , it is the fastest growing municipality in South Carolina with a population over 2,500 , growing 882.7% between the 2000 and 2010 census . Bluffton is the fifth largest municipality in South Carolina by land area . The town is a primary city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort , SC Metropolitan Statistical Area . Following the Tariff of 1842 , Bluffton became a hotbed of separatist sentiment . In 1844 the Bluffton Movement , a protest against federal taxes , gave birth to the secession movement and led South Carolina to be the first state to leave the Union . In the antebellum period Bluffton became a popular location for wealthy merchants and plantation owners . During the Civil War two-thirds of the town was destroyed by fire during the Union 's Bluffton Expedition on June 4 , 1863 ."}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Triad Broadcasting Company , LLC was an owner of radio stations in small and medium markets in the United States . It is based in Monterey , California . At the end of November 2012 , Triad announced the sale of its 32 radio stations in 5 markets to L & L Broadcasting , LLC . In January 2013 , Triad filed to transfer 30 of the stations to L & L Broadcasting , and leave the other two - 100.1 WKQY and 1470 WTZE at Tazewell , Virginia - to be shut down or sold to someone else at the request of L & L . The two Virginia stations were sold to Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls , Inc. in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'WHHW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WHHW', 'summary': 'WHHW ( 1130 kHz ) is an AM radio station broadcasting an oldies radio format . It is licensed to Hilton Head Island , South Carolina . The station is currently owned by Alpha Media . WHHW broadcasts at 1,000 watts by day . But because AM 1130 is a clear channel frequency , it must reduce power to 500 watts at night to avoid interference . WHHW simulcasts its programming on an FM translator , W241CV at 96.1 MHz , broadcasting at a power level of 99 watts .'}]}, {'value': '1130 kHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilton Head I. , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Hilton Head Island , sometimes referred to as simply Hilton Head , is a Lowcountry resort town and barrier island in Beaufort County , South Carolina , United States . It is 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of Savannah , Georgia , and 95 miles ( 153 km ) southwest of Charleston . The island is named after Captain William Hilton , who in 1663 identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound , which mapmakers named Hilton 's Headland . The island features 12 miles ( 19 km ) of beachfront on the Atlantic Ocean and is a popular vacation destination . In 2004 , an estimated 2.25 million visitors infused more than $ 1.5 billion into the local economy . The year-round population was 37,099 at the 2010 census , although during the peak of summer vacation season the population can swell to 150,000 . Over the past decade , the island 's population growth rate was 32% . Hilton Head Island is a primary city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 207,413 in 2015 . The island has a rich history that started with seasonal occupation by Native Americans thousands of years ago and continued with European exploration and the Sea Island Cotton trade . It became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports during the Civil War . Once the island fell to Union troops , hundreds of ex-slaves flocked to Hilton Head , which is still home to many of whom are descendants of freed slaves known as the Gullah ( or Geechee ) who have managed to hold on to much of their ethnic and cultural identity . The Town of Hilton Head Island incorporated as a municipality in 1983 and is well known for its eco-friendly development ."}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Triad Broadcasting Company , LLC was an owner of radio stations in small and medium markets in the United States . It is based in Monterey , California . At the end of November 2012 , Triad announced the sale of its 32 radio stations in 5 markets to L & L Broadcasting , LLC . In January 2013 , Triad filed to transfer 30 of the stations to L & L Broadcasting , and leave the other two - 100.1 WKQY and 1470 WTZE at Tazewell , Virginia - to be shut down or sold to someone else at the request of L & L . The two Virginia stations were sold to Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls , Inc. in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'W241CV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/W241CV', 'summary': 'WHHW ( 1130 kHz ) is an AM radio station broadcasting an oldies radio format . It is licensed to Hilton Head Island , South Carolina . The station is currently owned by Alpha Media . WHHW broadcasts at 1,000 watts by day . But because AM 1130 is a clear channel frequency , it must reduce power to 500 watts at night to avoid interference . WHHW simulcasts its programming on an FM translator , W241CV at 96.1 MHz , broadcasting at a power level of 99 watts .'}]}, {'value': '93.5 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilton Head I. , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Hilton Head Island , sometimes referred to as simply Hilton Head , is a Lowcountry resort town and barrier island in Beaufort County , South Carolina , United States . It is 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of Savannah , Georgia , and 95 miles ( 153 km ) southwest of Charleston . The island is named after Captain William Hilton , who in 1663 identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound , which mapmakers named Hilton 's Headland . The island features 12 miles ( 19 km ) of beachfront on the Atlantic Ocean and is a popular vacation destination . In 2004 , an estimated 2.25 million visitors infused more than $ 1.5 billion into the local economy . The year-round population was 37,099 at the 2010 census , although during the peak of summer vacation season the population can swell to 150,000 . Over the past decade , the island 's population growth rate was 32% . Hilton Head Island is a primary city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 207,413 in 2015 . The island has a rich history that started with seasonal occupation by Native Americans thousands of years ago and continued with European exploration and the Sea Island Cotton trade . It became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports during the Civil War . Once the island fell to Union troops , hundreds of ex-slaves flocked to Hilton Head , which is still home to many of whom are descendants of freed slaves known as the Gullah ( or Geechee ) who have managed to hold on to much of their ethnic and cultural identity . The Town of Hilton Head Island incorporated as a municipality in 1983 and is well known for its eco-friendly development ."}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Triad Broadcasting Company , LLC was an owner of radio stations in small and medium markets in the United States . It is based in Monterey , California . At the end of November 2012 , Triad announced the sale of its 32 radio stations in 5 markets to L & L Broadcasting , LLC . In January 2013 , Triad filed to transfer 30 of the stations to L & L Broadcasting , and leave the other two - 100.1 WKQY and 1470 WTZE at Tazewell , Virginia - to be shut down or sold to someone else at the request of L & L . The two Virginia stations were sold to Calvary Chapel of Twin Falls , Inc. in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'WXYY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WXYY', 'summary': 'WXYY ( 100.1 FM ) , known as G100 , is a radio station broadcasting a classic hip hop format . Licensed to Rincon , Georgia , US , the station serves the Savannah and Hilton Head areas . The station is owned by Dick Broadcasting . The studios and offices are on the south side of Savannah and the transmitter is in Rincon .'}]}, {'value': '100.1 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rincon , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rincon,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Rincon is a city in Effingham County , Georgia , United States . The population was 8,836 at the 2010 census , up from 4,376 in 2000 . It is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Savannah , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': 'March 3 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tama Broadcasting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WWDM-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWDM-FM', 'summary': 'WWDM is an urban adult contemporary radio station licensed to Sumter , South Carolina and serves the Columbia , South Carolina market . The Alpha Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to broadcast at 101.3 MHz with an effective radiated power ( ERP ) of 100 kW from a transmitter east of Fort Jackson . The station goes by the name 1013 The Big DM and its current slogan is Your # 1 Station for R & B . Its studios are located in Columbia .'}]}, {'value': '101.3 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sumter , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Sumter /ˈsʌmtər/ is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County , South Carolina , United States . Known as the Sumter Metropolitan Statistical Area , the namesake county adjoins Clarendon and Lee to form the core of Sumter-Lee-Clarendon tricounty area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills ( or Midlands ) , Pee Dee , and Lowcountry regions . The population was 39,643 at the 2000 census , and it rose to 40,524 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WHXT-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WHXT-FM', 'summary': "WHXT is an urban contemporary radio station licensed to Orangeburg , South Carolina and serves the Columbia , South Carolina market . The Alpha Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to broadcast at 103.9 MHz with an effective radiated power ( ERP ) of 9.2 kW . The station goes by the name Hot 103.9 and its current slogan is Columbia 's # 1 Choice for Blazin ' Hip-Hop and R & B . Its studios are on Pineview Road in Columbia , while the transmitter tower is located west of St. Matthews , South Carolina , southeast of Columbia ."}]}, {'value': '103.9 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orangeburg , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orangeburg,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Orangeburg , also known as The Garden City , is the principal city in and the county seat of Orangeburg County , South Carolina , United States . The population of the city was 13,964 according to the 2010 United States Census . The city is located 37 miles southeast of Columbia , on the north fork of the Edisto River . Two historically black institutions of higher education are located in Orangeburg : Claflin University ( a liberal arts college ) and South Carolina State University ( a public university ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WMFX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WMFX-FM', 'summary': "WMFX is a classic rock radio station licensed to St. Andrews , South Carolina and serves the Columbia , South Carolina market . The Alpha Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to broadcast at 102.3 MHz with an effective radiated power ( ERP ) of 6 kW . The station goes by the name Fox 102.3 and its current slogan is Columbia 's Rock Station . Its studios are located on Pineview Drive and transmitter tower are located north of Columbia off Monticello Road ."}]}, {'value': '102.3 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Andrews , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Andrews,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'St. Andrews is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Richland County , South Carolina , United States . The population was 20,493 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Columbia , South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WARQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WARQ', 'summary': 'WARQ is a radio station licensed to Columbia , South Carolina and serves the Columbia market . The Alpha Media outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to broadcast at 93.5 MHz with an effective radiated power ( ERP ) of 2.8 kW . Its studios are on Pineview Road in Columbia , while the transmitter tower is located atop the Capitol Center building at 1201 Main Street . The station currently airs a contemporary hit radio station branded as Q93.5 . WARQ broadcasts in the HD Radio ( hybrid ) format .'}]}, {'value': '93.5 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WPCO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPCO', 'summary': 'WPCO ( 1230 AM , 94.9 The Palm ) is a radio station in Columbia , South Carolina . Owned by Alpha Media , it broadcasts an adult album alternative ( AAA ) format . Its studios are on Pineview Road in Columbia , while the transmitter tower is located near Bicentennial Park along the Congaree River in downtown Columbia . The station operates an FM translator , W235CH on 94.9 in St. Matthews , South Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '1230 kHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina , with a population estimate of 133,451 as of 2018 . The city serves as the county seat of Richland County , and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County . It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area , which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census , growing to 832,666 by July 1 , 2018 , according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates . This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical area in the nation , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1 , 2018 . The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States , originating from the name of Christopher Columbus . The city is located approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) northwest of the geographic center of South Carolina , and is the primary city of the Midlands region of the state . It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River , which merge at Columbia to form the Congaree River . Columbia is home to the University of South Carolina , the state 's flagship university and the largest in the state , and is also the site of Fort Jackson , the largest United States Army installation for Basic Combat Training . Columbia is also located 20 miles west of the site of McEntire Joint National Guard Base , which is operated by the U.S. Air Force and is used as a training base for the 169th Fighter Wing of The South Carolina Air National Guard . Columbia is also the location of the South Carolina State House , which is the center of government for the state . In 1860 , the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention , which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'November 27 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WJNT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WJNT', 'summary': 'WJNT ( 1180 AM ) is a radio station licensed to Pearl , Mississippi . WJNT is currently owned by Alpha Media through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC and its sister stations are WJMI , WKXI-FM , WOAD , WRKS , and WJQS . All six stations have shared studios which are located in Ridgeland , a suburb of Jackson , while the transmitter tower for WJNT is located in Pearl . WJNT broadcasts a News/Talk format with mostly syndicated talk shows such as Brian Kilmeade , Mark Levin and Laura Ingraham . WJNT operates at 50,000 Watts during the day , 10,000 Watts during critical hours and 500 Watts at night .'}]}, {'value': '1180 kHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pearl , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pearl,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Pearl is a city in Rankin County , Mississippi located on the east side of the Pearl River from the state capital of Jackson . The population was 25,092 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area . Today , Pearl is a growing community ; it is the 13th largest city in the state and the largest city in Rankin County .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WOAD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WOAD_(AM)', 'summary': 'WOAD ( 1300 AM ) is a radio station licensed to Jackson with an urban gospel format . WOAD is owned by Alpha Media through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC . Along with five other sister stations , its studios are located in Ridgeland , a suburb of Jackson , while the transmitter tower is in the northside of Jackson .'}]}, {'value': '1300 kHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WJQS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WJQS', 'summary': 'WJQS ( 1400 AM , The Fan ) is a sports talk radio station in Jackson , Mississippi , owned by Alpha Media through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC . Along with five other sister stations , its studios are located in Ridgeland , a suburb of Jackson , while the transmitter tower is in Jackson just north of downtown .'}]}, {'value': '1400 kHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WJMI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WJMI', 'summary': 'WJMI ( 99.7 FM ) is a radio station licensed to Jackson , Mississippi , United States , with a Mainstream Urban musical format . The station is owned by Alpha Media through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC . Along with five other sister stations , its studios are located in Ridgeland , a suburb of Jackson , while the transmitter tower is south of Raymond .'}]}, {'value': '99.7 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WRKS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRKS', 'summary': "WRKS ( 105.9 FM , The Zone ) is a radio station licensed to Pickens , Mississippi , although its studio is located in Ridgeland , Mississippi . Launched on July 2 , 2009 , the station 's format is sports , with programming from ESPN Radio . WRKS is owned by Alpha Media through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC . Along with five other sister stations , its studios are located in Ridgeland , a suburb of Jackson , while the transmitter tower is in Canton ."}]}, {'value': '105.9 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pickens , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pickens,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Pickens is a town in Holmes County , Mississippi , United States . The population was 1,157 at the 2010 census , down from 1,325 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'WKXI-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WKXI-FM', 'summary': 'WKXI-FM ( 107.5 FM , Kixie 107 ) is an Urban Adult Contemporary music formatted radio station licensed to Magee , Mississippi and serving Jackson . The station is owned by Alpha Media , through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC , and is an affiliate of the Tom Joyner Morning Show . Along with five other sister stations , its studios are located in Ridgeland , a suburb of Jackson , while the transmitter tower is south of Pelahatchie .'}]}, {'value': '107.5 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magee , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magee,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Magee is a city in Simpson County , Mississippi , United States . It is part of the Jackson metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson , MS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': "Jackson , officially the City of Jackson , is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi . It is one of two county seats of Hinds County , along with Raymond , Mississippi . The city of Jackson also includes around 3,000 acres comprising Jackson-Medgar Evers International Airport in Rankin County and a small portion of Madison County . The city 's population was estimated to be 165,072 in 2017 , a decline from 173,514 in 2010 . The city sits on the Pearl River and is located in the greater Jackson Prairie region of Mississippi . Founded in 1821 as the site for a new state capital , the city is named after General Andrew Jackson , who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and would later serve as U.S. president . Following the nearby Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 during the American Civil War , Union forces under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman began the Siege of Jackson and the city was subsequently burned . During the 1920s , Jackson surpassed Meridian to become the most populous city in the state following a speculative natural gas boom in the region . The current slogan for the city is The City with Soul . It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues , gospel , folk , and jazz . Jackson is the anchor for the Jackson , Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the state 's largest metropolitan area with a 2016 population of 579,332 , about one-fifth of Mississippi 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'September 24 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMF_Media', 'summary': 'The Inner City Broadcasting Corporation ( ICBC ) was an American media company based in New York City . It was one of the first broadcasting companies wholly owned by African-Americans .'}]}, {'value': 'KJXK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KJXK', 'summary': 'KJXK ( 102.7 FM , 102.7 Jack FM ) is a radio station in San Antonio , Texas , broadcasting an adult hits music format as a member of the Jack FM brand . Its studios are located in Northeast San Antonio , and the transmitter site is atop Tower of the Americas downtown .'}]}, {'value': '102.7 MHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Antonio , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMP Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMP_Radio', 'summary': "BMP Radio , also known as Border Media Partners , was a privately owned Hispanic focused radio broadcasting company headquartered in Houston , Texas . On July 17 , 2009 , Radio-Info.com announced that BMP would be seized by its banks after failing to make debt payments for two years . Ten days later , it was confirmed that Goldman Sachs Group , Vestar Capital Partners , and D.B . Zwirn & Co. seized the business and the assets are expected to be liquidated . It was reported that President Jeff Hinson was expected to step down by July 31 . This occurred as expected , and station owner and station broker Larry Patrick was named trustee and engaged to dispose of the stations and return any monies to the lenders . During the 2009 Texas Association of Broadcasters meeting in Austin , Texas it was reported that the McAllen and Laredo area stations would be assigned to a U.S. affiliate of the companies that own the Mexican stations programmed by BMP ; this happened in 2012 when the stations were sold to R Communications . The stations in Waco were sold to the Bill McCutcheon interests , while REO Radio Group acquired its stations in Austin . In October 2013 , the last of BMP , the cluster in San Antonio , was sold to Larry Wilson 's L & L Broadcasting for $ 31M ."}]}, {'value': 'KTSA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KTSA', 'summary': 'KTSA ( 550 kHz 107.1 and 550 KTSA ) is a commercial AM radio station in San Antonio , Texas . KTSA is owned by Alpha Media and airs a talk radio format . The studios , offices and three-tower transmitter are on Eisenhauer Road in San Antonio . KTSA programming can also be heard on an FM translator at 107.1 MHz , K296GK . Weekdays feature mostly local talk hosts by day , with some syndicated shows in afternoons and nights , including Dave Ramsey , Lars Larson , Dana Loesch and Red Eye Radio . Weekends include programs on money , health , home repair , cars , gardening and pets . Some weekend shows are paid brokered programming . Most hours begin with world and national news from ABC News Radio .'}]}, {'value': '550 kHz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Antonio , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'San Antonio , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas', 'summary': "San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BMP Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BMP_Radio', 'summary': "BMP Radio , also known as Border Media Partners , was a privately owned Hispanic focused radio broadcasting company headquartered in Houston , Texas . On July 17 , 2009 , Radio-Info.com announced that BMP would be seized by its banks after failing to make debt payments for two years . Ten days later , it was confirmed that Goldman Sachs Group , Vestar Capital Partners , and D.B . Zwirn & Co. seized the business and the assets are expected to be liquidated . It was reported that President Jeff Hinson was expected to step down by July 31 . This occurred as expected , and station owner and station broker Larry Patrick was named trustee and engaged to dispose of the stations and return any monies to the lenders . During the 2009 Texas Association of Broadcasters meeting in Austin , Texas it was reported that the McAllen and Laredo area stations would be assigned to a U.S. affiliate of the companies that own the Mexican stations programmed by BMP ; this happened in 2012 when the stations were sold to R Communications . The stations in Waco were sold to the Bill McCutcheon interests , while REO Radio Group acquired its stations in Austin . In October 2013 , the last of BMP , the cluster in San Antonio , was sold to Larry Wilson 's L & L Broadcasting for $ 31M ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Station list -- Holdings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'L&L_Broadcasting_0', 'intro': 'Alpha Media LLC is a radio broadcasting company based in Portland, Oregon, and led by Bob Proffitt. The group does business under the Alpha Media name. It was formed from the merger of Alpha Broadcasting, L&L Broadcasting, and Main Line Broadcasting on July 1, 2014. It owns its radio stations through Alpha Media Licensee, LLC. At its formation, it owned 68 radio stations in 12 markets, along with two theatres (in Portland and San Antonio) and a digital marketing firm in Peoria, Illinois.'}
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What is the call sign of the city that is the largest city in Rankin County ?
WJNT
098b7bd41a4e4bed
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders', 'header': ['Year', 'Player', 'Team ( s )', 'Saves'], 'data': [{'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Hoffer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Hoffer', 'summary': "William Leopold Bill Hoffer ( November 8 , 1870 - July 21 , 1959 ) was a professional baseball player . He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of six seasons ( 1895-1899 , 1901 ) with the Baltimore Orioles , Pittsburgh Pirates and Cleveland Blues . For his career , he compiled a 92-46 record in 161 appearances , with a 3.75 earned run average and 314 strikeouts . In 1901 he archived the dubious honor of being the losing pitcher in the American League 's first game . In his rookie year , 1895 , he compiled 31 wins ( including a league-leading four shutouts ) , a major league record for most wins as a rookie . He led the National League in Winning Percentage in 1895 and 1896 . He was born and later died in Cedar Rapids , Iowa , at the age of 88 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Blues_(AL)', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Powell_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Joseph Powell ( July 9 , 1874 - October 17 , 1944 ) was a Major League Baseball pitcher around the turn of the 19th and 20th century . He had a relatively successful 16-year career , which lasted from 1897 to 1912 - he won 245 games , but also lost 254 games . So , despite his sparking 2.97 career ERA , he holds the record for most wins by a pitcher with a career losing record . Powell was born in Bloomington , Illinois . He made his debut with the Cleveland Spiders in 1897 , and by 1898 he became one of the best pitchers on the team . His 23 wins trailed only teammate Cy Young . He was one of the star players sold to the St. Louis Browns before the 1899 season . He won 23 games again that year , which was three more than the Spiders had all year . After three successful seasons , he was lured to the new American League in 1902 , where he pitched for the St. Louis Browns . Powell was traded to the New York Highlanders before the 1904 season , where he went 23-19 . However , after an 8-13 start in 1905 , he was traded back to the Browns . By this time , the Browns had become one of the worst teams in the league .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Dinneen George Mullin Al Orth Jack Powell Cy Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dinneen', 'summary': "William Henry Dinneen , alternately spelled Dineen ( April 5 , 1876 - January 13 , 1955 ) , was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who followed his 12-year career from 1898 to 1909 with a highly regarded tenure as an American League umpire from 1909 to 1937 . Dinneen was the plate umpire for baseball 's first All-Star Game . He played for the Washington Senators and Boston Braves ( both of the National League ) , and the Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Browns of the American League . Dinneen recorded three wins for the Red Sox over the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 . Dinneen broke the record for most strikeouts in a World Series game with 11 ; the previous mark of 10 had been set a day earlier by Pittsburgh 's Deacon Phillippe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Mullin_(baseball)', 'summary': "George Joseph Mullin ( July 4 , 1880 - January 7 , 1944 ) , sometimes known by the nickname Wabash George , was an American right-handed baseball pitcher . Mullin played in Major League Baseball for 14 seasons with the Detroit Tigers from 1902 to 1913 , Washington Senators in 1913 , and the Indianapolis Hoosiers/Newark Pepper of the Federal League from 1914 to 1915 . He compiled a career record of 228-196 with a 2.28 earned run average ( ERA ) and 1,482 strikeouts . His 1,244 career assists ranks sixth among major league pitchers . Mullin was also a strong hitter , twice batting over .300 for a season and compiling a career batting average of .262 . In 12 seasons with Detroit , he helped the team win three consecutive American League pennants from 1907 to 1909 . He had five 20-win seasons for the Tigers , led the American League with 29 wins in 1909 , and ranks second in Detroit Tigers history with 209 wins . He also holds the Detroit Tigers ' all-time club records with 3,394 innings pitched and 336 complete games and pitched the first no-hitter in Tigers ' history on July 4 , 1912 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_Orth', 'summary': 'Albert Lewis Orth ( September 5 , 1872 - October 8 , 1948 ) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball . He later served as a major league umpire and college baseball coach .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jack_Powell_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Joseph Powell ( July 9 , 1874 - October 17 , 1944 ) was a Major League Baseball pitcher around the turn of the 19th and 20th century . He had a relatively successful 16-year career , which lasted from 1897 to 1912 - he won 245 games , but also lost 254 games . So , despite his sparking 2.97 career ERA , he holds the record for most wins by a pitcher with a career losing record . Powell was born in Bloomington , Illinois . He made his debut with the Cleveland Spiders in 1897 , and by 1898 he became one of the best pitchers on the team . His 23 wins trailed only teammate Cy Young . He was one of the star players sold to the St. Louis Browns before the 1899 season . He won 23 games again that year , which was three more than the Spiders had all year . After three successful seasons , he was lured to the new American League in 1902 , where he pitched for the St. Louis Browns . Powell was traded to the New York Highlanders before the 1904 season , where he went 23-19 . However , after an 8-13 start in 1905 , he was traded back to the Browns . By this time , the Browns had become one of the worst teams in the league .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cy_Young', 'summary': "Denton True Cy Young ( March 29 , 1867 - November 4 , 1955 ) was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher . Born in Gilmore , Ohio , he worked on his family 's farm as a youth before starting his professional baseball career . Young entered the major leagues in 1890 with the National League 's Cleveland Spiders and pitched for them until 1898 . He was then transferred to the St. Louis Cardinals franchise . In 1901 , Young jumped to the American League and played for the Boston Red Sox franchise until 1908 , helping them win the 1903 World Series . He finished his career with the Cleveland Naps and Boston Rustlers , retiring in 1911 . Young was one of the hardest-throwing pitchers in the game early in his career . After his speed diminished , he relied more on his control and remained effective into his forties . By the time Young retired , he had established numerous pitching records , some of which have stood for over a century . He holds MLB records for the most career wins , with 511 , along with most career innings pitched , games started , and complete games . He led his league in wins during five seasons and pitched three no-hitters , including a perfect game . Young was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937 ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Americans Detroit Tigers Washington Senators St. Louis Browns Boston Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Americans', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Americans', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Case Patten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Case_Patten', 'summary': 'Case Lyman Casey Patten ( May 7 , 1874 - May 31 , 1935 ) was a professional baseball player . He was a left-handed pitcher over parts of eight seasons ( 1901-1908 ) with the Washington Senators and Boston Red Sox . For his career , he compiled a 105-128 record in 270 appearances , with a 3.36 earned run average and 757 strikeouts . In the history of the Washington/Minnesota franchise , Patten ranks tenth in wins ( 105 ) , sixth in innings pitched ( 2059.3 ) , tenth in games started ( 237 ) , second in complete games ( 206 ) , sixth in hits allowed ( 2146 ) , and seventh in losses ( 127 ) . He was born in Westport , New York and later died in Rochester , New York at the age of 61 .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Buchanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Buchanan_(baseball)', 'summary': 'James Forrest Buchanan ( July 1 , 1876 - June 15 , 1949 ) was a professional baseball player . He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of one season ( 1905 ) with the St. Louis Browns . For his career , he compiled a 5-9 record in 22 appearances , with a 3.50 earned run average and 54 strikeouts . Buchanan attended Austin College and Midland Lutheran College . [ citation needed ] Not to be confused with Jim Buchanan who was a fake news reporter played by Boston Red Sox player Joe Kelly ( pitcher ) .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Bender Otto Hess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Bender', 'summary': 'Charles Albert Chief Bender ( May 5 , 1884 [ a 1 ] - May 22 , 1954 ) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball during the 1910s and 1920s . In 1911 , Bender tied a record by pitching three complete games in a single World Series . He finished his career with a 212-127 win-loss record for a .625 winning percentage and a career 2.46 earned run average ( ERA ) . After his major league playing career , Bender filled multiple baseball roles , including service as a major league coach , minor league manager and player-manager , college manager and professional scout . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 and he died not long before his induction ceremony the following year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otto_Hess_(pitcher)', 'summary': 'Otto C. Hess ( October 10 , 1878 - February 25 , 1926 ) born in Bern , Switzerland was a pitcher for the Cleveland Bronchos/Cleveland Naps ( 1902 and 1904-08 ) and Boston Braves ( 1912-15 ) . In 1914 , Hess was a member of the Braves team that went from last place to first place in two months , becoming the first team to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July . He is the first person born in Switzerland to play Major League Baseball . In 10 seasons he had a 70-90 win-loss record in 198 games , with 165 games started , 129 complete games , 18 shutouts , 5 saves , 1,418 innings pitched , 1,355 hits allowed , 663 runs allowed , 25 home runs allowed , 448 walks allowed , 580 strikeouts , 83 hit batsmen , 38 wild pitches and a 2.98 ERA . He died in Tucson , Arizona , at the age of 47 . Hess was a good hitting pitcher in his major league career , posting a .216 batting average ( 154-for-714 ) with 63 runs , 21 doubles , 9 triples , 5 home runs , 56 RBI and 27 bases on balls . He also played 51 games in the outfield and 6 games at first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics Cleveland Naps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Naps', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Dinneen Tom Hughes Ed Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dinneen', 'summary': "William Henry Dinneen , alternately spelled Dineen ( April 5 , 1876 - January 13 , 1955 ) , was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who followed his 12-year career from 1898 to 1909 with a highly regarded tenure as an American League umpire from 1909 to 1937 . Dinneen was the plate umpire for baseball 's first All-Star Game . He played for the Washington Senators and Boston Braves ( both of the National League ) , and the Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Browns of the American League . Dinneen recorded three wins for the Red Sox over the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 . Dinneen broke the record for most strikeouts in a World Series game with 11 ; the previous mark of 10 had been set a day earlier by Pittsburgh 's Deacon Phillippe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Long_Tom_Hughes', 'summary': 'Thomas James Hughes ( November 29 , 1878 - February 8 , 1956 ) was a right-handed starting pitcher in Major League Baseball . From 1900 through 1913 , Hughes played for the Chicago Orphans ( 1900-01 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1902 ) , Boston Americans ( 1902-03 ) , New York Highlanders ( 1904 ) and Washington Senators ( 1904-09 , 1911-13 ) . He debuted on September 7 , 1900 , and played his final game on October 3 , 1913 . A native of Chicago , Hughes was knicknamed Long Tom for his height , a then-impressive 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) . His younger brother , Ed Hughes , also played for Chicago ( NL ) and Boston ( AL ) , making them the first set of brothers to play for the Red Sox .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Walsh', 'summary': 'Edward Augustine Big Ed Walsh ( May 14 , 1881 - May 26 , 1959 ) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball . From 1906 to 1912 , he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball . Injuries shortened his career . Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average , 1.82 . He is one of two modern ( post-1901 ) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season . He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season , a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908 . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston / St. Louis Washington Senators Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Walsh', 'summary': 'Edward Augustine Big Ed Walsh ( May 14 , 1881 - May 26 , 1959 ) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball . From 1906 to 1912 , he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball . Injuries shortened his career . Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average , 1.82 . He is one of two modern ( post-1901 ) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season . He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season , a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908 . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Arellanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Arellanes', 'summary': "Frank Julián Arellanes [ ah-ray-yah'-ness ] ( January 28 , 1882 - December 13 , 1918 ) was an American professional baseball starting pitcher . He played three seasons in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox from 1908 through 1910 . Listed at 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) , 180 pounds ( 82 kg ) , he batted and threw right-handed ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Walsh', 'summary': 'Edward Augustine Big Ed Walsh ( May 14 , 1881 - May 26 , 1959 ) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball . From 1906 to 1912 , he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball . Injuries shortened his career . Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average , 1.82 . He is one of two modern ( post-1901 ) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season . He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season , a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908 . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charley Hall Eddie Plank Ed Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charley_Hall', 'summary': 'Charles Louis Hall ( July 27 , 1884 - December 6 , 1943 ) was an American professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Cincinnati Reds , Boston Red Sox , St. Louis Cardinals , and Detroit Tigers . He pitched in 118 games totalling 909.2 innings . He had 427 strikeouts , a 3.09 earned run average ( ERA ) , and 3 shutouts . He started 81 games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Plank', 'summary': 'Edward Stewart Plank ( August 31 , 1875 - February 24 , 1926 ) , nicknamed Gettysburg Eddie , was an American professional baseball player . A pitcher , Plank played in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 through 1914 , the St. Louis Terriers in 1915 , and the St. Louis Browns in 1916 and 1917 . Plank was the first left-handed pitcher to win 200 games and then 300 games , and now ranks third in all-time wins among left-handers with 326 career victories ( eleventh all time ) and first all-time in career shutouts by a left-handed pitcher with 66 . Philadelphia went to the World Series five times while Plank played there , but he sat out the 1910 World Series due to an injury . Plank had only a 1.32 earned run average ( ERA ) in his World Series career , but he was unlucky , with a 2-5 win-loss record in those games . Plank died of a stroke in 1926 . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Walsh', 'summary': 'Edward Augustine Big Ed Walsh ( May 14 , 1881 - May 26 , 1959 ) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball . From 1906 to 1912 , he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball . Injuries shortened his career . Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average , 1.82 . He is one of two modern ( post-1901 ) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season . He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season , a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908 . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox Philadelphia Athletics Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ed Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Walsh', 'summary': 'Edward Augustine Big Ed Walsh ( May 14 , 1881 - May 26 , 1959 ) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball . From 1906 to 1912 , he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball . Injuries shortened his career . Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average , 1.82 . He is one of two modern ( post-1901 ) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season . He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season , a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908 . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief Bender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chief_Bender', 'summary': 'Charles Albert Chief Bender ( May 5 , 1884 [ a 1 ] - May 22 , 1954 ) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball during the 1910s and 1920s . In 1911 , Bender tied a record by pitching three complete games in a single World Series . He finished his career with a 212-127 win-loss record for a .625 winning percentage and a career 2.46 earned run average ( ERA ) . After his major league playing career , Bender filled multiple baseball roles , including service as a major league coach , minor league manager and player-manager , college manager and professional scout . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 and he died not long before his induction ceremony the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics', 'summary': 'The Oakland Athletics , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Philadelphia . This article details the history of the Philadelphia Athletics , from 1901 to 1954 , when they moved to Kansas City .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Bentley Hooks Dauss Red Faber Roy Mitchell Jim Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Bentley_(baseball)', 'summary': "John Needles Bentley ( March 8 , 1895 - October 24 , 1969 ) was a professional baseball player . He was a left-handed pitcher over parts of nine seasons ( 1913-1916 , 1923-1927 ) with the Washington Senators , New York Giants and Philadelphia Phillies . For his career , he compiled a 46-33 record in 138 appearances , with a 4.01 ERA ( earned run average ) and 259 strikeouts . Bentley was a member of the Giants ' pennant-winning teams in 1923 and 1924 . He was 1-3 with a 4.94 ERA and 11 strikeouts in World Series play . He was a good hitting pitcher in his major league career . In nine seasons , he compiled a .291 average ( 170-584 ) with 7 home runs and 71 RBI . In 1923 Bentley batted .427 ( 38-89 ) for the New York Giants . In the 1923 and 1924 World Series , he hit .417 ( 5-12 ) with one home run and 2 RBI . He also played 59 games at first base and 3 games in right field in the majors . In 1922 , Bentley pitched for the minor league Baltimore Orioles in the International League , going 13-2 with a 1.73 ERA before he was called up again to the Big Leagues by the New York Giants . He was born in Sandy Spring , Maryland , and later died in Olney , Maryland , at the age of 74 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hooks_Dauss', 'summary': 'George August Hooks Dauss ( September 22 , 1889 - July 27 , 1963 ) , born George August Daus , was a professional baseball player from 1909 to 1926 . He played 15 seasons of Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1926 . He was given the nickname Hooks , because his curveball was hard to hit . He compiled a career record of 223-182 with a 3.30 earned run average ( ERA ) . His best years were 1915 when he had a 24-13 record , 1919 with a 21-9 record , and 1923 with a 21-13 record . Dauss continues to hold the Detroit Tigers franchise record for most wins by a pitcher with 223 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Faber', 'summary': 'Urban Clarence Red Faber ( September 6 , 1888 - September 25 , 1976 ) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1914 through 1933 , playing his entire career for the Chicago White Sox . He was a member of the 1919 team but was not involved in the Black Sox scandal because he missed the World Series due to injury and illness . Faber won 254 games over his 20-year career , a total which ranked 17th-highest in history upon his retirement . At the time of his retirement , he was the last legal spitballer in the American League ; another legal spitballer , Burleigh Grimes , was later traded to the AL and appear in 10 games for the Yankees in 1934 . Faber was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Mitchell_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Albert Roy Mitchell ( April 19 , 1885 - September 8 , 1959 ) was a professional baseball player . He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of seven seasons ( 1910-1914 , 1918-1919 ) with the St. Louis Browns , Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds . For his career , he compiled a 32-37 record in 122 appearances , with a 3.42 earned run average and 204 strikeouts . Mitchell was a member of the 1919 World Series champion Cincinnati Reds , though he did not play in the World Series . He was born in Belton , Texas and later died in Temple , Texas at the age of 74 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Shaw_(baseball)', 'summary': 'James Aloysius Shaw ( August 19 , 1893 - January 27 , 1962 ) , born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , was a pitcher for the Washington Senators ( 1913-1921 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington Senators Detroit Tigers Chicago White Sox St. Louis Browns Washington Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Mays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Mays', 'summary': 'Carl William Mays ( November 12 , 1891 - April 4 , 1971 ) was a right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1915 to 1929 . Although he won over 200 games , 27 in 1921 alone , and was a member of four World Series-champion teams , Mays is primarily remembered for throwing the pitch that killed Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians on August 16 , 1920 . Chapman became the only Major League player to die as a direct result of an on-field injury .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston Red Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Shawkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Shawkey', 'summary': 'James Robert Shawkey ( December 4 , 1890 - December 31 , 1980 ) was an American baseball pitcher who played fifteen seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played for the Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees from 1915 to 1927 . He batted and threw right-handed and served primarily as a starting pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Danforth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Danforth', 'summary': "David Charles Dauntless Dave Danforth ( March 7 , 1890 - September 19 , 1970 ) was an American professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for ten seasons ( 1911-1912 , 1916-1919 , 1922-1925 ) with the Philadelphia Athletics , Chicago White Sox , and St. Louis Browns . For his career , he compiled a 71-66 record in 286 appearances , with a 3.89 earned run average and 484 strikeouts . Danforth played on two World Series championship teams , the 1911 Athletics and the 1917 White Sox . He appeared in one World Series game ( in 1917 ) , pitching one inning , giving up two runs and striking out two . Danforth was an alumnus of Baylor University . He pitched two seasons at Baylor and pitched two no-hitters as a collegiate . In 1911 he led Baylor to the Texas championship with a 10-0 win-loss record . He had agreed to join the Athletics for the 1911 season over the winter of 1910-11 , but held off signing his professional contract until graduating from Baylor , joining the Athletics in July . The 1912 Reach Guide described him as a clever young pitcher and said that the Athletics were fortunate in his gradual development in their pursuit of the 1911 league championship . He was known for adulterating baseballs and throwing shiners . A 1920 rule change banned this practice and Danforth 's career suffered following the rule change ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Mogridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mogridge', 'summary': 'George Anthony Mogridge ( February 18 , 1889 - March 4 , 1962 ) was an American baseball player .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allen Russell Jim Shaw Bob Shawkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Russell', 'summary': 'Allan E. Rubberarm Russell ( July 31 , 1893 - October 20 , 1972 ) was a professional baseball player . He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of 11 seasons ( 1915-1925 ) with the New York Yankees , Boston Red Sox and Washington Senators . For his career , he compiled a 71-76 record in 345 appearances , with a 3.52 earned run average and 603 strikeouts . Russell played on the 1924 World Series champion Senators , making one appearance in the World Series , giving up one run over three innings of work . He was a spitball pitcher who was allowed to throw the pitch after it was banned following the 1920 season . He was one of 17 pitchers exempt from the rule change . He was born and later died in Baltimore , Maryland , at the age of 79 . His brother Lefty Russell also played Major League Baseball .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Shaw_(baseball)', 'summary': 'James Aloysius Shaw ( August 19 , 1893 - January 27 , 1962 ) , born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , was a pitcher for the Washington Senators ( 1913-1921 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Shawkey', 'summary': 'James Robert Shawkey ( December 4 , 1890 - December 31 , 1980 ) was an American baseball pitcher who played fifteen seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played for the Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees from 1915 to 1927 . He batted and threw right-handed and served primarily as a starting pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'New York / Boston Washington Senators New York Yankees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901–60)', 'summary': "The Washington Senators baseball team was one of the American League 's eight charter franchises . Now known as the Minnesota Twins , the club was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as the Washington Senators . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the Washington Nationals . The name Nationals appeared on the uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the W logo for the next 52 years . However , the names Senators , Nationals and shorter Nats were used interchangeably by fans and media for the next 60 years ; in 2005 , the latter two names were revived for the current National League franchise that had previously played in Montreal . For a time , from 1911 to 1933 , the Senators were one of the more successful franchises in Major League Baseball . The team 's rosters included Baseball Hall of Fame members Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Joe Cronin , Bucky Harris , Heinie Manush and one of the greatest players and pitchers of all time , Walter Johnson . But the Senators are remembered more for their many years of mediocrity and futility , including six last-place finishes in the 1940s and 1950s . Joe Judge , Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer , Roy Sievers and Eddie Yost were other notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Yankees', 'summary': "The New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City , the other being the National League 's ( NL ) New York Mets . The Yankees began play in the 1901 season as the Baltimore Orioles ( no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles ) . In 1903 , Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise after it ceased operations and moved it to New York City , renaming the club the New York Highlanders . The Highlanders were officially renamed the New York Yankees in 1913 . The team is owned by Yankee Global Enterprises , an LLC that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner , who purchased the team in 1973 . Brian Cashman is the team 's general manager , and Aaron Boone is the team 's field manager . The team 's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008 . In 1974 and 1975 , the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets , in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants . In 2009 , they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility , which was closed and demolished . The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dickey Kerr Urban Shocker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickey_Kerr', 'summary': "Richard Henry Kerr , otherwise known as Dickey Kerr , was born in St. Louis , Missouri July 3 , 1893 to Richard J. , and Anna Kerr . Previously , known as Anna Tieman prior to marrying Dickey 's father . Dickey 's father made his living as a firefighter before getting a job working on rafts along the Mississippi . His father had a large family to support . Dickey had eight siblings . Prior to playing baseball , Dickey Kerr competed in amateur boxing . Kerr started playing baseball at the age of fourteen years old alongside amateur adult baseball players . In the year of 1909 , Dickey , and one of his brothers joined the Paragould Scouts a league in N.E . Arkansas . At the age of 16 , this is where the left hander 's professional baseball career began to take off . Dickey played for a few different lower level baseball teams from the ages of sixteen to twenty-two . A couple of the teams he played for were the Cairo Egyptians , and the Cleburne Railroaders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Urban_Shocker', 'summary': 'Urbain Jacques Shockcor ( September 22 , 1890 - September 9 , 1928 ) , known as Urban James Shocker was an American professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Yankees and St. Louis Browns between 1916 and 1928 . Shocker , known as one of the last legal spitball pitchers , led the American League ( AL ) , and set the Browns record in 1921 with 27 wins , and won at least 20 games 4 seasons in a row from 1920 to 1923 . At his time of retirement he was the Browns all time leader in wins with 126 and shutouts with 23 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago White Sox St. Louis Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox', 'summary': "The Chicago White Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The White Sox are owned by Jerry Reinsdorf , and play their home games at Guaranteed Rate Field , located on the city 's South Side . They are one of two major league clubs in Chicago ; the other is the Chicago Cubs of the National League ( NL ) Central division . One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the franchise was established as a major league baseball club in 1901 . The club was originally called the Chicago White Stockings , but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox . The team originally played home games at South Side Park before moving to Comiskey Park in 1910 , where they played until Guaranteed Rate Field ( originally known as Comiskey Park and then known as U.S. Cellular Field ) opened in 1991 . The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a defense-oriented team dubbed the Hitless Wonders , and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte , Eddie Collins , and Shoeless Joe Jackson . The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal , in which several members of the White Sox were accused of conspiring with gamblers to fix games . In response , Major League Baseball 's new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life . In 1959 , led by Early Wynn , Nellie Fox , Luis Aparicio and manager Al López , the White Sox won the American League pennant . They won the AL pennant in 2005 , and went on to win the World Series , led by World Series MVP Jermaine Dye , Paul Konerko , Mark Buehrle , catcher A. J. Pierzynski , and the first Latino manager to win the World Series , Ozzie Guillén ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'American League', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_saves_champions_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of annual leaders in saves in Major League Baseball (MLB), with separate lists for the American League and the National League. The list includes several professional leagues and associations that were never part of MLB.'}
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When was the pitcher with the second most saves inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ?
1946
098bdaac555e52cb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_shows_set_in_New_York_City', 'title': 'List of television shows set in New York City', 'header': ['Title', 'Start', 'End'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Trouble with Tracy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Tracy', 'summary': 'The Trouble with Tracy is a Canadian television series produced by CTV for the 1970-1971 television season , with intended distribution by the U.S.-based National General Pictures . It is considered by some to be one of the worst situation comedies ever produced . The series was produced as a daily show , and aired weekday afternoons at 3:30 pm from September 14 , 1970 . The economic and time pressures of producing 130 episodes in a single season ( seven shows were filmed every five days ) meant cheap , wobbly sets , no outdoor filming , a laugh track instead of a live studio audience , the use of single takes , the reuse of 25-year-old radio scripts , and other shortcuts that resulted in a poor-quality product . Even flubbed lines and bloopers sometimes ended up airing , because the show could not afford retakes .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Odd Couple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Odd_Couple_(1970_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Odd Couple , formally titled onscreen Neil Simon 's The Odd Couple , is an American television situation comedy broadcast from September 24 , 1970 , to March 7 , 1975 , on ABC . It stars Tony Randall as Felix Unger and Jack Klugman as Oscar Madison , and was the first of several sitcoms developed by Garry Marshall for Paramount Television . The show is based on the 1965 play of the same name , which was written by Neil Simon , as well as on the play 's 1968 film adaptation . Felix and Oscar are both divorced . They share a Manhattan apartment , and their different lifestyles inevitably lead to conflicts and laughs . In 1997 , the episodes Password and The Fat Farm were ranked No . 5 and No . 58 , respectively , on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . The show received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series . Its fourth season , from 1973-74 , remains the most recent nominee for a show that aired during a Friday time slot . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McCloud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McCloud_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'McCloud is an American police drama television series created by Herman Miller , that aired on NBC from September 16 , 1970 , to April 17 , 1977 . The series starred Dennis Weaver , and for six of its seven years on the air it aired as part of the NBC Mystery Movie rotating wheel series that was produced for the network by Universal Television . The show was centered on Deputy Marshal Sam McCloud of the small western town of Taos , New Mexico , who was on loan to the metropolitan New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) as a special investigator .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All in the Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_in_the_Family', 'summary': "All in the Family is an American sitcom television series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons , from January 12 , 1971 , to April 8 , 1979 . The following September , it was continued with the spin-off series Archie Bunker 's Place , which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons through 1983 . All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . It starred Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Sally Struthers , and Rob Reiner . The show revolves around the life of a working-class father and his family . The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy , such as racism , antisemitism , infidelity , homosexuality , women 's liberation , rape , religion , miscarriages , abortion , breast cancer , the Vietnam War , menopause , and impotence . Through depicting these controversial issues , the series became arguably one of television 's most influential comedic programs , as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic , topical conflicts . All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time . Following a lackluster first season , the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976 . It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years . The episode Sammy 's Visit was ranked number 13 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Electric Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Electric_Company', 'summary': "The Electric Company is an American educational children 's television series created by Paul Dooley and directed by Robert Schwarz ( 1971 and 1977 ) , Henry Behar ( 1972-1975 ) , John Tracy ( 1975-1976 ) ; written by Dooley , Christopher Cerf ( 1971-1973 ) , Jeremy Steven ( 1972-1974 ) and John Boni/Amy Ephron ( 1972-1973 ) ; and produced by the Children 's Television Workshop ( now called Sesame Workshop ) for PBS in the United States . PBS broadcast 780 episodes over the course of its six seasons from October 25 , 1971 , to April 15 , 1977 ( in many areas , a preview special , Here Comes The Electric Company , was seen in syndication through sponsor Johnson Wax on many local commercial stations during the week before its 1971 debut ) . After it ceased production in 1977 , the program continued in reruns until October 4 , 1985 , as the result of a decision made in 1975 to produce two final seasons for perpetual use . The Workshop produced the show at Second Stage , located within the Reeves Teletape Studios ( Teletape ) , in Manhattan , which had been the first home of Sesame Street . The Electric Company employed sketch comedy and various other devices to provide an entertaining program to help elementary school children develop their grammar and reading skills . Since it was intended for children who had graduated from CTW 's flagship program , Sesame Street , the humor was more mature than what was seen there . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dick_Clark's_New_Year's_Rockin'_Eve", 'summary': "Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ( NYRE ) is an annual New Year 's Eve television special broadcast by ABC . The special broadcasts primarily from New York City 's Times Square and prominently features coverage of its annual ball drop event , along with live and pre-recorded musical performances by popular musicians from Times Square and Hollywood , in addition to live performances and coverage of festivities from New Orleans . Its creator and namesake was the entertainer Dick Clark , who conceived New Year 's Rockin ' Eve as a younger-skewing competitor to Guy Lombardo 's popular and long-running New Year 's Eve big band broadcasts on CBS . The first two editions , in 1973 and 1974 , were hosted by Three Dog Night and George Carlin , respectively , featured Dick Clark assuming the role of Times Square reporter , and were broadcast by NBC . In 1974-75 , the program moved to its current home of ABC , and Clark assumed the role of host . Following the death of Guy Lombardo and the decline of CBS 's specials , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve grew in popularity and became ingrained in pop culture - even prompting Clark himself to make appearances on other programs in parody of his role . To this day , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently remained the highest-rated New Year 's Eve special broadcast by the United States ' major television networks ; its 2012 edition peaked at 22.6 million home viewers - not including viewers watching from public locations , which were historically not measured by Nielsen . Dick Clark hosted New Year 's Rockin ' Eve annually from 1973 through 1999 and from 2001 through 2004 . For the year 2000 , Peter Jennings for ABC News 's ABC 2000 Today broadcast . In December 2004 , Clark suffered from a stroke , which resulted in Regis Philbin serving as guest host . Due to lingering speech impediments from the stroke , Clark ceded hosting duties to Ryan Seacrest the following year , but continued to make limited appearances as a co-host until his death in 2012 ( despite his death , his name still remains on the program to this day ) . Hosting solo since the 2012-13 edition , Seacrest has most recently been joined by Jenny McCarthy as a correspondent from Times Square ( succeeded by Lucy Hale , who had been hosting location segments from New Orleans since the 2015-16 broadcast , for the 2019-20 edition ) , with Ciara serving as the presenter of the Hollywood concert segments ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Super', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Super_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Super is an American sitcom television series starring Richard S. Castellano which centers on the superintendent of an apartment building in New York City . The show aired on ABC from June 21 , 1972 to August 23 , 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridget Loves Bernie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridget_Loves_Bernie', 'summary': "Bridget Loves Bernie is an American sitcom created by Bernard Slade . Depicting an interfaith marriage between a Catholic woman and a Jewish man , Bridget Loves Bernie was based loosely on the premise of the 1920s Broadway play and 1940s radio show Abie 's Irish Rose . It stars Meredith Baxter and David Birney as the title characters . Despite high ratings , CBS cancelled the show after only one season . Baxter and Birney married in real life after the program went off the air ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madigan', 'summary': 'Madigan is a 1968 American neo-noir dramatic thriller film directed by Don Siegel and starring Richard Widmark and Henry Fonda . The screenplay - originally titled Friday , Saturday , Sunday - was adapted by two writers who had been blacklisted in the 1950s , Howard Rodman ( credited here under the pseudonym Henri Simoun ) and Abraham Polonsky . It was based on the 1962 novel The Commissioner by Richard Dougherty , a former New York bureau chief of the Los Angeles Times who had served in the 1950s as a deputy New York City police commissioner for community relations . Siegel was a genre director known at the time for taut action films like The Lineup ( 1958 ) and Hell Is for Heroes ( 1962 ) , as well as the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1956 ) . He later directed five films starring Clint Eastwood , including Dirty Harry .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kojak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kojak', 'summary': 'Kojak is an American action crime drama television series starring Telly Savalas as the title character , New York City Police Department Detective Lieutenant Theo Kojak . Taking the time slot of the popular Cannon series , it aired on CBS from 1973 to 1978 . In 1999 TV Guide ranked Theo Kojak number 18 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Needles and Pins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Needles_and_Pins_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Needles and Pins is an American sitcom about a women 's clothing manufacturer and his employees in New York City that aired from September 21 , 1973 to December 28 , 1973 ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhoda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhoda', 'summary': "Rhoda is an American television sitcom starring Valerie Harper that originally aired on CBS for five seasons from September 9 , 1974 to December 9 , 1978 . The first spin-off of The Mary Tyler Moore Show , Harper reprised her role as Rhoda Morgenstern , a spunky and flamboyantly fashioned young woman seen as unconventional by the standards of her Jewish family from New York City . Rhoda begins as the character decides to return to New York City from Minneapolis , where she soon meets and marries Joe Gerard ( David Groh ) . Julie Kavner co-starred as Rhoda 's sister Brenda , alongside Nancy Walker as their mother Ida Morgenstern . The series was the recipient of two Golden Globe Awards and two Primetime Emmy Awards . Rhoda was filmed Friday evenings in front of a live studio audience at CBS Studio Center , Stage 14 in Studio City , Los Angeles , California ."}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baretta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baretta', 'summary': "Baretta is an American detective television series which ran on ABC from 1975-78 . The show was a revised and milder version of a 1973-74 ABC series , Toma , starring Tony Musante as chameleon-like , real-life New Jersey police officer David Toma . When Musante left the series after a single season , the concept was retooled as Baretta , with Robert Blake in the title role . Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow , the show 's theme music , was composed by Dave Grusin and Morgan Ames and sung by Sammy Davis Jr ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barney Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barney_Miller', 'summary': 'Barney Miller is an American sitcom set in a New York City Police Department police station on East 6th St in Greenwich Village . The series was broadcast from January 23 , 1975 , to May 20 , 1982 , on ABC . It was created by Danny Arnold and Theodore J. Flicker . Noam Pitlik directed the majority of the episodes .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellery Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellery_Queen_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Ellery Queen is an American TV series , developed by Richard Levinson and William Link , who based it on the fictional character of the same name . The series ran on NBC from September 11 , 1975 , to April 4 , 1976 featuring the titular fictional sleuth . The series stars Jim Hutton as the titular character , and David Wayne as his father , Inspector Richard Queen . Every episode revolves around author Queen investigating a murder , usually with the assistance of his father . The series uses some of the same dramatic devices found in the early Queen novels and radio shows . This includes Hutton breaking the fourth wall , to challenge the viewer to solve the mystery .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jeffersons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jeffersons', 'summary': "The Jeffersons is an American sitcom that was broadcast on CBS from January 18 , 1975 , to July 2 , 1985 , lasting 11 seasons and a total of 253 episodes . The Jeffersons is one of the longest-running sitcoms , the second-longest-running American series with a primarily African American cast ( surpassed in 2012 by Tyler Perry 's House of Payne by one episode , though The Jeffersons ran for more seasons ) , and the first to prominently feature a married interracial couple ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ryan 's Hope", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ryan's_Hope", 'summary': "Ryan 's Hope is an American soap opera created by Claire Labine and Paul Avila Mayer , originally airing for 13 years on ABC from July 7 , 1975 to January 13 , 1989 . It revolves around the trials and tribulations within a large Irish-American family in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welcome Back , Kotter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter', 'summary': 'Welcome Back , Kotter is an American sitcom starring Gabe Kaplan as a sardonic high school teacher in charge of a racially and ethnically diverse remedial class called the Sweathogs . Recorded in front of a live studio audience , it originally aired on ABC from September 9 , 1975 , to May 17 , 1979 .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saturday Night Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live', 'summary': "Saturday Night Live ( known as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . The show premiered on NBC on October 11 , 1975 , under the original title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show 's comedy sketches , which often parody contemporary culture and politics , are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members . Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest , who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast as with featured performances by a musical guest . An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming , Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! , properly beginning the show . In 1980 , Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities . He was replaced by Jean Doumanian , who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews . Ebersol ran the show until 1985 . Since Michaels ' return he has held the job of show-runner . Many SNL cast members have found national stardom while appearing on the show , and achieved success in film and television , both in front of and behind the camera . Others associated with the show , such as writers , have gone on to successful careers creating , writing , and starring in television and film . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC 's headquarters in the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , SNL has aired 884 episodes since its debut , and began its forty-fifth season on September 28 , 2019 , making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'present', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busting Loose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busting_Loose_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Busting Loose is an American sitcom starring Adam Arkin which centers on a young man in New York City who has moved out of his parents ' house to live on his own for the first time . The show aired on CBS between January 17 , 1977 , and November 16 , 1977 ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Shows set primarily in the five boroughs -- 1970s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_shows_set_in_New_York_City_1', 'intro': 'This page provides a partial list of television shows set in New York City.'}
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What are the highest viewing figures for the longest running show ?
22.6 million
098e5ee3c665922b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Santo_Tomas_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Santo Tomas alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Year/Degree', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ernesto Arceo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.L . , M.Phil . , PhD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy', 'summary': 'The Master of Philosophy ( abbr . M.Phil . or MPhil ; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister ) is an advanced postgraduate degree . An MPhil typically includes a taught portion and a significant research portion , during which a thesis project is conducted under supervision . An MPhil may be awarded to postgraduate students after completing taught coursework and one to two years of original research , which may also serve as a provisional enrollment for a PhD programme .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy', 'summary': "A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD , Ph.D. , or DPhil ; Latin philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae ) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries . PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields . As an earned research degree , those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge , normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation , and defend their work against experts in the field . The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor , researcher , or scientist in many fields . Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may , in many jurisdictions , use the title Doctor ( often abbreviated Dr or Dr. ) with their name , although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field , culture , or society . Those who teach at universities or work in academic , educational , or research fields are usually addressed by this title professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation . Alternatively , holders may use post-nominal letters such as Ph.D. , PhD , or DPhil ( depending on the awarding institution ) . It is , however , considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time . The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country , institution , and time period , from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates . During the studies that lead to the degree , the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student ; a student who has completed all their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate ( see : all but dissertation ) . A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted a master 's degree en route to the doctoral degree . Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as PhD ABD , meaning All But Dissertation ."}]}, {'value': 'Rector Magnificus of University of Santo Tomas 2006-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonieto Cabajog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonieto_Cabajog', 'summary': 'Antonieto Dumagan Cabajog ( born May 10 , 1956 ) , often known as Bishop Yiet or Monsignor Yiet , is a Filipino Roman Catholic bishop from Bohol , Philippines , as of 2012 [ update ] bishop of the Diocese of Surigao . He was ordained to the priesthood on April 9 , 1981 at the Church of the Holy Trinity , Loay , Bohol . His episcopal ordination was on March 16 , 1999 at the age of 43 at the Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Tagbilaran City , Bohol , Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'A.B . , Ph.B . , Ph.L. , S.T.B . 1977 , J.C.L . 1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts', 'summary': "A Bachelor of Arts ( BA or AB ; from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences . Bachelor of Arts programs generally take three or four years depending on the country and institution . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution , type of degree conferred , conferring authority , and location at which the degree is conferred . Diplomas are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Philosophy ( BPhil , BPh , or PhB ; Latin : Baccalaureus Philosophiae or Philosophiae Baccalaureus ) is the title of an academic degree . The degree usually involves considerable research , either through a thesis or supervised research projects . Despite its name it is , in most universities , a postgraduate degree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus ; abbreviated STB ) is a graduate-level academic degree in theology . The Bachelor of Sacred Theology is offered by a number of pontifical universities . It is sometimes offered as a graduate degree , for students who have already completed a Bachelor of Arts or other first degree . It can also be offered as an ecclesiastical degree , granted directly by church hierarchy after one has completed requirements in addition to those necessary for a civil degree , but which are required for ordination . Within the Catholic Church , the STB is the first of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology ( the second and third are the Licentiate of Sacred Theology and Doctor of Sacred Theology respectively ) , and as such is granted by pontifical faculties under the authority of the Holy See . It is awarded upon successful completion of the first cycle , a three-year course of studies that aims for a comprehensive competence in theology . Despite its name , the STB is a graduate degree , at least in the United States . While acceptance to an STB programme always requires at least two prior years ' undergraduate study of philosophy , as well as knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages , in the United States a completed undergraduate degree is generally required for admission to an STB programme . Thus it is roughly equivalent academically to a Master of Divinity ( although the STB has a more academic focus while the MDiv has a more pastoral focus ) , and the two are sometimes granted together . Faculties which offer the degree Bachelor of Sacred Theology include the Catholic University of America , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( Belgium ) , Tilburg University ( Netherlands ) , Pázmány Péter Catholic University ( Budapest ) , , Saint John 's Seminary ( Boston , MA ) , the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , Philippines. , and Kenrick School of Theology Seminary in Saint Louis , Missouri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Canon Law ( Latin : Juris Canonici Licentiata ; JCL ) is the title of an advanced graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church offered by pontifical universities and ecclesiastical faculties of canon law . Licentiate is the title of a person who holds an academic degree called a licence . The licentiate of canon law is the ordinary way for forming future canonists , according to Veritatis gaudium .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of canon law 1991-1994 , current Bishop of Surigao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surigao_City', 'summary': "Surigao City , officially the City of Surigao ( Surigaonon : Siyudad nan Surigao ; Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Surigao ; Spanish : Ciudad de Surigao ) , is a 3rd class city and capital of the province of Surigao del Norte , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 154,137 people . Located at the north-easternmost tip of Mindanao , it has a total land area of 245.34 km2 which is roughly 1.4% of Caraga region . The absence of a fort in Surigao belies its significance and sphere of influence during the Spanish period . It was the capital of the expansive province of the same name from 1750 until its dissolution in 1911 , covering a third of Mindanao Island 's total land area . It is one of the oldest port towns in Mindanao , founded by Spanish colonizers in 1655 . It has abundant mineral reserves including gold , iron , manganese , silica , cobalt , copper , chromite and among the world 's largest nickel deposits in Nonoc Island . The Asian Institute of Management ranks the city as among the most competitive small-sized cities in the Philippines , with an estimated total income of 600 million pesos in 2012 . The city serves as a jump off point to visitors of nearby Siargao , Dinagat and Bucas Grande islands . It is Mindanao 's closest landmass to the Visayas region . Eleven nautical miles across Surigao Strait separates the city from Panaon Island in the Visayas . Surigao is the center of politics , commerce , banking , industry and education of Surigao del Norte and Dinagat Islands as well as parts of neighboring provinces of Surigao del Sur , Agusan del Norte and Southern Leyte ."}]}, {'value': 'Jose Tomas Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Tomas_Sanchez', 'summary': 'José Tomás Sánchez ( March 17 , 1920 - March 9 , 2012 ) was a Filipino cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who held several posts in the Roman Curia , the highest of which was Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy from 1991-1996 . Prior to his appointment to the Roman Curia , he held several diocesan bishop positions in the Philippines , the last of which was Archbishop of Nueva Segovia from 1982-1986 . He was ordained a priest on May 12 , 1946 . He was consecrated bishop on May 12 , 1968 , following his appointment as Auxiliary Bishop of Nueva Cáceres , and was elevated to cardinal on June 28 , 1991 , by Pope John Paul II .'}]}, {'value': 'S.Th.D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology', 'summary': 'Doctor of Theology ( Latin : Doctor Theologiae , abbreviated DTh , ThD , DTheol , or Dr . theol . ) is a terminal degree in the academic discipline of theology . The ThD is an advanced research degree equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardinal , Archbishop of Nueva Segovia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Nueva_Segovia', 'summary': "The Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines . It covers the province of Ilocos Sur , on the island of Luzon . The see of the archdiocese is the city of Vigan . The archdiocese was erected in 1595 in the city of Nueva Segovia ( modern-day Lal-lo , Cagayan ) . The see was moved in 1758 to Vigan because of its relative distance , at the request of Bishop Juan de la Fuente Yepes , during the pontificate of Benedict XIV . It became an archdiocese in 1951 . The Archdiocese features the only Archbishop 's Residence in the Philippines built during the Spanish Era . It is located just beside the Vigan Cathedral . The rear of the convent also had an access to nearby Govantes Dike , apparently a convenient exit point by sea , but it is no longer in use as the dike is no longer navigable . Both the Archbishop 's Residence and the Cathedral itself remains to be one of the greatest contributions of the Order of Augustinian Recollects in the Philippines . The Archdiocese also operates its own radio station , dzNS ( NS meaning New Sound and Nueva Segovia ) . It is known for being a truly neutral radio station ."}]}, {'value': 'Regino Cortez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ph.L. , S.T.L . 1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Sacred Scriptures , Dean of Institute of Religion from 1974-1978 , Rector Magnificus of Colegio de San Juan de Letran 1980-1986 , Regent of College of Fine Arts and Design 2001-2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran', 'summary': "The Colegio de San Juan de Letran ( CSJL ) is a private Roman Catholic Dominican institution of higher learning located in Intramuros , Manila , in the Philippines . The college was founded in 1620 . Colegio de San Juan de Letran has the distinction of being the oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest secondary institution in Asia . It is owned and administered by the friars of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) of the Philippine Dominican Province . The school has produced Philippine presidents , revolutionary heroes , poets , legislators , members of the clergy , jurists , and it is also one of the only Philippine schools that has produced several Catholic saints who lived and studied on its campus . The school 's patron saint is St. John the Baptist . The campus contains two statues , representing the two foremost alumni in the fields of secular and religious service : former Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon and Vietnamese Saint Vicente Liem de la Paz . Letran has programs in Business , Management , Marketing , Entrepreneurship , Information Technology , Digital Arts , Communication Arts , Accountancy , Engineering . The colleges are divided into six departments : College of Liberal Arts and Sciences ( CLAS ) , College of Business Administration and Accountancy ( CBAA ) , College of Education ( CoEd ) , Institute of Communication ( iCOMM ) , Institute of Information Technology ( iIT ) , College of Engineering ( CoE ) . The Colegio has successful athletic programs , particularly in basketball , football ( soccer ) , volleyball , taekwondo , and tennis . Through the years Letran has produced numerous athletes that have donned the national colors ( especially in basketball ) in international events like the Olympics , Asian Games , Southeast Asian Games , Jones Cup , and FIBA World Championship . Letran is a long-time member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_College_of_Fine_Arts_and_Design', 'summary': 'The University of Santo Tomas College of Fine Arts and Design , popularly known as UST-CFAD , is the fine arts school of the University of Santo Tomas , the oldest and the largest Catholic university in Manila , Philippines . The Interior Design program is one of the Top Performing Interior Design programs offered by a school , in the Philippine Interior Design Licensure Examinations .'}]}, {'value': 'Oscar Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_V._Cruz', 'summary': 'Oscar V. Cruz ( born November 17 , 1934 ) is an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines . He was the Archbishop Emeritus of Lingayen-Dagupan in Pangasinan , Philippines , from 1991 to 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'H.S . 1950 , Ph.L . 1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_school', 'summary': 'A secondary school is an organization that provides secondary education and the building where this takes place . Some secondary schools provide both lower secondary education and upper secondary education ( levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale ) , but these can also be provided in separate schools , as in the American middle and high school system . Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and prepare for vocational or tertiary education . Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students until the age of 16 . The organisations , buildings , and terminology are more or less unique in each country .'}]}, {'value': 'Current Archbishop-Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines , Archbishop of Lingayen-Dagupan 1991-2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lingayen-Dagupan', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan is an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Province of Pangasinan , Philippines . Its cathedral is the Metropolitan Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Dagupan City with a co-cathedral , the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church , in neighboring municipality of Lingayen .'}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Dean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ph.B . 1952 , Ph.L . 1953 , S.T.B . 1954 , S.T.L . 1956', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Philosophy ( BPhil , BPh , or PhB ; Latin : Baccalaureus Philosophiae or Philosophiae Baccalaureus ) is the title of an academic degree . The degree usually involves considerable research , either through a thesis or supervised research projects . Despite its name it is , in most universities , a postgraduate degree .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus ; abbreviated STB ) is a graduate-level academic degree in theology . The Bachelor of Sacred Theology is offered by a number of pontifical universities . It is sometimes offered as a graduate degree , for students who have already completed a Bachelor of Arts or other first degree . It can also be offered as an ecclesiastical degree , granted directly by church hierarchy after one has completed requirements in addition to those necessary for a civil degree , but which are required for ordination . Within the Catholic Church , the STB is the first of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology ( the second and third are the Licentiate of Sacred Theology and Doctor of Sacred Theology respectively ) , and as such is granted by pontifical faculties under the authority of the Holy See . It is awarded upon successful completion of the first cycle , a three-year course of studies that aims for a comprehensive competence in theology . Despite its name , the STB is a graduate degree , at least in the United States . While acceptance to an STB programme always requires at least two prior years ' undergraduate study of philosophy , as well as knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages , in the United States a completed undergraduate degree is generally required for admission to an STB programme . Thus it is roughly equivalent academically to a Master of Divinity ( although the STB has a more academic focus while the MDiv has a more pastoral focus ) , and the two are sometimes granted together . Faculties which offer the degree Bachelor of Sacred Theology include the Catholic University of America , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( Belgium ) , Tilburg University ( Netherlands ) , Pázmány Péter Catholic University ( Budapest ) , , Saint John 's Seminary ( Boston , MA ) , the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , Philippines. , and Kenrick School of Theology Seminary in Saint Louis , Missouri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Archbishop of Palo 1985-2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Palo', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palo is a large administrative diocese of the Catholic Church in the town of Palo in Leyte province , Philippines . It was formed as a diocese on the 28th of November , 1937 , and became an archdiocese in 1982 , with Calbayog , Borongan , Catarman and Naval Diocese serving as suffragan to it . The archdiocese encompasses 4,620 km2 ( 1,780 sq mi ) and an overwhelmingly Catholic population of 1,165,565 . The archdiocese has two districts , Eastern and Western , which are divided among the languages Waray and Cebuano . The Eastern District has seven vicariates of 34 parishes . 13 parishes are in the Western District , with one chaplaincy . The archdiocese contains two seminaries . The elder of these is the Sacred Heart Seminary , which was founded in 1944 . Founded in 1988 , the St. John Evangelist School of Theology serves additional dioceses . Jose S. Palma , a priest from the Archdiocese of Jaro and Bishop of the Diocese of Calbayog , Samar was the Archbishop of Palo until he was appointed as Archbishop of Cebu following the retirement of the late Archbishop Cardinal Ricardo Vidal . The Archdiocese of Palo was created as a diocese on November 28 , 1937 and elevated to an archdiocese on November 15 , 1982 , with four neighboring dioceses of the metropolitan , to include Borongan , Calbayog , Catarman and Naval .'}]}, {'value': 'Rolando dela Rosa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ Ph.D/S.T.D ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rector Magnificus of University of Santo Tomas 1990-1998/2007-2012 , Professor of theology , Chairman of Commission on Higher Education 2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)', 'summary': 'The Commission on Higher Education ( Filipino : Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon/Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon ) of the Philippines , abbreviated as CHED , is a government agency attached to the Office of the President of the Philippines for administrative purposes . It covers both public and private higher education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary educational institutions in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeferino González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeferino_González_y_Díaz_Tuñón', 'summary': 'Zeferino González ( 28 January 1831 - 29 November 1894 ) was a Spanish Dominican theologian , and philosopher , Archbishop of Seville and Cardinal .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of theology and philosophy , first director of UST Museum of Arts and Sciences , Archbishop of Seville 1883-1885 , Archbishop of Toledo 1885-1886', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UST_Museum_of_Arts_and_Sciences', 'summary': 'The University of Santo Tomas Museum of Arts and Sciences is the oldest existing museum in the Philippines . It started as a Gabinete de Fisica , or observation room , of mineral , botanical and biological collections in the 17th century . Under the old Spanish educational law the collections were used as classroom materials , especially in Medicine and Pharmacy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville', 'summary': 'The Archdiocese of Seville is part of the Catholic Church in Seville , Spain . The Diocese of Seville was founded in the 3rd century . It was raised to the level of an archdiocese in the 4th century . The current Archbishop is Juan José Asenjo Pelegrina . It has the suffragan dioceses of :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo', 'summary': 'This is a list of Bishops and Archbishops of Toledo ( Latin : Archidioecesis Toletana ) . They are also the Primates of Spain . It was , according to tradition established in the 1st century by James the Great and was elevated to an archdiocese in 313 after the Edict of Milan . The incumbent Archbishop also bears the title Primate of Spain and since 1937 the title General Vicar of the Armies .'}]}, {'value': 'Onesimo Gordoncillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current archbishop of Capiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Capiz', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Capiz is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines . The archdiocese covers the entire Philippine province of Capiz on the island of Panay in the Visayas , central Philippines , and has its see in Roxas City . The reigning Archbishop of Capiz is José Advincula .'}]}, {'value': 'Deogracias Iñiguez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSEd 1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Education', 'summary': 'A Bachelor of Education ( B.Ed . ) is a graduate professional degree which prepares students for work as a teacher in schools , though in some countries like Tanzania , Kenya and various other countries , additional tasks like field work and research are required in order for the student to be fully qualified to teach .'}]}, {'value': 'First Bishop of Caloocan ( now Bishop-emeritus )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kalookan', 'summary': "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalookan ( Lat : Dioecesis Kalookana ) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in Metro Manila , Philippines which comprises Malabon City , Navotas City , and the southern portion of Caloocan City . The diocese was created by Pope John Paul II on June 28 , 2003 through his apostolic letter Quoniam Quaelibet . The diocese was canonically erected on August 22 , 2003 , with the installation of its first bishop , Deogracias S. Iñiguez , D.D . then Bishop of Iba , Zambales . Upon Bishop Iñiguez 's resignation on January 25 , 2013 , Antipolo Auxiliary Bishop Francisco M. De Leon , D.D . was named Apostolic Administrator of the diocese . On October 14 , 2015 , Pope Francis named Pablo Virgilio S. David , D.D. , STh.D , auxiliary bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando in Pampanga , as the second bishop of Kalookan ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamerlane Lana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.B . 1979 S.T.L . , M.A . 1981 S.T.D 1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus ; abbreviated STB ) is a graduate-level academic degree in theology . The Bachelor of Sacred Theology is offered by a number of pontifical universities . It is sometimes offered as a graduate degree , for students who have already completed a Bachelor of Arts or other first degree . It can also be offered as an ecclesiastical degree , granted directly by church hierarchy after one has completed requirements in addition to those necessary for a civil degree , but which are required for ordination . Within the Catholic Church , the STB is the first of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology ( the second and third are the Licentiate of Sacred Theology and Doctor of Sacred Theology respectively ) , and as such is granted by pontifical faculties under the authority of the Holy See . It is awarded upon successful completion of the first cycle , a three-year course of studies that aims for a comprehensive competence in theology . Despite its name , the STB is a graduate degree , at least in the United States . While acceptance to an STB programme always requires at least two prior years ' undergraduate study of philosophy , as well as knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages , in the United States a completed undergraduate degree is generally required for admission to an STB programme . Thus it is roughly equivalent academically to a Master of Divinity ( although the STB has a more academic focus while the MDiv has a more pastoral focus ) , and the two are sometimes granted together . Faculties which offer the degree Bachelor of Sacred Theology include the Catholic University of America , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( Belgium ) , Tilburg University ( Netherlands ) , Pázmány Péter Catholic University ( Budapest ) , , Saint John 's Seminary ( Boston , MA ) , the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , Philippines. , and Kenrick School of Theology Seminary in Saint Louis , Missouri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Master_of_Arts', 'summary': "Master of Arts ( Latin : Magister Artium or Artium Magister ; abbreviated M.A . or A.M. ) is a type of master 's degree awarded by universities in many countries . The degree is usually contrasted with the Master of Science . Those admitted to the degree typically study linguistics , history , communication studies , diplomacy , public administration , political science , or other subjects within the scope of the humanities and social sciences ; however , different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics . The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations , research , or a combination of the two . The Master of Arts traces its origin to the teaching license or Licentia docendi of the University of Paris ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Doctor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Doctor [ STD ] ; formerly Professor of Sacred Theology , Sacrae Theologiae Professor [ STP ] ) is the final theological degree in the pontifical university system of the Roman Catholic Church . The two terms also continue to be used in the ancient Anglican universities of Oxford , Cambridge , and Dublin , as an alternative name for the degree of Doctor of Divinity ( DD ) , a practice which has now been discontinued .'}]}, {'value': 'Current Rector Magnificus of Colegio de San Juan de Letran , Rector Magnificus of University of Santo Tomas 1998-2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran', 'summary': "The Colegio de San Juan de Letran ( CSJL ) is a private Roman Catholic Dominican institution of higher learning located in Intramuros , Manila , in the Philippines . The college was founded in 1620 . Colegio de San Juan de Letran has the distinction of being the oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest secondary institution in Asia . It is owned and administered by the friars of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) of the Philippine Dominican Province . The school has produced Philippine presidents , revolutionary heroes , poets , legislators , members of the clergy , jurists , and it is also one of the only Philippine schools that has produced several Catholic saints who lived and studied on its campus . The school 's patron saint is St. John the Baptist . The campus contains two statues , representing the two foremost alumni in the fields of secular and religious service : former Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon and Vietnamese Saint Vicente Liem de la Paz . Letran has programs in Business , Management , Marketing , Entrepreneurship , Information Technology , Digital Arts , Communication Arts , Accountancy , Engineering . The colleges are divided into six departments : College of Liberal Arts and Sciences ( CLAS ) , College of Business Administration and Accountancy ( CBAA ) , College of Education ( CoEd ) , Institute of Communication ( iCOMM ) , Institute of Information Technology ( iIT ) , College of Engineering ( CoE ) . The Colegio has successful athletic programs , particularly in basketball , football ( soccer ) , volleyball , taekwondo , and tennis . Through the years Letran has produced numerous athletes that have donned the national colors ( especially in basketball ) in international events like the Olympics , Asian Games , Southeast Asian Games , Jones Cup , and FIBA World Championship . Letran is a long-time member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Leonardo Legaspi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonardo_Legaspi', 'summary': 'Leonardo Zamora Legaspi , O.P . ( 25 November 1935 - 8 August 2014 ) was the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Caceres and president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines ( 1988-1991 ) . He was appointed as the first Filipino Rector Magnificus of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in 1970 . On September 8 , 2012 , Pope Benedict XVI accepted his retirement as Metropolitan Archbishop of Caceres , and named Bishop Rolando Joven Tria Tirona , O.C.D. , as Archbishop-elect . Archbishop Tirona , who until then had been the Bishop-Prelate of the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Infanta in the Philippines , immediately succeeded to the see upon the acceptance of his appointment and was formally installed as Metropolitan Archbishop of Caceres on 14 November 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'S.T.L . 1961 S.T.D 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Doctor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Doctor [ STD ] ; formerly Professor of Sacred Theology , Sacrae Theologiae Professor [ STP ] ) is the final theological degree in the pontifical university system of the Roman Catholic Church . The two terms also continue to be used in the ancient Anglican universities of Oxford , Cambridge , and Dublin , as an alternative name for the degree of Doctor of Divinity ( DD ) , a practice which has now been discontinued .'}]}, {'value': 'First Filipino Rector Magnificus of University of Santo Tomas 1971-1977 , Archbishop of Nueva Caceres 1984-2012 , and first Vicar of the Dominican Province of the Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Caceres', 'summary': 'The Archdiocese of Cáceres is an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines . It is a Metropolitan See that comprises the Bicol region , while directly overseeing the third , fourth , and fifth congressional districts of Camarines Sur , Naga City and the Municipality of Gainza . The archdiocese , having been founded in 1595 in Nueva Cáceres ( now Naga City ) , is also considered as one of the oldest dioceses in the Philippines with Cebu , Segovia and Manila , and once had jurisdiction that stretched from Samar in the south and Isabela Province in the north . The seat of the archdiocese is currently located in Naga City , also known as the Queen City of Bicol . The archdiocese is also home to the Our Lady of Peñafrancia , the Patroness of Bicol , and is considered to be one of the largest Marian Pilgrimages in Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Raul Martirez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.B . 1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus ; abbreviated STB ) is a graduate-level academic degree in theology . The Bachelor of Sacred Theology is offered by a number of pontifical universities . It is sometimes offered as a graduate degree , for students who have already completed a Bachelor of Arts or other first degree . It can also be offered as an ecclesiastical degree , granted directly by church hierarchy after one has completed requirements in addition to those necessary for a civil degree , but which are required for ordination . Within the Catholic Church , the STB is the first of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology ( the second and third are the Licentiate of Sacred Theology and Doctor of Sacred Theology respectively ) , and as such is granted by pontifical faculties under the authority of the Holy See . It is awarded upon successful completion of the first cycle , a three-year course of studies that aims for a comprehensive competence in theology . Despite its name , the STB is a graduate degree , at least in the United States . While acceptance to an STB programme always requires at least two prior years ' undergraduate study of philosophy , as well as knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages , in the United States a completed undergraduate degree is generally required for admission to an STB programme . Thus it is roughly equivalent academically to a Master of Divinity ( although the STB has a more academic focus while the MDiv has a more pastoral focus ) , and the two are sometimes granted together . Faculties which offer the degree Bachelor of Sacred Theology include the Catholic University of America , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( Belgium ) , Tilburg University ( Netherlands ) , Pázmány Péter Catholic University ( Budapest ) , , Saint John 's Seminary ( Boston , MA ) , the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , Philippines. , and Kenrick School of Theology Seminary in Saint Louis , Missouri ."}]}, {'value': 'Bishop-Emeritus of San Jose de Antique 1983-2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Jose_de_Antique', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose de Antique ( Lat : Dioecesis Sancti Iosephi de Antiquonia ) is a diocese of the Roman Rite of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church whose cathedral is in the city of San Jose de Buenavista , Antique in the Philippines . Erected on 18 June 1962 as the Territorial Prelature of San Jose de Antique , the territorial prelate was separated from the Archdiocese of Jaro . It comprises the whole province of Antique . On 15 November 1982 , the prelature was elevated to a diocese , and became suffragan to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jaro . On January 7 , 2019 , Pope Francis appointed Msgr . Marvyn A. Maceda , of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Naval in Biliran , Bishop of San Jose de Antique .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicholas Mondejar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ph.L. , S.T.L . 1947', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop-Emeritus of San Carlos 1987-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmund Nantes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( no year indicated )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Prior Provincial of the Dominican Province of the Philippines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Purugganan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ph.B . , Ph.L 1953', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Philosophy', 'summary': 'Bachelor of Philosophy ( BPhil , BPh , or PhB ; Latin : Baccalaureus Philosophiae or Philosophiae Baccalaureus ) is the title of an academic degree . The degree usually involves considerable research , either through a thesis or supervised research projects . Despite its name it is , in most universities , a postgraduate degree .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Ilagan 1974-1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ilagan', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ilagan ( Lat : Dioecesis Ilaganensis ) is a Diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in the Philippines . It was erected on 31 January 1970 from territory of the then Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuguegarao and it covers the entire civil Province of Isabela . It is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao . The Diocese has had no jurisdictional changes . The seat of the Diocese used to be located in Saint Ferdinand Parish Church in Ilagan City before being transferred to the Gamu Cathedral ( Cathedral of Saint Michael the Archangel ) in Gamu , Isabela , in 2013 . Most Rev . David William V. Antonio , S.Th.D. , D.D . was installed as the fifth Bishop of Ilagan on February 12 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Salvador Quizon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.L . 1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Former Auxiliary Archbishop of Lipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lipa', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa is an archdiocese in the Philippines comprising the civil province of Batangas and with its cathedral located in the city of Lipa . First created in 1910 from the Archdiocese of Manila , the diocese was elevated into its present status in 1972 . Today , the Ecclesiastical Province of Lipa covers Batangas and suffragan territories in the civil provinces of Quezon , Marinduque , Oriental Mindoro , Occidental Mindoro and Aurora . The archdiocese itself is divided into 14 vicariates further comprising a total of 64 parishes .'}]}, {'value': 'José Rojas , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.B . 1980 S.T.L . 1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bachelor_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': "The Bachelor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus ; abbreviated STB ) is a graduate-level academic degree in theology . The Bachelor of Sacred Theology is offered by a number of pontifical universities . It is sometimes offered as a graduate degree , for students who have already completed a Bachelor of Arts or other first degree . It can also be offered as an ecclesiastical degree , granted directly by church hierarchy after one has completed requirements in addition to those necessary for a civil degree , but which are required for ordination . Within the Catholic Church , the STB is the first of three ecclesiastical degrees in theology ( the second and third are the Licentiate of Sacred Theology and Doctor of Sacred Theology respectively ) , and as such is granted by pontifical faculties under the authority of the Holy See . It is awarded upon successful completion of the first cycle , a three-year course of studies that aims for a comprehensive competence in theology . Despite its name , the STB is a graduate degree , at least in the United States . While acceptance to an STB programme always requires at least two prior years ' undergraduate study of philosophy , as well as knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages , in the United States a completed undergraduate degree is generally required for admission to an STB programme . Thus it is roughly equivalent academically to a Master of Divinity ( although the STB has a more academic focus while the MDiv has a more pastoral focus ) , and the two are sometimes granted together . Faculties which offer the degree Bachelor of Sacred Theology include the Catholic University of America , Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ( Belgium ) , Tilburg University ( Netherlands ) , Pázmány Péter Catholic University ( Budapest ) , , Saint John 's Seminary ( Boston , MA ) , the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila , Philippines. , and Kenrick School of Theology Seminary in Saint Louis , Missouri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Current Bishop of Libmanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Libmanan', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Libmanan ( Latin : Dioecesis Libmanana ) is a Roman Catholic diocese located in the municipality of Libmanan in the Ecclesiastical province of Caceres in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'José Salazar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.L', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish priest , Auxiliary Bishop of Butuan 2002 , Auxiliary Bishop of Lipa 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butuan', 'summary': "Butuan ( pronounced /ˌbuːtuˈʔɑːn/ ) , officially the City of Butuan ( Cebuano : Dakbayan sa Butuan ; Butuanon : Dakbayan hong Butuan ) , or simply known as Butuan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city and regional center of the Caraga Region , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 337,063 people . It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of Butuan before 1001 until 1756 . The city used to be known during that time as the best in gold and boat manufacturing in the entire Philippine archipelago , having traded with as far as Champa , Ming , Srivijaya , Majapahit , and the Bengali coasts . It is located at the northeastern part of the Agusan Valley , Mindanao , sprawling across the Agusan River . It is bounded to the north , west and south by Agusan del Norte , to the east by Agusan del Sur and to the northwest by Butuan Bay . Butuan City was the capital of the province of Agusan del Norte until 2000 , when Republic Act 8811 transferred the capital to Cabadbaran City . For statistical and geographical purposes , Butuan City is grouped with Agusan del Norte but governed administratively independent from the province while legislatively administered by the province 's 1st congressional district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lipa_City', 'summary': 'Lipa , officially the City of Lipa ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Lipa ) , or simply known as Lipa City , is a 1st class city in the province of Batangas , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 332,386 people . It is one of the four cities in Batangas aside from Batangas City , Santo Tomas , and Tanauan . It is located 78 kilometres ( 48 mi ) south of Manila and is the most populous city of Batangas . The Southern Tagalog Arterial Road ( STAR ) and South Luzon Expressway ( SLEX ) provide access to Batangas City and Metro Manila .'}]}, {'value': 'Ernesto Salgado', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S.T.L . 1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology', 'summary': 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology ( SThL ) is the second cycle of studies of a faculty of theology offered by pontifical universities or Ecclesiastical Faculties of sacred theology . An ecclesiastical faculty offers three cycles of study : baccalaureate or fundamentals , licentiate or specialized , and the doctorate . The licentiate is a graduate degree with canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church . SThL is the abbreviation of the Latin , sacrae theologiae licentiatus , which translates as licentiate of sacred theology . The academic degrees conferred by an ecclesiastical faculty are : Baccalaureate , Licentiate , and Doctorate ( Cf . Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana ( SapC ) OF Pope John Paul II , 47.1 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Current Archbishop of Nueva Segovia , Bishop of Laoag 2000-2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Nueva_Segovia', 'summary': "The Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines . It covers the province of Ilocos Sur , on the island of Luzon . The see of the archdiocese is the city of Vigan . The archdiocese was erected in 1595 in the city of Nueva Segovia ( modern-day Lal-lo , Cagayan ) . The see was moved in 1758 to Vigan because of its relative distance , at the request of Bishop Juan de la Fuente Yepes , during the pontificate of Benedict XIV . It became an archdiocese in 1951 . The Archdiocese features the only Archbishop 's Residence in the Philippines built during the Spanish Era . It is located just beside the Vigan Cathedral . The rear of the convent also had an access to nearby Govantes Dike , apparently a convenient exit point by sea , but it is no longer in use as the dike is no longer navigable . Both the Archbishop 's Residence and the Cathedral itself remains to be one of the greatest contributions of the Order of Augustinian Recollects in the Philippines . The Archdiocese also operates its own radio station , dzNS ( NS meaning New Sound and Nueva Segovia ) . It is known for being a truly neutral radio station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laoag', 'summary': "Laoag , officially the City of Laoag ( Ilocano : Siudad ti Laoag ) , is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Norte , Philippines . It is the province 's political , commercial , and industrial hub and the location of the Ilocos Region 's busiest commercial airport . The municipalities of San Nicolas , Paoay , Sarrat , Vintar , and Bacarra form its boundaries . The foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain range to the east , and the West Philippine Sea to the west are its physical boundaries . Laoag experiences the prevailing monsoon climate of Northern Luzon , characterized by a dry season from November to April and a wet season from May to October , occasionally visited by powerful typhoons ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Religion -- Clergymen', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Santo_Tomas_people_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable students, professors, alumni and honorary degree recipients of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. The following Thomasians were distinguished in various fields such as public service, religion, literary arts, commerce, medicine, among others. The list includes people who have studied at various levels in the university, from elementary up to postgraduate school.'}
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What year was the archbishop office held by Leonardo Legaspi started ?
1595
09902a5ccceeff5b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico', 'title': 'Metropolitan areas of Mexico', 'header': ['Rank', 'Metropolitan Area', 'Mexican State', 'American State', 'Population'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tijuana - San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego–Tijuana', 'summary': 'San Diego-Tijuana is an international metropolitan conurbation , straddling the border of the adjacent North American coastal cities of San Diego , California , United States and Tijuana , Baja California , Mexico . The 2012 population of the region was 4,922,723 , making it the largest bi-national conurbation shared between the United States and Mexico , the second-largest shared between the US and another country ( after Detroit-Windsor ) , and the fourth largest in the world . In its entirety , the region consists of San Diego County in the United States and the municipalities of Tijuana , Rosarito Beach , and Tecate in Mexico . It is the third most populous region in the California-Baja California region , smaller only than the metropolitan areas of Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area . The largest centers of the urban area maintain global city status and as a whole the metropolitan region is host to 13 consulates from Asian , European , North American , Oceanian , and South American nations . Over fifty million people cross the border each year between Tijuana and San Diego , giving the region the busiest land-border crossing in the world . Since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) in 1994 , San Diego-Tijuana has become a dominant commercial center in the United States and Mexico . The economic success of globalization has allowed San Diego-Tijuana to grow to the third richest region in the former Californias region , with a GDP of $ 136.3 billion in 2002 . Renowned for natural beauty , tourism is a leading industry in the region and its coastal environs have been paramount factors in the growth of action sports-lifestyle companies . Other key industries include military , biotech , and manufacturing . San Diego-Tijuana traces its European roots to 1542 when the land was explored by Portuguese explorers on behalf of imperial Spain . In 1601 it was mandated by the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City that safe ports be found , one of which would be San Diego Bay , for returning Spanish trade ships from Manila to Acapulco .'}]}, {'value': 'Baja California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baja_California', 'summary': 'Baja California [ note 1 ] ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbaxa kaliˈfoɾnja ] ( listen ) ; English : Lower California ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California ) , is a state in Mexico . It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . Before becoming a state in 1952 , the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ( El Territorio Norte de Baja California ) . It has an area of 70,113 km2 ( 27,071 sq mi ) , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula , north of the 28th parallel , plus oceanic Guadalupe Island . The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , on the east by Sonora , the U.S. state of Arizona , and the Gulf of California ( also known as the Sea of Cortez ) , and on the south by Baja California Sur . Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California . The state has an estimated population of 3,315,766 ( 2015 ) much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south , and similar to San Diego County , California on its north . Over 75% of the population lives in the capital city , Mexicali , in Ensenada , or in Tijuana . Other important cities include San Felipe , Rosarito and Tecate . The population of the state is composed of Mestizos , mostly immigrants from other parts of Mexico , and , as with most northern Mexican states , a large population of Mexicans of Spanish ancestry , and also a large minority group of East Asian , Middle Eastern and indigenous descent . Additionally , there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the lower cost of living compared to San Diego . There is also a significant population from Central America .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '5,009,170', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Paso - Juarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso–Juárez', 'summary': 'El Paso-Juárez , also known as Juárez-El Paso , the Borderplex or Paso del Norte , is a binational metropolitan area , or conurbation , on the border between Mexico and the United States . The region is centered on two large cities : Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , Mexico and El Paso , Texas , U.S. Additionally , nearby Las Cruces , New Mexico , U.S. is sometimes included as part of the region , referred to as El Paso-Juárez-Las Cruces or El Paso-Juárez-Southern New Mexico . With over 2.7 million people , this binational region is the 2nd largest metropolitan area ( San Diego-Tijuana being the largest ) on the United States-Mexico border . The El Paso-Juárez region is the largest bilingual , binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . This region is commonly subdivided into the Juárez Metropolitan Area ( Zona Metropolitana de Juárez ) in Chihuahua , greater El Paso in Texas and greater Las Cruces in New Mexico . These sub-regions are typically defined by state borders , even though some New Mexico towns in the region like Sunland Park are significantly closer to El Paso than to Las Cruces .'}]}, {'value': 'Chihuahua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)', 'summary': "Chihuahua ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈwawa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Chihuahua ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . It is located in Northwestern Mexico and is bordered by the states of Sonora to the west , Sinaloa to the southwest , Durango to the south , and Coahuila to the east . To the north and northeast , it has a long border with the U.S. adjacent to the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas . Its capital city is Chihuahua City . Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake , it has more forests than any other state in Mexico , with the exception of Durango . Due to its variant climate , the state has a large variety of fauna and flora . The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys . The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range , part of the continental spine that also includes the Rocky Mountains , dominates the state 's terrain and is home to the state 's greatest attraction , Las Barrancas del Cobre , or Copper Canyon , a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon . On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains ( around the regions of Casas Grandes , Cuauhtémoc and Parral ) , there are vast prairies of short yellow grass , the source of the bulk of the state 's agricultural production . Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley . The etymology of the name Chihuahua has long been disputed by historians and linguists . The most accepted theory explains that the name was derived from the Nahuatl language meaning The place where the water of the rivers meet ( i.e. , confluence , cf ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '2,345,182', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reynosa - McAllen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reynosa–McAllen_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': 'Reynosa-McAllen , also known as McAllen-Reynosa , or simply as Borderplex , is one of the six bi-national metropolitan areas along the Mexico-U.S border . The city of Reynosa is situated on the Mexican state of Tamaulipas , on the southern bank of the Rio Grande , while the city of McAllen is located in the American state of Texas , directly north across the bank of the Rio Grande . This metropolitan area has a population of roughly 1,500,000 , making it the largest and most populous in the state of Tamaulipas , and third most populous in the U.S-Mexico border . The Reynosa-McAllen metropolitan area has been the first , second , or third fastest growing urban areas in the United States over the past years .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamaulipas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamaulipas', 'summary': "Tamaulipas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tamau̯ˈlipas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria . Located in northeastern Mexico , it is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast , San Luis Potosí to the southwest , and Nuevo León to the west . To the north , it has a 370 km ( 230 mi ) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border along the state of Texas , and to the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico . The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa , a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies place ( where ) . No scholarly agreement exists on the meaning of holipa , but high hills is a common interpretation . Another explanation of the state name is that it is derived from Ta ma ho'lipam ( place where the Lipan prey ) . In addition to the capital city , Ciudad Victoria , the state 's largest cities include Reynosa , Matamoros , Nuevo Laredo , Tampico , and Mante ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '1,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matamoros - Brownsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matamoros–Brownsville_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': 'Matamoros-Brownsville , also known as Brownsville-Matamoros , or simply as the Borderplex , is one of the six bi-national metropolitan areas along the Mexico-United States border . The city of Matamoros is situated in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas , on the southern bank of the Rio Grande , while the city of Brownsville is located in the U.S. state of Texas , directly north across the bank of the Rio Grande . The Matamoros-Brownsville is connected by four international bridges . In addition , this transnational conurbation area has a population of 1,136,995 , making it the 4th largest metropolitan area in the Mexico-U.S. border . The area of Matamoros-Brownsville lies among the top ten fastest growing urban areas in the United States . The Brownsville-Harlingen and the Brownsville-Harlingen-Raymondville metropolitan areas are included in the official countdown of this transnational conurbation .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamaulipas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamaulipas', 'summary': "Tamaulipas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tamau̯ˈlipas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria . Located in northeastern Mexico , it is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast , San Luis Potosí to the southwest , and Nuevo León to the west . To the north , it has a 370 km ( 230 mi ) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border along the state of Texas , and to the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico . The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa , a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies place ( where ) . No scholarly agreement exists on the meaning of holipa , but high hills is a common interpretation . Another explanation of the state name is that it is derived from Ta ma ho'lipam ( place where the Lipan prey ) . In addition to the capital city , Ciudad Victoria , the state 's largest cities include Reynosa , Matamoros , Nuevo Laredo , Tampico , and Mante ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '1,136,995', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexicali - Calexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calexico–Mexicali', 'summary': 'Calexico-Mexicali is an international metropolitan area in southeastern California ( in the United States ) and northwestern Baja California ( in Mexico ) with its center being the border between the sister cities of Calexico and Mexicali . The metropolitan area lies within a large geologic region known as the Salton Trough with the city of Calexico located in the Imperial Valley on the United States side of the border , and Mexicali located in the Mexicali Valley on the Mexico side of the border . Calexico-Mexicali is one of two international metropolitan regions on the California-Baja California Border .'}]}, {'value': 'Baja California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baja_California', 'summary': 'Baja California [ note 1 ] ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbaxa kaliˈfoɾnja ] ( listen ) ; English : Lower California ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California ) , is a state in Mexico . It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . Before becoming a state in 1952 , the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ( El Territorio Norte de Baja California ) . It has an area of 70,113 km2 ( 27,071 sq mi ) , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula , north of the 28th parallel , plus oceanic Guadalupe Island . The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , on the east by Sonora , the U.S. state of Arizona , and the Gulf of California ( also known as the Sea of Cortez ) , and on the south by Baja California Sur . Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California . The state has an estimated population of 3,315,766 ( 2015 ) much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south , and similar to San Diego County , California on its north . Over 75% of the population lives in the capital city , Mexicali , in Ensenada , or in Tijuana . Other important cities include San Felipe , Rosarito and Tecate . The population of the state is composed of Mestizos , mostly immigrants from other parts of Mexico , and , as with most northern Mexican states , a large population of Mexicans of Spanish ancestry , and also a large minority group of East Asian , Middle Eastern and indigenous descent . Additionally , there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the lower cost of living compared to San Diego . There is also a significant population from Central America .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': '956,223', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuevo Laredo - Laredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laredo-Nuevo_Laredo_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': 'The Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area ( UN/LOCODE : USLRD & MXNLD ) is one of six bi-national metropolitan areas along the U.S.-Mexican border . The city of Laredo is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the northern bank of the Rio Grande and Nuevo Laredo is located in the Mexican State of Tamaulipas in the southern bank of the river . This metropolitan area is also known as the Two Laredos or the Laredo Borderplex . The metropolitan area is made up of one county : Webb County in Texas and three municipalities : Nuevo Laredo Municipality in Tamaulipas , Hidalgo Municipality in Coahuila , Anáhuac Municipality in Nuevo León in Mexico . Two urban areas : the Laredo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Zona Metropolitana Nuevo Laredo ( Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Zone ) three cities and 12 towns make the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan area which has a total of 636,516 inhabitants according to the INEGI Census of 2010 and the United States Census estimate of 2010 . The Laredo-Nuevo Laredo is connected by four International Bridges and an International Railway Bridge . According to World Gazetteer this metropolitan area ranked 157th largest in North and South America in 2010 with an estimated population of 775,481 . This area ranks 66th in the United States and 23rd in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamaulipas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamaulipas', 'summary': "Tamaulipas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tamau̯ˈlipas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria . Located in northeastern Mexico , it is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast , San Luis Potosí to the southwest , and Nuevo León to the west . To the north , it has a 370 km ( 230 mi ) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border along the state of Texas , and to the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico . The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa , a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies place ( where ) . No scholarly agreement exists on the meaning of holipa , but high hills is a common interpretation . Another explanation of the state name is that it is derived from Ta ma ho'lipam ( place where the Lipan prey ) . In addition to the capital city , Ciudad Victoria , the state 's largest cities include Reynosa , Matamoros , Nuevo Laredo , Tampico , and Mante ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '747,494', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nogales - Nogales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora', 'summary': 'Heroica Nogales ( Spanish pronunciation : [ eˈɾoika noˈɣales ] ) , more commonly known as Nogales , is a city and the county seat of the Municipality of Nogales . It is located on the northern border of the Mexican state of Sonora . The city is abutted on its north by the city of Nogales , Arizona , across the U.S.-Mexico border .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona', 'summary': "Nogales is a city in Santa Cruz County , Arizona . The population was 20,837 at the 2010 census and estimated 20,188 in 2018 . Nogales forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area , with a total population of 1,027,683 as of the 2010 Census . The city is the county seat of Santa Cruz County . Nogales , Arizona , borders the city of Nogales , Sonora , Mexico , and is Arizona 's largest international border community . The southern terminus of Interstate 19 is located in Nogales at the U.S.-Mexico border ; the highway continues south into Mexico as Mexico Federal Highway 15 . The highways meeting in Nogales are a major road intersection in the CANAMEX Corridor , connecting Canada , the United States , and Mexico . Nogales also is the beginning of the Arizona Sun Corridor , an economically important trade region stretching from Nogales to Prescott , including the Tucson and Phoenix metropolitan areas . Nogales is home to four international ports of entry , including the Morley Pedestrian Port of Entry , Dennis Deconcini Pedestrian and Passenger Vehicle Port of Entry , Nogales International Airport , and the Mariposa Port of Entry . The Nogales-Mariposa Port of Entry has twelve passenger vehicle inspection lanes and eight commercial inspection lanes . Due to its location on the border and its major ports of entry , Nogales funnels an estimated $ 30 billion worth of international trade into Arizona and the United States , per year , in fresh produce and manufactured goods from Mexico and the world through the deep sea port in Guaymas , Sonora , Mexico . This trade helps to support tens of thousands of jobs and the overall economies in Ambos Nogales and throughout the American state of Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora ."}]}, {'value': 'Sonora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonora', 'summary': "Sonora ( Spanish pronunciation : [ soˈnoɾa ] ( listen ) ) , officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Sonora ) , is one of 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 72 municipalities ; the capital city is Hermosillo . Sonora is bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east , Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south . To the north , it shares the U.S.-Mexico border primarily with the state of Arizona with a small length with New Mexico , and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California . Sonora 's natural geography is divided into three parts : the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state ; plains and rolling hills in the center ; and the coast on the Gulf of California . It is primarily arid or semiarid deserts and grasslands , with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation . Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples , including the Mayo , the Oodham , the Yaqui , and Seri . It has been economically important for its agriculture , livestock ( especially beef ) , and mining since the colonial period , and for its status as a border state since the Mexican-American War . With the Gadsden Purchase , Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory . From the 20th century to the present , industry , tourism , and agribusiness have dominated the economy , attracting migration from other parts of Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '234,809', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piedras Negras - Eagle Pass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuila', 'summary': 'Piedras Negras ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpjeðɾas neɣɾas ] ( listen ) ) is a city and seat of the surrounding municipality of the same name in the Mexican state of Coahuila . It stands at the northeastern edge of Coahuila on the U.S.-Mexico border , across the Rio Grande from Eagle Pass in the U.S. state of Texas . In the 2015 census the city had a population of 163,595 inhabitants , while the metropolitan area had a population of 245,155 inhabitants . The Piedras Negras and the Eagle Pass areas are connected by the Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras International Bridge , Camino Real International Bridge , and the Eagle Pass Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge . In Spanish Piedras Negras translates to black stones - a reference to coal deposits in the area . Across the river , coal was formerly mined on the US side at Dolchburg , near Eagle Pass . This mine closed around 1905 , after a fire . Mexico currently operates two large coal-fired power plants named José López Portillo and Carbón 2 located 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Piedras Negras . These two coal-fired power plants are currently operated by MICARE , which engages with the mining and distribution of coal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas', 'summary': "Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County in the U.S. state of Texas . The population was 26,255 as of the 2010 census ( 2018 estimate 29,487 ) . Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras , Coahuila , Mexico , which is to the southwest and across the Rio Grande . The Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area ( EG-PN ) is one of six binational metropolitan areas along the United States-Mexican border . As of January 2008 , according to the US census , the Eagle Pass Metropolitan Area 's population was 48,401 people , and the Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area 's population was 169,771 ."}]}, {'value': 'Coahuila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coahuila', 'summary': "Coahuila ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koaˈwila ] ( listen ) ) , formally Coahuila de Zaragoza ( American Spanish : [ koaˈwila ðe saɾaˈɣosa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo León to the east , Zacatecas to the south , and Durango and Chihuahua to the west . To the north , Coahuila accounts for a 512 kilometres ( 318 mi ) stretch of the Mexico-United States border , adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas along the course of the Rio Grande ( Río Bravo del Norte ) . With an area of 151,563 square kilometres ( 58,519 sq mi ) , it is the nation 's third-largest state . It comprises 38 municipalities ( municipios ) . In 2010 , Coahuila 's population is 2,748,391 inhabitants . The five largest cities in Coahuila are the state capital city of Saltillo ; the second largest is Torreón ( largest metropolitan area in Coahuila and 9th largest in Mexico ) ; the third largest is Monclova ( a former state capital ) ; the fourth largest is Ciudad Acuña ; and the fifth largest is Piedras Negras ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '230,205', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Luis Río Colorado - San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Río_Colorado', 'summary': 'San Luis Río Colorado is a city and also the name of its surrounding municipality . In the 2015 census , the city had a population of 192,739 . The city is the fourth-largest community in the state , and the municipality is also the fourth-largest in terms of population . Lying in the northwestern corner of the state of Sonora , the city marks the state border with Baja California . It also stands on the international border with the United States , adjacent to San Luis , Arizona . It is located about 75 km from Mexicali . The municipality covers an area of 8,412.75 km² ( 3,248.2 sq mi ) in the Sonoran Desert .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Luis,_Arizona', 'summary': "San Luis ( the Spanish language name of Saint Louis ) is a city in Yuma County , Arizona , United States . The population was 25,505 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area . San Luis , located in the southwest corner of the state directly adjacent to Mexico 's Federal Highway 2 at San Luis Rio Colorado , was the second fastest-growing city or town in Arizona from 1990 to 2000 . According to 2018 Census Bureau estimates , the population of the city is 33,490 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sonora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonora', 'summary': "Sonora ( Spanish pronunciation : [ soˈnoɾa ] ( listen ) ) , officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Sonora ) , is one of 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 72 municipalities ; the capital city is Hermosillo . Sonora is bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east , Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south . To the north , it shares the U.S.-Mexico border primarily with the state of Arizona with a small length with New Mexico , and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California . Sonora 's natural geography is divided into three parts : the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state ; plains and rolling hills in the center ; and the coast on the Gulf of California . It is primarily arid or semiarid deserts and grasslands , with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation . Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples , including the Mayo , the Oodham , the Yaqui , and Seri . It has been economically important for its agriculture , livestock ( especially beef ) , and mining since the colonial period , and for its status as a border state since the Mexican-American War . With the Gadsden Purchase , Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory . From the 20th century to the present , industry , tourism , and agribusiness have dominated the economy , attracting migration from other parts of Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': '188,152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ciudad Acuña - Del Río', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciudad_Acuña', 'summary': "Ciudad Acuña , also known simply as Acuña , ( originally Garza Galán , later Villa Acuña ) is a city located in the Mexican state of Coahuila , at 29°19′27″N 100°55′54″W / 29.32417°N 100.93167°W / 29.32417 ; -100.93167 and a mean height above sea level of 271 meters . It stands on the Rio Grande ( locally known as the Río Bravo ) , which at this point marks the U.S.-Mexico border , and offers two border crossings via Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing and Del Río-Ciudad Acuña International Bridge with the neighbouring city of Del Rio in the U.S. state of Texas . It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Acuña . The 2017 estimate city population was 201,778 whereas the municipality 's population was 214,616 . The city is the fourth-largest in the state of Coahuila and the fastest-growing city in Mexico . The area is served by the Ciudad Acuña International Airport . The Del Rio-Ciudad Acuña Metropolitan Area ( DR-CA ) is the seventh-largest binational metropolitan area along the United States-Mexican border . The city of Del Rio is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the north side of the Rio Grande and Ciudad Acuña is located in the Mexican state of Coahuila south of the river . This metropolitan area is also known as Tierra de la Amistad . The Del Rio Micropolitan Area 's population was 55,000 people in 2015 , and the Ciudad Acuña Metropolitan Area 's population was 225,000 people in 2015 . The 2015 population of Greater Del Rio-Ciudad Acuña Binational Metropolitan Area is 280,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas', 'summary': 'Del Rio is a city and the county seat of Val Verde County in southwestern Texas , United States . The city is 152 miles west of San Antonio . Located within six miles of its namesake the Rio Grande , Del Rio is connected to Ciudad Acuña by the Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing and Del Río - Ciudad Acuña International Bridge . As of 2010 , Del Rio had a population of 35,591 . It is also home to Laughlin Air Force Base , the busiest pilot-training base in the United States Air Force .'}]}, {'value': 'Coahuila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coahuila', 'summary': "Coahuila ( Spanish pronunciation : [ koaˈwila ] ( listen ) ) , formally Coahuila de Zaragoza ( American Spanish : [ koaˈwila ðe saɾaˈɣosa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo León to the east , Zacatecas to the south , and Durango and Chihuahua to the west . To the north , Coahuila accounts for a 512 kilometres ( 318 mi ) stretch of the Mexico-United States border , adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas along the course of the Rio Grande ( Río Bravo del Norte ) . With an area of 151,563 square kilometres ( 58,519 sq mi ) , it is the nation 's third-largest state . It comprises 38 municipalities ( municipios ) . In 2010 , Coahuila 's population is 2,748,391 inhabitants . The five largest cities in Coahuila are the state capital city of Saltillo ; the second largest is Torreón ( largest metropolitan area in Coahuila and 9th largest in Mexico ) ; the third largest is Monclova ( a former state capital ) ; the fourth largest is Ciudad Acuña ; and the fifth largest is Piedras Negras ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': '183,750', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transnational conurbations', 'section_text': 'The Mexico–U.S . border separates densely populated Tijuana , Mexico ( right ) , from San Diego , United States ( left ) . The border shared between Mexico and the United States is the most frequently crossed international border in the world , with 250 million legal crossings every year . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A 3D rendered image of the Nuevo Laredo - Laredo Metropolitan Area , a binational urban agglomeration divided by the Rio Grande . The United States shares a 2,000 mi ( 3,000 km ) border with Mexico . It is the most frequently crossed international border in the world , with about 250 million legal crossings every year . [ 3 ] The distribution of the population in Mexico , especially , in urban areas , has been changed significantly by the economic interaction between settlements in its north and the United States . The increasing population concentration in the north of Mexico is strongly associated with the development of the maquila industries there and the eventual economic effects of North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . [ 5 ] Metropolitan areas at the border with the US form transnational conurbations with deep economic and demographic interaction . For example , the San Diego – Tijuana metropolitan area consists of San Diego County in the US and the municipalities of Tijuana , Playas de Rosarito , and Tecate in Mexico . The total population of the region has been estimated to be just over 5 million in 2009 , making it by far the largest binational metropolitan area shared between the US and Mexico . [ 6 ] The National Population Council ( CONAPO ) recognizes the existence of such metropolitan areas and defines them as the municipalities with a city of at least 200,000 inhabitants and sharing processes of conurbation with cities of the US : [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico_1', 'intro': 'The metropolitan areas of Mexico have bean traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city.'}
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What was the GDP of this region in 2002 that contains the northernmost and westernmost of the Mexican states ?
$ 136.3 billion
0990432b11ec1a30
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaliy_Shchedov', 'title': 'Vitaliy Shchedov', 'header': ['Date', 'Placing', 'Event', 'Competition', 'Location', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '4 March 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–2006_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2005-2006 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from November 4 , 2005 to May 16 , 2006 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '18 November 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–2007_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2006-2007 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season began on 17 November 2006 and completed on 25 February 2007 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '20 January 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–2007_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2006-2007 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season began on 17 November 2006 and completed on 25 February 2007 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '30 March 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2007_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships_–_Men's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The Men 's Team Pursuit was one of the 10 men 's events at the 2007 UCI Track World Championships , held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain on March 30 , 2007 . 49 cyclists from 12 countries participated in the contest . After the qualification , the fastest two teams advanced to the final and the 3rd and 4th fastest raced for the bronze medal . The qualification took place on March 30 at 10:00 and the Finals on the same day at 20:15 ."}]}, {'value': 'World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 2007 UCI Track Cycling World Championships is the World Championship for track cycling . It took place in Palma de Mallorca , Spain from March 29 , 2007 to April 1 , 2007 . The event was dominated by the Great Britain team who topped the medals table , winning seven of the seventeen gold medals on offer . The 2007 programme comprised 17 events , including the 10 Olympic events , and was also the first time that the multi-disciplinary Omnium - a cycling equivalent to the athletics pentathlon consisting of 5 events - was contested .'}]}, {'value': 'Palma de Mallorca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca', 'summary': 'Palma , fully known as Palma de Mallorca ( /ˈpɑːlmə/ or /ˈpɑːmə/ , Catalan : [ ˈpalmə ] , Spanish : [ ˈpalma ] ) , is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain . It is situated on the south coast of Mallorca on the Bay of Palma . The Cabrera Archipelago , though widely separated from Palma proper , is administratively considered part of the municipality . As of 2018 [ update ] , Palma Airport serves over 29 million passengers per year .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '19 January 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–2008_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2007-2008 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics was a multi race competition over a season of track cycling . The season began on 30 November 2007 and ended on 17 February 2008 . The World Cup is organised by the UCI . The 2007-2008 series carried vital ranking points towards the 2008 Beijing Olympics . The following tables contain only Olympic events , although many non-Olympic events are still held .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '31 October 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–2009_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': "The 2008-2009 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics was a multi race competition over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 31 October 2008 to 18 February 2009 . The World Cup is organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain on 31 October 2008 . Although many of the top riders did not participate in this round , as they were still recovering from the 2008 Summer Olympics , this gave many less experienced riders an opportunity to make their mark in the competition . 171 riders were on the start list for the second round in Melbourne , Australia , held from 20-22 November 2008 . New talent was prevalent once more , demonstrated by Cyclingnews ' statistics which showed that 100 of those riders were under the age of 23 and only 12 were over 30 . The third round was held at the newly renovated Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia from 12-14 December 2008 . 166 athletes competed in this round , representing 30 different countries . For the fourth round , held from 16-18 January 2009 , riders returned to the Beijing velodrome in China for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics . Temperatures in the velodrome were much lower than the sweltering heat experienced by the riders during the summer , this time it was approximately 16 degrees indoors . The fifth and final round was held in Copenhagen , Denmark from 13-15 February 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '20 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–2009_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': "The 2008-2009 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics was a multi race competition over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 31 October 2008 to 18 February 2009 . The World Cup is organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain on 31 October 2008 . Although many of the top riders did not participate in this round , as they were still recovering from the 2008 Summer Olympics , this gave many less experienced riders an opportunity to make their mark in the competition . 171 riders were on the start list for the second round in Melbourne , Australia , held from 20-22 November 2008 . New talent was prevalent once more , demonstrated by Cyclingnews ' statistics which showed that 100 of those riders were under the age of 23 and only 12 were over 30 . The third round was held at the newly renovated Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia from 12-14 December 2008 . 166 athletes competed in this round , representing 30 different countries . For the fourth round , held from 16-18 January 2009 , riders returned to the Beijing velodrome in China for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics . Temperatures in the velodrome were much lower than the sweltering heat experienced by the riders during the summer , this time it was approximately 16 degrees indoors . The fifth and final round was held in Copenhagen , Denmark from 13-15 February 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '21 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–2009_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': "The 2008-2009 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics was a multi race competition over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 31 October 2008 to 18 February 2009 . The World Cup is organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain on 31 October 2008 . Although many of the top riders did not participate in this round , as they were still recovering from the 2008 Summer Olympics , this gave many less experienced riders an opportunity to make their mark in the competition . 171 riders were on the start list for the second round in Melbourne , Australia , held from 20-22 November 2008 . New talent was prevalent once more , demonstrated by Cyclingnews ' statistics which showed that 100 of those riders were under the age of 23 and only 12 were over 30 . The third round was held at the newly renovated Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia from 12-14 December 2008 . 166 athletes competed in this round , representing 30 different countries . For the fourth round , held from 16-18 January 2009 , riders returned to the Beijing velodrome in China for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics . Temperatures in the velodrome were much lower than the sweltering heat experienced by the riders during the summer , this time it was approximately 16 degrees indoors . The fifth and final round was held in Copenhagen , Denmark from 13-15 February 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '16 January 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–2009_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': "The 2008-2009 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics was a multi race competition over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 31 October 2008 to 18 February 2009 . The World Cup is organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain on 31 October 2008 . Although many of the top riders did not participate in this round , as they were still recovering from the 2008 Summer Olympics , this gave many less experienced riders an opportunity to make their mark in the competition . 171 riders were on the start list for the second round in Melbourne , Australia , held from 20-22 November 2008 . New talent was prevalent once more , demonstrated by Cyclingnews ' statistics which showed that 100 of those riders were under the age of 23 and only 12 were over 30 . The third round was held at the newly renovated Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia from 12-14 December 2008 . 166 athletes competed in this round , representing 30 different countries . For the fourth round , held from 16-18 January 2009 , riders returned to the Beijing velodrome in China for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics . Temperatures in the velodrome were much lower than the sweltering heat experienced by the riders during the summer , this time it was approximately 16 degrees indoors . The fifth and final round was held in Copenhagen , Denmark from 13-15 February 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '30 October 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–2010_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 30 October 2009 to 24 January 2010 . The World Cup was organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain , then moved to Melbourne , Australia , from 19-21 November . As in the previous season , there were also rounds at the Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia , from 10-11 December 2009 , and in Beijing , China , from 22-24 January 2010 . Unlike previous year , there was no World Cup event in Copenhagen , Denmark , but that was the venue for the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships , which took place from 24-28 March .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1 November 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–2010_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 30 October 2009 to 24 January 2010 . The World Cup was organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain , then moved to Melbourne , Australia , from 19-21 November . As in the previous season , there were also rounds at the Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia , from 10-11 December 2009 , and in Beijing , China , from 22-24 January 2010 . Unlike previous year , there was no World Cup event in Copenhagen , Denmark , but that was the venue for the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships , which took place from 24-28 March .'}]}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester', 'summary': "Manchester ( /ˈmæntʃɛstər/ ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester , England , with a population of 547,627 as of 2018 ( 5th most populous English district ) . It lies within the United Kingdom 's second-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.9 million , and second-most populous metropolitan area , with a population of 3.3 million . It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south , the Pennines to the north and east , and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation . The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council . The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium , which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell . It is historically a part of Lancashire , although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated in the 20th century . The first to be included , Wythenshawe , was added to the city in 1931 . Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township , but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century . Manchester 's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , and resulted in it becoming the world 's first industrialised city . Manchester achieved city status in 1853 . The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894 , creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea , 36 miles ( 58 km ) to the west . Its fortune declined after the Second World War , owing to deindustrialisation , but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '19 November 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–2010_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 30 October 2009 to 24 January 2010 . The World Cup was organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain , then moved to Melbourne , Australia , from 19-21 November . As in the previous season , there were also rounds at the Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia , from 10-11 December 2009 , and in Beijing , China , from 22-24 January 2010 . Unlike previous year , there was no World Cup event in Copenhagen , Denmark , but that was the venue for the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships , which took place from 24-28 March .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne', 'summary': "Melbourne ( /ˈmɛlbən/ ( listen ) MEL-bərn ) [ note 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Its name refers to an urban agglomeration of 9,993 km2 ( 3,858 sq mi ) , comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities , and is also the common name for its city centre . The city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . It has a population of 5 million ( 19% of the population of Australia ) , and its inhabitants are referred to as Melburnians . [ note 2 ] The city was founded on 30 August 1835 , in the then-British colony of New South Wales , by free settlers from the colony of Van Diemens Land ( modern-day Tasmania ) . It was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 , and named Melbourne by Governor General Richard Bourke on 10 April 1837 in honour of the British Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . In 1851 , four years after Queen Victoria declared it a city , Melbourne became the capital of the new colony of Victoria . In the wake of the 1850s Victorian gold rush , the city entered a lengthy boom period that , by the late 1880s , had transformed it into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest metropolises . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as interim seat of government of the new nation until Canberra became the permanent capital in 1927 . Today , it is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 15th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Melbourne is home to many of Australia 's best-known landmarks , such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria and the World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It is also the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , and the Australian film and television industries ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '22 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–2010_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 30 October 2009 to 24 January 2010 . The World Cup was organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain , then moved to Melbourne , Australia , from 19-21 November . As in the previous season , there were also rounds at the Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia , from 10-11 December 2009 , and in Beijing , China , from 22-24 January 2010 . Unlike previous year , there was no World Cup event in Copenhagen , Denmark , but that was the venue for the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships , which took place from 24-28 March .'}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '22 January 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Individual pursuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–2010_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Cup_Classics', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics is a multi race tournament over a season of track cycling . The season ran from 30 October 2009 to 24 January 2010 . The World Cup was organised by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The World Cup kicked off in Manchester , Great Britain , then moved to Melbourne , Australia , from 19-21 November . As in the previous season , there were also rounds at the Alcides Nieto Patiño Velodrome in Cali , Colombia , from 10-11 December 2009 , and in Beijing , China , from 22-24 January 2010 . Unlike previous year , there was no World Cup event in Copenhagen , Denmark , but that was the venue for the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships , which took place from 24-28 March .'}]}, {'value': 'Overall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Career highlights', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Vitaliy_Shchedov_0', 'intro': 'Vitaliy Shchedov (born 31 July 1987) is a Ukrainian professional racing cyclist.'}
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What is the placing of the event whose location was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 ?
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0990adb50c52d172
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games', 'title': 'Doping at the Olympic Games', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Sport', 'Banned substance', 'Details of test'], 'data': [{'value': 'Victoria Baranova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Baranova', 'summary': "Victoria Alekseyevna Tyumneva , née Baranova ( Russian : Виктория Алексеевна Тюмнева ( Баранова ) ; born 6 February 1990 ) is a Russian track cyclist . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , cycling 's governing body , the UCI , confirmed that Baranova tested positive for a prohibited substance and was sent home from the Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The Russian Federation competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This was the nation 's fifth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics as an independent nation . The Russian Olympic Committee sent a total of 436 athletes to the Games , 208 men and 228 women , to compete in 24 sports . For the first time in its Olympic history , Russia was represented by more female than male athletes . Russia left London with a total of 82 medals ( 24 gold , 27 silver , and 31 bronze ) , finishing fourth in the overall medal standings , but was later stripped of 15 medals ( 5 gold , 8 silver , 2 bronze ) for doping violations . Most of these medals were awarded to the team in athletics , wrestling , gymnastics , boxing and weightlifting . Of the twenty-four sports played by the Russian athletes , at least a single Olympic medal was won in sixteen of them . Russian athletes dominated in rhythmic gymnastics and synchronized swimming , where they won gold medals in all the events . Nine Russian athletes won more than a single Olympic medal in London . Russia 's team-sport athletes also proved successful at these games , as the men 's volleyball and basketball teams won gold and bronze medals , respectively . For the first time in its history , Russia won Olympic gold medals in judo , winning two golds in the mens events . The success was attributed to an increased investment in the sport by the government and Vladimir Putins personal interest ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling Track - sprint', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_sprint", 'summary': "The women 's cycling sprint at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place at the London Velopark from 5 to 7 August . Anna Meares from Australia won the gold medal and Victoria Pendleton of Great Britain took silver . China 's Guo Shuang won the bronze ."}]}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': 'IOC pre-Games testing in Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Kissya Cataldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissya_Cataldo', 'summary': 'Kissya Cataldo da Costa is a Brazilian rower . In 2012 she tested positive for the drug EPO and was thrown out of the 2012 Olympic Games in London . She won 2014-2015 Brazilian Rowing Championship w1x class .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Brazil competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This was the nation 's twenty-first appearance at the Summer Olympics , having missed the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Brazilian Olympic Committee ( Portuguese : Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro , COB ) sent a total of 258 athletes to the Games , 136 men and 122 women , to compete in 24 sports . Brazil left London with a total of 17 Olympic medals ( 3 gold , 5 silver , and 9 bronze ) , winning their second largest number of medals at a single games , a performance only surpassed 4 years later in Rio de Janeiro , when Brazil was the host country . Brazil 's judokas conquered four medals in London . Sarah Menezes , in women 's 48 kg category , competed in London for her second Olympics . Four years earlier , in Beijing , she had competed at the age of 18 and , inexperienced , was defeated in the first fight . The evolution in the cycle that followed was extraordinary . Sarah came to England at the height of physical , technical and psychological forms . And the result was the gold medal , with victory in the decision , over Romanian Alina Dumitru , who had been the champion in Beijing . Sarah , who won the first gold in Brazil in 2012 Summer Olympics , became the country 's first judoka woman to triumph in an Olympics and was also the first gold medal in judo in 20 years , since the last to have won in the competition had been Rogério Sampaio , in Barcelona/ 1992 . The other 3 medals in judo were bronze : Felipe Kitadai in men 's 60 kg , Mayra Aguiar in women 's 78 kg and Rafael Silva in men 's +100 kg ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing Single sculls', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_single_sculls", 'summary': "The women 's single sculls competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place are at Dorney Lake which , for the purposes of the Games venue , is officially termed Eton Dorney ."}]}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoietin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': 'International Rowing Federation pre-Games testing in Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Rowing_Federation', 'summary': "World Rowing , formally the World Rowing Federation ( FISA ; French : Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron ) is the governing body for international rowing . Its current president is Jean-Christophe Rolland who succeeded Denis Oswald at a ceremony held in Lucerne in July 2014 . The World Rowing Cup , World Rowing Championships , and other such competitions are overseen by this organization ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Luiza Galiulina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luiza_Galiulina', 'summary': 'Luiza Galiulina ( Russian : Луиза Галиулина ; born 23 June 1992 in Tashkent ) is an Uzbek gymnast . She was banned from Elite International competition for 2 years after testing positive for furosemide during the London 2012 Olympics . Her ban ended August 1 , 2014 . She is an ethnic Tatar [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Uzbekistan competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from July 27 to August 12 , 2012 . This was the nation 's fifth consecutive appearance at the Olympics . The National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan sent the nation 's smallest delegation to the Games in the post-Soviet era . A total of 54 athletes , 36 men and 18 women , competed in 13 sports . There was only a single competitor in fencing , rhythmic and trampoline gymnastics , shooting and tennis . Notable Uzbek athletes featured tennis player Denis Istomin ( ranked thirty-fourth in the world by the Association of Tennis Professionals ) , road cyclist and former world junior champion Sergey Lagutin , and sprint canoer Vadim Menkov , who nearly missed out of the medal standings in Beijing . Sprinter Guzal Khubbiyeva and trampoline gymnast Ekaterina Khilko became the first Uzbek female athletes to compete in four Olympic games . Meanwhile , swimmers Ranohon Amanova and Yulduz Kuchkarova , both at age 18 , were the youngest athletes of the team . Light heavyweight boxer and double Asian Games champion Elshod Rasulov was the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony . Uzbekistan left London originally with only four Olympic medals ( one gold and three bronze ) , tying with Sydney for the nation 's overall medal standings . Freestyle wrestler Artur Taymazov , who defended his super heavyweight title for the third time , became the most successful Uzbek athlete in history with a total of four Olympic medals . Judoka Rishod Sobirov managed to repeat his bronze medal from Beijing , while another freestyle wrestler Soslan Tigiev collected his second Olympic medal in the men 's middleweight division ."}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_artistic_individual_all-around", 'summary': "The women 's artistic individual all-around competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held at the North Greenwich Arena on 2 August ."}]}, {'value': 'Furosemide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furosemide', 'summary': "Furosemide , sold under the brand name Lasix among others , is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure , liver scarring , or kidney disease . It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure . It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth . When taken by mouth , it typically begins working within an hour , while intravenously , it typically begins working within five minutes . Common side effects include feeling lightheaded with standing , ringing in the ears , and sensitivity to light . Potentially serious side effects include electrolyte abnormalities , low blood pressure , and hearing loss . Blood tests are recommended regularly for those on treatment . Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys . Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is between US $ 0.004 and US $ 0.02 per day . In the United States , it is available as a generic medication and costs about US $ 0.15 per day ."}]}, {'value': 'IOC pre-Games testing in Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan', 'summary': "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Amine Laâlou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amine_Laâlou', 'summary': 'Amine Laâlou ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Moroccan track and field athlete , who specializes in middle-distance running . He has represented his country at the Summer Olympics on two occasions ; in 2004 and 2008 . He began his career as an 800 metres specialist and made his global debut at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics . He won medals at smaller international competitions , including the 2004 Pan Arab Games and 2005 Mediterranean Games . He reached his first global final at the 2007 World Championships , taking sixth , and was a semi-finalist at the 2008 Summer Olympics . He began competing in the 1500 metres and was a double finalist at the 2009 World Championships . He also won gold medals at the 2009 Mediterranean Games and 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie that year . In 2010 he won silver at the 2010 African Championships and was the 1500 m champion at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup . His personal best over the 800 m is 1:43.25 , which is the Moroccan record for the event .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Morocco competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . It was the nation 's thirteenth appearance at the Olympics , having not participated at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , because of its support of the United States boycott . Comité Olympique Marocain sent the nation 's largest ever delegation to the Games . A total of 63 athletes , 46 men and 17 women , competed in 12 sports , including the nation 's Olympic debut in equestrian events . Men 's football was the only team event in which Morocco was represented at these Olympic games . Twelve of the athletes had competed in Beijing , including world indoor champion and middle-distance runner Abdalaati Iguider , and breaststroke swimmer Sara El Bekri . Arab Games champion and taekwondo jin Wiam Dislam was the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony . Among the sports played by the athletes , Morocco also marked its Olympic return in slalom canoeing and road cycling after long years of absence . Morocco , however , failed to win a gold and a silver medal in the Olympics for the first time since 1976 , after poor athletic performances at these games . Abdalaati Iguider won the nation 's only medal , a bronze , in the men 's 1500 metres ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics 1500 metres', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 1500 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , was held at the Olympic Stadium on 3-7 August . The first round races were all very tightly packed , strategic affairs . The first race was the fastest , taking all but one of the time qualifiers into the semi-final . Andrew Wheating 's 3:40.92 in the second heat was the slowest time qualifier , though it was exactly equal to Nick Willis ' winning time in the last race . That race was broken up when Nixon Chepseba tripped sending several athletes scrambling to avoid the falling body . Chepseba ultimately finished 9th but was awarded a place in the semi-final on appeal , though no offending athlete was disqualified . The first semi final was strategic from the start , when the sprinting started , Taoufik Makhloufi easily took the lead and held the position . Since it was strategic , no time qualifiers came from this semi . In the other semi , Chepseba took it out at a faster pace , to avoid getting caught in traffic . At the 800 mark , Nathan Brannen fell flat and was not able to get back into contention . When the sprinting started , Abdalaati Iguider looked to be the fastest . The slowest time qualifier was almost 7 seconds faster than Makhloufi winning the first ."}]}, {'value': 'Furosemide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furosemide', 'summary': "Furosemide , sold under the brand name Lasix among others , is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure , liver scarring , or kidney disease . It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure . It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth . When taken by mouth , it typically begins working within an hour , while intravenously , it typically begins working within five minutes . Common side effects include feeling lightheaded with standing , ringing in the ears , and sensitivity to light . Potentially serious side effects include electrolyte abnormalities , low blood pressure , and hearing loss . Blood tests are recommended regularly for those on treatment . Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys . Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is between US $ 0.004 and US $ 0.02 per day . In the United States , it is available as a generic medication and costs about US $ 0.15 per day ."}]}, {'value': 'IAAF post-competition testing at Diamond League meeting in Monte Carlo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Marghieva ( Marina Nichișenco )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Marghiev', 'summary': 'Marina Nichișenco , née Marghiev ( Russian : Марина Сослановна Маргиева , Marina Soslanovna Margieva ; born 28 June 1986 ) is a female hammer thrower who competes for Moldova . Her personal best throw is 71.50 metres , achieved in January 2009 in Chişinău . She is a former national record holder . Born in Russia , she is the older sister of Zalina Marghieva and Serghei Marghiev , and is coached by her father Soslan . Nichișenco was due to compete at the 2012 Olympic Games but was withdrawn by her National Olympic Committee after her A-sample tested positive for stanozolol during a drug test . She was suspended for 2 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Moldova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moldova_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Moldova ( officially the Republic of Moldova ) competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This was the nation 's fifth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics in the post-Soviet era . Moldova sent its smallest delegation to the Games . A total of 22 athletes , 12 men and 10 women , competed in 9 sports . This was also the youngest delegation in Moldova 's summer Olympic history , with more than half under the age of 25 , and many of them were expected to reach their peak in time for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Marathon runner Iaroslav Musinschi , who participated as a steeplechaser in the Olympics since 2000 , was at his third appearance as the most experienced member . Fourteen Moldovan athletes had competed at their first Olympics , including 15-year-old archer Dan Olaru , the youngest member of the team , who became the nation 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony . Moldova originally left London with two bronze medals , tying its overall record for the most medals with Atlanta and Sydney at a single Olympics . These medals were all won by weightlifters Cristina Iovu and Anatolie Cîrîcu . However , both athletes were disqualified due to positive cases of doping , and Moldova was stripped of both medals and failed to win any medals overall ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics Hammer throw', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_hammer_throw", 'summary': "The women 's hammer throw competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 8-10 August . Each athlete receives three throws in the qualifying round . All who achieve the qualifying distance progress to the final . If less than twelve athletes achieve this mark , then the twelve furthest throwing athletes reach the final . Each finalist is allowed three throws in last round , with the top eight athletes after that point being given three further attempts ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': 'IOC pre-Games testing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Palomeque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Palomeque', 'summary': 'Diego Armando Palomeque Echavarría ( born 5 December 1993 in Apartadó , Antioquia ) is a Colombian sprinter .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Colombia competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This was the nation 's eighteenth appearance at the Olympics , having not competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Comité Olímpico Colombiano sent the nation 's largest delegation to the Games , surpassing the record by having more than a quarter more athletes than represented Colombia in Beijing . A total of 104 athletes , 48 men and 56 women , competed in 18 sports . Women 's football was the only team-based sport in which Colombia was represented in these Olympic Games . There was only a single competitor in fencing , shooting , table tennis , taekwondo and triathlon . This was Colombia 's most successful Olympics ( until Rio 2016 ) , winning a total of eight medals ( one gold , three silver , and four bronze ) . BMX rider and world champion Mariana Pajón , who was Colombia 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony , won the nation 's first gold medal since the 2000 Summer Olympics . Freestyle wrestler Jackeline Rentería became the first Colombian female athlete to claim two Olympic medals , while triple jumper Caterine Ibargüen won the nation 's second medal in the track and field after 20 years . Other notable accomplishments included the nation 's first ever Olympic medals in road cycling , judo and taekwondo ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics 400 metres', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_400_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 400 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , was held at the Olympic Stadium on 4-6 August . The first round went largely to form , but defending champion Lashawn Merritt came to the meet injured and re-injured himself , unable to finish . Renny Quow also failed to start his heat . In the first race , Oscar Pistorius ran a season best to qualify . In the second heat , world champion Kirani James ran easily to win . The third heat featured three national records as Jonathan Borlée took his twin brother 's mark for Belgium ( Kevin also qualified in the seventh heat ) , Pavel Maslák set the mark for the Czech Republic and Donald Sanford set the mark for Israel . Most of the time qualifiers came from the hotly contested fourth heat , 45.61 , the slowest time qualifier , though Conrad Williams got in with a 46.12 in the slow sixth heat . It took under 45 seconds to make the final as Lalonde Gordon led the qualifiers from heat 1 . Heat 2 featured James and Jonathan Borlée , and double-amputee Pistorius ' attempt to make the final . But Pistorius ' late charge was non-existent and he finished last in the heat . After the race , in a show of sportsmanship , James and Pistorius exchanged bib numbers , which James proudly showed as he celebrated . In the third heat , shotgun survivor Bryshon Nellum ran 45.02 for the fastest non-qualifier ."}]}, {'value': 'Exogenous testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': 'IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Schwazer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Schwazer', 'summary': 'Alex Schwazer , OMRI ( born December 26 , 1984 ) , is an Italian race walker . He was the Olympic 50k walk champion but retired during the 2012 Olympics after being disqualified for doping offences .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Italy competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This nation has competed at every Summer Olympic games in the modern era , except for the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis . The Italian National Olympic Committee ( Italian : Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano , CONI ) sent the nation 's smallest delegation to the Games since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . A total of 285 athletes , 162 men and 123 women , competed in 22 sports . Italy left London with a total of 28 Olympic medals ( 8 gold , 9 silver , and 11 bronze ) , finishing eighth in the overall medal standings . Seven of these medals were awarded to the athletes in fencing , five in shooting , and three in boxing . Six Italian athletes won more than a single Olympic medal in London . After suffering a major setback from Beijing , Italy 's team-based athletes recaptured their success at these games , as the men 's water polo team and the men 's indoor volleyball team won silver and bronze medals respectively . For the first time since 1984 , Italy did not win an Olympic medal in swimming , except for the open water marathon . Among the nation 's medalists were shooters Niccolò Campriani and Jessica Rossi , who broke an Olympic and a world record to win gold medals in their respective events . Two Italian athletes won gold medals for the first time in Olympic history : archer Michele Frangilli , who competed at his fifth Olympics , in team archery , and taekwondo jin Carlo Molfetta in men 's super heavyweight division . Foil fencer Valentina Vezzali , who won gold and bronze in London , became one of the most successful Italian athletes in history , with a total of eight Olympic medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics 50 km walk', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_50_kilometres_walk", 'summary': "The men 's 50 kilometres race walk at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 11 August on a route along The Mall and Constitution Hill . The event was marred by the disqualification of all three Russian athletes due to doping violations ."}]}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoietin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': 'IOC pre-Games testing in Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tameka Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tameka_Williams', 'summary': "Tameka Williams is a sprinter from St Kitts and Nevis . In 2012 , she was banned from the Olympic Games for doping offenses . She was set to compete in the Women 's 100m and the Women 's 200m . Williams admitted to having injected Blast Off Red , a performance-enhancing drug used on race animals . She has denied taking any illegal substances , what she injected was not listed under the World Anti-Doping Agency banned substances ; however the material falls by being under the category of veterinary medicine on the prohibited list ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Saint Kitts and Nevis competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012 . This was the nation 's fifth consecutive appearance at the Olympics . The St. Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee sent a total of seven athletes to the Games , six men and one woman , to compete in athletics . Two of these athletes did not compete at these Games . Sprinter Tameka Williams withdrew from the games after admitting using a banned substance . Meanwhile , veteran sprinter Kim Collins , who carried the nation 's flag for the third time at the opening ceremony , was sent home by the sporting committee , reportedly for spending the night with his wife at a London hotel ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics 100 metres', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_100_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom was held at the Olympic Stadium on 3-4 August . In the preliminary round , Toea Wisil was the most impressive , winning with a relaxed 11.60 into a -1.6 mps wind , while Noor Hussain Al-Malki 's Olympic experience lasted just the first steps out of the blocks before she pulled up . Qualifying into the next rounds , Wisil beat triple world champion Allyson Felix and the rest of her heat out of the blocks and came with in .05 of reaching the semi-final round , from the previously unqualified preliminary round . Carmelita Jeter ran hard for her second best time of the season to easily lead the round . Her training partner Blessing Okagbare left an impression by outrunning Tianna Madison for the second best time . Defending champion Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce exerted minimal effort to secure the fourth best qualifying time . The semi-final round qualifiers was virtual mirror image of the previous evening 's heats , the same top athletes with Jeter again posting a 10.83 and 11.01 the number 8 time . Ezinne Okparaebo 's Norwegian national record 11.10 left her two places out of qualifying . In the final , Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce led from the gun . While she failed to achieve the remarkable separation from four years previously , her finishing speed kept her ahead of Jeter and the rest of the field trying to chase her down . Veronica Campbell-Brown added to her career medal haul with the bronze medal . Jeter 's time was the fastest non-winning time in Olympic history ."}]}, {'value': 'Blast Off Red', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Did not fail test but confessed to have used an illegal veterinary medicine', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Summer Olympic Games -- 2012 London', 'section_text': 'Athletes who were selected for the Games , but provisionally suspended before competing .', 'uid': 'Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games_11', 'intro': 'This article is about the history of competitors at the Olympic Games using banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs.'}
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What is the name in their native language of the Russian competitor ?
Виктория Алексеевна Тюмнева ( Баранова )
099214c81dcab060
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Cricket_Council_members', 'title': 'List of International Cricket Council members', 'header': ['Team', 'Governing body', 'ODI status since', 'Region', 'Current ODI Ranking'], 'data': [{'value': 'Namibia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Namibia national cricket team is the team that represents the Republic of Namibia and is governed by Cricket Namibia , an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1992 , and became part of the High Performance Program in 2007 . They took part in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa , though they lost all their games . They have played in each edition of the ICC Intercontinental Cup . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Namibia and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': 'Namibia Cricket Board', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namibia_Cricket_Board', 'summary': "The Namibia Cricket Board , known commercially as Cricket Namibia , is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Namibia . Its current headquarters is in Windhoek , Namibia . Cricket Namibia is Namibia 's representative at the International Cricket Council and has been an Associate Member of that body since 1992 . It is also a Member of the African Cricket Association ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICC_Africa', 'summary': 'The African Cricket Association ( ACA ) is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries . The ACA was founded in 1997 , and has 22 member countries . The ACA is a sub-ordinate body to the International Cricket Council . South African and Zimbabwean Cricket is independently administered by their own boards , however the ACA is its own national organization responsible for the administration , promotion and development of cricket across the rest of Africa . They are also responsible for the development of coaching and umpiring , and expanding cricket administration within national organisations on the African Continent . Prior to the Creation of the ACA , and the rest of Africa was administered by two separate organisations , the East and Central Africa Cricket Conference and the West Africa Cricket Council . The ACA also organises the African XI which competes in the Afro-Asian Cup . The Cricket World Cup has been held once in the ACA region when the 2003 Cricket World Cup was hosted in South Africa , Zimbabwe and Kenya .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nepal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nepal_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Nepal national cricket team ( Nepali : नेपाली राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट टोली ) nicknamed The Rhinos and Gorkhalis , represents the country of Nepal in the international cricket and is governed by the Cricket Association of Nepal ( CAN ) . They have been an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1996 . Nepal were awarded Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status by the ICC in June 2014 until the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . On 15 March 2018 , Nepal gained One Day International ( ODI ) status for the first time ( and regained Twenty20 International status ) , after winning the first playoff match in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . Nepal made their maiden appearance in the ICC global event at the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh . They have been participating in international matches since 1996 , including every ACC Trophy tournaments except 2015 ACC Twenty20 Cup in UAE , where they did n't participate . Nepal also participated in ICC World Cup Qualifier in 2001 2014 and 2018 , ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in 2012 , 2013 and 2015 , ICC Intercontinental Cup in 2004 and 2005 , ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , ACC Twenty20 Cup in 2007 , 2009 , 2011 and 2013 , Asian Games in 2010 and 2014 and ACC Premier League in 2014 . Unlike some other smaller cricketing nations , where teams are largely made up of expatriates , Nepal 's national team comprises indigenous players who have usually come through the ranks playing age-group cricket . On 15 March 2018 Nepal claimed One Day International ( ODI ) status for the first time with a win over Papua New Guinea in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier 9th place play off encounter . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Nepal and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 became full T20I matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Cricket Association of Nepal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Nepal', 'summary': "Cricket Association of Nepal ( CAN ) is the official governing body of cricket in Nepal , which was suspended from 2016 to 13 October 2019 due to governmental interference . The ICC welcomed the elections of the board held in September 2019 and formally reinstated the board on a conditional basis on 14 October . Its headquarters is in Kathmandu , Nepal . Cricket Association of Nepal is Nepal 's representative at the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) and remains an associate member , having been a member since 1988 . It is also a member of the Asian Cricket Council ( ACC ) . The board was dissolved by the government of Nepal in November 2014 on the grounds of incompetence and a three-member ad hoc committee was established with a new president designated by the government itself . In April 2016 , CAN was suspended by the ICC , on the grounds of government interference in its operations . The suspension did not affect the ability of Nepal 's national teams to participate in ICC tournaments . In October 2019 , the ICC lifted its suspension on the Cricket Association of Nepal ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_Cricket_Council', 'summary': "The Asian Cricket Council ( ACC ) is a cricket organisation which was established in 1983 , to promote and develop the sport of cricket in Asia . Subordinate to the International Cricket Council , the council is the continent 's regional administrative body , and currently consists of 43 member associations . Nazmul Hassan is the current president of Asian Cricket Council ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Netherlands national cricket team is the team that represents the Kingdom of the Netherlands and is administered by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond ( Royal Dutch Cricket Association ) . Cricket has been played in the Netherlands since at least the 19th century , and in the 1860s was considered a major sport in the country . Other sports - notably football - have long since surpassed cricket in popularity amongst the Dutch , but today there are around 6,000 cricketers in the Netherlands . The first national association , the forerunner of today 's Royal Dutch Cricket Association , was formed in 1883 and the Netherlands achieved Associate Membership of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1966 . The Netherlands have taken part in all eleven ICC Trophy/World Cup Qualifier tournaments , winning the competition in Canada in 2001 and finishing as runners-up twice ( in 1986 and 1990 ) . The Netherlands also participated in the 1996 , 2003 , 2007 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , and from 1996 onwards the national team entered the English domestic NatWest Trophy competition ( and its successor , the C & G Trophy ) . In 2004 they played first-class cricket in the ICC Intercontinental Cup , drawing with Scotland in Aberdeen and then going down to an innings defeat against Ireland in Deventer . The Netherlands enjoyed full One Day International status from 1 January 2006 until 1 February 2014 . They regained Twenty20 International status in June 2014 , having played their first match in this format in 2008 . The Netherlands regained their ODI status after the conclusion of the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier in March 2018 . They had guaranteed this status before the tournament as a result of winning the 2015-17 ICC World Cricket League Championship and thus qualifying for the 2020-22 ICC ODI League , and will retain the status until the 2022 Cricket World Cup Qualifier . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members ."}]}, {'value': 'Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koninklijke_Nederlandse_Cricket_Bond', 'summary': "The Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond ( KNCB ; English : Royal Dutch Cricket Board ) is the governing body of cricket in the Kingdom of the Netherlands . It was formed in 1883 and received a Royal charter in 1958 . The KNCB is responsible for the national men 's and women 's teams , and also for the various domestic competitions , including the Topklasse ( Division One ) and Hoofdklasse ( Division Two ) leagues , and the Twenty20 Cup . The KNCB has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council since 1966 . It is one of the oldest national governing bodies in the sport , older than those of many full ICC members . The KNCB is also a member of the European Cricket Council , which organises the European Cricket Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICC_Europe', 'summary': 'The European Cricket Council ( ECC ) is an international body which oversees cricket in European countries other than the Test-playing cricketing nations of England and Wales and Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The Oman national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Oman and is governed by the Oman Cricket Board , which became an Affiliate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 2000 , and gained Associate status in 2014 . The national side has played matches at Twenty20 International level . On 24 April 2019 , Oman achieved One-Day International status for the first time until 2022 , after they beat tournament hosts Namibia by four wickets in 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two . Oman 's first competitive matches came at the 2002 ACC Trophy , and the side has since participated in many Asian Cricket Council tournaments , finishing runner-up in the 2004 ACC Trophy and twice winning the ACC Twenty20 Cup . Oman has participated in ICC World Cup Qualifier without qualifying for the final tournament , placing ninth at the 2005 ICC Trophy and eleventh at the 2009 World Cup Qualifier . In July 2015 , with their win against Namibia in the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier , Oman gained Twenty20 International status and qualified for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India , its first major international tournament In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Oman and other ICC Members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I . Most cricket in Oman is played by expatriate Indians and Pakistanis ( and their descendants ) , rather than by native Omanis - in 2010 , only 100 of the 780 players in the national league were Arabs , or around 13 percent . The composition of the Omani national side has generally reflected this , although several Arabs have appeared for the team . Quotas of Arab players have been introduced for both club teams and the national side , in order to boost cricket 's popularity amongst the Arab population ."}]}, {'value': 'Oman Cricket Board', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oman_Cricket_Board', 'summary': "The Oman Cricket Board , known as Oman Cricket for marketing purposes , is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Oman . Its current headquarters are located in Ruwi , Oman . The Oman Cricket Board is Oman 's representative at the International Cricket Council , gaining affiliate membership in 2000 and associate membership in 2014 . It is also a member of the Asian Cricket Council ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_Cricket_Council', 'summary': "The Asian Cricket Council ( ACC ) is a cricket organisation which was established in 1983 , to promote and develop the sport of cricket in Asia . Subordinate to the International Cricket Council , the council is the continent 's regional administrative body , and currently consists of 43 member associations . Nazmul Hassan is the current president of Asian Cricket Council ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Papua New Guinea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Papua New Guinea national cricket team , nicknamed the Barramundis , is the team that represents the country of Papua New Guinea in international cricket . The team is organised by Cricket PNG , which has been an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) since 1973 . Papua New Guinea previously had One-Day International ( ODI ) status , which it gained by finishing fourth in 2014 World Cup Qualifier . Papua New Guinea lost both their ODI and T20I status in March 2018 after losing a playoff match against Nepal during the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier , a result that earned ODI and T20I status for their opponents . On 26 April 2019 , at the final World Cricket League 2 fixture ; PNG defeated Oman to finish at the fourth position and reclaim their ODI status . Papua New Guinea is the strongest team in the ICC East Asia-Pacific region , winning most ICC regional tournaments and having a similar record in the cricket tournament at the Pacific Games . The team has also played in every edition of the World Cup Qualifier ( previously the ICC Trophy ) . Papua New Guinea holds the world record for the highest score in a one-day match , making 572/7 against New Caledonia in 2007 . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its Members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Papua New Guinea and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': 'Cricket PNG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket_PNG', 'summary': 'Cricket PNG , originally founded as the Papua New Guinea Cricket Board of Control , is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Papua New Guinea . Its current headquarters is in Port Moresby . Cricket PNG was founded in 1972 and was elected an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council on 24 July 1973 . It is also a Member of the East Asia-Pacific Cricket Council .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Asia-Pacific', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICC_East_Asia-Pacific', 'summary': 'ICC East Asia-Pacific is the International Cricket Council region responsible for administration of the sport of cricket in East Asia and the Pacific area . The region was founded in 1996 with a regional office established in 1999 . The area covered by the region includes two Test nations , four ICC associate members and five ICC affiliate nations . The region is headed by the Regional Development Manager , Andrew Faichney , based in Australia at the offices of Cricket Australia . The region is supported by the Australian and New Zealand cricket team and these are the only official Test cricket members in the region . The five Test cricket countries in Asia ( Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka who are playing in South Asia ) are members of the Asian Cricket Council . The EAP is responsible for International tournaments and events , such as : participation in competitions , coaching courses ( coach education ) , umpiring courses , youth development and training ; junior/schools programs , administration development , marketing and cricket campsites within the region .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The Scotland national cricket team represents the country of Scotland . They play their home matches at The Grange , Edinburgh , and also some other venues . Scotland became Associate Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1994 after severing links with the England cricket team two years earlier . Since then , they have played in three Cricket World Cups ( 1999 , 2007 and 2015 ) and three ICC World Twenty20 tournaments ( 2007 , 2009 and 2016 ) . However , their first win in either of these events did not come until they beat Hong Kong in the 2016 World Twenty20 . Scottish cricket team is governed by Cricket Scotland . Scotland have also played in every ICC Intercontinental Cup tournament , winning the inaugural edition in 2004 . Between 2010 and 2013 , the team competed in the ECB 40 as the Scottish Saltires . Kyle Coetzer became captain of the side in November 2016 after Preston Mommsen who had captained the side since September 2014 stepped down . The coach is South African Shane Burger , who took on the role in January 2019 . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between Scotland and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 are a full T20I .'}]}, {'value': 'Cricket Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cricket_Scotland', 'summary': "Cricket Scotland , formerly known as the Scottish Cricket Union , is the governing body of the sport of cricket in Scotland . The body is based at the National Cricket Academy , Edinburgh . The SCU was formed in 1908 , but underwent a major restructuring in 2001 including a name change . It became an International Cricket Council member in 1994 as an Associate nation . It has three sub-associations : East of Scotland Cricket Association , Western District Cricket Union and the Aberdeenshire Cricket Association . For the 2020 season Huntly cricket club have signed Frank 'out of the park ' Summers in a bid to win the regional title ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICC_Europe', 'summary': 'The European Cricket Council ( ECC ) is an international body which oversees cricket in European countries other than the Test-playing cricketing nations of England and Wales and Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates national cricket team ( Arabic : فريق الإمارات الوطني للكريكيت ) is the team that represents the United Arab Emirates in international cricket . They are governed by the Emirates Cricket Board ( ECB ) which became an Affiliate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1989 and an Associate Member the following year . Since 2005 , the ICC 's headquarters have been located in Dubai . One of the emerging One Day International ( ODI ) teams , the UAE won the ACC Trophy on four consecutive occasions between 2000 and 2006 , and were runners-up in the other three times the tournament has been played in 1996 , 1998 and 2008 . They won the ICC Trophy in 1994 , and played their first ODIs that year , later playing in the 1996 Cricket World Cup . Other ODI matches came in the 2004 and 2008 Asia Cups . At the 2014 World Cup Qualifier , the UAE placed second behind Scotland , qualifying for the 2015 World Cup and gaining ODI status until 2018 . UAE made the group stage of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . The team has qualified for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier as hosts . Following the demise of the World Cricket League ( WCL ) , UAE will play in the 2019-22 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 going forward ."}]}, {'value': 'Emirates Cricket Board', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emirates_Cricket_Board', 'summary': "United Arab Emirates Cricket Board is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in United Arab Emirates . United Arab Emirates Cricket Board is United Arab Emirates 's representative at the International Cricket Council and is an Associate Member and has been a Member of that body since 1990 . It is also a Member of the Asian Cricket Council . On 21 July 2016 , UAE cricket took a significant step towards full professionalism , with the Emirates Cricket Board granting two-year central contracts to eight of its players ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_Cricket_Council', 'summary': "The Asian Cricket Council ( ACC ) is a cricket organisation which was established in 1983 , to promote and develop the sport of cricket in Asia . Subordinate to the International Cricket Council , the council is the continent 's regional administrative body , and currently consists of 43 member associations . Nazmul Hassan is the current president of Asian Cricket Council ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_national_cricket_team', 'summary': 'The United States national cricket team is the team that represents the United States in international cricket . The team was formerly organised by the United States of America Cricket Association ( USACA ) , which became an associate member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in 1965 . In June 2017 , the USACA was expelled by the ICC due to governance and financing issues , with the U.S. team being temporarily overseen by ICC Americas until a new sanctioning body was established . In January 2019 , associate membership was officially granted to USA Cricket . A U.S. representative team participated in the first international cricket match , played against Canada in 1844 . For a century and a half , the U.S. national team seldom played against other national teams . It played mostly against Canada ( in the annual Auty Cup ) , or against visiting teams from other countries . The United States made its international tournament debut at the 1979 ICC Trophy in England ; it has since missed only two editions of the tournament ( now known as the World Cup Qualifier ) . After winning the 2004 ICC Six Nations Challenge , the team qualified for the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy , playing its first two One Day International ( ODI ) matches . In April 2018 , the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status to all its members . Therefore , all Twenty20 matches played between the United States and other ICC members after January 1 , 2019 are a full T20I . The first ever T20I to be played by the United States was scheduled against the United Arab Emirates in March 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'USA Cricket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USA_Cricket', 'summary': "USA Cricket is the governing body of cricket in the United States , as an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . USA Cricket operates all of the United States national representative cricket sides , including the United States national team , the United States women 's national cricket team and youth sides as well . The body was unveiled on September 24 , 2017 as a proposed successor to the United States of America Cricket Association , which had been expelled from the ICC in June 2017 due to governance issues . It officially received ICC associate membership in January 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Americas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICC_Americas', 'summary': 'ICC Americas is an international body which oversees cricket in countries in North and South America , and the Caribbean islands . It is a subordinate body to the International Cricket Council . The organisation currently has 17 members , located in North America , Central America , South America , and the Caribbean , and is responsible for the development , promotion and administration of the game in the above regions . The body is also responsible for the ICC Americas Championship , which is the premier international competition in the region , and allows teams to compete for World Cup qualification . The World Cup itself has only been held in the region on a single occasion , when the 2007 World Cup was hosted by the West Indies . The organisation is also responsible for hosting the ICC Americas Under-19 Championship , which fills a similar role in qualification for the Under-19 World Cup . A separate South American Cricket Championship exists , but is not organised by the ICC . Previously the regional office was located in Toronto , but it was relocated to Colorado Springs , Colorado in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Associate Members -- Associate Members with ODI status', 'section_text': 'ICC grants One-Day International status to its Associate Members based on their success in the World Cricket League . The Associate teams who currently hold ODI status are :', 'uid': 'List_of_International_Cricket_Council_members_2', 'intro': "The International Cricket Council (ICC) was founded at Lord's on 15 June 1909 as the Imperial Cricket Conference, with Australia, England, and South Africa as its founding members. In the beginning, only countries within the Commonwealth could join. These members were then joined by India, New Zealand, and the West Indies in 1926 and later by Pakistan in 1953. In 1961, South Africa resigned due to their leaving the Commonwealth, but they continued to play Test cricket until their international exile in 1970. The Imperial Cricket Conference was renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965, with new rules permitting countries from outside the Commonwealth to be elected into the governing body for the first time. That year, Fiji and the USA became the first Associate Member nations. In 1981, Sri Lanka became the first Associate Member to be elected a Full Member, returning the number of Test-playing nations to seven. In 1989, the ICC was again renamed, this time to International Cricket Council. South Africa was reelected as a Full Member to the ICC in 1991 and Zimbabwe was elected in 1992. It would be eight years before the next Full Member, Bangladesh, was elected in 2000. On 22 June 2017, Ireland and Afghanistan were granted Full Member and Test status, bringing the number of Full Members to 12. As of January 2020, there are 104 ICC members, with 12 Full Members and 92 Associate Members."}
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How many people play the sport from the country who has one of the oldest national governing bodies in the sport ?
around 6,000
0992fc0e53b38bbc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '2001 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Field'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alianza Atlético', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Atlético', 'summary': 'Club Alianza Atlético de Sullana is a Peruvian football club , located in the city of Sullana , Piura . The club was founded in 1920 and promoted to the Peruvian Primera División in 1988 . They are the only Peruvian top-tier club not based in a state capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Sullana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullana', 'summary': 'Sullana is the name of the capital of the Sullana Province , in the north-western coastal plains of Peru on the Chira valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Campeones del 36', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Campeones_del_36', 'summary': 'The Estadio Municipal Campeones del 36 is a multi-use stadium in Sullana , Peru . It is used by the football team Alianza Atlético . The stadium holds 8,000 people and was built in 2000 . It is a small stadium that is planned to be expanded . The venue name , Champions of 1936 , is misleading . No Peruvian League was actually played in 1936 as the national team was preparing itself to compete in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Germany . Alianza Atlético did , however , win a special national tournament ( representing their home region , Piura ) governed by the Peruvian Football Federation , and the name stuck despite not being recognized officially as national champions thereafter . The venue was remodeled and re-inaugurated in 2018 with an enlarged capacity of 12,000 .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Villanueva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alejandro_Villanueva', 'summary': 'The Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , formerly Estadio Alianza Lima , is a football stadium located in the neighborhood of Matute in La Victoria District in Lima , Peru . The stadium is the home of Alianza Lima . The stadium has a capacity of 33,938 people . It is named after former Alianza Lima player Alejandro Villanueva .'}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cienciano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cienciano', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco , Peru . The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the students of the Ciencias y Artes School ( Ciencias meaning science in Spanish ) , from which it takes its name . It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuzco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuzco', 'summary': 'Cusco ( Spanish : Cuzco , Cusco [ ˈkusko ] ; Quechua : Qusqu , Qosqo [ ˈqʊsqʊ ] , [ ˈqɔsqɔ ] ) , often spelled Cuzco , is a city in southeastern Peru , near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range . It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province . The city is the seventh most populous in Peru and , in 2017 it had a population of 428,450 . Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco , its elevation is around 3,400 m ( 11,200 ft ) . The city was the historic capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th century until the 16th-century Spanish conquest . In 1983 , Cusco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with the title City of Cuzco . It has become a major tourist destination , hosting nearly 2 million visitors a year . The Constitution of Peru designates it as the Historical Capital of Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Garcilaso', 'summary': "Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega , commonly known as Estadio Garcilaso , is Cusco 's principal stadium and the home venue of the local football team Cienciano . The stadium was named after the Peruvian mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and inaugurated in 1960 , with an initial capacity of 30,000 . It is owned by the Instituto Peruano del Deporte ( Peruvian Institute of Sport ) . The increase in spectator capacity came after CONMEBOL chose Peru to host the Copa América 2004 , prompting the Peruvian government to invest in a five-million dollar renovation program for its stadia , including the Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega . Its renovation cost approximately $ 1,720,000 , which helped boost its official spectator capacity to 42,056 . The stadium ended up hosting the third place game of the Copa América 2004 . Thanks to the event , the city of Cusco received even more tourists than it already receives as Peru 's top tourist destination . The Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega is also recognized as one of the most beautiful stadiums in all of South America . This recognition is due to its well-maintained grass and its resistance to the sometimes aggressive and highly variable climate of the city of Cuzco . The awe is the stadium 's perpetual beauty even after these climates . It is this resistive beauty that inspires soccer commentators and visitors alike . The stadium is currently home to three football clubs ."}]}, {'value': '42,056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coopsol Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Universidad_Privada_Antenor_Orrego', 'summary': 'Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego is a Peruvian football club , based in the city of Trujillo , La Libertad . It was founded on August 30 , 1995 . The club changed its name to Sport Coopsol Trujillo in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansiche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mansiche', 'summary': 'Estadio Mansiche is the biggest stadium of the city of Trujillo and the home of the most important football clubs in the city , Carlos A. Mannucci and Universidad César Vallejo . The stadium also has a running track for track and field sports . The stadium is part of the greater Mansiche Sports Complex which includes the Coliseo Gran Chimu , a swimming pool , and other facilities . It has hosted matched of the Copa Sudamericana in three occasions , and of the Copa Libertadores once . It hosted Group B matches during the 1995 South American Under-17 Football Championship . It hast also hosted matches at the 2004 Copa America and 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Most recently , it hosted the ceremonies of the 2013 Bolivarian Games .'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artificial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deportivo Wanka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_Wanka', 'summary': 'Deportivo Wanka is a Peruvian football club , based in the city of Huancayo in the Peruvian Andes . It was founded in 1996 and is named after the Wankas people who formerly inhabited the area and after whom the city of Huancayo is named . The current Deportivo Wanka is merged with Deportivo Pesquero of Chimbote but its home city is still Huancayo . They play their home games at Estadio Huancayo . Their last First Division participation was in 2004 . They protested against their relegation and were suspended from participating in any football tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huancayo', 'summary': "Huancayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ waŋˈkaʝo ] ; in Wanka Quechua : Wankayuq [ wɐŋˈkæjuː ] , ' ( place ) with a ( sacred ) rock ' ) is the capital of Junín Region , in the central highlands of Peru ."}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Estadio Huancayo is a multi-use stadium in Huancayo , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home of Sport Huancayo and Deportivo Junín . Other teams that previously used the stadium are Deportivo Wanka and Meteor Junin . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estudiantes de Medicina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estudiantes_de_Medicina', 'summary': 'Club Social y Deportivo Estudiantes de Medicina is a Peruvian football club from the city of Ica . The club were founded 1975 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Ica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ica,_Peru', 'summary': 'Ica ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈika ] ) ( Quechua : Ika ) is the capital of the Department of Ica in southern Peru . While the area was long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples , the Spanish conquistador Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera claimed its founding in 1563 . As of the 2017 census , it had a population of over 282,407 . The city suffered extensive damage and loss of life during the 2007 Peru earthquake .'}]}, {'value': 'José Picasso Peratta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_José_Picasso_Peratta', 'summary': 'Estadio José Picasso Peratta is a multi-use stadium in Ica , Peru . It is currently used by football ( soccer ) teams Octavio Espinoza and Estudiantes de Medicina . The stadium holds 8,000 people , but the owners are planning to expand it to 15,000 . Its name comes from a former mayor of Ica , José Picasso Perata , which together with the Picasso family helped to build and finance the stadium . Coordinates : 14°04′05″S 75°44′20″W / 14.0680°S 75.7390°W / -14.0680 ; -75.7390'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiclayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiclayo', 'summary': "Chiclayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈklaʝo ] ; Quechua : Chiklayu ) is the principal city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru . It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation 's capital , Lima . Founded by Spanish explorers as Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo in the 16th century , it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry . He named Chiclayo the Heroic City to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence , a title it still holds . Other nicknames for Chiclayo include The Capital of Friendship and the Pearl of the North . Chiclayo is Peru 's fourth-largest city , after Lima , Arequipa , and Trujillo , with a population of 738,000 as of 2011 . The Lambayeque region is the fourth most populous metropolitan area of Peru , with a population of 972,713 in 2009 . The city was founded near an important prehistoric archaeological site , the Northern Wari ruins , which constitute the remains of a city from the 7th to 12th century of the Wari Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Elías Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Elías_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Estadio Capitán Remigio Elías Aguirre Romero is a multi-purpose stadium administrated by the governmental Instituto Peruano del Deporte in Chiclayo , Peru . It was built in 1970 named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero . Its current spectator capacity is 23,000 ( can be limited to 20,000 for safety reasons ) after the renovations performed for the 2004 Copa América , and had artificial turf installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The most recognized club to play at this stadium is Juan Aurich .'}]}, {'value': '24,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Arequipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa', 'summary': 'Arequipa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾeˈkipa ] ; Aymara & Quechua : Ariqipa ) is a city located in the province and the eponymous department of Peru . It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed legal capital of Peru . It is the second most populated city in Peru , after Lima , with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census . Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts , including the foundational central area , which it is the seat of the city government . The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million ( USD ) and a nominal GDP per capita of 10,277 USD , which represents a GDP per capita PPP of 18,610 USD in the period 2015 , being the second city with the highest economic activity in Peru . Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru , and is considered as the second industrial city of the country . Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids . The town maintains close commercial links with Chile , Bolivia , and Brazil and with the cities connected the South trainway , as well as with the port of Matarani . The city was founded on August 15 , 1540 , under the name of Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro . The September 22 of 1541 , the monarch Carlos V orders that it should be called « City of Arequipa. » In the viceregal period , it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role , and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown , receiving titles such as Very Noble and Very Loyal and Very Loyal by the crown . In the Republican history of Peru , the city has been the focus of popular , civic and democratic rebellions , it has also been the cradle of outstanding intellectual , political and religious figures of the country . In the Republican era , it is awarded the title of Heroic city of the freedom people of Arequipa .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mariano_Melgar', 'summary': 'The Estadio Melgar is a multi-use stadium in Arequipa , Peru . Its primary use is to host football games for Peruvian First Division team FBC Melgar and Peruvian Segunda Division team Sportivo Huracán and Copa Perú teams Senati FBC , FBC Aurora and FBC White Star . The stadium has a seating capacity of 15,000 and includes a running track for track and field events . It was named after Mariano Melgar , a Peruvian patriot and poet from Arequipa . It is also known as Estadio de Cuarto Centenario ( Fourth Centennial Stadium ) since it is in a neighborhood which was built in celebration of the fourth centennial of the Spanish foundation of Arequipa . The stadium was a venue for the 2001 South American Under 17 Football Championship in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Boys', 'summary': "Sport Boys Association , commonly referred to as Sport Boys or simply Boys , is a Peruvian football club based in the port city of Callao . It was founded on Peru 's independence day , July 28 , 1927 . Its classic and historic rival is the Atlético Chalaco against whom dispute the Clasico Porteño derby of Callao . It is considered the fourth most important club in the history of Peruvian football as they have won 6 national titles and have the largest number of international appearances after Universitario , Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima , teams of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Cristal', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team . Based in the Rímac District , in the department of Lima , it plays in the professional league known as the Peruvian First Division . Sporting Cristal has won the league title 19 times , and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles . All its titles have been won in the professional era . It is one of the most popular football teams in Peru , along with Universitario and Alianza Lima ; it is the youngest of the three . In 1997 , it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , an international competition . Sporting Cristal plays its home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo . They also play at the Estadio Nacional for international competitions such as Copa Libertadores or Copa Sudamericana . The Estadio Nacional is also the venue for matches against Universitario and Alianza Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'San Martín de Porres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Estadio Alberto Gallardo is a football stadium in the Rimac District of Lima , Peru , named after Alberto Gallardo , a former Peruvian football player and manager who played several years for Sporting Cristal . It is the home of football club Sporting Cristal . The stadium was built in the 1960s along the Rímac River for local football use and originally named Estadio San Martín de Porres . Many clubs playing in the Primera División , Segunda División , and district leagues of San Martín de Porres were among the many tenants the stadium had . In 1995 , Sporting Cristal - one of the regular first division tenants of the stadium - decided to lease the venue from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte . The club recently signed a new lease contract for 10 years and will expire in 2022 . The stadium itself has hosted few high-risk matches due to the limited access to the stadium and the low capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unión Minas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unión_Minas', 'summary': 'Unión Minas is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Cerro de Pasco . The club were founded 23 April 1974 and play in the Copa Perú which is the third division of the Peruvian league .'}]}, {'value': 'Cerro de Pasco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco', 'summary': 'Cerro de Pasco is a city in central Peru , located at the top of the Andean mountains . It is the capital of the Pasco region , and an important mining center . At 4,330 metres ( 14,210 ft ) elevation , it is one of the highest cities in the world , and the highest or the second highest city with over 50,000 inhabitants , with elevation reaching up to 4,380 m in the Yanacancha area . It is connected by road and by rail to the capital Lima , as far as 300 km .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Alcides Carrión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Daniel_Alcides_Carrión', 'summary': 'Estadio Daniel Alcides Carrión is a multi-use stadium located in Cerro de Pasco , Peru . It is used by football team Unión Minas . The stadium holds 8,000 people and is the highest stadium in the world , with an altitude of 4,380 meters ( 13,973 ft ) above sea level . This makes it very difficult for players who are not used to playing at this height and has caused some controversy . Coordinates : 10°41′06″S 76°14′53″W / 10.6850°S 76.2480°W / -10.6850 ; -76.2480'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes', 'summary': "Club Universitario de Deportes , also popularly known as Universitario and La U , is a Peruvian football club located in Lima . The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931 . Since 1928 , the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football , the Torneo Descentralizado . In 2000 , they opened the 80,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental , currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America , retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico , which has its roots in the club 's first participation in the Primera División in 1928 . It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal , Deportivo Municipal , and Sport Boys . Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles , it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores . The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929 , one year after its debut in the first division . The club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season . Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru . Universitario 's youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú . According to the International Federation of Football History and Statistics , an international organization recognized by FIFA , Universitario was the best Peruvian club of the 20th century and the 28th most successful in South America ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Monumental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_"U"', 'summary': "The Estadio Monumental ( Monumental Stadium ) is a football stadium in the district of Ate in Lima , Peru . It is the home of Club Universitario de Deportes , and it was opened in 2000 to replace the Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Designed by Progreso International and Gremco S.A. , Uruguayan architect Walter Lavalleja Sarriés led the construction of the stadium . It is Perus largest stadium and also the largest in South America . It has a spectator-capacity of 85,000 : 65,000 seated in the four stands , 20,000 in luxury box suites known as palcos , and 600 VIP . The stadium was built in accordance with FIFAs manual of technical specifications for World Cup finals . The stadium has hosted some of the Peru national football team 's international matches including FIFA World Cup Qualifiers . It also hosted the final stages of the 2008 Copa Perú . However , the Monumental was absent from the organization of the 2004 Copa América because of conflicts between the club and the organizers . In addition , between its opening in 2000 until 2007 , only one edition of the Peruvian Clásico was played due to security concerns ; however , in late 2008 , the derby returned to the stadium . On November 5th , 2019 , the Estadio Monumental was selected by CONMEBOL to host the 2019 Copa Libertadores Final , after the outbreak of 2019 Chilean protests raised security concerns about the development of the match in Santiago , city initially chosen as host ."}]}, {'value': '80,093', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grass', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'Alianza AtléticoJuan AurichCoopsol TrujilloUnión MinasEstudiantesWankaCiencianoMelgar Alianza LimaSporting CristalUniversitarioSport Boys Locations of the 2001 Primera División teams', 'uid': '2001_Torneo_Descentralizado_0', 'intro': 'The 2001 Torneo Descentralizado, was the 85th season of the top category of Peruvian football (soccer). It was played by 12 teams. The national champion was Alianza Lima.'}
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What is the name of the stadium that is home to a team from a city founded in 1537 ?
Miguel Grau
099336a509feae85
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments', 'title': 'Comparison of integrated development environments', 'header': ['IDE', 'Developer', 'Latest stable release', 'Platform', 'License', 'Written in'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anjuta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjuta', 'summary': 'Anjuta is an integrated development environment written for the GNOME project . It has support for C , C++ , Java , JavaScript , Python and Vala programming language .'}]}, {'value': 'Anjuta Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unix-like', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unix-like', 'summary': "A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) ."}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C ( /siː/ , as in the letter c ) is a general-purpose , procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , while a static type system prevents unintended operations . By design , C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language . Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers , from supercomputers to embedded systems . C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to make utilities running on Unix . Later , it was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system . During the 1980s , C gradually gained popularity . It has become one of the most widely used programming languages , with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems . C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 ( see ANSI C ) and by the International Organization for Standardization . C is an imperative procedural language . It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities , the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming . A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code .'}]}, {'value': 'Atom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)', 'summary': 'Atom is a free and open-source text and source code editor for macOS , Linux , and Microsoft Windows with support for plug-ins written in Node.js , and embedded Git Control , developed by GitHub . Atom is a desktop application built using web technologies . Most of the extending packages have free software licenses and are community-built and maintained . Atom is based on Electron ( formerly known as Atom Shell ) , a framework that enables cross-platform desktop applications using Chromium and Node.js . It is written in CoffeeScript and Less . Atom was released from beta , as version 1.0 , on 25 June 2015 . Its developers call it a hackable text editor for the 21st Century . It is fully customizable in HTML , CSS , and JavaScript .'}]}, {'value': 'GitHub', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.33.1 / December 19 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'Brackets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brackets_(text_editor)', 'summary': 'Brackets is a source code editor with a primary focus on web development . Created by Adobe Systems , it is free and open-source software licensed under the MIT License , and is currently maintained on GitHub by Adobe and other open-source developers . It is written in JavaScript , HTML and CSS . Brackets is cross-platform , available for macOS , Windows , and most Linux distributions . The main purpose of Brackets is its live HTML , CSS and JavaScript editing functionality . On November 4 , 2014 , Adobe announced the first ( 1.0 ) release of Brackets . The update introduced new features such as custom shortcut key combinations and more accurate JavaScript hinting . Brackets has a major focus on development in JavaScript-enabled , CSS and HTML . With release of version 1.0 , Adobe announced a feature that extracts design information from a PSD file for convenience of coding in CSS . As of June 28 , 2016 , the feature is officially discontinued , due to low usage . However , Extract is still available via Photoshop and Dreamweaver , both of which are part of their paid service , Adobe Creative Cloud . The latest version release of Brackets is 1.14 .'}]}, {'value': 'Adobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adobe_Systems', 'summary': 'Adobe Inc. ( /əˈdoʊbiː/ ə-DOH-bee , until October 3 , 2018 Adobe Systems Incorporated ) is an American multinational computer software company headquartered in San Jose , California . It has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products , with a more recent foray towards digital marketing software . Adobe is best known for its Adobe Flash web software ecosystem , Photoshop image editing software , Adobe Illustrator vector graphics editor , Acrobat Reader , the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) , and Adobe Creative Suite , as well as its successor Adobe Creative Cloud . Adobe was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985 , Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers , which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution . As of 2019 [ update ] , Adobe has more than 21,000 employees worldwide , about 40% of whom work in San Jose . Adobe also has major development operations in Newton , Massachusetts ; New York City , New York ; Minneapolis , Minnesota ; Lehi , Utah ; Seattle , Washington ; and San Francisco , California in the United States . It also has major development operations in Noida and Bangalore in India .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript , HTML , CSS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HTML', 'summary': 'Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser . It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) and scripting languages such as JavaScript . Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages . HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document . HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages . With HTML constructs , images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page . HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings , paragraphs , lists , links , quotes and other items . HTML elements are delineated by tags , written using angle brackets . Tags such as < img / > and < input / > directly introduce content into the page . Other tags such as < p > surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements . Browsers do not display the HTML tags , but use them to interpret the content of the page . HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript , which affects the behavior and content of web pages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets', 'summary': 'Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML . CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web , alongside HTML and JavaScript . CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content , including layout , colors , and fonts . This separation can improve content accessibility , provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics , enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file , and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content . Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods , such as on-screen , in print , by voice ( via speech-based browser or screen reader ) , and on Braille-based tactile devices . CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a mobile device . The name cascading comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule matches a particular element . This cascading priority scheme is predictable . The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) . Internet media type ( MIME type ) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 ( March 1998 ) . The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents . In addition to HTML , other markup languages support the use of CSS including XHTML , plain XML , SVG , and XUL .'}]}, {'value': 'Aptana Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aptana', 'summary': "Aptana , Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for use with a variety of programming languages ( such as JavaScript , Ruby , PHP and Python ) . Aptana 's main products include Aptana Studio , Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer ."}]}, {'value': 'Aptana , Inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aptana', 'summary': "Aptana , Inc. is a company that makes web application development tools for use with a variety of programming languages ( such as JavaScript , Ruby , PHP and Python ) . Aptana 's main products include Aptana Studio , Aptana Cloud and Aptana Jaxer ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL , proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Java , JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}, {'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'Codeanywhere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Codeanywhere', 'summary': "Codeanywhere is a cross-platform Cloud IDE ( integrated development environment ) created by Codeanywhere , Inc. Codeanywhere enables users to instantly write , edit , collaborate and run web development projects from a web browser and any mobile device . Codeanywhere is entirely written in JavaScript . The editor is based on CodeMirror and uses OpenVZ containers for its development environments ( called DevBoxes ) . Codeanywhere is platform agnostic , enabling the user to run code in Codeanywhere 's environments called DevBoxes or connect to their own VMs via SSH or FTP protocol and also connect to Dropbox and Google Drive . It supports more than 75 programming languages , including HTML , JavaScript , Node.js , io.js PHP , Ruby , Python , and Go . In 2017 the company acquired Codebender , Arduino IDE in the cloud , and one of the biggest communities and code repositories of the Arduino ecosystem ."}]}, {'value': 'Codeanywhere , Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloud IDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloud_IDE', 'summary': "An Online integrated development environment , also known as a Web IDE or Cloud IDE , is a browser based integrated development environment . An online IDE can be accessed from a web browser , such as Google Chrome or Internet Explorer , enabling software development on an low-powered devices that are normally unsuitable . An online IDE does not usually contain all of the same features as a traditional , or desktop , IDE , although all of the basic IDE features , such as a Source code editor with syntax highlighting . Integrated Version control and Read-Eval-Print Loop ( REPL ) may also be included . Online IDE 's can be further categorised into professional and educational . Cloud9 IDE and code.pyret.org being examples where Cloud9 IDE is part of the wider AWS offering , and the WeScheme Online IDE is specifically designed to support education ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'CodeLite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CodeLite', 'summary': 'CodeLite is a free and open-source IDE for the C , C++ , PHP , and JavaScript ( Node.js ) programming languages .'}]}, {'value': 'CodeLite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CodeLite', 'summary': 'CodeLite is a free and open-source IDE for the C , C++ , PHP , and JavaScript ( Node.js ) programming languages .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'C++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}]}, {'value': 'Eclipse Web Tools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_(software)', 'summary': 'Eclipse is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) used in computer programming . It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment . Eclipse is written mostly in Java and its primary use is for developing Java applications , but it may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages via plug-ins , including Ada , ABAP , C , C++ , C # , Clojure , COBOL , D , Erlang , Fortran , Groovy , Haskell , JavaScript , Julia , Lasso , Lua , NATURAL , Perl , PHP , Prolog , Python , R , Ruby ( including Ruby on Rails framework ) , Rust , Scala , and Scheme . It can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX ( via a TeXlipse plug-in ) and packages for the software Mathematica . Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools ( JDT ) for Java and Scala , Eclipse CDT for C/C++ , and Eclipse PDT for PHP , among others . The initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge . The Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) , which includes the Java development tools , is meant for Java developers . Users can extend its abilities by installing plug-ins written for the Eclipse Platform , such as development toolkits for other programming languages , and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules . Since the introduction of the OSGi implementation ( Equinox ) in version 3 of Eclipse , plug-ins can be plugged-stopped dynamically and are termed ( OSGI ) bundles Eclipse software development kit ( SDK ) is free and open-source software , released under the terms of the Eclipse Public License , although it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License . It was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea .'}]}, {'value': 'IBM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBM', 'summary': "The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ) is an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk , New York , with operations in over 170 countries . The company began in 1911 , founded in Endicott , New York , as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ( CTR ) and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924 . IBM is incorporated in New York . IBM produces and sells computer hardware , middleware and software , and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology . IBM is also a major research organization , holding the record for most U.S. patents generated by a business ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) for 27 consecutive years . Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine ( ATM ) , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the SQL programming language , the UPC barcode , and dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM ) . The IBM mainframe , exemplified by the System/360 , was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s . IBM has continually shifted business operations by focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets . This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in 1991 and the sale of personal computer ( ThinkPad/ThinkCentre ) and x86-based server businesses to Lenovo ( in 2005 and 2014 , respectively ) , and acquiring companies such as PwC Consulting ( 2002 ) , SPSS ( 2009 ) , The Weather Company ( 2016 ) , and Red Hat ( 2019 ) . Also in 2015 , IBM announced that it would go fabless , continuing to design semiconductors , but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries . Nicknamed Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the world 's largest employers , with ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) over 350,000 employees , known as IBMers . At least 70% of IBMers are based outside the United States , and the country with the largest number of IBMers is India ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS , FreeBSD , JVM , Solaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FreeBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine', 'summary': 'A Java virtual machine ( JVM ) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode . The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation . Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit ( JDK ) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform . The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot . The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle Corporation are based on the OpenJDK runtime . Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems . It superseded the company 's earlier SunOS in 1993 . In 2010 , after the Sun acquisition by Oracle , it was renamed Oracle Solaris . Solaris is known for its scalability , especially on SPARC systems , and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace , ZFS and Time Slider . Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors . Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification . Historically , Solaris was developed as proprietary software . In June 2005 , Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license , and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project . With OpenSolaris , Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software . After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010 , Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model . In August 2010 , Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel , effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system . Following that , OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions ."}]}, {'value': 'EPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License', 'summary': 'The Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) is an open source software license most notably used for the Eclipse IDE and other projects by the Eclipse Foundation . It replaces the Common Public License ( CPL ) and removes certain terms relating to litigations related to patents . The Eclipse Public License is designed to be a business-friendly free software license , and features weaker copyleft provisions than licenses such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The receiver of EPL-licensed programs can use , modify , copy and distribute the work and modified versions , in some cases being obligated to release their own changes . The EPL is approved by the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) and is listed as a free software license by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . Discussion of a new version of the EPL began in May 2013 . Version 2.0 was announced on 24 August 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'C , Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C ( /siː/ , as in the letter c ) is a general-purpose , procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , while a static type system prevents unintended operations . By design , C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language . Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers , from supercomputers to embedded systems . C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to make utilities running on Unix . Later , it was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system . During the 1980s , C gradually gained popularity . It has become one of the most widely used programming languages , with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems . C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 ( see ANSI C ) and by the International Organization for Standardization . C is an imperative procedural language . It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities , the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming . A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Komodo IDE / Edit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo', 'summary': "Komodo Edit is a free and open source text editor for dynamic programming languages . It was introduced in January 2007 to complement ActiveState 's commercial Komodo IDE . As of version 4.3 , Komodo Edit is built atop the Open Komodo project ."}]}, {'value': 'ActiveState', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActiveState', 'summary': 'ActiveState Software Inc. is a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver , British Columbia . It develops , sells , and supports cross-platform development tools for dynamic languages such as Perl , PHP , Python , Ruby , and Tcl , as well as language distributions and enterprise services . ActiveState is owned by its employees and Pender Financial Group , an investment company focused on technology and healthcare sectors in British Columbia after briefly being a member of the Sophos group .'}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'IDE : Proprietary , Edit : MPL 1.1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License', 'summary': "The Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) is a free and open source software license developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation . It is a weak copyleft license , characterized as a middle ground between permissive free software licenses and the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers . As such , it allows re-licensing . MPL software can thus be converted into a copyleft license such as the GPL , or to a proprietary license ( example : KaiOS ) . It has undergone two revisions , a minor update to version 1.1 , and a major update to version 2.0 with the goals of greater simplicity and better compatibility with other licenses . The MPL is the license for Mozilla Firefox , Mozilla Thunderbird , and most other Mozilla software , but it has been used by others , such as Adobe to license their Flex product line , and The Document Foundation to license LibreOffice 4.0 ( also on LGPL 3+ ) . Version 1.1 was adapted by several projects to form derivative licenses like Sun Microsystems ' own Common Development and Distribution License ."}]}, {'value': 'C , C++ , JavaScript , Perl , Python , Tcl , XUL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C ( /siː/ , as in the letter c ) is a general-purpose , procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , while a static type system prevents unintended operations . By design , C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language . Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers , from supercomputers to embedded systems . C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to make utilities running on Unix . Later , it was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system . During the 1980s , C gradually gained popularity . It has become one of the most widely used programming languages , with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems . C has been standardized by the ANSI since 1989 ( see ANSI C ) and by the International Organization for Standardization . C is an imperative procedural language . It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities , the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming . A standards-compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Perl', 'summary': "Perl is a family of two high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming languages . Perl refers to Perl 5 , but from 2000 to 2019 it also referred to its redesigned sister language , Perl 6 , before the latter 's name was officially changed to Raku in October 2019 . Though Perl is not officially an acronym , there are various backronyms in use , including Practical Extraction and Reporting Language . Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier . Since then , it has undergone many changes and revisions . Raku , which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000 , eventually evolved into a separate language . Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another . The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C , shell script ( sh ) , AWK , and sed ; Wall also alludes to BASIC and Lisp in the introduction to Learning Perl ( Schwartz & Christiansen ) and so on . They provide text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools , facilitating manipulation of text files . Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language , in part due to its unsurpassed regular expression and string parsing abilities . In addition to CGI , Perl 5 is used for system administration , network programming , finance , bioinformatics , and other applications , such as for GUIs . It has been nicknamed the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages because of its flexibility and power , and also its ugliness ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Python_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Python is an interpreted , high-level , general-purpose programming language . Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991 , Python 's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace . Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear , logical code for small and large-scale projects . Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected . It supports multiple programming paradigms , including procedural , object-oriented , and functional programming . Python is often described as a batteries included language due to its comprehensive standard library . Python was conceived in the late 1980s as a successor to the ABC language . Python 2.0 , released in 2000 , introduced features like list comprehensions and a garbage collection system capable of collecting reference cycles . Python 3.0 , released in 2008 , was a major revision of the language that is not completely backward-compatible , and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3 . The Python 2 language , i.e . Python 2.7.x , was officially discontinued on 1 January 2020 ( first planned for 2015 ) after which security patches and other improvements will not be released for it . With Python 2 's end-of-life , only Python 3.5.x and later are supported ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tcl', 'summary': 'Tcl ( pronounced tickle or tee cee ell /ˈtiː siː ɛl/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose , interpreted , dynamic programming language . It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful . Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command , even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition . Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms , including object-oriented , imperative and functional programming or procedural styles . It is commonly used embedded into C applications , for rapid prototyping , scripted applications , GUIs , and testing . Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems , allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems . Because Tcl is a very compact language , it is used on embedded systems platforms , both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions . The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk , and enables building a graphical user interface ( GUI ) natively in Tcl . Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/XUL', 'summary': 'XUL ( /ˈzuːl/ ZOOL ) , which stands for XML User Interface Language , is a user interface markup language developed by Mozilla . XUL is implemented as an XML dialect , enabling graphical user interfaces to be written in a similar manner to web pages . Such applications must be created using the Mozilla codebase ( or a fork of it ) ; the most prominent example is the Firefox web browser . In recent years , Mozilla has been reducing the usage of XUL in Firefox . The most notable example is the removal of add-on customization . Firefox originally permitted add-ons to extensively alter its user interface via custom XUL code , but this capability was removed in Firefox 57 and replaced with the less-permissive WebExtensions API . Several forks of Firefox , such as Pale Moon , Basilisk , and Waterfox , retain support for XUL add-ons .'}]}, {'value': 'NetBeans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NetBeans', 'summary': 'NetBeans is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) for Java . NetBeans allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules . NetBeans runs on Windows , macOS , Linux and Solaris . In addition to Java development , it has extensions for other languages like PHP , C , C++ , HTML5 , and JavaScript . Applications based on NetBeans , including the NetBeans IDE , can be extended by third party developers .'}]}, {'value': 'Oracle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': '9.0 / July 29 , 2018 ; 18 months ago ( 2018-07-29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'CDDL , GPL2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CDDL', 'summary': 'The Common Development and Distribution License ( CDDL ) is a free and open-source software license , produced by Sun Microsystems , based on the Mozilla Public License ( MPL ) . Files licensed under the CDDL can be combined with files licensed under other licenses , whether open source or proprietary . In 2005 the Open Source Initiative approved the license . The Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) considers it a free software license , but one which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/GPL2', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Nodeclipse NTS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nodeclipse', 'summary': 'Nodeclipse is a set of third-party developer solutions for Eclipse for programming in JavaScript , CoffeeScript with focus on Node.js . Nodeclipse also refers to the team that makes this software as free open-source on GitHub . Nodeclipse Eclipse plug-in ( Nodeclipse-1 on GitHub ) is core that other solutions are based on . It is available via update site or Eclipse Marketplace . Other solutions are Eclipse Node.js IDE ( Enide ) , set of plugins and Node Tool Suite ( NTS ) , an integrated development environment ( IDE ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nodeclipse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nodeclipse', 'summary': 'Nodeclipse is a set of third-party developer solutions for Eclipse for programming in JavaScript , CoffeeScript with focus on Node.js . Nodeclipse also refers to the team that makes this software as free open-source on GitHub . Nodeclipse Eclipse plug-in ( Nodeclipse-1 on GitHub ) is core that other solutions are based on . It is available via update site or Eclipse Marketplace . Other solutions are Eclipse Node.js IDE ( Enide ) , set of plugins and Node Tool Suite ( NTS ) , an integrated development environment ( IDE ) .'}]}, {'value': 'March 31 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS , FreeBSD , JVM , Solaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FreeBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine', 'summary': 'A Java virtual machine ( JVM ) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode . The JVM is detailed by a specification that formally describes what is required in a JVM implementation . Having a specification ensures interoperability of Java programs across different implementations so that program authors using the Java Development Kit ( JDK ) need not worry about idiosyncrasies of the underlying hardware platform . The JVM reference implementation is developed by the OpenJDK project as open source code and includes a JIT compiler called HotSpot . The commercially supported Java releases available from Oracle Corporation are based on the OpenJDK runtime . Eclipse OpenJ9 is another open source JVM for OpenJDK .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems . It superseded the company 's earlier SunOS in 1993 . In 2010 , after the Sun acquisition by Oracle , it was renamed Oracle Solaris . Solaris is known for its scalability , especially on SPARC systems , and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace , ZFS and Time Slider . Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors . Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification . Historically , Solaris was developed as proprietary software . In June 2005 , Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license , and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project . With OpenSolaris , Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software . After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010 , Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model . In August 2010 , Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel , effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system . Following that , OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions ."}]}, {'value': 'EPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License', 'summary': 'The Eclipse Public License ( EPL ) is an open source software license most notably used for the Eclipse IDE and other projects by the Eclipse Foundation . It replaces the Common Public License ( CPL ) and removes certain terms relating to litigations related to patents . The Eclipse Public License is designed to be a business-friendly free software license , and features weaker copyleft provisions than licenses such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The receiver of EPL-licensed programs can use , modify , copy and distribute the work and modified versions , in some cases being obligated to release their own changes . The EPL is approved by the Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) and is listed as a free software license by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . Discussion of a new version of the EPL began in May 2013 . Version 2.0 was announced on 24 August 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'NuSphere PhpED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PHPEd', 'summary': 'PhpED is a commercial integrated development environment for PHP , JavaScript , HTML , CSS , XML , SMARTY , XHTML and others . It is developed by NuSphere Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'NuSphere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NuSphere', 'summary': 'NuSphere is a software company based in Reno , Nevada in the United States , specializing in programming tools for web applications . Their products include PhpED , a proprietary integrated development environment for PHP , JavaScript , HTML , CSS , XML , Smarty and XHTML'}]}, {'value': 'June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oracle JDeveloper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_JDeveloper', 'summary': 'JDeveloper is a freeware IDE supplied by Oracle Corporation . It offers features for development in Java , XML , SQL and PL/SQL , HTML , JavaScript , BPEL and PHP . JDeveloper covers the full development lifecycle from design through coding , debugging , optimization and profiling to deploying . With JDeveloper , Oracle has aimed to simplify application development by focusing on providing a visual and declarative approach to application development in addition to building an advanced coding-environment . Oracle JDeveloper integrates with the Oracle Application Development Framework ( Oracle ADF ) - an end-to-end Java EE-based framework that further simplifies application development . The core IDE exposes an API that other teams in Oracle use to build extensions to JDeveloper . BPEL , Portal , Business Intelligence and other components of the Oracle platform [ which ? ] all build their design-time tools on top of JDeveloper . The same IDE platform also serves as the basis of another Oracle product , SQL Developer , which Oracle Corporation promotes specifically to PL/SQL- and database-developers .'}]}, {'value': 'Oracle Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Corporation', 'summary': 'Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Redwood Shores , California . The company sells database software and technology , cloud engineered systems , and enterprise software products - particularly its own brands of database management systems . In 2019 , Oracle was the second-largest software company by revenue and market capitalization . The company also develops and builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software , enterprise resource planning ( ERP ) software , Human Capital Management ( HCM ) software , customer relationship management ( CRM ) software , and supply chain management ( SCM ) software .'}]}, {'value': 'July 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary - free', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Servoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Servoy', 'summary': "Servoy is a development and deployment platform for enterprise applications , written itself in Java , and which uses JavaScript as its development language . It can adopt the native look and feel of any platform or the web , using HTML and CSS code . Servoy was created from the start to make business application development easy . It has introduced many innovations for that purpose : the use of JavaScript instead of Java , a comprehensive development framework with building blocks that are added through drag and drop , a web client , etc . Servoy was inspired by 4GLs in terms of how applications are developed but unlike many 4GLs , it does not use proprietary languages and/or databases , being based instead on open standards . Servoy consists of a GUI designer , is event-driven and runs scripts through JavaScript . Servoy allows applications to be deployed on a native Smart client ( Rich client ) and on a pure HTML Web client from the same codebase and user interface forms . Servoy 4.0 and beyond offers a free community edition for non-commercial use , which can be downloaded from the company 's website . Servoy applications can be deployed on all popular operating systems including Microsoft Windows , macOS , Linux , Solaris and other UNIX systems . eWeek and MacUser Magazine gave Servoy a 4 mouse rating . Applications developed with Servoy can access data from all popular SQL back-ends such as PostgreSQL , Oracle , Microsoft SQL Server , IBM DB2 , IBM Informix , Sybase , MySQL and Firebird , and combine data from different databases into a single user interface . The Servoy suite of products consists of :"}]}, {'value': 'Servoy Developer Team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'Servoy License', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'SlickEdit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SlickEdit', 'summary': 'SlickEdit , previously known as Visual SlickEdit , is a cross-platform commercial source code editor , text editor , code editor and Integrated Development Environment developed by SlickEdit , Inc. SlickEdit supports Integrated Debuggers for GNU C/C++ , Java , WinDbg , Clang C/C++ LLDB , Groovy , Google Go , Python , Perl , Ruby , PHP , Xcode , and Android JVM/NDK . SlickEdit includes such features as built in beautifiers that can beautify code as you type , code navigation , context tagging ( also known as Intelligent code completion ) , symbol references , third party tool integration , DiffZilla ( a file differencing tool ) , syntax highlighting , and over 13 keyboard emulations . In 2014 SlickEdit released a SlickEdit Standard version of their product and renamed their original product SlickEdit Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'SlickEdit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SlickEdit', 'summary': 'SlickEdit , previously known as Visual SlickEdit , is a cross-platform commercial source code editor , text editor , code editor and Integrated Development Environment developed by SlickEdit , Inc. SlickEdit supports Integrated Debuggers for GNU C/C++ , Java , WinDbg , Clang C/C++ LLDB , Groovy , Google Go , Python , Perl , Ruby , PHP , Xcode , and Android JVM/NDK . SlickEdit includes such features as built in beautifiers that can beautify code as you type , code navigation , context tagging ( also known as Intelligent code completion ) , symbol references , third party tool integration , DiffZilla ( a file differencing tool ) , syntax highlighting , and over 13 keyboard emulations . In 2014 SlickEdit released a SlickEdit Standard version of their product and renamed their original product SlickEdit Pro .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows , Linux , macOS , Solaris , AIX , HP-UX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MacOS', 'summary': "macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)', 'summary': "Solaris is a non-free Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems . It superseded the company 's earlier SunOS in 1993 . In 2010 , after the Sun acquisition by Oracle , it was renamed Oracle Solaris . Solaris is known for its scalability , especially on SPARC systems , and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace , ZFS and Time Slider . Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors . Solaris is registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification . Historically , Solaris was developed as proprietary software . In June 2005 , Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license , and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project . With OpenSolaris , Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software . After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010 , Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model . In August 2010 , Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel , effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system . Following that , OpenSolaris was forked as illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/AIX', 'summary': "AIX ( Advanced Interactive eXecutive , pronounced /ˌeɪaɪˈɛks/ ) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms . Originally released for the IBM RT PC RISC workstation , AIX now supports or has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms , including the IBM RS/6000 series and later POWER and PowerPC-based systems , IBM System i , System/370 mainframes , PS/2 personal computers , and the Apple Network Server . AIX is based on UNIX System V with 4.3BSD-compatible extensions . It is one of five commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group 's UNIX 03 standard ( the others being macOS , Solaris , HP-UX , and eulerOS ) . The AIX family of operating systems debuted in 1986 , became the standard operating system for the RS/6000 series on its launch in 1990 , and is still actively developed by IBM . It is currently supported on IBM Power Systems alongside IBM i and Linux . AIX was the first operating system to have a journaling file system , and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features such as processor , disk and network virtualization , dynamic hardware resource allocation ( including fractional processor units ) , and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HP-UX', 'summary': "HP-UX ( from Hewlett Packard Unix ) is Hewlett Packard Enterprise 's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system , based on Unix System V ( initially System III ) and first released in 1984 . Recent versions support the HP 9000 series of computer systems , based on the PA-RISC instruction set architecture , and HP Integrity systems , based on Intel 's Itanium architecture . Earlier versions of HP-UX supported the HP Integral PC and HP 9000 Series 200 , 300 , and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors , as well as the HP 9000 Series 500 computers based on HP 's proprietary FOCUS architecture . HP-UX was the first Unix to offer access control lists for file access permissions as an alternative to the standard Unix permissions system . [ citation needed ] HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager . [ citation needed ] HP has had a long partnership with Veritas Software , and uses VxFS as the primary file system . It is one of five commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group 's UNIX 03 standard . ( The others are macOS , Solaris , AIX and Huawei 's EulerOS . )"}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'C++', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}]}, {'value': 'Visual Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visual_Studio', 'summary': 'Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment ( IDE ) from Microsoft . It is used to develop computer programs , as well as websites , web apps , web services and mobile apps . Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API , Windows Forms , Windows Presentation Foundation , Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight . It can produce both native code and managed code . Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense ( the code completion component ) as well as code refactoring . The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger . Other built-in tools include a code profiler , designer for building GUI applications , web designer , class designer , and database schema designer . It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level - including adding support for source control systems ( like Subversion and Git ) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle ( like the Azure DevOps client : Team Explorer ) . Visual Studio supports 36 different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support ( to varying degrees ) nearly any programming language , provided a language-specific service exists . Built-in languages include C , C++ , C++/CLI , Visual Basic .NET , C # , F # , JavaScript , TypeScript , XML , XSLT , HTML , and CSS . Support for other languages such as Python , Ruby , Node.js , and M among others is available via plug-ins . Java ( and J # ) were supported in the past .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 31 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'C++ , C #', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C++', 'summary': 'C++ ( /ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/ ) is a high-level , general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language , or C with Classes . The language has expanded significantly over time , and modern C++ has object-oriented , generic , and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation . It is almost always implemented as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers , including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM , Microsoft , Intel , Oracle , and IBM , so it is available on many platforms . C++ was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded , resource-constrained software and large systems , with performance , efficiency , and flexibility of use as its design highlights . C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts , with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications , including desktop applications , video games , servers ( e.g . e-commerce , Web search , or SQL servers ) , and performance-critical applications ( e.g . telephone switches or space probes ) . C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) , with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC 14882:2017 ( informally known as C++17 ) . The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998 , which was then amended by the C++03 , C++11 and C++14 standards . The current C++17 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library . Before the initial standardization in 1998 , C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language ; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization . C++20 is the next planned standard , keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)', 'summary': 'C # ( pronounced see sharp , like the musical note C♯ , but written with the number sign ) [ b ] is a general-purpose , multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing , lexically scoped , imperative , declarative , functional , generic , object-oriented ( class-based ) , and component-oriented programming disciplines . It was developed around 2000 by Microsoft as part of its .NET initiative , and later approved as an international standard by Ecma ( ECMA-334 ) and ISO ( ISO/IEC 23270:2018 ) . Mono is the name of the free and open-source project to develop a compiler and runtime for the language . C # is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure ( CLI ) . C # was designed by Anders Hejlsberg , and its development team is currently led by Mads Torgersen . The most recent version is 8.0 , which was released in 2019 alongside Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Visual Studio Code', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code', 'summary': 'Visual Studio Code is a source-code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows , Linux and macOS . It includes support for debugging , embedded Git control and GitHub , syntax highlighting , intelligent code completion , snippets , and code refactoring . It is highly customizable , allowing users to change the theme , keyboard shortcuts , preferences , and install extensions that add additional functionality . The source code is free and open source and released under the permissive MIT License . The compiled binaries are freeware and free for private or commercial use . Visual Studio Code is based on Electron , a framework which is used to develop Node.js applications for the desktop running on the Blink layout engine . Although it uses the Electron framework , the software does not use Atom and instead employs the same editor component ( codenamed Monaco ) used in Azure DevOps ( formerly called Visual Studio Online and Visual Studio Team Services ) . In the Stack Overflow 2019 Developer Survey , Visual Studio Code was ranked the most popular developer environment tool , with 50.7% of 87,317 respondents claiming to use it .'}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.30.2 / January 8 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'MIT License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MIT_License', 'summary': 'The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the late 1980s . As a permissive license , it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has , therefore , reasonable license compatibility . It is compatible because it can be re-licensed under other licenses . The MIT license is compatible with many copyleft licenses , such as the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) ; MIT licensed software can be re-licensed as GPL software , and integrated with other GPL software , but not the other way around . The MIT license also permits reuse within proprietary software , provided that either all copies of the licensed software include a copy of the MIT License terms and the copyright notice , or the software is re-licensed to remove this requirement . MIT-licensed software can also be re-licensed as proprietary software , which distinguishes it from copyleft software licenses . As of 2015 [ update ] , MIT was the most popular software license on GitHub , ahead of any GPL variant and other free and open-source software ( FOSS ) licenses . Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System , Ruby on Rails , and Node.js .'}]}, {'value': 'JavaScript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JavaScript', 'summary': 'JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .'}]}, {'value': 'WebStorm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WebStorm', 'summary': 'JetBrains s.r.o . ( formerly IntelliJ Software s.r.o . ) is a software development company whose tools are targeted towards software developers and project managers . As of 2019 [ update ] , the company has over 990 employees in its offices in Prague , Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Munich , Boston , Novosibirsk , Amsterdam , Foster City and Marlton , New Jersey . The company offers an extended family of integrated development environments ( IDE ) for the programming languages Java , Kotlin , Ruby , Python , PHP , C , Objective-C , C++ , C # , Go , JavaScript and SQL . The company entered a new area in 2011 when it introduced Kotlin , a programming language that runs in a Java virtual machine ( JVM ) . InfoWorld magazine awarded the firm Technology of the Year Award in 2011 and 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'JetBrains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JetBrains', 'summary': 'JetBrains s.r.o . ( formerly IntelliJ Software s.r.o . ) is a software development company whose tools are targeted towards software developers and project managers . As of 2019 [ update ] , the company has over 990 employees in its offices in Prague , Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Munich , Boston , Novosibirsk , Amsterdam , Foster City and Marlton , New Jersey . The company offers an extended family of integrated development environments ( IDE ) for the programming languages Java , Kotlin , Ruby , Python , PHP , C , Objective-C , C++ , C # , Go , JavaScript and SQL . The company entered a new area in 2011 when it introduced Kotlin , a programming language that runs in a Java virtual machine ( JVM ) . InfoWorld magazine awarded the firm Technology of the Year Award in 2011 and 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '2019.1/ 25 March 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross-platform', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-platform', 'summary': 'In computing , cross-platform software ( also multi-platform software or platform-independent software ) is computer software that is implemented on multiple computing platforms . Cross-platform software may be divided into two types ; one requires individual building or compilation for each platform that it supports , and the other one can be directly run on any platform without special preparation , e.g. , software written in an interpreted language or pre-compiled portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all platforms . For example , a cross-platform application may run on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . Cross-platform programs may run on as many as all existing platforms , or on as few as two platforms . Cross-platform frameworks ( such as Qt , Flutter , NativeScript , Xamarin , Phonegap , Ionic , and React Native ) exist to aid cross-platform development .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}], 'section_title': 'JavaScript', 'section_text': 'Main article : JavaScript', 'uid': 'Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments_14', 'intro': 'The following tables list notable software packages that are nominal IDEs; standalone tools such as source code editors and GUI builders are not included. These IDEs are listed in alphabetical order of the supported language.'}
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Which IDE was developed by a company founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke ?
Brackets
0994878eeb860385
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Naval Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Harris Laning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harris_Laning', 'summary': 'Harris Laning ( October 18 , 1873 - February 2 , 1941 ) was a prominent officer in the United States Navy who eventually rose to the rank of Admiral . He was the father of Caleb Barrett Laning , who also achieved that ranking .'}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; captain of the United States Rifle Team which won the gold medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics for military team shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1912 Summer Olympics ( Swedish : Olympiska sommarspelen 1912 ) , officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event held in Stockholm , Sweden , between 5 May and 22 July 1912 . Twenty-eight nations and 2,408 competitors , including 48 women , competed in 102 events in 14 sports . With the exception of tennis ( starting on 5 May ) and football and shooting ( both starting on 29 June ) , the games were held within a month with an official opening on 6 July . It was the last Olympics to issue solid gold medals and , with Japan 's debut , the first time an Asian nation participated . Stockholm was the only bid for the games , and was selected in 1909 . The games were the first to have art competitions , women 's diving , women 's swimming , and the first to feature both the decathlon and the new pentathlon , both won by Jim Thorpe . Electric timing was introduced in athletics , while the host country disallowed boxing . Figure skating was rejected by the organizers because they wanted to promote the Nordic Games . United States won the most gold medals ( 25 ) , while Sweden won the most medals overall ( 65 ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_rifle", 'summary': "The men 's team rifle was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme . It was the second appearance of the event . The competition was held on Saturday , 29 June 1912 . Sixty sport shooters from ten nations competed ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Osburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Osburn', 'summary': 'Carl Townsend Osburn ( May 5 , 1884 - December 28 , 1966 ) was a United States Navy officer and sports shooter from Jacksontown , Ohio . After graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1906 , Osburn went on to reach the rank of commander . He competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics , 1920 Summer Olympics , and 1924 Summer Olympics , winning a total of eleven Olympic medals : five gold medals ( including two individual gold medals ) , four silver medals , and two bronze medals . He is the most successful shooter at the Olympic Games when individual and team medals are both taken into the account . His tally of eleven medals made him the all-time leading male medal winner for the United States at the Olympic Games . In 1972 , Mark Spitz tied this record after having won four medals in 1968 and seven in 1972 . Michael Phelps has since broken this record .'}]}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner of 11 Olympic medals : 5 gold , 4 silver , 2 bronze : for shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics , 1920 Summer Olympics , 1924 Summer Olympics ; holding the record for total medal count by an American male for 84 years ( 1924-2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , 18 events in shooting were contested .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , 21 events in shooting were contested . The competitions were held from 22 July 1920 to 3 August 1920 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , ten events in shooting were contested . These would be the last Games in which team events were part of the Olympic shooting program . The competitions were held from 23 June 1924 to 9 July 1924 at the shooting ranges at Versailles , Reims , Camp de Châlons ( Mourmelon ) , and Issy-les-Moulineaux .'}]}, {'value': 'Edwin Graves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Graves', 'summary': "Edwin Darius Graves Jr. ( July 10 , 1897 - 29 April , 1986 ) was an American rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1921 ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew ( rowing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 1920 Summer Olympics , the first Olympics after World War I , saw five events . The competitions were held from 27 to 29 August in Antwerp , Belgium . The event was marked by the arrival of future triple gold medalists John B. Kelly Sr. , Jack Beresford and Paul Costello . Kelly and Beresford would stage a dramatic dual for the singles title , with Kelly prevailing . Immediately after his victory , Kelly would step into the double with his cousin Paul Costello , and easily win the gold in that event . Beresford , though he did n't win gold in these Olympics , would medal at five straight Olympics . In the eight , the United States was represented by the United States Naval Academy . The United States would be represented by university crews at the next seven games in the men 's eight , winning each time . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Virgil Jacomini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgil_Jacomini', 'summary': "Virgil Victor Jacomini ( May 30 , 1899 - October 4 , 1984 ) was an American rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1921 ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Moore_(rower)', 'summary': "Edward Peerman Moore ( October 20 , 1897 - February 9 , 1968 ) was an American rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1921 ."}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherm Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherm_Clark', 'summary': "Sherman Rockwell Clark ( November 16 , 1899 - November 8 , 1980 ) was an American rowing coxswain who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1920 , he was coxed the American boat from the United States Naval Academy , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He also won the silver medal as coxswain of the American boat in the coxed four event . He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1922 . He retired as a rear admiral ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent Gallagher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Gallagher', 'summary': "Vincent Joseph Gallagher Jr. ( April 30 , 1899 - June 27 , 1983 ) was an American rower , born in Brooklyn , who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1922 ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Johnston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Johnston_(rower)', 'summary': "Donald Henrie Johnston ( September 30 , 1899 - August 4 , 1984 ) was an American rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . He died in Arlington , Virginia . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1922 ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Jordan_(rower)', 'summary': "William Conrad Jordan ( June 25 , 1898 - July 13 , 1968 ) was an American rower , born in Cleveland , Ohio , who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1922 ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clyde King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clyde_King_(rower)', 'summary': "Clyde Whitlock King ( September 6 , 1898 - August 20 , 1982 ) was an American rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics . King was born in Montezuma , Iowa . In 1920 , he was part of the American boat from the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) , which won the gold medal in the men 's eight . He graduated from USNA in 1922 , served during World War II and Korea , and rose to the rank of rear admiral . King died in Mill Valley , California , and is buried with his wife Marjorie in Golden Gate National Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alden Sanborn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alden_Sanborn', 'summary': "Alden Ream Zeke Sanborn ( May 22 , 1899 - December 1 , 1991 ) was an American rower who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp . He won a gold medal in men 's eight . He also served as a United States Naval Aviator ."}]}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1920 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Stroop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alternate on 1928 gymnastics team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas F. Connolly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_F._Connolly', 'summary': 'Vice Admiral Thomas Francis Connolly Jr. ( October 24 , 1909 - May 24 , 1996 ) was a three-star rank admiral in the United States Navy , aviator , gymnast and Olympic medalist in the 1932 Summer Olympics . Connolly served in Navy for 38 years . Over his career he served in World War II , oversaw the development of a program that later evolved into the United States Naval Test Pilot School , commanded two aircraft carriers , and served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare , retiring from that post in 1971 . Connolly was instrumental in the development of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat . The plane was named in his honor and for Thomas Hinman Moorer , then Chief of Naval Operations .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice Admiral ; bronze medalist in Rope Climbing at the 1932 Summer Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_rope_climbing", 'summary': "The men 's rope climbing event was part of the gymnastics programme at the 1932 Summer Olympics . It was one of eleven gymnastics events for men and it was contested for the fourth and last time after 1896 , 1904 , and 1924 . The competition was held on Wednesday , August 10 , 1932 . Five gymnasts from two nations competed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1932 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 30 to August 14 , 1932 , in Los Angeles , California , United States . The Games were held during the worldwide Great Depression and some nations were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles ; 37 nations competed compared to 46 in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . Even U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the Games . The organizing committee did not report the financial details of the Games , although contemporary newspapers claimed that the Games had made a profit of US $ 1,000,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Manring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Manring', 'summary': 'Charles David Charley Manring ( August 18 , 1929 - August 7 , 1991 ) was an American competition rower and Olympic champion , and later naval officer . Born in Cleveland , Ohio , he won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics , as coxswain for the American team .'}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew ( rowing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 1952 Summer Olympics featured seven events , for men only . The competitions were held from 20 to 23 July .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Detweiler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Detweiler', 'summary': 'Robert Detweiler ( 20 July 1930 - 8 December 2003 ) was an American competition rower and Olympic champion , naval officer , and scientist of solid state physics . He won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics , as a member of the American team . After the Olympics , Detweiler became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Shakespeare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Shakespeare_(rower)', 'summary': 'Franklin Bradford Frank Shakespeare ( born May 31 , 1930 ) is an American competition rower and Olympic champion , and later naval officer . He was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Shakespeare won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics with the American team . In 1982 , the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame inducted Frank Shakespeare . In 1996 , Shakespeare ran the Olympic Torch in the relay for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia as the only Delawarean Olympic medal winner at the time .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Fields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Fields_(rower)', 'summary': 'William Beauford Fields ( 6 August 1929 - 20 November 1992 ) was an American competition rower and Olympic champion , and later naval officer . He was born in Forsyth , Georgia . Fields won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics , as a member of the American team .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Frye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Frye', 'summary': 'Wayne Frye ( November 30 , 1930 - February 26 , 2014 ) from Manchester , Ohio was an American competition rower and Olympic champion . He won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics , as a member of the American team . He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1954 and became a military officer ( US Air Force ) . He participated in combat in the Vietnam war where he commanded the 555th squadron known as the Triple Nickel , flew 266 combat missions and received the Purple Heart . Following his service in Vietnam , he played at several amateur soccer clubs in the United States , Mexico and Brazil . In October 2012 , Fyre was inducted in the Kentucky Aviation Hall of Fame . He died in February 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(rower)', 'summary': 'Richard Frederick Dick Murphy ( born November 14 , 1931 in New Jersey ) is an American competition rower and Olympic champion . Murphy won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics , as a member of the American team .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Proctor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Proctor_(rower)', 'summary': 'Henry Proctor ( 19 October 1929 - 13 April 2005 ) was an American competition rower and Olympic champion . He was later a military officer and retired as colonel in 1971 . Proctor won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1952 Summer Olympics , as a member of the American team .'}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co-winner of the 1952 Olympics gold medal for crew', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni_3', 'intro': 'The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy was founded in 1845 and graduated its first class in 1846. The Academy is often referred to as Annapolis, while sports media refer to the Academy as Navy and the students as Midshipmen; this usage is officially endorsed. During the latter half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, the United States Naval Academy was the primary source of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers, with the Class of 1881 being the first to provide officers to the Marine Corps. Graduates of the Academy are also given the option of entering the United States Army or United States Air Force. Most Midshipmen are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes various fields of engineering. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former Midshipmen, current Midshipmen, and faculty of the Naval Academy. Over 50 U.S. astronauts have graduated from the Naval Academy, more than from any other undergraduate institution. [a] Over 990 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 45 Rhodes Scholars and 16 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 1 President of the United States, 2 Nobel Prize recipients, and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. [b]'}
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Who was the alumni who competed in the even that held from 27 to 29 August in Antwerp , Belgium ?
Edwin Graves
09951d7dc3eb454e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clergy_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of clergy educated at Jesus College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'G', 'Degree', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Thomas Coke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Thomas Coke ( 9 September 1747 - 2 May 1814 ) was the first Methodist bishop and is known as the Father of Methodist Missions . Born in Brecon , South Wales , his father , Barthomolew , was a well-to-do apothecary . Coke , who was only 5 foot and 1 inch tall and prone to being overweight , read Jurisprudence at Jesus College , Oxford , which has a strong Welsh tradition , graduating Bachelor of Arts , then Master of Arts in 1770 , and Doctor of Civil Law in 1775 . On returning to Brecon he served as mayor in 1772 .'}]}, {'value': '1764', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1775', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1768 ) , MA ( 1770 ) , DCL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methodist bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodist', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth Cragg ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenneth_Cragg', 'summary': 'Albert Kenneth Cragg ( 8 March 1913 - 13 November 2012 ) was an Anglican bishop and scholar who commented widely on religious topics for more than fifty years , most notably Christian-Muslim relations .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History ( 2nd ) ( 1934 ) , DPhil ( 1950 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assistant Bishop of Jerusalem ( 1970-1973 ) and writer on Muslim-Christian relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Jerusalem', 'summary': "The Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem ( Arabic : أبرشية القدس الأنغليكانية ) is the Anglican presence in Israel , the Palestinian territories , Jordan , Syria and Lebanon ; it is a part of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East , and based at St. George 's Cathedral , Jerusalem . The diocese covers 7,000 Anglicans , with 35 service institutions , 29 parishes , 1500 employees , 200 hospital beds and 6,000 students . From 1957 to 1976 the ordinary held the rank and title of Archbishop of Jerusalem ; the ordinary is now the Bishop in Jerusalem . Today , Anglicans constitute a large portion of Jerusalem 's Christians . The current , fourteenth Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem is Suheil Dawani , who was elected Coadjutor Bishop on June 15 , 2005 and was officially installed as Bishop on April 15 , 2007 . He succeeded Riah Abu El-Assal , who retired on March 31 , 2007 at the prescribed retirement age of 70 years . In August 2010 , Israel declined to renew the residency permits for Dawani and his family , claiming the bishop had been engaged in fraudulent land deals on behalf of the Palestinian Authority . After legal proceedings were commenced and following political pressure from a number of Christian churches and leaders , the permits were renewed on 26 September 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Francis Davies ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Davies_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Francis Davies ( 14 March 1605 - 14 March 1675 ) was a Welsh clergyman who was Bishop of Llandaff from 1667 until his death .'}]}, {'value': '1621', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1628', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1625 ) , MA ( 1628 ) , BD ( 1640 ) , DD ( 1661 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Llandaff ( 1667-1675 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff .'}]}, {'value': 'Roy Davies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Davies', 'summary': 'Roy Thomas Davies ( 31 January 1934 - 7 August 2013 ) was a Welsh Anglican clergyman , who served as Bishop of Llandaff from 1985 to 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1955 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BLitt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Llandaff ( 1985-1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff .'}]}, {'value': 'John Dickinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Dickinson_(bishop)', 'summary': 'John Hubert Dickinson ( 18 April 1901 - 31 May 1993 ) was a British Anglican bishop who served as Assistant Bishop of Melanesia from 1931 to 1937 .'}]}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 3rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Assistant Bishop of Melanesia ( 1931-1937 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Melanesia', 'summary': 'The Archbishop of Melanesia is the spiritual head of the Church of the Province of Melanesia , which is a province of the Anglican Communion in the South Pacific region , covering the nations of Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . From 1861 until the inauguration of Church of the Province of Melanesia in 1975 , the Bishop of Melanesia was the head of the Diocese of Melanesia .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfred George Edwards ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._G._Edwards_(bishop)', 'summary': "Alfred George Edwards ( 2 November 1848 - 22 July 1937 ) , known as A. G. Edwards , was elected the first archbishop of the disestablished Church in Wales . The son of a priest of the Church of England , Edwards was born in Llanymawddwy in Gwynedd . He studied at Jesus College , Oxford , before being appointed warden of Llandovery College in 1875 . In the same year he was ordained as a priest and in 1885 he was appointed the vicar of St Peter 's Church , Carmarthen . In 1889 , Edwards was appointed the Bishop of St Asaph : he was elected on 2 March at St Asaph Cathedral and consecrated a bishop on Lady Day 1889 ( 25 March ) , by Frederick Temple , Archbishop of Canterbury , at Westminster Abbey . He was a strong defender of the rights of the established Church of England in Wales in the face of mounting call for disestablishment from the nonconformist and liberal majority . He was Honorary Chaplain to the Denbighshire Yeomanry from 2 August 1902 . When the Church of England in Wales was disestablished and became the Church in Wales in 1920 , he was elected the first Archbishop of Wales . He retired in 1934 , died in 1937 and was buried at St Asaph ."}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 3rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'First Archbishop of the disestablished Church in Wales ( 1920-1934 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archbishop', 'summary': "In Christianity , an archbishop ( /ˌɑːrtʃˈbɪʃəp/ , via Latin archiepiscopus , from Greek αρχιεπίσκοπος , from αρχι- , 'chief ' , and επίσκοπος , 'bishop ' ) is a bishop of higher rank or office . In some cases , such as the Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Church of England , the title is borne by the leader of the denomination . Like popes , patriarchs , metropolitans , cardinal bishops , diocesan bishops , and suffragan bishops , archbishops are in the highest of the three traditional orders of bishops , priests ( also called presbyters ) , and deacons . An archbishop may be granted the title or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Church_in_Wales', 'summary': 'The Church in Wales ( Welsh : Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru ) is the Anglican church in Wales , composed of six dioceses . In 2000 , membership figures taken as a percentage of the population was 1.6% . Between 1996 and 2016 the number of signed-up Church in Wales members dropped from 91,247 to 45,759 or 1.5% out of a total population of 3,113,150 [ original research ? ] The number of Church in Wales members on the Electoral Roll dropped further to 42,441 by 2018 or 1.4% out of the total Welsh population of 1,187,203 [ original research ? ] The Anglican church claims to be the largest denomination in Wales . As with the primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church , the Archbishop of Wales serves concurrently as one of the six diocesan bishops , a position currently held by John Davies . Unlike the Church of England , the Church in Wales is not an established church . Disestablishment took place in 1920 under the Welsh Church Act 1914 . As a province of the Anglican Communion , the Church in Wales recognises the Archbishop of Canterbury as a focus of unity but without any formal authority . A cleric of the Church in Wales can be appointed to posts in the Church of England , including the See of Canterbury ; the former Archbishop of Canterbury , Rowan Williams , was from Wales and served as Archbishop of Wales before his appointment to Canterbury .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowland Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowland_Ellis_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Rowland Ellis ( 24 April 1841 - 11 December 1911 ) was a Welsh bishop who held the post of Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney in the Scottish Episcopal Church from 1906 until his death .'}]}, {'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Natural Science ( honorary 4th )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney ( 1906-1911 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diocese_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney', 'summary': "The Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney is one of the seven dioceses of the Scottish Episcopal Church . Created in 1865 , the diocese covers the historic county of Aberdeenshire , and the Orkney and Shetland island groups . It shares with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen a Christian heritage that can be traced back to Norman times , and incorporates the ancient Diocese of Orkney , founded in 1035 . The diocese is considered the most conservative of the dioceses of the Scottish Episcopal Church , and was the only diocese to reject a change in the church 's teaching to allow same-sex marriage in 2017 . The first female bishop of the SEC , Anne Dyer , was appointed to the diocese in November 2017 and consecrated and enthroned on 3 March 2018 . Her gender , support of same-sex marriage , and the fact that she was not elected by the diocese itself ( she was appointed by the College of Bishops in accordance with the SEC canonical process when a diocese fails to meet the requirements to elect its own bishop ) , caused some controversy , and two senior clergy , the Dean ( Emsley Nimmo ) and another member of the Cathedral Chapter , resigned their diocesan roles in protest . After further resignations by other people of the cloth , the Westhill Community Church voted to leave the SEC in January 2019 . The diocese has a strong companion link with the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut and the Episcopal Church in the United States of America . Samuel Seabury , the first Episcopal bishop outside the British Isles , was consecrated in 1784 by Robert Kilgour , Bishop of Aberdeen , and John Skinner , coadjutor bishop . Clarence Coleridge , suffragan bishop of Connecticut , was consecrated by a Bishop of Aberdeen in 1981 ; he was elected 13th diocesan bishop of Connecticut in 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Harris_(bishop)', 'summary': 'John Harris ( 1680 - 28 August 1738 ) was Bishop of Llandaff from 1729 to 1738 , as well as serving as Dean of Hereford Cathedral and of Wells Cathedral .'}]}, {'value': '1697', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1701', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1701 ) , MA ( 1714 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Llandaff ( 1729-1738 ) , also Dean of Hereford ( 1729-1736 ) and of Wells ( 1736-1738 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dean_(religion)', 'summary': "A dean , in a church context , is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy . The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Roman Catholic Church , and many Lutheran denominations . A dean 's assistant is called a subdean ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral', 'summary': "Hereford Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Anglican Diocese of Hereford in Hereford , England . Its most famous treasure is Mappa Mundi , a medieval map of the world created around 1300 by Richard of Holdingham . The map is listed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register . The cathedral is a Grade I listed building . The site of the cathedral became a place of worship in the 8th century or earlier although the oldest part of the current building , the bishop 's chapel , dates to the 11th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wells_Cathedral', 'summary': "Wells Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Wells , Somerset , England , dedicated to St Andrew the Apostle and seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells , whose cathedra it holds as mother church of the Diocese of Bath and Wells . Built in 1176-1450 to replace an earlier church on the site since 705 , it is moderately sized for an English cathedral . Its broad west front and large central tower are dominant features . It has been called unquestionably one of the most beautiful and most poetic of English cathedrals . Its Gothic architecture is mostly in Early English style of the late 12th - early 13th centuries , lacking the Romanesque work that survives in many other cathedrals . Building began about 1175 at the east end with the choir . Historian John Harvey sees it as Europe 's first truly Gothic structure , breaking the last constraints of Romanesque . The stonework of its pointed arcades and fluted piers bears pronounced mouldings and carved capitals in a foliate , stiff-leaf style . Its Early English front with 300 sculpted figures , is seen as a supreme triumph of the combined plastic arts in England . The east end retains much ancient stained glass . Unlike many cathedrals of monastic foundation , Wells has many surviving secular buildings linked to its chapter of secular canons , including the Bishop 's Palace and the 15th-century residential Vicars ' Close . It is a Grade I listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'William Havard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Havard', 'summary': "William Thomas Havard MC ( 23 October 1889 - 17 August 1956 ) was a Welsh First World War military chaplain and rugby union international player who was later bishop of two dioceses of the Church in Wales : first as the Bishop of St Asaph and then the Bishop of St David 's ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_History', 'summary': "The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires ."}]}, {'value': "College chaplain ( 1919-1921 ) who won his Blue for rugby and represented Wales against New Zealand Services in 1919 ( his only international ) before becoming Bishop of St Asaph ( 1934-1950 ) and Bishop of St David 's ( 1950-1956 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford_blue', 'summary': 'A blue is an award of sporting colours earned by athletes at some universities and schools for competition at the highest level . The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England . They are now awarded at a number of other British universities and at some universities in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph', 'summary': "The Bishop of St Asaph heads the Church in Wales diocese of St Asaph . The diocese covers the counties of Conwy and Flintshire , Wrexham county borough , the eastern part of Merioneth in Gwynedd and part of northern Powys . The Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of St Asaph in the city of St Asaph in Denbighshire , north Wales . The Bishop 's residence is Esgobty , St Asaph . The current bishop is Gregory Cameron , who was elected on 5 January and consecrated on 4 April 2009 . He became Bishop of St Asaph in succession to John Davies , who was consecrated in October 1999 and who retired in 2008 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Bishop_of_St_David's", 'summary': 'The Bishop of St Davids is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of St Davids . The succession of bishops stretches back to Saint David who in the 6th century established his seat in what is today the city of St Davids in Pembrokeshire , founding St Davids Cathedral . The current Bishop of St Davids is Joanna Penberthy , since the confirmation on 30 November 2016 of her election .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Howell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Howell_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Rt . Rev . Thomas Howell ( 1588-1650 ) was the Bishop of Bristol from 1644 to 1645 .'}]}, {'value': '1607', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1612', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1609 ) , MA ( 1612 ) , BD and DD ( 1630 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Bristol ( 1644-1645 ) , who was ejected during the English Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Bristol', 'summary': "The Bishop of Bristol heads the Church of England Diocese of Bristol in the Province of Canterbury , in England . The present diocese covers parts of the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire together with a small area of Wiltshire . The see is in the City of Bristol where the seat is located at Bristol Cathedral . The bishop 's residence is a house in Winterbourne , Gloucestershire , north of Bristol . The bishop is Viv Faull ( previously Dean of York ) , since the confirmation of her election on 25 June 2018 . She was consecrated at St. Paul 's Cathedral on 3 July 2018 and enthroned in her Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity , Bristol on 20 October 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/English_Civil_War', 'summary': "The English Civil War ( 1642-1651 ) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ( Roundheads ) and Royalists ( Cavaliers ) principally over the manner of England 's governance . The first ( 1642-1646 ) and second ( 1648-1649 ) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third ( 1649-1651 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 . The outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I ( 1649 ) ; the exile of his son , Charles II ( 1651 ) ; and the replacement of English monarchy with , at first , the Commonwealth of England ( 1649-1653 ) and then the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653-1658 ) and briefly his son Richard ( 1658-1659 ) . A king had never been executed before . In England , the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship was ended , while in Ireland the victors consolidated the established Protestant Ascendancy . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent , although the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 ."}]}, {'value': 'Humphrey Humphreys ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humphrey_Humphreys', 'summary': 'Humphrey Humphreys ( 24 November 1648 - 20 November 1712 ) was successively Bishop of Bangor ( 1689-1701 ) and Bishop of Hereford ( 1701-1712 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1666', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1672', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1669 ) , MA ( 1672 ) , BD ( 1679 ) , DD ( 1682 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Bangor ( 1689-1701 ) and Bishop of Hereford ( 1701-1712 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Bangor', 'summary': "The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor . The see is based in the city of Bangor where the bishop 's seat ( cathedra ) is at Cathedral Church of Saint Deiniol . The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales ( 1835 ) found the see had an annual net income of £4,464 . This made it the second wealthiest diocese in Wales , after St Asaph . The incumbent is Right Reverend Andrew John , who was consecrated on 29 November 2008 and enthroned on 24 January 2009 . The bishop 's residence is Ty ' r Esgob ( Bishop 's House ) in Bangor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford', 'summary': "The Bishop of Hereford is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Hereford in the Province of Canterbury . The episcopal see is centred in the City of Hereford where the bishop 's seat ( cathedra ) is in the Cathedral Church of Saint Mary and Saint Ethelbert . The diocese was founded for the minor sub-kingdom of the Magonsæte in 676 . It now covers the whole of the county of Herefordshire , southern Shropshire and a few parishes in Worcestershire , Powys and Monmouthshire . The arms of the see are gules , three leopard 's faces reversed jessant-de-lys or , which were the personal arms of Bishop Thomas de Cantilupe ( d.1282 ) . Until 1534 the Diocese of Hereford was in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church and two of its bishops were canonised . During the English Reformation the bishops of England and Wales conformed to the independent Church of England under Henry VIII and Edward VI , but , under Mary I , they adhered to the Roman Catholic Church . Since the accession of Elizabeth I the diocese has again been part of the Church of England and Anglican Communion . The current bishop is Richard Jackson . The bishop 's residence is The Palace , Hereford ."}]}, {'value': 'Albert Joscelyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Joscelyne', 'summary': 'Albert Ernest Joscelyne ( 8 April 1866 - 3 May 1945 ) was an English Anglican clergyman who served as Bishop Coadjutor of Jamaica from 1905 to 1913 .'}]}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 3rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop Coadjutor of Jamaica ( 1905-1913 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coadjutor', 'summary': 'The term coadjutor ( or coadiutor , literally co-assister in Latin ) is a title qualifier indicating that the holder shares the office with another person , with powers equal to the other in all but formal order of precedence . These include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Lewis Lloyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Lloyd', 'summary': "Daniel Lewis Lloyd ( 23 November 1843 - 4 August 1899 ) was a schoolteacher and cleric . Born in Llanarth , Ceredigion , Wales , Lloyd was educated at Lampeter College School and Jesus College , Oxford . He was , successively , the headmaster at Dolgelley Grammar School ( 1867-1872 ) , Friars School , Bangor ( 1872-1878 ) and Christ College , Brecon ( 1878-1890 ) . He was then appointed Bishop of Bangor , ( 1890-1898 ) , the first Welsh-speaking bishop there for over 200 years . Lloyd died in Llanarth , Cardiganshire aged 55 and is buried in St David 's churchyard , Llanarth . He had married Elizabeth Margaret Lewis , daughter of the Reverend D. Lewis of Trawsfynydd ; they had three daughters . Bishop Lloyd also had two sons . D.R.L.Lloyd and Lt.Col H.C.L.Lloyd ."}]}, {'value': '1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Literae Humaniores ( 2nd ) ( 1867 ) , MA ( 1871 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': 'Headmaster of Dolgelley Grammar School , Friars School , Bangor and Christ College , Brecon ; later Bishop of Bangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolgelley_Grammar_School', 'summary': 'Dolgellau ( Welsh pronunciation : [ dɔlˈɡɛɬaɨ ] ; formerly Dolgell ( e ) y [ dɔlˈɡɛɬi ] ; see below ) is a market town and community in Gwynedd , north-west Wales , lying on the River Wnion , a tributary of the River Mawddach . It is traditionally the county town of the historic county of Merionethshire ( Welsh : Meirionnydd , Sir Feirionnydd ) , which lost its administrative status when Gwynedd was created in 1974 . Dolgellau is the main base for climbers of Cadair Idris . Although very small , it is the second largest settlement in Southern Gwynedd after Tywyn . The community includes Penmaenpool .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Friars_School,_Bangor', 'summary': 'Friars School is a comprehensive school in Bangor , Gwynedd , and one of the oldest schools in Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christ_College,_Brecon', 'summary': 'Christ College , Brecon is a co-educational , boarding and day independent school , located in the minster and market town of Brecon in mid-Wales . It currently caters for pupils aged 7-18 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Bangor', 'summary': "The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor . The see is based in the city of Bangor where the bishop 's seat ( cathedra ) is at Cathedral Church of Saint Deiniol . The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales ( 1835 ) found the see had an annual net income of £4,464 . This made it the second wealthiest diocese in Wales , after St Asaph . The incumbent is Right Reverend Andrew John , who was consecrated on 29 November 2008 and enthroned on 24 January 2009 . The bishop 's residence is Ty ' r Esgob ( Bishop 's House ) in Bangor ."}]}, {'value': 'Humphrey Lloyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humphrey_Lloyd_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Humphrey Lloyd ( July or August 1610 - 18 January 1689 ) was Bishop of Bangor from 1674 until 1689 .'}]}, {'value': '1628', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graduated from Oriel College ; Bishop of Bangor ( 1674-1689 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Oriel College ( /ˈɔːrɪəl/ ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford , England . Located in Oriel Square , the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford ( a title formerly claimed by University College , whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted ) . In recognition of this royal connection , the college has also been known as King 's College and King 's Hall . The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom ( since 1952 , Elizabeth II ) is the official Visitor of the college . The original medieval foundation set up by Adam de Brome , under the patronage of Edward II , was called the House or Hall of the Blessed Mary at Oxford . The first design allowed for a provost and ten fellows , called scholars , and the college remained a small body of graduate fellows until the 16th century , when it started to admit undergraduates . During the English Civil War , Oriel played host to high-ranking members of the King 's Oxford Parliament . The main site of the college incorporates four medieval halls : Bedel Hall , St Mary Hall , St Martin Hall and Tackley 's Inn , the last being the earliest property acquired by the college and the oldest standing medieval hall in Oxford . The college has nearly 40 fellows , about 300 undergraduates and some 250 graduates . Oriel was the last of Oxford 's men 's colleges to admit women in 1985 , after more than six centuries as an all-male institution . Today , however , the student body has almost equal numbers of men and women . Oriel 's notable alumni include two Nobel laureates ; prominent fellows have included founders of the Oxford Movement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Bangor', 'summary': "The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor . The see is based in the city of Bangor where the bishop 's seat ( cathedra ) is at Cathedral Church of Saint Deiniol . The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales ( 1835 ) found the see had an annual net income of £4,464 . This made it the second wealthiest diocese in Wales , after St Asaph . The incumbent is Right Reverend Andrew John , who was consecrated on 29 November 2008 and enthroned on 24 January 2009 . The bishop 's residence is Ty ' r Esgob ( Bishop 's House ) in Bangor ."}]}, {'value': 'William Lloyd ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Lloyd_(Bishop_of_Worcester)', 'summary': 'William Lloyd ( 18 August 1627 - 30 August 1717 ) was an English divine who served successively as bishop of St Asaph , of Lichfield and Coventry and of Worcester .'}]}, {'value': '1640', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1642', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1642 ) , MA ( 1646 ) , BD and DD ( 1667 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of St Asaph ( 1680-1692 ) , Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry ( 1692-1699 ) and Bishop of Worcester ( 1699-1717 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph', 'summary': "The Bishop of St Asaph heads the Church in Wales diocese of St Asaph . The diocese covers the counties of Conwy and Flintshire , Wrexham county borough , the eastern part of Merioneth in Gwynedd and part of northern Powys . The Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of St Asaph in the city of St Asaph in Denbighshire , north Wales . The Bishop 's residence is Esgobty , St Asaph . The current bishop is Gregory Cameron , who was elected on 5 January and consecrated on 4 April 2009 . He became Bishop of St Asaph in succession to John Davies , who was consecrated in October 1999 and who retired in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield_and_Coventry', 'summary': "The Bishop of Lichfield is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury . The diocese covers 4,516 km² ( 1,744 sq . mi . ) of the counties of Powys , Staffordshire , Shropshire , Warwickshire and West Midlands . The bishop 's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Chad in the city of Lichfield . The Bishop 's residence is the Bishop 's House , Lichfield , in the cathedral close . In the past , the title has had various forms ( see below ) . The current bishop is Michael Ipgrave , following the confirmation of his election on 10 June 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester', 'summary': "The Bishop of Worcester is the head of the Church of England Diocese of Worcester in the Province of Canterbury , England . The title can be traced back to the foundation of the diocese in the year 680 . From then until the 16th century , the bishops were in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church . During the Reformation , the church in England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church , at first temporarily and later more permanently . Since the Reformation , the Bishop and Diocese of Worcester has been part of the Church of England and the Anglican Communion . The diocese covers most of the county of Worcestershire , the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley and parts of the City of Wolverhampton . The Episcopal see is in the city of Worcester where the bishop 's throne is located at the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary . The bishop 's official residence is the Old Palace , Worcester . The bishops had two residences outside the city : Hartlebury Castle near Kidderminster from the 13th century to 2007 and a palace at Alvechurch until it was pulled down in the 17th century . From the elevations of Oswald of Worcester in 961 at Worcester and 972 at York , until 1023 the see was usually held jointly with the ( then rather poorer ) Archbishopric of York . The current Bishop of Worcester is John Inge ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Meredith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Meredith_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Richard Meredith ( sometimes Meredyth ) ( died 3 August 1597 ) was the Church of Ireland Bishop of Leighlin from 1589 until his death .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1575', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1573 ) , MA ( 1575 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matriculated in 1568 , later moving to Jesus College ; Bishop of Leighlin ( 1579-1597 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Cashel_and_Ossory', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Cashel and Ossory ( Full title : Bishop of Cashel , Waterford and Lismore with Ossory , Ferns and Leighlin ) is the Ordinary of the United Diocese of Cashel , Waterford and Lismore with Ossory , Ferns and Leighlin in the Church of Ireland . The diocese is in the ecclesiastical province of Dublin .'}]}, {'value': 'John Owen', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/John_Owen_(bishop_of_St_David's)", 'summary': "John Owen ( 24 August 1854 - 4 November 1926 ) was the Professor of Welsh at the St David 's College , as well as the Dean of St Asaph . He became the Bishop of St David 's in 1897 . Born at Ysgubor Wen , Caernarfonshire ( Gwynedd ) , his father Griffith Owen was a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist . Though he never deviated from his own loyalties , he watched his sons career as an Anglican with great pride . Owens mother , Ann Jones from Aberdaron , could not easily reconcile herself to her son becoming an Anglican , however , nor could she wholly accept the fact that he married an English wife . In 1872 , Owen was awarded a mathematical scholarship at Jesus College , Oxford , where he read classics and mathematics . As a graduate , he began a teaching career at Botwnnog grammar school . Whilst at Botwnnog , Owen discovered an interest in the Anglicanism and was gradually drawn towards ordination , though he decided to teach for a few years until he was sure of his vocation . As a respected educator , Owen was appointed Professor of Welsh at St Davids College , Lampeter ( now the University of Wales Trinity Saint David ) in 1879 and committed himself in two respects : he would advance the study of the Welsh language at the college and would aim to be ordained before , or soon after , joining the college . In both respects he was successful and was ordained deacon in 1879 and priest in 1880 . In 1889 , A. G. Edwards , newly appointed Bishop of St Asaph , invited Owen to join him as dean . At St Asaph , Owen maintained an interest in education and his colleagues nominated him to serve on the charter committee of the nascent University of Wales , established in 1891 , which gave him a new emphasis to his existing interest in higher education ."}]}, {'value': '1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 2nd ) ( 2nd in Mods in Classics and in Mathematics )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honour_Moderations', 'summary': "Honour Moderations ( or Mods ) are a set of examinations at the University of Oxford at the end of the first part of some degree courses ( e.g. , Greats or Literae Humaniores ) . Honour Moderations candidates have a class awarded ( hence the 'honours ' ) . However , this does not count towards the final degree . In other courses , Prelims ( i.e. , preliminary examinations ) are the first set of examinations but have no class awarded for them . These first examinations are termed 'First Public Examinations ' . Having passed the First Public Examinations , students take a course leading to the 'Second Public Examinations ' , more commonly known as Finals . Finals are held at the end of all first degree courses at Oxford for arts subjects and may be split into examinations after the second , third and , if applicable , fourth year for some science subjects . Honour Moderations in Classics has been called one of the hardest examinations in the world . However , in recent years , the subject matter has been changed so that proficiency in both Latin and Greek languages is no longer required and the number of papers in the exam has been reduced , along with an extension in the time allowed to finish ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Literae_Humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}]}, {'value': "Professor of Welsh ( 1879-1889 ) and principal ( 1892-1897 ) at St David 's College , Lampeter before becoming Bishop of St David 's ( 1897-1926 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_David's_College,_Lampeter", 'summary': "University of Wales , Lampeter ( Welsh : Prifysgol Cymru , Llanbedr Pont Steffan ) is a university in Lampeter , Wales . Founded in 1822 , and given its royal charter in 1828 , it is the oldest degree awarding institution in Wales , with degree awarding powers since 1822 , and the fourth oldest institution of higher learning in England and Wales after the universities of Oxford , Cambridge and Durham ( founded as a university in 1832 ) . St. David 's was a college . In 2010 it merged with Trinity University College ( under its 1822 charter ) to create the University of Wales Trinity Saint David . The university was founded as St David 's College ( Coleg Dewi Sant ) , becoming St David 's University College ( Coleg Prifysgol Dewi Sant ) in 1971 , when it became part of the federal University of Wales . With fewer than 2,000 students on campus , it is often claimed to be one of the smallest public universities in Europe ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Bishop_of_St_David's", 'summary': 'The Bishop of St Davids is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of St Davids . The succession of bishops stretches back to Saint David who in the 6th century established his seat in what is today the city of St Davids in Pembrokeshire , founding St Davids Cathedral . The current Bishop of St Davids is Joanna Penberthy , since the confirmation on 30 November 2016 of her election .'}]}, {'value': 'Morgan Owen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morgan_Owen', 'summary': "Morgan Owen ( 1584/5 - 1645 ) was bishop of Llandaff , Wales from 1639 but imprisoned and unable to exercise his charge from 1644 . His Laudian views and the construction of the baroque south porch of St. Mary 's University Church in Oxford ( together with a statue of the Virgin and Child ) precipitated his overthrow . Owen was the son of a clergyman in Myddfai , Carmarthenshire . After education at the grammar school in Carmarthen , Owen attended Oxford University , matriculating from Jesus College on 16 December 1608 aged 23 , before becoming chaplain of New College from where he graduated with a B.A . degree on 6 July 1613 before receiving his M.A . degree in June 1616 from Hart Hall ."}]}, {'value': '1608', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graduated BA from New College and MA from Hart Hall , later becoming Bishop of Llandaff ( 1639 - c. 1644 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham , the full name of the college is St Mary 's College of Winchester in Oxford . The name New College , however , soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the older existing college of St Mary , now known as Oriel College . In 2017 , the college ranked first in the Norrington Table , a table assessing the relative performance of Oxford 's undergraduates in final examinations . Historically , it has been ranked highly . It has the 3rd highest average Norrington Table ranking over the previous decade . The college is between Holywell Street and New College Lane ( known for Oxford 's Bridge of Sighs ) , next to All Souls College , Harris Manchester College , Hertford College , The Queen 's College and St Edmund Hall . The college 's sister college is King 's College , Cambridge . The college is one of the main choral foundations of the University of Oxford . The college choir is regarded as one of the leading choirs of the world , and has recorded over one hundred albums ; it has been awarded two Gramophone Awards . Like many of Oxford 's colleges , New College admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979 , after six centuries as an institution for men only ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hart_Hall', 'summary': "Hertford College ( /ˈhɑːrtfərd/ HART-fərd ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . It is located on Catte Street in the centre of Oxford , directly opposite the main gate to the Bodleian Library . The college is known for its iconic bridge , the Bridge of Sighs . There are around 600 students at the college at any one time , comprising undergraduates , graduates and visiting students from overseas . The first Hertford College began in the 1280s as Hart Hall and became a college in 1740 but was dissolved in 1816 . In 1820 , the site was taken over by Magdalen Hall , which had emerged around 1490 on a site adjacent to Magdalen College . In 1874 , Magdalen Hall was incorporated as a college , reviving the name Hertford College . In 1974 , Hertford was part of the first group of all-male Oxford colleges to admit women . Alumni of the college 's predecessor institutions include William Tyndale , John Donne , Thomas Hobbes and Jonathan Swift . More recently , former students have included author Evelyn Waugh , the first female Home Secretary Jacqui Smith , the civil servants Jeremy Heywood and Olly Robbins , and the newsreaders and reporters Fiona Bruce , Carrie Gracie , Krishnan Guru-Murthy and Natasha Kaplinsky ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Llandaff', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff .'}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Peploe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Peploe_(bishop)', 'summary': 'Samuel Peploe ( bap . 29 July 1667 - 21 February 1752 ) was Bishop of Chester from 1726 to 1752 .'}]}, {'value': '1689', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1693', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA ( 1691 ) , MA ( 1693 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Chester ( 1726-1752 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Chester', 'summary': "The Bishop of Chester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Chester in the Province of York . The diocese expands across most of the historic county boundaries of Cheshire , including the Wirral Peninsula and has its see in the City of Chester where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary , which was formerly the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Werburgh , being elevated to cathedral status in 1541 . The Bishop 's residence is Bishop 's House , Chester . Cheshire previously held a bishopric from 1075 when the seat was at the collegiate church of St John the Baptist until 1102 . The present diocese was formed in 1541 under King Henry VIII . The See is currently vacant following the retirement of Peter Forster ; the Bishop suffragan of Birkenhead is also acting diocesan bishop ."}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Parry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Parry', 'summary': 'Benjamin Parry ( February 1634 - 4 October 1678 ) was Church of Ireland Bishop of Ossory from 27 January 1678 until his death later the same year .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1652', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matriculated at Trinity College , Dublin in 1648 before moving to Oxford ; Bishop of Ossory ( January to October 1678 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Ossory', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Ossory ( Irish : Easpag Osraí ) is an episcopal title which takes its name after the ancient of Kingdom of Ossory in the Province of Leinster , Ireland . In the Roman Catholic Church it remains a separate title , but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with other bishoprics .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Archbishops and bishops', 'section_text': 'Thomas Coke William Lloyd Samuel Peploe', 'uid': 'List_of_clergy_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford_0', 'intro': "Jesus College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I at the request of Hugh Price, a Welsh clergyman, who was Treasurer of St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. The college still has strong links with Wales, and about 15% of students are Welsh. There are 340 undergraduates and 190 students carrying out postgraduate studies. Women have been admitted since 1974, when the college was one of the first five men's colleges to become co-educational. Old members of Jesus College are sometimes known as Jesubites. Three Archbishops of Wales have studied at Jesus College. A. G. Edwards, the first archbishop of the Church in Wales after its disestablishment, read Literae Humaniores from 1871 to 1874, and was archbishop from 1920 to 1934. Glyn Simon, a student from 1922 to 1926, was Archbishop of Wales from 1968 to 1971. He was succeeded by Gwilym Williams, who was archbishop from 1971 to 1982. Other bishops to have held office in Wales include Francis Davies, Roy Davies, John Harris and Morgan Owen (who were all Bishops of Llandaff), Humphrey Humphreys, Daniel Lewis Lloyd and Humphrey Lloyd (who were Bishops of Bangor), William Lloyd and John Wynne (who were Bishops of St Asaph), and John Owen and William Thomas (who were Bishops of St David's). William Havard was a Welsh rugby international before becoming Bishop of St Asaph, then Bishop of St David's."}
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What are the notes of the clergyman who commented widely on religious topics for more than fifty years , most notably Christian-Muslim relations ?
Bishop of Jerusalem
09955ec5d82f07d1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites_in_Ionia_County', 'title': 'List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Ionia County', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'City', 'Listing date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alvah N. Belding Memorial Library †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvah_N._Belding_Memorial_Library', 'summary': 'The Alvah N. Belding Memorial Library is a public library building located at 302 East Main Street in Belding , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': '302 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belding,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Belding is a city in Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan , completely surrounded by Otisco Township , Michigan . The population was 5,757 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belding City Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '120 Pleasant Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belding,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Belding is a city in Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan , completely surrounded by Otisco Township , Michigan . The population was 5,757 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belrockton Dormitory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108 Hanover Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belding,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Belding is a city in Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan , completely surrounded by Otisco Township , Michigan . The population was 5,757 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'May 10 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John C. Blanchard House †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Blanchard_House', 'summary': 'The John C. Blanchard House was built as a private house located at 253 East Main Street in Ionia , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . As of 2018 , it serves as the museum for the Ionia County Historical Society .'}]}, {'value': '253 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'L. Phillip and Bertha Brock House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '409 Union Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'January 19 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winslow P. Burhans House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220 Rich Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit , Lansing and Northern Railway Depot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emerson Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Odessa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Odessa,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lake Odessa is a village in Ionia County of the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 2,018 at the 2010 census . It is located in the southern portion of the county in Odessa Township on the northeast shore of Jordan Lake , which is the boundary with Barry County . Since 1987 , Lake Odessa has been named a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis P. Essick House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '644 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'December 17 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Roadside Table Informational Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand River Avenue , east of Morrison Lake Road , near Saranac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saranac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saranac,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Saranac is a village in Boston Twp , Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,325 at the 2010 census . Today , Saranac serves as a retail and services hub for agricultural areas surrounding the village .'}]}, {'value': 'December 10 , 1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Trunk Western Saranac Depot', 'urls': []}, {'value': '138 S. Bridge St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saranac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saranac,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Saranac is a village in Boston Twp , Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,325 at the 2010 census . Today , Saranac serves as a retail and services hub for agricultural areas surrounding the village .'}]}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fred W. Green Informational Designation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_W._Green', 'summary': "Fred Warren Green ( October 19 , 1871 - November 30 , 1936 ) was the 31st Governor of Michigan from 1927 to 1931 , and he was the mayor of Ionia , Michigan , from 1913 to 1916 . Active in athletics during his time as a student at Michigan State Normal School ( now Eastern Michigan University ) , and at the University of Michigan , Green earned a varsity letter playing for the Michigan State Normal football team in 1895 and is credited as the team 's head coach during the 1896 season in which they were declared champions of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Green served as a delegate to the 1932 and 1936 Republican National Conventions ."}]}, {'value': '320 Union Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'July 26 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frederick Hall House †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_Hall_House', 'summary': 'The Hall-Fowler Memorial Library , also known as the Frederick Hall House , is a former mansion located at 126 East Main Street in Ionia , Michigan . It now houses the Ionia Community Library . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 , and is part of the Historic American Buildings Survey .'}]}, {'value': '126 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'January 22 , 1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homer-Holbrook Flour and Grist Mill ( Burned/Demolished )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Washington Street at Fish Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubbardston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubbardston,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hubbardston is a village in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is mostly in North Plains Township in Ionia County , and partially in Lebanon Township in Clinton County . Its population was 395 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'February 19 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia Church of Christ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130 East Washington Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'June 15 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia County Courthouse †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia_County_Courthouse', 'summary': 'The Ionia County Courthouse is a government building located on East Main Street in Ionia , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': '1000 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'March 2 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar R. Long House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '144 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lovell-Webber House † ( demolished )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lovell-Webber_House', 'summary': 'The Lovell-Webber House was a private house located at 111 East Main Street in Ionia , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 . It has been demolished .'}]}, {'value': '111 East Main Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionia,_Michigan', 'summary': "Ionia is the largest city in , and the county seat of , Ionia County , Michigan , United States . The population was 11,394 at the 2010 census . Every July it hosts what is said to be the world 's largest free-admission fair . The city is mostly within Ionia Township , with small portion extending into Easton Township and Berlin Township , but is politically autonomous of the townships ."}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyons Prairie Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SE 18 , 07 N , 05 W , confluence of the Maple and Grand rivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maple_River_(Grand_River)', 'summary': 'The Maple River is a 74.1-mile-long ( 119.3 km ) tributary of the Grand River in the central part of the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . It rises in Shiawassee Township , Shiawassee County south of the city of Owosso . It flows west through Clinton , Gratiot and Ionia counties , flowing into the Grand River at Muir . Other cities it flows through along the way include Ovid , Elsie and Maple Rapids . There are 5 major dams along the river and its tributaries : Lake Victoria , Lake Ovid , Elsie , Rainbow and Hubbardston . Portions of the river within Clinton , Gratiot , and Ionia counties are organized as the Maple River State Game Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_River_(Michigan)', 'summary': "The Grand River is a river in the southwestern portion of the southern peninsula of Michigan , United States , that flows into Lake Michigan 's southeastern shore . It is the longest river in the U.S. state of Michigan , running 252 miles ( 406 km ) from its headwaters in Hillsdale County on the southern border north to Lansing and west to its mouth on the Lake at Grand Haven . Native Americans who lived along the river before the arrival of the French and British called the river O-wash-ta-nong , meaning Far-away-water ' , because of its length . The so named Grand Rapids , located in what is today the namesake city , were a mile-long , 300 yards wide and 10-15 feet-tall rapids for which the river was famous . These were submerged following the construction of numerous dams , starting in 1835 , and flooding of areas behind the dams . The river has not had any rapids for nearly a century ."}]}, {'value': 'Lyons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyons,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lyons is a village in Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 789 at the 2010 census . Most of the village is within Lyons Township . A small portion extends west into Ionia Township .'}]}, {'value': 'July 26 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muir Church of Christ †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muir_Church_of_Christ', 'summary': 'Muir Church of Christ , also known as the First Christian Church of Muir , is a historic church located at 138 Garden Street in Muir , Michigan . It was built in 1861 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': '138 Garden Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muir,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Muir is a village in Lyons Township , Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 604 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'May 17 , 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John C. Olry Farmstead', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3226 East Musgrove Highway', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Odessa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Odessa,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Lake Odessa is a village in Ionia County of the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 2,018 at the 2010 census . It is located in the southern portion of the county in Odessa Township on the northeast shore of Jordan Lake , which is the boundary with Barry County . Since 1987 , Lake Odessa has been named a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'February 28 , 1986', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Michigan_State_Historic_Sites_in_Ionia_County,_Michigan_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of Michigan State Historic Sites in Ionia County, Michigan. Sites marked with a dagger (†) are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Ionia County, Michigan.'}
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What is the listing date whose city 's population was 789 at the 2010 census ?
July 26 , 1973
09959259cc54abe3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines_fleet', 'title': 'Northwest Airlines fleet', 'header': ['Aircraft', 'Year Retired', 'Replacement', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Boeing 727-100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_727-100', 'summary': "The Boeing 727 is an American midsized , narrow-body three-engined jet aircraft built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from the early 1960s to 1984 . It can carry 149 to 189 passengers and later models can fly up to 2,700 nautical miles ( 5,000 km ) nonstop . Intended for short and medium-length flights , the 727 can use relatively short runways at smaller airports . It has three Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines below a T-tail , one on each side of the rear fuselage with a center engine that connects through an S-duct to an inlet at the base of the fin . The 727 is the only Boeing trijet to enter commercial production . The 727 followed the 707 , a quad-jet airliner , with which it shares its upper fuselage cross-section and cockpit design . The 727-100 first flew in February 1963 and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964 ; the stretched 727-200 flew in July 1967 and entered service with Northeast Airlines that December . The 727 became a mainstay of airlines ' domestic route networks and was also used on short- and medium-range international routes . Passenger , freighter , and convertible versions of the 727 were built . The highest production rate of the 727 was in the 1970s ; the last 727 was completed in 1984 . As of July 2018 [ update ] , a total of 44 Boeing 727s ( 2× 727-100s and 42× -200s ) were in commercial service with 23 airlines , plus a few more in government and private use . Airport noise regulations have led to 727s being equipped with hush kits ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McDonnell Douglas DC-9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9', 'summary': 'The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 ( initially known as the Douglas DC-9 ) is a twin-engine , single-aisle jet airliner . It first flew and entered airline service in 1965 . The DC-9 was designed for frequent , short flights . The final DC-9 was delivered in October 1982 . DC-9-based airliners including the MD-80 , MD-90 and Boeing 717 ( MD-95 ) later followed in production . With the final deliveries of the 717 in 2006 , production of the DC-9/MD-80/90/717 aircraft family ceased after 41 years and 2441 units built .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 727-200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_727-200', 'summary': "The Boeing 727 is an American midsized , narrow-body three-engined jet aircraft built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from the early 1960s to 1984 . It can carry 149 to 189 passengers and later models can fly up to 2,700 nautical miles ( 5,000 km ) nonstop . Intended for short and medium-length flights , the 727 can use relatively short runways at smaller airports . It has three Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines below a T-tail , one on each side of the rear fuselage with a center engine that connects through an S-duct to an inlet at the base of the fin . The 727 is the only Boeing trijet to enter commercial production . The 727 followed the 707 , a quad-jet airliner , with which it shares its upper fuselage cross-section and cockpit design . The 727-100 first flew in February 1963 and entered service with Eastern Air Lines in February 1964 ; the stretched 727-200 flew in July 1967 and entered service with Northeast Airlines that December . The 727 became a mainstay of airlines ' domestic route networks and was also used on short- and medium-range international routes . Passenger , freighter , and convertible versions of the 727 were built . The highest production rate of the 727 was in the 1970s ; the last 727 was completed in 1984 . As of July 2018 [ update ] , a total of 44 Boeing 727s ( 2× 727-100s and 42× -200s ) were in commercial service with 23 airlines , plus a few more in government and private use . Airport noise regulations have led to 727s being equipped with hush kits ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airbus A320', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airbus_A320_family', 'summary': 'The Airbus A320 family are narrow-body airliners designed and produced by Airbus . The A320 was launched in March 1984 , first flew on 22 February 1987 , and was introduced in April 1988 by Air France . The first member of the family was followed by the longer A321 ( first delivered in January 1994 ) , the shorter A319 ( April 1996 ) , and the even shorter A318 ( July 2003 ) . Final assembly takes place in Toulouse in France ; Hamburg in Germany ; Tianjin in China since 2009 ; and in Mobile , Alabama in the United States since April 2016 . The twinjet has a six-abreast cross-section and is powered by either CFM56 or IAE V2500 turbofans , except the CFM56/PW6000 powered A318 . The family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire and side-stick flight controls in airliners . Variants offer maximum take-off weights from 68 to 93.5 t ( 150,000 to 206,000 lb ) , to cover a 3,100-3,750 nmi ( 5,740-6,940 km ) range . The 31.4 m ( 103 ft ) long A318 typically accommodates 107 to 132 passengers . The 124-156 seats A319 is 33.8 m ( 111 ft ) long . The A320 is 37.6 m ( 123 ft ) long and can accommodate 150 to 186 passengers . The 44.5 m ( 146 ft ) A321 offers 185 to 230 seats . The Airbus Corporate Jets are business jet versions .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 747-100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_747', 'summary': "The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body , long-range , commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft . The first wide-body airplane produced , it was the first plane dubbed a Jumbo Jet . Its distinctive hump upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft has made it one of the most recognizable aircraft . Manufactured by Boeing 's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States , the 747 was originally planned to have 150 percent greater capacity than the Boeing 707 , a common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s . First flown commercially in 1970 , the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years . The 747 uses a double-deck configuration for part of its length and is available in passenger , freighter , and other versions . Boeing designed the 747 's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first-class lounge or extra seating , and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door . Boeing expected supersonic airliners - the development of which was announced in the early 1960s - to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete , while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would remain robust well into the future . Though the 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold , production passed 1,000 in 1993 . By June 2019 , 1,554 aircraft had been built , with 20 of the 747-8 variants remaining on order . As of January 2017 [ update ] , 60 of the jets have been lost in accidents in which a total of 3,722 people died . The 747-400 , the most common variant in service , has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85-0.855 ( up to 570 mph or 920 km/h ) with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles ( 8,350 statute miles or 13,450 km ) ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 747-400', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_747-400', 'summary': 'The Boeing 747-400 is an American wide-body jet airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . Derived from the earlier versions of the Boeing 747 , the 747-400 retains the four-engine wide-body layout of its predecessors , while incorporating numerous technological and structural changes to produce a more efficient airframe . Its most distinguishing features versus preceding 747 models are 6-foot ( 1.8 m ) winglets mounted on 6-foot ( 1.8 m ) wing tip extensions , which are found on all 747-400s except for Japanese domestic market versions . It is the best-selling model of the Boeing 747 family of jet airliners . The 747-400 is equipped with a two-crew glass cockpit , which dispenses with the need for a flight engineer , along with more fuel-efficient engines , an optional fuel tank in the horizontal stabilizer , and revised fuselage/wing fairings . The aircraft also features an all-new interior with upgraded in-flight entertainment architecture . As on the 747-300 , passenger variants include a stretched upper deck as standard . The 747-400 can accommodate 416 passengers in a typical three-class layout , 524 passengers in a typical two-class layout , or a maximum capacity of 660 passengers in a high-density one-class configuration with the 747-400D variant , and can fly non-stop for up to 7,670 nautical miles ( 14,200 km ) with maximum payload , depending on model . Northwest Airlines first placed the 747-400 in commercial service on February 9 , 1989 . The 747-400 was produced in passenger ( -400 ) , freighter ( -400F ) , combi ( -400M ) , domestic ( -400D ) , extended range passenger ( -400ER ) and extended range freighter ( -400ERF ) versions . The last 747-400 , a -400ERF , was delivered in 2009 . The 747-400 is the second-most recent version of the 747 family , having been superseded by the improved Boeing 747-8 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 747-200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_747', 'summary': "The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body , long-range , commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft . The first wide-body airplane produced , it was the first plane dubbed a Jumbo Jet . Its distinctive hump upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft has made it one of the most recognizable aircraft . Manufactured by Boeing 's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States , the 747 was originally planned to have 150 percent greater capacity than the Boeing 707 , a common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s . First flown commercially in 1970 , the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years . The 747 uses a double-deck configuration for part of its length and is available in passenger , freighter , and other versions . Boeing designed the 747 's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first-class lounge or extra seating , and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door . Boeing expected supersonic airliners - the development of which was announced in the early 1960s - to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete , while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would remain robust well into the future . Though the 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold , production passed 1,000 in 1993 . By June 2019 , 1,554 aircraft had been built , with 20 of the 747-8 variants remaining on order . As of January 2017 [ update ] , 60 of the jets have been lost in accidents in which a total of 3,722 people died . The 747-400 , the most common variant in service , has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85-0.855 ( up to 570 mph or 920 km/h ) with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles ( 8,350 statute miles or 13,450 km ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airbus A330 Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airbus_A330', 'summary': "The Airbus A330 is a wide-body airliner made by Airbus . In the mid-1970s , Airbus conceived several derivatives of the A300 , its first airliner , and developed the A330 twinjet in parallel with the A340 quadjet . In June 1987 , Airbus launched both designs with their first orders . The A330-300 , the first variant , took its maiden flight in November 1992 and entered service with Air Inter in January 1994 . The slightly shorter A330-200 variant followed in 1998 . In 2014 , Airbus launched the A330neo , re-engined with Trent 7000 turbofans , which entered service in November 2018 . The A330 has a similar airframe to early A340 , except for the number of engines : two instead of four , landing gear and weights . Both airliners have fly-by-wire controls , which was first introduced on the A320 , as well as a similar glass cockpit . The A330 was Airbus 's first airliner to offer a choice of three engines : the General Electric CF6 , Pratt & Whitney PW4000 , or the Rolls-Royce Trent 700 . The A330-300 has a range of 11,750 km or 6,350 nmi with 277 passengers , while the shorter A330-200 can cover 13,450 km or 7,250 nmi with 247 passengers . Later variants include the A330-200F dedicated freighter , the A330 MRTT military tanker , and the ACJ330 corporate jet . The A330 MRTT was proposed as the EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45 for the US Air Force 's KC-X competition , but lost to the Boeing KC-46 in appeal after an initial win ."}]}, {'value': 'Passenger retired 2007 , charter retired 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 747-200F', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_747', 'summary': "The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body , long-range , commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft . The first wide-body airplane produced , it was the first plane dubbed a Jumbo Jet . Its distinctive hump upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft has made it one of the most recognizable aircraft . Manufactured by Boeing 's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States , the 747 was originally planned to have 150 percent greater capacity than the Boeing 707 , a common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s . First flown commercially in 1970 , the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years . The 747 uses a double-deck configuration for part of its length and is available in passenger , freighter , and other versions . Boeing designed the 747 's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first-class lounge or extra seating , and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door . Boeing expected supersonic airliners - the development of which was announced in the early 1960s - to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete , while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would remain robust well into the future . Though the 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold , production passed 1,000 in 1993 . By June 2019 , 1,554 aircraft had been built , with 20 of the 747-8 variants remaining on order . As of January 2017 [ update ] , 60 of the jets have been lost in accidents in which a total of 3,722 people died . The 747-400 , the most common variant in service , has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85-0.855 ( up to 570 mph or 920 km/h ) with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles ( 8,350 statute miles or 13,450 km ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cargo fleet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convair CV-580', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Convair_CV-240', 'summary': 'The Convair CV-240 is an American airliner that Convair manufactured from 1947 to 1954 , initially as a possible replacement for the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3 . Featuring a more modern design with cabin pressurization , the 240 series made some inroads as a commercial airliner , and had a long development cycle that produced various civil and military variants . Though reduced in numbers by attrition , various forms of the Convairliners continue to fly in the 21st century .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acquired during the merger with Republic Airlines in 1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_Airlines_(1979-1986)', 'summary': 'Republic Airlines ( IATA : RC , ICAO : REP , Call sign : REPUBLIC ) was a United States airline formed by the merger of North Central Airlines and Southern Airways on July 1 , 1979 . Their headquarters were at Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport , in what is now Fort Snelling in unincorporated Hennepin County , Minnesota . The former headquarters is now Delta Air Lines Building C. Republic was acquired by and merged into Northwest Airlines in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'McDonnell Douglas DC-9-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9', 'summary': 'The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 ( initially known as the Douglas DC-9 ) is a twin-engine , single-aisle jet airliner . It first flew and entered airline service in 1965 . The DC-9 was designed for frequent , short flights . The final DC-9 was delivered in October 1982 . DC-9-based airliners including the MD-80 , MD-90 and Boeing 717 ( MD-95 ) later followed in production . With the final deliveries of the 717 in 2006 , production of the DC-9/MD-80/90/717 aircraft family ceased after 41 years and 2441 units built .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airbus A319', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airbus_A320', 'summary': 'The Airbus A320 family are narrow-body airliners designed and produced by Airbus . The A320 was launched in March 1984 , first flew on 22 February 1987 , and was introduced in April 1988 by Air France . The first member of the family was followed by the longer A321 ( first delivered in January 1994 ) , the shorter A319 ( April 1996 ) , and the even shorter A318 ( July 2003 ) . Final assembly takes place in Toulouse in France ; Hamburg in Germany ; Tianjin in China since 2009 ; and in Mobile , Alabama in the United States since April 2016 . The twinjet has a six-abreast cross-section and is powered by either CFM56 or IAE V2500 turbofans , except the CFM56/PW6000 powered A318 . The family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire and side-stick flight controls in airliners . Variants offer maximum take-off weights from 68 to 93.5 t ( 150,000 to 206,000 lb ) , to cover a 3,100-3,750 nmi ( 5,740-6,940 km ) range . The 31.4 m ( 103 ft ) long A318 typically accommodates 107 to 132 passengers . The 124-156 seats A319 is 33.8 m ( 111 ft ) long . The A320 is 37.6 m ( 123 ft ) long and can accommodate 150 to 186 passengers . The 44.5 m ( 146 ft ) A321 offers 185 to 230 seats . The Airbus Corporate Jets are business jet versions .'}]}, {'value': 'Acquired during the merger with Republic Airlines in 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McDonnell Douglas MD-80', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80', 'summary': 'The McDonnell Douglas MD-80 is a series of twin-engine , short- to medium-range , single-aisle commercial jetliners . It was lengthened and updated from the DC-9 . This series can seat from 130 to 172 passengers depending on variant and seating configuration . The MD-80 series was introduced into commercial service on October 10 , 1980 by Swissair . The series includes the MD-81 , MD-82 , MD-83 , MD-87 , and MD-88 . These all have the same fuselage length except the shortened MD-87 . The series was followed into service in modified form by the MD-90 in 1995 and the Boeing 717 ( originally MD-95 ) in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airbus A320', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airbus_A320_family', 'summary': 'The Airbus A320 family are narrow-body airliners designed and produced by Airbus . The A320 was launched in March 1984 , first flew on 22 February 1987 , and was introduced in April 1988 by Air France . The first member of the family was followed by the longer A321 ( first delivered in January 1994 ) , the shorter A319 ( April 1996 ) , and the even shorter A318 ( July 2003 ) . Final assembly takes place in Toulouse in France ; Hamburg in Germany ; Tianjin in China since 2009 ; and in Mobile , Alabama in the United States since April 2016 . The twinjet has a six-abreast cross-section and is powered by either CFM56 or IAE V2500 turbofans , except the CFM56/PW6000 powered A318 . The family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire and side-stick flight controls in airliners . Variants offer maximum take-off weights from 68 to 93.5 t ( 150,000 to 206,000 lb ) , to cover a 3,100-3,750 nmi ( 5,740-6,940 km ) range . The 31.4 m ( 103 ft ) long A318 typically accommodates 107 to 132 passengers . The 124-156 seats A319 is 33.8 m ( 111 ft ) long . The A320 is 37.6 m ( 123 ft ) long and can accommodate 150 to 186 passengers . The 44.5 m ( 146 ft ) A321 offers 185 to 230 seats . The Airbus Corporate Jets are business jet versions .'}]}, {'value': 'Acquired during the merger with Republic Airlines in 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10', 'summary': "The McDonnell Douglas DC-10 is an American three-engine wide-body jet airliner manufactured by McDonnell Douglas . It has two turbofan engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer . The DC-10 was intended as a successor to the company 's DC-8 for medium- to long range flights , using a larger capacity wide-body layout with seating up to 380 and more powerful engines . Lockheed also saw this niche as an ideal place to reenter the commercial airliner market with their very similar L-1011 TriStar . Although the L-1011 was more technologically advanced , the DC-10 would go on to outsell the L-1011 by a significant margin due to the DC-10 's lower price and earlier entry into the market . The initial DC-10-10 model was a domestic design with a typical range on the order of 3,800 miles ( 6,100 km ) in a two-class layout . The -15 was a version with more powerful engines , for hotter or higher-altitude airports . The -30 and -40 models were the international versions with extended range of up to 6,220 miles ( 10,010 km ) and a third main landing gear leg to support the higher takeoff weights . An even longer-range version proposed for British Airways , the -50 , was not built . The KC-10 Extender air-to-air refueling tanker version , was based on the -30 model . Production of the DC-10 ended in 1989 , with 386 DC-10s delivered to airlines and 60 KC-10s to the U.S. Air Force . The DC-10 had a poor safety record in early operations , especially due to a design flaw in the cargo doors ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Airbus A330 Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airbus_A330', 'summary': "The Airbus A330 is a wide-body airliner made by Airbus . In the mid-1970s , Airbus conceived several derivatives of the A300 , its first airliner , and developed the A330 twinjet in parallel with the A340 quadjet . In June 1987 , Airbus launched both designs with their first orders . The A330-300 , the first variant , took its maiden flight in November 1992 and entered service with Air Inter in January 1994 . The slightly shorter A330-200 variant followed in 1998 . In 2014 , Airbus launched the A330neo , re-engined with Trent 7000 turbofans , which entered service in November 2018 . The A330 has a similar airframe to early A340 , except for the number of engines : two instead of four , landing gear and weights . Both airliners have fly-by-wire controls , which was first introduced on the A320 , as well as a similar glass cockpit . The A330 was Airbus 's first airliner to offer a choice of three engines : the General Electric CF6 , Pratt & Whitney PW4000 , or the Rolls-Royce Trent 700 . The A330-300 has a range of 11,750 km or 6,350 nmi with 277 passengers , while the shorter A330-200 can cover 13,450 km or 7,250 nmi with 247 passengers . Later variants include the A330-200F dedicated freighter , the A330 MRTT military tanker , and the ACJ330 corporate jet . The A330 MRTT was proposed as the EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45 for the US Air Force 's KC-X competition , but lost to the Boeing KC-46 in appeal after an initial win ."}]}, {'value': 'Sold to ATA Airlines and Omni Air International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ATA_Airlines', 'summary': "ATA Airlines , Inc. - formerly known as American Trans Air and commonly referred to as ATA - was an American low-cost scheduled service and charter airline based in Indianapolis , Indiana . ATA operated scheduled passenger flights throughout the U.S. mainland and Hawaii and San Juan , Puerto Rico , as well as military and commercial charter flights around the world . ATA also operated flights to Portugal ( LIS , OPO , TER , PDL and SMA ) . In its early days the airline flew charters on a worldwide basis and had bases in Chicago , Detroit , New York , Indianapolis , Oakland and Milwaukee . Later when they entered scheduled service the airline maintained focus cities at Chicago Midway International Airport , Honolulu International Airport , and Oakland International Airport . The airline 's parent company - New ATA Holdings , Inc. ( the successor to ATA Holdings Inc. , which was also once known as Amtran ) - later changed its name to Global Aero Logistics , Inc. and purchased World Air Holdings , Inc. for $ 315 million in an all-cash transaction with the financial backing of the investment firm , MatlinPatterson . World Air Holdings , Inc. owned and operated North American Airlines and World Airways as two separate US-certified air carriers . ATA was North America 's largest charter airline , and until its shutdown transported more troops for the United States military than any other commercial airline . On April 2 , 2008 , ATA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . ATA then announced it was ceasing all services , effective 4:00 AM EDT , Thursday April 3 , 2008 , citing the unexpected loss of a major contract for its military charter business , as a subcontractor of FedEx Express , along with recent increases in jet fuel prices . Red-eye flights in the air at the time of the announcement proceeded to their destinations . Flight 4586 from Honolulu to Phoenix was the last ATA flight , departing almost two hours late at 12:10am ( HST ) arriving April 3 , 2008 at 8:48am ( MST ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Omni_Air_International', 'summary': 'Omni Air International , LLC . is a United States charter airline headquartered in Hangar 19 on the grounds of Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa , Oklahoma , United States . It specializes in passenger charter flights , and Aircraft Crew Maintenance Insurance ( ACMI ) wet leasing . Omni is an FAA Part 121 certificated airline with IATA Operational Safety Audit ( IOSA ) registration . On November 9 , 2018 Air Transport Services Group ( ATSG ) completed its $ 845 million acquisition of Omni .'}]}, {'value': 'McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10', 'summary': "The McDonnell Douglas DC-10 is an American three-engine wide-body jet airliner manufactured by McDonnell Douglas . It has two turbofan engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer . The DC-10 was intended as a successor to the company 's DC-8 for medium- to long range flights , using a larger capacity wide-body layout with seating up to 380 and more powerful engines . Lockheed also saw this niche as an ideal place to reenter the commercial airliner market with their very similar L-1011 TriStar . Although the L-1011 was more technologically advanced , the DC-10 would go on to outsell the L-1011 by a significant margin due to the DC-10 's lower price and earlier entry into the market . The initial DC-10-10 model was a domestic design with a typical range on the order of 3,800 miles ( 6,100 km ) in a two-class layout . The -15 was a version with more powerful engines , for hotter or higher-altitude airports . The -30 and -40 models were the international versions with extended range of up to 6,220 miles ( 10,010 km ) and a third main landing gear leg to support the higher takeoff weights . An even longer-range version proposed for British Airways , the -50 , was not built . The KC-10 Extender air-to-air refueling tanker version , was based on the -30 model . Production of the DC-10 ended in 1989 , with 386 DC-10s delivered to airlines and 60 KC-10s to the U.S. Air Force . The DC-10 had a poor safety record in early operations , especially due to a design flaw in the cargo doors ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 757-300', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_757', 'summary': "The Boeing 757 is a mid-sized , narrow-body short to medium range , twin-engine airliner that was designed and built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . It is the manufacturer 's largest single-aisle passenger aircraft and was produced from 1981 to 2004 . The twinjet has a two-crew member glass cockpit , turbofan engines of sufficient power to allow takeoffs from relatively short runways and higher altitudes , a conventional tail , and , for reduced aerodynamic drag , a supercritical wing design . Intended to replace the smaller three-engine 727 on short and medium routes , the 757 can carry 200 to 295 passengers for a maximum of 3,150 to 4,100 nautical miles ( 5,830 to 7,590 km ) , depending on variant . The 757 was designed concurrently with a wide-body twinjet , the 767 , and , owing to shared features , pilots can obtain a common type rating that allows them to operate both aircraft . The 757 was produced in two fuselage lengths . The original 757-200 entered service in 1983 ; the 757-200PF , a package freighter ( PF ) variant , and the 757-200M , a passenger-freighter combi model , debuted in the late 1980s . The stretched 757-300 , the longest narrow-body twinjet ever produced , began service in 1999 . Passenger 757-200s have been modified to special freighter ( SF ) specification for cargo use , while military derivatives include the C-32 transport , VIP carriers , and other multi-purpose aircraft . Private and government operators have also customized the 757 for research and transport roles . All 757s are powered by Rolls-Royce RB211 or Pratt & Whitney PW2000 series turbofans . Eastern Air Lines and British Airways placed the 757 in commercial service in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Fleet gallery -- Retired Northwest Airlines fleet', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Northwest_Airlines_fleet_0', 'intro': "Northwest Airlines was a major United States airline which existed from 1926 until 2010, when it merged with Delta Air Lines. At the time of the merger it had a total of 320 aircraft with seven on order. It was also the last U.S. airline to have a dedicated cargo fleet and routes. Northwest, unlike Delta, operated a mixed fleet of Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, and Airbus aircraft. The Boeing 757 was the only type of jet common to the pre-merger fleets of both Delta and Northwest. The Northwest fleet was integrated into Delta's fleet on December 31, 2009. The airline ceased operations and merged into Delta in 2010. Most of Northwest's Boeing 747 fleet was sent to Delta which had retired all of its own 747s before the merger."}
null
null
How many Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines did the aircraft have that was replaced by an aircraft whose family of aircraft ceased production after 41 years ?
3
0995b94749e33738
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Top_25_singles_for_1960_in_Australia', 'title': 'List of Top 25 singles for 1960 in Australia', 'header': ['#', 'Title', 'Artist', 'Highest pos . reached', 'weeks at No . 1'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "It 's Now or Never", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_Now_or_Never_(song)", 'summary': "It 's Now or Never is a song recorded by Elvis Presley and released as a single in 1960 . The song is the best-selling single by Presley ( 20 million copies ) , and one of the best-selling singles of all time . It was recorded by Bill Porter at RCA Studio B in Nashville . It is written in E major and has a tempo of 80 BPM . In 1960 , It 's Now or Never was a number-one record in the U.S. for Elvis Presley , spending five weeks at number one and the UK , where it spent eight weeks at the top in 1960 and an additional week at number one in 2005 as a re-issue , and numerous other countries , selling in excess of 25 million copies worldwide , Elvis Presley 's biggest international single ever . Its British release was delayed for some time because of rights issues , allowing the song to build up massive advance orders and to enter the UK Singles Chart at number one , a very rare occurrence at the time . It 's Now or Never peaked at number seven on the R & B charts ."}]}, {'value': 'Elvis Presley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Presley', 'summary': "Elvis Aaron Presley [ a ] ( January 8 , 1935 - August 16 , 1977 ) , also known simply as Elvis , was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll or simply The King . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips , who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience . Presley , on rhythm acoustic guitar , and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , was a pioneer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . In 1955 , drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley 's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who would manage him for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , Heartbreak Hotel , was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States . With a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records , he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations , made him enormously popular - and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . Drafted into military service in 1958 , Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work . He held few concerts however , and guided by Parker , proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums , most of them critically derided ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boom Boom Baby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boom_Boom_Baby_(song)', 'summary': "Boom Boom Baby is a song written by Dave Burgess . It became a number one hit in Australia when it was recorded by Crash Craddock in 1959 . It was released on the Columbia label in the United States and was released on the Coronet label in Australia . The flip side of the record , Do n't Destroy Me , reached # 94 on the charts in the U.S. A music video recorded for Boom Boom Baby was released in 1960 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Crash Craddock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crash_Craddock', 'summary': 'Billy Wayne Crash Craddock ( born June 16 , 1939 ) is an American country and rockabilly singer . He first gained popularity in Australia in the 1950s with a string of rockabilly hits , including the Australian number one hit Boom Boom Baby . Switching to country music , he gained popularity in United States in the 1970s with a string of top ten country hits , several of which were number one hits , including Rub It In , Broken Down in Tiny Pieces , and Ruby Baby . Craddock is known to his fans as The King Of Country Rock Music and Mr. Country Rock for his uptempo rock-influenced style of country music .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': "He 'll Have to Go", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/He'll_Have_to_Go", 'summary': "He 'll Have to Go is an American country and pop hit recorded on October 15 , 1959 , by Jim Reeves . The song , released in the fall of 1959 , went on to become a hit in both genres early in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Reeves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Reeves', 'summary': 'James Travis Reeves ( August 20 , 1923 - July 31 , 1964 ) was an American country and popular music singer-songwriter . With records charting from the 1950s to the 1980s , he became well known as a practitioner of the Nashville sound ( a mixture of older country-style music with elements of popular music ) . Known as Gentleman Jim , his songs continued to chart for years after his death . Reeves died in the crash of his private airplane . He is a member of both the Country Music and Texas Country Music Halls of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Are You Lonesome Tonight ? / I Got ta Know', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Are_You_Lonesome_Tonight?_(song)', 'summary': "Are You Lonesome Tonight ? is a song written by Roy Turk and Lou Handman in 1926 . It was recorded several times in 1927 - first by Charles Hart , with successful versions by Vaughn De Leath , Henry Burr , and the duet of Jerry Macy and John Ryan . In 1950 the Blue Barron Orchestra version reached the top twenty on the Billboard 's Pop Singles chart . In April 1960 , after Elvis Presley 's two-year service in the United States Army , he recorded the song at the suggestion of manager Colonel Tom Parker ; Are You Lonesome Tonight ? was Parker 's wife , Marie Mott 's , favorite song . Its release was delayed by RCA Victor executives , who thought the song did not fit Presley 's new ( and publicized ) style . When Are You Lonesome Tonight ? was released in November 1960 it was an immediate success in the U.S. , topping Billboard 's Pop Singles chart and reaching number three on the R & B chart . A month after the song 's release , it topped the UK Singles Chart . Presley 's version was certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for a Gold Record Award for 1,000,000 copies sold in the United States in 1983 . It was upgraded by the RIAA to a 2xPlatinum Record Award for 2,000,000 sales in 1992 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I_Gotta_Know', 'summary': 'I Got ta Know is a song recorded by Cliff Richard in September 1959 and Elvis Presley on 4 April 1960 . The composer was Paul Evans ; lyrics are by Matt Williams . Originally released by Presley as the B-side of Are You Lonesome Tonight ? , it nevertheless reached number 14 on the charts . It was engineered by Nashville sound pioneer Bill Porter . The single with I Got ta Know on the B-side went on to be one of the biggest-selling singles of 1960 , peaking at number one on the Billboard pop chart from November 28 for six weeks and peaking at number three on the R & B charts . I Got ta Know is a love song in G major , described as a mild rocker . It is in the Doo-wop rhythm and blues style , progressing from G to C to D7 . Billboard published a list of the RCA Victor chartmakers of 1960 in the 19 December 1960 edition , which included the hit with other successful recordings made at the famous RCA Victor Studios in Nashville that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Elvis Presley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elvis_Presley', 'summary': "Elvis Aaron Presley [ a ] ( January 8 , 1935 - August 16 , 1977 ) , also known simply as Elvis , was an American singer and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll or simply The King . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , recording at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips , who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience . Presley , on rhythm acoustic guitar , and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , was a pioneer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . In 1955 , drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley 's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who would manage him for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , Heartbreak Hotel , was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States . With a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records , he became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations , made him enormously popular - and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . Drafted into military service in 1958 , Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work . He held few concerts however , and guided by Parker , proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums , most of them critically derided ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clap Your Hands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beau Marks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beau_Marks', 'summary': "The Beau Marks were a Canadian rock music group formed in 1958 in Montreal , Quebec . Their first release , the April 1959 single Rockin ' Blues b/w Moonlight Party , came out under the name The Del-Tones , but the group changed their name soon afterward in a nod to the Bomarc missile . Their breakthrough hit was Clap Your Hands , which hit # 1 in Canada and Australia , peaked at # 45 on the US Billboard pop charts , and # 40 on Cashbox . The tune was also released in French as Frappe Tes Mains and a Quebec version as Tape des mains , lyrics by late Michel A. Lebel , as one of Rock n ' Roll Queen Lucie Marotte 's finale favorites . Their debut , ten-track full-length came out in 1960 ; they appeared on American Bandstand and at a charity concert at Carnegie Hall soon afterwards . Two more albums followed before the group broke up in 1963 ; a 1968 reunion saw Clap Your Hands get a re-release . The first Canadian band to be headliners at the Peppermint Lounge in N-Y and to be invited at the Ed Sullivan Show ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Just a Closer Walk with Thee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Just_a_Closer_Walk_with_Thee_(song)', 'summary': 'Just a Closer Walk with Thee is a traditional gospel song that has been performed and recorded by many artists . Performed as either an instrumental or vocal , A Closer Walk is perhaps the most frequently played number in the hymn and dirge section of traditional New Orleans jazz funerals . The title and lyrics of the song allude to the Biblical passage from 2 Corinthians 5:7 which states , We walk by faith , not by sight and James 4:8 , Come near to God and he will come near to you .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmie Rodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(pop_singer)', 'summary': 'James Frederick Rodgers ( born September 18 , 1933 in Camas , Washington ) is an American singer . Rodgers had a run of hits and mainstream popularity in the 1950s and 1960s . His string of crossover singles ranked highly on the Billboard Pop Singles , Hot Country and Western Sides and Hot Rhythm and Blues Sides charts ; in the 1960s , Rodgers had more modest successes with adult contemporary music . He is not related to the earlier country singer Jimmie C. Rodgers , who coincidentally died the same year the younger Rodgers was born . Among country audiences , the younger Rodgers is often known as Jimmie F. Rodgers to differentiate the two .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Save the Last Dance for Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Save_the_Last_Dance_for_Me', 'summary': 'Save the Last Dance for Me is a song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman , first recorded in 1960 by the Drifters , with Ben E. King on lead vocals .'}]}, {'value': 'The Drifters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Drifters', 'summary': "The Drifters are an American doo-wop and R & B/soul vocal group . They were originally formed as a backing group for Clyde McPhatter , formerly the lead tenor of Billy Ward and his Dominoes in 1953 . According to Rolling Stone magazine , the Drifters were the least stable of the great vocal groups , as they were low-paid musicians hired by George Treadwell , who owned the Drifters ' name from 1955 , after McPhatter left . There have been 60 vocalists in the history of the Treadwell Drifters line , including several splinter groups by former Drifters members ( not under Treadwell 's management ) . These groups are usually identified with a possessive credit such as Bill Pinkney 's Original Drifters , Charlie Thomas ' Drifters . There were three golden eras of the Drifters ; the early 1950s , the 1960s , and the early 1970s ( post-Atlantic period ) . From these , the first Drifters , formed by Clyde McPhatter , was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as The Drifters . The second Drifters , featuring Ben E. King , was separately inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as Ben E. King and the Drifters . In their induction , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected four members from the first Drifters , two from the second Drifters , and one from the post-Atlantic Drifters . According to the Vocal Group Hall of Fame : Through turmoil and changes , the ( original ) Drifters managed to set musical trends and give the public 13 chart hits , most of which are legendary recordings today . Matching that feat , subsequent formations of the Drifters recorded 13 Billboard Hot 100 top 30 chart hits . The 1950s and 60s incarnations of the group were also a force on the US R & B charts , notching six number one R & B hits : Money Honey ( 1953 ) , Honey Love ( 1954 ) , Adorable ( 1955 ) , There Goes My Baby ( 1959 ) , Save The Last Dance For Me ( 1960 ) and Under The Boardwalk ( 1964 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tie_Me_Kangaroo_Down_Sport', 'summary': "Tie Me Kangaroo Down , Sport is a song written by Australian singer Rolf Harris in 1957 which became a hit around the world in the 1960s in two recordings ( 1960 in Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom for the original , and 1963 with a re-recording of his song in the United States ) . Inspired by Harry Belafonte 's calypsos , most noticeably The Jack-Ass Song , it is about an Australian stockman on his deathbed . The song is one of the best-known and most successful Australian songs . Harris originally offered four unknown Australian backing musicians 10% of the royalties for the song in 1960 , but they decided to take a recording fee of £28 among them because they thought the song would be a flop . The recording peaked at No . 1 in the Australian charts and was a Top 10 hit in the UK in 1960 . In 1963 , Harris re-recorded the song in the UK with George Martin as producer , and this remake of the song reached No . 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and spent three weeks atop the easy listening chart in 1963 . Harris re-recorded his song a second time along with The Wiggles in 2000 with the introductory verse and the verse mentioning the stockman 's death omitted . It is still popular today as a children 's song . The distinctive sound of Harris 's original recording was achieved by the use of an instrument of his own design called the wobble board - a two-by-three-foot piece of hardboard . Other versions were recorded by Connie Francis ( for her album Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door 1966 ) and by Pat Boone ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolf Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolf_Harris', 'summary': "Rolf Harris ( born 30 March 1930 ) is an Australian entertainer whose career has encompassed work as a musician , singer-songwriter , composer , comedian , actor , painter and television personality . He was convicted in 2014 of the sexual assault of four underage girls , which effectively ended his career . Harris is known for his songs Tie Me Kangaroo Down , Sport ( a Top 10 hit in Australia , the UK , and the United States ) and Jake the Peg and his recording of Two Little Boys ( which reached number 1 in the UK ) . He often used unusual instruments in his performances : he played the didgeridoo ; is credited with the invention of the wobble board ; and is associated with the Stylophone . During the 1960s and 1970s , Harris became a successful television personality in the UK , later presenting shows such as Rolf 's Cartoon Club and Animal Hospital . In 2005 , he painted an official portrait of Queen Elizabeth II . He lived in Bray , Berkshire , England , for more than six decades . In July 2014 , at the age of 84 , Harris was jailed for five years and nine months in prison on twelve counts of indecent assault on four teenage female victims during the 1970s and 1980s . He was released on licence in 2017 after serving nearly three years . Following his conviction , he was stripped of many of the honours that he had been awarded during his career , including the AO and CBE ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_Do_You_Want_to_Make_Those_Eyes_at_Me_For?', 'summary': 'What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For ? is a song written by Joseph McCarthy , Howard Johnson and James V. Monaco in 1916 . It was released in 1917 by Ada Jones and Billy Murray on Victor Records ( catalogue number 18224 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Emile Ford and The Checkmates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emile_Ford', 'summary': 'Michael Emile Telford Miller ( 16 October 1937 - 11 April 2016 ) , known professionally as Emile Ford , was a musician and singer born in Saint Lucia . He was popular in the United Kingdom in the late 1950s and early 1960s as the leader of Emile Ford & the Checkmates , who had a number one hit in late 1959 with What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For ? . He was also a pioneering sound engineer .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "My Old Man 's a Dustman", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/My_Old_Man's_a_Dustman", 'summary': "My Old Man 's a Dustman is a song first recorded by the British skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan . It reached number one in the British , Irish , Australian , Canadian , and New Zealand singles charts in 1960 . The chorus of the song is : ."}]}, {'value': 'Lonnie Donegan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan', 'summary': "Anthony James Donegan MBE ( 29 April 1931 - 3 November 2002 ) , known as Lonnie Donegan , was a British skiffle singer , songwriter and musician , referred to as the King of Skiffle , who influenced 1960s British pop and rock musicians . Born in Scotland and raised in England , he was Britain 's most successful and influential recording artist before The Beatles . Donegan had 31 UK Top 30 single hits , 24 being successive and three at number one . He was the first British male singer with two US Top 10 hits . Donegan received an Ivor Novello lifetime achievement award in 1995 and , in 2000 , he was made an MBE ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North to Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_to_Alaska', 'summary': "North to Alaska is a 1960 comedic Western/Northern film directed by Henry Hathaway and John Wayne ( uncredited ) . The picture stars Wayne along with Stewart Granger , Ernie Kovacs , Fabian , and Capucine . The script is based on the play Birthday Gift by Ladislas Fodor and is set during the Nome gold rush . The movie featured Johnny Horton 's song North to Alaska , sung during the opening titles , setting up an introduction to the story ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Horton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Horton', 'summary': "John LaGale Horton ( April 30 , 1925 - November 5 , 1960 ) was an American country music , honky tonk and rockabilly singer and musician , during the 1950s and early 1960s , best known for his international hits beginning with the 1959 single The Battle of New Orleans , which was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording . The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No . 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America 's Songs of the Century . His first No . 1 country song was in 1959 , When It 's Springtime in Alaska ( It 's Forty Below ) . Horton 's music usually encompassed folk ballads based on American historic themes and legend . He had two successes in 1960 with both Sink the Bismarck and North to Alaska utilized over the opening credits for the John Wayne film of the same name . Horton died in November 1960 at the peak of his fame in a traffic collision , less than two years after his breakthrough . Horton is a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Everybody's_Somebody's_Fool", 'summary': "Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool is a song written by Jack Keller and Howard Greenfield that was a No . 1 hit for Connie Francis in 1960 . A polka-style version in German , Die Liebe ist ein seltsames Spiel , was the first German single recorded and released by Connie Francis , and it reached No . 1 on the single chart in 1960 in West Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Connie Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connie_Francis', 'summary': 'Connie Francis ( born Concetta Rosa Maria Franconero ) is an American pop singer , former actress , and top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s . Although her chart success waned in the second half of the 1960s , Francis remained a top concert draw . Despite several severe interruptions in her career , she is still active as a recording and performing artist .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "She 's My Baby / Own True Self", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Johnny O'Keefe", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Johnny_O'Keefe", 'summary': "John Michael O'Keefe ( 19 January 1935 - 6 October 1978 ) was an Australian rock and roll singer whose career began in the 1950s . Some of his hits include Wild One ( 1958 ) , Shout ! and She 's My Baby . In his twenty-year career , O'Keefe released over fifty singles , 50 EPs and 100 albums . O'Keefe was also a radio and television entertainer and presenter Often referred to by his initials J.O.K . or by his nickname The Wild One , O'Keefe was the first Australian rock n ' roll performer to tour the United States , and the first Australian artist to make the local Top 40 charts . He had twenty-nine Top 40 hits in Australia between 1958 and 1973 . O'Keefe was the younger brother of Australian jurist Barry O'Keefe ( a former head of the New South Wales ICAC ) . His father , Alderman Ray O'Keefe , was Mayor of Waverley Council in the early 1960s . Through Barry , O'Keefe was the uncle of Australian television personality Andrew O'Keefe . O'Keefe died in 1978 from a drug overdose ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Swingin ' School / Ding-A-Ling", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swingin'_School", 'summary': "Swingin ' School is a song released in 1960 by Bobby Rydell . The song was from the film Because They 're Young . Swingin ' School spent 12 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No . 5 , while reaching No . 11 in Flanders , No . 18 in Wallonia , and No . 44 in the UK 's Record Retailer chart . Paired with its flip-side , Ding-A-Ling , Swingin ' School reached No . 1 in Australia and No . 2 on Canada 's CHUM Hit Parade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ding-A-Ling', 'summary': "Ding-A-Ling is a song released by Bobby Rydell in 1960 . The song spent 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No . 18 . Paired with its flip-side , Swingin ' School , Ding-A-Ling reached No . 1 in Australia and No . 2 on Canada 's CHUM Hit Parade ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Rydell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Rydell', 'summary': 'Bobby Rydell ( born Robert Louis Ridarelli ; April 26 , 1942 ) is an American singer , mainly of rock and roll music . In the early 1960s , he was considered a teen idol . His most well known songs include Wild One and Volare ( cover ) , and he appeared in the movie Bye Bye Birdie in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Gunn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Gunn_(song)', 'summary': 'Peter Gunn is the theme music composed by Henry Mancini for the television show of the same name . The song was the opening track on the original soundtrack album , The Music from Peter Gunn , released in 1959 . Mancini won an Emmy Award and two Grammys for Album of the Year and Best Arrangement .'}]}, {'value': 'Duane Eddy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duane_Eddy', 'summary': "Duane Eddy ( born April 26 , 1938 ) is an American guitarist . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , he had a string of hit records produced by Lee Hazlewood , which were noted for their characteristically twangy sound , including Rebel-'Rouser , Peter Gunn , and Because They 're Young . He had sold 12 million records by 1963 . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 , and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Walk Do n't Run", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Walk_Don't_Run", 'summary': "Walk , Do n't Run is a 1966 Technicolor comedy film directed by Charles Walters , and starring Cary Grant in his final film role , Samantha Eggar and Jim Hutton . The film is a remake of the 1943 film The More the Merrier and is set during the Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'The Ventures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ventures', 'summary': "The Ventures are an American instrumental rock band , formed in 1958 in Tacoma , Washington , by Don Wilson and Bob Bogle . The band , a quartet for most of its existence , helped to popularize the electric guitar in the United States and across the world during the 1960s . While their popularity in the United States waned in the 1970s , the group remains especially revered in Japan , where they tour regularly to this day . The classic lineup of the band consisted of Wilson ( rhythm guitar ) , Bogle ( initially lead guitar , switched to bass ) , Nokie Edwards ( initially bass , switched to lead guitar ) , and Mel Taylor ( drums ) . Their first wide-release single , Walk , Do n't Run , brought international fame to the group , and is often cited as one of the top songs ever recorded for guitar . In the 1960s and early 1970s , 38 of the band 's albums charted in the US , ranking them as the 6th best album chart performer during the 1960s , and the band had 14 singles in the Billboard Hot 100 . With over 100 million records sold , the Ventures are the best-selling instrumental band of all time . The Ventures have had an enduring impact on the development of music worldwide . The band was among the first to employ and popularize fuzz and flanging guitar effects , concept albums , and twelve-string guitars in rock music . Their instrumental virtuosity , innovation , and unique sound influenced many musicians and bands , earning the group the moniker The Band that Launched a Thousand Bands . Their recording of Walk , Do n't Run was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for its lasting impact , and in 2008 the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beatnik Fly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beatnik_Fly', 'summary': "Jimmy Crack Corn or Blue Tail Fly is an American song which first became popular during the rise of blackface minstrelsy in the 1840s through performances by the Virginia Minstrels . It regained currency as a folk song in the 1940s at the beginning of the American folk music revival and has since become a popular children 's song . Over the years , several variants have appeared . Most versions include some idiomatic African English , although sanitized General American versions now predominate . The basic narrative remains intact . On the surface , the song is a black slave 's lament over his white master 's death in a horseriding accident . The song , however , can be - and is - interpreted as having a subtext of celebration about that death and of the slave 's having contributed to it through deliberate negligence or even deniable action ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny and the Hurricanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_and_the_Hurricanes', 'summary': 'Johnny and the Hurricanes were an American instrumental rock and roll band from Toledo , Ohio , United States . They specialized in adapting popular traditional melodies into the rock idiom , using organ and saxophone as their featured instruments . Between 1959 and 1961 , the group had a number of hits in both the US and the UK , and the band developed a following in Europe . In 1962 , they played at the Star-Club in Hamburg , where the Beatles , then a little-known band , served as an opening act . The band continued as a live act through 2005 ; leader Johnny Paris died in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Found a New Love / Defenceless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceless', 'summary': "Walls is the debut album by English singer and songwriter Louis Tomlinson , released on 31 January 2020 throughout Arista Records . It has spawned five singles : Two of Us , Kill My Mind , We Made It , Do n't Let It Break Your Heart and Walls . The album was met with mixed reviews but was also commercially successful ."}]}, {'value': 'Lonnie Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonnie_Lee', 'summary': "Lonnie Lee is the stage name of David Laurence Rix ( born 18 September 1940 ) , an Australian singer , who has fronted Lonnie Lee and the Leeman and Lonnie Lee and the Leedons . He is a pioneer of Australian rockabilly music and has worked in the industry for 60 years . At the peak of his career , Lee had eight top 100 singles , which included three top 20s , Ai n't It So ( November 1959 ) , Starlight Star Bright ( January 1960 ) and I Found a New Love ( September ) . He achieved five gold records . His last single , Sad Over Someone , was in 1969 , and he continued to tour and perform into the 2000s ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running Bear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_Bear', 'summary': "Running Bear is a song written by Jiles Perry Richardson ( a.k.a . The Big Bopper ) and sung most famously by Johnny Preston in 1959 . The 1959 recording featured background vocals by Richardson , George Jones , and the session 's producer Bill Hall , who provided the Indian chanting of uga-uga during the three verses , as well as the Indian war cries at the start and end of the record . It was No . 1 for three weeks in January 1960 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . The song also reached No . 1 in the UK Singles Chart in 1960 . Coincidentally , Running Bear was immediately preceded in the Hot 100 No . 1 position by Marty Robbins ' El Paso , another song in which the protagonist dies . Billboard ranked Running Bear as the No . 4 song of 1960 . Richardson was a friend of Preston and offered Running Bear to him after hearing him perform in a club ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Preston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Preston', 'summary': 'Johnny Preston ( August 18 , 1939 - March 4 , 2011 ) was an American pop singer , best known for his international number one hit in 1960 , Running Bear .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Boy Lost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Boy_Lost_(song)', 'summary': 'Little Boy Lost is an Australian single released by Johnny Ashcroft in early 1960 . He composed the song from a lyric idea put forward by the disc jockey Tony Withers . It is based on the successful search for Steven Walls , a four-year-old boy from a farm in the New England Ranges in February 1960 .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Ashcroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Ashcroft', 'summary': 'Johnny Ashcroft OAM FAIHA ( born 1 February 1927 ) in North Sydney , Australia ) is a retired Australian country music and folk entertainer , singer , songwriter , and musician , who has also recorded both skiffle and jazz music . He is married to fellow performer Gay Kayler , whom he has recorded with on numerous occasions .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikimedia list article Top 25 singles of 1960 < 19591961 > Other Australian top charts for 1960top 25 albumsAustralian number-one charts of 1960albumssingles', 'uid': 'List_of_Top_25_singles_for_1960_in_Australia_0', 'intro': 'The following lists the top 25 (end of year) charting singles on the Australian Singles Charts, for the year of 1960. These were the best charting singles in Australia for 1960. The source for this year is the Kent Music Report, known from 1987 onwards as the Australian Music Report.'}
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Which year did the musician with the song North to Alaska obtain a Grammy ?
1960
0996bda9f869bc17
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats', 'title': 'Western Ghats', 'header': ['Location', 'Region', 'Mean annual rainfall'], 'data': [{'value': 'Agumbe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agumbe', 'summary': "Agumbe is a settlement situated in the Thirthahalli taluka of Shimoga district , Karnataka , India . It is nestled in the thickly forested Malenadu region of the Western Ghats mountain range . Owing to its high rainfall , it has received the epithet of The Cherrapunji of South India , after Cherrapunji , one of the rainest places in India . Agumbe is associated with rainforest conservation efforts , documentation of medicinal plants , tourism ( trekking and photography ) , and the promotion of cottage industry . The Agumbe Rainforest Research Station was established as a sanctuary for the King Cobra , Agumbe 's flagship species ."}]}, {'value': 'Thirthahalli , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thirthahalli', 'summary': 'Thirthahalli is a panchayat town located in the Shivamoga District of the state of Karnataka , India . It lies on the bank of the river Tunga and is also the headquarters of the Thirthahalli Taluk of Shimoga district . Nearest Railway stations are Anandpura ( 55 Km ) , Shivamogga ( 62 Km ) and Bhadravathi ( 68 km ) . The nearest airport is at Mangalore ( 130 km ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '7,624 mm ( 300.2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amboli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amboli,_Sindhudurg', 'summary': "Amboli is a hill station in south Maharashtra , India . At an altitude of 690 m ( 2,260 ft ) it is the last hill station before the coastal highlands of Goa . Amboli lies in the Sahayadri Hills of Western India , one of the world 's Eco Hot-Spots [ citation needed ] and it abounds in unusual flora and fauna . However , as in the other parts of the Sahaydri Hills , denudation of the forest cover and unregulated government-assisted development are gradually ruining a once-pristine environment . [ original research ? ] Historically , Amboli village came into being as one of the staging posts along the road from Vengurla port to the city of Belgaum , which was extensively used by the British to supply their garrisons in south and central India . The source of the Hiranyakeshi river lies in the hills around Amboli village , and an ancient Shiva temple ( called Hiranyakeshwar ) sits at the cave where the water emerges . [ citation needed ] The main attraction for tourists is the incredibly-high rainfall ( 7 m average , per year ) and the numerous waterfalls and mist during the monsoons . Legend has it that there are 108 Shiva temples in and around Amboli , of which only a dozen have been uncovered , one as recently as 2005 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Sindhudurg district , Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sindhudurg_district', 'summary': 'Sindhudurg is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in India , which was carved out of the erstwhile Ratnagiri District . The district headquarters are located at Oros . The district occupies an area of 5207 km² and has a population of 849,651 of which 12.59% were urban ( as of 2011 ) . As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Maharashtra ( out of 39 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': '3,859 mm ( 151.9 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hulikal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hulikal', 'summary': 'Hulikal is a village located in the Hosanagara taluk of the Shimoga district in the Indian state of Karnataka and is known for its heavy rainfall . The Hulikal village lies in western ghat ( Paschima ghatta in Kannada ) region of Karnataka state . The range of ghat is known by the name Hulikal ghat or Balebare ghat . The road running between Hosangadi and Mastikatte through Hulikal ghati connects coastal district of Udupi with Shivamogga ( Shimoga ) district . The Mani dam reservoir and Savehoklu reservoir are nearby . KPCL has its colony at Mastikatte near to Hulikal . The nearest airport is at Mangalore , situated 123 km south-west of Hulikal .'}]}, {'value': 'Hosanagara , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hosanagara', 'summary': 'Hosanagar is a panchayat town in Shimoga district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is nested in western ghats of India . The World Cattle Conference with main emphasis on cow was held in month of April 2007 in Hosanagar . The different uses of cow ( not the meat ) were exhibited . Near Hosanagar there is a mutt named Sri Ramachandrapura Math just 6 km from Hosanagar Town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '5,316 mm ( 209.3 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amagaon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amagaon', 'summary': 'Amagaon is a village in Belgaum district bordered by Goa in west Uttara Kannada in south near Bhimgad Wild Life Sanctuary in the southern state of Karnataka , India . Amagaon nestles in the dense forests of the Western Ghats in and is known for its heavy rainfall . It is known to get over 10,000 mm annual rainfall occasionally and the average annual rainfall is around 9,000 mm . It is also called as Cherrapunji of South India Amagaon has reached the magical figure of 10,068 mm annual rainfall twice in the last six years ( 2006-11 ) . Thrice in the last six year ( 2006-11 ) , Amagaon has received more rain than Agumbe and Hulikal . A comparison of rainfalls for between Agumbe , Hulikal and Amagaon for the Cherrapunji of South India title is given in Table 1 . The table below is comparison of rainfalls for between Agumbe in Thirthahalli taluk in Shimoga district , Hulikal in Hosanagara taluk in Shimoga district , Amagaon , Talacauvery in Madikeri taluk in Kodagu district to show which one can be called the Cherrapunji of South India .'}]}, {'value': 'Khanapur , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khanapur', 'summary': 'Khanapur ( ಖಾನಾಪುರ ) is a panchayat town in Belgaum district , Karnataka , India . It is about 26 km from Belgaum . The town is governed by the Khanapur Municipal Council . Khanapur is the headquarters for Khanapur Taluka . The town is on the Belgaum-Panaji National Highway , NH 4A . Khanapur is well connected by train and road to important cities in Karnataka , Goa , and Maharashtra . Kannada is the official language and Marathi also widely spoken in the town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,089 mm ( 161.0 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kakkalli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kakkali', 'summary': 'Kakkalli or Kokkalli is a village in Uttara Kannada district of Sirsi taluk in Karnataka . It comes under Belgaum division . There are 227 people in Kakkalli currently . Nearest towns from Kakkalli were :'}]}, {'value': 'Sirsi , Uttara Kannada district , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sirsi,_Karnataka', 'summary': 'Sirsi is a hill station elevated about 2,600 ft ( 790 m ) above sea level in the Indian state of Karnataka . Sirsi was also known as Kalyanapattana during the Sonda Dynasty . Sirsi is a tourist destination with a population of 155,079 ( as per 2018 election votes ) . It is the largest city and main commercial centre and business hub in Uttara Kannada district . The city is surrounded by forest , and the region has a number of waterfalls . Hubli and Shimoga are the nearest large cities . The main businesses around the city are mostly subsistence and agriculture based . Adike ( also known as supari , areca nut or betel nut ) is the primary crop grown in the villages that surround the city , making it one of the major trading centres for areca nut . The region is also known for spices such as cardamom , pepper , betel leaves , and vanilla . The major food crop is paddy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Uttara_Kannada', 'summary': "Uttara Kannada , formerly known as North Canara , is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi District to the north , Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east , Shivamogga District , and Udupi District to the south , and the Arabian Sea to the west . The city of Karwar is the administrative headquarters of the district . Bhatkal , Sirsi , and Dandeli are other major towns in the district . The district 's agroclimatic divisions include the coastal plain ( consisting of Karwar , Ankola , Kumta , Honnavar and Bhatkal taluks ) and Malenadu ( consisting of Sirsi , Siddapur , Yellapur , Dandeli , Haliyal , Joida , and Mundgod taluks ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,921 mm ( 193.7 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nilkund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nilkund', 'summary': 'Nilkund or Nilkunda is a village in Siddapura taluk in Uttara Kannada District in Karnataka State . Nilkund is known for its abundant rainfall in Uttara Kannada District . At an average this village receives over 6000mm of rainfall per year .'}]}, {'value': 'Sirsi , Uttara Kannada district , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sirsi,_Karnataka', 'summary': 'Sirsi is a hill station elevated about 2,600 ft ( 790 m ) above sea level in the Indian state of Karnataka . Sirsi was also known as Kalyanapattana during the Sonda Dynasty . Sirsi is a tourist destination with a population of 155,079 ( as per 2018 election votes ) . It is the largest city and main commercial centre and business hub in Uttara Kannada district . The city is surrounded by forest , and the region has a number of waterfalls . Hubli and Shimoga are the nearest large cities . The main businesses around the city are mostly subsistence and agriculture based . Adike ( also known as supari , areca nut or betel nut ) is the primary crop grown in the villages that surround the city , making it one of the major trading centres for areca nut . The region is also known for spices such as cardamom , pepper , betel leaves , and vanilla . The major food crop is paddy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Uttara_Kannada', 'summary': "Uttara Kannada , formerly known as North Canara , is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi District to the north , Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east , Shivamogga District , and Udupi District to the south , and the Arabian Sea to the west . The city of Karwar is the administrative headquarters of the district . Bhatkal , Sirsi , and Dandeli are other major towns in the district . The district 's agroclimatic divisions include the coastal plain ( consisting of Karwar , Ankola , Kumta , Honnavar and Bhatkal taluks ) and Malenadu ( consisting of Sirsi , Siddapur , Yellapur , Dandeli , Haliyal , Joida , and Mundgod taluks ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,369 mm ( 172.0 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahabaleshwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahabaleshwar', 'summary': 'Mahabaleshwar ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a small town and a municipal council in Satara district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is a hill station located in the Sahyadri mountain range . With one of the few evergreen forests of India , it served as the summer capital of Bombay province during the British Raj .'}]}, {'value': 'Satara district , Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satara_district', 'summary': 'Satara district is a district of Maharashtra state in western India with an area of 10,480 km² and a population of 3,003,741 of which 14.17% were urban ( as of 2011 [ update ] ) . Satara is the capital of the district and other major towns include Wai , Karad , Koregaon , Dahiwadi , Koynanagar , Rahimatpur , Phaltan , Mahabaleshwar , Vaduj and Panchgani . This district comes under Pune Administrative Division along with Pune , Sangli , Solapur and Kolhapur . The district of Pune bounds it to the north , Raigad bounds it to the north-west , Solapur the east , Sangli to the south , and Ratnagiri to the west . The Sahyadri range , or main range of the Western Ghats , runs north and south along the western edge of the district , separating it from Ratnagiri District . The Mahadeo range starts about 10 m. north of Mahabaleshwar and stretches east and south-east across the whole of the district . The Mahadeo hills are bold , presenting bare scarps of black rock like fortresses . The Satara district is part of two main watersheds . The Bhima River watershed , which is a tributary of the Krishna , includes the north and northeast of the district , north of the Mahadeo hills . The rest of the district is drained by the upper Krishna and its tributaries . The hill forests have a large store of timber and firewood . The whole of Satara district falls within the Deccan Traps area ; the hills consist of trap intersected by strata of basalt and topped with laterite , while , of the different soils on the plains , the commonest is the black loamy clay containing carbonate of lime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': '5,761 mm ( 226.8 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devimane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devimane_Ghat', 'summary': "Devimane is a Hill station and High altitude village in Kumta Sirsi taluk of Uttara Kannada District in Karnataka.It is a Hill Station located In Western Ghats.The road to reach this Hill Station is named as Devimane Ghat . Devimane Ghat Road lies in the Western Ghat part of Karnataka , India , ultimately connecting Malenadu town Sirsi and Karavali town Kumta . Being under the lush forest zone in Uttara Kannada District it consists of 10 hairpin curves currently with a well-engineered road that reduces the risk of accidents . The road 's elevation ranges from 25 to 567 metres ( 80 to 1,860 ft ) . A temple of Goddess Durga Devi is at the beginning of this road at elevation 429m , The ghat section was named after the temple Devimane , meaning the home of goddess Devi . There are 5 hairpins curves between Devimane Temple and Sampakhanda . So , Totally there are 15 Hairpin Turns in this stretch of road . After entering the Western Ghats , there are many sharp curves until Ekkambi . On the Deccan Plateau , three hairpin curves exist between Ekkambi and Sirsi . There are totally 12 bridges constructed in this ghat section . At this point , the road becomes signed SH69/SH142 and is maintained by the Karnataka State Highway works department . The ghat section has been posing a threat to the wildlife present in the slopes of Western Ghat mountain range ."}]}, {'value': 'Sirsi , Uttara Kannada district , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sirsi,_Karnataka', 'summary': 'Sirsi is a hill station elevated about 2,600 ft ( 790 m ) above sea level in the Indian state of Karnataka . Sirsi was also known as Kalyanapattana during the Sonda Dynasty . Sirsi is a tourist destination with a population of 155,079 ( as per 2018 election votes ) . It is the largest city and main commercial centre and business hub in Uttara Kannada district . The city is surrounded by forest , and the region has a number of waterfalls . Hubli and Shimoga are the nearest large cities . The main businesses around the city are mostly subsistence and agriculture based . Adike ( also known as supari , areca nut or betel nut ) is the primary crop grown in the villages that surround the city , making it one of the major trading centres for areca nut . The region is also known for spices such as cardamom , pepper , betel leaves , and vanilla . The major food crop is paddy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Uttara_Kannada', 'summary': "Uttara Kannada , formerly known as North Canara , is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi District to the north , Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east , Shivamogga District , and Udupi District to the south , and the Arabian Sea to the west . The city of Karwar is the administrative headquarters of the district . Bhatkal , Sirsi , and Dandeli are other major towns in the district . The district 's agroclimatic divisions include the coastal plain ( consisting of Karwar , Ankola , Kumta , Honnavar and Bhatkal taluks ) and Malenadu ( consisting of Sirsi , Siddapur , Yellapur , Dandeli , Haliyal , Joida , and Mundgod taluks ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '3,981 mm ( 156.7 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hosanagara , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hosanagara', 'summary': 'Hosanagar is a panchayat town in Shimoga district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is nested in western ghats of India . The World Cattle Conference with main emphasis on cow was held in month of April 2007 in Hosanagar . The different uses of cow ( not the meat ) were exhibited . Near Hosanagar there is a mutt named Sri Ramachandrapura Math just 6 km from Hosanagar Town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,335 mm ( 170.7 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lonavla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonavla', 'summary': "Lonavala ( ISO : Loṇāvaḷā ) ( Marathi : लोणावळा ) is a town and a hill station Municipal Council in Pune district in the Indian State of Maharashtra . It is about 64 km west of modern-day Pune city and 96 km to the east of Mumbai . It is known for its production of the hard candy chikki and is also a major stop on the railway line connecting Mumbai and Pune . From the Pune suburbs , local trains are available from Pune Junction . Both the Mumbai-Pune Expressway as well as the Mumbai-Bengaluru highway pass through Lonavala . Lonavala is also home to INS Shivaji ( formerly HMIS Shivaji ) which is the Indian Navy 's Premier Technical Training Institute ."}]}, {'value': 'Pune district , Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pune_district', 'summary': "Pune is a district in the state of Maharashtra , India . Pune City Central is the District Headquarters . The district 's population was 9,429,408 in the 2011 census , the fourth-most-populous of India 's 640 districts . Its urban population is 58.08 percent of its total population ; the population of the Pune urban area is over five million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': '4,073 mm ( 160.4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charmadi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmadi', 'summary': "Charmadi Ghat ( Charmady ) is a Ghat in Belthangady taluk of Dakshina Kannada and Mudigere taluk of Chikkamagaluru . It is one of the points in Western ghats through which motorable road passes connecting Dakshina Kannada with Chikkamagaluru district . The section of ghat is known by the name of Charmadi Ghat . It lies on National Highway 73 which connects Mangaluru to Tumkuru . The nearest places are Charmadi village , Ujire , Belthangady , Puttur , Kottigehara , Balur and Kalasa Estate and Banakal . Charmadi Ghat starts from Charmadi village ( 11 km from Ujire ) and ends at Kottigehara ( 14 km from Mudigere ) . Charmadi Ghat connects the north eastern part of Dakshina Kannada to Chikkamagaluru district and the prominent highway is connecting Ujire ( 9 km from Dharmasthala ) to Kottigehara ( about 50 km from Chikkamagaluru ) . Ballarayanadurga is a fort atop a hill located about 10 km from Sunkasale , on the Kottigehara - Kalasa route . Ballarayanadurga fort can be accessed from 2 sides - the shorter route from Sunkasale , located on the way from Horanadu or the longer route from Bandaje . In the Charmadi ghat , there is a waterfall named Bandaje Arbi ( arbi in Tulu means 'waterfall ' ) which falls from a height of 200 feet . Gadaikallu peak has an elevation of 1700 feet ."}]}, {'value': 'Mudigere , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mudigere', 'summary': 'Mudigere is a Town Panchayath and Taluk in Chikkamagaluru district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is 35 km from the district headquarters . Several pilgrimage sites are in the taluk including Horanadu ( 64 km ) and Kalasa ( 52 km ) . Nearest airport is at Mangaluru which is at a distance of 122 km ( 76 mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,131 mm ( 162.6 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samse', 'summary': 'Samse is a village in the southern state of Karnataka , India . It is located in the Kalasa taluk of Chikkamagaluru district in Karnataka .'}]}, {'value': 'Mudigere , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mudigere', 'summary': 'Mudigere is a Town Panchayath and Taluk in Chikkamagaluru district in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is 35 km from the district headquarters . Several pilgrimage sites are in the taluk including Horanadu ( 64 km ) and Kalasa ( 52 km ) . Nearest airport is at Mangaluru which is at a distance of 122 km ( 76 mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '3,914 mm ( 154.1 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kollur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kollur,_Udupi_district', 'summary': 'Kolluru or Kollur is a small temple-town in Byndoor Taluk in Udupi district of Karnataka state , India . It is situated about 23 km from Byndoor town . This village lies at the foot of the Western Ghats and is famous for the Mookambika temple , a Hindu pilgrim center . The village is located on the banks of Souparnika river . Kollur also called Kolapura ( in the name of sage called Kola Maharshi ) one of the important places of pilgrimage in Karnataka State , which has a temple dedicated to supreme goddess Mookambika or Durga devi . The goddess Durga is called Mookambika as she is said to have slain the demon Mookasura . The goddess is described as in the form of a jyotirlinga incorporating both Shiva and Shakti . The panchaloha image of the goddess on Shri Chakra is stated to have been consecrated by Shri Adi Shankaracharya . The Divine Mother is said to be a manifestation of trigunas or triple forms such as Mahakali , Mahalakshmi & Mahasaraswati . The shikhara of the temple which is well gilded with gold is said to have been donated by Sankanna Savantha . Around the chief shrine of Mookambika , there are many other shrines . The idol of Chandramaulishvara is said to have been installed by Shri Adi Shankara .'}]}, {'value': 'Udupi district , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udupi_district', 'summary': 'Udupi district in the Karnataka state of India was created in August 1997 . The three northern Taluks Udupi , Kundapur and Karkala , were separated from Dakshina Kannada District to form Udupi district . Moodbidri was officially declared as new Taluk , separated from Karkala with effect from January 11 , 2018 . The district headquarters are in the city of Udupi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,992 mm ( 196.5 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makkiyad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayanad district , Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayanad_district', 'summary': 'Wayanad is an Indian district in the north-east of Kerala state with administrative headquarters at the municipality of Kalpetta . It is set high on the Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 meters . The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts . About 885.92 sq.km of area of the district is under forest . Wayanad has three municipal towns - Kalpetta , Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery . There are many indigenous tribals in this area . Wayanad district is bordered by Karnataka to north and north-east , Tamil Nadu to south-east , Malappuram to south , Kozhikode to south-west and Kannur to north-west . Pulpally in Wayanad boasts of the only Lava- Kusha temple in Kerala and Vythiri has the only mirror temple in Kerala which is a Jain temple . The edicts and caves of Ambukuthi Mala and another evidence state that the place is as old as the beginning of the New Age Civilisation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': '3,714 mm ( 146.2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kudremukh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kudremukh', 'summary': "Kuduremukha ( ಕುದುರೆ ಮುಖ ) is a mountain range and name of a peak located in Chikkamagaluru district , in Karnataka , India . It is also the name of a small hill station cum mining town situated near the mountain , about 20 kilometres from Kalasa . The name Kuduremukha literally means 'horse-face ' ( Kannada ) and refers to a particular picturesque view of a side of the mountain that resembles a horse 's face . It was also referred to as 'Samseparvata ' , historically since it was approached from Samse village . Kuduremukha is Karnataka 's 2nd highest peak after Mullayangiri . The nearest International Airport is at Mangalore which is at distance of 99 kilometres ."}]}, {'value': 'Chikmagalur district , Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chikmagalur_district', 'summary': 'Chikmagalur district gets its name from its headquarters of Chikmagalur town . It is alternatively spelt as Chikkamagaluru or Chikmagalur . Chikmagalur literally means The town of the younger daughter in the Kannada language . The town is said to have been given as a dowry to the younger daughter of Rukmangada , the legendary chief of Sakkarepatna and hence the name . As one can guess , there is indeed a town called Hiremagaluru which means The town of the elder daughter which is about 5 km from Chikmagalur town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': '4,158 mm ( 163.7 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajamalai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idukki , Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idukki', 'summary': 'Idukki is one of the 14 districts of Kerala , India , created on 26 January 1972 by splitting the district of Kottayam into two . At that time , the district headquarters was Kottayam . It was moved to Painavu in June 1976 . Idukki lies in the Western Ghats of Kerala . It is the second-largest district in the area , though it has the lowest population density . Idukki has a vast forest reserve area , with more than half of the district covered by forests . It contains densely populated urban areas with more sparse population in the villages . Idukki is also known as the spice garden of Kerala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': '4,785 mm ( 188.4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nyamakad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idukki , Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idukki', 'summary': 'Idukki is one of the 14 districts of Kerala , India , created on 26 January 1972 by splitting the district of Kottayam into two . At that time , the district headquarters was Kottayam . It was moved to Painavu in June 1976 . Idukki lies in the Western Ghats of Kerala . It is the second-largest district in the area , though it has the lowest population density . Idukki has a vast forest reserve area , with more than half of the district covered by forests . It contains densely populated urban areas with more sparse population in the villages . Idukki is also known as the spice garden of Kerala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': '3,007 mm ( 118.4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sholayar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': '3,024 mm ( 119.1 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vythiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vythiri', 'summary': 'Vythiri is a small town and tourist destination located in the Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala . It is one of the three Taluks in the district with the other two being Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery .'}]}, {'value': 'Wayanad district , Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayanad_district', 'summary': 'Wayanad is an Indian district in the north-east of Kerala state with administrative headquarters at the municipality of Kalpetta . It is set high on the Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 meters . The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts . About 885.92 sq.km of area of the district is under forest . Wayanad has three municipal towns - Kalpetta , Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery . There are many indigenous tribals in this area . Wayanad district is bordered by Karnataka to north and north-east , Tamil Nadu to south-east , Malappuram to south , Kozhikode to south-west and Kannur to north-west . Pulpally in Wayanad boasts of the only Lava- Kusha temple in Kerala and Vythiri has the only mirror temple in Kerala which is a Jain temple . The edicts and caves of Ambukuthi Mala and another evidence state that the place is as old as the beginning of the New Age Civilisation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': '4,000 mm ( 160 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pookode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pookode', 'summary': 'Pookode is a village in Vythiri Taluk in Wayanad district of Kerala state in India . Pookode is known for Pookode Lake and as the headquarters of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University .'}]}, {'value': 'Wayanad district , Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayanad_district', 'summary': 'Wayanad is an Indian district in the north-east of Kerala state with administrative headquarters at the municipality of Kalpetta . It is set high on the Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 meters . The district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts . About 885.92 sq.km of area of the district is under forest . Wayanad has three municipal towns - Kalpetta , Mananthavady and Sulthan Bathery . There are many indigenous tribals in this area . Wayanad district is bordered by Karnataka to north and north-east , Tamil Nadu to south-east , Malappuram to south , Kozhikode to south-west and Kannur to north-west . Pulpally in Wayanad boasts of the only Lava- Kusha temple in Kerala and Vythiri has the only mirror temple in Kerala which is a Jain temple . The edicts and caves of Ambukuthi Mala and another evidence state that the place is as old as the beginning of the New Age Civilisation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': '3,957 mm ( 155.8 in )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Climate -- Rainfall', 'section_text': 'The Karnataka region on average receives heavier rainfall than the Kerala , Maharashtra and Goa . Meanwhile , the Ghats in Karnataka have fewer passes and gaps and therefore the western slopes of Karnataka receive heavy rainfall , over 400 cm more than other regional parts of the Western Ghats . Some of the wettest places in the Western Ghats are :', 'uid': 'Western_Ghats_0', 'intro': "The Western Ghats, also known as Sahyadri (Benevolent Mountains), are a mountain range that covers an area of 140,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi) in a stretch of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, traversing the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world. It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India. It contains a large proportion of the country's flora and fauna, many of which are only found in India and nowhere else in the world. According to UNESCO, the Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas. They influence Indian monsoon weather patterns by intercepting the rain-laden monsoon winds that sweep in from the south-west during late summer. The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain, called Konkan, along the Arabian Sea. A total of thirty-nine areas in the Western Ghats, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests, were designated as world heritage sites in 2012 - twenty in Kerala, ten in Karnataka, five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra. The range starts near the Songadh town of Gujarat, south of the Tapti river, and runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Marunthuvazh Malai, at Swamithope, near the southern tip of India. These hills cover 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India. The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau. The average elevation is around 1,200 m (3,900 ft)."}
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What is the mean annual rainfall in the location that is known for its production of the hard candy chikki ?
4,073 mm ( 160.4 in )
0997f19587b90238
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (Japan)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'CERO'], 'data': [{'value': 'Akumajō Dracula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Castlevania_IV', 'summary': 'Super Castlevania IV [ a ] is a 1991 platform game developed and published by Konami . Released originally for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , it has been re-released multiple times , including for the Super NES Classic Edition . Super Castlevania IV features expanded play control , 16-bit graphics featuring SNES Mode 7 , and a soundtrack featuring brand new pieces and arrangements based on previous Castlevania music . Following the same setting as Castlevania on the NES , the game takes place in 1691 Transylvania , where the vampire hunter Simon Belmont must defeat the vampire Dracula . The game received critical acclaim with some calling it one of the greatest video games of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F-Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F-Zero_(video_game)', 'summary': 'F-Zero ( エフゼロ , Efu Zero ) is a futuristic racing video game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The game was released in Japan on November 21 , 1990 , in North America in August 1991 , and in Europe in 1992 . F-Zero is the first game of the F-Zero series , and was a launch title for the SNES . It was emulated for the Virtual Console service on various Nintendo platforms over the years and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition in 2017 . The game takes place in the year 2560 , where multi-billionaires with lethargic lifestyles created a new form of entertainment based on the Formula One races called F-Zero . The player can choose between one of four characters in the game , each with their respective hovercar . The player can race against computer-controlled characters in fifteen tracks divided into three leagues . F-Zero has been acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time as well for setting the standard for the racing genre and the creation of its futuristic subgenre . Critics lauded F-Zero for its fast and challenging gameplay , variety of tracks , and extensive use of the graphical mode called Mode 7 . This graphics-rendering technique was an innovative technological achievement at the time that made racing games more realistic , the first of which was F-Zero . As a result , it is credited for reinvigorating the genre and inspiring the future creation of numerous racing games . In retrospective reviews of the game , critics agreed that it should have used a multiplayer mode .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street Fighter II : The World Warrior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_The_World_Warrior', 'summary': "Street Fighter II : The World Warrior [ a ] is a competitive fighting game developed by Capcom and originally released for arcade systems in 1991 . It is the second installment in the Street Fighter series and the sequel to Street Fighter , released in 1987 . It is Capcom 's fourteenth title to use the CP System arcade system board . Street Fighter II improved many of the concepts introduced in the first game , including the use of special command-based moves and a six-button configuration , while offering players a wider selection of playable characters , each with their own fighting style , and introducing the combo system . Street Fighter II became the best-selling title since the golden age of arcade gaming . By 1993 , two years after its launch , sales were over $ 1.5 billion in gross revenue , and by 1994 , the game had been played by over 25 million people in the United States at home and in arcades . In 1995 , total sales of Street Fighter II and Street Fighter II : Championship Edition machines exceeded $ 2.312 billion . Adjusted for inflation , it is estimated that all versions of Street Fighter II exceed $ 10 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing video games of all time . In particular , the SNES version sold over 6.3 million copies , making it Capcom 's bestselling game for the next two decades and their bestselling game on a single platform . Due to its success , a series of updated versions offering additional features and characters has been released . Street Fighter II is regarded as one of the best video games of all time , and in particular the most important and influential fighting game made . Its launch is seen as a revolutionary moment within its genre ; it is credited with popularizing the fighting genre during the 1990s , inspiring other producers to create their own fighting series , and sparking a renaissance for the arcade video game industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_World', 'summary': "Super Mario World [ a ] is a 1990 side-scrolling platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The story follows Mario 's quest to save Princess Toadstool and Dinosaur Land from the series antagonist Bowser and his minions , the Koopalings . The gameplay is similar to that of earlier Super Mario games : Players control Mario or his brother Luigi through a series of levels in which the goal is to reach the flagpole at the end . Super Mario World introduced Yoshi , a dinosaur who can eat enemies and gain abilities by eating the shells of Koopa Troopas . Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development developed the game , led by director Takashi Tezuka and producer and series creator Shigeru Miyamoto . It is the first Mario game for the SNES and was designed to make the most of the console 's technical features . The development team had more freedom compared to the series instalments for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . Yoshi was conceptualised during the development of the NES games but was not used until Super Mario World due to hardware limitations . Super Mario World is often considered one of the greatest video games of all time . It sold over 20 million copies worldwide , making it the best-selling SNES game . It also led to an animated television series of the same name and a prequel , Yoshi 's Island , released in August and October 1995 . It has been rereleased on multiple occasions : It was part of the 1994 compilation Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World for the SNES and was rereleased for the Game Boy Advance as Super Mario World : Super Mario Advance 2 in 2001 , on the Virtual Console for the Wii , Wii U , and New Nintendo 3DS consoles , and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zelda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Triforce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past', 'summary': 'The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past [ a ] ( frequently referred to as an RPG ) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the third game in The Legend of Zelda series and was released in 1991 in Japan and 1992 in North America and Europe . A Link to the Past focuses on Link as he journeys to save Hyrule , defeat the dark lord Ganon , and rescue the descendants of the Seven Sages . It returns to a top-down perspective similar to the original The Legend of Zelda , dropping the side-scrolling gameplay of Zelda II : The Adventure of Link . It introduced series staples such as parallel worlds and items including the Master Sword . Released to critical and commercial success , A Link to the Past was a landmark game for Nintendo and is considered one of the greatest video games of all time . Over four million copies have been sold worldwide . A Link to the Past was ported to the Game Boy Advance as A Link to the Past and Four Swords , and was ported for the Wii , Wii U , New Nintendo 3DS via the Virtual Console , and Nintendo Switch via Nintendo Switch Online . In 2017 , Nintendo rereleased A Link to the Past as part of the Super NES Classic Edition . A direct sequel , A Link Between Worlds , was released for 3DS in November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Donkey Kong ( not available from December 7 , 2012 to November 26 , 2014 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country', 'summary': "Donkey Kong Country [ α ] is a 1994 platform game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , as part of the Donkey Kong franchise created by Shigeru Miyamoto . The game centers on the duo of Donkey Kong and his nephew Diddy Kong , who are on a quest to recover their stolen banana hoard from King K. Rool and his henchmen Kremlings . Development began shortly after Rare founders , brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , ran experiments with a Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) workstation to render 3D sprites . Nintendo became interested in Rare 's work and acquired 49% of the company , leading to the production of a game for the SNES using Alias and SGI technology . The Stamper brothers expressed interest in creating a standalone Donkey Kong game and assembled a team of 12 developers to work on the game over 18 months . Donkey Kong Country is the first Donkey Kong game that was not produced or directed by the franchise 's creator Shigeru Miyamoto , though he was involved with the project . Following an aggressive marketing campaign , Donkey Kong Country received critical acclaim and sold more than nine million copies worldwide , making it the third best-selling SNES game and has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . It was ported to the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance consoles , and was made available for Nintendo 's Virtual Console . Donkey Kong Country is the first game in the Donkey Kong Country series and was followed by two sequels on the SNES : Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest in 1995 , and Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! in 1996 . In 2017 , the game was released as a part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario no Super Picross', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mario's_Super_Picross", 'summary': "Mario 's Super Picross [ a ] is a Super Famicom sequel to Mario 's Picross . The game is compatible with the Super Famicom Mouse . After the failure of Mario 's Picross in North America , Nintendo decided not to release this game in that region . The game was made available for download on the Wii 's Virtual Console service on December 19 , 2006 in Japan and later in PAL regions on September 14 , 2007 , the 12th anniversary of the game 's original Japanese release - marking the first Western release of the game , which has been left nontranslated with original Japanese text intact . This game was re-released for download on the Wii U 's Virtual Console service in both Japan and the PAL regions on April 27 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Emblem : Monshō no Nazo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Emblem:_Monshō_no_Nazo', 'summary': "Fire Emblem : Mystery of the Emblem [ a ] is a tactical role-playing video game developed by Intelligent Systems , and published by Nintendo for the Super Famicom home video game console in 1994 . It is the third installment of the Fire Emblem series , and the first to be developed for the Super Famicom . The story is divided into two parts : the first part is a remake of Fire Emblem : Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light , while the second is an original story acting as a sequel to the first game . After defeating the sorcerer Gharnef and the Dark Dragon Medeus , peace is restored to Archanea and Marth restores his kingdom . His ally Hardin ascends to the throne of Archanea , but begins hostile military expansion across the continent , forcing Marth to confront his old friend and the force driving him . Gameplay follows the traditional Fire Emblem system of tactical battles taking place on grid-based maps . Mystery of the Emblem began development in 1992 during the production of Fire Emblem Gaiden . The staff from previous entries , including series creator Shouzou Kaga and composer Yuka Tsujiyoko , returned to their respective roles . While originally conceived as two separate projects , the team eventually merged the proposed remake of Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light with the original story content of Mystery of the Emblem . The gameplay , which had veered away from the first game 's tactical RPG routes in Gaiden , returned to its more traditional stance . The difficulty was lowered to encourage new players to try the series . The game has been positively received by video game journalists ; much praise went to its gameplay refinements and technical quality ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-Type III : The Third Lightning ( delisted on March 30 , 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-Type_III:_The_Third_Lightning', 'summary': 'R-Type III : The Third Lightning ( アールタイプ3 ザ・サード・ライトニング , Āru Taipu Surī : Za Sādo Raitoningu ) is a 1993 horizontally scrolling shooter video game .'}]}, {'value': 'Irem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SimCity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SimCity_(1989_video_game)', 'summary': "SimCity , also known as Micropolis or SimCity Classic , is a city-building simulation video game developed by Will Wright and released for a number of platforms from 1989 to 1991 . SimCity features two-dimensional graphics and an overhead perspective . The objective of the game is to create a city , develop residential and industrial areas , build infrastructure and collect taxes for further development of the city . Importance is put on increasing the standard of living of the population , maintaining a balance between the different sectors , and monitoring the region 's environmental situation to prevent the settlement from declining and going bankrupt . SimCity was independently developed by Will Wright beginning in 1985 , and would not see its first release until 1989 . Because the game lacked any of the arcade or action elements that dominated the video game market in the 1980s , video game publishers declined to release the title in fear of its commercial failure , until Brøderbund eventually agreed to distribute it . Although the game initially sold poorly , positive feedback from the gaming press boosted its sales . After becoming a best-seller , SimCity was released on several other platforms , most notably on the SNES in 1991 , in which its gameplay was significantly improved with Nintendo 's involvement . SimCity was commercially successful , selling 300,000 units for personal computers and nearly 2 million for the SNES . The game was recognized as a new phenomenon within the gaming industry , and it broke the widespread belief that computer games were primarily intended for children . SimCity was met with critical appraisal for its innovative and addictive gameplay in spite of the absence of platformer or shooter elements . Reviewers considered the game to be instructive and helpful toward the player 's understanding of the basics of urban planning , politics and economics ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contra Spirits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contra_III:_The_Alien_Wars', 'summary': "Contra III : The Alien Wars [ a ] is a 1992 run and gun video game developed and published by Konami for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . It is the third home console entry in the Contra series after Contra ( 1987 ) and Super C ( 1988 ) for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . In PAL regions , it was retitled Super Probotector : Alien Rebels and the player characters were replaced with robots . The player is tasked with fighting off an alien invasion of Earth across six stages . Four stages feature side-scrolling action traditional to the series while two are presented from an overhead perspective . It is the first Contra title to have been directed by Nobuya Nakazato who later directed other games in the series . He designed Contra III to feature more comical elements , a more cinematic soundtrack , and tighter stage design than its predecessors . Contra III received positive reviews , with critics praising its arcade quality derived from its sound and visual design . It has been called one of the best Contra games in retrospective reviews . It was ported to the Game Boy as Contra : The Alien Wars ( 1994 ) by Factor 5 where it received positive reviews for its Super Game Boy enhancements . Konami also released a Game Boy Advance port titled Contra Advance : The Alien Wars EX ( 2002 ) which received more critical reviews for removing features in the original . The SNES version was rereleased several times on Nintendo 's online distribution services ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'January 16 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Emblem : Seisen no Keifu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Emblem:_Seisen_no_Keifu', 'summary': 'Fire Emblem : Genealogy of the Holy War [ a ] is a tactical role-playing game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Super Famicom home video game console in 1996 . It is the fourth installment of the Fire Emblem series , and the second to be developed for the platform . Genealogy of the Holy War takes place on the continent of Jugdral , split between eight different countries founded by the Twelve Crusaders , an ancient group of soldiers who ended the rule of the ancient dragon Loptyr with divine aid . In the present , a cult working to revive Loptyr stir up war among the countries . The story is told over two generations - the first generation follows the Grannvalian prince Sigurd , while the second follows his son Seliph as he works to defeat the cult and avenge his father . Gameplay follows the traditional Fire Emblem system of tactical battles taking place on grid-based maps , while adding the Weapons Triangle and Support systems , which directly impacted both gameplay and story . Development began after the completion of Fire Emblem : Mystery of the Emblem . Returning staff included director , designer and scenario writer Shouzou Kaga , composer Yuka Tsujiyoko , character designer Katsuyoshi Koya , and producer Gunpei Yokoi ; it would be the last game produced by Yokoi . A greater focus was placed on the story compared to previous entries , although the gameplay also saw new additions . Production was turbulent due to staff moves and the unexpected addition of character romance and expanded storyline . First unveiled under the title Inheritors of Light , it was originally scheduled for a March release , before eventually releasing in May . It met with critical and commercial success .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamaitachi no Yoru', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Banshee's_Last_Cry", 'summary': "Kamaitachi no Yoru ( Japanese : かまいたちの夜 , The Night of the Sickle Weasel ) , released in English as Banshee 's Last Cry , is a visual novel game developed and published by Chunsoft ( later Spike Chunsoft ) . It was first released in Japan for Super Famicom on November 25 , 1994 , and has since been ported to PlayStation , Game Boy Advance , PC and mobile phones . An English localized version ( including changes to the setting and character names ) of the game was translated by Jeremy Blaustein and released for iOS by Aksys Games on January 24 , 2014 , with a release on Android devices . The story line was written by Takemaru Abiko , and directed by Kazuya Asano and Kōichi Nakamura . The game was the second sound novel developed by Chunsoft , and its popularity brought a myriad of other companies to develop similar games . The term sound novel was originally a registered trademark of Chunsoft , but is now regarded as a whole genre . The game was a financial success . It sold 750,000 units on the Super Famicom , and more than 400,000 units on the PlayStation . Including remakes and ports , the game sold 1.25 million units in April 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chunsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chunsoft', 'summary': 'Spike Chunsoft Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社スパイク・チュンソフト , Hepburn : Kabushikigaisha Supaiku Chunsofuto ) is a Japanese video game development and localization company specializing in role-playing game ( RPG ) , visual novel ( VN ) and adventure game ( ADV ) titles . The company was founded in 1984 as Chunsoft Co. , Ltd and merged with Spike in 2012 . It is owned by Dwango . They created RPGs such as the first five Dragon Quest installments and the Mystery Dungeon franchise as Chunsoft , and the Conception series as Spike Chunsoft . They also created VN and ADV titles such as The Portopia Serial Murder Case , the Sound Novel series ( consisting of Otogirisō , Kamaitachi no Yoru , Machi and 428 : Shibuya Scramble ) and the Zero Escape series as Chunsoft , and the Danganronpa franchise as Spike Chunsoft .'}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shin Megami Tensei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shin_Megami_Tensei', 'summary': "Shin Megami Tensei [ a ] is a post-apocalyptic role-playing video game developed and published by Atlus . Originally released for the Super Famicom in 1992 in Japan , it has been ported to multiple systems and eventually released in the West for iOS in 2014 . It is the third game in the Megami Tensei series and the first in the central Shin Megami Tensei series . The gameplay uses first-person navigation of dungeons and turn-based battles against demons . The player can recruit demons as allies by talking to them rather than fighting them , and two to three demons can be fused to create new demons . The story follows a player-named protagonist who lives in near-future Tokyo . When a portal to the realm of demons is opened by a man called Gotou , United States officials order a nuclear attack on Tokyo . Transported with two other supporting characters thirty years into the future , the protagonist finds the Earth ruined by a demon invasion , which is now the stage for an escalating conflict between the Order of Messiah and the Ring of Gaia , conflicting cults who wish to bring about kingdoms for their respective patron deities ( YHVH and Lucifer ) . The story is influenced by moral decisions the protagonist makes , aligning him either with the Order , the Ring of Gaia , or setting him up as an independent agent . From the start of the production , Atlus staff saw Shin Megami Tensei as a chance to create a game with the company 's brand on it . The staff saw it as a remake of the previous Megami Tensei game ; because of this , they knew what was going to happen in the story , and the development went smoothly . The story went through multiple revisions , and many settings were inspired by the staff 's personal lives ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlus', 'summary': "Atlus Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アトラス , Kabushiki gaisha Atorasu ) is a Japanese video game developer , publisher , and distribution company based in Tokyo . A subsidiary of Sega , the company is known for its Megami Tensei , Persona , Etrian Odyssey , and Trauma Center series , among others . Its corporate mascot is Jack Frost , a snowman-like character from their Shin Megami Tensei series . Beyond games , it is known for the Purikura ( Print Club ) , which are selfie photo sticker booths popular in East Asia . Atlus was established in April 1986 and spent its early years as a video game developer for other companies . It became a video game publisher of its own in 1989 and existed until it was merged into Index Corporation in October 2010 . After the company 's dissolution , the name Atlus continued as a brand used by Index Corporation for video game publishing until 2013 . Atlus in its current incarnation was founded as Sega Dream Corporation in September 2013 , a new shell corporation established by Sega . In November 2013 , Sega Dream was renamed Index Corporation , following the bankruptcy of the original Index Corporation . In April 2014 , Sega implemented a corporate spin-off in which the contents and solution businesses of Index were spun off as Index Corporation , while the rest of Index Corporation ( formerly Sega Dream ) was renamed Atlus . The company has two divisions , P-Studio , responsible for managing the Persona series , and Studio Zero . A North American branch of the company , Atlus USA was founded in 1991 in order to focus on publishing and localizing games for North America ."}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chou Makaimura', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Super_Ghouls_'n_Ghosts", 'summary': "Super Ghouls ' n Ghosts [ a ] is an action side-scrolling platform game developed and published by Capcom and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991 . It is the third game in the Ghosts ' n Goblins series . The game was included in the video game compilation Capcom Generations : Chronicles of Arthur for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn , as well as in Capcom Classics Collection for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox and Capcom Classics Collection : Reloaded for the PlayStation Portable . A remake of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance which features an additional game mode with new stages . The original SNES version was released for the Wii Virtual Console and was released for the Wii U Nintendo eShop on May 16 , 2013 . It was later released in 2017 as part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sangokushi IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_IV:_Wall_of_Fire', 'summary': 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV : Wall of Fire ( released as Sangokushi IV in Japan ) is the fourth in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms series of turn-based strategy games produced by Koei and based on the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV : Wall of Fire was the last game in the series to be released on the PC in the United States until Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI .'}]}, {'value': 'Koei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koei', 'summary': 'Koei Co. , Ltd. was a Japanese video game publisher , developer , and distributor founded in 1978 . The company is known for its historical simulation games based on the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , as well as simulation games based on pseudo-historical events . The company has also found mainstream success in a series of loosely historical action games , the flagship titles of which are the Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors series , also known as the Musō series . Koei also owns a division known as Ruby Party , which focuses on otome games . On April 1 , 2009 , Koei merged with Tecmo to form the Tecmo Koei Holdings holding company . Koei changed its name to Tecmo Koei Games on April 1 , 2010 by absorbing Tecmo , and again on July 1 , 2014 , to Koei Tecmo Games .'}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ganbare Goemon : Yukihime Kyūshutsu Emaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Mystical_Ninja', 'summary': "The Legend of the Mystical Ninja 〜 , Ganbare Goemon : Yukihime Kyūshutsu Emaki ) is an action-adventure game by Konami , and was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991 . It was also ported to the Game Boy Advance along with Ganbare Goemon 2 : Kiteretsu Shōgun Magginesu only in Japan . It is the first game in the Japanese video game series Goemon to have a western release . It has also been released for the Virtual Console in Japan , Europe , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and the United States . In North America and Europe , this game was followed by two different games for Nintendo 64 , Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon in 1998 and Goemon 's Great Adventure ( known in Europe as Mystical Ninja 2 Starring Goemon ) in 1999 , as all subsequent releases for the Super NES were absent of a Western release . In Europe , two Game Boy versions of Mystical Ninja starring Goemon were released . One was a standalone game and the other was part of Konami GB Collection Vol . 3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'March 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ActRaiser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActRaiser', 'summary': "ActRaiser ( アクトレイザー , Akutoreizā ) is a 1990 platform and city-building simulation game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System developed by Quintet and published by Enix , combining traditional side-scrolling platforming with urban planning god game sections . A sequel , ActRaiser 2 , was released for the Super NES in 1993 . In 2007 , ActRaiser became available on the Wii 's Virtual Console download service in Europe , North America , and Japan . A version of the game was also released for European mobile phones in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Square Enix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Square_Enix', 'summary': "Square Enix Holdings Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer , publisher , and distribution company known for its Final Fantasy , Dragon Quest , and Kingdom Hearts role-playing video game franchises , among numerous others . Several of them have sold over 10 million copies worldwide , with the Final Fantasy franchise alone selling 144 million , the Dragon Quest franchise selling 78 million and the Kingdom Hearts franchise selling 30 million . The Square Enix headquarters are in the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company employs over 4300 employees worldwide . The original Square Enix Co. , Ltd. was formed in April 2003 as the result of a merger between Square and Enix , with the latter as the surviving company . Each share of Square 's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix 's common stock . At the time , 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees . As part of the merger , former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation , while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named its vice president . Yasuhiro Fukushima , the largest shareholder of the combined corporation and founder of Enix , became chairman . In October 2008 , Square Enix conducted a company split between its corporate business and video game operations . Square Enix reorganised itself as Square Enix Holdings Co. , Ltd. , a holding company , while its internally domestic video game operations were formed as a new subsidiary called Square Enix Co. , Ltd. During the 2014 fiscal year , the company made over ¥150 billion in revenue ( US $ 1.36 billion ) . In addition to its flagship subsidiary , Square Enix Holdings owns the arcade gaming corporation Taito , known for games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , and Darius ."}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heracles no Eikō III : Kamigami no Chinmoku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glory_of_Heracles_(series)', 'summary': "Glory of Heracles ( ヘラクレスの栄光 , Herakuresu no Eikō ) is a Japanese role-playing video game series initially developed and published by Data East and currently owned by Paon Corporation . The series began in 1987 with Tōjin Makyō Den : Heracles no Eikō , and three sequels were released until 1994 in addition to a portable spinoff game released in 1992 . After Data East 's bankruptcy in 2003 , Paon Corporation acquired the rights to the series , and Nintendo released the latest installment in the series , Heracles no Eikō : Tamashii no Shōmei for the Nintendo DS in 2008 . None of the games had been released outside Japan until E3 2009 , at which the latest game was announced by Nintendo simply as Glory of Heracles . The series is based in the world of Greek mythology , with the Greek hero Heracles as the title character of each game . However , Heracles only serves as the main character in the original game and the Game Boy spinoff , and plays a support role in all subsequent games . The 2018 game Super Smash Bros . Ultimate represented the series in the game 's spirit mode , with Heracles from the original game and the player character for the DS game , named as the Glory of Heracles Hero , possible to unlock ."}]}, {'value': 'Paon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paon', 'summary': 'Paon ( パオン ) DP Inc. is a video game development company based in Japan . Through a partnership with Nintendo , the company has developed DK : King of Swing , Donkey Kong Barrel Blast and DK Jungle Climber . They also developed Glory of Heracles , the fifth title of the Glory of Heracles series . When the company Data East went bankrupt , Paon became composed of former Data East staff and bought the rights to some of their games , including Karnov , Chelnov ( sometimes known as Atomic Runner outside Japan ) , the Kuuga trilogy , and the Glory of Heracles series . In March 2015 , PAON Inc. merged with DP Inc. to form PAON DP Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'April 6 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)', 'summary': "Final Fight ( Japanese : ファイナルファイト , Hepburn : Fainaru Faito ) is a side-scrolling beat-'em-up video game produced by Capcom . Originally released as an arcade game in 1989 , it was the seventh title released for the CP System hardware . Set in the fictional Metro City , the player controls one of three characters : former pro wrestler and mayor Mike Haggar , his daughter 's boyfriend Cody , and Cody 's best friend Guy , as they set out to defeat the Mad Gear gang and rescue Haggar 's young daughter Jessica . The game began development as a sequel to the original Street Fighter released in 1987 , but the genre was switched from a fighting game to a beat 'em up and the title was changed following the success of Double Dragon . Final Fight was ported to various home consoles such as the Super NES and was followed by a few sequels . Its development team later worked on the original Street Fighter II and some of the characters from Final Fight later appeared as playable fighters in other entries of the franchise such as the Street Fighter Alpha sub-series . In September 13 , 2018 , Capcom announced Capcom Beat 'Em Up Bundle with Final Fight being one of seven titles and released digitally for PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on September 18 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Super Famicom', 'section_text': 'There were 102 games available .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)_1', 'intro': 'The following is the complete list of the 659 Virtual Console titles that were available for the Wii in Japan sorted by system and release dates. English translations are highlighted between parenthesis. The final update was on April 9, 2013 as the service has been discontinued in all regions while games are currently being added to the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console and Wii U Virtual Console services. Nintendo plans to discontinue the Wii Shop Channel. Purchasing of Wii Points for new games ended on March 26, 2018. In addition, the ability to purchase new software ended on January 31, 2019. Re-downloading purchased software is available, however Nintendo announced it will shut that facility down at a later date.'}
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What was the release date of the game published by the company that has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo ?
December 26 , 2006
099885f755bec5a7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha', 'title': 'List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha', 'header': ['Constituency No', 'Constituency', 'Reserved for ( SC/ST/None )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karimganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karimganj_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India . This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the scheduled castes .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silchar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silchar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Silchar Lok Sabha constituency ( Bengali : শিলচর লোকসভা কেন্দ্র ) is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Autonomous District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Autonomous_District_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in the Indian state of Assam . The constituency consists of three autonomous districts namely Dima Hasao , Karbi Anglong and West Karbi Anglong district . This three districts is home to various tribal groups like Karbi , Dimasa , Kuki , Biate , Hmar , Naga Rengma etc [ citation needed ] . The constituency seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes .'}]}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhubri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhubri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 15Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India . Dhubri consists of 10 assembly segments .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kokrajhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kokrajhar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India . The seat is reserved for scheduled tribes .'}]}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barpeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barpeta_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gauhati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gauhati_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Gauhati , also spelt Guwahati , is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mangaldoi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mangaldoi_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Mangaldai is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tezpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tezpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Tezpur is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam under the Sonitpur District .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nowgong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nowgong_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Nagaon is a Lok Sabha constituency in Assam .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaliabor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaliabor_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jorhat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorhat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dibrugarh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dibrugarh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakhimpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakhimpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Assam ( 14 )', 'section_text': 'Constituencies of Assam', 'uid': 'List_of_Constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha_3', 'intro': 'The Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP, represents a single geographic constituency. There are currently 543 constituencies. The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 550 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population.'}
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For the constituency that also goes by the spelling Guwahati , What is the constituency is reserved for ?
None
0998f3bac9f5f1b7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles', 'title': 'List of best-selling singles', 'header': ['Artist', 'Single', 'Released', 'Sales ( in millions )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Survivor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Survivor_(band)', 'summary': "Survivor is an American rock band , formed in Chicago in 1978 around Jim Peterik and Frankie Sullivan . The band achieved its greatest success in the 1980s , producing many charting singles , especially in the United States . The band is best-known for its double-platinum-certified 1982 hit Eye of the Tiger , the theme song for the 1982 motion picture Rocky III ( US number 1 for six weeks ) . The band continued to chart in the mid-1980s with singles like Burning Heart ( US number 2 ) , The Search Is Over ( US number 4 ) , High on You ( US number 8 ) , Is This Love ( US number 9 ) , and I Ca n't Hold Back ( US number 13 ) . The band tweaked its musical direction in 1988 with the release of the slightly heavier Too Hot to Sleep , but the album barely reached the Billboard 200 in the United States . Singer Jimi Jamison later toured as Survivor in the mid-1990s without the permission of the rest of the band , but reunited with guitarist Frankie Sullivan in 2000 . The band then released Reach in 2006 , but Jamison left again after its release and was replaced by singer Robin McAuley . Survivor continued to tour with McAuley into 2011 until Jamison returned later that year . In April 2013 the band 's official media sources announced that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line-up with original singer Dave Bickler and the band would have Bickler and Jamison together for the next tour . On September 1 , 2014 Jamison died in his home in Memphis , Tennessee , at the age of 63 . His autopsy , released on November 11 , 2014 , revealed the cause of death as a hemorrhagic brain stroke , with acute methamphetamine intoxication contributing ."}]}, {'value': 'Eye of the Tiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger', 'summary': "Eye of the Tiger is a song by American rock band Survivor . It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III , which was released a day before the single . The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik , and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star , writer , and director Sylvester Stallone , after Queen denied him permission to use Another One Bites the Dust , the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme . The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song . The film version also contained tiger growls , which did not appear on the album version . It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals . The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name . It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982 . In the United States , it held No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks ( the band 's only song to top the chart ) and was the No . 2 single of 1982 , behind Olivia Newton-John 's Physical . It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten , the second longest run of 1982 , behind Hurts So Good by John Cougar ( which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by Eye of the Tiger ) ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wings_(band)', 'summary': "Paul McCartney and Wings ( also known by their original name Wings ) were a British-American rock band formed in 1971 by former Beatle Paul McCartney , his wife Linda on keyboards , session drummer Denny Seiwell , and former Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine . Wings were noted for frequent personnel changes along with their commercial successes , going through three lead guitarists and four drummers . However , the core trio of the McCartneys and Laine remained intact throughout the group 's existence . Created following the McCartneys ' 1971 album Ram , the band 's first two albums , Wild Life ( 1971 ) and Red Rose Speedway ( 1973 ) ( the latter featuring guitarist Henry McCullough ) , were viewed as artistic disappointments beside Paul 's work with the Beatles . After the release of the title track of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die , McCullough and Seiwell resigned from the band . The McCartneys and Laine then released 1973 's Band on the Run , a commercial and critical success that spawned two top ten singles in Jet and the title track . Following that album , the band recruited guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton , only for Britton to quit shortly afterwards and be replaced by Joe English . With the new line-up , Wings released 1975 's Venus and Mars , which included the US number one single Listen to What the Man Said , and undertook a highly successful world tour over 1975-76 . Intended as more of a group effort , Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) was issued midway through the tour and featured the hit singles Silly Love Songs and Let 'Em In . In 1977 , the band earned their only UK number one single , with Mull of Kintyre , which became the then-best-selling UK single in history . Wings experienced another line-up shuffle , however , with both McCulloch and English departing before the release of the group 's 1978 album London Town . The McCartneys and Laine again added new members , recruiting guitarist Laurence Juber and drummer Steve Holley ."}]}, {'value': 'Mull of Kintyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)', 'summary': "Mull of Kintyre is a song by the British-American rock band Wings written by Paul McCartney and Denny Laine . The song was written in tribute to the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland and its headland , the Mull of Kintyre , where McCartney has owned High Park Farm since 1966 . The song was Wings ' biggest hit in Britain and is one of the best selling singles of all time in the United Kingdom , where it became the 1977 Christmas number one and was the first single to sell over two million copies nationwide ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakira', 'summary': "Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( /ʃəˈkɪərə/ ; Spanish : [ ʃaˈkiɾa ] ; born February 2 , 1977 ) is a Colombian singer , songwriter , dancer , record producer , and actress . Born and raised in Barranquilla , she made her recording debut under Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13 . Following the commercial failure of her first two Colombian albums , Magia ( 1991 ) and Peligro ( 1993 ) , she rose to prominence in Spanish-speaking countries with her next albums , Pies Descalzos ( 1995 ) and Dónde Están los Ladrones ? ( 1998 ) . Shakira entered the English-language market with her fifth album , Laundry Service ( 2001 ) . It sold over 13 million copies and spawned the international number-one singles Whenever , Wherever and Underneath Your Clothes . Her success was further solidified with the Spanish albums Fijación Oral , Vol . 1 ( 2005 ) , Sale el Sol ( 2010 ) , and El Dorado ( 2017 ) , all of which topped the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart and were certified diamante by the Recording Industry Association of America . Meanwhile , her English albums Oral Fixation , Vol . 2 ( 2005 ) , She Wolf ( 2009 ) and Shakira ( 2014 ) were all certified gold , platinum , or multi-platinum in various countries worldwide . Some of her songs have charted at number one in multiple countries , including La Tortura , Hips Do n't Lie , Beautiful Liar , Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) , Loca , and Chantaje . Shakira served as a coach on two seasons of the American singing competition television series The Voice from 2013 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Whenever , Wherever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whenever,_Wherever', 'summary': "Whenever , Wherever is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira for her fifth studio album and English-language debut , Laundry Service . It was released on 27 August 2001 , by Epic Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written , composed , and produced by Shakira and Tim Mitchell , with additional songwriting from Gloria Estefan . Whenever , Wherever is a mix of Latin music and worldbeat that is heavily influenced by Andean music . The Spanish version of the song , titled Suerte ( literally Luck ) , lyrically discusses how fortunate Shakira is to have found her romantic partner . Upon its release , Whenever , Wherever received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its production . The song became her breakthrough hit in the United States , peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . In doing so , it became her most successful single in the country , though it was eventually surpassed after Hips Do n't Lie peaked at number one on the chart in 2006 . The selection , additionally , topped charts in twenty-nine nations , including her native Colombia and the majority of Latin America , Europe , Middle East and Oceania . It is recognized as one of Shakira 's signature songs , and was one of the most successful songs in the world in 2002 . Globally , it has sold over 8.5 million physical copies , making it one of the best selling singles of all time ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Animals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Animals', 'summary': "The Animals are an English rhythm and blues and rock band , formed in Newcastle upon Tyne in the early 1960s . The band moved to London upon finding fame in 1964 . The Animals were known for their gritty , bluesy sound and deep-voiced frontman Eric Burdon , as exemplified by their signature song and transatlantic No . 1 hit single , House of the Rising Sun , as well as by hits such as We Got ta Get Out of This Place , It 's My Life , I 'm Crying and Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood . The band balanced tough , rock-edged pop singles against rhythm and blues-orientated album material and were part of the British Invasion of the US . The Animals underwent numerous personnel changes in the mid-1960s and suffered from poor business management . Under the name Eric Burdon and the Animals , the much-changed act moved to California and achieved commercial success as a psychedelic and hard rock band with hits like San Franciscan Nights , When I Was Young and Sky Pilot , before disbanding at the end of the decade . Altogether , the group had ten Top Twenty hits in both the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 . The original lineup of Burdon , Alan Price , Chas Chandler , Hilton Valentine and John Steel reunited for a one-off benefit concert in Newcastle in 1968 . They later had brief comebacks in 1975 and 1983 . There have been several partial regroupings of the original era members since then under various names . The Animals were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'The House of the Rising Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun', 'summary': 'The House of the Rising Sun is a traditional folk song , sometimes called Rising Sun Blues . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling or parents and children to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group The Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the first folk rock hit .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aqua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aqua_(band)', 'summary': "Aqua is a Danish-Norwegian Europop music group , best known for their 1997 multi-platinum crossover single Barbie Girl . The group formed in 1989 and achieved crossover success around the globe in the late 1990s and early 2000s . The group released three albums : Aquarium in 1997 , Aquarius in 2000 and Megalomania in 2011 . The group sold an estimated 33 million albums and singles , making them the most profitable Danish band ever . The Aqua singles managed to reach the Top-10 position in a number of countries where European pop acts would not normally succeed , including the United States , Canada , Brazil , Australia , and Japan . The group managed to top the UK Singles Chart with three of their singles . The group also caused controversy with the double entendres in their Barbie Girl single , with the Barbie doll makers Mattel filing a lawsuit against the group . The lawsuit was finally dismissed by a judge in 2002 , who ruled The parties are advised to chill . The band 's members are vocalists Lene Nystrøm and René Dif , keyboardist Søren Rasted , and guitarist Claus Norreen . During their split , Nystrøm , Dif and Rasted all achieved solo chart success , and Norreen continued in the music industry remixing other artists ' material . At a press event on 26 October 2007 , the group announced a reunion tour , as well as the release of a compilation album featuring new material . Their third album , Megalomania , was released on 3 October 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Barbie Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbie_Girl', 'summary': "Barbie Girl is a song by the Danish-Norwegian dance-pop group Aqua . It was released in May 1997 as the third single from the group 's debut studio album , Aquarium ( 1997 ) . The song was written by Søren Rasted , Claus Norreen , René Dif , and Lene Nystrøm , and was produced by Johnny Jam , Delgado , Rasted , and Norreen . It was written after Rasted saw an exhibit on kitsch culture in Denmark that featured Barbie dolls . The song topped the charts worldwide , particularly in European countries such as the UK , where it was a number-one hit for three weeks . It was also on top of the charts in Australia for the same length of time , and debuted and peaked at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on 6 September 1997 , where it remains Aqua 's biggest hit single , and their only one to reach the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 . It is Aqua 's most popular work . The song was performed as the interval act in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 , and became the subject of the controversial lawsuit Mattel v. MCA Records ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': 'Hey Jude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hey_Jude', 'summary': "Hey Jude is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in August 1968 . It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon-McCartney partnership . The single was the Beatles ' first release on their Apple record label and one of the First Four singles by Apple 's roster of artists , marking the label 's public launch . Hey Jude was a number-one hit in many countries around the world and became the top-selling single of 1968 in the UK , the US , Australia and Canada . Its nine-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 tied the all-time record in 1968 for the longest run at the top of the US charts . It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . The writing and recording of Hey Jude coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles . The ballad evolved from Hey Jules , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono . The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation , while also encouraging Jude to pursue his opportunities to find love . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade-out coda . Lasting for over four minutes , it is longer than the rest of the song . Recording for the song took place midway through the sessions for the Beatles ' self-titled double album ( also known as the White Album ) and led to an argument between McCartney and George Harrison over Harrison 's idea for the guitar part ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Hardcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hardcastle', 'summary': 'Paul Louis Hardcastle is a British composer , musician , producer , songwriter , radio presenter and multi-instrumentalist . He is best known for his song 19 , which went to number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/19_(song)', 'summary': "19 is a song by British musician Paul Hardcastle released as the first single from his self-titled third studio album Paul Hardcastle ( 1985 ) . The song has a strong anti-war message , focusing on America 's involvement in the Vietnam War and the effect it had on the soldiers who served . The track was notable for early use of sampled and processed speech , in particular a synthesized stutter effect used on the words 'nineteen ' and 'destruction ' . It also includes various non-speech , re-dubbed sampling , such as crowd noise and a military bugle call . 19 features sampled narration ( voiced by Peter Thomas ) , out-of-context interview dialogue ( I was n't really sure what was going on ) and news reports from Vietnam Requiem the ABC television documentary about the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by Vietnam veterans . In 2009 , the song placed at 73 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 80s . 19 had huge international success in the charts ; it went to No . 1 in the UK for five weeks , as well as a number of other countries worldwide . 19 became the top-selling single in 13 countries for 1985 . This was helped by the fact that versions of the song , spoken by well-known local news anchors , were recorded in French , Spanish , German and Japanese . The song received the Ivor Novello award for Best-selling single of 1985 . The song 's English-language release came in three different 12 versions - Extended Version , Destruction Mix and The Final Story , all with an alternative cover design ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Hopkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Hopkin', 'summary': "Mary Hopkin ( born 3 May 1950 ) , credited on some recordings as Mary Visconti ( from her marriage to Tony Visconti ) , is a Welsh folk singer best known for her 1968 UK number one single Those Were the Days . She was one of the first to sign to the Beatles ' Apple label ."}]}, {'value': 'Those Were the Days', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Those_Were_the_Days_(song)', 'summary': "Those Were the Days is a song credited to Gene Raskin , who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song Dorogoi dlinnoyu ( Дорогой длинною , literally By the long road ) , composed by Boris Fomin ( 1900-1948 ) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky . It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism . Mary Hopkin 's 1968 debut single of Those Were the Days , which was produced by Paul McCartney of the Beatles , became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart . The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind Hey Jude by the Beatles . It was number one in the very first edition of the foreign singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahalia Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson', 'summary': "Mahalia Jackson ( /məˈheɪliə/ mə-HAY-lee-ə ; October 26 , 1911 - January 27 , 1972 ) was an American gospel singer . Possessing a contralto voice , she was referred to as The Queen of Gospel . She became one of the most influential gospel singers in the world and was heralded internationally as a singer and civil rights activist . She was described by entertainer Harry Belafonte as the single most powerful black woman in the United States . She recorded about 30 albums ( mostly for Columbia Records ) during her career , and her 45 rpm records included a dozen golds - million-sellers . I sing God 's music because it makes me feel free , Jackson once said about her choice of gospel , adding , It gives me hope . With the blues , when you finish , you still have the blues ."}]}, {'value': 'Move On Up a Little Higher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Move_On_Up_a_Little_Higher', 'summary': 'Move On Up A Little Higher is a gospel song written by W. Herbert Brewster , first recorded by Brother John Sellers in late 1946 , but most famously recorded on September 12 , 1947 , by gospel singer Mahalia Jackson , a version that sold eight million copies . The song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in ( 1998 ) . In 2005 , the Library of Congress honored the song by adding it to the National Recording Registry . It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century , by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts , and is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock .'}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricky Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Martin', 'summary': "Enrique Martín Morales ( Spanish pronunciation : [ enˈɾike maɾˈtin moˈɾales ] ; born December 24 , 1971 ) , better known as Ricky Martin , is a Puerto Rican singer , actor and author who is widely regarded as the King of Latin Pop . He holds dual American and Spanish citizenship , and began his career at age 12 with the all-boy pop group Menudo . After five years with the group , he released several Spanish-language solo albums throughout the 1990s . Since the beginning of his solo career in 1991 , Ricky Martin has sold over 70 million records making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time . He also acted on stage and on TV in Mexico , where he achieved modest stardom . In 1994 , he appeared on the US TV soap opera General Hospital , playing a Puerto Rican singer . He also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all time . In early 1999 , after releasing several albums in Spanish , Martin performed The Cup of Life at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards show , which became a catalyst in bringing Latin pop to the forefront of the U.S. music scene . Following its success , Martin released Livin ' la Vida Loca , which helped him attain success worldwide . It is generally seen as the song that began the Latin pop explosion of 1999 and made the transition easier for other Spanish-speaking artists to move into the English-speaking market . His first English-language album ( also titled Ricky Martin ) , sold 15 million copies and is his best selling album to date . His other studio albums include : Me Amaras ( 1993 ) , A Medio Vivir ( 1995 ) , Vuelve ( 1998 ) , Sound Loaded ( 2000 ) , Almas del Silencio ( 2003 ) , Life ( 2005 ) , Música + Alma + Sexo ( 2011 ) , A Quien Quiera Escuchar ( 2015 ) , and Movimiento ( 2020 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Livin ' La Vida Loca", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Livin'_La_Vida_Loca", 'summary': "Livin ' la Vida Loca is a song performed by Ricky Martin . It was released on March 23 , 1999 , from Martin 's self-titled debut English-language album ( he had previously released several albums in Spanish ) . The song was composed by Desmond Child and Draco Rosa . La vida loca is Spanish for the crazy life . Livin ' la Vida Loca is generally seen as the song that began the Latin pop explosion that followed and made the transition of other Spanish-speaking artists ( first Enrique Iglesias and Marc Anthony and later Shakira , Paulina Rubio and Thalía ) into the English-speaking market easier . Before this time , most non-Latino Americans had never heard of Martin until what CNN reported was a show-stopping performance of La Copa de la Vida at the 41st Grammy Awards show , which became a catalyst in bringing Latin pop to the forefront of the U.S. music scene . Livin ' la Vida Loca sold over 8 million copies , making it one of the best selling singles of all time . The song received various Grammy Awards nominations and Ricky Martin obtained enormous success inside the United States and worldwide . In 2007 , the song was ranked at number 28 on the list of 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's by VH1 . It is Martin 's signature song . [ citation needed ] Martin performed the song on second series of The Voice Australia with fellow judges Delta Goodrem , Joel Madden and Seal ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modern Talking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_Talking', 'summary': "Modern Talking was a German duo consisting of singer Thomas Anders and arranger , songwriter and producer Dieter Bohlen , with the participation of Luis Rodríguez in the production . They have been referred to as Germany 's most successful pop duo , and have had a number of hit singles , reaching the top five in many countries . Some of their most popular and widely known singles are You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul , You Can Win If You Want , Cheri , Cheri Lady , Brother Louie , Atlantis Is Calling ( S.O.S . for Love ) and Geronimo 's Cadillac . Modern Talking worked together from 1984 to 1987 , then the band split up . In 1998 , they reunited and made a successful comeback , recording and releasing music from 1998 to 2003 . The duo released singles which again entered the top ten in Germany and abroad . Some of those singles were the re-recorded version of You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul '98 . After the duo 's second and final break-up in 2003 , their global sales had reached 120 million singles and albums combined ."}]}, {'value': "You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/You're_My_Heart,_You're_My_Soul", 'summary': "You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul is the first single by German duo Modern Talking released off their debut album The 1st Album . The single was released on 29 October 1984 but entered the top 40 in Germany on 21 January and entered the top 10 at no . 9 in Germany on 28 January 1985 , almost 3 months after its release date . It took another 5 weeks for the single to reach the top of the German single chart , it spent six weeks at the number one position in Germany and total of 25 weeks within the German Single Chart eventually reaching a gold status for selling well over 250,000 units at home . You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul is considered their best-selling single to date with worldwide sales said to exceed 8 million copies . The single was also certified gold in France and sold about 715,000 units in this country . The music video of the single was shot in 1984 at the RTL studios in Luxembourg . The single was re-released in 1998 , You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul '98 for the duo 's reunion . The single in a newer package gained a similar success again earning them a platinum-award for selling over 500,000 units in Germany alone ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nirvana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nirvana_(band)', 'summary': "Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen , Washington in 1987 . It was founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic . Nirvana went through a succession of drummers , the longest-lasting and best-known being Dave Grohl , who joined in 1990 . Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain , their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture . In the late 1980s , Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene , releasing its first album , Bleach , for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989 . They developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts , often between quiet verses and loud , heavy choruses . After signing to major label DGC Records in 1991 , Nirvana found unexpected mainstream success with Smells Like Teen Spirit , the first single from their landmark second album Nevermind ( 1991 ) . A cultural phenomenon of the 1990s , the album went on to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Nirvana 's sudden success popularized alternative rock , and Cobain found himself described as the spokesman of a generation and Nirvana the flagship band of Generation X . Following extensive tours and the 1992 compilation album Incesticide and EP Hormoaning , Nirvana released their third studio album , In Utero ( 1993 ) , to critical acclaim and further chart success . Its abrasive , less mainstream sound challenged the band 's audience , and though less successful than Nevermind , it was a commercial success . Nirvana disbanded following the death of Cobain in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'Smells Like Teen Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit', 'summary': "Smells Like Teen Spirit is a song by American rock band Nirvana . It is the opening track and lead single from the band 's second album , Nevermind ( 1991 ) , released on DGC Records . The unexpected success of the song propelled Nevermind to the top of several albums charts at the start of 1992 , an event often marked as the point where grunge entered the mainstream . Smells Like Teen Spirit was Nirvana 's biggest hit in most countries , charting high on music industry charts around the world in 1991 and 1992 , including topping the charts of Belgium , France , New Zealand and Spain . The song received critical plaudits , including topping the Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . The song was dubbed an anthem for apathetic kids of Generation X , but Nirvana grew uncomfortable with the attention it brought them . In the years since Kurt Cobain 's death , listeners and critics have continued to praise Smells Like Teen Spirit as one of the greatest songs in the history of music . The music video for the song is based on the concept of a school concert which ends in anarchy and riot , inspired by Jonathan Kaplan 's 1979 film Over the Edge and the Ramones ' film Rock ' n ' Roll High School . It won two MTV Video Music Awards , which was in heavy rotation on music television . In subsequent years Amy Finnerty , formerly of MTV 's programming department , claimed the video changed the entire look of MTV by giving the channel a whole new generation to sell to . In 2000 the Guinness World Records named Smells Like Teen Spirit the Most Played Video on MTV Europe . Smells Like Teen Spirit was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O-Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O-Zone', 'summary': 'O-Zone is a Romanian-Moldovan Eurodance trio that was active from 1998 to 2005 and 2017 and consisted of Dan Balan , Radu Sîrbu and Arsenie Todiraș . The group gained global popularity with their song Dragostea Din Tei and their subsequent album DiscO-Zone . The group re-united in 2017 for 2 concerts in Chișinău and Bucharest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dragostea Din Tei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragostea_Din_Tei', 'summary': 'Dragostea Din Tei ( pronounced [ ˈdraɡoste̯a din ˈtej ] ( listen ) ; Romanian for Love from the Lindens ; official English title : Words of Love ) , also informally known as Ma Ya Hi and The Numa Numa Song ( see § Lyrics ) , is the most successful single by the Moldovan pop group O-Zone . It received positive reviews from critics and shot to the number one spot on the Eurochart Hot 100 , where it remained for 12 weeks between June and early September 2004 . It topped the single charts in France , Germany and Austria for over three months , reached three in the United Kingdom and 72 on the US Pop 100 . The song became the fourth-best-selling single of the 21st century in France , with 1,170,000 units sold . A popular cover of the song was made by Italian-Romanian pop singer Haiducii , which also charted in many countries , especially Italy and Sweden , where it topped the singles charts . The original song was made notable in the United States via the viral video Numa Numa in which vlogger Gary Brolsma dances to the song . Another remix , entitled Numa Numa 2 , with Brolsma , Dan Balan and Marley Waters , was posted on YouTube on September 12 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freddy Quinn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddy_Quinn', 'summary': "Freddy Quinn ( born Franz Eugen Helmut Manfred Nidl ; 27 September 1931 , in Niederfladnitz , Austria ) is an Austrian singer and actor whose popularity within the German-speaking world soared in the late 1950s and 1960s . Similar to Hans Albers two generations before him , Quinn adopted the persona of the rootless wanderer who goes to sea but longs for a home , family and friends . Quinn 's Irish family name comes from his Irish born salesman father , Johann Quinn . His mother , Edith Henriette Nidl , was an Austrian journalist . He is often associated with the Schlager scene ."}]}, {'value': 'Heimweh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memories_Are_Made_of_This', 'summary': 'Memories Are Made of This is a popular song about nostalgia written by Terry Gilkyson , Richard Dehr , and Frank Miller in 1955 .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shocking Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shocking_Blue', 'summary': 'Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967 . The band had a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s , including Send Me a Postcard , Love Buzz , and Venus , the last of which became their biggest hit , and reached No . 1 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 and many other countries during 1969 and 1970 . The band had sold 13.5 million records by 1973 but disbanded in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Venus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venus_(Shocking_Blue_song)', 'summary': 'Venus is a song by Dutch rock band Shocking Blue , initially released as a single in the Netherlands in the summer of 1969 . Written by Robbie van Leeuwen , the song topped the charts in nine countries . In 1981 , it was used to open the Stars on 45 medley . In 1986 , English girl group Bananarama covered Venus for their third studio album , True Confessions , reaching number one in six countries . The composition has been featured in numerous films , television shows and commercials , and covered dozens of times by artists around the world .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Best-selling physical singles -- 8–9.9 million copies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_singles_2', 'intro': "This article is a compendium of the best-selling music singles. The criterion for inclusion on the list is to have sold at least five million copies worldwide. The singles listed here were cited by reliable sources from various media, such as digital journalism, newspapers, magazines, and books. It is notable that, according to Guinness World Records, Irving Berlin's White Christmas (1942) as performed by Bing Crosby is the best-selling single worldwide, with estimated sales of over 50 million copies. The song, recognized as the best-selling single of all time, was released before the pop/rock singles-chart era and was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and - remarkably - still retains the title more than 50 years later. Also, Guinness World Records states that double A-side charity single Candle in the Wind 1997/Something About the Way You Look Tonight (1997) by Elton John (which was originally written in 1973, in honour of Marilyn Monroe, who had died 11 years earlier. In 1997, John performed a rewritten version of the song as a tribute to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, is the biggest-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s, having accumulated worldwide sales of 33 million copies, making it the second-best-selling physical single of all time. There are three best-selling singles lists displayed here:"}
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The top-selling single of 1968 in the US was put out by a band whose first hit single in 1962 was what ?
Love Me Do
099b9d10d1ab1f32
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies', 'title': 'List of emerging technologies', 'header': ['Emerging technology', 'Status', 'Potential applications'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anti-gravity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anti-gravity', 'summary': "Anti-gravity ( also known as non-gravitational field ) is creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity . It does not refer to the lack of weight under gravity experienced in free fall or orbit , or to balancing the force of gravity with some other force , such as electromagnetism or aerodynamic lift . Anti-gravity is a recurring concept in science fiction , particularly in the context of spacecraft propulsion . Examples are the gravity blocking substance Cavorite in H. G. Wells 's The First Men in the Moon and the Spindizzy machines in James Blish 's Cities in Flight . Anti-gravity is often used to refer to devices that look as if they reverse gravity even though they operate through other means , such as lifters , which fly in the air by moving air with electromagnetic fields ."}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical and experiments', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artificial gravity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artificial_gravity', 'summary': 'Artificial gravity ( sometimes referred to as pseudogravity ) is the creation of an inertial force that mimics the effects of a gravitational force , usually by rotation . Artificial gravity , or rotational gravity , is thus the appearance of a centrifugal force in a rotating frame of reference ( the transmission of centripetal acceleration via normal force in the non-rotating frame of reference ) , as opposed to the force experienced in linear acceleration , which by the equivalence principle is indistinguishable from gravity . In a more general sense , artificial gravity may also refer to the effect of linear acceleration , e.g . by means of a rocket engine . Rotational simulated gravity has been used in simulations to help astronauts train for extreme conditions . Rotational simulated gravity has been proposed as a solution in human spaceflight to the adverse health effects caused by prolonged weightlessness . However , there are no current practical outer space applications of artificial gravity for humans due to concerns about the size and cost of a spacecraft necessary to produce a useful centripetal force comparable to the gravitational field strength on Earth ( g ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Research , development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space Travel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asteroid mining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asteroid_mining', 'summary': 'Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from asteroids and other minor planets , including near-Earth objects . Hard rock minerals could be mined from an asteroid or a spent comet . Precious metals such as gold , silver , and platinum group metals could be transported back to Earth , whilst iron group metals and other common ones could be used for construction in space . Difficulties include the high cost of spaceflight , unreliable identification of asteroids which are suitable for mining , and ore extraction challenges . Thus , terrestrial mining remains the only means of raw mineral acquisition used today . If space program funding , either public or private , dramatically increases , this situation may change as resources on Earth become increasingly scarce compared to demand and the full potentials of asteroid mining - and space exploration in general - are researched in greater detail . :47f'}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical , NASA has announced plans to capture and redirect an asteroid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commerce , resource supply', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hypertelescope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hypertelescope', 'summary': "Antoine Émile Henry Labeyrie ( born 12 May 1943 ) is a French astronomer , who held the Observational astrophysics chair at the Collège de France between 1991 and 2014 , where he is currently professor emeritus . He is working with the Hypertelescope Lise association , which aims to develop an extremely large astronomical interferometer with spherical geometry that might theoretically show features on Earth-like worlds around other suns , as its president . He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences in the Sciences of the Universe ( sciences de l'univers ) section . Between 1995 and 1999 he was director of the Haute-Provence Observatory . Labeyrie graduated from the grande école SupOptique ( École supérieure d'optique ) . He invented speckle interferometry , and works with astronomical interferometers . Labeyrie concentrated particularly on the use of diluted optics beam combination or densified pupils of a similar type but larger scale than those Michelson used for measuring the diameters of stars in the 1920s , in contrast to other astronomical interferometer researchers who generally switched to pupil-plane beam combination in the 1980s and 1990s . The main-belt asteroid 8788 Labeyrie ( 1978 VP2 ) is named in honor of Antoine Émile Henry Labeyrie and Catherine Labeyrie . In 2000 , he was awarded The Benjamin Franklin Medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astronomy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starshot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot', 'summary': 'Breakthrough Starshot is a research and engineering project by the Breakthrough Initiatives to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of light sail spacecraft named StarChip , to be capable of making the journey to the Alpha Centauri star system 4.37 light-years away . It was founded in 2016 by Yuri Milner , Stephen Hawking , and Mark Zuckerberg . A flyby mission has been proposed to Proxima Centauri b , an Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone of its host star , Proxima Centauri , in the Alpha Centauri system . At a speed between 15% and 20% of the speed of light , it would take between twenty and thirty years to complete the journey , and approximately four years for a return message from the starship to Earth . The conceptual principles to enable this interstellar travel project were described in A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight , by Philip Lubin of UC Santa Barbara . Sending the lightweight spacecraft involves a multi-kilometer phased array of beam-steerable lasers with a combined coherent power output of up to 100 GW .'}]}, {'value': 'Research', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stasis Chamber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Experimental , Research and development', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interplanetary space travel , interstellar space travel , medical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solar gravitational lens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solar_lens', 'summary': "A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter ( such as a cluster of galaxies ) between a distant light source and an observer , that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer . This effect is known as gravitational lensing , and the amount of bending is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity . ( Classical physics also predicts the bending of light , but only half of that predicted by general relativity . ) Although Einstein made unpublished calculations on the subject in 1912 , Orest Khvolson ( 1924 ) and Frantisek Link ( 1936 ) are generally credited with being the first to discuss the effect in print . However , this effect is more commonly associated with Einstein , who published an article on the subject in 1936 . Fritz Zwicky posited in 1937 that the effect could allow galaxy clusters to act as gravitational lenses . It was not until 1979 that this effect was confirmed by observation of the so-called Twin QSO SBS 0957+561 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hypothetical', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deep space observation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inflatable space habitat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inflatable_space_habitat', 'summary': "Inflatable habitats or expandable habitats are pressurized structures capable of supporting life in outer space whose internal volume increases after launch . They have frequently been proposed for use in space applications to provide a greater volume of living space for a given mass . The first formal design and manufacture of an inflatable space habitat was in 1961 with a space station design produced by Goodyear ( although this design was never flown ) . A proposal released in 1989 by Johnson Space Center 's Man Systems Division outlined a 16 metres ( 52 ft ) diameter spherical habitat lunar outpost which was partially buried in the lunar surface . An inflatable module called TransHab ( a portmanteau of Trans Habitation ) was proposed for the International Space Station , and later the private company Bigelow Aerospace revived the design for use in a number of potential civil and commercial applications ."}]}, {'value': 'Developed , prototypes built and tested', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space habitats', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miniaturized satellite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miniaturized_satellite', 'summary': 'A small satellite , miniaturized satellite , or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size , usually under 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) . While all such satellites can be referred to as small , different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass . Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction . Miniature satellites , especially in large numbers , may be more useful than fewer , larger ones for some purposes - for example , gathering of scientific data and radio relay . Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system .'}]}, {'value': 'Development , early commercialization , diffusion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inexpensive satellites , constellations for low data rate communications , using formations to gather data from multiple points , in-orbit inspection of larger satellites', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reusable rocket technology for orbital rockets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reusable_launch_system', 'summary': "A reusable launch system is a space launch system that includes the recovery of some or all of the component stages . To date , several fully reusable sub-orbital systems and partially reusable orbital systems have been flown . The first reusable launch vehicle to reach orbit was the Space Shuttle , which was not able to accomplish the intended goal of reducing launch costs to below those of expendable launch systems . SpaceX CEO Elon Musk , said if one can figure out how to reuse rockets like airplanes , the cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of a hundred . SpaceX 's Falcon 9 rocket is the first reusable orbital-class launch system to be commercially successful , continuing its operation to date . During the 21st century , commercial interest in reusable launch systems has grown considerably , with several active launchers . The SpaceX 's Falcon 9 rocket has a reusable first stage and capsule ( for Dragon flights ) and expendable second stage , The Spaceship Company has flown reusable suborbital spaceplanes , and the suborbital Blue Origin New Shepard rocket has recoverable first stages and crew capsules ."}]}, {'value': 'Several companies , including Blue Origin and SpaceX , are developing the technologies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Origin', 'summary': "Blue Origin , LLC is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services company headquartered in Kent , Washington . Founded in 2000 by Jeff Bezos , the company is led by CEO Bob Smith and is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability . Blue Origin is employing an incremental approach from suborbital to orbital flight , with each developmental step building on its prior work . The company motto is Gradatim Ferociter , Latin for Step by Step , Ferociously . Blue Origin is developing a variety of technologies , with a focus on rocket-powered vertical takeoff and vertical landing ( VTVL ) vehicles for access to suborbital and orbital space . The company 's name refers to the blue planet , Earth , as the point of origin . Initially focused on suborbital spaceflight , the company has designed , built and flown multiple testbeds of its New Shepard spacecraft at its facilities in Culberson County , Texas . Developmental test flights of the New Shepard , named after the first American in space Alan Shepard , began in April 2015 , and flight testing continued into 2018 . Blue has moved the date for first passengers back several times , with one recent planned timeframe being 2019 as of September 2018 . In the event , it has not yet begun commercial passenger flights , nor announced a firm date for when they would begin . On nearly every one of the test flights since 2015 , the uncrewed vehicle has reached a test altitude of more than 100 km ( 330,000 ft ) and achieved a top speed of more than Mach 3 ( 3,675 km/h ; 2,284 mph ) , reaching space above the Kármán line , with both the space capsule and its rocket booster successfully soft landing . Blue Origin moved into the orbital spaceflight technology business in 2014 , initially as a rocket engine supplier for others via a contractual agreement to build a new large rocket engine , the BE-4 , for major US launch system operator United Launch Alliance ( ULA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SpaceX', 'summary': "Space Exploration Technologies Corp. , trading as SpaceX , is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne , California . It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars . SpaceX has developed several launch vehicles and the Dragon spacecraft . SpaceX 's achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit ( Falcon 1 in 2008 ) , the first private company to successfully launch , orbit , and recover a spacecraft ( Dragon in 2010 ) , the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station ( Dragon in 2012 ) , the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2015 ) , the first reuse of an orbital rocket ( Falcon 9 in 2017 ) , and the first private company to launch an object into orbit around the sun ( Falcon Heavy 's payload of a Tesla Roadster in 2018 ) . SpaceX has flown 18 resupply missions to the International Space Station ( ISS ) under a partnership with NASA . NASA also awarded SpaceX a further development contract in 2011 to develop and demonstrate a human-rated Dragon , which would be used to transport astronauts to the ISS and return them safely to Earth . SpaceX conducted the maiden launch of its Dragon 2 spacecraft on a NASA-required demonstration flight ( Crew Dragon Demo-1 ) on March 2 , 2019 and is set to launch its first crewed Dragon 2 in March 2020 . In December 2015 , a Falcon 9 accomplished a propulsive vertical landing . This was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight . In April 2016 , with the launch of CRS-8 , SpaceX successfully vertically landed the first stage on an ocean drone ship landing platform . In May 2016 , in another first , SpaceX again landed the first stage , but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission . In March 2017 , SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and land the first stage of an orbital rocket ."}]}, {'value': 'Expendable launch vehicles may become cost prohibitive except for national government or military missions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle', 'summary': 'An expendable launch system ( or expendable launch vehicle/ELV ) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once , after which its components are either destroyed during reentry or discarded in space . ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed . Most satellites and human spacecraft are currently [ when ? ] launched on ELVs . ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost . Furthermore , an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload , offering greater fuel efficiency . ELVs are proven technology in wide-spread use for many decades . ELVs are usable only once , and therefore have a significantly higher per-launch cost than reusable vehicles . New reusable launch systems under development by private companies such as SpaceX and Blue Origin have the potential to obsolete many existing ELVs due to the lower per-launch costs of reusable rockets .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition', 'summary': 'Space launch market competition is the manifestation of market forces in the launch service provider business . In particular it is the trend of competitive dynamics among payload transport capabilities at diverse prices having a greater influence on launch purchasing than the traditional political considerations of country of manufacture or the national entity using , regulating or licensing the launch service . Following the advent of spaceflight technology in the late 1950s , space launch services came into being , exclusively by national programs . Later in the 20th century commercial operators became significant customers of launch providers . International competition for the communications satellite payload subset of the launch market was increasingly influenced by commercial considerations . However , even during this period , for both commercial- and government-entity-launched commsats , the launch service providers for these payloads used launch vehicles built to government specifications , and with state-provided development funding exclusively . In the early 2010s , privately developed launch vehicle systems and space launch service offerings emerged . Companies now faced economic incentives rather than the principally political incentives of the earlier decades . The space launch business experienced a dramatic lowering of per-unit prices along with the addition of entirely new capabilities , bringing about a new phase of competition in the space launch market .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Space', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_emerging_technologies_13', 'intro': 'Emerging technologies are those technical innovations that represent progressive innovations within a field for competitive advantage.'}
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What is the status of the emerging technology that is usually under 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) ?
Development , early commercialization , diffusion
099fd718cf424f75
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2011_Giro_d'Italia", 'title': "List of teams and cyclists in the 2011 Giro d'Italia", 'header': ['No', 'Rider', 'Nationality', 'Team', 'Age', 'Pos'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefano Garzelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Garzelli', 'summary': "Stefano Garzelli ( born 16 July 1973 ) is an Italian former professional road racing cyclist , who competed as a professional between 1997 and 2013 . The high point of his career was his overall win in the 2000 Giro d'Italia , after a close three-way competition with Gilberto Simoni and Francesco Casagrande ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massimo Codol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massimo_Codol', 'summary': 'Massimo Codol ( born 27 February 1973 ) is a former Italian racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claudio Corioni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudio_Corioni', 'summary': 'Claudio Corioni ( born 26 December 1982 in Chiari ) is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Betancur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Betancur', 'summary': 'Carlos Alberto Betancur Gómez ( born 13 October 1989 ) is a Colombian professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Movistar Team .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ruggero Marzoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruggero_Marzoli', 'summary': 'Ruggero Marzoli ( born 2 April 1976 in Pescara ) is an Italian professional road bicycle racer . After a previous four-month ban in 1999 , Marzoli was banned for six months in 2008 , after being considered guilty for the attempted use of prohibited substances in relation to the Oil for Drugs case . CONI had appealed for Marzoli to be banned for life , because it was a second offence .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vladimir Miholjević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Miholjević', 'summary': 'Vladimir Miholjević ( born 18 January 1974 in Zagreb ) is a Croatian former professional road bicycle racer . He turned pro in 1997 . As of 2016 [ update ] , he , Robert Kišerlovski and Kristijan Đurasek are only three Croats who has completed the Tour de France .'}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danilo Napolitano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danilo_Napolitano', 'summary': "Danilo Napolitano ( born 31 January 1981 ) is an Italian professional road racing cyclist . and is chiefly known for his sprinting abilities . Born in Vittoria , Sicily , Napolitano turned professional in 2004 and for the 2004 and 2005 seasons he rode for the professional continental team LPR-Piacenza . For the 2006 season he moved on to the UCI ProTour squad Lampre-Fondital where his most important victories has been two stage wins in the Tour of Austria , and a stage win in the Tour Méditerranéen , and joined Team Katusha at the beginning of the 2009 season . He lives in Provaglio di'Iseo ( BS ) , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DNF-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cayetano Sarmiento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayetano_Sarmiento', 'summary': 'Cayetano José Sarmiento Tunarrosa ( born 28 March 1987 ) is a Colombian professional road bicycle racer who rides for UCI ProTeam Liquigas . Born in Arcabuco , Boyacá , Sarmiento has competed as a professional since 2010 , competing for the Acqua & Sapone team prior to moving to Liquigas-Cannondale for the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabio Taborre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabio_Taborre', 'summary': 'Fabio Taborre ( born 5 June 1985 ) is a professional Italian road cyclist , currently suspended from the sport due to an anti-doping violation .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Acqua & Sapone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acqua_&_Sapone', 'summary': 'Acqua & Sapone ( UCI team code : ASA ) was a professional continental cycling team based in Italy and participated in UCI Europe Tour and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Palmiro Masciarelli , assisted by directeur sportifs Lorenzo Di Lorenzo , Bruno Cenghialta and Franco Gini . The team won team championship ( or team points ranking ) on the 2005-2006 UCI Europe Tour . The team folded at the end of the 2012 season , after losing their main backing .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rinaldo Nocentini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rinaldo_Nocentini', 'summary': 'Rinaldo Nocentini ( born 25 September 1977 ) is an Italian racing cyclist with UCI Continental Tour team Sporting / Tavira . In the 2009 Tour de France , his first participation in the race , he became leader in the General Classification after participating in a stage-long breakaway on stage 7 to take the yellow jersey from Fabian Cancellara with an overall time six seconds ahead of the second-place rider in the General Classification , Alberto Contador . He wore the yellow jersey for eight stages before relinquishing it to Contador at the end of stage 15 .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julien Bérard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julien_Bérard', 'summary': 'Julien Bérard ( born 27 July 1987 ) is a French professional road bicycle racer , who last rode for UCI WorldTeam AG2R La Mondiale .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '132', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mickaël Cherel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mickaël_Cherel', 'summary': 'Mikaël Cherel ( born 17 March 1986 ) is a French professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam AG2R La Mondiale .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyril Dessel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyril_Dessel', 'summary': "Cyril Dessel ( born 29 November 1974 in Rive-de-Gier , Loire ) is a former French professional road racing cyclist , who competed as a professional from 2000 to 2011 . In 2006 , he won the Tour Méditerranéen on the UCI Europe Tour . Then in the 2006 Tour de France , he finished second in the tenth stage , taking the leader 's yellow jersey for a day and the lead in the King of the Mountains competition ; he eventually finished sixth . In 2008 , he won the 16th stage of the Tour after being in a chase group most of the day , beating David Arroyo , Yaroslav Popovych and Sandy Casar ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubert Dupont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubert_Dupont', 'summary': 'Hubert Dupont ( born 13 November 1980 in Lyon ) is a French former professional road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2005 and 2019 for the R.A.G.T . Semences and AG2R La Mondiale teams . His sporting career began with AC Lyon Vaise .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Gadret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gadret', 'summary': 'John Gadret ( born 22 April 1979 ) is a French former professional racing cyclist in cyclo-cross and road racing , currently racing for the USO Bruay-la-Buissière amateur team . He became a stagiaire for Cofidis in 2003 before turning professional with the Vlaanderen-T Interim team in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Gastauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Gastauer', 'summary': 'Ben Gastauer ( born 14 November 1987 ) is a professional Luxembourgish road cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam AG2R La Mondiale .'}]}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuriy Krivtsov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuriy_Krivtsov', 'summary': 'Yuriy Krivtsov ( Ukrainian : Юрій Крівцов ; born 7 February 1979 ) is a French professional road bicycle racer , who last rode for the Lampre-ISD team . Ukrainian by birth , he became a naturalized French citizen in May 2010 , and was able to change his nationality per the UCI effective the 2011 season .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matteo Montaguti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Montaguti', 'summary': 'Matteo Montaguti ( born 6 January 1984 ) is an Italian former professional racing cyclist , who rode professionally between 2008 and 2019 for the LPR Brakes-Farnese Vini , De Rosa-Stac Plastic , AG2R La Mondiale and Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Ag2r-La Mondiale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AG2R_La_Mondiale_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'AG2R La Mondiale ( UCI team code : ALM ) is a French cycling team with UCI WorldTeam status . Its title sponsor is AG2R La Mondiale , one of the biggest French insurance firms . The team is predominantly French .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Serpa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Serpa', 'summary': "José Rodolfo Serpa Pérez ( born 17 April 1979 in Corozal , Sucre ) is professional road racing cyclist from Colombia , who presently rides with continental team GW-Shimano . He rode for UCI Professional Continental cycling team Androni Giocattoli-Venezuela for seven years , before signing a contract with Lampre-Merida for the 2013 season . In 2006 , Serpa won the individual points championship to wear the 2005-06 UCI America Tour leader 's jersey and won the road race at the Pan American Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Androni Giocattoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Androni_Giocattoli–Sidermec', 'summary': 'Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec ( UCI team code : ANS ) is an Italian-registered UCI Professional Continental cycling team that participates in road bicycle racing events on the UCI Continental Circuits and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . Antonio Castano manages the team , with assistance from directeurs sportifs Giovanni Ellena , Gianni Savio , Didier Paindaveine and Marco Bellini . The main sponsors , Androni Giocattoli S.A. , are an Italian toy manufacturer .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emanuele Sella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emanuele_Sella', 'summary': 'Emanuele Sella ( born 9 January 1981 ) is an Italian former road racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 2004 and 2015 for the CSF Group-Navigare , Carmiooro NGC and Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec teams .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Androni Giocattoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Androni_Giocattoli–Sidermec', 'summary': 'Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec ( UCI team code : ANS ) is an Italian-registered UCI Professional Continental cycling team that participates in road bicycle racing events on the UCI Continental Circuits and when selected as a wildcard to UCI ProTour events . Antonio Castano manages the team , with assistance from directeurs sportifs Giovanni Ellena , Gianni Savio , Didier Paindaveine and Marco Bellini . The main sponsors , Androni Giocattoli S.A. , are an Italian toy manufacturer .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By rider', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "List_of_teams_and_cyclists_in_the_2011_Giro_d'Italia_0", 'intro': 'All 18 UCI ProTeams are invited automatically and obligated to attend, with nine cyclists per team. Two UCI Professional Continental were announced well ahead of time, Androni Giocattoli and Farnese Vini-Neri Sottoli. UCI rules normally limit races to a peloton of 200 riders, but the Giro received special dispensation for a 207-rider peloton, allowing a 23rd team. The three additional invited teams are Acqua & Sapone, Colnago-CSF Inox, and Geox-TMC. Despite talk that ProTeam Vacansoleil-DCM might be excluded to the doping scandals involving team members Riccardo Riccò and Ezequiel Mosquera, they were included pursuant to UCI rules. The cyclists wore numbers from 1 to 229; the first team had numbers 1 to 9, the second team 11 to 19, etc. The exception to this rule was the Farnese Vini-Neri Sottoli, who wore numbers 150 to 158 instead of 151 to 159, thus giving Italian champion Giovanni Visconti the number 150, as in 2011 it is 150 years after Italy was unified in the Kingdom of Italy.'}
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The rider born on July 16 1973 played on which team ?
Acqua & Sapone
09a105153c8beab5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing', 'title': 'Canal Hotel bombing', 'header': ['Name', 'Age', 'Nationality', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sérgio Vieira de Mello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sérgio_Vieira_de_Mello', 'summary': 'Sérgio Vieira de Mello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɛʁʒu viˈejɾɐ dʒi ˈmɛlu ] , 15 March 1948 - 19 August 2003 ) was an United Nations diplomat of Brazil who worked for the United Nations for more than 34 years , earning respect and praise around the world for his efforts in UN humanitarian and political programs . He was posthumously awarded a United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 2003 . He was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Iraq along with 20 other members of his staff on 19 August 2003 while working as United Nations Special Representative for Iraq . Before his death , he was considered a likely candidate for UN Secretary-General .'}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General to Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General', 'summary': 'The secretary-general of the United Nations ( UNSG or just SG ) is the head of the United Nations Secretariat , one of the six principal organs of the United Nations . The secretary-general serves as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations . The role of the United Nations Secretariat , and of the secretary-general in particular , is laid out by Chapter XV ( Articles 97 to 101 ) of the United Nations Charter . As of 2020 , the secretary-general is António Guterres of Portugal , appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nadia Younes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadia_Younes', 'summary': 'Nadia Younes ( Arabic : نادية يونس ; June 13 , 1946 - August 19 , 2003 ) was an Egyptian national who spent her entire career , for over 33 years , in the United Nations ( UN ) and the World Health Organization , rising to high-level posts in a variety of areas . She was born in Cairo , Egypt , and earned a Master of Arts degree in political science and international relations from New York University , and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from Cairo University . She spoke French , English and Arabic fluently .'}]}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Chief of Staff for Vieira de Mello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiona Watson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fiona_Watson', 'summary': "Fiona Watson ( 1968 - 19 August 2003 ) was a Scottish political affairs officer working in Sérgio Vieira de Mello 's office who was killed along with other members of United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq staff in the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad , on the afternoon of 19 August 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': "Member of Vieira de Mello 's staff , political affairs officer", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Sélim Kanaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Sélim_Kanaan', 'summary': 'Jean-Sélim Kanaan ( July 28 , 1970 - August 19 , 2003 ) was a United Nations ( UN ) diplomat , Egyptian , Italian and French national , who was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad , Iraq , along with Sérgio Vieira de Mello and other members of his staff . Born in Rome , Italy , he was the son of an Egyptian UN diplomat , and he spoke seven languages .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egypt Italy France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Member of Vieira de Mello 's staff , political officer", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Hooper', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Senior advisor to the UN Under-Secretary-General for the Department of Political Affairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations', 'summary': 'An Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations ( USG ) is a senior official within the United Nations System , normally appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Secretary-General for a renewable term of four years . Under-Secretary-General is the third highest rank in the United Nations , after the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General . The rank is held by the heads of different UN entities , certain high officials of the United Nations Secretariat , and high-level envoys . The United Nations regards the rank as equal to that of a cabinet minister of a member state , and under-secretaries-general have diplomatic immunity under the UN Charter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_Affairs', 'summary': "The United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs ( DPPA ) is a department of the Secretariat of the United Nations ( UN ) with responsibility for monitoring and assessing global political developments and advising and assisting the UN Secretary General and his envoys in the peaceful prevention and resolution of conflict around the world . The department manages field-based political missions in Africa , Central Asia , and the Middle East , and has in recent years been increasing its professional capacities in conflict mediation and preventive diplomacy . DPPA also oversees UN electoral assistance to Member States of the organization . Established in 1992 , the department 's responsibilities also include providing secretariat support to the UN Security Council and two standing committees created by the General Assembly concerning the Rights of the Palestinian People and Decolonization . DPPA is based at the UN Headquarters in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Martín-Oar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Naval captain , assistant to the Spanish special ambassador to Iraq', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Klein-Beekman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': "UN Children 's Fund 's program coordinator", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/UN_Children's_Fund", 'summary': "The United Nations Children 's Fund is a United Nations agency responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide . Operating out of U.N. headquarters in New York City , it is among the most widespread and recognizable social welfare organizations in the world , with a presence in 192 countries and territories . UNICEF 's activities include immunizations and disease prevention , administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV , enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition , improving sanitation , promoting education , and providing emergency relief in response to disasters . UNICEF has its origins in the International Childrens Emergency Fund ( ICEF ) , created in 1946 by the U.N . Relief Rehabilitation Administration to provide immediate relief and healthcare to children and mothers affected by World War II . The same year , at the urging of Polish physician Ludwik Rajchman , the U.N. General Assembly established the United Nations International Children 's Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) to further institutionalize its post-war relief work . In 1950 , UNICEF 's mandate was extended to address the long-term needs of children and women , particularly in developing countries , and in 1953 it became a permanent part of the United Nations System . The agency 's name was subsequently changed to its current form , though it retains the original acronym . UNICEF relies entirely on contributions from governments and private donors . Its total income as of 2018 was $ 5.2 billion , of which two-thirds came from governments ; private groups and individuals contributed the rest through national committees . It is governed by a 36-member executive board that establishes policies , approves programs , and oversees administrative and financial plans . The board is made up of government representatives elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council , usually for three-year terms ."}]}, {'value': 'Reham Al-Farra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reham_Al-Farra', 'summary': 'Reham Al-Farra ( 1974 - 2003 ) was a Jordanian diplomat and journalist who was murdered in the Canal Hotel bombing in 2003 . She had served as a Minister of Public Information and for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan', 'summary': "Jordan ( Arabic : الأردن Al-ʾUrdunn [ al.ʔur.dunː ] ) , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ( Arabic : المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية Al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah ) , is an Arab country in Western Asia , on the East Bank of the Jordan River . Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and the east , Iraq to the north-east , Syria to the north and Israel and the Palestinian West Bank to the west . The Dead Sea is located along its western borders and the country has a 26-kilometre ( 16 mi ) coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west . Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia , Africa and Europe . The capital , Amman , is Jordan 's most populous city as well as the country 's economic , political and cultural centre . What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period . Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age : Ammon , Moab and Edom . Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom , the Roman Empire , and the Ottoman Empire . After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I , the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France . The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite , then Emir , Abdullah I , and the emirate became a British protectorate . In 1946 , Jordan became an independent state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan , but was renamed in 1949 to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after the country captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in 1967 . Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988 , and became one of two Arab states to sign a peace treaty with Israel in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'Department of Public Information , Deputy Spokesperson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martha Teas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'UNOHCI Manager', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leen Assad Al-Qadi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'UNOHCI Information Assistant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ranillo Buenaventura', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'UNOHCI Secretary for Vieira de Mello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reza Hosseini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reza_Hosseini', 'summary': "Reza Hosseini ( 8 May 1960 - 19 August 2003 ) was a relief worker who was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Iraq . His colleagues valued him for his 'joie de vivre ' and great operational skill : He had an air of confidence that there were no problems that couldnt be overcome . And that confidence was contagious , one colleague wrote . Everyone who ever met him remembers his smile , which would light up the room . After moving out of the private sector , he worked for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Iran . He became the Chief of Operations at the International Organization for Migration in East Timor before taking up his post as humanitarian affairs officer for the United Nations in Iraq . He was born in Mashad , Iran , and earned a university degree in Business Administration from the University of Nebraska . He spoke English , Persian , Indonesian and Spanish . His wife 's name is Zari shakeri born in 16 July 1971 And he had 2 children : 1. a son named Yazdan , He was born in 16 November 1995 . 2. a girl named Yasaman , She was born in 14 June 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': 'UNOHCI Humanitarian affairs officer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ihsan Taha Husein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'UNOHCI Driver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basim Mahmoud Utaiwi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'UNOHCI Security guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raid Shaker Mustafa Al-Mahdawi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'United Nations Monitoring , Verification and Inspection Commission ( UNMOVIC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission', 'summary': "The United Nations Monitoring , Verification and Inspection Commission ( UNMOVIC ) was created through the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution 1284 of 17 December 1999 and its mission lasted until June 2007 . UNMOVIC was meant to replace the former United Nations Special Commission ( UNSCOM ) to carry on with the mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction ( WMDs ) , and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq 's compliance with its obligations not to reacquire the same weapons banned by the Security Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Gillian Clark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gillian_Clark_(aid_worker)', 'summary': "Gillian M. Clark ( 1956 - August 19 , 2003 ) was a Canadian aid worker who was killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Iraq . Ms. Clark was working for the Christian Children 's Fund ( CCF ) at the time ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': "Christian Children 's Fund", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Christian_Children's_Fund", 'summary': "ChildFund , formerly known as Christian Children 's Fund , is a child development organization based in Richmond , Virginia , United States . It provides assistance to deprived , excluded and vulnerable children in 30 countries , including the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Helton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Helton', 'summary': "Arthur Helton ( January 24 , 1949 - August 19 , 2003 ) was a lawyer , refugee advocate , teacher and author . He died in the 2003 Canal Hotel bombing while he was in Baghdad to assess humanitarian conditions in Iraq . Helton graduated from Columbia College , Columbia University in New York City in 1971 and from New York University School of Law in 1976 . Helton joined the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights in New York City in 1982 , and in his first year convinced a federal judge to release over 2000 Haitians by promising to find lawyers to represent the fugitives . In 1994 , Helton founded and then directed the Forced Migration Projects at the Open Society Institute . From 1999 , Helton served as program director of peace and conflict studies and senior fellow for refugee studies and preventive action at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City . Helton 's last book was The Price of Indifference - Refugees and Humanitarian Action in the New Century ] The work was praised by Kofi Annan , who proclaimed it .a welcome contribution to the debate on humanitarian action It won praise from Kofi Annan as highly original and ambitious . Kenneth Bacon , the president of Refugees International , called it required reading . Human Right Watch lauded his hard-nosed and persuasive advocacy . Helton was not just an analyst ; he took action . The head of the Lawyers Committee , Michael Posner , said .Arthur was legendarily hard working and tenacious.Refugees around the world have lost .one of their leading lights ."}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Director of peace and conflict studies at the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations', 'summary': 'The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR ) , founded in 1921 , is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs . It is headquartered in New York City , with an additional office in Washington , D.C. Its membership , which numbers 4,900 , has included senior politicians , more than a dozen secretaries of state , CIA directors , bankers , lawyers , professors and senior media figures . The CFR meetings convene government officials , global business leaders and prominent members of the intelligence and foreign-policy community to discuss international issues . CFR publishes the bi-monthly journal Foreign Affairs , and runs the David Rockefeller Studies Program , which influences foreign policy by making recommendations to the presidential administration and diplomatic community , testifying before Congress , interacting with the media , and publishing on foreign policy issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Alya Ahmad Souza', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'World Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Bank', 'summary': "The World Bank ( French : Banque mondiale ) is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects . It comprises of two institutions : the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , and the International Development Association ( IDA ) . The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group . The World Bank 's most recent stated goal is the reduction of poverty . As of November 2018 , the largest recipients of World Bank loans were India ( $ 859 million in 2018 ) and China ( $ 370 million in 2018 ) , through loans from IBRD ."}]}, {'value': 'Khidir Saleem Sahir', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Civilian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saad Hermis Abona', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': 'Working for a UN subcontractor ( Canal Hotel cafeteria worker )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subcontractor', 'summary': "A subcontractor is an individual or in many cases a business that signs a contract to perform part or all of the obligations of another 's contract . A subcontractor is a company or person who is hired by a general contractor ( or prime contractor , or main contractor ) to perform a specific task as part of the overall project and is normally paid for services provided to the project by the originating general contractor . While the most common concept of a subcontractor is in building works and civil engineering , the range of opportunities for subcontractor is much wider and it is possible that the greatest number now operate in the information technology and information sectors of business . The incentive to hire subcontractors is either to reduce costs or to mitigate project risks . In this way , the general contractor receives the same or better service than the general contractor could have provided by itself , at lower overall risk . Many subcontractors do work for the same companies rather than different ones . This allows subcontractors to further specialize their skills . Some subcontractors also work under Pay-If-Paid clauses where a general contractor will work with subcontractors and the subcontractor is only paid if and when the general contractor is paid for their duties ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of victims', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Canal_Hotel_bombing_0', 'intro': "The Canal Hotel bombing was a suicide truck bombing in Baghdad, Iraq, in the afternoon of August 19, 2003. It killed at least 22 people, including the United Nations' Special Representative in Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello, and wounded over 100, including prominent human rights lawyer and political activist Amin Mekki Medani. The blast targeted the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq created just 5 days earlier. (The United Nations had used the hotel as its headquarters in Iraq since the early 1990s.) That 19 August bombing resulted in the withdrawal within weeks of most of the 600 UN staff members from Iraq. These events were to have a profound and lasting impact on the UN's security practices globally. The attack was followed by a suicide car bomb attack on 22 September 2003 near U.N. headquarters in Baghdad, killing a security guard and wounding 19 people. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of terrorist organization Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, in April 2004 claimed responsibility for the 19 August blast."}
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What was the nationality of the oldest person involved in the bombing ?
Egyptian
09a130e579869a7f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cultural_Council', 'title': 'World Cultural Council', 'header': ['Year', 'Award Recipients', 'Ceremony Host', 'Ceremony Site', 'Ceremony Host Country', 'Ceremony Date'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhong Lin Wang , Paulo Branco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhong_Lin_Wang', 'summary': "Zhong Lin ( ZL ) Wang ( Chinese : 王中林 ; pinyin : Wáng Zhōnglín ; born 1961 in Shaanxi , China ) is a Chinese-born American physicist , materials scientist and engineer specialized in nanotechnology and energy science . He received his PhD from Arizona State University in 1987 . He is the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering and Regents ' Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology , USA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paulo_Branco', 'summary': 'Paulo Branco ( born 3 June 1950 ) is a Portuguese film producer .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tsukuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba', 'summary': 'The University of Tsukuba ( 筑波大学 , Tsukuba daigaku ) , located in Tsukuba , Ibaraki , is one of the oldest national universities ( established by Japanese Government ) and one of the most prestigious universities in Japan . The university has 28 college clusters and schools with around 16,500 students ( as of 2014 ) . The main Tsukuba campus covers an area of 258 hectares ( 636 acres ) , making it the second largest single campus in Japan . The branch campus is in Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , which offers graduate programs for working adults in the capital and manages K-12 schools in Tokyo that are attached to the university .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba', 'summary': 'The University of Tsukuba ( 筑波大学 , Tsukuba daigaku ) , located in Tsukuba , Ibaraki , is one of the oldest national universities ( established by Japanese Government ) and one of the most prestigious universities in Japan . The university has 28 college clusters and schools with around 16,500 students ( as of 2014 ) . The main Tsukuba campus covers an area of 258 hectares ( 636 acres ) , making it the second largest single campus in Japan . The branch campus is in Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , which offers graduate programs for working adults in the capital and manages K-12 schools in Tokyo that are attached to the university .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tsukuba', 'summary': 'Tsukuba ( つくば市 , Tsukuba-shi ) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 239,747 , and a population density of 845 persons per km² . Its total area is 283.72 square kilometres ( 109.54 square miles ) . It is known as the location of the Tsukuba Science City ( 筑波研究学園都市 , Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi ) , a planned science park developed in the 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 4 , 2019 ( planned )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Changeux , Malik Mâaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux', 'summary': 'Jean-Pierre Changeux ( French : [ ʃɑ̃ʒø ] ; born 6 April 1936 ) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology , from the structure and function of proteins ( with a focus on the allosteric proteins ) , to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions . Although being famous in biological sciences for the MWC model , the identification and purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection are also notable scientific achievements . Changeux is known by the non-scientific public for his ideas regarding the connection between mind and physical brain . As put forth in his book , Conversations on Mind , Matter and Mathematics , Changeux strongly supports the view that the nervous system functions in a projective rather than reactive style and that interaction with the environment , rather than being instructive , results in the selection amongst a diversity of preexisting internal representations .'}]}, {'value': 'City University of Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'City University of Hong Kong ( CityU or CityUHK ) is a public research university in Kowloon , Hong Kong . It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994 . It is one of eight government-funded degree-granting tertiary institutions . The university has five colleges and four schools : the College of Business , College of Engineering , College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , College of Science , Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences , and the School of Creative Media , School of Data Science , School of Energy and Environment and School of Law . As of 2019 , CityU ranks 15th in Asia by THE , 4th in young universities , and 52nd internationally by QS .'}]}, {'value': 'City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'City University of Hong Kong ( CityU or CityUHK ) is a public research university in Kowloon , Hong Kong . It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994 . It is one of eight government-funded degree-granting tertiary institutions . The university has five colleges and four schools : the College of Business , College of Engineering , College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , College of Science , Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences , and the School of Creative Media , School of Data Science , School of Energy and Environment and School of Law . As of 2019 , CityU ranks 15th in Asia by THE , 4th in young universities , and 52nd internationally by QS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omar M. Yaghi , Russell Hartenberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi', 'summary': 'Omar M. Yaghi ( Arabic : عمر مونّس ياغي ; born February 9 , 1965 ) is the James and Neeltje Tretter Chair Professor of Chemistry at the University of California , Berkeley , and an elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Leiden University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leiden_University', 'summary': "Leiden University ( commonly abbreviated as LEI ; Dutch : Universiteit Leiden ) is a public research university in Leiden , Netherlands . Founded in 1575 by William , Prince of Orange as a reward to the town of Leiden for its defense against Spanish attacks during the Eighty Years ' War , it is the oldest institution of higher education in the Netherlands . Known for its historic foundations and emphasis on the social sciences , the university came into particular prominence during the Dutch Golden Age , when scholars from around Europe were attracted to the Dutch Republic due to its climate of intellectual tolerance and Leiden 's international reputation . During this time , Leiden became the home to individuals such as René Descartes , Rembrandt , Christiaan Huygens , Hugo Grotius , Baruch Spinoza and Baron d'Holbach . The university has seven academic faculties and over fifty subject departments while housing more than 40 national and international research institutes . Its historical primary campus consists of buildings scattered across the college town of Leiden , while a second campus located in The Hague houses a liberal arts college and several of its faculties . It is a member of the Coimbra Group , the Europaeum , and a founding member of the League of European Research Universities . Leiden University has been placed in the top 100 universities in the world by three major ranking tables . It was placed top 50 worldwide in thirteen fields of study in the 2020 QS World University Rankings : classics & ancient history , politics , archaeology , anthropology , history , pharmacology , law , public policy , religious studies , arts & humanities , linguistics , modern languages and sociology . The school has produced twenty-one Spinoza Prize Laureates and sixteen Nobel Laureates , including Enrico Fermi and Albert Einstein . It is closely associated with the Dutch Royal Family , with Queen Juliana , Queen Beatrix and King Willem-Alexander being former alumni . Ten prime ministers of the Netherlands were also Leiden University alumnus , including incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte ."}]}, {'value': 'Pieterskerk , Leiden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pieterskerk,_Leiden', 'summary': 'The Pieterskerk is a late-Gothic church in Leiden dedicated to Saint Peter . It is known today as the church of the Pilgrim Fathers , where the pastor John Robinson was buried . It is also the burial place of the scientist Willebrord Snellius .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Witten , Kalevi Ekman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Witten', 'summary': "Edward Witten ( born August 26 , 1951 ) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey . Witten is a researcher in string theory , quantum gravity , supersymmetric quantum field theories , and other areas of mathematical physics . In addition to his contributions to physics , Witten 's work has significantly impacted pure mathematics . In 1990 , he became the first physicist to be awarded a Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union , awarded for his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in general relativity ."}]}, {'value': 'Riga Technical University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riga_Technical_University', 'summary': 'Riga Technical University ( RTU ) ( Latvian : Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte ) is the oldest technical university in the Baltics established on October 14 , 1862 . It is Located in Riga , Latvia it was previously known as Riga Polytechnical Institute and Riga Polytechnicum .'}]}, {'value': 'National Library of Latvia , Riga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia', 'summary': "The National Library of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka ) also known as Castle of Light ( Gaismas pils ) is a national cultural institution under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture of Latvia . The National Library of Latvia was formed in 1919 after the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed in 1918 . The first supervisor of the Library was Jānis Misiņš , a librarian and the founder of the Latvian scientific bibliography ( 1862-1945 ) . Today the Library plays an important role in the development of Latvia 's information society , providing Internet access to residents and supporting research and lifelong education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Riga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}]}, {'value': 'Latvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latvia', 'summary': "Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'October 14 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ewine van Dishoeck , Milton Masciadri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck', 'summary': 'Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck ( born 13 June 1955 in Leiden ) is a Dutch astronomer and chemist . She is Professor of Molecular Astrophysics at Leiden Observatory , and the president of the International Astronomical Union . She is one of the pioneers of astrochemistry , and her research is aimed at determination of the structure of cosmic objects using their molecular spectra . Van Dishoeck works on interstellar molecules ; physical and chemical evolution during star formation and planet formation ; submillimeter and mid-infrared astronomy ; basic molecular processes ; and the radiative transfer of line and continuum radiation . She was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Dundee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Dundee', 'summary': "The University of Dundee ( abbreviated as Dund . for post-nominals ) is a public research university in Dundee , Scotland . Founded in 1881 the institution was , for most of its early existence , a constituent college of the University of St Andrews alongside United College and St Mary 's College located in the town of St Andrews itself . Following significant expansion , the University of Dundee gained independent university status in 1967 while retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure . The main campus of the university is located in Dundee 's West End which contains many of the university 's teaching and research facilities ; the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design , Dundee Law School and the Dundee Dental Hospital and School . The university has additional facilities at Ninewells Hospital , containing its school of medicine ; Perth Royal Infirmary , which houses a clinical research centre ; and in Kirkcaldy , Fife , containing part of its school of nursing and health sciences . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £246.2 million of which £74 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £255.2 million . It is ranked within the top 300 universities in the world and within the top 40 in the UK by national university rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Caird Hall , Dundee , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caird_Hall', 'summary': "Caird Hall is a concert auditorium located in Dundee , Scotland . It was built between 1914 and 1923 and is named after its benefactor , jute baron James Key Caird . It was designed by the town architect James Thomson , assisted by Vernon Constable . The foundation stone was laid by King George V and Queen Mary on 10 July 1914 . The venue has a capacity of 2,300 fully seated , but can be subdivided or converted to standing where required . The hall 's pipe organ was built in 1923 by Harrison & Harrison , who also completed a restoration in 1992 . The decorative plaster work was produced by H. H. Martyn & Company of Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , holders of the Royal Warrant . Caird Hall regularly hosts the Royal Scottish National Orchestra . The hall is used for graduation ceremonies from the University of Dundee , the University of Abertay Dundee and Dundee and Angus College , as well as other significant university events such as the former university 's Rectorial Installation and Principal 's welcome to first year students . The exterior of Caird Hall was used as a location during the filming of the Alan Bennett scripted An Englishman Abroad ( 1983 ) . It was decorated with placards of communist leaders , it took the part of a theatre in Moscow ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Cohen , Federico Rosei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)', 'summary': "Sir Philip Cohen FRS FRSE FMedSci ( born 22 July 1945 ) is a British researcher , academic and Royal Medal winner based at the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit , School of Life Sciences at the University of Dundee . During the 1990s he was the world 's third most cited professor ( and the second most cited in the fields of biology and biochemistry ) and has been described by Professor Garry Taylor of the University of St Andrews as one of the worlds top scientists . and by Professor Sir Peter Downes as arguably the UK 's leading biochemist and an iconic figure in UK science . As of 2008 he has written over 470 peer-reviewed papers and given over 250 invited lectures in 33 countries , and has been repeatedly linked to a move of biotechnology companies to Dundee and the economic regeneration that came with it , to the point where 15% of the local economy is derived from biotech companies and their employees . His work has also seen Dundee attracting some of the world 's best scientists , with over 1% of the world 's most cited scientists residing in Dundee and fundraising of more than £35 million over the last 10 years to help attract them ."}]}, {'value': 'Aalto University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalto_University', 'summary': "Aalto University ( Finnish : Aalto-yliopisto ; Swedish : Aalto-universitetet ) is a university located in Espoo , Finland . It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities : the Helsinki University of Technology ( established 1849 ) , the Helsinki School of Economics ( established 1904 ) , and the University of Art and Design Helsinki ( established 1871 ) . The close collaboration between the scientific , business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research . The Finnish government , in 2010 , set out to create a university that fosters innovation , merging the three institutions into one . The university is composed of six schools with close to 17,500 students and 4,000 staff members , making it Finland 's second largest university . The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi , Espoo . Aalto University Executive Education operates in the district of Töölö , Helsinki . In addition to the Greater Helsinki area , the university also operates its Bachelor 's Programme in International Business in Mikkeli and the Metsähovi Radio Observatory in Kirkkonummi . Aalto University 's operations showcase Finlands experiment in higher education . The Aalto Design Factory , Aalto Ventures Program and Aalto Entrepreneurship Society ( Aaltoes ) , among others , drive the university 's mission for a radical shift towards multidisciplinary learning and have contributed substantially to the emergence of Helsinki as a hotbed for startups . [ citation needed ] Aaltoes is Europes largest and most active student run entrepreneurship community that has founded major concepts such as the Startup Sauna accelerator program and the Slush startup event . The university is named in honour of Alvar Aalto , a prominent Finnish architect , designer and alumnus of the former Helsinki University of Technology , who was also instrumental in designing a large part of the university 's main campus in Otaniemi ."}]}, {'value': 'Otakaari 1 Building , Aalto University , Espoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalto_University', 'summary': "Aalto University ( Finnish : Aalto-yliopisto ; Swedish : Aalto-universitetet ) is a university located in Espoo , Finland . It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities : the Helsinki University of Technology ( established 1849 ) , the Helsinki School of Economics ( established 1904 ) , and the University of Art and Design Helsinki ( established 1871 ) . The close collaboration between the scientific , business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research . The Finnish government , in 2010 , set out to create a university that fosters innovation , merging the three institutions into one . The university is composed of six schools with close to 17,500 students and 4,000 staff members , making it Finland 's second largest university . The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi , Espoo . Aalto University Executive Education operates in the district of Töölö , Helsinki . In addition to the Greater Helsinki area , the university also operates its Bachelor 's Programme in International Business in Mikkeli and the Metsähovi Radio Observatory in Kirkkonummi . Aalto University 's operations showcase Finlands experiment in higher education . The Aalto Design Factory , Aalto Ventures Program and Aalto Entrepreneurship Society ( Aaltoes ) , among others , drive the university 's mission for a radical shift towards multidisciplinary learning and have contributed substantially to the emergence of Helsinki as a hotbed for startups . [ citation needed ] Aaltoes is Europes largest and most active student run entrepreneurship community that has founded major concepts such as the Startup Sauna accelerator program and the Slush startup event . The university is named in honour of Alvar Aalto , a prominent Finnish architect , designer and alumnus of the former Helsinki University of Technology , who was also instrumental in designing a large part of the university 's main campus in Otaniemi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Espoo', 'summary': 'Espoo ( Finnish : [ ˈespoː ] ; Swedish : Esbo [ ˈɛ̌sːbɔ ] , [ check IPA ] Finland Swedish : [ ˈesːbo ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest city and municipality in Finland . It is part of the Finnish Capital Region , along with the cities of Helsinki , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and most of its population lives in the inner urban core of the Helsinki metropolitan area . Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa , while enclosing Kauniainen . Other bordering municipalities of Espoo are Nurmijärvi and Vihti in the north , and Kirkkonummi in the west . The city is located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , in the region of Uusimaa , and has a population of 284,444 . Espoo encompasses 528 square kilometres ( 204 sq mi ) , of which 312 km2 ( 120 sq mi ) is land . The national park of Nuuksio is situated in northwestern Espoo . Espoo does not have a traditional city center , having instead several local regional centers . Espoo is thus divided into seven major areas ( Finnish : suuralueet , Swedish : storområden ) : Vanha-Espoo ( with administrative center ) , Suur-Espoonlahti , Pohjois-Espoo , Suur-Kauklahti , Suur-Leppävaara , Suur-Matinkylä , and Suur-Tapiola . Aalto University is based in Otaniemi , Espoo , along with a thriving science community that includes numerous startups and organizations such as VTT - the Technical Research Center of Finland . Several major companies are based in Espoo , including Nokia , HMD Global , Tieto , KONE , Neste , Fortum , Orion Corporation , Outokumpu , and Foreca , as well as video game developers Rovio and Remedy Entertainment . The city of Espoo is officially bilingual .'}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Nurse , Petteri Nisunen , Tommi Grönlund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Nurse', 'summary': 'Sir Paul Maxime Nurse FRS FMedSci HonFREng HonFBA MAE ( born 25 January 1949 ) , is an English geneticist , former President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute . He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the cell cycle .'}]}, {'value': 'Nanyang Technological University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University', 'summary': "The Nanyang Technological University , Singapore ( NTU ) is the second oldest public autonomous research university in Singapore . With a population of 33,500 students and 10,000 faculty and staff , NTU is the second largest university in Singapore . The University is organised into eight colleges and schools , including the College of Engineering , College of Science , Nanyang Business School , Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , and College of Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . NTU is also home to several autonomous institutions such as Singapore 's National Institute of Education , S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Earth Observatory of Singapore , Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Institute on Asian Consumer Insight , and the recently launched NTU Institute of Science and Technology for Humanity . NTU 's main campus covers 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) of land , making it the largest university campus in Singapore . The primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore , along 50 Nanyang Avenue . It also has two other campuses in Singapore 's healthcare and start-up districts , Novena and one-north respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Nanyang Auditorium , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University', 'summary': "The Nanyang Technological University , Singapore ( NTU ) is the second oldest public autonomous research university in Singapore . With a population of 33,500 students and 10,000 faculty and staff , NTU is the second largest university in Singapore . The University is organised into eight colleges and schools , including the College of Engineering , College of Science , Nanyang Business School , Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , and College of Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . NTU is also home to several autonomous institutions such as Singapore 's National Institute of Education , S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Earth Observatory of Singapore , Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Institute on Asian Consumer Insight , and the recently launched NTU Institute of Science and Technology for Humanity . NTU 's main campus covers 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) of land , making it the largest university campus in Singapore . The primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore , along 50 Nanyang Avenue . It also has two other campuses in Singapore 's healthcare and start-up districts , Novena and one-north respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 2 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Grätzel , Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Grätzel', 'summary': "Michael Grätzel ( born 11 May 1944 , in Dorfchemnitz , Saxony , Germany ) is a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne where he directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces . He pioneered research on energy and electron transfer reactions in mesoscopic-materials and their optoelectronic applications . He co-invented with Brian O'Regan the Grätzel cell in 1988 . Author of over 1000 publications , two books and inventor or co-inventor of over 80 patents , he has been the Mary Upton Visiting Professor at Cornell University and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore , and is currently a Distinguished Scientist at King Abdulaziz University . He was an Invited Professor at the University of California , Berkeley , the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay and Delft University of Technology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Gumbrecht', 'summary': "Hans Ulrich Sepp Gumbrecht ( born 1948 ) is a literary theorist whose work spans philology , philosophy , semiotics , literary and cultural history , and epistemologies of the everyday . As of June 14 , 2018 , he is Albert Guérard Professor Emeritus in Literature at Stanford University . Since 1989 , he held the Albert Guérard Chair as Professor in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French and Italian in Stanford 's Division of Literatures , Languages , and Cultures . By courtesy , he was also affiliated with the Departments of German Studies , Iberian and Latin American Cultures , and the Program in Modern Thought and Literature . Gumbrecht 's writing on philosophy and modern thought extends from the Middle Ages to today and incorporates an array of disciplines and styles , at times combining historical and philosophical inquiry with elements of memoir . Much of Gumbrecht 's scholarship has focused on national literatures in French , Spanish , Portuguese , and German , and he is known for his work on the Western philosophical tradition , the materiality of presence , shifting views of the Enlightenment , forms of aesthetic experience , and the joys of watching sports . As well as publishing academic works and teaching graduate and undergraduate students at Stanford , Gumbrecht is recognized as a public intellectual in Europe and South America and contributes to a range of newspapers and journals in English , German , Portuguese , and Spanish ."}]}, {'value': 'Aarhus University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus_University', 'summary': "Aarhus University ( Danish : Aarhus Universitet , abbreviated AU ) is the largest and second oldest research university in Denmark [ nb 1 ] . The University is ranked among the top 100 world 's best universities , belongs to the Coimbra Group , the Guild , and Utrecht Network of European universities and is a member of the European University Association . The university was founded in Aarhus , Denmark , in 1928 and comprises four faculties in Arts , Science and Technology , Health , and Business and Social Sciences and has a total of twenty-seven departments . It is home to over thirty internationally recognised research centres , including fifteen Centres of Excellence funded by the Danish National Research Foundation . The business school within Aarhus University , called Aarhus BSS , holds the EFMD ( European Foundation for Management Development ) Equis accreditation , the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) . This makes the business school of Aarhus University one of the few in the world to hold the so-called Triple Crown accreditation . Times Higher Education ranks Aarhus University in the top 10 of the most beautiful universities in Europe ( 2018 ) . The university 's alumni include Bjarne Stroustrup , the inventor of programming language C++ , Queen Margrethe II of Denmark , Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark , and Anders Fogh Rasmussen , former Prime Minister of Denmark and a Secretary General of NATO . It has affiliations with three Nobel Laureates : Jens Christian Skou in Chemistry ( 1997 ) , Trygve Haavelmo in Economics ( 1989 ) and Dale T. Mortensen in Economics ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'The Main Hall , Aarhus University , Aarhus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus_University', 'summary': "Aarhus University ( Danish : Aarhus Universitet , abbreviated AU ) is the largest and second oldest research university in Denmark [ nb 1 ] . The University is ranked among the top 100 world 's best universities , belongs to the Coimbra Group , the Guild , and Utrecht Network of European universities and is a member of the European University Association . The university was founded in Aarhus , Denmark , in 1928 and comprises four faculties in Arts , Science and Technology , Health , and Business and Social Sciences and has a total of twenty-seven departments . It is home to over thirty internationally recognised research centres , including fifteen Centres of Excellence funded by the Danish National Research Foundation . The business school within Aarhus University , called Aarhus BSS , holds the EFMD ( European Foundation for Management Development ) Equis accreditation , the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) . This makes the business school of Aarhus University one of the few in the world to hold the so-called Triple Crown accreditation . Times Higher Education ranks Aarhus University in the top 10 of the most beautiful universities in Europe ( 2018 ) . The university 's alumni include Bjarne Stroustrup , the inventor of programming language C++ , Queen Margrethe II of Denmark , Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark , and Anders Fogh Rasmussen , former Prime Minister of Denmark and a Secretary General of NATO . It has affiliations with three Nobel Laureates : Jens Christian Skou in Chemistry ( 1997 ) , Trygve Haavelmo in Economics ( 1989 ) and Dale T. Mortensen in Economics ( 2010 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aarhus', 'summary': 'Aarhus ( /ˈɔːrhuːs/ , also US : /ˈɑːr-/ , Danish : [ ˈɒːˌhuˀs ] ( listen ) ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011 ) [ note 1 ] is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality . It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula , in the geographical centre of Denmark , 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres ( 180 mi ) north of Hamburg , Germany . The inner urban area contains 273,077 inhabitants ( as of 1 January 2018 [ update ] ) and the municipal population is 340,421 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . Aarhus is the central city in Business Region Aarhus and in the East Jutland metropolitan area , which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016 . The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century and with the first written records stemming from the bishopric seated here from at least 948 . The city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products . Market town privileges were granted in 1441 , but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades and bombardments during the Swedish Wars . In the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction . As the industrial revolution took hold , the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century . Today , Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade , services , industry , and tourism in Jutland . The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union , and as number 234 among world cities . It is also a top 100 conference city in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'April 18 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoffrey Ozin , Todd Siler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoffrey_Ozin', 'summary': "Geoffrey Alan Stuart Ozin FRSC ( born 23 August 1943 ) is a British chemist , currently Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Materials Chemistry and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Toronto . He graduated with a first-class honours degree in chemistry from King 's College London in 1965 , and obtained his PhD in inorganic chemistry at Oriel College , Oxford in 1967 . He was awarded the Meldola Medal and Prize in ( 1972 ) , the Rutherford Memorial Medal in 1982 , and the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Todd_Siler', 'summary': 'Todd Siler ( born August 23 , 1953 ) is an American multimedia artist , author , educator , and inventor , equally well known for his art and for his work in creativity research . A graduate of Bowdoin College , he became the first visual artist to be granted a PhD from MIT ( interdisciplinary studies in Psychology and Art , 1986 ) . Siler began advocating the full integration of the arts and sciences in the 1970s and is the founder of the ArtScience Program and movement .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Tartu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tartu', 'summary': "The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool , Latin : Universitas Tartuensis ) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia , and the only classical university in the country , and also the biggest and most prestigious university in Estonia . It was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor- General ( 1629-1634 ) of Swedish Livonia , Ingria and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by his long-time friend and former student - from age 7 - , King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before the king 's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) , during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618-1648 ) . Nearly 14,000 students are at the university , of whom over 1,300 are foreign students . The language of instruction in most curricula is Estonian , some more notable exceptions are taught in English , such as semiotics , applied measurement science , computer science , information technology law , and European Union - Russia studies . The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment . The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Assembly Hall , University of Tartu , Tartu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Tartu', 'summary': "The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool , Latin : Universitas Tartuensis ) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia , and the only classical university in the country , and also the biggest and most prestigious university in Estonia . It was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor- General ( 1629-1634 ) of Swedish Livonia , Ingria and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by his long-time friend and former student - from age 7 - , King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before the king 's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) , during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618-1648 ) . Nearly 14,000 students are at the university , of whom over 1,300 are foreign students . The language of instruction in most curricula is Estonian , some more notable exceptions are taught in English , such as semiotics , applied measurement science , computer science , information technology law , and European Union - Russia studies . The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment . The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tartu', 'summary': "Tartu ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈtɑrtˑu ] , South Estonian : Tarto ) is the second largest city of Estonia , after Estonia 's political and financial capital Tallinn . Tartu is often considered the intellectual centre of the country , especially since it is home to the nation 's oldest and most renowned university , the University of Tartu . The city also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia , the Ministry of Education and Research , and the new building of the Estonian National Museum , opened to the public in October 2016 . It is also the birthplace of Estonian Song Festivals . Situated 186 kilometres ( 116 miles ) southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres ( 152 miles ) northeast of Riga , Tartu lies on the Emajõgi ( Mother river ) , which connects the two largest lakes of Estonia . The city is served by Tartu Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Estonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 10 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julio Montaner , Christian Azar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julio_Montaner', 'summary': 'Julio S. G. Montaner , OC , M.D. , OBC D.Sc. , FRCPC , FCCP , FACP , FRSC ( born April 13 , 1956 ) is an Argentinean-Canadian physician , professor and researcher . He is the director of the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , the chair in AIDS Research and head of the Division of AIDS in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and the past-president of the International AIDS Society . He is also the director of the John Ruedy Immunodeficiency Clinic , and the Physician Program Director for HIV/AIDS PHC . He is known for his work on HAART ( Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ) , a role in the discovery of triple therapy as an effective treatment for HIV in the late 1990s , and a role in advocating the Treatment as Prevention Strategy in the mid-2000s , led by Myron Cohen of the HPTN 052 trial .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_del_Estado_de_México', 'summary': 'The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ( UAEM ) ( Autonomous University of Mexico State ) is a public university in the State of Mexico , Mexico . It is the largest university institution in the state with over 84,500 students , with its central campus located in the state capital of Toluca . Formalised as a university under the UAEM name in 1956 , the institution traces its origins back to 1828 with the foundation Instituto Literario del Estado de México , in the former state capital of Tlalpan . In 1943 the institution was augmented to become the Instituto Científico y Literario de Toluca ( ICLA ) , and thirteen years later obtaining its present name and institutional status . The UAEM has graduated many notable alumni , the best-known is the artist Mariana Galán .'}]}, {'value': 'Aula Magna Adolfo López Mateos , UAEM , Toluca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_del_Estado_de_México', 'summary': 'The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ( UAEM ) ( Autonomous University of Mexico State ) is a public university in the State of Mexico , Mexico . It is the largest university institution in the state with over 84,500 students , with its central campus located in the state capital of Toluca . Formalised as a university under the UAEM name in 1956 , the institution traces its origins back to 1828 with the foundation Instituto Literario del Estado de México , in the former state capital of Tlalpan . In 1943 the institution was augmented to become the Instituto Científico y Literario de Toluca ( ICLA ) , and thirteen years later obtaining its present name and institutional status . The UAEM has graduated many notable alumni , the best-known is the artist Mariana Galán .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toluca', 'summary': 'Toluca [ toˈluka ] , officially called Toluca de Lerdo [ toˈluka ðe ˈleɾðo ] , is the state capital of the State of Mexico as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca . It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area , now the fifth largest in Mexico . It is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) west-southwest of Mexico City , about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the city . According to the 2010 census , the city of Toluca has a population of 819,561 . The city is the fifth largest in Mexico by population . The municipality of Toluca , along with thirteen other municipalities , make up the metropolitan population of 2,116,506 in Greater Toluca as of 2015 [ update ] , making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John T. Houghton , Marcell Jankovics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_T._Houghton', 'summary': "Sir John Theodore Houghton CBE FRS FLSW ( born 30 December 1931 ) is a Welsh scientist who was the co-chair of the Nobel Peace Prize winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) scientific assessment working group . He was the lead editor of first three IPCC reports . He was professor in atmospheric physics at the University of Oxford , former Director General at the Met Office and founder of the Hadley Centre . He is the president of the John Ray Initiative , an organisation connecting Environment , Science and Christianity , where he has compared the stewardship of the Earth , to the stewardship of the Garden of Eden by Adam and Eve . He is a founder member of the International Society for Science and Religion . He is also the current president of the Victoria Institute ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marcell_Jankovics', 'summary': "Marcell Jankovics ( born 21 October 1941 ) is a Hungarian graphic artist , film director , animator and author . He received his Oscar nomination for the 1974 animated short movie Sisyphus . That movie was used for a GMC Yukon Hybrid ad during the 2008 Super Bowl based on an agreement between the Hungarian film studio Pannónia and GM . He also received a Palme d'Or for the short movie The Struggle at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival . He has been presented multiple awards at the Kecskemét Animation Film Festival since 1985 . In 2009 , he was presented the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts His fourth feature film The Tragedy of Man was in production from 1988 until its release in 2011 . He was born in Budapest , Hungary . From 1955 he attended the Pannonhalma Benedictine Secondary School . He started working at Pannónia in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}]}, {'value': 'Salle Académique , University of Liège , Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liège', 'summary': 'Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ada Yonath , William G. Bowen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ada_Yonath', 'summary': 'Ada E. Yonath ( Hebrew : עדה יונת , pronounced [ ˈada joˈnat ] ) ( born 22 June 1939 ) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome . She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science . In 2009 , she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome , becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates , the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences , and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_G._Bowen', 'summary': 'William Gordon Bowen ( /ˈboʊən/ ; October 6 , 1933 - October 20 , 2016 ) was President Emeritus of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation where he served as President from 1988 to 2006 . He was the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Richardson Auditorium , Alexander Hall , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)', 'summary': 'Richardson Auditorium in Alexander Hall is a historic 900-seat Richardsonian Romanesque performance hall at Princeton University in Princeton , New Jersey . It is home to both the Princeton University Orchestra and the Princeton Symphony Orchestra .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Princeton_University', 'summary': "Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States , that was established in its current form on January 1 , 2013 , through the consolidation of the now-defunct Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the municipality 's population was 28,572 , reflecting the former township 's population of 16,265 , along with the 12,307 in the former borough . Princeton was founded before the American Revolutionary War . It is the home of Princeton University , which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from its previous location in Newark . Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town , other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study , Westminster Choir College , Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton Theological Seminary , Opinion Research Corporation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Siemens Corporate Research , SRI International , FMC Corporation , The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , Amrep , Church and Dwight , Berlitz International , and Dow Jones & Company . Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia . It is close to many major highways that serve both cities ( e.g . Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 ) , and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each . It is also close to Trenton , New Jersey 's capital city , and Edison . The New Jersey governor 's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945 , when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor 's mansion . It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket , a colonial mansion located in the former Township . Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 11 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fraser Stoddart , Anne Moeglin-Delcroix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart', 'summary': 'Sir James Fraser Stoddart FRS FRSE FRSC ( born 24 May 1942 ) is a Scottish chemist who is Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University in the United States . He works in the area of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology . Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings , catenanes and rotaxanes utilizing molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes . He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches . His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems ( NEMS ) . His efforts have been recognized by numerous awards including the 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science . He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 2016 for the design and synthesis of molecular machines .'}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_de_Nuevo_León', 'summary': 'The Autonomous University of Nuevo León ( Spanish : Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , UANL ) is a public university with seven campuses across the Northern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . Founded as University of Nuevo León on 25 September 1933 , it is the third largest public university in Mexico in terms of student population and the most important institution of higher learning in Northeastern Mexico , which offers the highest number of academic programs . It is also the oldest university in the state , it is currently headquartered in San Nicolás de los Garza , a suburb of Monterrey . The UANL has seven distinct campuses : the Main Campus , which houses the Administration Building , Colleges of Law , Biological Sciences , Chemistry , Public Accounting and Philosophy , amongst others , as well as the Football Stadium , and other sport facilities . Other campuses include the Health Sciences Campus , the Mederos Humanities and Fine Arts campus , the Marin Agronomy Center , the Escobedo Agricultural Sciences Campus , the Linares Earth Sciences , and Forestry campus , as well as the Sabinas Hidalgo facilities , where extensions of the Colleges of Law , and Business are housed . The institution counts with 84 Libraries with a total of 2,238,000 Library volumes . It has 27 research facilities with 438 national researchers , 16 academic journals , 9 main campus bookstores , 25 student computer centers and 53 cafeterias . The University has been ranked by various organizations as one of the best public universities in Mexico and Latin America , it has been ranked 4th place in a publication of the Best Universities Of Mexico 2014 by the Rankia Organization in Mexico , and is ranked as one of the 10 most recognized universities in Mexico by a number of organizations like QS World University Rankings and the Mexican journal El Universal .'}]}, {'value': 'Teatro Universitario , Campus Mederos , Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monterrey', 'summary': "Monterrey ( /ˌmɒntəˈreɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ monteˈrei ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . The city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area , the second most productive in Mexico with a GDP ( PPP ) of US $ 123 billion , and the third largest with an estimated population of 4,689,601 people as of 2015 . Monterrey is also considered the city with the best quality of life in the country [ citation needed ] , and serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations . Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico 's at around US $ 35,500 , compared to the country 's US $ 18,800 . It is considered a Beta World City , cosmopolitan and competitive . Rich in history and culture , it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico . As an important industrial and business center , the city is also home to many Mexican companies , including Grupo Avante , Lanix Electronics , Ocresa , CEMEX , Vitro , OXXO , FEMSA , DINA S.A. , Gamesa , Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , and Grupo ALFA . Monterrey is also home to international companies such as Cognizant , Siemens , Accenture , MSCI , Ternium , Sony , Toshiba , Carrier , Whirlpool , Samsung , Toyota , Babcock & Wilcox , Daewoo , British American Tobacco , Nokia , Dell , Boeing , HTC , General Electric , Johnson Controls , LG , SAS Institute , Grundfos , Danfoss , Qualfon and Teleperformance , among others . Monterrey is in northeastern Mexico , at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental . The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596 . In the years after the Mexican War of Independence , Monterrey became an important business center . With the establishment of Fundidora Monterrey , the city has experienced great industrial growth ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'November 24 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Zewail , Marlene Scardamalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail', 'summary': 'Ahmed Hassan Zewail ( Arabic : أحمد حسن زويل , Egyptian Arabic : [ ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl ] ; February 26 , 1946 - August 2 , 2016 ) was an Egyptian-American chemist , known as the father of femtochemistry . He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field . He was the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of Chemistry , Professor of Physics , and the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Scardamalia', 'summary': 'Marlene Scardamalia is an education researcher , professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education , University of Toronto .'}]}, {'value': 'Instituto Politécnico Nacional', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Instituto_Politécnico_Nacional', 'summary': "The National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico ( Spanish : Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México . Spanish pronunciation : [ instiˈtuto poliˈtekniko nasjoˈnal ] ( listen ) ) , abbreviated IPN , is one of the largest public universities in Mexico with 171,581 students at the high school , undergraduate and postgraduate levels . It is the second best university in Mexico in the technical and engineering domain according to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2018 . It was founded on 1 January 1936 during the administration of President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río in order to provide professional education to the most disadvantaged social classes in that period , a practice that is maintained because it is one of the few vocational schools in the world . The institute consists of 98 academic units offering 293 courses of study . It includes 78 technical careers , 80 undergraduate and 135 postgraduate programs . Its main campus , called 'Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos ' or 'Zacatenco ' , is on approximately 530 acres ( 2.1 km2 ) north of Mexico City . The IPN is based primarily in Mexico City and its suburbs , but with several research institutes and facilities distributed over 22 states ."}]}, {'value': 'Sala Manuel M. Ponce , Palacio de Bellas Artes , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes', 'summary': 'The Palacio de Bellas Artes ( Palace of Fine Arts ) is a prominent cultural center in Mexico City . It has hosted some of the most notable events in music , dance , theatre , opera and literature and has held important exhibitions of painting , sculpture and photography . Consequently , the Palacio de Bellas Artes has been called the Cathedral of Art in Mexico . The building is located on the western side of the historic center of Mexico City next to the Alameda Central park . The first National Theater of Mexico was built in the late 19th century , but it was soon decided to tear this down in favor of a more opulent building in time for Centennial of the Mexican War of Independence in 1910 . The initial design and construction was undertaken by Italian architect Adamo Boari in 1904 , but complications arising from the soft subsoil and the political problem both before and during the Mexican Revolution , hindered then stopped construction completely by 1913 . Construction began again in 1932 under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal and was completed in 1934 . The exterior of the building is primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical and the interior is primarily Art Deco . The building is best known for its murals by Diego Rivera , Siqueiros and others , as well as the many exhibitions and theatrical performances its hosts , including the Ballet Folklórico de México .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hopfield , Enrique Norten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hopfield', 'summary': 'John Joseph Hopfield ( born July 15 , 1933 ) is an American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative neural network in 1982 . It is now more commonly known as the Hopfield Network .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Norten', 'summary': "Enrique Norten ( born c. 1954 ) , Hon . FAIA , is a Mexican architect and principal of the design firm TEN Arquitectos ( Taller de Enrique Norten Arquitectos ) . Norten was born in Mexico City in 1954 where he graduated from the Universidad Iberoamericana with a degree in architecture in 1978 . He obtained a Master of Architecture from Cornell University in 1980 . In 1986 , he founded TEN Arquitectos in Mexico City , initiating a lifelong commitment to architecture and design . In February 2008 , Enrique Norten was presented with the Excellence in Architecture and Design Award by PODER - Boston Consulting Group Business Awards , and in 2007 obtained the Legacy Award from the Smithsonian Institution for his contributions to the US arts and culture . In 2005 he received the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts by the World Cultural Council and was the first Mies van der Rohe Award recipient for Latin American Architecture in 1998 . Enrique Norten has lectured all over the world and has spoken at the Urban Age Conference , dedicated to shaping the thinking and practice of urban leaders and sustainable urban development through a worldwide investigation into the future of diverse cities around the world . Throughout his career , he has balanced the practice of architecture with a constant participation on international juries and award committees such as the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in New York City and the Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction . In 2006 he was appointed member of Deutsche Banks Board of Trustees and on successive years he has become a board member of the Mexican Cultural Institute of New York and the Americas Society/Council of the Americas . Enrique Norten holds the Miller Chair at the University of Pennsylvania , in Philadelphia since 1998 . He has held the O'Neil Ford Chair in Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin , the Lorch Professor of Architecture Chair at the University of Michigan , and the Elliot Noyes Visiting Design Critic at Harvard University ."}]}, {'value': 'Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universidad_Autónoma_Agraria_Antonio_Narro', 'summary': 'The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University or Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro in Spanish ( UAAAN ) is a public university in Mexico dedicated to the Agricultural , Silvicultural , Animal Production , food and Environmental Sciences . It is located 6 kilometers south of Saltillo , in the Mexican state of Coahuila . The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University is one of the most important agricultural college of America Latina and the Narro have national and international recognition in the agricultural and animal industry and the high academic level . There is also a campus in Torreón , Coahuila . It is also called Universidad Antonio Narro for short , or simply , La Narro . In 2008 the UAAAN has an enrollment of about 4,500 students in both campuses , all in agriculture and related sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Teatro de la Ciudad Fernando Soler , Saltillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saltillo', 'summary': 'Saltillo ( American Spanish : [ salˈtiʝo ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name . As of the 2015 census , Saltillo had a population of 807,537 people , while the population of itsmetropolitan area was 923,636 inhabitants , making Saltillo the largest city and the second-largest metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila , and the 19th most populated metropolitan area in the country . Saltillo is one of the most industrialized areas of the country and has one of the largest automotive clusters in Mexico , with plants such as Grupo Industrial Saltillo , General Motors , Fiat Automobiles , Chrysler , Daimler AG , Freightliner Trucks , Delphi , Plastic Omnium , Magna , and Nemak operating in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph J. Cicerone , David Attenborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone', 'summary': 'Ralph John Cicerone ( May 2 , 1943 - November 5 , 2016 ) was an American atmospheric scientist and administrator . From 1998 to 2005 , he was the chancellor of the University of California , Irvine . From 2005 to 2016 , he was the president of the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) . He was a renowned authority on climate change and atmospheric chemistry , and issued an early warning about the grave potential risks of climate change .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Attenborough', 'summary': 'Sir David Frederick Attenborough ( /ˈætənbrə/ ; born 8 May 1926 ) is an English broadcaster and natural historian . He is best known for writing and presenting , in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit , the nine natural history documentary series forming the Life collection that together constitute a comprehensive survey of animal and plant life on Earth . He is a former senior manager at the BBC , having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s . He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white , colour , HD , 3D and 4K . In 2018 and 2019 , he received Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator . Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in the UK , although he himself does not like the term . In 2002 , he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide poll for the BBC . He is the younger brother of the director , producer and actor Richard Attenborough , Baron Attenborough , and older brother of the motor executive John Attenborough .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}]}, {'value': 'Amphithéâtres de lEurope , University of Liège , Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Liège', 'summary': 'The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liège', 'summary': 'Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Rees , Otto Piene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Rees', 'summary': 'Martin John Rees , Baron Rees of Ludlow , OM , FRS , FREng , FMedSci , FRAS ( born 23 June 1942 ) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist . He has been Astronomer Royal since 1995 and was Master of Trinity College , Cambridge from 2004 to 2012 and President of the Royal Society between 2005 and 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Otto_Piene', 'summary': 'Otto Piene ( pronounced PEE-nah , 18 April 1928 - 17 July 2014 ) was a German-American artist specializing in kinetic and technology-based art , often working collaboratively . He lived and worked in Düsseldorf , Germany ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; and Groton , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Helsinki , Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Helsinki', 'summary': "The University of Helsinki ( Finnish : Helsingin yliopisto , Swedish : Helsingfors universitet , Latin : Universitas Helsingiensis , abbreviated UH ) is a university located in Helsinki , Finland since 1829 , but founded in the city of Turku ( in Swedish Åbo ) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo , at that time part of the Swedish Empire . It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available . Around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes . As of 1 August 2005 , the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor , Master , Licenciate , and Doctoral degrees . Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations , in the case of bachelor 's degrees , and by prior degree results , in the case of master and postgraduate degrees . Entrance is particularly selective ( circa 15% of the yearly applicants are admitted ) . It has been ranked a top 100 university in the world according to the 2016 ARWU , QS and THE rankings . The university is bilingual , with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish . Since Swedish , albeit an official language of Finland , is a minority language , Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university . Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master , Licentiate , and Doctoral levels , making it a de facto third language of instruction . Remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos , the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard . It is a member of various prominent international university networks , such as Europaeum , UNICA , the Utrecht Network , and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters', 'summary': 'The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters is a Finnish academy for natural sciences , social sciences and humanities . It is known in Latin as Societas Scientiarum Fennica , in Swedish as Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten , and in Finnish as Suomen Tiedeseura . It is bilingual ( Swedish and Finnish ) science academy and oldest of the four science academies in Finland . The society was founded in 1838 and is based in Helsinki . It has a total of 120 full ordinary Finnish members , excluding members who have reached the age of 67 ( a member who reaches the age of 67 retains the rights as a member but leaves his or her chair open for election of a new member ) , and about 120 foreign members . It is divided into four sections : I : mathematics and physics , II : biosciences , III : humanities , and IV : social sciences . The society publishes a yearbook , Sphinx , and the book series Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum , Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium , Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk and The History of Learning and Science in Finland 1828-1918 . It also awards a number of prizes and grants for scientific and scholarly work . In addition to the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters , there are three other academies in Finland : the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and two academies of engineering sciences . The four Finnish academies have an umbrella organisation for cooperation , the Council of Finnish Academies .'}]}, {'value': 'National Library of Finland , University of Helsinki , Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland', 'summary': 'The National Library of Finland ( Finnish : Kansalliskirjasto , Swedish : Nationalbiblioteket ) is the foremost research library in Finland . Administratively the library is part of the University of Helsinki . Until 1 August 2006 , it was known as the Helsinki University Library . The National Library is responsible for storing the Finnish cultural heritage . By Finnish law , the National Library is a legal deposit library and receives copies of all printed matter , as well as audiovisual materials excepting films , produced in Finland or for distribution in Finland . These copies are then distributed by the Library to its own national collection and to reserve collections of five other university libraries . Also , the National Library has the obligation to collect and preserve materials published on the Internet . Any person who lives in Finland may register as a user of the National Library and borrow library material . The publications in the national collection , however , are not loaned outside the library . The library also is home to one of the most comprehensive collections of books published in the Russian Empire of any library in the world . The National Library is located in Helsinki , close to Senaatintori square . The oldest part of the library complex , designed by Carl Ludvig Engel , dates back to 1844 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Helsinki', 'summary': "The University of Helsinki ( Finnish : Helsingin yliopisto , Swedish : Helsingfors universitet , Latin : Universitas Helsingiensis , abbreviated UH ) is a university located in Helsinki , Finland since 1829 , but founded in the city of Turku ( in Swedish Åbo ) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo , at that time part of the Swedish Empire . It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available . Around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes . As of 1 August 2005 , the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor , Master , Licenciate , and Doctoral degrees . Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations , in the case of bachelor 's degrees , and by prior degree results , in the case of master and postgraduate degrees . Entrance is particularly selective ( circa 15% of the yearly applicants are admitted ) . It has been ranked a top 100 university in the world according to the 2016 ARWU , QS and THE rankings . The university is bilingual , with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish . Since Swedish , albeit an official language of Finland , is a minority language , Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university . Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master , Licentiate , and Doctoral levels , making it a de facto third language of instruction . Remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos , the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard . It is a member of various prominent international university networks , such as Europaeum , UNICA , the Utrecht Network , and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel H. Janzen , Jeannie Oakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Janzen', 'summary': 'Daniel Hunt Janzen ( born January 18 , 1939 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) is an American evolutionary ecologist , and conservationist . He divides his time between his professorship in biology at the University of Pennsylvania , where he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology , and his research and field work in Costa Rica . In Costa Rica , Janzen and his partner Winifred Hallwachs helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site , one of the oldest , largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world . As of 2019 , it consists of 169,000 hectares ( 420,000 acres ) , located just south of the Costa Rica-Nicaragua border , between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de Tilaran . The park exemplifies their beliefs about how a park should be run . It is known as a center of biological research , forest restoration and community outreach . Closely related is their work cataloguing the biodiversity of Costa Rica . Through a DNA barcoding initiative with geneticist Paul Hebert , they have registered over 500,000 specimens representing more than 45,000 species from Área de Conservación Guanacaste . This research has led to the identification of cryptic species of near-identical appearance that differ in terms of genetics and ecological niche . Janzen and Hallwachs have supported species barcoding initiatives at both national and international levels through the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad ( INBio ) , CBOL ( Consortium for the Barcode of Life ) and iBOL ( International Barcode of Life ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity College , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'Examination Hall , Trinity College , Dublin , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niels Birbaumer , Edna Hibel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utrecht University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrecht_University', 'summary': "Utrecht University ( UU ; Dutch : Universiteit Utrecht , formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht ) is a university in Utrecht , the Netherlands . Established 26 March 1636 , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands . In 2016 , it had an enrolment of 29,425 students , and employed 5,568 faculty and staff . In 2011 , 485 PhD degrees were awarded and 7,773 scientific articles were published . The 2013 budget of the university was €765 million . Utrecht University has been placed in the top 100 universities in the world by four major ranking tables . The university is rated as the best university in the Netherlands by the Shanghai Ranking of World Universities 2013 , and ranked as the 13th best university in Europe and the 52nd best university of the world . The university 's motto is Sol Iustitiae Illustra Nos , which means Sun of Justice , shine upon us . This motto was gleaned from a literal Latin Bible translation of Malachi 4:2 . ( Rutgers University , having a historical connection with Utrecht University , uses a modified version of this motto . ) Utrecht University is led by the University Board , consisting of prof. dr. Henk Kummeling ( Rector Magnificus ) , prof. dr. Anton Pijpers ( Chair ) and prof. mr. Annetje Ottow ( Vice Chair ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Academiegebouw , Utrecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utrecht', 'summary': "Utrecht ( /ˈjuːtrɛkt/ YOO-trekt , also UK : /juːˈtrɛxt/ yoo-TREKHT , Dutch : [ ˈytrɛxt ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands , capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht . It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation , in the very centre of mainland Netherlands ; it had a population of 357,179 as of 2019 . Utrecht 's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures , several dating as far back as the High Middle Ages . It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century . It lost the status of prince-bishopric but remains the main religious centre in the country . Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age , when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country 's cultural centre and most populous city . Utrecht is host to Utrecht University , the largest university in the Netherlands , as well as several other institutions of higher education . Due to its central position within the country , it is an important transport hub for both rail and road transport ; the busiest train station in the Netherlands , Utrecht Centraal , is in the city of Utrecht . It has the second highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam . In 2012 , Lonely Planet included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world 's unsung places ."}]}, {'value': 'Nederlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'November 21 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Fenner , Zafra M. Lerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Fenner', 'summary': "Frank John Fenner AC CMG MBE FRS FAA ( 21 December 1914 - 22 November 2010 ) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of virology . His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of smallpox , and the control of Australia 's rabbit plague through the introduction of Myxoma virus . The Australian Academy of Science awards annually the prestigious Fenner Medal for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zafra_M._Lerman', 'summary': "Zafra M. Lerman is an American chemist , educator , and humanitarian . She is the President of the Malta Conferences Foundation , which aims to promote peace by bringing together scientists from otherwise hostile countries to discuss science and foster international scientific and technical collaboration . From 1986 to 2010 , she chaired the American Chemical Society 's Subcommittee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights . She has been successful in preventing executions , releasing prisoners of conscience from jail and bringing dissidents to freedom . She is the recipient of many awards for education and science diplomacy , including the 1999 Presidential Award from U.S. President Clinton , the 2005 Nyholm Prize for Education from the Royal Society of Chemistry ( England ) , the 2015 Science Diplomacy Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , and the 2016 Andrei Sakharov Award for human rights from the American Physical Society ( APS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'University of the Witwatersrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand', 'summary': "The University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ( /vətˈvɑːtəsrənt/ ) , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg . It is more commonly known as Wits University or Wits ( /vəts/ or /vɪts/ ) . The university has its roots in the mining industry , as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general . Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley , it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation . The university has an enrolment of 40,259 students as of 2018 , of which approximately 20 percent live on campus in the university 's 17 residences . 63 percent of the university 's total enrolment is for undergraduate study , with 35 percent being postgraduate and the remaining 2 percent being Occasional Students . The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) places Wits University , with its overall score , as the highest ranked university in Africa . Wits was ranked as the top university in South Africa in the Center for World University Rankings ( CWUR ) in 2016 . According to the CWUR rankings , Wits occupies this ranking position since 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Hall , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand', 'summary': "The University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ( /vətˈvɑːtəsrənt/ ) , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg . It is more commonly known as Wits University or Wits ( /vəts/ or /vɪts/ ) . The university has its roots in the mining industry , as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general . Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley , it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation . The university has an enrolment of 40,259 students as of 2018 , of which approximately 20 percent live on campus in the university 's 17 residences . 63 percent of the university 's total enrolment is for undergraduate study , with 35 percent being postgraduate and the remaining 2 percent being Occasional Students . The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) places Wits University , with its overall score , as the highest ranked university in Africa . Wits was ranked as the top university in South Africa in the Center for World University Rankings ( CWUR ) in 2016 . According to the CWUR rankings , Wits occupies this ranking position since 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1 , 2000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Award ceremonies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'World_Cultural_Council_0', 'intro': 'The World Cultural Council is an international organization whose goals are to promote cultural values, goodwill and philanthropy among individuals. The organization founded in 1981 and based in Mexico, has held a yearly award ceremony since 1984 by granting the Albert Einstein World Award of Science, the José Vasconcelos World Award of Education, and the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts to outstanding scientists, educators, and artists, who have contributed positively to the cultural enrichment of mankind. The members of the Council include several Nobel laureates.'}
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null
What is the year of the ceremony locale that is the interment site of the expert Willebrord Snellius ?
2017
09a1443a15b7433f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_TM_1', 'title': 'Convoy TM 1', 'header': ['Name', 'Commander', 'Ships sunk'], 'data': [{'value': 'U-134', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-134_(1941)', 'summary': "German submarine U-134 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down on 6 September 1940 by Bremer Vulkan in Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 13 and commissioned on 26 July 1941 . In seven patrols , U-134 sank three ships for a total of 12,147 gross register tons ( GRT ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Rudolf Schendel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-181', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-181', 'summary': "German submarine U-181 was a Type IXD2 U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 15 March 1941 at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard at Bremen as yard number 1021 . She was launched on 30 December 1941 and commissioned on 9 May 1942 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Wolfgang Lüth . After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin , U-181 was attached to the 10th flotilla for front-line service on 1 October 1942 , then transferred to the 12th flotilla on 1 November ."}]}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Lüth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Lüth', 'summary': "Wolfgang Lüth ( 15 October 1913 - 14 May 1945 ) was the second most successful German U-boat captain of World War II . His career record of 46 merchant ships plus the French submarine Doris sunk during 15 war patrols , with a total displacement of 225,204 gross register tons ( GRT ) , was second only to that of Korvettenkapitän ( Lieutenant Commander ) Otto Kretschmer , whose 47 sinkings totaled 273.043 GRT . Lüth joined the Reichsmarine in 1933 . After a period of training on surface vessels , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1936 . In December 1939 he received command of U-9 , which he took on six war-patrols . In June 1940 he took command of U-138 for two patrols . In October 1940 he transferred again , this time to the ocean-going submarine U-43 for five war-patrols . After two patrols on U-181 , the second being his longest of the war , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . He was the first of two U-boat commanders to be so honored during World War II , the other recipient being Albrecht Brandi . Lüth 's last service position was commander of the Naval Academy Mürwik near Flensburg . He was accidentally shot and killed by a German sentry on the night of 13/14 May 1945 . On 16 May 1945 , Lüth was given the last state funeral in the Third Reich ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-381', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-381', 'summary': "German submarine U-381 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She failed to return in May 1943 and was declared missing in unknown circumstances . The boat was laid down on 26 April 1941 at the Howaldtswerke in Kiel as yard number 12 , launched on 14 January 1942 and commissioned on 25 February ; Kapitänleutnant Wilhelm-Heinrich Graf von Pückler und Limburg was her CO throughout her career . She did not sink any ships . Sunk by HMS Duncan ( escorting convoy SC130 Halifax to Liverpool ) commanded by Captain Peter Gretton . [ source : The Battle of the Atlantic by Jonathan Dimbleby , 2015 ( Penguin Books ) Chpt20 ]"}]}, {'value': 'Graf Wilhelm-Heinrich Pückler und Limpurg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-436', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-436', 'summary': "German submarine U-436 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out eight patrols . She sank six ships , total 36,208 gross register tons ( GRT ) ; and one warship of 291 tons . Two ships were damaged , totalling 15,575 GRT . She was a member of ten wolfpacks . She was sunk by Allied warships in mid-Atlantic , in May 1943 ."}]}, {'value': 'Günther Seibicke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günther_Seibicke', 'summary': "The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks , from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry . A total of 7,321 awards were made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945 . [ Note 1 ] This number is based on the acceptance by the Association of Knight 's Cross Recipients ( AKCR ) . Presentations were made to members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht - the Heer ( army ) , Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and Luftwaffe ( air force ) - as well as the Waffen-SS , the Reich Labour Service and the Volkssturm ( German national militia ) . There were also 43 recipients in the military forces of allies of the Third Reich . These recipients are listed in the 1986 edition of Walther-Peer Fellgiebel 's book , Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945 - The Bearers of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939-1945 . Fellgiebel was the former chairman and head of the order commission of the AKCR . In 1996 a second edition of this book was published with an addendum delisting 11 of these original recipients . Author Veit Scherzer has cast doubt on a further 193 of these listings . The majority of the disputed recipients had received the award in 1945 , when the deteriorating situation of the Third Reich during the final days of World War II left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process . Listed here are the 603 recipients whose last name is in the range Schu-Sz ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-442', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-442', 'summary': "German submarine U-442 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 19 October 1940 at the Schichau-Werke in Danzig as yard number 1493 , launched on 17 January 1942 , and commissioned on 21 March 1942 under the command of Fregattenkapitän Hans-Joachim Hesse . U-442 first served with the 5th U-boat Flotilla , a training unit , and then operationally with the 7th flotilla from 1 October 1942 until the time of her loss ."}]}, {'value': 'Hans-Joachim Hesse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-511', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-511', 'summary': "German submarine U-511 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 21 February 1941 at the Deutsche Werft yard in Hamburg as yard number 307 , launched on 22 September 1941 and commissioned on 8 December 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Steinhoff ."}]}, {'value': 'Fritz Schneewind', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-522', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-522', 'summary': "German submarine U-522 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down at the Deutsche Werft ( yard ) in Hamburg as yard number 337 on 9 July 1941 , launched on 1 April 1942 and commissioned on 11 June with Kapitänleutnant Herbert Schneider in command . U-522 began her service career with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 11 June 1942 . She was reassigned to the 2nd flotilla for operations on 1 October 1942 . She carried out two patrols and sank seven ships . She damaged two more . She was sunk in February 1943 in mid-Atlantic west of Madeira by a British warship ."}]}, {'value': 'Herbert Schneider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herbert_Schneider_(officer)', 'summary': "The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks , from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry . A total of 7,321 awards were made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945 . [ Note 1 ] This number is based on the acceptance by the Association of Knight 's Cross Recipients ( AKCR ) . Presentations were made to members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht - the Heer ( Army ) , Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) - as well as the Waffen-SS , the Reich Labour Service and the Volkssturm ( German national militia ) . There were also 43 foreign recipients of the award . These recipients are listed in the 1986 edition of Walther-Peer Fellgiebel 's book , Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945 - The Bearers of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939-1945 . Fellgiebel was the former chairman and head of the order commission of the AKCR . In 1996 a second edition of this book was published with an addendum delisting 11 of these original recipients . Author Veit Scherzer has cast doubt on a further 193 of these listings . The majority of the disputed recipients had received the award in 1945 , when the deteriorating situation of Germany during the final days of World War II left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process . Listed here are the 457 recipients whose last name is in the range Sa-Schr ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-571', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-571', 'summary': 'German submarine U-571 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany for service during World War II . U-571 conducted eleven war patrols , sinking seven ships totalling 47,169 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and damaging one other , which displaced 11,394 tons . On 28 January 1944 she was attacked by an Australian-crewed Sunderland aircraft from No . 461 Squadron RAAF west of Ireland and was destroyed by depth charges . All hands were lost . The fictional 2000 U.S. war film U-571 has no relation to this U-boat , but is very loosely based on the British capture of U-110 and her Enigma and cipher keys .'}]}, {'value': 'Helmut Möhlmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helmut_Möhlmann', 'summary': "The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) and its variants were the highest awards in the military of Nazi Germany during World War II . The Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks , from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry . A total of 7,321 awards were made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945 . [ Note 1 ] This number is based on the acceptance by the Association of Knight 's Cross Recipients ( AKCR ) . Presentations were made to members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht - the German Army , Kriegsmarine ( navy ) and Luftwaffe ( air force ) - as well as the Waffen-SS , the Reich Labour Service and the Volkssturm ( German national militia ) . There were also 43 foreign recipients of the award . These recipients are listed in the 1986 edition of Walther-Peer Fellgiebel 's book , Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945 - The Bearers of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939-1945 . Fellgiebel was the former chairman and head of the order commission of the AKCR . In 1996 , a second edition of this book was published with an addendum delisting 11 of these original recipients . Author Veit Scherzer has cast doubt on a further 193 of these listings . The majority of the disputed recipients had received the award in 1945 , when the deteriorating situation of Germany in the final days of World War II in Europe left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process . Listed here are the 118 Knight 's Cross recipients of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS whose last name starts with M. [ Note 2 ] Fellgiebel himself delisted one and Scherzer has challenged the validity of seven more of these listings ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-575', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-575', 'summary': "German submarine U-575 was a Type VIIC U-boat in service of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out ten patrols , sailing for 463 days and sinking eight ships totalling 36,010 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaged three others of 29,777 GRT . She was a member of 18 separate wolfpacks and was sunk north of the Azores by Allied ships and aircraft on March 1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'Günther Heydemann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Günther_Heydemann', 'summary': "Günther Heydemann ( 11 January 1914 - 2 January 1986 ) was a German U-boat commander in the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany in World War II . He was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . Prior to taking command of U-575 , Heydemann made two war patrols as watch officer on board U-69 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Jost Metzler ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-620', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-620', 'summary': "German submarine U-620 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was laid down on 19 June 1941 by Blohm & Voss , Hamburg as yard number 596 , launched on 9 March 1942 and commissioned on 30 April 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Heinz Stein ."}]}, {'value': 'Heinz Stein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Order of battle -- U-boats', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Convoy_TM_1_1', 'intro': 'Convoy TM 1 was the code name for an Allied convoy during the Second World War. Nine tankers, escorted by Royal Navy warships, attempted to reach Gibraltar from Trinidad. The convoy was attacked by a U-boat wolf pack in the central Atlantic Ocean, and most of the merchant vessels were sunk. This was one of the most successful attacks on Allied supply convoys throughout the entire war. The convoy was defended by the destroyer HMS Havelock, and three Flower-class corvettes, HMS Godetia, HMS Pimpernel and HMS Saxifrage. Seven tankers were sunk during the attacks, two surviving to reach Gibraltar. Two U-boats were damaged during the attacks.'}
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null
How many commercial ships were destroyed by the person who commanded U-181 ?
46
09a58c9f216879c9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Japan', 'title': 'List of best-selling singles in Japan', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Artist', 'Sales', 'Chart Peak'], 'data': [{'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diamonds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Princess_(band)', 'summary': "Princess Princess ( プリンセス・プリンセス , Purinsesu Purinsesu , commonly referred to as Puri-Puri ) was a five-piece Japanese rock/pop girl band active from 1983 to 1996 . They were previously known as Julian Mama and Akasaka Komachi ( one album was released under this name ) . After 16 years , they reunited in November 2012 for several concerts in order to help with recovery from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . They performed six concerts ; November 3 and 4 at the Sendai Sun Plaza Hall , then November 20 , 21 , 23 and 24 at Nippon Budokan in Tokyo . They performed at Tokyo Dome on December 23 and 24 , 2012 . They also performed at the 2012 Kōhaku Uta Gassen on New Year 's Eve ."}]}, {'value': '814,570', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Odoru Pompokolin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odoru_Pompokolin', 'summary': "Odoru Pompokolin ( おどるポンポコリン , Odoru Ponpokorin , Dance the Pompokolin ) is a song by Japanese pop group B.B.Queens , serving as their debut single on April 4 , 1990 . It was used as the original ending theme of the anime series Chibi Maruko-chan . On July 9 , 1990 , Odoru Pompokolin reached the top of the Oricon Singles Charts , and again on July 23 , on August 20 , before serving as the number 1 weekly song throughout the month of September 1990 . It ultimately remained on the charts for a total of 54 weeks , sold 1.9 million copies , and won both record of the year and pop rock song of the year at the 32nd Japan Record Awards as well as the 1991 JASRAC Award . The song was composed and arranged by Tetsuro Oda with lyrics by Momoko Sakura , author of Chibi Maruko-chan . Odoru Pompokolin became very popular as an anime theme song , reaching number 8 on a list of 100 unforgettable anime theme songs compiled by TV Asahi and then at number 1 on a list of the top 20 anime theme songs of the 1990s , also compiled by TV Asahi . Covers include an uptempo happy hardcore version which was featured on Anime Speed , a heavy metal cover by Animetal on their fanclub exclusive For the Bravehearts Only ! single , an English-language version titled Dancing Pompokolin by Captain Jack which was featured in the game Dance Dance Revolution and other music games , a version by ManaKana used as the Chibi Maruko-chan opening theme song from 1998 to 2000 , and a cover by Kaela Kimura on her album 5 Years which has been used as the opening for the anime throughout 2010 . In 2011 , B.B.Queens reunited and recorded a new version of Odoru Pompokolin to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Chibi Maruko-chan 's initial manga release . This version subtitled Chibi Maruko-chan Birthday 25th Version ( ちびまる子ちゃん 誕生 25th Version , Chibi Marukochan Tanjō 25th Version ) , coupled with a new version of Keiko Utoku and Fusanosuke Kondo 's Good-by Morning , was released as a single on May 1 , 2011 . This new version of the song also entered use as the Chibi Maruko-chan theme beginning with the May 1 , 2011 , broadcast of the new season . In August 13 , 2014 , the girl-group E-girls released a cover of Odoru Ponpokorin as their 10th single , coupled with a cover of Dreams Come True 's Happy !"}]}, {'value': 'B.B.Queens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B.B.Queens', 'summary': 'B.B.Queens ( B.B.クイーンズ , Bī Bī Kuīnzu ) were a 1990s J-Pop band whose debut single Odoru Pompokolin was the # 1 song in 1990 on the Oricon charts , won the 32nd Japan Record Awards , was listed as the 3rd song on the JASRAC lists for 1991 , and certified as a Million Record .'}]}, {'value': '1,308,440', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oh Yeah ! /Love Story wa Totsuzen ni', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazumasa Oda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazumasa_Oda', 'summary': "Kazumasa Oda ( 小田 和正 , Oda Kazumasa , born September 20 , 1947 ) is a Japanese singer-songwriter , and composer . He was the leader of folk rock band Off Course from 1969 to 1989 , and has done solo work since 1985 . As the vocalist of Off Course , Oda wrote many Japanese standard numbers in the 70s and 80s . The group 's most successful singles - Sayonara ( 1979 ) , Yes-No ( 1980 ) , and Kimi ga Uso o Tsuita ( 1984 ) - were written by Oda . In 1985 he began work as a solo musician . He produced many hit singles as singer-songwriter , such as Little Tokyo ( 1989 ) , Itsuka Dokokade ( 1992 ) , Tsutaetai Koto ga Arunda ( 1997 ) and Kirakira ( 2002 ) . His most successful single was Love Story wa Totsuzen ni ( 1991 ) , the theme song of a Japanese TV drama called Tokyo Love Story . It sold over 2,580,000 copies and became the ninth best-selling single in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '2,541,910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimi ga Iru Dake de', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimi_ga_Iru_Dake_de', 'summary': "Kimi ga Iru Dake de ( 君がいるだけで , lit . Just by you being here ) is a Japanese song by Kome Kome Club released on May 4 , 1992 . On the Japanese Oricon chart , it sold 924,780 copies in one week and debuted at the number-one position . It held the top rank in total of six weeks . It sold over 2.89 million copies and is the top-selling J-Pop single of the 1990s and sixth best-selling song in Japan since 1968 , when the official Oricon sales records start . The song was the best promotion single of their new album Octave , which sold around two million copies . The song won the grand prix award at the 34th Japan Record Awards of pops [ sic ] and rock genre . It was used for the theme song of the drama 素顔のままで Sugao no Mama de , which starred 80 's idol singers Narumi Yasuda and Akina Nakamori ."}]}, {'value': 'Kome Kome Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kome_Kome_Club', 'summary': 'Kome Kome Club ( 米米CLUB , Kome Kome Kurabu ) is a Japanese pop rock band formed in 1982 . It is widely recognized as the only Japanese pop rock musical group which achieved commercial success by blending soul and funk musical styles . They also use the style of rakugo .'}]}, {'value': '2,762,210', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yah Yah Yah / Yume no Bannin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yah_Yah_Yah_/_Yume_no_Bannin', 'summary': 'Yah Yah Yah / Yume no Bannin ( YAH YAH YAH/夢の番人 ) is a single by Japanese popular music duo Chage and Aska . It was released on March 3 , 1993 . It was number-one on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart . It was the best-selling single in Japan in 1993 , with 2.407 million copies sold and it is the 11th best-selling physical single in Japan , having sold a total of 2.419 million copies .'}]}, {'value': 'Chage and Aska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chage_and_Aska', 'summary': 'Chage and Aska ( チャゲ & 飛鳥 ) are a Japanese popular music duo composed of male singer-songwriters from Fukuoka Prefecture : Chage ( チャゲ ) ( born January 6 , 1958 ) and Aska ( 飛鳥涼（RYO Aska ) ) ( born February 24 , 1958 ) . To date they have sold over 31 million albums and singles in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2,407,960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innocent_World', 'summary': 'Innocent World is the fifth single released by Mr. Children on June 1 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mr. Children', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Children', 'summary': "Mr.Children ( Japanese : ミスターチルドレン , Hepburn : Misutā Chirudoren ) , commonly referred to by their contracted nickname Misu-Chiru ( ミスチル ) , are a Japanese pop rock band formed in 1989 . Consisting of Kazutoshi Sakurai , Kenichi Tahara , Keisuke Nakagawa , and Hideya Suzuki , they made their major label debut in 1992 . They are one of the best selling artists in Japan and one of the most successful Japanese rock artists , having sold over 75 million records and creating the Mis-chil Phenomenon ( ミスチル現象 ) in the mid-1990s in Japan . They held the record for the highest first week sales of a single in Japan for 15 years , with 1.2 million copies of their 10th single Namonaki Uta ( 名もなき詩 ) , have 30 consecutive number 1 singles , replaced Glay as the all-male band ( with 3 or more members ) to have the most number 1 albums on the Oricon charts , and won the Japan Record Award in 1994 for Innocent World and in 2004 for Sign . As of 2012 , Mr. Children has published fifteen original studio albums and 34 physical singles , along with five compilations , a live album , and fifteen home video releases . The band 's music is mainly composed and written by lead singer Sakurai , with the exception of the Suzuki-penned songs Asia and # 2601 from the albums Atomic Heart and Discovery , and occasional collaborative song writing with producer Takeshi Kobayashi. [ a ] . In 2012 they celebrated their 20th debut anniversary by releasing dual best album titled Mr. Children 2001-2005 ＜micro＞ and Mr. Children 2005-2010 ＜macro＞ . Both albums dominated the best-selling album category in the 2012 Oricon yearly chart , selling over 2.5 million copies . Mr.Children has become the third artists who achieved TOP 2 spots on the yearly album ranking , and this is the first time in 14 years for any artist to achieve this . Moreover , [ ( An Imitation ) Blood Orange ] , an album of new material released in November 2012 , debuted No.1 on the Oricon Chart - at the end of the year , all three albums released that year were in the Top 10 best selling albums of 2012 . In 2015 , Mr. Children was named No.1 Concert Mobilization Power Ranking based on the overall number of people whom attended their performances during 2015 in Japan , mobilizing 1,119,000 fans ( 36 concerts )"}]}, {'value': '1,812,970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Love Love/Arashi ga Kuru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Love_Love_(Dreams_Come_True_song)', 'summary': "Love Love Love ( stylized as LOVE LOVE LOVE ) is a song recorded by Japanese band Dreams Come True for their eighth studio album , Love Unlimited ∞ . It was released as the album 's lead single by Epic/Sony Records on July 24 , 1995 . It is the theme song to the TBS drama series Aishiteiru to Itte Kure . The single 's B-side , Arashi ga Kuru , was also featured throughout the series ' twelve episodes . With over two million copies sold , Love Love Love is the tenth best-selling Japanese single of all time and remains the band 's most successful single ."}]}, {'value': 'Dreams Come True', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreams_Come_True_(band)', 'summary': 'Dreams Come True ( ドリームズ・カム・トゥルー , Dorīmuzu Kamu Turū ) are a Japanese pop band formed in 1988 , comprising Miwa Yoshida ( lead vocals ) and Masato Nakamura ( bass ) . Founding member Takahiro Nishikawa ( keyboards ) left in 2003 to pursue a solo career . The band has sold more than 50 million records worldwide .'}]}, {'value': '2,351,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Namonaki Uta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namonaki_Uta', 'summary': "Namonaki Uta ( 名もなき詩 , Nameless Poem ) is the tenth single by Mr. Children , released by Toy 's Factory on February 5 , 1996 . The cover of the single is Kazutoshi Sakurai 's face whose tongue was written no name . Namonaki Uta was used as the theme song of Japanese television drama Pure . On the Japanese Oricon weekly chart , the single Namonaki Uta opened at number-one with the first week sales of over 1.208 million copies , establishing the Japanese highest first-week single sales record . It topped the 1996 Oricon yearly single charts and sold over 2.308 million copies in total . It is the second best-selling song for the band behind their 1994 single Tomorrow Never Knows . The song was covered by Kohmi Hirose on her 2010 album Drama Songs ."}]}, {'value': 'Mr. Children', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Children', 'summary': "Mr.Children ( Japanese : ミスターチルドレン , Hepburn : Misutā Chirudoren ) , commonly referred to by their contracted nickname Misu-Chiru ( ミスチル ) , are a Japanese pop rock band formed in 1989 . Consisting of Kazutoshi Sakurai , Kenichi Tahara , Keisuke Nakagawa , and Hideya Suzuki , they made their major label debut in 1992 . They are one of the best selling artists in Japan and one of the most successful Japanese rock artists , having sold over 75 million records and creating the Mis-chil Phenomenon ( ミスチル現象 ) in the mid-1990s in Japan . They held the record for the highest first week sales of a single in Japan for 15 years , with 1.2 million copies of their 10th single Namonaki Uta ( 名もなき詩 ) , have 30 consecutive number 1 singles , replaced Glay as the all-male band ( with 3 or more members ) to have the most number 1 albums on the Oricon charts , and won the Japan Record Award in 1994 for Innocent World and in 2004 for Sign . As of 2012 , Mr. Children has published fifteen original studio albums and 34 physical singles , along with five compilations , a live album , and fifteen home video releases . The band 's music is mainly composed and written by lead singer Sakurai , with the exception of the Suzuki-penned songs Asia and # 2601 from the albums Atomic Heart and Discovery , and occasional collaborative song writing with producer Takeshi Kobayashi. [ a ] . In 2012 they celebrated their 20th debut anniversary by releasing dual best album titled Mr. Children 2001-2005 ＜micro＞ and Mr. Children 2005-2010 ＜macro＞ . Both albums dominated the best-selling album category in the 2012 Oricon yearly chart , selling over 2.5 million copies . Mr.Children has become the third artists who achieved TOP 2 spots on the yearly album ranking , and this is the first time in 14 years for any artist to achieve this . Moreover , [ ( An Imitation ) Blood Orange ] , an album of new material released in November 2012 , debuted No.1 on the Oricon Chart - at the end of the year , all three albums released that year were in the Top 10 best selling albums of 2012 . In 2015 , Mr. Children was named No.1 Concert Mobilization Power Ranking based on the overall number of people whom attended their performances during 2015 in Japan , mobilizing 1,119,000 fans ( 36 concerts )"}]}, {'value': '2,302,910', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Can You Celebrate ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Can_You_Celebrate?', 'summary': "Can You Celebrate ? is Namie Amuro 's seventh solo single under the Avex Trax label . Released on February 19 , 1997 , Can You Celebrate is the best-selling single by a solo female artist in Japanese music history , with sales of 2,296,200 copies . It is also the theme song for Japanese drama Virgin Road ( バージンロード ) in 1997 , which starred Emi Wakui , Tetsuya Takeda and Takashi Sorimachi . Namie Amuro herself appears in the opening sequence of the drama , along with Tetsuya Komuro on the piano ."}]}, {'value': 'Namie Amuro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namie_Amuro', 'summary': "Namie Amuro ( 安室奈美恵 , Amuro Namie /nɑːmiˈeɪ/ NAH-mee-AY , born September 20 , 1977 ) is a former Japanese recording artist , producer , songwriter , dancer , model , actress and entrepreneur who was active between 1992 and 2018 . A leading figure of the Japanese entertainment industry since the early 90s , Amuro is known for breaking the youthful idol stereotype of J-Pop , changing the fashion trends and lifestyle of women in Japan , her experimentation across music styles , and for her visual imagery in music videos and live performances . Due to her career longevity , resilience , professionalism , efforts behind-the-scenes in the music industry , and her way of living , she is a pop culture icon in Japan and Asia . She has been referred to as the diva of the Heisei era and the Queen of Japanese Pop , and has been recognized as having the influence and career impact domestically equivalent to artists such as Janet Jackson and Madonna in Western music and pop culture . Born in Naha , Okinawa , Japan , Amuro debuted as the lead singer of the idol group Super Monkey 's when she was 14 years old . Despite early sales disappointments , she ventured into modeling and acting , attracting domestic attention with the group 's best-selling single Try Me ( Watashi o Shinjite ) . She signed to Avex Trax in 1995 and debuted as a solo artist with the single Body Feels Exit . Her 1996 studio album , Sweet 19 Blues , sold over 3 million copies , setting the record at the time for the biggest selling album by a female artist in Japan and the highest selling album debut in the world ( currently ranked # 15 in the world 's largest first week album sales ) . One of the singles from her album Concentration 20 ( 1997 ) , Can You Celebrate ? , is the best-selling single by a solo female artist in Japanese music history . From 1999 , Amuro partnered with international musicians and producers on her records , beginning with Genius 2000 ( 2000 ) . In the early 2000s , Amuro 's music evolved from pop to R & B , and Amuro saw a decline in sales . Play ( 2007 ) , her eighth studio album , heralded a period of commercial resurgence ."}]}, {'value': '2,223,090', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuuwaku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuuwaku', 'summary': 'Yuuwaku ( temptation ) is the 13th single by Japanese band Glay . It reached No . 1 on the weekly Oricon charts and sold 1,611,920 copies in 1998 , becoming the best selling Japanese single of the year . It charted for 20 weeks and sold a total of 1,625,520 copies . The title song was used as the TDK Mini Disc CM song .'}]}, {'value': 'GLAY', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GLAY', 'summary': 'Glay is a Japanese rock band , formed in Hakodate in 1988 . Glay primarily composes songs in the rock and pop genres , but they have also arranged songs using elements from a wide variety of genres , including progressive rock , punk , electronic , R & B , folk , reggae , and ska . Originally a visual kei band , the group slowly shifted to less dramatic attire through the years . As of 2008 , Glay had sold an estimated 51 million records ; 28 million singles and 23 million albums , making them one of the top ten best-selling artists of all time in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1,611,920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dango 3 Kyodai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dango_3_Kyodai', 'summary': "Dango 3 Kyodai ( だんご3兄弟 , Dango San Kyōdai , Three Dango Brothers ) is a Japanese song released on March 3 , 1999 . The song caused a social phenomenon in Japan . On the Japanese Oricon weekly single charts , it debuted at the number-one position with the sales of over one million copies . It was considered that the song might surpass the record of Oyoge ! Taiyaki-kun . However , it spent at the top position for only three consecutive weeks . In fact , this song proved that Oyoge ! Taiyaki-kun had been extraordinary . According to the Oricon , it sold over 2.91 million copies , becoming the third best-selling single in Japan at that time . However , Southern All Stars 's Tsunami surpassed the record in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentarō Hayami , Ayumi Shigemori , Himawari Kids and Dango Gasshōdan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayumi_Shigemori', 'summary': 'Ayumi Shigemori ( 茂森 あゆみ , Shigemori Ayumi , born 15 December 1971 in Kumamoto ) is a Japanese actress and pop star . She sang on the major J-pop hit Dango 3 Kyodai .'}]}, {'value': '2,918,220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsunami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsunami_(Southern_All_Stars_song)', 'summary': 'Tsunami is a song by the Southern All Stars , released as their forty-fourth single on January 26 , 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Southern All Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_All_Stars', 'summary': "Southern All Stars ( サザンオールスターズ , Sazan Ōrusutaazu ) , also known by the abbreviations Sazan ( サザン ) and SAS , are a Japanese rock band that first formed in 1974 . The band is composed of Keisuke Kuwata ( lead vocals and guitars ) , Yuko Hara ( vocals and keyboards ) , Kazuyuki Sekiguchi ( bass ) , Hiroshi Matsuda ( drums ) and Hideyuki Kegani Nozawa ( percussion ) . In addition to the present lineup , former guitarist Takashi Omori had worked in the band until 2001 . After the contract with Victor Entertainment , the band released their top-ten charting debut single Katte ni Sindbad in 1978 . Since then , Southern has been one of the best-selling music groups in the past 30 years of Japan , selling more than 47 million albums and singles in Japan alone . They have had over 40 top-ten hit singles and 16 number-one albums on the Japan 's Oricon Charts as of 2008 . Their 1998 compilation Umi no Yeah ! ! has sold more than 3.3 million copies and became the best-selling double album in Japanese history . Their most commercially successful song Tsunami , released in 2000 , has sold over 2.9 million units in Japan alone , and provided the band with honor of winning the 42nd Japan Record Awards . The band was also acclaimed and ranked number one in HMV Japan 's 2003 list of 100 most influential Japanese musicians . In 2007 , Rolling Stone Japan ranked their album Ninkimono de Ikō number 32 on a list of the greatest Japanese rock albums of all time . They are also the only group to ever have 44 songs on the Oricon Top 100 weekly single chart simultaneously ."}]}, {'value': '2,886,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Can You Keep a Secret ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Can_You_Keep_a_Secret?_(song)', 'summary': "Can You Keep a Secret ? is a song by Hikaru Utada , released as her seventh Japanese-language single ( 9th overall ) on February 16 , 2001 . It was the theme song for a Japanese television drama called Hero , in which Utada had her acting debut , appearing in a cameo as a waitress . Can You Keep a Secret ? debuted at number one on the Oricon chart , selling 783,620 in its first week , and was her third single to be number one for two consecutive weeks . The single has sold 1,485,000 to date and became the number one single of 2001 in Japan . In the World Charts , Can You Keep a Secret ? reached number 37 for single airplay and number 9 for sales . The most recent figures ( May 26 , 2006 ) show that the single sold 1,484,940 units in total . It also remains one of Utada 's fan favorites . The music video for this song includes a robot whom Hikaru appears to be in a relationship with . Utada performed Can You Keep a Secret ?"}]}, {'value': 'Utada Hikaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utada_Hikaru', 'summary': "Utada Hikaru ( 宇多田 ヒカル , born January 19 , 1983 ) , who has also gone by Hikaru Utada and the mononym Utada ( English : /uːˈtɑːdə/ , Japanese : [ ɯtada ] ) , is a Japanese-American singer-songwriter and producer . Born in the United States to Japanese parents , record producer Utada Teruzane and enka singer Keiko Fuji , Utada began to write music and lyrics at an early age and often traveled to Tokyo as a result of her father 's job . Eventually , a recording contract with Toshiba-EMI was signed and , under the stage name Cubic U , Utada released her English-language debut album Precious in early 1998 , but it was a commercial failure . In the following year , heavily influenced by R & B and dance-pop , her Japanese-language debut First Love was released and became an instant success . Backed by the massive success of singles Automatic , Time Will Tell , and Movin ' On Without You , the album sold two million copies in its first week in Japan , topped the Oricon charts for six non-consecutive weeks and went on to sell six million more throughout the rest of 1999 . First Love eventually became the country 's best-selling album of all time . Her following album Distance was released in early 2001 and spawned Utada 's biggest hit singles - Addicted to You , Wait & See ( Risk ) and Can You Keep a Secret ? - , which became million-sellers . The album was commercially successful and broke several sales records after three million copies were sold in its first week of availability in Japan , instantly becoming the country 's fastest-selling album . In 2002 , backed by chart-topping singles such as Traveling , Hikari and Sakura Drops , Deep River , which incorporates elements of pop folk , was released and went on to become one of Japan 's top-selling records of all-time . Subsequent full-length releases - Exodus , Ultra Blue and Heart Station - achieved million-selling status certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . After a prolonged hiatus , Utada released acoustic-driven Fantôme and Hatsukoi , which reached number-one on the Oricon album charts ."}]}, {'value': '1,484,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H_(Ayumi_Hamasaki_EP)', 'summary': "H is an EP by Japanese recording artist Ayumi Hamasaki , featuring songs later included on her fifth studio album Rainbow ( 2002 ) . The EP contains the songs Independent , July 1st and Hanabi , all written and co-composed by Hamasaki ( under the alias Crea ) , alongside composer Dai Nagao and producer Max Matsuura . Hamasaki had written and recorded the three songs when she was still hurt and influenced by the events of the September 11 attacks and the completion of her fourth studio album I Am . ( 2002 ) . The attacks influenced Hamasaki 's lyrical and musical direction , and had made her decide to create more worldly-inspired music . The EP utilizes dance and pop music , with each song being influenced by pop rock , electronica , and trip hop music . Like Rainbow , it contains ambient-influenced sounds such as handclaps and cheering . The lyrical content deals with freedom , fun and sadness , continuing themes seen on her previous album . The EP received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who commended the production value . Many critics praised it as being one of Hamasaki 's career highlights . The EP was commercially successful in her native Japan , peaking at number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart . It became the only single in 2002 the same year to sell over one million units in Japan , and was certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for one million copies shipped to stores ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayumi Hamasaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki', 'summary': 'Ayumi Hamasaki ( 浜崎あゆみ , Hamasaki Ayumi , born October 2 , 1978 ) is a Japanese singer , songwriter , record producer , actress , model , spokesperson and entrepreneur . Through her entire career , she has written all her lyrical content , and has sometimes composed her music . Born and raised in Fukuoka , Fukuoka Prefecture , Hamasaki moved to Tokyo at fourteen in 1993 to pursue a career in singing and acting . In 1998 , under the tutelage of Avex CEO Max Matsuura , Hamasaki released her debut single Poker Face [ fn 1 ] and debut major-label album A Song for XX . The album debuted at the top of the Oricon charts and remained there for five weeks , selling over a million copies . [ fn 1 ] Her next ten albums shipped over a million copies in Japan , with her third , Duty , selling nearly three million . A Best , her first compilation album , is her best-selling album , with more than four million copies sold in Japan . Since 2006 , after her album Secret was released , album and single sales have declined . Hamasaki has sold over 80 million records , making her the best-selling Japanese solo artist of all time . Hamasaki has several domestic record achievements for her singles , such as the most number-one hits by a female artist ( 38 ) ; the most consecutive number-one hits by a solo artist ( twenty-five ) , and the most million-sellers . [ fn 2 ] From 1999 to 2010 , Hamasaki had at least two singles each year topping the charts . Hamasaki is the first female recording artist to have ten studio albums since her debut to top the Oricon and the first artist to have a number-one album for 13 consecutive years since her debut .'}]}, {'value': '1,000,260', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sekai ni Hitotsu Dake no Hana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sekai_ni_Hitotsu_Dake_no_Hana', 'summary': "Sekai ni Hitotsu Dake no Hana ( 世界に一つだけの花 , The One and Only Flower in the World ) is a song recorded by Japanese boy band SMAP . The Noriyuki Makihara composed song was released as a single in 2003 and sold more than 2.57 million copies , becoming the third best-selling single in Japan in Oricon history . Along with Hikaru Utada 's Colors , it was one of the only two singles to sell over a million copies in 2003 , a year that saw CD sales declining due to the Japanese economic slump . The single made it to the top of the Oricon 2003 Yearly singles chart . As of December 2016 it is the third best-selling single in Japan , with 3.000 million copies sold . This song became popular in karaoke ."}]}, {'value': 'SMAP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SMAP', 'summary': 'SMAP was a Japanese boy band , composed of Masahiro Nakai , Takuya Kimura , Goro Inagaki , Tsuyoshi Kusanagi , and Shingo Katori . The group was created in 1988 by music producer Johnny Kitagawa , founder of Johnny & Associates , originally as a six-piece with Katsuyuki Mori , until his departure from the band in 1996 . After making their debut in 1991 , the group took the Japanese entertainment industry by storm , becoming the most successful boy band in Japanese history and the bestselling band in Asia , often referred to as a national treasure and a fortune and property of the country in Japan . SMAP was regarded as an iconic figure in Japan , after achieving an unprecedented level of success in numerous genres in the entertainment industry , including music , television , film , radio , and theater , as a group and individually . Being the first boy band to have a career for more than twenty years and to have extended its activities into various fields outside of music , SMAP was credited for changing the Japanese entertainment and music industry , in terms of prolonging longevity of boy bands and broadening careers by creating new opportunities for bands that followed . After starting out as a typical boy band , with a fan base predominantly female teens , they gradually transformed into a band with a wider audience , expanding their fan base to preteens , male adults , and even the elderly , after their success as actors and television personalities . SMAP released 55 singles , all of which reached the top 10 in the charts , 22 consecutive number one singles , and 33 number one singles in total . The band has had 24 top 10 albums and 14 number one albums . The One and Only Flower in the World , released in 2003 , is the best selling single in the 21st century and the third best selling single in Japanese history and has become the most recognized song in Japan , as it appears in text books used in school and children are taught to learn the song at a young age . Other best selling singles by the group include , Beyond the Night Sky , Lion Heart , Shake , Aoi Inazuma , which also have become the most popular songs in Japan . Throughout their career , the band has sold over 38,5 million records in Japan alone . In April 1996 , the group launched their weekly variety show , SMAP×SMAP , which quickly gained high ratings and became one of the most famous television shows in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '2,108,565', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hitomi o Tojite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentimentalovers', 'summary': 'Sentimentalovers ( also styled SENTIMENTALovers ) is the sixth full-length album released by singer and songwriter Ken Hirai . It was released on November 24 , 2004 and sold over 1,660,885 copies .'}]}, {'value': 'Ken Hirai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Hirai', 'summary': "Ken Hirai ( 平井 堅 , Hirai Ken , born January 17 , 1972 ) is a Japanese R & B and pop singer . Since his debut , Hirai has worked as a model , actor , composer , lyricist , singer , and spokesperson . During his career , Hirai has released 45 singles and nine studio albums as of January 2019 . According to Oricon , his single Hitomi o Tojite ( Close Your Eyes ) became the best-selling single of 2004 in Japan , while his compilation album Ken Hirai 10th Anniversary Complete Single Collection '95-'05 Utabaka became the best-selling album of 2006 in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '834,448', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seishun Amigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shūji_to_Akira', 'summary': 'Shūji to Akira ( 修二と彰 , lit . Shūji and Akira ) was a special temporary unit formed by KAT-TUN member Kazuya Kamenashi and NEWS member Tomohisa Yamashita for their 2005 drama Nobuta o Produce . Shūji ( 修二 ) and Akira ( 彰 ) are the names of the characters Kamenashi and Yamashita play in the drama respectively . Although the drama has long finished on television , the duo have revived their performance of their song Seishun Amigo ( 青春アミーゴ , Youthful Friends ) numerous times . In 2017 , they formed another special temporary unit , Kame to Yamapi ( 亀と山P , lit . Kame and Yamapi ) , for their 2017 drama Boku , Unmei no Hito desu .'}]}, {'value': 'Shūji to Akira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shūji_to_Akira', 'summary': 'Shūji to Akira ( 修二と彰 , lit . Shūji and Akira ) was a special temporary unit formed by KAT-TUN member Kazuya Kamenashi and NEWS member Tomohisa Yamashita for their 2005 drama Nobuta o Produce . Shūji ( 修二 ) and Akira ( 彰 ) are the names of the characters Kamenashi and Yamashita play in the drama respectively . Although the drama has long finished on television , the duo have revived their performance of their song Seishun Amigo ( 青春アミーゴ , Youthful Friends ) numerous times . In 2017 , they formed another special temporary unit , Kame to Yamapi ( 亀と山P , lit . Kame and Yamapi ) , for their 2017 drama Boku , Unmei no Hito desu .'}]}, {'value': '945,315', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Face', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Face', 'summary': "Real Face is a song written by Shikao Suga , Joker , Tak Matsumoto and Chokkaku for the debut single and debut album of the Japanese boy band , KAT-TUN . It was released on March 22 , 2006 , and debuted on the Oricon daily and weekly singles charts at number 1 where it stayed on the latter for 3 weeks . The song would eventually sell over a million copies by the end of 2006 and was named Japan 's best-selling single of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'KAT-TUN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KAT-TUN', 'summary': "KAT-TUN ( カトゥーン , Katūn ) is a Japanese boy band formed under Johnny & Associates ( Johnny 's ) in 2001 . The group 's name was originally an acronym based on the first letter of each member 's family name : Kazuya Kamenashi , Jin Akanishi , Junnosuke Taguchi , Koki Tanaka , Tatsuya Ueda , and Yuichi Nakamaru . Their debut on March 22 , 2006 was marked by a tripartite release of a CD single , album and music DVD on their exclusive record label J-One Records . Since then , all of their single , album and music DVD releases have debuted at number one on the Oricon music and DVD charts . In 2010 , Akanishi left the group to start a solo career , making the group 's acronym then come from KAmenashi , Taguchi , Tanaka , Ueda , and Nakamaru , and the group toured with five members . In 2013 , Tanaka 's contract was terminated for several violations , leaving KAT-TUN as a four-man ensemble , and Tatsuya Ueda took the T to keep the acronym . By the end of March 2016 , Taguchi left both the group and the agency , leaving KAT-TUN with only three remaining members . The band sold 13,7 million copies in Japan ."}]}, {'value': '1,038,923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sen no Kaze ni Natte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sen_no_Kaze_ni_Natte', 'summary': "Sen no Kaze ni Natte ( 千の風になって ) is a single by Japanese singer Masafumi Akikawa . The lyrics are a Japanese translation of the poem , 'Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep ' . It was released on May 24 , 2006 . It reached number one on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart . It was the best-selling single in Japan in 2007 , with 1,115,499 copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Masafumi Akikawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masafumi_Akikawa', 'summary': 'Masafumi Akikawa ( 秋川 雅史 , Akikawa Masafumi ) is a Japanese tenor singer . He has released a number of CDs , in which he has sung a broad range of genres , from classical to pop . He appeared on the 57th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen broadcast .'}]}, {'value': '1,115,499', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Truth/Kaze no Mukō e', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truth/Kaze_no_Mukō_e', 'summary': 'Truth/Kaze no Mukō e ( truth/風の向こうへ , Truth/Beyond the Wind ) is a single released by Japanese boy band Arashi . It was released on August 20 , 2008 by their record label J Storm . Truth/Kaze no Mukō e was released in three formats : a regular edition and two limited editions . The regular edition comes with a bonus track titled Smile ( スマイル , Sumairu ) and the instrumentals of all the songs while the limited editions both come with a DVD .'}]}, {'value': 'Arashi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arashi', 'summary': "Arashi ( 嵐 , lit . Storm ) is a Japanese boy band consisting of five members formed under the Johnny & Associates talent agency . The members are Ohno Satoshi , Sakurai Sho , Aiba Masaki , Ninomiya Kazunari , and Matsumoto Jun . Arashi officially formed on September 15 , 1999 , in Honolulu , Hawaii , and made their debut CD on November 3 , 1999 . The group was initially signed to Pony Canyon and released one studio album and six singles - beginning with their 1999 eponymous debut single before moving to the Johnny 's subsidiary label J Storm in 2001 , which was initially set up for their succeeding releases . While their debut single sold close to a million copies , the group took a mixture of pop and alternate/contemporary approach to its music which attracted core followers , but subsequently faced commercially slow sales . With the release of their eighteenth single Love So Sweet , Arashi began to gain commercial success as it was used as the opening theme song for the high-rating drama Hana Yori Dango 2 whose protagonist is played by Matsumoto Jun , making it one of the top five best-selling singles of 2007 in Japan and the group 's first single to exceed 400,000 copies sold overall in nearly seven years . For the next two years , Arashi gained a number of achievements and records as they became the first artist to place the top two rankings on the Oricon singles yearly chart for two consecutive years with their singles Truth / Kaze no Mukō e and One Love in 2008 and Believe / Kumorinochi , Kaisei and Ashita no Kioku / Crazy Moon ( Kimi wa Muteki ) in 2009 , simultaneously topped the 2009 Oricon singles , album and music DVD yearly charts , and became the third artist in Oricon history to monopolize the top three best-selling singles of the year . In 2010 , all six of Arashi 's singles ranked within the top ten of the Oricon singles yearly chart , and their million-selling studio album Boku no Miteiru Fūkei was named the best-selling album of the year in Japan . As of September 2019 [ update ] , the group had sold over 54 million copies of albums , singles and videos and became the best selling boy band in Asia . Since then , Arashi has continued to release chart-topping singles and albums , perform in sold-out concert tours , host a number of variety shows , and remain an influential figure in Japanese media . On January 27 , 2019 , Arashi announced that group activities would pause from December 31 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '618,229', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Best-selling singles by year', 'section_text': 'The following is a table of the yearly best-selling singles in Japan by physical sales .', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Japan_0', 'intro': "Japan has the second largest music market in the world. In 1962, Tokushin music reports was founded and became the leading provider of music sales in Japan. However their reports and charts are only available to industry insiders and are not available to the general public. In 1968 Original Confidence was established and began providing music charts to the general public with data collected from various retailers throughout Japan. This is the list of the best-selling singles, based on the data by Oricon. It does not include singles that were released before 1968, and is only from data collected from Oricon's retail partners and not the record companies."}
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The artist who released this hit single on November 24 , 2004 , has released how many total singles and albums in his career ?
45 singles and nine studio albums
09a5fe73330a85c8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_de_la_Tour', 'title': 'Frances de la Tour', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Country Dance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_Dance_(film)', 'summary': 'Country Dance ( also known as Brotherly Love in the USA ) is a 1970 British drama film based on the novel Household Ghosts ( 1961 ) by James Kennaway which became a three-act stage play in 1967 . The film was released on 22 April 1970 ; it was directed by J. Lee Thompson .'}]}, {'value': 'District Nurse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Every Home Should Have One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Every_Home_Should_Have_One', 'summary': "Every Home Should Have One is a 1970 British comedy film directed by Jim Clark and starring Marty Feldman , Judy Cornwell , Patrick Cargill , Jack Watson , Patience Collier , Penelope Keith , Dinsdale Landen , Annabel Leventon , John McKelvey , Moray Watson , Julie Ege , and Shelley Berman . It was released in the United States in theatres and on home video under the title Think Dirty . The film 's titles and animated sequences were provided by Richard Williams . The feature 's theme song , Every Home Should Have One , was written by John Cameron , Caryl Brahms , and Ned Sherrin , arranged by Alan Tew , produced by Jackie Rand , and sung by Millicent Martin . The song was released as a single to promote the film . The film was one of the most popular movies in 1970 at the British box office ."}]}, {'value': 'Maud Crape', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Miss Fred', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Miss_Fred', 'summary': 'Our Miss Fred is a 1972 British comedy film starring Danny La Rue and set during World War II . The film was also known by its video release titles Beyond the Call of Duty ( Canada ) and Operation : Fred ( US ) . In the 1960s , La Rue was one of the highest paid entertainers in Britain , but this represents his only starring role in a feature film .'}]}, {'value': 'Miss Lockhart', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rising Damp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rising_Damp', 'summary': "Rising Damp is a British sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television for ITV . ITV originally broadcast the programme from 2 September 1974 until 9 May 1978 . It was adapted for television by Eric Chappell from his 1971 stage play The Banana Box ( retained as the working title early in the series ) . The series was the highest-ranking ITV sitcom in the BBC 's 100 Best Sitcoms poll of 2004 . The show was recorded entirely before a studio audience at The Leeds Studios of Yorkshire Television in Leeds , West Yorkshire and featured no scenes shot on location ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Ruth Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To the Devil a Daughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/To_the_Devil_a_Daughter', 'summary': 'To the Devil.a Daughter is a 1976 British-West German horror film directed by Peter Sykes , produced by Hammer Film Productions and Terra Filmkunst , and starring Richard Widmark , Christopher Lee , Honor Blackman , Nastassja Kinski and Denholm Elliott . It is based on the 1953 novel of the same title by Dennis Wheatley . It was the final Hammer production to feature Christopher Lee until The Resident in 2011 . On home videocassette the film was released with the alternate title Child of Satan .'}]}, {'value': 'Salvation Army Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wombling Free', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wombling_Free', 'summary': "Wombling Free is a 1977 British film adaption of the children 's television series The Wombles . Directed by Lionel Jeffries , it stars The Wombles , David Tomlinson , Frances de la Tour , and Bonnie Langford ."}]}, {'value': 'Julia Frogmorton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Maggie : It 's Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maggie:_It's_Me", 'summary': "Maggie : It 's Me is a BBC television series pilot written by Bernard Taylor and produced by Graeme Muir . In Maggie : It 's Me ! , Allie leaves her boyfriend in order to 'teach him a lesson ' , and seeks solace with her friend Maggie . The pilot was aired on 3 May 1977 , but BBC passed on the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Maggie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rising Damp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rising_Damp_(film)', 'summary': "Rising Damp is a 1980 comedy film based on the British situation comedy Rising Damp , which aired on ITV from 1974 to 1978 . The television series was , in turn , adapted from Eric Chappell 's stage play The Banana Box . Chappell adapted the play to television , and wrote the screenplay for this feature film . The film 's director was Joseph McGrath . Leonard Rossiter plays Rupert Rigsby , the middle-aged landlord of a decrepit townhouse . Rigsby has fallen for his only female tenant , Ruth Jones ( Frances de la Tour ) . Ruth , however , prefers Philip , who is much younger , more attractive , and more sophisticated than either Rigsby or her . Philip ( Don Warrington ) is not especially interested in Ruth , but he eggs Rigsby on in order to humiliate him . In adapting the television series to film , the setting was changed from Yorkshire to inner-city London . As Richard Beckinsale had died the year before , his character of Alan was rewritten with Christopher Strauli cast as a new character , art student John . The character of Alan is briefly referred to as having left Rigsby 's house . For her performance as Ruth Jones , Frances da la Tour received an Evening Standard British Film Award in the category of Best Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Ruth Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flickers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maud Cole', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bounder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bounder', 'summary': "The Bounder is a British sitcom which ran from 16 April 1982 to 28 October 1983 , made by Yorkshire Television . The series starred Peter Bowles ( of To the Manor Born fame ) as Howard Booth , an ex-convict who served two years in jail . He lives with his brother-in-law , Trevor Mountjoy ( George Cole ) , and his sister ( Trevor 's wife ) , Mary ( Rosalind Ayres ) . The latter left after Series One in 1982 . It also starred Isla Blair as the next door widowed neighbour , Laura Miles . This series was created by Eric Chappell ."}]}, {'value': 'Celia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellis Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellis_Island_(miniseries)', 'summary': "Ellis Island is a television miniseries , filmed in the United Kingdom , broadcast in three parts in 1984 on the CBS television network . The screenplay was co-written by Fred Mustard Stewart , adapted from his 1983 novel of the same title . The series tells the story of several immigrants from the late 19th century until the early 1910s , trying to achieve the American Dream and arriving on Ellis Island , hoping for a better life . Ellis Island highlighted numerous important events which occurred up to and during World War I , and many of the characters are based on real persons , such as Irving Berlin . The series marks the final appearance of Richard Burton , was dedicated to his memory and in the cast includes his real-life daughter as his character 's daughter ."}]}, {'value': 'Millie Renfrew', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder with Mirrors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_with_Mirrors', 'summary': "Murder with Mirrors is a 1985 British-American made-for-television mystery film starring Helen Hayes in her final appearance as Miss Marple and , as well , her final film role . It also stars Bette Davis , John Mills , Leo McKern , Dorothy Tutin and Tim Roth . Murder with Mirrors is based on Agatha Christie 's novel They Do It with Mirrors ( 1952 ) , using the novel 's American title . The novel has since been dramatized twice more on two separate Miss Marple television series : first with Joan Hickson on Miss Marple ( 1991 ) and then with Julia McKenzie on Agatha Christie 's Marple ( 2010 ) . Both of these used the novel 's original title ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Bellaver', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strike It Rich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strike_It_Rich_(1990_film)', 'summary': 'Strike It Rich is a 1990 romantic comedy film directed by James Scott , who also adapted the screenplay based on the novel Loser Takes All by Graham Greene , and starring Robert Lindsay , Molly Ringwald , and John Gielgud .'}]}, {'value': 'Mrs. De Vere', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cold Lazarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Lazarus', 'summary': "Cold Lazarus is a four-part British television drama written by Dennis Potter with the knowledge that he was dying of cancer of the pancreas . It forms the second half of a pair with the television serial Karaoke . The two serials were filmed as a single production by the same team ; both were directed by Renny Rye and feature Albert Finney as the writer Daniel Feeld . The plays were unique in being co-productions between the BBC and Channel 4 , something Potter had expressly requested before his death . The show was first aired on Channel 4 in 1996 on Sunday evenings , with a repeat on BBC1 the following day . Parts of Karaoke and Cold Lazarus were filmed in the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire , which is where Dennis Potter was born and raised , and children from local schools including St. Briavels Parochial Primary School appeared in the film as extras in flashbacks . As a result of the BBC and Channel 4 collaboration on these works , the copyright and further usage rights have remained unclear for years . [ citation needed ] However , both are available to watch online via the Channel 4 website , and Virgin Media 's on demand service . Both Karaoke and Cold Lazarus were released on DVD from Acorn Media in September 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Emma Porlock', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The History of Tom Jones : A Foundling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones:_a_Foundling_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'The History of Tom Jones - A Foundling is a five-part TV series produced by the BBC in 1997 . It features Max Beesley in the title role , alongside Brian Blessed and Samantha Morton . It is based on the picaresque novel of the same name by Henry Fielding .'}]}, {'value': 'Aunt Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heartbeat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heartbeat_(British_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Heartbeat is an English police drama series set in 1960s North Riding of Yorkshire based on the Constable series of novels written by ex-policeman Peter N Walker , under the pseudonym Nicholas Rhea , and broadcast on ITV in 18 series between 1992 and 2010 . It was made by ITV Studios ( formerly Yorkshire Television ) at the Leeds Studios and on location . Heartbeat first aired on Friday 10 April 1992 ( it was later moved to Sunday evenings ) . The 372nd and final episode aired on Sunday 12 September 2010 . Heartbeat proved popular from the beginning , when early series consistently drew over 10 million viewers . In 2001 , Heartbeat came sixth in the UK TV ratings list with a peak audience of 13.82 million , and it was sixth again in 2003 , with 12.8 million viewers . In autumn 2008 , typical viewing figures were around 6 million per episode . Originally conceived as a vehicle for Nick Berry , on whom early series centred , the show has seen many characters come and go over the years . Derek Fowlds and William Simons were the only main-cast actors who remained with the show over its entire 18-series run .'}]}, {'value': 'Tessa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cherry Orchard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard_(1999_film)', 'summary': 'The Cherry Orchard is a 1999 drama film directed by Michael Cacoyannis and starring Charlotte Rampling , Alan Bates and Owen Teale . It was based on the 1904 play The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov . It was an English-language co-production between Cyprus , France and Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte Ivanova', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Agatha Christie 's Poirot", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Agatha_Christie's_Poirot", 'summary': "Poirot ( also known as Agatha Christie 's Poirot ) is a British mystery drama television series that aired on ITV from 8 January 1989 to 13 November 2013 . David Suchet stars as the eponymous detective , Agatha Christie 's fictional Hercule Poirot . Initially produced by LWT , the series was later produced by ITV Studios . The series also aired on VisionTV in Canada and on PBS and A & E in the United States . The programme ran for 13 series and 70 episodes in total ; each episode was adapted from a novel or short story by Christie that featured Poirot , and consequently in each episode Poirot is both the main detective in charge of the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and the protagonist who is at the centre of most of the episode 's action . At the programme 's conclusion , which finished with Curtain : Poirot 's Last Case , based on the final Poirot novel , every major literary work by Christie that featured the title character had been adapted ."}]}, {'value': 'Salome Otterbourne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waking the Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waking_the_Dead_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Waking the Dead is a British television police procedural crime drama series , produced by the BBC , that centres on a fictional London-based Cold Case unit composed of CID police officers , a psychological profiler and a forensic scientist . A pilot episode aired in September 2000 , and a total of nine series followed . Each story is split into two hour-long episodes , shown on consecutive nights on BBC One . A third series episode won an International Emmy Award in 2004 . The programme was also shown on BBC America in the United States , though these screenings are edited to allow for advertising breaks , as well as UKTV in Australia and New Zealand and ABC1 in Australia . The show aired its final episode on 11 April 2011 . A spin-off from the series , titled The Body Farm , revolving around forensic scientist Eve Lockhart ( Tara Fitzgerald ) , was announced by the BBC in January 2011 and ran for just one series . In 2018 , a five-part radio prequel to the series , The Unforgiven , was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 , with Sue Johnston , Claire Goose , Wil Johnson and Holly Aird reprising their roles . All five episodes were written by series creator Barbara Machin .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Taylor-Garrett', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)', 'summary': "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on J. K. Rowling 's 2000 novel of the same name . The film , which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry 's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament . The film is the first of the series to receive a PG-13 certificate in the US , and a 12A in the UK , and stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and is followed by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Filming began in early 2004 . The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios . Five days after its release , the film had grossed over US $ 102 million at the North American box office , which is the third-highest first-weekend tally for a Harry Potter film behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 and Part 2 . Goblet of Fire enjoyed an immensely successful run at the box office , earning $ 897 million worldwide , which made it the highest-grossing film of 2005 and the sixth-highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be released in IMAX ."}]}, {'value': 'Madame Olympe Maxime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympe_Maxime', 'summary': "The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling . For members of the Order of the Phoenix , Dumbledore 's Army , Hogwarts staff , Ministry of Magic , or for Death Eaters , see the respective articles ."}]}], 'section_title': 'TV and filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Frances_de_la_Tour_0', 'intro': 'Frances de la Tour, also Frances J. de Lautour, (born 30 July 1944) is an English actress, known for her role as Miss Ruth Jones in the television sitcom Rising Damp from 1974 until 1978. She is a Tony Award winner and three-time Olivier Award winner. She performed as Mrs. Lintott in the play The History Boys in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. She reprised the role in the 2006 film. Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 (2010). Television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial Cold Lazarus (1996), Headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom Big School and Violet Crosby in the sitcom Vicious.'}
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What role did Frances de la Tour play in a comedy film starring Danny La Rue and set during World War II ?
Miss Lockhart
09a68a0ac3ee5454
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2006_(France)', 'title': 'List of number-one singles of 2006 (France)', 'header': ['Pos', 'Artist', 'Title', 'Sales*'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Diam 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diam's", 'summary': "Mélanie Georgiades ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ melani ʒɔʁʒjad ] ; born 25 July 1980 in Nicosia ) , better known by her stage name Diam 's ( [ djams ] ) , is a French rapper and singer of Greek Cypriot origin ."}]}, {'value': 'Dans ma bulle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dans_ma_bulle', 'summary': "Dans ma bulle is a 2006 album recorded by the French artist Diam 's . It was the best-selling album of 2006 in France ."}]}, {'value': '604,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurent Voulzy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Voulzy', 'summary': 'Lucien Voulzy ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lysjɛ̃ vulzi ] , born 18 December 1948 ) , better known as Laurent Voulzy ( [ loʁɑ̃ vulzi ] ) , is a French singer-songwriter , composer and musician .'}]}, {'value': 'La Septième Vague', 'urls': []}, {'value': '575,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Enfoirés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Enfoirés', 'summary': 'Les Enfoirés ( French : [ lez‿ɑ̃fwaʁe ] , for The Tossers or The Bastards ) is the name given to the singers and performers in the yearly charity concert for the Restaurants du Cœur . Founded in 1986 , its first concert was held in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Le Village des Enfoirés', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Village_des_Enfoirés', 'summary': 'Les Enfoirés ( French : [ lez‿ɑ̃fwaʁe ] , for The Tossers or The Bastards ) is the name given to the singers and performers in the yearly charity concert for the Restaurants du Cœur . Founded in 1986 , its first concert was held in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': '546,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bénabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bénabar', 'summary': 'Bruno Nicolini ( born 16 June 1969 ) , better known by his stage name Bénabar , is a French songwriter and singer , who could be compared to Vincent Delerm and other singers from his generation . As many of them he was influenced by Georges Brassens , Renaud , Jacques Higelin and also Tom Waits . His songs describe day-to-day life events with humour and a tender cynicism . His songs are influenced by French chanson and a heavy influence is placed on the piano or the accordion and on typical French fanfare ( brass band ) for the most upbeat of them . This genre of music is very typically French and differs from most in that emphasis is placed on appreciation of the lyrics and that it is linked to a specific culture of modern guinche ( slang for guinguette ) appreciated a lot by Bobos among others .'}]}, {'value': 'Reprise des négociations', 'urls': []}, {'value': '527,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivia Ruiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivia_Ruiz', 'summary': 'Olivia Blanc ( born 1 January 1980 ) , known as Olivia Ruiz , is a French pop singer of partial Spanish descent belonging to the nouvelle chanson genre . She gained fame after reaching the semi-finals of the French Star Academy series in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'La Femme chocolat', 'urls': []}, {'value': '470,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raphaël', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raphaël_Haroche', 'summary': 'Raphaël Haroche ( born 7 November 1975 ) , professionally known under his mononym Raphael , is a French singer-songwriter and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Caravane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '457,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renaud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaud', 'summary': "Renaud Pierre Manuel Séchan ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʁəno pjɛʁ manɥɛl seʃɑ̃ ] ) , known as Renaud ( French : [ ʁəno ] ( listen ) ; born 11 May 1952 ) , is a popular French singer , songwriter and actor . His characteristically 'broken ' voice makes for a very distinctive vocal style . Several of his songs are popular classics in France , including the sea tale Dès que le vent soufflera , the irreverent Laisse béton , the ballad Morgane de toi and the nostalgic Mistral gagnant . However , with the exception of a recording of Miss Maggie in English and a franglais recording of It is not because you are , his work is almost unknown outside the French-speaking world ."}]}, {'value': 'Rouge Sang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rouge_Sang', 'summary': "Rouge Sang is a studio album by French singer Renaud released in 2006 . It gained particular media attention for the song Elle est facho ( She 's a fascist ) which portrays a female Front National voter . The song brought about a controversy because of its last verse à la facho . qui vote Sarko ( to the fascist . who votes Sarko ) ; Sarko being a nickname for the then minister and candidate for presidential election Nicolas Sarkozy . Sarkozy 's party , UMP considered the song an unreasonable attack on the run up to the elections , but Sarkozy still won while Rouge Sang went platinum on the day of its release . The album spent nine weeks in the French top ten including two weeks at number 1 and it has gone on to sell over half a million copies . The album was later repackaged with a live CD of the associated tour , Tournee Rouge Sang"}]}, {'value': '441,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Bruel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Bruel', 'summary': 'Patrick Maurice Benguigui ( French : [ bɛnɡiɡi ] ; born 14 May 1959 ) , better known by his stage name Patrick Bruel ( [ patʁik bʁyɛl ] ) , is a French singer-songwriter , actor and professional poker player .'}]}, {'value': 'Des Souvenirs devant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '386,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yannick Noah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Noah', 'summary': "Yannick Noah ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ janik noa ] ; born 18 May 1960 ) is a former professional tennis player and singer from France . He won the French Open in 1983 , and is currently the captain of both France 's Davis Cup and Fed Cup team . During his career , which spanned almost two decades , Noah captured a total of 23 singles titles and 16 doubles titles , reaching a career-high singles ranking of world No . 3 in July 1986 and attaining the World No . 1 doubles ranking the following month . Since his retirement from the game , Noah has remained in the public eye as a popular music performer and as the co-founder , with his mother , of a charity organization for underprivileged children . Noah is also the father of NBA player Joakim Noah ."}]}, {'value': 'Charango', 'urls': []}, {'value': '353,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Corps Malade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Corps_Malade', 'summary': "Fabien Marsaud ( born 31 July 1977 in Le Blanc-Mesnil , Seine-Saint-Denis ) , better known by his stage name Grand Corps Malade ( also abbreviated GCM ) , is a French slam poet and lyricist , known for his low voice and for releasing songs and albums on which he slams over music . His stage name means Tall Sick Body in French , a reference to his height ( nearly 6 ' 4 or 1.95m ) and to a spine injury that forces him to walk with a crutch , due to a 1997 accident that originally had doctors tell him he would never walk again ."}]}, {'value': 'Midi 20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midi_20', 'summary': 'Midi 20 is the first studio album from Grand Corps Malade . The album sold over 600,000 copies .'}]}, {'value': '335,600', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top ten best sales -- Albums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_number-one_hits_of_2006_(France)_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of the French SNEP Top 100 Singles, Top 50 Downloads & Top 150 albums number-ones of 2006.'}
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Who is the artist of the single with the least amount fewer sales than Le Village des Enfoirés in 2006 France compared to ?
Vincent Delerm
09a82ad2d8c10a24
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put', 'title': 'Shot put', 'header': ['Year', 'Distance', 'Athlete', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.40 m ( 60 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamara Press ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Press', 'summary': 'Tamara Natanovna Press [ nb 1 ] ( born 10 May 1937 ) is a retired Soviet athlete who dominated the shot put and discus throw in the early 1960s . She won three gold and one silver medals at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and three European titles in 1958-1962 . Between 1959 and 1965 she set 11 world records : five in the shot put and six in the discus . Domestically , she held 16 national titles , nine in the shot put ( 1958-66 ) and seven in the discus ( 1960-66 ) . Her younger sister Irina Press was also a prominent track athlete , but mostly in the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': 'Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minsk', 'summary': 'Minsk ( Belarusian : Мінск , pronounced [ mʲinsk ] , traditionally Belarusian : Менск , [ mʲensk ] ; Russian : Минск , Polish : Mińsk ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus , situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers . As the capital , Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region ( voblasć ) and Minsk District ( rajon ) . The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444 , ( not including suburbs ) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe . Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and seat of its Executive Secretary . The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century ( 1067 ) , when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk . The settlement developed on the rivers . In 1242 , Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It received town privileges in 1499 . From 1569 , it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793 , as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland . From 1919 to 1991 , after the Russian Revolution , Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , in the Soviet Union . In June 2019 , Minsk hosted the 2019 European Games .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.59 m ( 60 ft 11 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamara Press ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Press', 'summary': 'Tamara Natanovna Press [ nb 1 ] ( born 10 May 1937 ) is a retired Soviet athlete who dominated the shot put and discus throw in the early 1960s . She won three gold and one silver medals at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and three European titles in 1958-1962 . Between 1959 and 1965 she set 11 world records : five in the shot put and six in the discus . Domestically , she held 16 national titles , nine in the shot put ( 1958-66 ) and seven in the discus ( 1960-66 ) . Her younger sister Irina Press was also a prominent track athlete , but mostly in the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': 'Kassel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kassel', 'summary': 'Kassel ( German pronunciation : [ ˈkasl̩ ] ( listen ) ; in Germany , spelled Cassel until 1928 ) is a city located on the Fulda River in northern Hesse , Germany . It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name and had 200,507 inhabitants in December 2015 . The former capital of the state of Hesse-Kassel has many palaces and parks , including the Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe , which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Kassel is also known for the documenta exhibitions of contemporary art . Kassel has a public university with 25,000 students ( 2018 ) and a multicultural population ( 39% of the citizens in 2017 had a migration background ) .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.01 m ( 59 ft 1 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamara Press ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamara_Press', 'summary': 'Tamara Natanovna Press [ nb 1 ] ( born 10 May 1937 ) is a retired Soviet athlete who dominated the shot put and discus throw in the early 1960s . She won three gold and one silver medals at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and three European titles in 1958-1962 . Between 1959 and 1965 she set 11 world records : five in the shot put and six in the discus . Domestically , she held 16 national titles , nine in the shot put ( 1958-66 ) and seven in the discus ( 1960-66 ) . Her younger sister Irina Press was also a prominent track athlete , but mostly in the sprint events .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.34 m ( 60 ft 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Chizhova', 'summary': 'Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chizhova ( Russian : Надежда Владимировна Чижова , born 29 September 1945 ) is a retired Russian shot putter who won three Olympic medals and four European titles , and set seven new world records . She became the first woman to break both the 20 metre and 21 metre barriers . She retired after the 1976 Olympics and later worked as athletics coach in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Karl-Marx-Stadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemnitz', 'summary': "Chemnitz ( German : [ ˈkɛmnɪts ] ( listen ) , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Kamjenica ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : Zwickauer Mulde→ Mulde→ Elbe→ North Sea ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The city 's economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'While the most notable story coming out of 1968 was Socio-Political , politics involved with the Olympics was not something unique to this year . However , the year marked the beginning of several emerging elements of contemporary Track and Field .'}]}, {'value': '19.61 m ( 64 ft 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margitta Gummel ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margitta_Gummel', 'summary': "Margitta Gummel ( née Helmbold on 29 June 1941 ) is a German former Olympic gold medalist . She competed for the Unified German team in the 1964 Summer Olympics , East Germany in the 1968 Summer Olympics , and East Germany again at the 1972 Summer Olympics . She had a long rivalry with Nadezhda Chizhova of the Soviet Union . Margitta Gummel did not win any medals in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , where she competed in the shot put event . Later , at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , she won a gold medal in the shot put event , and four years later , a silver medal in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , having been beaten by her rival Nadezhda Chizhova . In the 1968 shot put event , she became the first woman to throw for more than 19 metres . Gummel also competed for East Germany at the European Athletics Indoor Championships . In 1966 , in Dortmund , she placed first in the shot put event . In 1968 in Madrid , she placed second in the shot put , beaten by Chizhova . At Sofia , in 1971 , she also placed second in shot put , behind Chizhova . She also competed in the European Athletics Championships . At the 1966 Championships , held in Budapest , she placed second in the women 's shot put ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.43 m ( 67 ft ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Chizhova', 'summary': 'Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chizhova ( Russian : Надежда Владимировна Чижова , born 29 September 1945 ) is a retired Russian shot putter who won three Olympic medals and four European titles , and set seven new world records . She became the first woman to break both the 20 metre and 21 metre barriers . She retired after the 1976 Olympics and later worked as athletics coach in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.69 m ( 64 ft 7 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Chizhova', 'summary': 'Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chizhova ( Russian : Надежда Владимировна Чижова , born 29 September 1945 ) is a retired Russian shot putter who won three Olympic medals and four European titles , and set seven new world records . She became the first woman to break both the 20 metre and 21 metre barriers . She retired after the 1976 Olympics and later worked as athletics coach in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Erfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.43 m ( 67 ft ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Chizhova', 'summary': 'Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chizhova ( Russian : Надежда Владимировна Чижова , born 29 September 1945 ) is a retired Russian shot putter who won three Olympic medals and four European titles , and set seven new world records . She became the first woman to break both the 20 metre and 21 metre barriers . She retired after the 1976 Olympics and later worked as athletics coach in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.03 m ( 68 ft 11 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Chizhova', 'summary': 'Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chizhova ( Russian : Надежда Владимировна Чижова , born 29 September 1945 ) is a retired Russian shot putter who won three Olympic medals and four European titles , and set seven new world records . She became the first woman to break both the 20 metre and 21 metre barriers . She retired after the 1976 Olympics and later worked as athletics coach in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.45 m ( 70 ft 4 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadezhda_Chizhova', 'summary': 'Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chizhova ( Russian : Надежда Владимировна Чижова , born 29 September 1945 ) is a retired Russian shot putter who won three Olympic medals and four European titles , and set seven new world records . She became the first woman to break both the 20 metre and 21 metre barriers . She retired after the 1976 Olympics and later worked as athletics coach in Saint Petersburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Varna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Varna', 'summary': 'Varna ( Bulgarian : Варна , pronounced [ ˈvarnɐ ] ) is the third largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast . Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna , the city has been a major economic , social and cultural centre for almost three millennia . Varna , historically known as Odessos ( Ancient Greek : Ὀδησσός ) , grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea . Varna is an important centre for business , transportation , education , tourism , entertainment and healthcare . The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine . In 2008 , Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe . In 2014 , Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] The oldest gold treasure in the world , belonging to the Varna culture , was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200-4600 BC .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.57 m ( 70 ft 9 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helena Fibingerová ( TCH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helena_Fibingerová', 'summary': "Helena Fibingerová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈɦɛlɛna ˈfɪbɪŋɡɛrovaː ] ) ( born 13 July 1949 in Vicemerice , Olomouc Region ) is a Czech shot putter who won an Olympic bronze medal in 1976 and became World champion in 1983 . She also set three world records . She was born in Víceměřice . Fibingerová is a friend of Jana Nečasová , the former Czech Prime Minister 's wife . She testified in court as a character witness in defence of Nečasová in relation to the 2013 Czech political corruption scandal , in which Nečasová and her husband stood accused ."}]}, {'value': 'Gottwaldov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gottwaldov', 'summary': 'Zlín ( Czech pronunciation : [ zliːn ] ; German : Zlin ) is a city in southeastern Moravia in the Czech Republic , the seat of the Zlín Region , on the Dřevnice river . The development of the modern city is closely connected to the Bata Shoes company and its social scheme , developed after the First World War . From 1949 to 1990 , the city was renamed Gottwaldov .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.60 m ( 70 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marianne Adam ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Adam', 'summary': 'Marianne Adam ( born 19 September 1951 in Luckenwalde , Brandenburg ) is a retired shot putter who competed for East Germany in the 1970s . She was born in Luckenwalde . She was a member of SC Dynamo Berlin . She won the bronze medal at the 1974 European Athletics Championships , and at the European Indoor Championships she won one gold medal ( 1975 ) , one silver medal ( 1979 ) and two bronze medals ( 1972 , 1974 ) . Her personal best throw was 21.86 metres , which puts her sixth in the all-time performers list . She held the shot put world record from 6 August 1975 to 3 July 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.99 m ( 72 ft 1 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helena Fibingerová ( TCH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helena_Fibingerová', 'summary': "Helena Fibingerová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈɦɛlɛna ˈfɪbɪŋɡɛrovaː ] ) ( born 13 July 1949 in Vicemerice , Olomouc Region ) is a Czech shot putter who won an Olympic bronze medal in 1976 and became World champion in 1983 . She also set three world records . She was born in Víceměřice . Fibingerová is a friend of Jana Nečasová , the former Czech Prime Minister 's wife . She testified in court as a character witness in defence of Nečasová in relation to the 2013 Czech political corruption scandal , in which Nečasová and her husband stood accused ."}]}, {'value': 'Opava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opava', 'summary': 'Opava ( Czech pronunciation : [ opˈava ] ( listen ) ; German : Troppau , Lower Silesian : Tropp , Polish : Opawa , Latin : Oppavia ) is a city in the eastern Czech Republic on the river Opava , located to the north-west of Ostrava . Opava is one of the historical centres of Silesia . It was a historical capital of Czech Silesia . Opava is now in the Moravian-Silesian Region and has a population of more than 55,000 .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22.50 m ( 73 ft 9 ⁄ 4 in ) i', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helena Fibingerová ( TCH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helena_Fibingerová', 'summary': "Helena Fibingerová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈɦɛlɛna ˈfɪbɪŋɡɛrovaː ] ) ( born 13 July 1949 in Vicemerice , Olomouc Region ) is a Czech shot putter who won an Olympic bronze medal in 1976 and became World champion in 1983 . She also set three world records . She was born in Víceměřice . Fibingerová is a friend of Jana Nečasová , the former Czech Prime Minister 's wife . She testified in court as a character witness in defence of Nečasová in relation to the 2013 Czech political corruption scandal , in which Nečasová and her husband stood accused ."}]}, {'value': 'Jablonec nad Nisou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jablonec_nad_Nisou', 'summary': 'Jablonec nad Nisou ( [ ˈjablonɛts ˈnad ɲɪsou ] ( listen ) ; German : Gablonz an der Neiße ) , known locally as Jablonec , is a city in northern Bohemia , the second-largest city of the Liberec Region . It is a mountain resort in the Jizera Mountains , and also a local centre for education , and is known for its glass and jewelry production . From 1938 to 1945 it was one of the municipalities in Sudetenland .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22.06 m ( 72 ft 4 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Slupianek ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Slupianek', 'summary': 'Ilona Longo ( née Schoknecht , divorced Briesenick and Slupianek ; born 24 September 1956 ) is a German former shot putter who represented East Germany . As Ilona Slupianek , she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982 . She is also a seven-time GDR champion . She twice broke the world record with puts of 22.36 metres and 22.45 metres in 1980 . She was suspended for a year for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1979_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1979 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '22.04 m ( 72 ft 3 ⁄ 2 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Slupianek ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Slupianek', 'summary': 'Ilona Longo ( née Schoknecht , divorced Briesenick and Slupianek ; born 24 September 1956 ) is a German former shot putter who represented East Germany . As Ilona Slupianek , she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982 . She is also a seven-time GDR champion . She twice broke the world record with puts of 22.36 metres and 22.45 metres in 1980 . She was suspended for a year for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': "This page contains an overview of the year 1980 in athletics . The major athletics event of the year was the 1980 Moscow Olympics . A boycott of this competition meant many of world 's leading athletes did not face each other , with many of the boycotting athletes taking part in the rival Liberty Bell Classic competition . A further global event , the 1980 World Championships in Athletics , was held specifically for women athletes in the 400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres disciplines , as neither event featured on the Olympic programme in spite of IAAF approval ."}]}, {'value': '22.45 m ( 73 ft 7 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Slupianek ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Slupianek', 'summary': 'Ilona Longo ( née Schoknecht , divorced Briesenick and Slupianek ; born 24 September 1956 ) is a German former shot putter who represented East Germany . As Ilona Slupianek , she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982 . She is also a seven-time GDR champion . She twice broke the world record with puts of 22.36 metres and 22.45 metres in 1980 . She was suspended for a year for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1981 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '21.61 m ( 70 ft 10 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Slupianek ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Slupianek', 'summary': 'Ilona Longo ( née Schoknecht , divorced Briesenick and Slupianek ; born 24 September 1956 ) is a German former shot putter who represented East Germany . As Ilona Slupianek , she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982 . She is also a seven-time GDR champion . She twice broke the world record with puts of 22.36 metres and 22.45 metres in 1980 . She was suspended for a year for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1982 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '21.80 m ( 71 ft 6 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Slupianek ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Slupianek', 'summary': 'Ilona Longo ( née Schoknecht , divorced Briesenick and Slupianek ; born 24 September 1956 ) is a German former shot putter who represented East Germany . As Ilona Slupianek , she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982 . She is also a seven-time GDR champion . She twice broke the world record with puts of 22.36 metres and 22.45 metres in 1980 . She was suspended for a year for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_in_athletics_(track_and_field)', 'summary': 'This page contains an overview of the year 1983 in athletics .'}]}, {'value': '22.40 m ( 73 ft 5 ⁄ 4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilona Slupianek ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilona_Slupianek', 'summary': 'Ilona Longo ( née Schoknecht , divorced Briesenick and Slupianek ; born 24 September 1956 ) is a German former shot putter who represented East Germany . As Ilona Slupianek , she won the 1980 Olympic title in Moscow and won European titles in 1978 and 1982 . She is also a seven-time GDR champion . She twice broke the world record with puts of 22.36 metres and 22.45 metres in 1980 . She was suspended for a year for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Berlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berlin', 'summary': "Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Women', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Shot_put_1', 'intro': "The shot put is a track and field event involving putting (pushing rather than throwing) a heavy spherical ball - the shot - as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, and women's competition began in 1948."}
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What is the year of the player whose location hosted the 2019 European Games ?
1964
09a8a571ceabc440
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_J_Hottest_100,_2001', 'title': 'Triple J Hottest 100, 2001', 'header': ['#', 'Song', 'Artist', 'Country of origin'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amazing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazing_(Alex_Lloyd_song)', 'summary': "Amazing is a song written by Australian singer-songwriter Alex Lloyd . The song was released in September 2001 as the second single from his second studio album , Watching Angels Mend . It was a successful single , which reached the top of the New Zealand chart , and topped the poll in youth radio station Triple J 's Hottest 100 in 2001 . The song is an example of the evergreen 'four chords of pop ' progression . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2002 , the song was nominated for Single of the Year and Highest Selling Single , losing out on both to Ca n't Get You Out of My Head by Kylie Minogue . At the APRA Music Awards of 2002 the song won the 'Song of the Year ' award . In January 2018 , as part of Triple M 's Ozzest 100 , the 'most Australian ' songs of all time , Amazing was ranked number 80 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex Lloyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Lloyd', 'summary': 'Alex Lloyd ( born 19 September 1974 ) is an Australian singer-songwriter . His most popular album Watching Angels Mend , which includes the songs Amazing and Green , was released in 2001 and went double platinum . His third album Distant Light released in 2003 featured three songs that made the Australian top 40 singles charts . He has also won two ARIA awards for Male Artist of the Year in 2000 and 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monsters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something for Kate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_for_Kate', 'summary': 'Something for Kate are an Australian alternative rock band , which formed in 1994 with Paul Dempsey on lead vocals and guitar , and Clint Hyndman on drums . They were joined in 1998 by Stephanie Ashworth on bass guitar and backing vocals . The group have released six studio albums : both The Official Fiction ( 2003 ) and Desert Lights ( 2006 ) topped the ARIA Albums Chart ; while Beautiful Sharks ( 1999 ) , Echolalia ( 2001 ) and Leave Your Soul to Science ( 2012 ) reached the top 10 . Two of their singles have reached the ARIA top 20 : Monsters ( 2001 ) and Déjà Vu ( 2003 ) . The band have received a total of 11 nominations for ARIA Music Awards in 1999 , 2001 and 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chop Suey !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chop_Suey!_(song)', 'summary': "Chop Suey ! ( originally , and sometimes mistakenly called Suicide ) is the first single from Armenian-American heavy metal band System of a Down 's second album Toxicity . The single was released in August 2001 and earned the band its first Grammy nomination in 2002 for Best Metal Performance . Loudwire included the song in its list of The Best Hard Rock Songs Of The 21st Century , where it was ranked at number one . Chop Suey ! is often seen as the band 's signature song ."}]}, {'value': 'System of a Down', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/System_of_a_Down', 'summary': "System of a Down is an Armenian-American heavy metal band from Glendale , California , formed in 1994 . The band currently consists of Serj Tankian ( lead vocals , keyboards ) , Daron Malakian ( vocals , guitar ) , Shavo Odadjian ( bass , backing vocals ) and John Dolmayan ( drums ) . The band achieved commercial success with the release of five studio albums , three of which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 . System of a Down has been nominated for four Grammy Awards , and their song B.Y.O.B . won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2006 . The band went on hiatus in 2006 and reunited in 2010 ; since then , they have performed live occasionally despite having not released any new material since the Mezmerize and Hypnotize albums in 2005 . System of a Down has sold over 40 million records worldwide , while two of their singles Aerials and Hypnotize reached number one on Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Where 's Your Head At", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Where's_Your_Head_At", 'summary': "Where 's Your Head At is a song by British electronic music duo Basement Jaxx . It was released as the third single from their second album , Rooty , in 2001 . The song was recorded in early 2001 and is based on samples from Gary Numan 's songs M.E . and This Wreckage . The song peaked at number nine in Canada and the United Kingdom , number 16 in Australia , and number 39 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart , the band 's only charting single on a non-dance music chart in the United States . The song ranked at number 83 in Pitchfork Media 's list of the Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s ."}]}, {'value': 'Basement Jaxx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basement_Jaxx', 'summary': 'Basement Jaxx are an English electronic music duo consisting of Felix Buxton and Simon Ratcliffe . The pair got their name from the regular night club they held in their hometown of Brixton , London , UK . They first rose to popularity in the mid 1990s . As the British Hit Singles & Albums book duly noted they surfaced from the underground house scene , are regular transatlantic club chart-toppers and won the BRIT Award for Best Dance Act in 2002 and 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betterman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Butler Trio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Butler_Trio', 'summary': "The John Butler Trio are an Australian roots/rock band led by guitarist and vocalist John Butler , an APRA and ARIA-award-winning musician . They formed in Fremantle in 1998 with Jason McGann on drums and Gavin Shoesmith on bass . By 2009 , the trio consisted of Butler with Byron Luiters on bass and Nicky Bomba on drums and percussion , the latter being replaced by Grant Gerathy in 2013 . After both Luiters and Gerathy exited the trio in early 2019 , bassist OJ Newcomb and drummer Terepai Richmond ( also of The Whitlams ) joined the band , accompanied by touring musician Elana Stone on keyboards , percussion and backing vocals . The band 's second studio album , Three ( 2001 ) reached the top 30 in the Australian album charts and achieved platinum sales . The band 's subsequent studio albums : Sunrise Over Sea ( 2004 ) ; Grand National ( 2007 ) ; and April Uprising ( 2010 ) all debuted at the number one position on the Australian album charts , with all three albums reaching platinum sales status . Living 2001-2002 ( 2003 ) , the band 's first live album , reached the top ten and also achieved platinum status in Australia . The band 's second live album , Live at St. Gallen ( 2005 ) , also achieved gold record status . The band 's releases since 2002 have been marketed independently by Jarrah Records , which Butler co-owns with West Australian folk band the Waifs and manager of both acts , Philip Stevens . Their most recent studio album , Home , was released in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smooth Criminal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smooth_Criminal', 'summary': "Smooth Criminal is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his seventh studio album Bad ( 1987 ) . It was written and composed by Jackson , and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It was released as the album 's seventh single on November 14 , 1988 . It features a fast beat with lyrics about a woman who has been attacked in her apartment by a smooth criminal . The refrain Annie , are you OK ? was inspired by Resusci Anne , a dummy used in CPR training . Smooth Criminal peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the sixth top 10 single from Bad . It also peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart . It was certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The song reached number one in Belgium , Iceland , the Netherlands and Spain . Though Smooth Criminal was not one of the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles , in retrospective reviews it has been regarded as one of the best songs on Bad and one of Jackson 's signature songs . It has appeared on numerous greatest hits albums and was performed on all of Jackson 's solo tours ."}]}, {'value': 'Alien Ant Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_Ant_Farm', 'summary': "Alien Ant Farm is an American rock band that formed in Riverside , California , United States , in 1996 . They have released five studio albums , and have sold over 5 million units worldwide . The band is best known for their cover of Michael Jackson 's Smooth Criminal , which topped the Billboard alternative songs charts in 2001 . They released their debut album Greatest Hits independently in 1999 , then signed to DreamWorks Records in 2000 . Their second album ANThology was released in 2001 and has been certified platinum by the RIAA , selling over one million copies and reaching 11th on the Billboard 200 . Following up that was their third album , TruANT , released in 2003 . The album was produced by brothers Robert and Dean DeLeo of Stone Temple Pilots , and made it to 42 on the Billboard 200 . In 2005 the band recorded the next album 3rd Draft , however the album 's release was denied by the label after Geffen bought out DreamWorks . It was eventually released in 2006 as Up in the Attic , charting at 114th on the Billboard 200 . After several years of sporadic touring , the band 's fifth studio album Always and Forever was released in February 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island in the Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_in_the_Sun_(Weezer_song)', 'summary': "Island in the Sun is a song by the American rock band Weezer . It is the second single from the band 's 2001 self-titled album Weezer . Island in the Sun was not originally planned to be on the album , but producer Ric Ocasek fought for its inclusion . It was a successful radio single and perhaps the band 's biggest hit ever outside of the United States , reaching No . 31 in the UK and No . 17 in France . In January 2002 , the Australian Triple J Hottest 100 ranked the song 7 in its 2001 countdown . Island in the Sun is also the most-licensed track in the Weezer catalog . In 2009 , Pitchfork named it the 495th greatest song of the 2000s . In late 2001 , the band reworked the song 's solo for their live show . In 2005 , lead singer Rivers Cuomo would often open the band 's encore by playing Island in the Sun alone on an acoustic guitar in the back of the venue they were playing . The song is much lighter than the album 's first single , Hash Pipe ."}]}, {'value': 'Weezer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weezer', 'summary': "Weezer is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles , California , in 1992 . Since 2001 , the band has consisted of Rivers Cuomo ( lead vocals , lead guitar , keyboards ) , Patrick Wilson ( drums ) , Brian Bell ( guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ) , and Scott Shriner ( bass , backing vocals ) . After signing to Geffen Records in 1993 , Weezer released its self-titled debut album , also known as the Blue Album , in 1994 . Backed by music videos for the singles Buddy Holly , Undone - The Sweater Song , and Say It Ai n't So , the Blue Album became a multiplatinum success . Weezer 's second album , Pinkerton ( 1996 ) , featuring a darker , more abrasive sound , was a commercial failure and initially received mixed reviews , but went on to achieve cult status and critical acclaim years later . Both the Blue Album and Pinkerton are now frequently cited among the best albums of the 1990s . Following the tour for Pinkerton , bassist Matt Sharp left the band and Weezer went on hiatus . In 2001 , Weezer returned with the Green Album , with new bassist Mikey Welsh . With a more pop sound , and promoted by singles Hash Pipe and Island in the Sun , the album was a commercial success and received mostly positive reviews . After the Green Album tour , Welsh left the band and was replaced by current bassist Scott Shriner . Weezer 's fourth album , Maladroit ( 2002 ) , achieved mostly positive reviews , but weaker sales . Make Believe ( 2005 ) received mixed reviews , but its single Beverly Hills became Weezer 's first single to top the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and the first to reach the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Since I Left You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Since_I_Left_You_(song)', 'summary': "Since I Left You is a song by Australian electronic dance music group the Avalanches . It was released as the third single from the group 's debut studio album of the same name on 5 February 2001 . Produced by group members Robbie Chater and Darren Seltmann , Since I Left You utilizes numerous samples of other artists ' material . The song 's chorus is a prominent vocal sample of the Main Attraction 's Everyday ( 1968 ) . The song was critically acclaimed by listeners and music critics alike , who praised its sample-based production and upbeat atmosphere ; several publications named it one of the best singles of 2001 . Since I Left You also placed in the singles charts of Australia and several European countries . A surrealistic music video for the song was directed by Rob Leggatt and Leigh Marling , and depicts two miners who find a mysterious passage into a dance studio . It won the group an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video ."}]}, {'value': 'The Avalanches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Avalanches', 'summary': 'The Avalanches are an Australian electronic music group formed in Melbourne in 1997 . They are known for their two studio albums Since I Left You ( 2000 ) and Wildflower ( 2016 ) , as well as their live and recorded DJ sets . Since I Left You was a critical and commercial success , receiving multiple awards , and has been considered both one of the best albums of the 2000s and best Australian albums of all time . It was followed in 2016 by Wildflower , which also received critical acclaim .'}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clint Eastwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_(song)', 'summary': 'Clint Eastwood is a song by British virtual band Gorillaz , released as the first single from their self-titled debut album in March 2001 . The song is named after the actor of the same name due to its similarity to the theme music of The Good , the Bad and the Ugly . The song is a mix of electronic music , dub , hip hop and rock . The verses are rapped by Del the Funky Homosapien , portrayed as a blue phantom in the video , while the chorus is sung by Damon Albarn ( 2D in the video ) . It peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number one in Italy and charted within the top 20 of many countries around the world . The single has sold 600,000 copies in the UK and has been certified platinum by the BPI . Rolling Stone ranked it number 38 on its 100 best songs of the 2000s . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 141 on its list 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years . The magazine also ranked it at number 347 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .'}]}, {'value': 'Gorillaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gorillaz', 'summary': "Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and artist Jamie Hewlett . Producer and A & R executive Remi Kabaka Jr. began collaborating with the band in 2016 after several years providing the voice of Russel Hobbs and was listed as an official member alongside Albarn and Hewlett in the 2019 Gorillaz documentary Gorillaz : Reject False Icons . The band primarily consists of four animated members : Stuart 2-D Pot , Murdoc Niccals , Noodle , and Russel Hobbs . Their fictional universe is presented in music videos , interviews and short cartoons . In reality , Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor , and often collaborates with other musicians . With Gorillaz , Albarn departed from the distinct Britpop of his band Blur through hip hop , electronic music , and world music through an eccentrically postmodern approach . The band 's 2001 debut album Gorillaz went triple platinum in the UK and double platinum in Europe and earned the group an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band . It was nominated for the Mercury Prize , but the nomination was withdrawn at the band 's request . Their second studio album , Demon Days ( 2005 ) , went six times platinum in the UK and double platinum in the US . The third Gorillaz studio album , Plastic Beach , was released on 3 March 2010 . The fourth , The Fall , was released on 25 December 2010 as a surprise gift for paying fan club members , then on 18 April 2011 as an official release . The fifth , Humanz , was released after a six-year hiatus on 28 April 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short Skirt/Long Jacket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_Skirt/Long_Jacket', 'summary': 'Short Skirt/Long Jacket is the first single by American alternative rock band Cake from their 2001 album Comfort Eagle .'}]}, {'value': 'Cake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cake_(band)', 'summary': "Cake ( stylized CAKE ) is an American alternative rock band from Sacramento , California , consisting of singer John McCrea , trumpeter Vince DiFiore , guitarist Xan McCurdy , bassist Daniel McCallum and drummer Todd Roper . The band has been noted for McCrea 's sarcastic lyrics and monotone vocals , and their wide-ranging musical influences , including country music , Mariachi , rock , funk , Iranian folk music and hip hop . Cake was formed in 1991 by McCrea , DiFiore , Greg Brown ( guitar ) , Frank French ( drums ) and Shon Meckfessel ( bass ) , who soon left and was replaced by Gabe Nelson . Following the self-release of its debut album , Motorcade of Generosity , the band was signed to Capricorn Records in 1995 and released its first single , Rock ' n ' Roll Lifestyle , which hit number 35 on the Modern Rock Tracks music chart and was featured on MTV 's 120 Minutes ; French and Nelson then left the band , and were replaced by Todd Roper and Victor Damiani . Cake 's second album , 1996 's Fashion Nugget , went platinum on the strength of its lead single , The Distance . Following a tour of Europe and the United States , both Brown and Damiani announced they were leaving Cake , which led to speculation about the band 's future ; McCrea eventually recruited Xan McCurdy to take over on guitar , and persuaded Nelson to return . Prolonging the Magic , the band 's third album , was released in 1998 and went platinum , having shipped over one million units ; this was followed three years later by Comfort Eagle , the band 's first album on Columbia Records , featuring the single Short Skirt/Long Jacket which hit number 7 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Following a series of tours , including several versions of the Unlimited Sunshine Tour , the band released Pressure Chief in 2004 , its second and last album on Columbia . After creating its own label , Upbeat Records , the band released Showroom of Compassion in 2011 , which became its first album to debut at the top of the Billboard charts , selling 44,000 copies in the first week after release ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherry Lips ( Go Baby Go ! )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Lips', 'summary': "Cherry Lips , also known as Cherry Lips ( Go Baby Go ! ) is a 2001 song written , recorded and produced by alternative rock group Garbage for their third studio album , Beautiful Garbage . It was released the following year by Mushroom Records as the album 's second international single , with the exception of North America , where Interscope issued Breaking Up the Girl in its place . A percentage of the royalties generated from the sales of Cherry Lips was donated to the International Red Cross . Cherry Lips was a prominent hit in Australia , where the single peaked at number one on their Alternative chart , number 2 on the Airplay chart , number 3 on the Club chart , and number 7 on the overall ARIA Singles chart . The single spent five non-consecutive weeks in the top ten , and was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association . Cherry Lips also peaked at number 8 in Italy , where it had been the sound of a prominent winter marketing campaign for Breil Stones . In 2007 , Cherry Lips was remastered and included on Garbage 's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage . The song was also included on the album Chelsea Mix which was released to promote the My Scene dolls ."}]}, {'value': 'Garbage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garbage_(band)', 'summary': "Garbage is an American rock band formed in Madison , Wisconsin , in 1993 . The band consists of Scottish singer and musician Shirley Manson and American musicians Duke Erikson , Steve Marker , and Butch Vig . All four members are involved in songwriting and production . Garbage has sold over 17 million albums worldwide . The band 's eponymous debut album was critically acclaimed upon its release , selling over four million copies and achieving double platinum certification in the UK , US and Australia . It was accompanied by a string of increasingly successful singles from 1995 to 1996 , including Stupid Girl and Only Happy When It Rains . Follow-up Version 2.0 , released in 1998 after a year in production , was equally successful , topping the UK Albums Chart and receiving two Grammy Award nominations . Garbage followed this by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond film The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) . Despite critical acclaim , Garbage 's third album Beautiful Garbage failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors . Garbage quietly disbanded amidst the troubled production of their fourth album Bleed Like Me , but regrouped to complete the album , which was released in 2005 and peaked at a career-high number four in the US . The band cut short their concert tour of Bleed Like Me , announcing an indefinite hiatus , emphasizing that they had not broken up , but wished to pursue personal interests . The hiatus was briefly interrupted in 2007 , when Garbage recorded new tracks for their greatest hits retrospective Absolute Garbage ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Last Nite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Last_Nite', 'summary': 'Last Nite is a song by American rock band the Strokes . It was released on November 5 , 2001 , as the second single from their debut album , Is This It ( 2001 ) . It was a moderate hit for the group on the UK Singles Chart in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Strokes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Strokes', 'summary': "The Strokes are an American rock band from New York City . Formed in 1998 , the band is composed of singer Julian Casablancas , guitarists Nick Valensi and Albert Hammond Jr. , bassist Nikolai Fraiture , and drummer Fabrizio Moretti . Following the conclusion of five-album deals with RCA and Rough Trade , the band has continued to release new music through Casablancas ' Cult Records . The band 's debut album , Is This It ( 2001 ) , was met with widespread critical acclaim and helped usher in the garage rock revival movement of the early 21st century ; it was ranked No . 8 on Rolling Stone 's 100 Best Debut Albums of All Time , No . 2 on Rolling Stone 's 100 Best Albums of the '00s , No . 199 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and No . 4 on NME 's Top 500 Albums of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three Dimensions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something for Kate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schism_(song)', 'summary': 'Schism is a song by American rock band Tool . It was the first single and music video from their third full-length album , Lateralus . In 2002 , Tool won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for the song . Schism was released as a DVD single on December 20 , 2005 . The DVD contains the music video , audio commentary by David Yow , and a remix by Lustmord .'}]}, {'value': 'Tool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tool_(band)', 'summary': "Tool is an American rock band from Los Angeles . Formed in 1990 , the group 's line-up includes drummer Danny Carey , guitarist Adam Jones , and vocalist Maynard James Keenan . Justin Chancellor has been the band 's bassist since 1995 , replacing their original bassist Paul D'Amour . Tool has won four Grammy Awards , performed worldwide tours , and produced albums topping the charts in several countries . To date , the band has released five studio albums , one EP and one box set . They emerged with a heavy metal sound on their first studio album , Undertow ( 1993 ) , and became a dominant act in the alternative metal movement with the release of their follow-up album Ænima in 1996 . Their efforts to unify musical experimentation , visual arts , and a message of personal evolution continued with Lateralus ( 2001 ) and 10,000 Days ( 2006 ) , gaining critical acclaim and international commercial success . Their fifth studio album , Fear Inoculum , their first in thirteen years , was released on August 30 , 2019 to widespread critical acclaim . Prior to its release , the band had sold over 13 million albums in the US alone . Due to Tool 's incorporation of visual arts and very long and complex releases , the band is generally described as a style-transcending act and part of progressive rock , psychedelic rock , and art rock . The relationship between the band and today 's music industry is ambivalent , at times marked by censorship , and the band 's insistence on privacy ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19-2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/19-2000', 'summary': "19-2000 , sometimes written 19/2000 , is a song from Gorillaz ' self-titled debut album Gorillaz . It was the second single from the album , released in June 2001 . 19-2000 reached number six in the United Kingdom and number 34 on the US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart . It was particularly successful in New Zealand , where it reached number one for a week in September 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gorillaz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Say What ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 Days and Apollo 440', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/28_Days_(band)', 'summary': "28 Days are an Australian punk rock band from Frankston , a suburb of Melbourne , Victoria . Formed in 1997 , the current lineup consists of original members Jay Dunne as lead vocalist , guitarist Simon Hepburn and bassist Damian Gardiner Adrian Griffin . The band 's previous drummer , Scott Murray , was killed in an accident after being struck by a car on 18 November 2001 . 28 Days are known for their rap rock , punk rock and hip hop music . Throughout their recording career , they have released 5 studio albums and 5 EPs , 3 of which debuted in the ARIAnet top 40 . This includes the certified platinum album Upstyledown which was produced by Kalju Tonuma and debuted at number 1 in July 2000 . The band have also seen commercial success on Australian singles charts , with singles such as 'Rip It Up ' , 'Goodbye ' and 'What 's the Deal ? ' all peaking in the top 100 . After declining popularity following their 2004 album Extremist Makeover , the band released a greatest hits album 10 Years of Cheap Fame before announcing their hiatus in 2007 . The band came out of Hiatus in December 2009 to support long time friends Bodyjar on their 'End is Now ' Tour . 28 Days have announced that they are currently writing an LP with new drummer Dan Kerby ( previously of Behind Crimson Eyes ) who joined the band at the beginning of 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Apollo_440', 'summary': "Apollo 440 ( also known as Apollo Four Forty or @ 440 ) are an English electronic music group formed in Liverpool in 1990 . The group has written , recorded , and produced five studio albums , collaborated with and produced other artists , remixed as Apollo 440 and as ambient cinematic alter-ego Stealth Sonic Orchestra , and created music for film , television , advertisements and multimedia . Over eleven years , they notched up eleven top-forty UK singles with three top-tens , and had a chart presence worldwide . Its name comes from the Greek god Apollo and the frequency of concert pitch - the A note at 440 Hz , often denoted as A440 , and the Sequential Circuits sampler/sequencer , the Studio 440 . They changed the writing of their name from Apollo 440 to Apollo Four Forty in 1996 , though they switched back for their latest album . To date , Apollo 's remixes number around sixty - from U2 in the early 1990s to Puff Daddy/Jimmy Page and Ennio Morricone a decade later . Among their Stealth Sonic Orchestra remixes are a series of Manic Street Preachers singles ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia and United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rockin ' the Suburbs", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rockin'_the_Suburbs_(song)", 'summary': "Rockin ' the Suburbs is a song by Ben Folds on the album of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Folds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Folds', 'summary': "Benjamin Scott Folds ( born September 12 , 1966 ) is an American singer-songwriter , musician , composer and record producer . From 1993 to 2000 , Folds was the frontman and pianist of the alternative rock band Ben Folds Five . Since the band disbanded , Folds has recorded several albums and performed live as a solo artist , with the exception of a brief Ben Folds Five reunion in 2011 in which they recorded the album The Sound of the Life of the Mind . He has also collaborated with musicians such as William Shatner , Regina Spektor , Weird Al Yankovic , and yMusic and undertaken experimental songwriting projects with authors such as Nick Hornby and Neil Gaiman . He has frequently performed arrangements of his music with uncommon instrumentation , including symphony orchestras and a capella groups . In addition to contributing music to the soundtracks of the animated films Over the Hedge , and Hoodwinked ! , Folds has produced several albums , including Amanda Palmer 's first solo album . Folds was a judge on the NBC a cappella singing contest The Sing-Off from 2009 to 2013 . Since May 2017 , he has been serving as the first artistic advisor to the National Symphony Orchestra at the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C . In July 2019 , Folds published his first book , a memoir , titled A Dream About Lightning Bugs : A Life of Music and Cheap Lessons ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renegades of Funk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renegades_of_Funk', 'summary': "Renegades of Funk is a song written by Afrika Bambaataa , Arthur Baker , John Miller & John Robie and recorded by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force . Released in 1983 as a single on the Tommy Boy label , it was also included on the 1986 album Planet Rock : The Album . The song is an eclectic fusion of electronic music and heavy percussion , with politically fused hip hop lyrics that draw a connection between past revolutionaries and bohemians to present day street artists . It was produced and mixed by Arthur Baker and John Robie . Mastering was by Herb Powers Jr . The song was used by the Toronto Raptors as its entrance song during home games in 2006 . It is also featured as a track on the radio in the video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories . In 1985 , the song was used in The Maze , an episode in the first season of the television police drama Miami Vice . It was remade by Rage Against the Machine and released as a single in 2001 . Weird Al Yankovic included Rage Against the Machine 's version in his polka medley Angry White Boy Polka ( although Tom Morello is half Kenyan and Zack de la Rocha is half Mexican ) from his 2003 album Poodle Hat ."}]}, {'value': 'Rage Against the Machine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine', 'summary': "Rage Against the Machine ( often abbreviated as RATM and shortened to simply Rage ) is an American rock band from Los Angeles , California . Formed in 1991 , the group consists of vocalist Zack de la Rocha , bassist and backing vocalist Tim Commerford , guitarist Tom Morello , and drummer Brad Wilk . Their songs express revolutionary political views . As of 2010 , they had sold over 16 million records worldwide . The band was nominated for induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility in 2017 and 2018 , although both bids failed . Rage Against the Machine released its eponymous debut album in 1992 to commercial and critical success , leading to a slot in the 1993 Lollapalooza festival ; in 2003 , the album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The follow-up albums , Evil Empire ( 1996 ) and The Battle of Los Angeles ( 1999 ) , were also successful ; both albums topped the Billboard 200 chart . During their initial nine-year run , Rage Against the Machine became one of the most popular and influential bands in music history , and had a large influence on the nu metal genre which came to prominence during the second half of the 1990s . They were also ranked No . 33 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . In 2000 , Rage Against the Machine released the cover album Renegades and disbanded after growing creative differences led to De la Rocha 's departure . De la Rocha started a low-key solo career , while the rest of the band formed the rock supergroup Audioslave with Chris Cornell , the former frontman of Soundgarden ; Audioslave recorded three albums before disbanding in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special Ones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Special_Ones', 'summary': "Special Ones is the debut single from Australian alternative rock group , George . It followed the release of three extended plays and was the first single taken from their debut studio album Polyserena ( 2002 ) . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2001 , the song was nominated for 'Breakthrough Artist - Single ' , losing out to Frontier Psychiatrist by The Avalanches ."}]}, {'value': 'George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_(band)', 'summary': "George ( styled george ) was an Australian rock band from Brisbane , Queensland . The band 's first album , Polyserena , reached No . 1 in the Australian Charts on 17 March 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hash Pipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hash_Pipe', 'summary': "Hash Pipe is a song by American rock band Weezer . Released in 2001 , it was the first single off the band 's third album Weezer ( The Green Album ) , and the only one of the Summer Songs of 2000 songs to make it onto the album , although Dope Nose and Slob were released on Maladroit ."}]}, {'value': 'Weezer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Full list', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Triple_J_Hottest_100,_2001_0', 'intro': 'The 2001 Triple J Hottest 100, announced in January 2002, was the ninth such countdown of the most popular songs of the year, according to listeners of the Australian radio station Triple J. As in previous years, a CD featuring 34 (not necessarily the top 34) songs was released. When the announcers for the final stretch of the countdown, Adam Spencer and Wil Anderson got to the number one track, they first played their own parody track Matt Hayden, named after the Australian cricketer and set to the tune of Ms Jackson by OutKast. Ms Jackson actually reached the Hottest 100 the next year in 2002 when a cover by The Vines took it to number 30.'}
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Which song is of heavy metal genre with an album called Toxicity that was awarded a Grammy nomination in 2002 from the country with 50 states ?
Chop Suey !
09a8a86a4b9d4363
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League', 'title': 'UEFA Champions League', 'header': ['', 'Player', 'Nation', 'Apps', 'Years', 'Club ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iker Casillas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iker_Casillas', 'summary': "Iker Casillas Fernández ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈikeɾ kaˈsiʎas feɾˈnandeθ ] ; born 20 May 1981 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Portuguese club Porto . Popularly dubbed San Iker ( Saint Iker ) for his ability to produce spectacular saves , Casillas is widely considered to be one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time , known for his athleticism , quick reactions and outstanding shot-stopping ability . Casillas began his career with Real Madrid youth in 1990 . After gaining promotion to the senior team in 1999 , he remained with the club for 16 seasons , later serving as club captain and amassing 725 appearances , the second-most in club history . During his highly successful time in Madrid , he won five La Liga titles , two Copa del Rey titles , four Supercopa de España titles , three UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , one Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . He departed in 2015 to join Porto on a free transfer . In Portugal , Casillas captured a Primeira Liga and Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira title . Casillas has played for the Spanish national team a record 167 times , and has been an international since June 2000 , making him the joint tenth-most capped male footballer in history , and the joint second-most capped European player of all time . He became the nation 's first-choice goalkeeper at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , and went on to play at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup . In 2008 , he was made captain , and led the team to that year 's European Championship . He also led Spain to their first World Cup in 2010 , and retained the European Championship in 2012 . In 2014 , Casillas also became one of four players to represent Spain at four World Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid ( 150 ) , Porto ( 27 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristiano Ronaldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo', 'summary': "Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : [ kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁɔˈnaɫdu ] ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Juventus and captains the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time , [ note 3 ] Ronaldo has won five Ballons d'Or [ note 4 ] and four European Golden Shoes , both of which are records for a European player . He has won 29 trophies in his career , including six league titles , five UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA European Championship , and one UEFA Nations League . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for the most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League ( 128 ) and the joint-most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) . He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in Madeira , Ronaldo began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United in 2003 , aged 18 . After winning the FA Cup in his first season , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , the UEFA Champions League , and the FIFA Club World Cup ; at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the then-most expensive association football transfer when signed for Real Madrid in a transfer worth €94 million ( £80 million ) . There , Ronaldo won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , and four UEFA Champions League titles , and became the club 's all-time top goalscorer . After joining Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner-up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi - his perceived career rival - before winning back-to-back Ballons d'Or from 2013-2014 and again from 2016-2017 . After winning a third consecutive Champions League title in 2018 , Ronaldo became the first player to win the trophy five times . In 2018 , he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth an initial €100 million ( £88 million ) , the highest ever paid by an Italian club and the highest ever paid for a player over 30 years old ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '168', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United ( 52 ) , Real Madrid ( 101 ) , Juventus ( 15 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xavi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xavi', 'summary': "Xavier Hernández Creus ( Catalan : [ ˈʃaβi əɾˈnandəs ˈkɾɛws ] , Spanish : [ ˈtʃaβj eɾˈnandeθ ˈkɾeus ] ; born 25 January 1980 ) , nicknamed Xavi , is a Spanish football manager and former player who is the manager of Qatar Stars League football club Al Sadd Highly regarded for his humble persona and team ethos , Xavi is viewed as being the embodiment of the tiki-taka passing style of play , and is widely considered to be one of the greatest central midfielders of all time . He is also considered by many to be the greatest Spanish player ever . Xavi joined La Masia , the Barcelona youth academy , at age 11 , and made his first-team debut against Mallorca in August 1998 . In all , he played over 700 matches , a club record , and scored 85 goals . Xavi is the first player in the club 's history to play 150 European and FIFA Club World Cup matches combined . With Barcelona , Xavi won eight La Liga titles and four UEFA Champions League titles . He has won 31 trophies for Barcelona and Spain , a total only surpassed by Andrés Iniesta as the most decorated Spanish player in history . Xavi came third in the 2009 FIFA World Player of the Year , followed by third place for its successor award , the FIFA Ballon d'Or , in 2010 and 2011 . In 2011 , he was runner up to Lionel Messi for the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award . With Spain , Xavi won the FIFA World Youth Championship in 1999 , and the Olympic silver medal at the 2000 Olympics . After making his senior team debut in 2000 , he was capped 133 times for the Spain national team , and was an influential figure in the team 's successes . He played an integral role in Spain 's victory at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , as well as their wins at both UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '151', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Giggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Giggs', 'summary': "Ryan Joseph Giggs OBE ( born Wilson ; born 29 November 1973 ) is a Welsh football coach and former player . He is the manager of the Wales national team and a co-owner of Salford City . He played his entire professional career for Manchester United and briefly served as the club 's interim manager . The son of rugby union and Wales international rugby league footballer Danny Wilson , Giggs was born in Cardiff but moved to Manchester at the age of six when his father joined Swinton RLFC . Predominantly a left winger , he began his career with Manchester City , but joined Manchester United on his 14th birthday in 1987 . He made his professional debut for the club in 1991 and spent the next 23 years in the Manchester United first team . At the end of the 2013-14 season , he was named as Manchester United 's interim player-manager following the sacking of David Moyes . He was named as assistant manager under Moyes ' permanent replacement , Louis van Gaal , on 19 May 2014 ; he retired from playing the same day . He holds the club record for competitive appearances . At international level , Giggs played for the Wales national team 64 times between 1991 and 2007 , and was named as the captain of the Great Britain team that competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He is one of only 28 players to have made over 1,000 career appearances . Giggs is one of the most decorated footballers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '145', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raúl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raúl_(footballer)', 'summary': "Raúl González Blanco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ raˈul ɣonˈθaleθ ˈβlaŋko ] ; born 27 June 1977 ) , known as Raúl , is a Spanish football manager and former player who played as a striker . He is the current manager of Real Madrid Castilla . Raúl is considered one of the most important players in the history of Real Madrid and regarded as one of the greatest Spanish players of all-time . Raúl was born in the San Cristóbal de los Ángeles neighborhood of Madrid where he played for the local youth team before moving to the Atlético Madrid youth team . He later moved to Real Madrid 's youth academy and played at its various levels . In 1994 , he signed his first professional contract with the fourth division team Real Madrid C , and then was swiftly promoted to the first team . He spent 16 years of his career playing for Real Madrid and is the club 's second all-time top goalscorer with 323 goals , and he is the most capped player in the history of the club , with 741 appearances . With Los Blancos , Raúl won six La Liga titles , three UEFA Champions League titles , scoring in two finals , four Supercopa de España titles , one UEFA Super Cup and two Intercontinental Cups . In 2003 , he was appointed captain of the team and retained that position until his departure from the club in 2010 . He then signed for Schalke 04 , where he won a DFB-Pokal and DFL-Supercup , before signing for Qatari club Al Sadd in 2012 , where he won the league and the Emir of Qatar Cup . He ended his career with New York Cosmos in 2015 , after winning a domestic treble . In La Liga competitions , Raúl is the fifth-highest goalscorer in the history of the competition with 228 goals ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid ( 130 ) , Schalke 04 ( 12 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Schalke_04', 'summary': "Fußballclub Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04 e. V. , commonly known as FC Schalke 04 ( German : [ ɛf tseː ˈʃalkə nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , Schalke , Schalke 04 or abbreviated as S04 ( German : [ ˈɛs nʊl fiːɐ̯ ] ) , is a professional German football and multi-sports club originally from the Schalke district of Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The 04 in the club 's name derives from its formation in 1904 . Schalke has long been one of the most popular professional football teams and multi-sports club in Germany , even though the club 's heyday was in the 1930s and 1940s . Schalke play in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . As of June 2018 , the club has 155,000 members , making it the second-largest sports club in Germany and the fourth-largest sports club in the world in terms of membership . [ not verified in body ] Other activities offered by the club include athletics , basketball , handball , table tennis , winter sports and eSports . Founded in 1904 , Schalke has won seven German championships , five DFB-Pokals , one DFL-Supercup and one UEFA Cup . Schalke also succeeded as the first German club to win a cup double in 1937 . Since 2001 , Schalke 's stadium has been the Veltins-Arena . Schalke holds a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Borussia Dortmund , arguably one of the most widespread and well-known rivalries in German football , and matches between the two teams are referred to as the Revierderby . Schalke was ranked as the seventh-best football team in Europe by UEFA 's 2015 UEFA club rankings . In terms of operating income , Schalke possesses the seventh-highest operating income of any football club at $ 64.4 million or £38.2 million ( €48 million ) , and 0% debt as of August 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Messi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Messi', 'summary': "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini [ note 1 ] ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi ] ( listen ) ; [ A ] born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time , Messi has won a record six Ballon d'Or awards , [ note 2 ] and a record six European Golden Shoes . He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona , where he has won a club-record 34 trophies , including ten La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles and six Copas del Rey . A prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga ( 433 ) , a La Liga and European league season ( 50 ) , most hat-tricks in La Liga ( 35 ) and the UEFA Champions League ( 8 ) , and most assists in La Liga ( 181 ) and the Copa América ( 13 ) . He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi relocated to Spain to join Barcelona at age 13 , for whom he made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . He established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , and in his first uninterrupted season in 2008-09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football ; that year , aged 22 , Messi won his first Ballon d'Or . Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . During the 2011-12 season , he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all-time top scorer . The following two seasons , Messi finished second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo - his perceived career rival - before regaining his best form during the 2014-15 campaign , becoming the all-time top scorer in La Liga and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble , after which he was awarded a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015 . Messi assumed the captaincy of Barcelona in 2018 , and in 2019 he secured a record sixth Ballon d'Or . An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all-time leading goalscorer ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '140', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paolo Maldini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Maldini', 'summary': "Paolo Cesare Maldini ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈpaːolo malˈdiːni ] ; born 26 June 1968 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a left back and central defender for A.C. Milan and the Italy national team , who is widely regarded as one of the greatest ever defenders , and as one of the greatest players of all time . As the Milan and Italy captain for many years he was considered a leader by fellow footballers , leading to the nickname Il Capitano ( The Captain ) . Maldini holds the record for most appearances in Serie A , alongside Gianluigi Buffon , with 647 . He is currently serving as technical director for Milan , as well as being co-owner of USL Championship club Miami FC . During his playing career , Maldini spent all 25 seasons of his career in the Serie A with Milan , before retiring at the age of 41 in 2009 . He won 25 trophies with Milan : the UEFA Champions League five times , seven Serie A titles , one Coppa Italia , five Supercoppa Italiana titles , five European Super Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . During his years at Milan , Maldini played at a world class level for his entire career spanning two-and-a-half decades , and won the Best Defender trophy at the UEFA Club Football Awards at the age of 39 , as well as the Serie A Defender of the Year Award in 2004 . Following his retirement after the 2008-09 season , his lifelong club Milan retired his number 3 shirt . Maldini made his debut for Italy in 1988 , playing for 14 years before retiring in 2002 with 7 goals and 126 caps , an appearance record at the time , which has since only been topped by Fabio Cannavaro in 2009 and Gianluigi Buffon in 2013 . Maldini captained Italy for eight years and held the record for appearances made as Italy 's captain , wearing the armband 74 times , until he was once again overtaken by Cannavaro , in 2010 , and subsequently Buffon . With Italy , Maldini took part in four FIFA World Cups and three UEFA European Championships . Although he did not win a tournament with Italy , he reached the final of the 1994 World Cup and Euro 2000 , and the semi-final of the 1990 World Cup and Euro 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '135', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrés Iniesta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrés_Iniesta', 'summary': "Andrés Iniesta Luján ( Spanish pronunciation : [ anˈdɾes iˈnjesta luˈxan ] ; born 11 May 1984 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Japanese club Vissel Kobe . He spent most of his career at Barcelona , where he served as the captain for three seasons . Iniesta is widely considered to be one of the best players of his generation and one of the greatest midfielders of all time . Iniesta came through La Masia , the Barcelona youth academy , after an early migration from his birthplace , and impressed from an early age . He made his first-team debut aged 18 in 2002 . He began playing regularly during the 2004-05 season and remained in the team until 2018 . Iniesta was an integral part of the Barcelona sides that won two historic trebles in 2009 and 2015 , and his 35 trophies , which includes nine La Ligas and four UEFA Champions League titles , make him the most decorated Spanish footballer of all time . After twenty-two years at Barcelona , Iniesta signed for Japanese club Vissel Kobe in 2018 . Iniesta played for Spain at the Under-16 , Under-19 and Under-21 levels before making his international debut in 2006 . He helped Spain win UEFA Euro 2008 , playing every game and being selected in the Team of the Tournament . Iniesta was also a key member of the victorious Spanish team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup ; he scored the winning goal in the final against the Netherlands , for which he was named the Man of the Match , and was selected to the tournament 's All-Star Team . At UEFA Euro 2012 , Iniesta led Spain to their second consecutive continental crown , again being chosen as the Man of the Match of the final against Italy , and was named the Player of the Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence Seedorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Seedorf', 'summary': 'Clarence Clyde Seedorf ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈklɛrəns ˈseːdɔrf ] ( listen ) ; born 1 April 1976 ) is a Dutch professional football coach and former player . He was most recently the manager of the Cameroon national team . Regarded by many as one of the best midfielders of his generation , in 2004 , he was chosen by Pelé as part of the FIFA 100 . Seedorf is one of the most decorated Dutch players ever , and has won domestic and continental titles while playing for clubs in the Netherlands , Spain , Italy and Brazil . He is considered one of the most successful players in UEFA Champions League history , as he is the first , and currently the only , player to have won the Champions League with three clubs - once with Ajax , in 1995 , once with Real Madrid , in 1998 and twice with Milan , in 2003 and 2007 . At international level , he represented the Netherlands on 87 occasions , and took part at three UEFA European Football Championships ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 ) and the 1998 FIFA World Cup , reaching the semi-finals of the latter three tournaments .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajax ( 11 ) , Real Madrid ( 25 ) , Milan ( 89 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Scholes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Scholes', 'summary': "Paul Scholes ( /skoʊlz/ SKOHLZ ; born 16 November 1974 ) is an English football coach and former player , as well as a co-owner of Salford City . He spent his entire professional playing career with Manchester United , for whom he scored over 150 goals in more than 700 appearances between 1993 and 2013 . His first managerial position was at Oldham Athletic , for 31 days in February and March 2019 . Scholes came through the Manchester United youth academy as one of Fergie 's Fledglings ( a group of players recruited by Manchester United under the management of Sir Alex Ferguson ) . Scholes made his full debut for Manchester United in the 1994-95 season . He went on to make 718 appearances for United , the third-highest number of appearances by any player for the club . Scholes announced his retirement from playing in May 2011 and was appointed as a coach at Manchester United . However , he returned to playing in January 2012 , and went on to play one more season for the club before retiring again in May 2013 . With United , Scholes won 25 trophies including 11 Premier League titles ( more than any other English player ) and two UEFA Champions League titles . Scholes represented the England national team from 1997 to 2004 , gaining 66 caps and participating in the 1998 and 2002 World Cups , as well as the UEFA Euro 2000 and Euro 2004 tournaments . Scholes announced his retirement from international football in August 2004 , citing his family life and his club career with Manchester United as being more important . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , over his career Scholes has received praise from other managers and players , including Xavi , who said in 2014 that Scholes was the best central midfielder he had seen in the previous 15 to 20 years , describing him as a spectacular player who has everything ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Records and statistics -- Most appearances', 'section_text': 'See also : List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances As of 11 December 2019 [ 92 ] The table below does not include appearances made in the qualification stage .', 'uid': 'UEFA_Champions_League_1', 'intro': "The UEFA Champions League (also known as the European Cup) is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs, deciding the best team in Europe. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of the strongest UEFA national associations. Introduced in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each national championship. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries. It has since been expanded, and while most of Europe's national leagues can still only enter their champion, the strongest leagues now provide up to four teams. Clubs that finish next-in-line in their national league, having not qualified for the Champions League, are eligible for the second-tier UEFA Europa League competition, and from 2021, teams not eligible for the UEFA Europa League will qualify for a new third-tier competition called the UEFA Europa Conference League. In its present format, the Champions League begins in late June with a preliminary round, three qualifying rounds and a play-off round, all played over two legs. The six surviving teams enter the group stage, joining 26 teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams and play each other in a double round-robin system. The eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in late May or early June. The winner of the Champions League qualifies for the following year's Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. The competition has been won by 22 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once."}
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Who is the player of the club that was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 ?
Paul Scholes
09a8ad99169efa01
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Campeonato_Paulista', 'title': '2012 Campeonato Paulista', 'header': ['Club', 'Home city', '2011 result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Botafogo-SP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botafogo_Futebol_Clube_(SP)', 'summary': 'Botafogo Futebol Clube is a Brazilian association football club based in Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo state , founded on October 12 , 1918 . The club currently competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B after achieving promotion in 2018 , and in the Campeonato Paulista .'}]}, {'value': 'Ribeirão Preto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ribeirão_Preto', 'summary': "Ribeirão Preto ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁibejˈɾɐ̃w ˈpɾetu ] ) is a municipality and a metropolitan area located in the northeastern region of São Paulo state , Brazil . Ribeirão Preto is the eighth largest municipality in the state at 650.9 km2 , with an estimated population of 674,534 in 2018 and a metropolitan area of 1,178,910 . It is situated 313 km ( 194 mi ) from the city of São Paulo and 706 km ( 439 mi ) from Brasília , the federal capital . Its mean altitude is 526.8 meters ( 1,728 feet ) high . The city 's average temperature throughout the year is 23 °C ( 73F ) and the predominant original vegetation is the Atlantic forest . The city was originated around 1856 as an agricultural region . Coffee was a primary source of income until 1929 , when it lost value compared with the industrial sector . In the second half of the 20th century , investment in areas such as health , biotechnology , bioenergy and information technology led to the city being declared a Technological Center in 2010 . These activities have caused the city to have the 30th biggest gross national ( GNP ) in Brazil . The city is also an important cultural center . The Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali Park , the Maurilio Biagi Park , Carlos Raya Park , Santa Tereza Reserve and the Zoo are important preservation areas . Pinguim Beer house , Dom Pedro Theatre and projects such as Ribeirão Preto 's Cinema Center are relevant sightseeing points , along with events such as the Agrishow Agricultural Fair , Tanabata Festival , Joao Rock Music Festival and the National Outdoor Book Fair ."}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bragantino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Bragantino', 'summary': 'The Clube Atlético Bragantino , or Bragantino as they were usually called , was a Brazilian football team from Bragança Paulista in São Paulo that was founded on 8 January 1928 . On 5 April 2019 the team merged with Red Bull Brasil to form Red Bull Bragantino . They played in white shirts , shorts and socks . Its home stadium was the Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid .'}]}, {'value': 'Bragança Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bragança_Paulista', 'summary': 'Bragança Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 160,665 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 512.6 km² . The elevation is 817 m. The city is famous for its traditional sausages , with several establishments claiming to sell the real Bragança sausage . Bragança has become a commuter town due to its proximity to São Paulo and Campinas . As a result , real estate is developing at a fast pace and several gated communities have sprung up all over town . The city is served by Arthur Siqueira Airport dedicated to general aviation .'}]}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catanduvense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grêmio_Catanduvense_de_Futebol', 'summary': 'Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol , commonly known as Grêmio Catanduvense , is a Brazilian football club based in Catanduva , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Catanduva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catanduva', 'summary': 'Catanduva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . The population is 119,480 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 290.59 km² . Is the second largest city in the Northern part of the state , after São José do Rio Preto . The city has a diversified economy , and the cultivation and processing of sugarcane is relevant . Catanduva is the center of the microregion of Catanduva with 221,465 inhabitants , in an area of 2,283.6 km² .'}]}, {'value': '4th ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comercial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comercial_Futebol_Clube_(Ribeirão_Preto)', 'summary': 'Comercial Futebol Clube ( SP ) , usually known simply as Comercial ( or as Comercial de Ribeirão Preto ) , is a traditional Brazilian football club from Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Ribeirão Preto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ribeirão_Preto', 'summary': "Ribeirão Preto ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁibejˈɾɐ̃w ˈpɾetu ] ) is a municipality and a metropolitan area located in the northeastern region of São Paulo state , Brazil . Ribeirão Preto is the eighth largest municipality in the state at 650.9 km2 , with an estimated population of 674,534 in 2018 and a metropolitan area of 1,178,910 . It is situated 313 km ( 194 mi ) from the city of São Paulo and 706 km ( 439 mi ) from Brasília , the federal capital . Its mean altitude is 526.8 meters ( 1,728 feet ) high . The city 's average temperature throughout the year is 23 °C ( 73F ) and the predominant original vegetation is the Atlantic forest . The city was originated around 1856 as an agricultural region . Coffee was a primary source of income until 1929 , when it lost value compared with the industrial sector . In the second half of the 20th century , investment in areas such as health , biotechnology , bioenergy and information technology led to the city being declared a Technological Center in 2010 . These activities have caused the city to have the 30th biggest gross national ( GNP ) in Brazil . The city is also an important cultural center . The Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali Park , the Maurilio Biagi Park , Carlos Raya Park , Santa Tereza Reserve and the Zoo are important preservation areas . Pinguim Beer house , Dom Pedro Theatre and projects such as Ribeirão Preto 's Cinema Center are relevant sightseeing points , along with events such as the Agrishow Agricultural Fair , Tanabata Festival , Joao Rock Music Festival and the National Outdoor Book Fair ."}]}, {'value': '3rd ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinthians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Club_Corinthians_Paulista', 'summary': "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ ] ) is a Brazilian sports club based in the city of São Paulo . Although they compete in a number of different sports , Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team . The football team plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A , [ nb 1 ] the top tier of the Brazilian football , as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1 , [ nb 2 ] the first division of the traditional in-state competition . Founded in 1910 by five railway workers , Corinthians was inspired by the London-based club Corinthian Football Club . Since 1910 , Corinthians has become one of the most successful Brazilian clubs , having won the national title seven times , in addition to three Copa do Brasil trophies . Corinthians has a record 30 state championships . In 2000 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup 's first edition as the host team and in 2012 the club won the FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time . The club was listed by Forbes as the most valuable football club in the Americas , worth $ 576.9 million . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world and the second most in Brazil , with over 30 million fans . Since 2014 , Corinthians has played its home matches at the Arena Corinthians , one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , having hosted six matches during the tournament , including the opener on 12 June 2014 . The club 's home kit traditionally features white shirts and black shorts , accompanied by white socks , since 1920 . Their traditional crest was introduced in 1939 , by modernist painter Francisco Rebolo featuring the São Paulo state flag in a shield , two oars , and an anchor ( representing the club 's early success in nautical sports ) ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guarani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Guarani Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . It is also known as Bugre , a popular term for an Indigenous Brazilian , and its supporters are known as bugrinos .'}]}, {'value': 'Campinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campinas', 'summary': "Campinas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ kɐ̃ˈpinɐs ] , Plains or Meadows ) is a Brazilian municipality in São Paulo State , part of the country 's Southeast Region . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population is 1,080,999 , making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian city and the third most populous municipality in São Paulo state . The city 's metropolitan area , Metropolitan Region of Campinas , contains twenty municipalities with a total population of 3,656,363 people ."}]}, {'value': '2nd ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guaratinguetá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guaratinguetá_Futebol', 'summary': 'Guaratinguetá Futebol Ltda. , usually known simply as Guaratinguetá , is a Brazilian football club from Guaratinguetá , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Guaratinguetá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guaratinguetá', 'summary': "Guaratinguetá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte . The population is 139,073 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 752.64 km² . It is located in the region of Vale do Paraíba ; prominent individuals from the area include Saint Frei Galvão , Brazilian President Rodrigues Alves and the cardiologist Dr Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini . The name of the city derives from the words in the Tupi language : gûyra ( heron ) , tinga ( white ) and etá ( many ) , resulting in Gûyrating'etá ( meeting of white herons ) . The municipality contains part of the 292,000 hectares ( 720,000 acres ) Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area , created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ituano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ituano_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Ituano Futebol Clube , also known as Ituano Sociedade Civil de Futebol Ltda , or Ituano as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football club from Itu in São Paulo , founded on May 24 , 1947 . The team plays in black and red stripe shirts with white shorts and socks . In 2014 , Ituano won the São Paulo State League for the second time .'}]}, {'value': 'Itu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itu,_Brazil', 'summary': 'Itu is an historic municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba . The population is 167,095 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 640.72 km2 . The elevation is 583 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language , meaning big waterfall . Two rivers flow through Itu : Tietê and Jundiaí . Itu has five hospitals , eleven bank agencies and one shopping center , the Plaza Shopping Itu . Itu was founded by the Portuguese in 1610 by Domingos Fernandes . It became a parish in 1653 . In 1657 , it was elevated to a town and municipality . It became a part of Brazil in 1822 . It became a city in 1843 .'}]}, {'value': '16th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clube_Atlético_Linense', 'summary': "The Clube Atlético Linense is a traditional Brazilian football club from the city of Lins , interior of São Paulo state , in Brazil . Founded on June 12 , 1927 , was reorganized on February 11 , 1930 . Their colors are red , white and black . They won the Campeonato Paulista Second Division in 1952 , and the Série A-2 ( Second Division ) in 2010 , returning to the First Division in 2011 , what has not happened since 1957 . They are the club that showed Leivinha , idol of Portuguesa , Palmeiras , the Brazilian national team and Atlético Madrid , was also the club that held the first international transfer of Brazilian striker Americo Murolo trading with Italy . Has one of the most curious football mascots of São Paulo state , with which it is intimately connected . Some episodes characteristic of the players involved a parade of circus elephants on site after winning the league 's second division in 1952 . In 2000 , there was a parade of elephants from the track 's premises Estádio Gilberto Siqueira Lopes . The club recently announced the launch of a professional basketball team , which will begin playing in the second tier division of Sao Paulo state basketball . In January 2015 , it is also expected that Clube Atlético Linense will join Liga Ouro , the second division of Brazil 's national basketball league known as NBB ."}]}, {'value': 'Lins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lins,_São_Paulo', 'summary': 'Lins is a municipality in the western part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 76,092 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 570 km2 . The elevation is 437 m. Distance is 455 km from the state capital , São Paulo .'}]}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mirassol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirassol_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Mirassol Futebol Clube , usually known simply as Mirassol is a Brazilian football club from Mirassol , São Paulo state .'}]}, {'value': 'Mirassol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirassol', 'summary': 'Mirassol is a municipality in the state of São Paulo , Brazil . The city is located in the northern part of the state , 453 km from the city of São Paulo and 15 km from São José do Rio Preto . Mirassol has 53,792 inhabitants ( IBGE/2010 ) . The city belongs to the Microregion of São José do Rio Preto .'}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mogi Mirim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogi_Mirim_Esporte_Clube', 'summary': "Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube , commonly called Mogi Mirim , is a Brazilian football team from Mogi Mirim in São Paulo , founded 1 February 1932 . The team 's home ground is the Papa João Paulo II ( Pope John Paul II ) stadium , which has a capacity of 19,900 . Mogi Mirim plays in red shirts , shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': 'Mogi Mirim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogi_Mirim', 'summary': 'Mogi Mirim is a municipality located in the eastern part of São Paulo State , in Brazil . The population is 91,483 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 498 km² . The elevation is 611 m. Mogi Mirim is around 65 km from Campinas , the biggest city in the region , and 129 km from the capital São Paulo .'}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oeste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oeste_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Oeste Futebol Clube , or Oeste as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team currently playing in the city of Barueri . Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state , Oeste was founded on January 25 , 1921 . They play in black and red shirts , black shorts and red socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Itápolis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Itápolis', 'summary': 'Itápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 42,343 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 997 km² .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmeiras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras', 'summary': "Palmeiras ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ pawˈmejɾɐs ] ) is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . Founded on 26 August 1914 , as Palestra Italia ( pronounced [ paˌlɛstɾiˈtaliɐ ] ) , but changed to the current name on 14 September 14 , 1942 . It is a popular and successful Brazilian club , with around 18 million supporters and 126,000 affiliated fans , including many Brazilians of Italian ancestry . Despite being primarily an association football team , Palmeiras competes in a number of different sports , most notably football . The football team plays in the Campeonato Paulista , the state of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as in the Brasileirão Série A , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . Palmeiras have won 14 national competitions , making it the most successful club inside Brazil . The club 's most important titles are the 1951 Copa Rio international tournament , 1999 Copa Libertadores , 10 Brazilian National League titles ( Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ) , 2 Brasileirão Série B , 3 Brazil Cups ( Copa do Brasil ) , 1 Champions Cup ( Copa dos Campeões ) and the 1998 Copa Mercosul , as well as 5 Interstate titles ( Torneio Rio - São Paulo ) , and 22 State Championship titles ( Campeonato Paulista ) ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube', 'summary': 'Paulista Futebol Clube , or Paulista as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí , in São Paulo , founded on 17 May 1909 . They play at the fourth tier of Brazilian football professional league . Home stadium is the Jayme Cintra stadium , capacity 15,000 . They play in black , white and red stripes , white shorts and socks .'}]}, {'value': 'Jundiaí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jundiaí', 'summary': 'Jundiaí is a municipality in the state of São Paulo , in the Southeast Region of Brazil , located 57 kilometres ( 35 mi ) north of São Paulo . The population of the city is 401,896 ( 2015 est . ) , with an area of 431.21 km² . The elevation is 761 m. The GDP of the city is U $ 16.6 billion ( R $ 36.6 billion ) . The budget for 2013 is U $ 787 million ( R $ 1.63 billion ) , according to the official data of the City Hall .'}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ponte Preta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Atlética_Ponte_Preta', 'summary': "Associação Atlética Ponte Preta ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ɐsosjɐˈsɐ̃w ɐˈtlɛtʃikɐ ˈpõtʃi ˈpɾetɐ ] ) , commonly known as Ponte Preta , is a Brazilian football club located in Campinas , São Paulo . Ponte Preta is also known as Macaca . Ponte Preta 's biggest rival is from the same city , Guarani , against whom matches are known as derby ( dérbi in Portuguese ) . They are known as pontepretanos . Ponte Preta is the second oldest football team established in Brazil still in activity , founded on August 11 , 1900 , the oldest being Sport Club Rio Grande , of Rio Grande do Sul ."}]}, {'value': 'Campinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campinas', 'summary': "Campinas ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ kɐ̃ˈpinɐs ] , Plains or Meadows ) is a Brazilian municipality in São Paulo State , part of the country 's Southeast Region . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population is 1,080,999 , making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian city and the third most populous municipality in São Paulo state . The city 's metropolitan area , Metropolitan Region of Campinas , contains twenty municipalities with a total population of 3,656,363 people ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Portuguesa_de_Desportos', 'summary': 'Associação Portuguesa de Desportos , usually called Portuguesa or Lusa , is a sports club , and a Brazilian football team from São Paulo in São Paulo state , founded on August 14 , 1920 by the Portuguese population of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos_FC', 'summary': "Santos Futebol Clube ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈsɐ̃tus futʃiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , commonly known simply as Santos , is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro , a bairro in the city of Santos . It plays in the Paulistão , the State of São Paulo 's premier state league , as well as the Brasileirão , the top tier of the Brazilian football league system . The club was founded in 1912 by the initiative of three sports enthusiasts from Santos by Raimundo Marques , Mário Ferraz de Campos , and Argemiro de Souza Júnior as a response to the lack of representation the city had in football . Since then , Santos became one of Brazil 's most successful clubs , becoming a symbol of Jogo Bonito ( English : the Beautiful Game ) in football culture , hence the motto Técnica e Disciplina ( Technique and discipline ) . The most recognized Santista anthem is the Leão do Mar written by Mangeri Neto . This was largely thanks to the Peixe 's golden generation of the 1960s which contained players such as Gilmar , Mauro Ramos , Mengálvio , Coutinho , Pepe and Pelé , named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee , and widely regarded as the best and most accomplished footballer in the game 's history . Os Santásticos , considered by some the best club team of all times , won a total of 24 titles during that decade including five consecutive Brasileirões , a feat that remains unequaled today . Os Santásticos won four competitions in 1962 , thus completing a quadruple , comprising the Paulistão , the Brasileirão , the Copa Libertadores and the European/South American Cup . Santos is one of the most successful clubs in the Brasileirão , becoming national champions on eight occasions . It has also won 21 Paulistãos , three Copa Libertadores , two Intercontinental Cups , one Supercopa de Campeones Intercontinentales , one Copa CONMEBOL ( the precursor of current Copa Sudamericana ) , one Copa do Brasil and one Recopa Sudamericana . On January 20 , 1998 , Santos became the first team , in any category in the world , to reach the milestone of 10,000 goals in the entire history of football and was voted by FIFA as one of the most successful clubs of the 20th century . The Peixe play their home games at the Vila Belmiro , which currently holds up to 20,120 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santos,_São_Paulo', 'summary': "Santos ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɐ̃tus ] ( listen ) , Saints ) is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo , founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas . It is located mostly on the island of São Vicente , which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of São Vicente , and partially on the mainland . It is the main city in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista . The population is 433,966 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 280.67 km2 ( 108.37 sq mi ) . The city is also home to the Coffee Museum , where world coffee prices were once negotiated . There is also an association football memorial , dedicated to the city 's greatest players , which includes Pelé , who played for the Santos Futebol Clube . Its beachfront garden , 5,335 m ( 5,834 yd ) in length , figures in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest beachfront garden in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Caetano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_São_Caetano', 'summary': 'Associação Desportiva São Caetano , commonly known as São Caetano , is a Brazilian football team based in the city of São Caetano , Brazil , part of the São Paulo greater metropolitan area . The club finished as runner-up in the Série A twice and once in the Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': 'São Caetano do Sul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Caetano_do_Sul', 'summary': 'São Caetano do Sul ( or São Caetano ) is a city in São Paulo state in Brazil . It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo . The population is 158,024 ( 2015 est . ) in an area of 15.33 km2 . It is the city with the highest per capita income in Brazil ( US $ 31,322.00 in 2010 ) and it also has the highest Human Development Index . It is intensely conurbated with São Paulo , Santo André and São Bernardo do Campo , causing the physical limits between cities to be lost . São Caetano do Sul , together with Ferraz de Vasconcelos , is one of two cities in the state of São Paulo that are not crossed by any state or federal highway .'}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo_FC', 'summary': "São Paulo Futebol Clube ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi ] ) , simply known as São Paulo , is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo . It has played in the Campeonato Paulista ( the State of São Paulo 's premier state league ) and Campeonato Brasileiro ( the top tier of the Brazilian football league system ) . As for international titles , SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil , with 12 international titles . It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles , having won 21 state titles , six Brasileirão titles , three Copa Libertadores titles , one Copa Sudamericana , one Supercopa Libertadores , one Copa CONMEBOL , one Copa Masters CONMEBOL , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . Founded in 1930 , São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil 's leading football clubs . The club 's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s , under coach Telê Santana , when it won three state titles , one national championship , two Copa Libertadores , two Recopa Sudamericanas , two Intercontinental Cups , a Supercopa Sudamericana , a Copa CONMEBOL , and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL . São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil , with over 16 million supporters . The team 's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes ( one red and one black ) , white shorts and white socks . Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo , where it has played since 1960 . The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 and 2006 . São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue , with an annual revenue of $ 111.9m ( €78.2m ) , and the nation 's second most valuable club , worth over $ 353.4m ( €246.9m ) in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_Paulo', 'summary': "São Paulo ( /ˌsaʊ ˈpaʊloʊ/ ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil . The metropolis is an alpha global city ( as listed by the GaWC ) and the most populous city in Brazil , the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere , besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world . The municipality is also the world 's 12th largest city proper by population . The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo , the most populous and wealthiest state in Brazil . It exerts strong international influences in commerce , finance , arts and entertainment . The name of the city honors the Apostle , Saint Paul of Tarsus . The city 's metropolitan area , the Greater São Paulo , ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth . The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo ( Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley ) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis , a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere , the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange . Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo . The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world , representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo , being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil , and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005 . The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil , including the Mirante do Vale , Edifício Itália , Banespa , North Tower and many others ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XV de Piracicaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esporte_Clube_XV_de_Novembro_(Piracicaba)', 'summary': 'Esporte Clube XV de Novembro , or XV de Piracicaba as they are usually called , is a Brazilian football team from Piracicaba , São Paulo state . The club was founded in 1913 and its most famous President was Romeu Italo Ripoli .'}]}, {'value': 'Piracicaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piracicaba', 'summary': 'Piracicaba ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ piɾɐsiˈkabɐ ] or [ piˌɾasiˈkabɐ ] ) is a city located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo . The population is 404,142 ( 2019 ) in an area of 1378.07 km² . It is at an elevation of 547 m above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '1st ( Série A2 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'São Bernardo , Barueri , Noroeste and Santo André were relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Série A2 after finishing in the bottom four spots of the table at the end of the 2011 season . [ 6 ] Santo André were relegated after they played the finals in the 2010 season against Santos , being runner-up . The four relegated teams were replaced by XV de Piracicaba , Comercial , Guarani and Catanduvese , that were promoted from 2011 Série A2 . [ 7 ] Comercial return to play in the first division after 25 years away from it [ 8 ] while XV de Piracicaba , Guarani and Catanduvense , are back after playing the last time in the years : 1995 , 2009 and 1993 respectively . Botafogo–SPBragantinoCampinasCatanduvenseComercialGuaratinguetáItuanoLinenseMirassolMogi MirimOestePaulistaSantosSão CaetanoSão PauloXV de Piracicaba Locations of the 2012 Campeonato Paulista teams', 'uid': '2012_Campeonato_Paulista_0', 'intro': "The 2012 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Profissional da Primeira Divisão - Série A1 (officially the Paulistão Chevrolet 2012 for sponsorship reasons) was the 111th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. The finals were played between Santos and Guarani. Santos won 7-2 on aggregate. It was the third consecutive year that they won, the first time since 1968, when the same Santos won three years in a row for the last time (1966/1967/1968)."}
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What is the club whose home city has a diversified economy , and the cultivation and processing of sugarcane is relevant ?
Catanduvense
09ac7d259403145d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_Family_Coaster', 'title': 'Suspended Family Coaster', 'header': ['Name', 'Amusement Park', 'Location', 'Opening Date', 'Model'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bat_(Lagoon)', 'summary': 'The Bat is a Vekoma Suspended Family Coaster located at Lagoon Amusement Park in Farmington , Utah , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Lagoon Amusement Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lagoon_Amusement_Park', 'summary': "Lagoon is a privately owned amusement park in Farmington , Utah , United States , located about 18 miles north of Salt Lake City . It has ten roller coasters , five of which are unique ; Colossus the Fire Dragon , the last Schwarzkopf Double Looping coaster still in operation in the United States ( Laser at Dorney Park closed at the end of the 2008 season and was moved to Germany to become the Teststrecke traveling roller coaster in 2009 ) ; Roller Coaster , one of the oldest coasters in the world operating since 1921 ; Wicked , designed by Lagoon 's engineering department and Werner Stengel in cooperation with ride manufacturer Zierer ; BomBora , a family coaster designed in-house ; and Cannibal , built in-house with one of the world 's steepest drops . Lagoon is divided into five main areas : The Midway , containing the majority of the rides and an assortment of carnival type games and food outlets ; Pioneer Village which has several exhibits displaying pioneer buildings and artifacts ; Lagoon-A-Beach , a water park which is included in the regular admission price ; Kiddie Land with several rides for small children , and the X-Venture Zone featuring more extreme rides that cost extra . Lagoon also offers a full-service RV park , a campground , and a shaded walking trail outside the park that stays open all year ."}]}, {'value': 'Farmington , Utah , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farmington,_Utah', 'summary': "Farmington is a city in Davis County , Utah , United States . It is part of the Ogden-Clearfield , Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 18,275 at the 2010 census and was estimated at 24,514 in 2018 . An amusement park , called Lagoon Amusement Park , is located in Farmington . The city was ranked 12th on Money magazine 's Best Places to Live index in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16 April 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escape from Madagascar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escape_from_Madagascar', 'summary': 'Escape from Madagascar is a suspended family roller coaster at Dreamworld on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Dreamworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dreamworld_(Australian_theme_park)', 'summary': "Dreamworld is a theme park and zoo situated on the Gold Coast in Queensland . It is Australia 's biggest theme park with over 40 rides and attractions . The park is made up of several themed lands : Ocean Parade , DreamWorks Experience , ABC Kids World , Tiger Island and Corroboree . These lands have a collection of rides , animal exhibits , shows , food outlets and merchandise shops . Dreamworld is noted for being the location of the Australian Big Brother house filmed at the Dreamworld Studios , since the program began in Australia in 2001 . In December 2006 , Dreamworld expanded its offerings by opening WhiteWater World next door . On several occasions during the year , Dreamworld remains open after dark . This event , known as Park After Dark , includes all of the thrill rides and a children 's rides ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland', 'summary': "The Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland , approximately 66 kilometres ( 41 mi ) south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales . With a estimated population of 679,127 , at June 2018 ( including 76,779 in the adjacent Tweed Valley of New South Wales ) , the Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia , making it the largest non-capital city , and Queensland 's second-largest city . Gold Coast is a major tourist destination with its sunny subtropical climate and has become widely known for its surfing beaches , high-rise dominated skyline , theme parks , nightlife , and rainforest hinterland . The city is part of the nation 's entertainment industry with television productions and a major film industry . The city hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games which ran from 4 to 15 April 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '26 December 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Children 's Grand Park", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Children's_Grand_Park", 'summary': "Children 's Grand Park is a park complex in Gwangjin-gu , Seoul , South Korea . Facilities at Children 's Grand Park include hills and hiking trails , Zoo , garden , and an amusement park . Situated in Seoul Citys Gwangjin-gu , Childrens Grand Park is a leisure facility for families , offering a botanical garden , amusement facilities , and diverse performance events . Opened on a Korean holiday called Childrens Day in 1973 , the park is full of attractions that appeal to youngsters : Marine Animal House that exhibits seals and polar bears , a Small Animal Village , and even a Parrot Village . Nearly 62% of the park 's total area of about 530,000 sq . meters consists of trees and grass and various facilities ."}]}, {'value': 'Seoul , South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul', 'summary': "Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flight of the Pterosaur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paultons Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paultons_Park', 'summary': "Paultons Family Theme Park | Home of Peppa Pig World is an amusement park located in the New Forest National Park , near the village of Ower , in Hampshire , England , with over 70 rides and attractions . The Peppa Pig World theme park area is based on the children 's television series character . The Lost Kingdom theme park area includes 27 animatronic dinosaurs . The park name is derived from the former Paultons Estate , on which the park is situated . The park covers 140 acres of land and features a collection of around 80 species of birds and animals , in addition to the rides . Most of the theme park rides are designed for children , which is why the park considers itself a family theme park ."}]}, {'value': 'Romsey , Hampshire , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romsey,_Hampshire', 'summary': "Romsey ( /ˈrɒmzi/ ROM-zee ) is a historic market town in the county of Hampshire , England . Romsey was home to the 17th-century philosopher and economist William Petty and the 19th-century British prime minister , Lord Palmerston , whose statue has stood in the town centre since 1857 . The town was also home to the 20th-century naval officer and statesman Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , who lived at Broadlands . Notable buildings include a 13th-century hunting lodge , an 18th-century coaching inn and the 19th-century Corn Exchange . The town is situated 7 miles ( 11 km ) northwest of Southampton , 11 miles ( 18 km ) southwest of Winchester and 17 miles ( 27 km ) southeast of Salisbury . It sits on the outskirts of the New Forest , just over 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) northeast of its eastern edge . More than 19,000 people live in Romsey , which has an area of about 1.90 sq mi ( 4.93 km2 ) . The town 's population is expected to increase to 20,549 by 2020 as a result of substantial housebuilding in the Abbotswood development . This represents a 5.6% increase since 2015 . Romsey is one of the principal towns in the Test Valley Borough and lies on the River Test , which is known for fly fishing , predominantly trout . Romsey Abbey , the largest parish church in Hampshire , dominates the centre of the town . As of 2019 , the town centre is undergoing substantial remodelling , with the stated aim of improving access for pedestrians and cyclists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '17 May 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitty Hawk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flying_Ace_Aerial_Chase', 'summary': "Flying Ace Aerial Chase is a Suspended Family Coaster designed and built by Vekoma . The roller coaster debuted at Kings Island in 2001 and was followed by another identical installation that launched at Carowinds in 2003 . Originally , both rides opened as Rugrats Runaway Reptar , themed to the Nickelodeon animated television series Rugrats and its two-part episode Runaway Reptar . Following Cedar Fair 's acquisition of both parks in 2006 , both were eventually re-themed to the Snoopy vs. the Red Baron comic strip series in the 1960s by Peanuts creator Charles Schulz , undergoing a name change in the process . The Carowinds installation was renamed Kiddy Hawk for the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Carowinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carowinds', 'summary': 'Carowinds is a 407-acre ( 165 ha ) amusement park , located adjacent to Interstate 77 in Charlotte , North Carolina . Although it has an official North Carolina address , the park is located along the North Carolina-South Carolina state line , with a portion of the park also located in Fort Mill , South Carolina . The park opened on March 31 , 1973 , at a cost of $ 70 million . This was the result of a four-year planning period spearheaded by Charlotte businessman Earl Patterson Hall , who was inspired to build the park by a 1956 trip to Disneyland and a dream of bringing the two states closer together . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company , Carowinds also features a 27-acre ( 81,000 m2 ) water park , Carolina Harbor , which is included with park admission . The park has a Halloween event called SCarowinds and a winter event called WinterFest .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlotte , North Carolina , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina', 'summary': "Charlotte ( /ˈʃɑːrlət/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Located in the Piedmont , it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County . In 2018 , the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498 , making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States . The city is the cultural , economic , and transportation center of the Charlotte metropolitan area , whose population ranks 23rd in the U.S. , and had a population of 2,569,213 , in 2018 . The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933 . Between 2004 and 2014 , Charlotte was ranked as the country 's fastest-growing metro area , with 888,000 new residents . Based on U.S. Census data from 2005 to 2015 , Charlotte tops the U.S. in millennial population growth . It is the second-largest city in the southeastern United States , just behind Jacksonville , Florida . It is the third-fastest-growing major city in the United States . It is listed as a gamma global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Residents are referred to as Charlotteans . Charlotte is home to the corporate headquarters of Bank of America , Truist Financial , and the east coast operations of Wells Fargo , which along with other financial institutions has made it the second-largest banking center in the United States since 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '22 March 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flying Ace Aerial Chase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flying_Ace_Aerial_Chase', 'summary': "Flying Ace Aerial Chase is a Suspended Family Coaster designed and built by Vekoma . The roller coaster debuted at Kings Island in 2001 and was followed by another identical installation that launched at Carowinds in 2003 . Originally , both rides opened as Rugrats Runaway Reptar , themed to the Nickelodeon animated television series Rugrats and its two-part episode Runaway Reptar . Following Cedar Fair 's acquisition of both parks in 2006 , both were eventually re-themed to the Snoopy vs. the Red Baron comic strip series in the 1960s by Peanuts creator Charles Schulz , undergoing a name change in the process . The Carowinds installation was renamed Kiddy Hawk for the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kings Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_Island', 'summary': "Kings Island is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Cincinnati in Mason , Ohio . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair , the park first opened in 1972 by the Taft Broadcasting Company . It was part of a larger effort to move and expand Coney Island , a popular resort destination along the banks of the Ohio River that was prone to frequent flooding . After more than $ 300 million in capital investments , the park features over 100 attractions including fourteen roller coasters and a 33-acre ( 13 ha ) water park . Early in its history , Kings Island has appeared in popular sitcoms and received widespread recognition for its record-breaking attractions and events . One of the park 's most well-known attractions , The Racer , is often credited with reviving worldwide interest in roller coasters during the 1970s . Others , such as The Beast and Banshee , have set several world records , some of which remain standing . The largest investment in park history is Orion , a giga coaster scheduled to open in 2020 . The park has also suffered through times of negative publicity , particularly surrounding the early demise of roller coasters The Bat and Son of Beast . Kings Island is divided into several themed sections and operates seasonally from early spring through the fall , partially reopening for Winterfest during the holiday season . In 2017 , Kings Island was the second-most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States behind Cedar Point , with an estimated 3.47 million visitors . It was third overall for seasonal attendance in North America , which was led by Canada 's Wonderland ."}]}, {'value': 'Mason , Ohio , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mason,_Ohio', 'summary': "Mason is a city in southwestern Warren County , Ohio , United States , approximately 22 miles ( 35 km ) from downtown Cincinnati . As of the 2010 census , Mason 's population was 30,712 . Mason is home to Kings Island amusement park and one of the largest tennis stadiums in the world , the Lindner Family Tennis Center , home of the Western & Southern Open , one of the world 's top tennis tournaments for both men and women ."}]}, {'value': '7 April 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flying School formerly Swamp Thing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legoland Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legoland_Florida', 'summary': 'Legoland Florida Resort ( stylized as LEGOLAND Florida Resort ) is a vacation destination in Winter Haven , Florida featuring a theme park , water park and on-site accommodations . It opened as Legoland Florida on October 15 , 2011 , and later rebranded itself Legoland Florida Resort with the opening of Legoland Hotel in May 2015 . The park encompasses 145 acres ( 0.59 km2 ) , making it the second-largest Legoland park after Legoland Windsor in the UK . Built on the site of the former Cypress Gardens theme park , Legoland preserved the botanical gardens and re-themed the water park and select attractions and venues to reflect various Lego brands . Designed for families with children ages 2 to 12 , the resort has more than fifty rides , shows , attractions , restaurants , and shops , plus a botanical garden and water park . The 152-room Legoland Hotel opened May 15 , 2015 , followed by Legoland Beach Retreat on April 7 , 2017 , which has 166 rooms in 83 freestanding bungalows designed to resemble giant Lego sets .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter Haven , Florida , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winter_Haven,_Florida', 'summary': "Winter Haven is a city in Polk County , Florida , United States . It is fifty-one miles east of Tampa . The population was 33,874 at the 2010 census . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2018 estimates , this city had a population of 43,020 , making it the second most populated city in Polk County . It is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '9 December 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freedom Flyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedom_Flyer', 'summary': 'Freedom Flyer is a Vekoma Suspended Family Coaster at Fun Spot America . It has yellow track and blue supports . Opened in May 2013 , it is 1,295 feet ( 395 m ) long .'}]}, {'value': 'Fun Spot America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fun_Spot_America', 'summary': 'Fun Spot America Theme Parks is a group of amusement parks located in Orlando , Florida , Kissimmee , Florida and Fayetteville , Georgia . Since 1979 , the group has owned and operated a number of small amusement parks over the years and currently has three locations , Fun Spot America - Orlando , Fun Spot America - Kissimmee , and Fun Spot America - Atlanta .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'May 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395m', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jimmy Neutron 's Atomic Flyer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jimmy_Neutron's_Atomic_Flyer", 'summary': "Jimmy Neutron 's Atomic Flyer is a steel suspended family roller coaster at Movie Park Germany . This is the first Vekoma Suspended Family Coaster to feature their redesigned restraints . This ride is inspired by The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ."}]}, {'value': 'Movie Park Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Movie_Park_Germany', 'summary': 'Movie Park Germany is a theme park in Bottrop-Kirchhellen in western Germany , 50 km ( 30 mi ) north of Düsseldorf . With an area of 40 hectare ( 98 acres ) , it consists of 7 areas based on movies and TV series . Nearby the park are several film studios .'}]}, {'value': 'Bottrop , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bottrop', 'summary': 'Bottrop ( German pronunciation : [ ˈbɔtʁɔp ] ( listen ) ) is a city in west central Germany , on the Rhine-Herne Canal , in North Rhine-Westphalia . Located in the Ruhr industrial area , Bottrop adjoins Essen , Oberhausen , Gladbeck and Dorsten . The city had been a coal-mining and rail center and contains factories producing coal-tar derivatives , chemicals , textiles , and machinery . Bottrop grew as a mining center beginning in the 1860s , was chartered as a city in 1921 , and bombed during the Oil Campaign of World War II . In 1975 it unified with the neighbour communities of Gladbeck and Kirchhellen , but Gladbeck left it in 1976 , leading to Kirchhellen becoming a district of Bottrop as Bottrop-Kirchhellen . It is also twinned with Blackpool , England .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia', 'summary': 'North Rhine-Westphalia ( German : Nordrhein-Westfalen , pronounced [ ˌnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian : Noordrien-Wesfale ; Low German : Noordrhien-Westfalen ; Kölsch : Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale , commonly shortened to NRW in both written and spoken language ) is a state of Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia is located in western Germany covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres ( 13,160 sq mi ) . With a population of 17.9 million in 2017 , it is the most populous state of Germany . It is also the most densely populated German state apart from the city-states of Berlin , Bremen , and Hamburg , and the fourth-largest by area . The state capital is Düsseldorf . North Rhine-Westphalia features 30 of the 81 German cities with over 100,000 inhabitants , including Cologne ( over 1 million ) , Düsseldorf , Dortmund and Essen ( all between 580,000 and 620,000 inhabitants ) and other cities predominantly located in the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area , the largest urban area in Germany and the third-largest on the European continent . North Rhine-Westphalia was established in 1946 after World War II from the Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the northern part of Rhine Province ( North Rhine ) , and the Free State of Lippe by the British military administration in Allied-occupied Germany . North Rhine-Westphalia became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 , and the city of Bonn served as the federal capital until the reunification of Germany in 1990 and as the seat of government until 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '294m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kvasten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kvasten', 'summary': 'Kvasten , The Broom is a steel inverted roller coaster at the Gröna Lund amusement park in Stockholm , Sweden . The ride is a Suspended Family Coaster built by Vekoma designed specifically for families .'}]}, {'value': 'Gröna Lund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gröna_Lund', 'summary': 'Gröna Lund ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɡrø̂ːna ˈlɵnːd ] ; lit . Green Grove ) , or colloquially Grönan ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈɡrø̂ːnan ] ) , is an amusement park in Stockholm , Sweden . Located onthe seaward side of Djurgården Island , it is relatively small compared to other amusement parks , mainly because of its central location , which limits expansion . The 3.8 ha ( 9.4 acres ) amusement park has over 30 attractions and is a popular venue for concerts in the summer . It was founded in 1883 by James Schultheiss .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockholm , Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockholm', 'summary': "Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '28 April 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orkanen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fårup sommerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fårup_sommerland', 'summary': "Fårup Summer Park ( Danish : Fårup Sommerland ) is a theme park located in Fårup between Blokhus and Løkken in North Jutland , Denmark . The park , as the name suggests , is open during the summer months and attracts about 600,000 people each season . It is one of Denmark 's biggest amusement parks and has the largest water park of any amusement park in the country . The park currently has six roller coasters and many other rides as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Jylland , Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jylland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '5 June 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '453m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Streak', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Canada 's Wonderland", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada's_Wonderland", 'summary': "Canada 's Wonderland is a 134-hectare ( 330-acre ) theme park located in Vaughan , Ontario , a suburb approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) north of Downtown Toronto . Opened in 1981 by the Taft Broadcasting Company and The Great-West Life Assurance Company as the first major theme park in Canada , it remains the country 's largest . The park , currently owned by Cedar Fair , has been the most visited seasonal amusement park in North America for several consecutive years . As a seasonal park , Canada 's Wonderland is open daily from May to Labour Day , with weekend openings in late April and after Labour Day until October 27th . They removed Halloween day Halloween Haunt due to the transition between Halloween Haunt and Winterfest With seventeen roller coasters , Canada 's Wonderland is ranked second in the world by number of roller coasters , after Six Flags Magic Mountain ( 19 coasters ) and tied with Cedar Point ( 17 coasters ) . The 134-hectare ( 330-acre ) park includes an 8-hectare ( 20-acre ) water park named Splash Works . The park holds Halloween Haunt , a Halloween-themed event , each fall , as well as special events throughout the season , including various food festivals , as well as Celebration Canada , a month-long Canada Day festival , among others . Beginning in 2019 , the park launched WinterFest , a holiday-themed event that would extend the park 's operating season to late December . The park was known as Paramount Canada 's Wonderland when it was owned by National Amusements via Paramount Parks from 1993 to 2006 . Following Cedar Fair 's purchase of the park in 2006 , Paramount was dropped from the name . In 2018 , it was the most visited seasonal amusement park in North America as well as the second most visited Cedar Fair amusement park , behind Knott 's Berry Farm in California with an estimated 3.79 million visitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Vaughan , Ontario , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaughan,_Ontario', 'summary': 'Vaughan ( 2016 population 306,233 ) is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is located in the Regional Municipality of York , just north of Toronto . Vaughan was the fastest-growing municipality in Canada between 1996 and 2006 with its population increasing by 80.2% during this time period and having nearly doubled in population since 1991 . It is the fifth-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area , and the 17th-largest city in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '6 May 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel Lasso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_Lasso', 'summary': "Steel Lasso is an inverted coaster at Frontier City theme park . It opened in 2008 for the parks 50th anniversary celebration . The ride was designed by Vekoma and was made in the United States by Chance-Morgan Rides . It has a double figure eight layout with a clockwise downward helix near the end . Steel Lasso is stopped by a brake run that is built into the station . Steel Lasso is the first and only suspended roller coaster in the state of Oklahoma . The train features simple lap bars that lower from above the riders ' heads . Steel Lasso currently has an orange and green paint scheme . The ride is a Suspended Family Coaster ."}]}, {'value': 'Frontier City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_City', 'summary': 'Frontier City is a western-themed amusement park in Oklahoma City . It is owned by EPR Properties and operated by Six Flags Entertainment Corporation . The park originally opened in 1958 . Frontier City is one of three Six Flags parks that are not currently branded as a Six Flags park , with Great Escape in Queensbury , New York and La Ronde in Montreal , Quebec , Canada being the other two .'}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma City ( /oʊkləˌhoʊmə -/ ) , often shortened to OKC , is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The county seat of Oklahoma County , the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population . The population grew following the 2010 Census , with the population estimated to have increased to 649,021 as of July 2018 . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,396,445 , and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,469,124 residents , making it Oklahoma 's largest municipality and metropolitan area by population . Oklahoma City 's city limits extend somewhat into Canadian , Cleveland , and Pottawatomie counties , though much of those areas outside the core Oklahoma County area are suburban tracts or protected rural zones ( watershed ) . The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by total area when including consolidated city-counties ; it is the second largest city in the United States by total area , following Houston , when not including consolidated cities . Lying in the Great Plains region , Oklahoma City has one of the world 's largest livestock markets . Oil , natural gas , petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy . The city is in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds . The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation 's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center ( these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department 's Enterprise Service Center , respectively ) . Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor , which is one of the primary travel corridors south into neighboring Texas and Mexico and north towards Wichita and Kansas City . Located in the state 's Frontier Country region , the city 's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers ."}]}, {'value': '18 July 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '294m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swamp Thing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swamp_Thing_(Wild_Adventures)', 'summary': 'Swamp Thing is a steel roller coaster located at Wild Adventures in Valdosta , Georgia . It opened at Wild Adventures in 2003 mainly as an introduction coaster for children . Swamp Thing is a standard Vekoma Suspended Family Coaster with alligator-themed scenery . In 2004 , a second Swamp Thing coaster was opened at Cypress Gardens , but was later closed due to bankruptcy .'}]}, {'value': 'Wild Adventures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Adventures', 'summary': 'Wild Adventures is a zoological theme park in Clyattville , Georgia , which is located 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of Valdosta , Georgia , United States . It is owned by Herschend Family Entertainment . The park features rides and attractions , including eight roller coasters , exotic animals , shows , Splash Island water park and concerts from country , pop , rock , Christian , and oldies superstars . The park is located just off Interstate 75 .'}]}, {'value': 'Valdosta , Georgia , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Valdosta is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County , Georgia , United States . As of 2018 , Valdosta had an estimated population of 56,426 , and is the 14th largest city in Georgia . Valdosta is the principal city of the Valdosta Metropolitan Statistical Area , which in 2010 had a population of 139,588 . It includes Brooks County to the west . Valdosta is the home of Valdosta State University , a regional university in the University System of Georgia with over 10,900 students . The local public Valdosta High School has the football program with the most wins of any high school in the United States . Valdosta is called the Azalea City , as the plant grows in profusion there . The city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March .'}]}, {'value': '10 May 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '342m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon Flier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Pigeon Forge , Tennessee , United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Pigeon Forge is a mountain resort city in Sevier County , Tennessee , in the southeastern United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 5,875 . Situated just 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Pigeon Forge is a tourist destination that caters primarily to Southern culture and country music fans . The city 's attractions include Dollywood and Dollywood 's Splash Country as well as numerous gift shops , outlet malls , amusement rides , and musical theaters ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '453m', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Installations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Suspended_Family_Coaster_0', 'intro': 'A Suspended Family Coaster is a steel inverted roller coaster built by Vekoma designed for families with no inversions. Just like all inverted roller coasters the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage. This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended swinging coaster, which runs under the track, but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage.'}
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What is the climate of the city with the Escape from Madagascar roller coaster ?
subtropical
09ad5a99779b1ad0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary', 'title': 'New Hampshire primary', 'header': ['Primary date', 'Winner', 'Runners-Up'], 'data': [{'value': 'February 9 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_New_Hampshire_Republican_primary', 'summary': 'The 2016 New Hampshire Republican presidential primary , which took place on February 9 , was the second major vote of the cycle . Donald Trump was declared the winner with 35.3% of the popular vote and picked up 11 delegates , while John Kasich emerged from a pack of candidates between 10-20% to capture second place with 15.8% of the vote and picked up four delegates . It occurred on the same day as the Democratic primary .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Trump ( 35.34% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Trump', 'summary': "Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service ."}]}, {'value': 'Governor John Kasich ( 15.81% ) , Senator Ted Cruz ( 11.68% ) , former Governor Jeb Bush ( 11.02% ) , Senator Marco Rubio ( 10.57% ) , Governor Chris Christie ( 7.42% ) , businesswoman Carly Fiorina ( 4.12% ) , retired neurosurgeon Ben Carson ( 2.29% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kasich', 'summary': "John Richard Kasich Jr. ( /ˈkeɪsɪk/ KAY-sik ; born May 13 , 1952 ) is an American politician , author , and television news host who served as the 69th Governor of Ohio from 2011 to 2019 . Kasich is a Republican . A native of McKees Rocks , Pennsylvania , Kasich has lived much of his adulthood in Ohio , specifically the state capital of Columbus . Kasich served nine terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives , representing Ohio 's 12th congressional district from 1983 to 2001 . His tenure in the House included 18 years on the House Armed Services Committee and six years as chairman of the House Budget Committee . He was a key figure in the passage of both 1996 welfare reform legislation and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 . Kasich worked for Fox News , hosting Heartland with John Kasich from 2001 to 2007 and was a fill-in host for The O'Reilly Factor . He also worked as an investment banker , serving as managing director of the Lehman Brothers office in Columbus , Ohio . In the 2010 Ohio gubernatorial election , Kasich defeated Democratic incumbent Ted Strickland . He was reelected in 2014 , defeating Democratic challenger Ed FitzGerald by 30 percentage points . Kasich unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for President in 2000 and 2016 , receiving one electoral vote from a faithless elector in Texas in 2016 . Kasich declined to support the Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump and did not attend the 2016 Republican National Convention , which was held in the state that he represented at the time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ted_Cruz', 'summary': "Rafael Edward Cruz ( /kruːz/ ; born December 22 , 1970 ) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator for Texas since 2013 . He was the runner-up for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 election . Cruz holds degrees in public policy and law from Princeton University and Harvard Law School , respectively . From 1999 to 2003 , he held various government positions , serving as Director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) , as an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice , and as a Domestic Policy Advisor to George W. Bush during Bush 's 2000 presidential campaign . Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to 2008 , having been appointed by Texas Attorney General and later Governor Greg Abbott . He was the longest-serving solicitor general in Texas history and the first Hispanic American to serve in that capacity . From 2004 to 2009 , Cruz was an adjunct professor at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin , where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation . In 2012 , Cruz ran for and won the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison . He is the first Hispanic American to serve as a U.S . Senator from Texas . In 2016 , Cruz ran for President of the United States , winning Republican contests in 12 states before withdrawing from the race . He was reelected to the Senate in 2018 , defeating Democratic challenger Beto O'Rourke by a slim margin of 50.9% to 48.3% in the most expensive Senate race in U.S. history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeb_Bush', 'summary': "John Ellis Jeb Bush ( born February 11 , 1953 ) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007 . Bush , who grew up in Houston , is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush , and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush . He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts , and attended the University of Texas , where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs . In 1980 , he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development , and in 1986 became Florida 's Secretary of Commerce until 1988 . At that time , he joined his father 's successful campaign for the Presidency . In 1994 , Bush made his first run for office , losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles . Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote . He ran for reelection in 2002 , defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent , to become Florida 's first two-term Republican governor . During his eight years as governor , Bush pushed an ambitious Everglades conservation plan , supported caps for medical malpractice litigation , launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program , and instituted reforms to the state education system , including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice . Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15 , 2015 . He suspended his campaign on February 20 , 2016 , shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23 , 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marco_Rubio', 'summary': 'Marco Antonio Rubio ( born May 28 , 1971 ) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Florida . A Republican , he previously served as speaker of the Florida House of Representatives . Rubio unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for president of the United States in 2016 , winning presidential primaries in the State of Minnesota , the District of Columbia , and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Rubio is a Cuban American from Miami , Florida . After serving as a city commissioner for West Miami in the 1990s , he was elected to represent the 111th district in the Florida House of Representatives in 2000 . Subsequently , he was elected speaker of the Florida House , and was Speaker for two years beginning in November 2006 . Upon leaving the Florida legislature in 2008 due to term limits , Rubio taught at Florida International University . Rubio successfully ran for the United States Senate in 2010 . In April 2015 , he announced that he would not seek re-election to the Senate , instead choosing to run for president . He suspended his campaign for president on March 15 , 2016 , after losing the Florida Republican primary to the eventual winner of the presidential election , Donald Trump . He then decided to run for re-election to the Senate , winning a second term later that year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Christie', 'summary': "Christopher James Christie ( born September 6 , 1962 ) is an American politician , former federal prosecutor , and political commentator who served as the 55th Governor of New Jersey from 2010 to 2018 . Christie was born in Newark , New Jersey and raised in Livingston , New Jersey . After graduating in 1984 from the University of Delaware , he earned a J.D . at Seton Hall University School of Law . A Republican , Christie was elected county freeholder ( legislator ) for Morris County , New Jersey , serving from 1995 to 1998 . By 2002 , he had campaigned for Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush ; the latter appointed him U.S. Attorney for New Jersey , a position he held from 2002 to 2008 . Christie won the 2009 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey and defeated Democratic incumbent Jon Corzine in the general election . In his first term , he was credited with cutting spending , capping property tax growth , and engaging in recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy . He was re-elected by a wide margin in 2013 . During his second term as governor , Christie 's standing was damaged by the Fort Lee lane closure scandal . After that time , he ranked among the least popular governors in the United States . Christie chaired the Republican Governors Association during the 2014 election cycle ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carly_Fiorina', 'summary': "Cara Carleton Carly Fiorina ( née Sneed ; born September 6 , 1954 ) is an American businesswoman and political figure , known primarily for her tenure as CEO of Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) . She subsequently served as Chair of the philanthropic organization Good360 . Fiorina ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 2010 and the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 . As Chief Executive Officer of HP from 1999 to 2005 , Fiorina was the first woman to lead a Top-20 company as ranked by Fortune Magazine . In 2002 , Fiorina oversaw what was then the largest technology sector merger in history , in which HP acquired rival personal computer manufacturer , Compaq . The transaction made HP the world 's largest seller of personal computers . HP subsequently laid off 30,000 U.S. employees in order to save 80,000 jobs . The company then grew to 150,000 . In February 2005 , she was forced to resign as CEO and Chair following a boardroom disagreement . Fiorina was an adviser to Republican Senator John McCain 's 2008 presidential campaign . In 2010 , she won the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in California , but lost the general election to incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer . Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican presidential primary , and was for seven days the vice-presidential running mate of Ted Cruz until he suspended his campaign , setting the record for shortest vice presidential candidacy in modern U.S. history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Carson', 'summary': "Benjamin Solomon Carson Sr. ( born September 18 , 1951 ) is an American politician , author and former neurosurgeon serving as the 17th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development since 2017 , under the Trump Administration . Prior to his cabinet position , he was a candidate for President of the United States in the Republican primaries in 2016 , at times leading nationwide polls . Born in Detroit , Michigan , and a graduate of Yale University and the University of Michigan Medical School , Carson has authored numerous books on his medical career and political stances . He was portrayed by Cuba Gooding Jr. in a 2009 biographical television drama film . Carson was the Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Maryland from 1984 until his retirement in 2013 . As a pioneer in neurosurgery , Carson 's achievements include performing the only successful separation of conjoined twins joined at the back of the head ; performing the first successful neurosurgical procedure on a fetus inside the womb ; performing the first completely successful separation of type-2 vertical craniopagus twins ; developing new methods to treat brain-stem tumors ; and revitalizing hemispherectomy techniques for controlling seizures . He became the youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery in the country at age 33 . Carson has received more than 60 honorary doctorate degrees , dozens of national merit citations , and written over 100 neurosurgical publications . In 2001 , he was named by CNN and TIME magazine as one of the nation 's 20 foremost physicians and scientists , and was selected by the Library of Congress as one of 89 Living Legends on its 200th anniversary . In 2008 , he was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the highest civilian award in the United States . Carson was the featured speaker at the 1997 National Prayer Breakfast . His widely publicized speech at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast catapulted him to conservative fame for his views on social and political issues ."}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "The 2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 6 , 2012 , as part of the 2012 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated . New Hampshire voters chose 4 electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , against Republican challenger and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate , Congressman Paul Ryan . New Hampshire voters chose to re-elect President Barack Obama , giving him 51.98% of the vote to Mitt Romney 's 46.40% , a Democratic victory margin of 5.58% ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Governor Mitt Romney ( 39.26% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitt_Romney', 'summary': "Willard Mitt Romney ( born March 12 , 1947 ) is an American politician and businessman who has served as the junior United States senator from Utah since January 2019 . He previously served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election . Raised in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , by his parents , George and Lenore Romney , he spent over two years from 1966 in France as a Mormon missionary . He married Ann Davies in 1969 , and they have five sons . By 1971 , he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents . Romney earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1971 and a joint JD-MBA from Harvard University in 1975 . Romney became a management consultant and in 1977 joined Bain & Company in Boston . As Bain 's chief executive officer ( CEO ) , he later helped lead the company out of a financial crisis . In 1984 , he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital , a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation . Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) throughout his adult life , Romney served as bishop of his ward and later as a stake president near Boston . After stepping down from Bain Capital and his local leadership role in the LDS Church , Romney ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts . After losing to longtime incumbent Ted Kennedy , he resumed his position at Bain Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Congressman Ron Paul ( 22.89% ) , Governor Jon Huntsman ( 16.89% ) , Senator Rick Santorum ( 9.43% ) , former Speaker Newt Gingrich ( 9.43% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Paul', 'summary': "Ronald Ernest Paul ( born August 20 , 1935 ) is an American author , physician , and retired politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Texas 's 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1985 , and for Texas 's 14th congressional district from 1997 to 2013 . On three occasions , he sought the presidency of the United States : as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate in the Republican primaries of 2008 and 2012 . Paul is a critic of the federal government 's fiscal policies , especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy , as well as the military-industrial complex , and the War on Drugs . He has also been a vocal critic of mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the NSA surveillance programs . He was the first chairman of the conservative PAC Citizens for a Sound Economy and has been characterized as the intellectual godfather of the Tea Party movement . Paul served as a flight surgeon in the U.S. Air Force from 1963 to 1968 , and worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s . He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with their child in the Senate when his son , Rand Paul , was elected to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky in 2010 . Paul is a Senior Fellow of the Mises Institute , and has published a number of books and promoted the ideas of economists of the Austrian School such as Murray Rothbard and Ludwig von Mises during his political campaigns . On July 12 , 2011 , Paul announced that he would forgo seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his presidential bid . On May 14 , 2012 , Paul announced that he would not be competing in any other presidential primaries but that he would still compete for delegates in states where the primary elections have already been held . At the 2012 Republican National Convention , Paul received 190 delegate votes . In January 2013 , Paul retired from Congress but still remains active on college campuses , giving speeches promoting his libertarian vision ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jon_Huntsman,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Jon Meade Huntsman Jr. ( born March 26 , 1960 ) is an American businessman , diplomat , politician , and the former Ambassador of the United States to Russia , serving from October 2017 to October 3 , 2019 . Huntsman was the U.S . Ambassador to Singapore from 1992 to 1993 , the 16th Governor of Utah from 2005 to 2009 , and the U.S . Ambassador to China from 2009 until 2011 . He has served in the administrations of five Presidents and was a candidate for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination . In January 2014 , Huntsman was named chair of the Washington-based foreign policy think-tank the Atlantic Council . Huntsman has served in every presidential administration since the presidency of Ronald Reagan . He began his career as a White House staff assistant for Ronald Reagan , and was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce and United States Ambassador to Singapore by George H. W. Bush . Later as Deputy U.S. Trade Representative under George W. Bush , he launched global trade negotiations in Doha in 2001 and guided the accession of China into the World Trade Organization . He also served as CEO of his family-owned Huntsman Corporation and chair of the Huntsman Cancer Foundation . He has served as U.S . Ambassador to China , Russia , and Singapore ; he is the only American ambassador to have served in both Russia and China .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rick_Santorum', 'summary': "Richard John Santorum ( born May 10 , 1958 ) is an American politician , attorney , and political commentator . A member of the Republican Party , he served as a United States senator from Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007 and was the Senate 's third-ranking Republican from 2001 to 2007 . Santorum ran for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination , finishing second to Mitt Romney . In January 2017 , he became a CNN senior political commentator . Santorum was elected to the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in 1994 . He served two terms until losing his 2006 reelection bid . A Roman Catholic , Santorum is a social conservative who opposes abortion and same-sex marriage and embraced a cultural warrior image during his Senate tenure . While serving as a senator , Santorum authored the Santorum Amendment , which would have promoted the teaching of intelligent design . He was a leading sponsor of the 2003 federal law known as the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act . In the years following his departure from the Senate , Santorum has worked as a consultant , private practice lawyer , and news contributor . He ran for the Republican nomination in the 2012 U.S. presidential election . Before suspending his campaign on April 10 , 2012 , Santorum exceeded expectations by winning 11 primaries and caucuses and receiving nearly four million votes , making him the runner-up to eventual nominee Mitt Romney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newt_Gingrich', 'summary': "Newton Leroy Gingrich ( /ˈɡɪŋɡrɪtʃ/ ; born June 17 , 1943 ) is an American politician , author , and historian who served as the 50th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999 . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S. Representative for Georgia 's 6th congressional district serving north Atlanta and nearby areas from 1979 until his resignation in 1999 . In 2012 , Gingrich was a candidate for the presidential nomination of his party . A professor of history and geography at the University of West Georgia in the 1970s , Gingrich won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1978 , the first Republican in the history of Georgia 's 6th congressional district to do so . He served as House Minority Whip from 1989 to 1995 . A co-author and architect of the Contract with America , Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election . In 1995 , Time named him Man of the Year for his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House . As House Speaker , Gingrich oversaw passage by the House of welfare reform and a capital gains tax cut in 1997 . Gingrich played a key role in several government shutdowns , and impeached President Clinton on a party-line vote in the House . The poor showing by Republicans in the 1998 Congressional elections , a reprimand from the House for Gingrich 's ethics violation , pressure from Republican colleagues , and revelations of an extramarital affair with a congressional employee 23 years his junior resulted in Gingrich 's resignation from the speakership on November 6 , 1998 . He resigned altogether from the House on January 3 , 1999 . Political scientists have credited Gingrich with playing a key role in undermining political decorum in the United States , and hastening political polarization and partisanship ."}]}, {'value': 'January 8 , 2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_New_Hampshire_Republican_primary', 'summary': "The 2008 New Hampshire Republican primary took place on January 8 , 2008 , with 12 national delegates being allocated proportionally to the popular vote . Arizona Senator John McCain won 7 of the delegates . Independent voters made up 44 percent of the New Hampshire electorate and could choose to vote in either this primary or the Democratic Party 's contest held on the same day , but voters could not vote in both ."}]}, {'value': 'Senator John McCain ( 37.00% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McCain', 'summary': 'John Sidney McCain III ( August 29 , 1936 - August 25 , 2018 ) was an American politician and military officer , who served as a United States senator for Arizona from January 1987 until his death in 2018 . He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives and was the Republican nominee for president of the United States in the 2008 election , which he lost to Barack Obama . McCain graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1958 and received a commission in the United States Navy . He became a naval aviator and flew ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers . During the Vietnam War , he almost died in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire . While on a bombing mission during Operation Rolling Thunder over Hanoi in October 1967 , he was shot down , seriously injured , and captured by the North Vietnamese . He was a prisoner of war until 1973 . He experienced episodes of torture and refused an out-of-sequence early release . During the war , he sustained wounds that left him with lifelong physical disabilities . He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona , where he entered politics . In 1982 , McCain was elected to the United States House of Representatives , where he served two terms . He entered the U.S. Senate in 1987 and easily won reelection five times .'}]}, {'value': 'Former Governor Mitt Romney ( 31.55% ) , former Governor Mike Huckabee ( 11.23% ) , former Mayor Rudy Giuliani ( 8.48% ) , Congressman Ron Paul ( 7.65% ) , former Senator Fred Thompson ( 1.23% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitt_Romney', 'summary': "Willard Mitt Romney ( born March 12 , 1947 ) is an American politician and businessman who has served as the junior United States senator from Utah since January 2019 . He previously served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election . Raised in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , by his parents , George and Lenore Romney , he spent over two years from 1966 in France as a Mormon missionary . He married Ann Davies in 1969 , and they have five sons . By 1971 , he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents . Romney earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1971 and a joint JD-MBA from Harvard University in 1975 . Romney became a management consultant and in 1977 joined Bain & Company in Boston . As Bain 's chief executive officer ( CEO ) , he later helped lead the company out of a financial crisis . In 1984 , he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital , a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation . Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) throughout his adult life , Romney served as bishop of his ward and later as a stake president near Boston . After stepping down from Bain Capital and his local leadership role in the LDS Church , Romney ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts . After losing to longtime incumbent Ted Kennedy , he resumed his position at Bain Capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_Huckabee', 'summary': "Michael Dale Huckabee ( born August 24 , 1955 ) is an American politician and Christian minister who served as the 44th governor of Arkansas from 1996 to 2007 . He was a candidate in the United States Republican presidential primaries in both 2008 and 2016 . He is the host of the talk show Huckabee , which ran on the Fox News Channel from 2008-2015 , and currently runs on the Trinity Broadcasting Network , simulcast on Newsmax TV . He paused the show in January 2015 in order to explore a potential bid for the presidency . From April 2012 through December 2013 , he hosted a daily radio program , The Mike Huckabee Show , on weekday afternoons for Cumulus Media Networks . Huckabee is the author of several best-selling books , an ordained Southern Baptist minister noted for his evangelical views , a musician , and a public speaker . He was also a political commentator on The Huckabee Report . In the 2008 Republican presidential primaries , Huckabee won the 2008 Iowa Republican caucuses and finished second in delegate count and third in both popular vote and number of states won , behind John McCain and Mitt Romney . Huckabee ran again for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election , but lost to businessman Donald Trump . His daughter , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , served two years as President Trump 's White House Press Secretary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani', 'summary': "Rudolph William Louis Giuliani ( /ˌdʒuːliˈɑːni/ , Italian : [ dʒuˈljaːni ] ; born May 28 , 1944 ) is an American politician , attorney , and public speaker who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001 . He currently acts as an attorney to President Donald Trump . Politically first a Democrat , then an Independent in the 1970s , and a Republican since the 1980s , Giuliani served as United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 . That year he became the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York , holding the position until 1989 . When Giuliani took office as Mayor of New York City , he appointed a new police commissioner , William Bratton , who applied the broken windows theory of urban decay , which holds that minor disorders and violations create a permissive atmosphere which leads to further and more serious crimes which can threaten the safety of a city ; to prevent major crime , the theory holds , the police should enforce seemingly minor quality-of-life laws such as those outlawing public drinking , littering , and jay-walking . Within several years , Giuliani was widely credited for making major improvements in the city 's quality of life and lowering the rate of violent crimes . While Giuliani was still Mayor , he ran for the United States Senate in 2000 ; however , he withdrew from the race upon learning of his prostate cancer diagnosis . Giuliani was named Time magazine 's Person of the Year for 2001 , and was given an honorary knighthood in 2002 by Queen Elizabeth II for his leadership in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001 . In 2002 , Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners ( consulting ) , acquired and later sold Giuliani Capital Advisors ( investment banking ) , and joined a Texas firm while opening a Manhattan office for the firm renamed Bracewell & Giuliani ( legal services ) . Giuliani sought the Republican Party 's 2008 presidential nomination , and was considered the early front runner in the race , before withdrawing from the race to endorse the eventual nominee , John McCain . Giuliani was considered a potential candidate for New York Governor in 2010 and for the Republican presidential nomination in 2012 . Both times , he declined to run , and instead remained in the business sector ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ron_Paul', 'summary': "Ronald Ernest Paul ( born August 20 , 1935 ) is an American author , physician , and retired politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Texas 's 22nd congressional district from 1976 to 1977 and again from 1979 to 1985 , and for Texas 's 14th congressional district from 1997 to 2013 . On three occasions , he sought the presidency of the United States : as the Libertarian Party nominee in 1988 and as a candidate in the Republican primaries of 2008 and 2012 . Paul is a critic of the federal government 's fiscal policies , especially the existence of the Federal Reserve and the tax policy , as well as the military-industrial complex , and the War on Drugs . He has also been a vocal critic of mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the NSA surveillance programs . He was the first chairman of the conservative PAC Citizens for a Sound Economy and has been characterized as the intellectual godfather of the Tea Party movement . Paul served as a flight surgeon in the U.S. Air Force from 1963 to 1968 , and worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s . He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with their child in the Senate when his son , Rand Paul , was elected to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky in 2010 . Paul is a Senior Fellow of the Mises Institute , and has published a number of books and promoted the ideas of economists of the Austrian School such as Murray Rothbard and Ludwig von Mises during his political campaigns . On July 12 , 2011 , Paul announced that he would forgo seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his presidential bid . On May 14 , 2012 , Paul announced that he would not be competing in any other presidential primaries but that he would still compete for delegates in states where the primary elections have already been held . At the 2012 Republican National Convention , Paul received 190 delegate votes . In January 2013 , Paul retired from Congress but still remains active on college campuses , giving speeches promoting his libertarian vision ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Thompson', 'summary': 'Freddie Dalton Thompson ( August 19 , 1942 - November 1 , 2015 ) was an American politician , attorney , lobbyist , columnist , actor and radio personality . Thompson , a Republican , served in the United States Senate representing Tennessee from 1994 to 2003 , and was a Republican presidential candidate in 2008 . Thompson served as chairman of the International Security Advisory Board at the United States Department of State , was a member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission , a member of the Council on Foreign Relations , and was a Visiting Fellow with the American Enterprise Institute , specializing in national security and intelligence . As an actor , Thompson appeared in a number of movies and television shows including The Hunt for Red October , Die Hard 2 , In the Line of Fire , and Cape Fear , as well as in commercials . He frequently portrayed governmental authority figures and military men . In the final months of his U.S. Senate term in 2002 , Thompson joined the cast of the NBC television series Law & Order , playing Manhattan District Attorney Arthur Branch .'}]}, {'value': 'January 27 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President George W. Bush ( 80.96% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_W._Bush', 'summary': 'George Walker Bush ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he had previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 . Bush is frequently referred to as George W. Bush , Bush Junior , or Bush 43 to distinguish him from his father , George H. W. Bush , who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Bush is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush , and the second son to become the American president after his father , the first being John Quincy Adams . After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975 , he worked in the oil industry . Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives shortly thereafter . He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election . Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000 when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore after a narrow and contested win that involved a Supreme Court decision to stop a recount in Florida . He became the fourth person to be elected president while receiving fewer popular votes than his opponent . In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks , Bush launched a War on Terror that began with the war in Afghanistan in 2001 and later expanded to the Iraq War in 2003 . Signature legislation passed during his presidency included broad tax cuts , the Patriot Act , the No Child Left Behind Act , the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act , the Medicare Modernization Act , and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR . In the 2004 presidential race , Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in a close election .'}]}, {'value': 'No other candidate received 5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 1 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senator John McCain ( 48.59% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McCain', 'summary': 'John Sidney McCain III ( August 29 , 1936 - August 25 , 2018 ) was an American politician and military officer , who served as a United States senator for Arizona from January 1987 until his death in 2018 . He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives and was the Republican nominee for president of the United States in the 2008 election , which he lost to Barack Obama . McCain graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1958 and received a commission in the United States Navy . He became a naval aviator and flew ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers . During the Vietnam War , he almost died in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire . While on a bombing mission during Operation Rolling Thunder over Hanoi in October 1967 , he was shot down , seriously injured , and captured by the North Vietnamese . He was a prisoner of war until 1973 . He experienced episodes of torture and refused an out-of-sequence early release . During the war , he sustained wounds that left him with lifelong physical disabilities . He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona , where he entered politics . In 1982 , McCain was elected to the United States House of Representatives , where he served two terms . He entered the U.S. Senate in 1987 and easily won reelection five times .'}]}, {'value': 'Governor George W. Bush ( 30.39% ) , Steve Forbes , Jr. ( 12.68% ) and former Ambassador Alan Keyes ( 6.38% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Forbes', 'summary': "Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. ( /fɔːrbz/ ; born July 18 , 1947 ) is an American publishing executive . Forbes was a candidate in the 1996 and 2000 Republican Presidential primaries . Forbes is the Editor-in-Chief of Forbes , a business magazine . Forbes is the son of longtime Forbes publisher Malcolm Forbes , and the grandson of that publication 's founder , B.C . Forbes . He is an adviser at the Forbes School of Business & Technology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Keyes', 'summary': "Alan Lee Keyes ( born August 7 , 1950 ) is an American conservative political activist , pundit , author and former ambassador . A doctoral graduate of Harvard University , Keyes began his diplomatic career in the U.S. Foreign Service in 1979 at the United States consulate in Mumbai ( then Bombay ) , India , and later in the American embassy in Zimbabwe . Keyes was appointed Ambassador to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations by President Ronald Reagan , and served as Reagan 's Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from 1985 to 1987 ; in his capacities as a U.N ambassador , Keyes was involved in the implementation of the Mexico City Policy . Keyes ran for President of the United States in 1996 , 2000 , and 2008 . He was the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in Maryland against Paul Sarbanes in 1988 and Barbara Mikulski in 1992 , as well as in Illinois against Barack Obama in 2004 . Keyes lost all three elections by wide margins . Keyes hosted a radio call-in show , The Alan Keyes Show : America 's Wake-Up Call , from 1994 until 1998 on WCBM . The show was briefly simulcast by National Empowerment Television . In 2002 , he briefly hosted a television commentary show on the MSNBC cable network , Alan Keyes Is Making Sense . He has also been a columnist for World Net Daily ."}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pat Buchanan ( 27.26% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Buchanan', 'summary': "Patrick Joseph Buchanan ( /bjuːˈkænən/ ; born November 2 , 1938 ) is an American paleoconservative political commentator , columnist , politician and broadcaster . Buchanan was an assistant and special consultant to U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , and Ronald Reagan , and was an original host on CNN 's Crossfire . He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996 . He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election . He co-founded The American Conservative magazine and launched a foundation named The American Cause . He has been published in Human Events , National Review , The Nation , and Rolling Stone . He was a political commentator on the MSNBC cable network , including the show Morning Joe until February 2012 , and now appears on Fox News . Buchanan is also a regular panelist on The McLaughlin Group . His political positions can generally be described as paleoconservative , and many of his views , particularly his opposition to American imperialism and the managerial state , echo those of the Old Right Republicans of the first half of the 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Senator Bob Dole ( 26.23% ) , Governor Lamar Alexander ( 22.60% ) , Steve Forbes ( 12.24% ) , Senator Richard G. Dick Lugar ( 5.19% ) , former Ambassador Alan Keyes ( 2.67% ) and Morry Taylor ( 1.4% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Dole', 'summary': "Robert Joseph Dole ( born July 22 , 1923 ) is an American retired politician , statesman , and attorney who represented Kansas in the U.S House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969 and in the U.S. Senate from 1969 to 1996 , serving as the Republican Leader of the United States Senate from 1985 until 1996 . He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 1996 presidential election and the party 's vice presidential nominee in the 1976 presidential election . Born in Russell , Kansas , Dole established a legal career in Russell after serving with distinction in the United States Army during World War II . After a stint as Russell County Attorney , he won election to the House of Representatives in 1960 . In 1968 , Dole was elected to the Senate , where he served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973 and Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985 . He led the Senate Republicans from 1985 to his resignation in 1996 , and served as Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1996 . In his role as Republican leader , he helped defeat President Bill Clinton 's health care plan . President Gerald Ford chose Dole as his running mate in the 1976 election after Vice President Nelson Rockefeller withdrew from seeking a full term . Ford was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter in the general election . Dole sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 but quickly dropped out of the race . He experienced more success in the 1988 Republican primaries but was defeated by Vice President George H. W. Bush . Dole won the Republican nomination in 1996 and selected Jack Kemp as his running mate ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lamar_Alexander', 'summary': 'Andrew Lamar Alexander Jr. ( born July 3 , 1940 ) is an American politician who is currently serving as the senior United States Senator from Tennessee , a seat he has held since 2003 . A member of the Republican Party , he also was the 45th governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987 and the 5th United States Secretary of Education from 1991 to 1993 , where he helped the implementation of Education 2000 . Born in Maryville , Tennessee , Alexander graduated from Vanderbilt University and the New York University School of Law . After establishing a legal career in Nashville , Tennessee , Alexander ran for Governor of Tennessee in 1974 , but was defeated by Democrat Ray Blanton . Alexander ran for governor again in 1978 , and this time defeated his Democratic opponent . He won re-election in 1982 and served as chairman of the National Governors Association from 1985 to 1986 . Alexander served as the president of the University of Tennessee from 1988 until 1991 , when he accepted appointment as Secretary of Education under President George H. W. Bush . Alexander sought the presidential nomination in the 1996 Republican primaries , but withdrew before the Super Tuesday primaries . He sought the nomination again in the 2000 Republican primaries , but dropped out after a poor showing in the Iowa Straw Poll . In 2002 , Alexander won election to succeed retiring Senator Fred Thompson . Alexander defeated Congressman Ed Bryant in the Republican primary and Congressman Bob Clement in the general election . He served as Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 2007 to 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Lugar', 'summary': "Richard Green Lugar ( April 4 , 1932 - April 28 , 2019 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1977 to 2013 . He was a member of the Republican Party . Born in Indianapolis , Lugar graduated from Denison University and the University of Oxford . He served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967 before he was elected to two terms as mayor of Indianapolis , serving from 1968 to 1976 . During his tenure as mayor , Lugar served as the president of the National League of Cities in 1971 and gave the keynote address at the 1972 Republican National Convention . In 1974 , Lugar ran his first campaign for the U.S. Senate . In the year 's senate elections he lost to incumbent Democratic senator Birch Bayh . He ran again in 1976 , defeating Democratic incumbent Vance Hartke . Lugar was reelected in 1982 , 1988 , 1994 , 2000 , and 2006 . In 2012 , Lugar was defeated by Indiana State Treasurer Richard Mourdock in the Republican primary , ending his 36-year tenure in the U.S. Senate . Lugar ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 1996 primaries but lack of success led to his withdrawal early in the campaign . During Lugar 's tenure , he served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1985 to 1987 and from 2003 to 2007 , serving as the ranking member of the committee from 2007 until his departure in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Morry_Taylor', 'summary': "Maurice Morry Taylor Jr. ( born August 28 , 1944 ) is the President and Chief executive officer of Titan International , a tire and wheel manufacturing company . Taylor , nicknamed the Grizz for his bear-like gruffness , started in tool and die manufacturing before purchasing Titan Wheel International from Firestone . Taylor was born in Detroit , Michigan , and raised in Ellsworth , Michigan . He gained brief fame outside the business world when he made an unsuccessful run for the Republican nomination in the U.S. presidential election of 1996 , a campaign chronicled in his book Kill all the lawyers - and other ways to fix the government . He spent over $ 6 million , but received about 1% of the vote in all the primaries in which he ran . His campaign is featured prominently in the Michael Lewis book Trail Fever . Taylor was also one of the subjects on the 19th episode of PRI 's This American Life entitled Rich Guys , originally aired in 1996 . In February 2013 , Taylor met harsh criticism in France after a letter he wrote to the French minister of industrial renewal , Arnaud Montebourg . In that letter , he declined to invest in a Goodyear owned French tire factory because he claimed the workers were unproductive , and insulting the French in general . He added that he would be better off hiring workers in China or India and pay less than one Euro per hour wage . In response , Montebourg noted that the French tire producer Michelin is vastly larger and more profitable than Titan . In February 2015 , in an interview with the French TV about the closed Goodyear factory , Taylor said that France is a ruined country ."}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President George H. W. Bush ( 53.19% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._W._Bush', 'summary': "George Herbert Walker Bush ( June 12 , 1924 - November 30 , 2018 ) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Since around 2000 he has usually been called George H. W. Bush , Bush Senior , or Bush 41 to distinguish him from his eldest son , George W. Bush , who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives , as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations , as Director of Central Intelligence , and as the 43rd vice president of the United States . Bush was raised in Greenwich , Connecticut and attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy during World War II . After the war , he graduated from Yale University and moved to West Texas , where he established a successful oil company . After an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate , he won election to the 7th congressional district of Texas in 1966 . President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to the position of Ambassador to the United Nations in 1971 and to the position of chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973 . In 1974 , President Gerald Ford appointed him as the Chief of the Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China , and in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence . Bush ran for president in 1980 , but was defeated in the Republican presidential primaries by Ronald Reagan . He was then elected vice president in 1980 and 1984 as Reagan 's running mate . In the 1988 presidential election , Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis , becoming the first incumbent vice president to be elected president in 152 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Patrick J. Pat Buchanan ( 37.53% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Buchanan', 'summary': "Patrick Joseph Buchanan ( /bjuːˈkænən/ ; born November 2 , 1938 ) is an American paleoconservative political commentator , columnist , politician and broadcaster . Buchanan was an assistant and special consultant to U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , and Ronald Reagan , and was an original host on CNN 's Crossfire . He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996 . He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election . He co-founded The American Conservative magazine and launched a foundation named The American Cause . He has been published in Human Events , National Review , The Nation , and Rolling Stone . He was a political commentator on the MSNBC cable network , including the show Morning Joe until February 2012 , and now appears on Fox News . Buchanan is also a regular panelist on The McLaughlin Group . His political positions can generally be described as paleoconservative , and many of his views , particularly his opposition to American imperialism and the managerial state , echo those of the Old Right Republicans of the first half of the 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice President George H. W. Bush ( 37.70% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senator Bob Dole ( 28.48% ) , Congressman Jack F. Kemp , Jr. ( 12.79% ) , former Governor Pierre S. Pete du Pont IV ( 10.10% ) , and Reverend Marion G. Pat Robertson ( 9.40% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Kemp', 'summary': "Jack French Kemp ( July 13 , 1935 - May 2 , 2009 ) was an American politician and a professional player in both American football and Canadian football . A member of the Republican Party from New York , he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993 , having previously served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989 . He was the Republican Party 's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election , where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole . Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries . Before entering politics , Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years . He played briefly in the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) , but became a star in the American Football League ( AFL ) . He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship . He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence , appeared in its All-Star game seven times , played in its championship game five times , and set many of the league 's career passing records . Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association , for which he served five terms as president . During the early part of his football career , he served in the United States Army Reserve . As an economic conservative , Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career . His positions spanned the social spectrum , ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_S._du_Pont_IV', 'summary': 'Pierre Samuel Pete du Pont IV ( born January 22 , 1935 ) is an American lawyer and politician from Rockland , in New Castle County , Delaware , near Wilmington . He was the United States Representative for Delaware from 1971 to 1977 and subsequently served as the 68th Governor of Delaware from 1977 to 1985 . He is a member of the Republican Party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pat_Robertson', 'summary': "Marion Gordon Pat Robertson ( born March 22 , 1930 ) is an American media mogul , televangelist , political commentator , former Republican presidential candidate , and former Southern Baptist minister . Robertson advocates a conservative Christian ideology and is known for his past activities in Republican party politics . He is associated with the Charismatic Movement within Protestant evangelicalism . He serves as chancellor and CEO of Regent University and chairman of the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . He appears daily on The 700 Club , CBNs flagship television program . On Robertson 's own account [ citation needed ] , he was not a serious Christian until he underwent personal difficulty . He graduated near the top of his class at Yale Law School in 1955 , but failed the New York bar exam . Failing the bar cost Robertson opportunities at post-graduate employment , and in the ensuing months of what he later described as disappointment , embarrassment , and unemployment , he became a born-again Christian and began a career as a minister . Spanning over five decades , Robertson has had a career as the founder of several major organizations and corporations as well as a university : The Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , the International Family Entertainment Inc. ( ABC Family Channel ) , Regent University , the American Center for Law & Justice ( ACLJ ) , the Founders Inn and Conference Center , the Christian Coalition , an L-1011 Flying Hospital , Operation Blessing International Relief and Development Corporation , and CBN Asia . He is a best-selling author and the host of The 700 Club , a Christian News and TV program broadcast live weekdays on Freeform ( formerly ABC Family ) via satellite from CBN studios , as well as on channels throughout the United States , and on CBN network affiliates worldwide . The son of U.S . Senator A. Willis Robertson , Robertson was a Southern Baptist and was active as an ordained minister with that denomination for many years , but holds to a charismatic theology not traditionally common among Southern Baptists ."}]}, {'value': 'February 28 , 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President Ronald Reagan ( 86.42% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Reagan', 'summary': "Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Only Democrat Gary Hart ( 5.27% ) and former Governor Harold E. Stassen ( 2.06% ) also polled more than 2%', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Stassen', 'summary': 'Harold Edward Stassen ( April 13 , 1907 - March 4 , 2001 ) was an American politician who was the 25th Governor of Minnesota . He was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1948 , considered for a time to be the front-runner . He thereafter regularly continued to run for that and other offices , such that his name became most identified with his status as a perennial candidate . Born in West St. Paul , Minnesota , Stassen was elected as the district attorney of Dakota County , Minnesota after graduating from the University of Minnesota . He won election as Governor of Minnesota in 1938 . Stassen was then and remains the youngest person elected to that office . He gave the keynote address at the 1940 Republican National Convention . He resigned as governor to serve in the United States Navy during World War II , becoming an aide to Admiral William Halsey Jr. After the war , he became president of the University of Pennsylvania , holding that position from 1948 to 1953 . Stassen sought the presidential nomination at the 1948 Republican National Convention , winning a significant share of the delegates on the first two ballots of the convention . During the Republican primaries preceding the convention , he engaged in the Dewey-Stassen debate , the first recorded debate between presidential candidates . Stassen sought the presidential nomination again at the 1952 Republican National Convention , and helped Dwight D. Eisenhower win the nomination by shifting his support to Eisenhower . After serving in the Eisenhower administration , Stassen sought various offices .'}]}, {'value': 'February 26 , 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor Ronald Reagan ( 49.86% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambassador George H. W. Bush ( 22.94% ) , Senator Howard H. Baker , Jr. ( 12.98% ) , Congressman John B. Anderson ( 9.91% ) , Congressman Philip M. Phil Crane ( 1.80% ) , former Governor John B. Connally ( 1.54% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_H._W._Bush', 'summary': "George Herbert Walker Bush ( June 12 , 1924 - November 30 , 2018 ) was an American politician and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 . Since around 2000 he has usually been called George H. W. Bush , Bush Senior , or Bush 41 to distinguish him from his eldest son , George W. Bush , who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives , as U.S . Ambassador to the United Nations , as Director of Central Intelligence , and as the 43rd vice president of the United States . Bush was raised in Greenwich , Connecticut and attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy during World War II . After the war , he graduated from Yale University and moved to West Texas , where he established a successful oil company . After an unsuccessful run for the United States Senate , he won election to the 7th congressional district of Texas in 1966 . President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to the position of Ambassador to the United Nations in 1971 and to the position of chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973 . In 1974 , President Gerald Ford appointed him as the Chief of the Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China , and in 1976 Bush became the Director of Central Intelligence . Bush ran for president in 1980 , but was defeated in the Republican presidential primaries by Ronald Reagan . He was then elected vice president in 1980 and 1984 as Reagan 's running mate . In the 1988 presidential election , Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis , becoming the first incumbent vice president to be elected president in 152 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_Baker', 'summary': 'Howard Henry Baker Jr. ( November 15 , 1925 - June 26 , 2014 ) was an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1967 to 1985 . During his tenure , he rose to the rank of Senate Minority Leader and then Senate Majority Leader . A member of the Republican Party , Baker was the first Republican to be elected to the US Senate in Tennessee since the Reconstruction era . Known in Washington , D.C. , as the Great Conciliator , Baker was often regarded as one of the most successful senators in terms of brokering compromises , enacting legislation , and maintaining civility . For example , he had a lead role in the fashioning and passing of the Clean Air Act of 1970 with Democratic senator Edmund Muskie . A moderate conservative , he was also respected by his Democratic colleagues . Baker sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 but dropped out after the first set of primaries . From 1987 to 1988 , he served as White House Chief of Staff for President Ronald Reagan . From 2001 to 2005 , he was the United States Ambassador to Japan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_B._Anderson', 'summary': "John Bayard Anderson ( February 15 , 1922 - December 3 , 2017 ) was a United States politician from Illinois . As a member of the Republican Party , he served in the United States House of Representatives , representing Illinois 's 16th congressional district from 1961 to 1981 . In 1980 , he ran an independent campaign for president , receiving 6.6% of the popular vote . Born in Rockford , Illinois , Anderson practiced law after serving in the Army during World War II . After a stint in the United States Foreign Service , he won election as the State 's Attorney for Winnebago County , Illinois . He won election to the House of Representatives in 1960 in a strongly Republican district . Initially one of the most conservative members of the House , Anderson 's views moderated during the 1960s , particularly regarding social issues . He became Chairman of the House Republican Conference in 1969 and remained in that position until 1979 . He strongly criticized the Vietnam War as well as President Richard Nixon 's actions during the Watergate scandal . Anderson entered the 1980 Republican presidential primaries , introducing his signature campaign proposal of raising the gas tax while cutting social security taxes . He established himself as a contender for the nomination in the early primaries , but eventually dropped out of the Republican race , choosing to pursue an independent campaign for president . In the election , he finished third behind Republican nominee Ronald Reagan and Democratic President Jimmy Carter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phil_Crane', 'summary': 'Philip Miller Crane ( November 3 , 1930 - November 8 , 2014 ) was an American politician . He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005 , representing the 8th District of Illinois in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago . At the time of his defeat in the 2004 election , Crane was the longest-serving Republican member of the House .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Connally', 'summary': "John Bowden Connally Jr. ( February 27 , 1917 - June 15 , 1993 ) was an American politician . He served as the 39th Governor of Texas and as the 61st United States Secretary of the Treasury . He began his career as a Democrat and later became a Republican in 1973 . Born in Floresville , Texas , Connally pursued a legal career after graduating from the University of Texas at Austin . During World War II , he served on the staff of James Forrestal and Dwight D. Eisenhower before transferring to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater . After the war , he became an aide to Senator Lyndon B. Johnson . When Johnson assumed the vice presidency in 1961 , he convinced President John F. Kennedy to appoint Connally to the position of United States Secretary of the Navy . Connally left the Kennedy Administration in December 1961 to run for Governor of Texas , and he held that position from 1963 to 1969 . In 1963 , Connally was riding in the presidential limousine during Kennedy 's assassination , and was seriously wounded . During his governorship , he was a conservative Democrat . In 1971 , Republican President Richard Nixon appointed Connally as his Treasury Secretary . In this position , Connally presided over the removal of the U.S. dollar from the gold standard , an event known as the Nixon shock ."}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President Gerald R. Ford ( 50.06% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Ford', 'summary': "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King Jr. ; July 14 , 1913 - December 26 , 2006 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977 . Before his accession to the presidency , Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974 . Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office by the Electoral College . Born in Omaha , Nebraska , and raised in Grand Rapids , Michigan , Ford attended the University of Michigan and Yale Law School . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , he enlisted in the U.S . Naval Reserve , serving from 1942 to 1946 ; he left as a lieutenant commander . Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan 's 5th congressional district . He served in this capacity for 25 years , the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader . In December 1973 , two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew , Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment by President Richard Nixon . After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974 , Ford immediately assumed the presidency . His 895 day-long presidency is the shortest in U.S. history for any president who did not die in office . As president , Ford signed the Helsinki Accords , which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Governor Ronald Reagan ( 48.62% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 7 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President Richard Nixon ( 67.61% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Nixon', 'summary': "Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 - April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th president of the United States , serving from 1969 until 1974 . The nation 's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 , he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California . After five years in the White House that saw the conclusion to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency , he became the only president to resign from the office . Nixon was born to a poor family in a small town in Southern California . He graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He served on active duty in the Navy Reserve during World War II . He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-Communist and elevated him to national prominence , and he was elected to the Senate in 1950 . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election , and he became the second-youngest vice president in history at age 40 , serving for eight years in that capacity . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and he lost a race for governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected , defeating Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Alabama Governor George Wallace in a close election ."}]}, {'value': 'Congressman Paul N. Pete McCloskey , Jr. ( 19.79% ) and Congressman John M. Ashbrook ( 9.69% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pete_McCloskey', 'summary': "Paul Norton Pete McCloskey Jr. ( born September 29 , 1927 ) is a former Republican politician from the U.S. state of California , who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1983 . He ran on an anti-war platform for the Republican nomination for President in 1972 but was defeated by incumbent President Richard Nixon . In April 2007 , McCloskey switched his affiliation to the Democratic Party . Born in Loma Linda , California , McCloskey pursued a legal career in Palo Alto , California , after graduating from Stanford Law School . He served in the Korean War as a member of the United States Marine Corps . For his service , he was awarded the Navy Cross and the Silver Star . He won election to the House of Representatives in 1967 , defeating Shirley Temple in the Republican primary . He unsuccessfully challenged President Richard Nixon in the 1972 Republican primaries on an anti-Vietnam War platform . He co-authored the 1973 Endangered Species Act . After the Saturday Night Massacre , he became the first member of Congress to publicly call for President Nixon 's resignation . He continually won re-election until 1982 , when he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination to represent California in the United States Senate . The nomination was won by Pete Wilson , who went on to defeat Jerry Brown in the general election ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook', 'summary': 'John Milan Ashbrook ( September 21 , 1928 - April 24 , 1982 ) was an American politician of the Republican Party who served in the United States House of Representatives from Ohio from 1961 until his death from peptic ulcer in Johnstown , Ohio in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 12 , 1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Vice President Richard Nixon ( 77.61% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Governor Nelson Rockefeller ( 10.82% ) , Senator Eugene McCarthy ( 5.30% ) , President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1.71% ) , Governor George Romney ( 1.68% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller', 'summary': "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8 , 1908 - January 26 , 1979 ) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st vice president of the United States from 1974 to 1977 , and previously as the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 . He also served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman ( 1944-1945 ) as well as under secretary of Health , Education and Welfare under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954 . A grandson of billionaire John D. Rockefeller and a member of the wealthy Rockefeller family , he was a noted art collector and served as administrator of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan , New York . Rockefeller was a Republican who was often considered to be liberal , progressive , or moderate . In an agreement that was termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue , Rockefeller persuaded Richard Nixon to alter the Republican Party platform just before the 1960 Republican Convention . In his time , liberals in the Republican Party were called Rockefeller Republicans . As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 , Rockefeller 's achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York , efforts to protect the environment , the construction of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany , increased facilities and personnel for medical care , and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts . After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960 , 1964 and 1968 , Rockefeller was appointed vice president of the United States under President Gerald R. Ford , who ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon . Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment , following Ford himself . Rockefeller was not placed on the 1976 Republican ticket with Ford . He retired from politics in 1977 and died two years later . As a businessman , Rockefeller was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center , Inc. , and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_W._Romney', 'summary': 'George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 , 1907 - July 26 , 1995 ) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician . He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962 , the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969 , and the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973 . He was the father of former Governor of Massachusetts , 2012 Republican presidential nominee and current United States Senator from Utah Mitt Romney , husband of 1970 U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney , and grandfather of current Republican National Committee chair Ronna McDaniel . Romney was born to American parents living in the Mormon colonies in Mexico ; events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child . The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City , Utah , where they struggled during the Great Depression . Romney worked in a number of jobs , served as a Mormon missionary in the United Kingdom , and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any of them . In 1939 he moved to Detroit and joined the American Automobile Manufacturers Association , where he served as the chief spokesman for the automobile industry during World War II and headed a cooperative arrangement in which companies could share production improvements . He joined Nash-Kelvinator in 1948 , and became the chief executive of its successor , American Motors Corporation , in 1954 . There he turned around the struggling firm by focusing all efforts on the compact Rambler car . Romney mocked the products of the Big Three automakers as gas-guzzling dinosaurs and became one of the first high-profile , media-savvy business executives . Devoutly religious , he presided over the Detroit Stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . Having entered politics by participating in a state constitutional convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution during 1961-1962 , Romney was elected Governor of Michigan in 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. * ( 35.54% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge,_Jr.', 'summary': "Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. ( July 5 , 1902 - February 27 , 1985 ) , sometimes referred to as Henry Cabot Lodge II , was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts and a United States ambassador . He was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1960 presidential election alongside incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon . The Republican ticket lost to Democrats John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson . Born in Nahant , Massachusetts , Lodge was the grandson of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and the great-grandson of Secretary of State Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen . After graduating from Harvard University , Lodge won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives . He defeated Democratic Governor James Michael Curley in 1936 to represent Massachusetts in the United States Senate . He resigned from the Senate in 1944 to serve in Italy and France during World War II . Lodge remained in the Army Reserve after the war and eventually rose to the rank of major general . In 1946 , Lodge defeated incumbent Democratic Senator David I. Walsh to return to the Senate . He led the Draft Eisenhower movement before the 1952 election and served as Eisenhower 's campaign manager , ensuring that his candidate triumphed at the 1952 Republican National Convention . Eisenhower defeated Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson II in the general election , but Lodge lost his own re-election campaign to John F. Kennedy . Lodge was named as ambassador to the United Nations in 1953 and became a member of Eisenhower 's Cabinet ."}]}, {'value': 'Senator Barry M. Goldwater ( 22.28% ) , Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller ( 21.99% ) , and former Vice President Richard Nixon ( 16.78% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Goldwater', 'summary': "Barry Morris Goldwater ( January 2 , 1909 - May 29 , 1998 ) was an American politician , businessman , and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona ( 1953-1965 , 1969-1987 ) and the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States in 1964 . Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide , Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s . He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement . Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought with the conservative coalition against the New Deal coalition . Although he had supported earlier civil rights legislation , he notably opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as he believed it to be an overreach by the federal government . In 1964 , Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican presidential primaries . Although raised as an Episcopalian , Goldwater was the first candidate of ethnically Jewish heritage to be nominated for President by a major American party ( his father was Jewish ) . Goldwater 's platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson . Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969 and specialized in defense and foreign policy . As an elder statesman of the party , Goldwater successfully urged President Richard Nixon to resign in 1974 when evidence of a cover-up in the Watergate scandal became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent . Goldwater 's views grew more libertarian as he reached the end of his career ; he retired from the Senate in 1987 . A significant accomplishment of his career was the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller', 'summary': "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8 , 1908 - January 26 , 1979 ) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st vice president of the United States from 1974 to 1977 , and previously as the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 . He also served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman ( 1944-1945 ) as well as under secretary of Health , Education and Welfare under Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1954 . A grandson of billionaire John D. Rockefeller and a member of the wealthy Rockefeller family , he was a noted art collector and served as administrator of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan , New York . Rockefeller was a Republican who was often considered to be liberal , progressive , or moderate . In an agreement that was termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue , Rockefeller persuaded Richard Nixon to alter the Republican Party platform just before the 1960 Republican Convention . In his time , liberals in the Republican Party were called Rockefeller Republicans . As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 , Rockefeller 's achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York , efforts to protect the environment , the construction of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany , increased facilities and personnel for medical care , and the creation of the New York State Council on the Arts . After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960 , 1964 and 1968 , Rockefeller was appointed vice president of the United States under President Gerald R. Ford , who ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon . Rockefeller was the second vice president appointed to the position under the 25th Amendment , following Ford himself . Rockefeller was not placed on the 1976 Republican ticket with Ford . He retired from politics in 1977 and died two years later . As a businessman , Rockefeller was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center , Inc. , and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 8 , 1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "The 1960 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 8 , 1960 , as part of the 1960 United States presidential election , which was held throughout all 50 states . Voters chose 4 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for president and vice president . New Hampshire was won by the Republican nominees , incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon of California , and his running mate Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts . Nixon and Lodge defeated the Democratic nominees , Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and his running mate Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas . Nixon took 53.42% of the vote to Kennedy 's 46.58% , a margin of 6.84% . Kennedy swept the entire Northeastern United States , with the exception of the three Upper New England states , although Kennedy was much stronger in New Hampshire and the result was much closer than in neighboring Vermont and Maine . Although the statewide result was close , Nixon won 7 of the state 's counties while Kennedy won 3 . Since Franklin Roosevelt won them in 1932 , the counties of Hillsborough County , Strafford County , and Coos County had become reliable New Deal Democratic base counties , voting for Roosevelt all 4 times as well as for Harry S. Truman . The counties had been won back by the GOP when Dwight Eisenhower swept the state in his nationwide landslide of 1956 . However , they reverted to the Democratic Party in 1960 , allowing Kennedy to take nearly 47% statewide compared to the 34% Adlai Stevenson had received in the state in 1956 . Kennedy 's most substantial victory was in heavily populated Hillsborough County , home to Manchester and Nashua , which went to Kennedy by a decisive 58-42 margin . Carroll County had long been the most Republican county in New Hampshire , voting over eighty percent Republican in 1952 and 1956 , and in 1960 it would remains Nixons strongest county in the region , with Nixon taking over 79% of the vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Vice President Richard Nixon ( 89.28% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The next highest candidate was Governor Nelson Rockefeller ( 3.76% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 13 , 1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 94.11% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower', 'summary': "General of the Army Dwight David Ike Eisenhower ( /ˈaɪzənhaʊ.ər/ EYE-zən-how-ər ; October 14 , 1890 - March 28 , 1969 ) was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961 . During World War II , he became a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe . He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of Normandy in 1944-45 from the Western Front . Eisenhower was born David Dwight Eisenhower , and raised in Abilene , Kansas , in a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry . His family had a strong religious background . His mother was a Lutheran , married as a River Brethren , and later became a Jehovah 's Witness . Eisenhower , however , did not belong to any organized church until 1952 . He cited constant relocation during his military career as one reason . He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud , with whom he had two sons . During World War I , he was denied a request to serve in Europe and instead commanded a unit that trained tank crews . Following the war , he served under various generals and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941 . After the United States entered World War II , Eisenhower oversaw the invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Of the more than 57,000 GOP votes cast only 600 were not for Eisenhower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 11 , 1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 56.31% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senator Robert A. Taft ( 31,18% ) , former Governor Harold E. Stassen ( 7.93% ) and General Douglas MacArthur ( 3.89% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_A._Taft', 'summary': "Robert Alphonso Taft Sr. ( September 8 , 1889 - July 31 , 1953 ) was an American conservative politician , lawyer , and scion of the Republican Party 's Taft family . Taft represented Ohio in the United States Senate , briefly served as Senate Majority Leader , and was a leader of the conservative coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats who prevented expansion of the New Deal . Often referred to as Mr. Republican , he cosponsored the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 , which banned closed shops and other labor practices . The elder son of William Howard Taft , the 27th President of the United States , Robert Taft was born in Cincinnati , Ohio . He pursued a legal career in Cincinnati after graduating from Harvard Law School in 1913 . Along with his brother Charles Phelps Taft II , he co-founded the law partnership of Taft Stettinius & Hollister . Taft served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1921 to 1931 and in the Ohio Senate from 1931 to 1933 . Though he lost re-election in 1932 , he remained a powerful force in state and local politics . After winning election to the Senate in 1938 over incumbent Democrat Robert J. Bulkley , Taft repeatedly sought the Republican presidential nomination , often battling for control of the party with the moderate faction of Republicans led by Thomas E. Dewey . He also emerged as a prominent non-interventionist and opposed U.S. involvement into World War II prior to the 1941 Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor . Taft 's non-interventionist stances damaged his 1940 candidacy , and the 1940 Republican National Convention nominated Wendell Willkie . Taft sought the presidency again in 1948 , but he lost to Dewey at the 1948 Republican National Convention ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harold_Stassen', 'summary': 'Harold Edward Stassen ( April 13 , 1907 - March 4 , 2001 ) was an American politician who was the 25th Governor of Minnesota . He was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1948 , considered for a time to be the front-runner . He thereafter regularly continued to run for that and other offices , such that his name became most identified with his status as a perennial candidate . Born in West St. Paul , Minnesota , Stassen was elected as the district attorney of Dakota County , Minnesota after graduating from the University of Minnesota . He won election as Governor of Minnesota in 1938 . Stassen was then and remains the youngest person elected to that office . He gave the keynote address at the 1940 Republican National Convention . He resigned as governor to serve in the United States Navy during World War II , becoming an aide to Admiral William Halsey Jr. After the war , he became president of the University of Pennsylvania , holding that position from 1948 to 1953 . Stassen sought the presidential nomination at the 1948 Republican National Convention , winning a significant share of the delegates on the first two ballots of the convention . During the Republican primaries preceding the convention , he engaged in the Dewey-Stassen debate , the first recorded debate between presidential candidates . Stassen sought the presidential nomination again at the 1952 Republican National Convention , and helped Dwight D. Eisenhower win the nomination by shifting his support to Eisenhower . After serving in the Eisenhower administration , Stassen sought various offices .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur', 'summary': "General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ( 26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964 ) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign , which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal . He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army , and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army . Raised in a military family in the American Old West , MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy where he finished high school , and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he graduated top of the class of 1903 . During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz , he conducted a reconnaissance mission , for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor . In 1917 , he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd ( Rainbow ) Division . In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I , he rose to the rank of brigadier general , was again nominated for a Medal of Honor , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times . From 1919 to 1922 , MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he attempted a series of reforms . His next assignment was in the Philippines , where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny . In 1925 , he became the Army 's youngest major general . He served on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners and runners-up -- Presidential results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'New_Hampshire_primary_1', 'intro': "The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide party primary elections and the second party contest (the first being the Iowa caucuses) held in the United States every four years as part of the process of choosing the delegates to the Democratic and Republican national conventions which choose the party nominees for the presidential elections to be held the subsequent November. Although only a few delegates are chosen in the New Hampshire primary, its real importance comes from the massive media coverage it receives (along with the first caucus in Iowa). Spurred by the events of the 1968 election, reforms that began with the 1972 election elevated the two states' importance to the overall election, and began to receive as much media attention as all of the other state contests combined. Examples of this extraordinary coverage have been seen on the campuses of Dartmouth College and Saint Anselm College, as the colleges have held multiple national debates and have attracted media outlets like NPR, Fox News, CNN, NBC, and ABC. The publicity and momentum can be enormous from a decisive win by a frontrunner, or better-than-expected result in the New Hampshire primary. The upset or weak showing by a front-runner changes the calculus of national politics in a matter of hours, as happened in 1952 (D), 1968 (D), 1980 (R), and 2008 (D). Since 1952, the primary has been a major testing ground for candidates for both the Republican and Democratic nominations. Candidates who do poorly frequently drop out, while lesser-known, underfunded candidates who excel in New Hampshire can become serious contenders, garnering large amounts of media attention and campaign funding. Crucially, the New Hampshire primary is not a closed primary, where voter participation is limited by voters' past or recent party registration. Instead, New Hampshire enables any voter who has been undeclared, or re-registers as undeclared (not registered with any party) to vote in either party's primary. Candidates who do well in the state are seen as having a strong appeal to independents - who account for as much as 41% of the electorate. A strong performance in New Hampshire is seen as a bellwether for how well a candidate can do in a general election, given their appeal to less partisan voters who sometimes flood that party's primary, if they want to participate at all."}
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What was the primary date when the winner was a 1958 graduate of the US Naval Academy ?
January 8 , 2008
09adf6fb7fd41b32
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party_election_results', 'title': 'Independent Labour Party election results', 'header': ['Constituency', 'Candidate', 'Votes', '%', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aberdare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Aberdare was a constituency in the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It was created for the 1918 general election and returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system until it was abolished for the 1983 general election . The Labour Party captured the seat in 1922 and held it comfortably until its abolition'}]}, {'value': 'T. E. Nicholas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Evan_Nicholas_(Niclas_y_Glais)', 'summary': "Thomas Evan Nicholas ( 6 October 1879 - 19 April 1971 ) , who used the bardic name Niclas y Glais ( English : 'Nicholas of Glais ' ) , was a Welsh language poet , preacher , radical , and champion of the disadvantaged of society ."}]}, {'value': '6,229', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Accrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accrington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Accrington was a parliamentary constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 to 1983 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first-past-the-post system of election .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Roden Buxton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Roden_Buxton', 'summary': 'Charles Roden Buxton ( 27 November 1875 - 16 December 1942 ) was an English philanthropist and radical British Liberal Party politician who later joined the Labour Party . He survived an assassination attempt during a mission to the Balkans in 1914 .'}]}, {'value': '6,369', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayr Burghs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayr_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Ayr Burghs was a district of burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) , using the first-past-the-post voting system .'}]}, {'value': 'Campbell Stephen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell_Stephen', 'summary': "Reverend Campbell Stephen ( 1884 - 25 October 1947 ) was a Scottish socialist politician . A native of Glasgow , he was educated at Townhead Public School , Allan Glen 's School and Glasgow University . He worked first as United Free Church Minister and then as a barrister . He resigned his charge at the United Free Church in Ardrossan , Ayrshire in 1918 to contest Ayr Burghs in the same year . He was Independent Labour Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Glasgow Camlachie from November 1922 to 1931 and from 1935 until his death . He was one of James Maxton 's closest political allies within the Independent Labour Party and supported Maxton both in his attempts to foster closer relations with the Communist Party and also during the disaffiliation debate in the early 1930s . Despite his strong support for ILP independence from the Labour Party when Maxton was alive , Stephen resigned the ILP whip to sit as an Independent from July 1947 , and rejoined the Labour Party in October , shortly before his death . His death sparked the 1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election . In 1945 , he married Dorothy Jewson , a former Labour Member of Parliament for Norwich ."}]}, {'value': '4,534', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bermondsey West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermondsey_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bermondsey West was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Bermondsey district of South London . It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The constituency was created for the 1918 general election and abolished for the 1950 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Salter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Salter', 'summary': 'Alfred Salter ( 16 June 1873 - 24 August 1945 ) was a British medical practitioner and Labour Party politician .'}]}, {'value': '1,956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Ladywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Birmingham , Ladywood is a constituency [ n 1 ] of part of the city of Birmingham , represented in the House of Commons . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'John Kneeshaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kneeshaw', 'summary': "John William Kneeshaw ( 25 August 1878 - 25 October 1960 ) was a British political activist . Born in Market Weighton near Kingston-upon-Hull , Kneeshaw became a bricklayer and joined the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) . He moved to Birmingham to become a full-time organiser for the ILP , and in 1911 was elected to the city council , serving until 1919 . He served for several years as the Midlands representative on the National Administrative Council of the ILP , and was also active in the Union of Democratic Control . He was adopted as the Labour Party 's Prospective Parliamentary Candidate for Birmingham West in 1914 . The expected election was not held due to World War I. Kneeshaw opposed the war , and was fined £51 for distributing anti-war leaflets . At the 1918 United Kingdom general election , Kneeshaw contested Birmingham Ladywood . He took second place , behind Neville Chamberlain , but only 19.0% of the vote . He became the ILP 's Organising Secretary in 1922 . He stood again for Labour in the 1926 Howdenshire by-election , only handing his nomination papers in ten minutes before the deadline , as he mistakenly believed they should be delivered to Beverley , rather than Pocklington . He polled poorly , taking third place and losing his deposit . In 1928 , Kneeshaw became the Labour Party 's Lancashire Area Organiser , and soon fell into conflict with the ILP , which complained that he was acting as a witchfinder attempting to disqualify left-wing ILP members from Parliamentary candidacies ."}]}, {'value': '2,572', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Blackburn is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Philip Snowden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Snowden', 'summary': 'Philip Snowden , 1st Viscount Snowden , PC ( /ˈsnoʊdən/ ; 18 July 1864 - 15 May 1937 ) was a British politician . A strong speaker , he became popular in trade union circles for his denunciation of capitalism as unethical and his promise of a socialist utopia . He was the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer , a position he held in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931 . He broke with Labour policy in 1931 , and was expelled from the party and excoriated as a turncoat , as the Party was overwhelmingly crushed that year by the National Government coalition that Snowden supported . He was succeeded as Chancellor by Neville Chamberlain .'}]}, {'value': '15,274', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bosworth /bɒzwərθ/ is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented since 2019 by Luke Evans , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Richardson_(Labour_Party_MP)', 'summary': "Thomas Richardson ( 6 June 1868 - 22 October 1928 ) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Whitehaven , in Cumberland , from 1910 to 1918 . Thomas Richardson was the first born of Robert Richardson and his wife Margaret and was named for his grandfather who died shortly before he was born . His father worked as a coal miner and the family had lived at Usworth Colliery . Thomas began working as a coal miner as well . In 1885 his father died in an explosion in the Usworth pit which had claimed forty one other men . At the age of 20 Thomas Richardson married his wife Mary Ellinor Purvis . They had four children . He interest in politics was motivated by his desire to improve conditions for coal miners . Richardson was an active member of the Independent Labour Party , and its leading member in Whitehaven . His brother William was also active in the party , and later became Treasurer of the Miners ' Federation of Great Britain . He was elected as Whitehaven 's first Labour MP at the December 1910 general election . A Labour candidate had stood unsuccessfully in January 1910 general election , but Richardson was assisted by the absence of a Liberal party candidate ."}]}, {'value': '6,344', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradford Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradford_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bradford Central was a parliamentary constituency in the city of Bradford , West Yorkshire , which returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Elections were held under the first-past-the-post voting system . The constituency was created for the 1885 general election , when the Redistribution of Seats Act split the two-member Bradford constituency into three single-seat divisions . It was abolished for the 1955 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'William Leach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Leach_(Labour_politician)', 'summary': 'William Leach ( 1870 - 21 November 1949 ) was a British Labour Party politician . He was elected as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bradford Central at the 1922 general election , having unsuccessfully contested the seat in 1918 . He was re-elected in 1923 , and served as Under-Secretary of State for Air in the First Labour Government . Leach lost the seat at the 1924 general election to his Conservative party opponent . His share of the vote had increased , but the absence for the first time of a Liberal Party candidate proved more beneficial to the Conservatives . He was re-elected to the House of Commons at the 1929 general election , but was defeated again when the Labour Party split at the 1931 general election . He regained the seat at the 1935 general election , and represented Bradford Central for a decade until retiring from politics at the 1945 general election .'}]}, {'value': '7,636', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradford East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradford_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bradford East is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick William Jowett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_William_Jowett', 'summary': 'Frederick William Jowett ( 31 January 1864 - 1 February 1944 ) was a British Labour politician .'}]}, {'value': '8,637', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigg_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Brigg was a county constituency centred on the town of Brigg in North Lincolnshire . It returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , elected by the first-past-the-post voting system . The constituency was created for the 1885 general election , and abolished for the February 1974 general election when it was replaced by the new constituency of Brigg and Scunthorpe .'}]}, {'value': 'David Quibell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Quibell,_1st_Baron_Quibell', 'summary': 'David John Kinsley Quibell , 1st Baron Quibell ( 21 December 1879 - 16 April 1962 ) was a British builder , contractor and Labour Party politician .'}]}, {'value': '4,789', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bristol East is a constituency [ n 1 ] recreated in 1983 covering the eastern part of the City of Bristol . [ n 2 ] An earlier guise of the seat existed between 1885 and 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Luke Bateman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Bateman_(trade_unionist)', 'summary': 'Luke Henry Bateman ( born 1873 ) was a British trade unionist and politician . He repeatedly narrowly missed out on election to Parliament . Born in Bristol , Bateman began working for the Great Western Railway , becoming a stationary engineman , and joining the National Union of Railwaymen ( NUR ) . He slowly came to prominence in the union , serving as president of its Bristol Joint Committee , then as president of its Bristol and South West District Council . Bateman joined the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) and also the Union of Democratic Control . The ILP was affiliated to the Labour Party , for which he stood in Bristol East at the 1918 United Kingdom general election , taking second place with 42.8% of the vote . He stood again at the 1922 United Kingdom general election , increasing his vote share to 49.7% , and missing out on election by only 151 votes . He did not stand in 1923 , but at the 1924 and 1929 United Kingdom general elections , he stood in Monmouth , taking around a quarter of the vote on each occasion .'}]}, {'value': '8,135', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camberwell North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camberwell_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Camberwell North was a borough constituency located in the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell , in South London . It returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The constituency was created for the 1885 general election , and abolished for the 1950 general election .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Ammon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Ammon,_1st_Baron_Ammon', 'summary': 'Charles George Ammon , 1st Baron Ammon , PC , DL , JP ( 22 April 1873 - 2 April 1960 ) was a British Labour Party politician .'}]}, {'value': '2,175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Cardiff Central ( Welsh : Canol Caerdydd ) is a borough constituency in the city of Cardiff . It returns one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , elected by the first past the post system .'}]}, {'value': 'James Ewart Edmunds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Ewart_Edmunds', 'summary': "James Ewart Edmunds ( 5 May 1882 - 1962 ) was a Welsh trade unionist and politician . Born in Gilwen in Breconshire , Edmunds ' parents were both teachers . Educated at Howard Gardens Secondary School and at University College Cardiff , he qualified as a teacher in 1903 and worked at schools in Cardiff . Edmunds was also involved in trade unionism , and became secretary of Cardiff Trades Council in 1911 , serving until 1922 . In 1913 , he was elected as a Labour Party member of the Cardiff Board of Guardians , and he stood unsuccessfully in Cardiff Central at the 1918 , 1922 and 1923 general elections . In 1920 , Edmunds quit teaching to take up a post as the Newport District Secretary of the Transport and General Workers ' Union . He was elected as President of Cardiff Trades Council in 1924 , serving for four years , and in 1926 , he was appointed as a magistrate . He stood for Cardiff East at the 1929 general election and finally won a seat , but he lost it at the following election , in 1931 ."}]}, {'value': '4,663', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chorley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chorley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Chorley is a constituency [ n 1 ] [ n 2 ] in Lancashire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Lindsay Hoyle . Hoyle was originally elected for the Labour Party , but in 2019 became the Speaker , making him unaffiliated .'}]}, {'value': 'Elijah Sandham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elijah_Sandham', 'summary': 'Elijah Sandham ( 1875 - 7 May 1944 ) was an English Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) politician from Lancashire . He sat in the House of Commons from 1929 to 1931 as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Kirkdale division of Liverpool , and in 1934 he led the breakaway Independent Socialist Party .'}]}, {'value': '6,222', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colne Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colne_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': "Colne Valley is a constituency [ n 1 ] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Jason McCartney of the Conservative Party . [ n 2 ] The seat has been won by three different parties ' candidates by a marginal majority since the 1992 general election , the last occasion when the winning majority exceeded 10% of the votes cast . Colne Valley is one of 17 seats won ( held or gained ) by a Labour candidate in 2017 from a total of 22 covering its county , with Thelma Walker 's 2017 win being one of 30 net gains of the Labour Party . However , former MP Jason McCartney took the seat back for the Conservatives in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilfrid Whiteley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilfrid_Whiteley', 'summary': 'Wilfrid Whiteley ( 3 February 1882 - 4 April 1970 ) was a British Labour Party politician .'}]}, {'value': '9,473', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coventry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coventry_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Coventry was a borough constituency which was represented in the House of Commons of England and its successors , the House of Commons of Great Britain and the House of Commons of the United Kingdom . Centred on the City of Coventry in Warwickshire , it returned two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) from 1295 until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , when its representation was reduced to one . The Coventry constituency was abolished for the 1945 general election , when it was split into two new constituencies : Coventry East and Coventry West . Elections were held using the bloc vote system when electing two MPs ( until 1885 ) , and then first-past-the-post to elect one MP thereafter .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Collingham Wallhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Collingham_Wallhead', 'summary': 'Richard Collingham Wallhead ( 28 December 1869 - 27 April 1934 ) , known as R. C. Wallhead , was a British Member of Parliament . Beginning his career as a decorator , Wallhead joined the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) and later became a journalist and lecturer . A committed opponent of World War I , he was detained in 1917 under the Defence of the Realm Act . Wallhead unsuccessfully contested Coventry in the 1918 general election for the Labour Party , to which the ILP was affiliated . He was elected to Manchester City Council in 1919 , a position he held for three years . At the 1922 general election , Wallhead gained Merthyr from the Liberals . As the politics of the South Wales coalfield radicalised , this turned into a safe Labour seat , which he was to hold until his death . He was one of only five ILP MPs to retain their seats in the 1931 general election , after Labour withdrew their support , and initially supported their disaffiliation from Labour . However , in September 1933 he resigned from the ILP and rejoined Labour . He died the following year . His daughter Muriel Nichol was also a Labour politician , and served as MP for Bradford North from 1945 to 1950 .'}]}, {'value': '10,298', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dewsbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dewsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dewsbury is a constituency [ n 1 ] created in 1868 . This seat is represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament since 2019 by Mark Eastwood of the Conservative Party . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Riley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Riley', 'summary': "Benjamin Riley ( 1866 - 6 January 1946 ) was a British Labour Party politician . Born in Halifax , Riley was the son of a stonemason . He started work aged 9 , and was apprenticed to the bookbinding trade . He served as a journeyman in Bath , Brighton and London , eventually starting his own business in Huddersfield in 1896 . At the same time he was employed as a lecturer by the Land Restoration League , visiting agricultural labourers in various counties . He married Lucy Rushworth of Halifax , and they had one son . Riley was a founding member of the Independent Labour Party , and was elected to Huddersfield School Board in 1896 and to Huddersfield Town Council in 1904 . At the 1918 general election Riley stood as the Labour Party 's candidate in the Dewsbury constituency , but failed to be elected . At the next election in 1922 Riley won the seat , but lost it the following year . In 1924 he regained the seat . He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Noel Buxton , Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food in the Labour Government of 1929-1931 . At the 1931 general election he lost his seat , along with many other Labour Party MPs ."}]}, {'value': '5,596', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunbartonshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunbartonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dunbartonshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain ( at Westminster ) from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( also Westminster ) from 1801 to 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'William Henry Porteous Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Porteous_Martin', 'summary': 'William Henry Porteous Martin ( 15 June 1886 - 9 January 1939 ) was a Scottish Labour Party politician . He was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dunbartonshire from 1923 to 1924 . Martin was unsuccessful candidate in the Dunbartonshire constituency at the 1918 and 1922 general elections , losing only narrowly in the latter contest , before winning the seat at the 1923 general election . He was defeated in 1924 by the Unionist candidate David Fleming , and when Fleming resigned from the House of Commons in 1926 , Martin was the Labour candidate at the resulting by-election . The seat was held by the Unionists . At the 1929 general election , Martin stood in Aberdeen South , a Unionist safe seat where he lost by a wide margin . His last electoral contest was in Glasgow Central at the 1931 election , where he was defeated by almost two to one .'}]}, {'value': '7,072', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edinburgh Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Edinburgh Central was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( at Westminster ) from 1885 to 2005 . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . In 1999 , a Scottish Parliament constituency was created with the same name and boundaries , and continues in use . See Edinburgh Central ( Scottish Parliament constituency ) . From 1925 until 1999 , the Member of Parliament for the Westminster constituency was an ex officio member of the Board of Trustees of the National Library of Scotland . Since 1999 , that role has been taken by the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Scottish Parliament constituency . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'William Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)', 'summary': "William Graham PC ( 29 July 1887 - 8 January 1932 ) was a Scottish Labour politician . Born in Peebles , he was educated at Peebles Public School and George Heriot 's School , Edinburgh . After a time as a junior clerk in the War Office , he became a journalist . He joined the Independent Labour Party in 1906 , and was elected to Edinburgh Town Council in 1913 . He gained an MA from University of Edinburgh in 1915 , and was later awarded an Honorary LLD by the University in 1927 . He served as Labour MP for Edinburgh Central from 1918 until 1931 . Early in his parliamentary career he found himself at odds with many Labour MPs and contemplated joining the Liberals . He held office as Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1924 ( when he was sworn as a Privy Councillor ) and as President of the Board of Trade from 1929-31 . He was responsible for the Coal-Mines Bill , several overseas missions , and industrial inquiries . He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1924 . He also served on the Royal Commissions on income-tax in 1919 , and Oxford and Cambridge in 1920-1921 , and was a Member of the Speaker 's Conference on Devolution in 1919-1920 . He was also a Member of the Medical Research Council from 1920-1928 ."}]}, {'value': '7,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glasgow Bridgeton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Bridgeton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Glasgow Bridgeton was a parliamentary constituency in the city of Glasgow . From 1885 to 1974 , it returned one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , elected by the first-past-the-post voting system . For many years it was represented by James Maxton , the leader of the Independent Labour Party whose policies were to the left of the Labour Party .'}]}, {'value': 'James Maxton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Maxton', 'summary': 'James Maxton ( 22 June 1885 - 23 July 1946 ) was a British left-wing politician , and leader of the far-left faction of the Independent Labour Party . He was a pacifist who opposed both world wars . A prominent proponent of Home Rule for Scotland , he is remembered as one of the leading figures of the Red Clydeside era . He broke with Ramsay MacDonald and the second minority Labour government , and became one of its most bitter critics . As the leader of the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) , he disaffiliated the ILP from the mainstream party in 1932 . After that he was a marginal independent figure on the far left-wing .'}]}, {'value': '7,860', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Election results -- 1918 general election', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Independent_Labour_Party_election_results_11', 'intro': "This article lists the Independent Labour Party's election results in UK parliamentary elections."}
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When did the candidate to represent the constituency that existed for 100 years retire ?
1945
09af08b1a040829d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIFL_Premiership', 'title': 'NIFL Premiership', 'header': ['Club', 'Stadium', 'Location', 'Capacity', 'Finishing position in 2018-19'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ballymena United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballymena_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Ballymena United Football Club is a semi-professional football club from Northern Ireland . Based in Ballymena , County Antrim , the team competes in the NIFL Premiership and plays home matches at the Ballymena Showgrounds . The club is managed by David Jeffrey . The club was formed as Ballymena on 7 April 1928 , when four local businessmen and football enthusiasts decided that the town of Ballymena needed a senior football team in the Irish League . Nicknamed the 'Braidmen ' or 'Sky Blues ' , latterly because of the colour of the home shirts , Ballymena have a rich history in Irish Cup , having won the competition six times - the most for a provincial club outside of Belfast except for Glenavon and Coleraine . The club has never won the league title in its history , but has finished runners-up on three occasions . The club has also won the County Antrim Shield on six occasions and the Northern Ireland Football League Cup . The main club rivals of Ballymena United are local club Coleraine . The extremely-hostile annual Boxing Day fixture between the two teams attracts large crowds and is one of the high-profile fixtures in the Northern Irish football league calendar ."}]}, {'value': 'Ballymena Showgrounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballymena_Showgrounds', 'summary': "The Ballymena Showgrounds is a football stadium in Ballymena , County Antrim , Northern Ireland . It is home to Ballymena United F.C . and Ballymena United Allstars F.C . It is owned by Ballymena Borough Council . In addition to men 's soccer a variety of other sports and events are held at the stadium and surrounding facilities , including women 's association football , field hockey , and stock car racing . The stadium was redeveloped in 2001 at a cost of £30m . This reconstruction included the building of a new stand and new dressing room facilities . In 2010 the Warden Street stand was redeveloped to all-seater standard with a new capacity of 2,200 seats . The stadium now holds 4,100 spectators , but is limited to 3,600 due to health and safety ."}]}, {'value': 'Ballymena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballymena', 'summary': "Ballymena /ˌbæliˈmiːnə/ ( from Irish : An Baile Meánach , meaning the middle townland , Irish pronunciation : [ ən̪ˠ ˈbˠalʲə ˈmʲaːn̪ˠəx ] ) is a town in County Antrim , and the eighth largest in Northern Ireland . It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim . It had a population of 29,551 people at the 2011 Census . The town is built on land given to the Adair family by King Charles I in 1626 , on the basis that the town holds two annual fairs and a free Saturday market in perpetuity . As of 2018 [ update ] , the Saturday market still runs . It is a popular shopping hub within Northern Ireland and is home to Ballymena United F.C . Ballymena incorporates an area of 632 square kilometres ( 244 square miles ) and is home to large villages such as Cullybackey , Galgorm , Ahoghill and Broughshane . The town used to host Ireland 's largest one-day agricultural show at the Ballymena Showgrounds . The town centre has many historic buildings . The Town Hall was built in 1924 on the site of the old Market House , and was refurbished in 2007 at a cost of roughly £20 million ."}]}, {'value': '3,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrick Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrick_Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': 'Carrick Rangers Football Club is a semi-professional Northern Irish football club playing in NIFL Premiership . The club , founded in 1939 , hails from Carrickfergus , County Antrim and plays its home matches at Taylors Avenue which is known as the Belfast Loughshore Hotel Arena due to sponsorship reasons . Carrick Rangers main rivals are Larne , with matches between the sides being known as , The East Antrim Derby . Ballyclare Comrades are also local rivals .'}]}, {'value': 'Loughshore Hotel Arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrickfergus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrickfergus', 'summary': "Carrickfergus ( from Irish : Carraig Fhearghais [ ˌkaːɾˠəɟ ˈaɾˠɣəʃ ] , meaning Fergus ' rock ) is a large town in County Antrim , Northern Ireland . It sits on the north shore of Belfast Lough , 11 miles ( 18 km ) from Belfast . The town had a population of 27,998 at the 2011 Census . It is County Antrim 's oldest town and one of the oldest towns in Ireland as a whole . Carrickfergus was the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council , before this was amalgamated into the Mid and East Antrim District Council in 2015 , and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area . It is also a townland of 65 acres , a civil parish and a barony . The town is the subject of the classic Irish folk song Carrickfergus , a 19th-century translation of an Irish-language song ( Do Bhí Bean Uasal ) from Munster , which begins with the words , I wish I was in Carrickfergus . The British peerage title of Baron Carrickfergus , which had become extinct in 1883 , was bestowed upon Prince William on his wedding day in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd in NIFL Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NIFL_Championship', 'summary': 'The Northern Ireland Football League Championship ( known as the Bluefin Sport Championship for sponsorship reasons ) is the second level of the Northern Ireland Football League , the national football league in Northern Ireland . Clubs in the Championship can be promoted to the highest national division - the NIFL Premiership , and relegated to the third level - the NIFL Premier Intermediate League . It was founded in 2008 as the Premier Intermediate League for members of the previous IFA Intermediate League that met the new stricter membership criteria , though was marketed as the IFA Championship . In 2009 , it was extended to two divisions : Championship 1 and Championship 2 with promotion and relegation between the two . In 2013 , the Championship and IFA Premiership were replaced by a single Northern Ireland Football League , independent of the Irish Football Association ( IFA ) . Under reforms agreed by the NIFL clubs in 2014 , from 2016-17 , Championship 1 acquired senior status , continuing as the NIFL Championship , while Championship 2 continued as the Premier Intermediate League , retaining its intermediate status .'}]}, {'value': 'Cliftonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C.', 'summary': 'Cliftonville Football & Athletic Club is an Northern Irish semi-professional association football club playing in the NIFL Premiership - the top division of the Northern Ireland Football League . The club was founded in September 1879 by John McAlery in the suburb of Cliftonville in north Belfast , it is the oldest football club in Ireland and celebrated its 140th anniversary in 2019 . Since 1890 , the club has played at Solitude . Cliftonville contests the North Belfast derby with nearest rivals Crusaders , and also has historical rivalries with Glentoran and Linfield . The club has won the Irish League Premiership five times outright including one shared title , the Irish Cup eight times and the Irish League Cup five times .'}]}, {'value': 'Solitude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solitude_(football_ground)', 'summary': "Solitude is a football stadium in Belfast , United Kingdom . It is the oldest football stadium in Northern Ireland , and the home ground of Northern Ireland 's oldest football club , Cliftonville . The stadium holds 6,224 , but is currently restricted to 2,530 under safety legislation . The stadium was built in 1890 and has undergone several renovations . In 2002 , a new stand was built at one end of the ground to house visiting supporters , and in 2008 , a new stand was completed behind the goal at the east end of the ground . A synthetic 3G pitch was installed to replace the previous grass surface in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belfast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}]}, {'value': '3,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coleraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coleraine_F.C.', 'summary': 'Coleraine Football Club is a Northern Irish semi-professional football club , playing in the NIFL Premiership . The club , founded in 1927 , hails from Coleraine , County Londonderry and plays its home matches at The Showgrounds . Club colours are blue and white . The club won the Irish League title once ( in 1973-74 ) and the Irish Cup on six occasions , most recently in 2017-18 . They are also the only Irish League club to have won two successive all-Ireland competitions , lifting the Blaxnit Cup in 1969 and 1970 . The club is bitter rivals with Ballymena United with their matches being known as the North West Derby .'}]}, {'value': 'The Showgrounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Showgrounds_(Coleraine)', 'summary': "The Showgrounds is a football stadium in Coleraine , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of Coleraine F.C . The stadium holds 13,132 , but is currently restricted to 2,496 under safety legislation . Between September 1971 and October 1972 , Derry City F.C . were forced to use the stadium as their home-ground after the Irish Football Association banned the use of their ground in Derry , the Brandywell , due to security fears emanating from the Trouble and civil unrest in the nearby Bogside area . Derry 's use ended in 1972 when , faced with dwindling crowds , travelling to Coleraine to play home-games was no longer financially sustainable ."}]}, {'value': 'Coleraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coleraine', 'summary': "Coleraine ( /koʊlˈreɪn/ ; from Irish Cúil Rathain , meaning 'nook of the ferns ' [ kuːlʲ ˈɾˠahɪnʲ ] ) is a town and civil parish near the mouth of the River Bann in County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . It is 55 miles ( 88.5 km ) northwest of Belfast and 30 miles ( 48.3 km ) east of Derry , both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections . It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district ."}]}, {'value': '2,496', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crusaders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crusaders_F.C.', 'summary': "Crusaders Football Club is a professional Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Premiership . The club , founded in 1898 , hails from Belfast and plays its home matches at Seaview . Crusaders originally played as a junior team , and then played intermediate football until 1949 , and during that time they were one of the top non-league teams in the country , winning the Intermediate League nine times and the Steel & Sons Cup on seven occasions . After the withdrawal of Belfast Celtic , Crusaders were elected in their place in time for the start of the 1949-50 season . Since then the club has won 28 senior trophies including seven league titles , four Irish Cups , two League Cups , eight County Antrim Shields , one Setanta Sports Cup , two Gold Cups , three Ulster Cups and one Carlsberg Cup . The club 's kit colours are red and black , and the current manager is former player Stephen Baxter , who is the club 's longest serving manager , having been appointed in 2005 . The club 's closest rivals are Cliftonville , with whom they contest the North Belfast derby . Rivalries also exist with other Belfast sides such as Linfield and Glentoran ."}]}, {'value': 'Seaview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seaview_(football_ground)', 'summary': 'Seaview is a football stadium in Belfast , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of Crusaders , and traditionally hosts the final of the Steel & Sons Cup on Christmas Day . The stadium holds 3,383 , and has a 4G playing surface . Seaview has undergone considerable redevelopment in recent seasons , with new changing rooms , dug-outs and main-stand seats being installed . Three new stands at either end of the ground and on its southern side were opened in July 2011 to replace the previous terracing .'}]}, {'value': 'Belfast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}]}, {'value': '3,383', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungannon Swifts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungannon_Swifts_F.C.', 'summary': "Dungannon Swifts Football Club is a Northern Irish , semi-professional football club playing in the NIFL Premiership . The club , founded in 1949 , has risen from the Mid-Ulster league to the top tier in Northern Ireland since its election to the Irish League First Division in 1997 . Dungannon earned promotion from Irish League First Division to the Premier Division in the 2002-03 season . The Swifts hail from Dungannon , County Tyrone and plays their home matches at Stangmore Park . Club colours are royal blue with white trim ( home strip ) and yellow with a red trim ( away strip ) . Dungannon have a mentality of developing future players from their youth system and deploying them into the first team at a relatively young age . [ citation needed ] The clubs ' current manager is Kris Lindsay ."}]}, {'value': 'Stangmore Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stangmore_Park', 'summary': 'Stangmore Park is a football stadium in Dungannon , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of Dungannon Swifts , and holds 5,000 spectators , 300 of whom can be seated .'}]}, {'value': 'Dungannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungannon', 'summary': "Dungannon ( from Irish : Dún Geanainn , meaning Geanann 's fort ) is a town in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland . It is the third-largest town in the county ( after Omagh and Strabane ) and had a population of 14,340 at the 2011 Census . The Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council had its headquarters in the town , though since 2015 it has been covered by Mid-Ulster District Council . For centuries , it was the 'capital ' of the O'Neill dynasty of Tír Eoghain , who dominated most of Ulster and built a castle on the hill . After the O'Neills ' defeat in the Nine Years ' War , the English founded a plantation town on the site , which grew into what is now Dungannon . Dungannon has won Ulster in Bloom 's Best Kept Town Award five times . It currently has the highest percentage of immigrants of any town in Northern Ireland ."}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenavon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenavon_F.C.', 'summary': "Glenavon Football Club is a semi-professional , Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Premiership . The club , founded in 1889 , hails from Lurgan and plays its home matches at Mourneview Park . Club colours are blue and white . Gary Hamilton has been player-manager of the Lurgan Blues since December 2011 following the resignation of Marty Quinn . Glenavon 's bitter rivals are Portadown , with their matches known as the 'Mid-Ulster Derby ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Mourneview Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mourneview_Park', 'summary': 'Mourneview Park is a football stadium in Lurgan , and is the home ground of NIFL Premiership club Glenavon . The stadium holds 4,160 and was originally built in 1895 . The 2008-09 Irish League Cup and 2010-11 Irish League Cup finals were held at the stadium in the first League Cup finals to be held outside Belfast .'}]}, {'value': 'Lurgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lurgan', 'summary': "Lurgan ( from Irish : An Lorgain , meaning the long low ridge ) is a town in County Armagh , Northern Ireland , near the southern shore of Lough Neagh . Lurgan is about 18 miles ( 29 km ) south-west of Belfast and is linked to the city by both the M1 motorway and the Belfast-Dublin railway line . It had a population of about 25,000 at the 2011 Census and is within the Armagh , Banbridge and Craigavon district . For some purposes , Lurgan is treated as part of the Craigavon Urban Area along with neighbouring Craigavon and Portadown . Lurgan is characteristic of many Plantation of Ulster settlements , with its straight , wide planned streets . It is the site of a number of historic listed buildings including Brownlow House and the former town hall . Lurgan Park is the largest urban park in Northern Ireland . Historically the town was known as a major centre for the production of textiles ( mainly linen ) after the industrial revolution and it continued to be a major producer of textiles until that industry steadily declined in the late 20th century . The development of the 'new city ' of Craigavon had a major impact on Lurgan in the 1960s when much industry was attracted to the area . The expansion of Craigavon 's Rushmere Retail Park in the 2000s has affected the town 's retail trade further ."}]}, {'value': '4,160', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glentoran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glentoran_F.C.', 'summary': 'Glentoran Football Club is a professional football club that plays in the NIFL Premiership . The club was founded in 1882 and plays its home games at The Oval in East Belfast . Club colours are red , green and black . Their main rival is Linfield with whom they contest the Big Two derby and who collectively are known as the Big Two , as they have traditionally dominated local football in Northern Ireland since the demise of Belfast Celtic . The two play a league match on Boxing Day each year , which regularly attracts the largest attendance of the Irish League season . The team has won the top flight of Irish football 23 times , placing second in terms of most titles behind Linfield , however the last time they achieved this success was the 2008-2009 season . They have won the Irish Cup 22 times , the Irish League Cup 7 times and the County Antrim Shield 27 times .'}]}, {'value': 'The Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oval_(Belfast)', 'summary': 'The Oval is a football stadium in Belfast , Northern Ireland , which has been home to Glentoran F.C . since 1892 . In 1941 the stadium was severely damaged by aerial bombing during the Belfast blitz of World War II , and was unusable until 1949 . A new main stand was constructed in 1953 . The stadium was refurbished with a new stand built in 2000 , but requires consistent maintenance to fulfill health and safety requirements and its total capacity is currently restricted to 6,050 . The Oval has occasionally hosted the final of the Irish Cup as well as hosting the final of the County Antrim Shield and the Setanta Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Belfast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}]}, {'value': '6,050', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_F.C.', 'summary': 'Institute Football Club is a Northern Irish semi-professional association football club playing in the NIFL Premiership . The club , founded in 1905 , are based in Derry and play their home matches at the Brandywell . Club colours are sky blue and white . Sean Connor is the current manager following the resignation of former manager John Quigg on 3 August 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brandywell Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandywell_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Ryan McBride Brandywell Stadium ( Irish : Tobar an Fhíoruisce1 ) is a municipal dual-use football and greyhound racing stadium located in Derry , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of League of Ireland team Derry City F.C . and ( temporarily ) NIFL Premiership team Institute The football team play on Friday evenings usually at 7.45pm ; the greyhound racing takes place on Monday evenings and occasionally on Thursday evenings . Until September 2018 , the stadium was known as the Brandywell Stadium before it was renamed to honour Ryan McBride .'}]}, {'value': 'Derry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derry', 'summary': 'Derry , officially Londonderry ( /ˈlʌndəndɛri/ ) , is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-largest city on the island of Ireland . The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name Daire ( modern Irish : Doire [ ˈd̪ˠɛɾʲə ] ) meaning oak grove . In 1613 , the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and gained the London prefix to reflect the funding of its construction by the London guilds . While the city is more usually known colloquially as Derry , Londonderry is also commonly used and remains the legal name . The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle , which is spanned by two road bridges and one footbridge . The city now covers both banks ( Cityside on the west and Waterside on the east ) . The population of the city was 83,652 at the 2001 Census , while the Derry Urban Area had a population of 90,736 . The district administered by Derry City and Strabane District Council contains both Londonderry Port and City of Derry Airport . Derry is close to the border with County Donegal , with which it has had a close link for many centuries . The person traditionally seen as the founder of the original Derry is Saint Colmcille , a holy man from Tír Chonaill , the old name for almost all of modern County Donegal , of which the west bank of the Foyle was a part before 1610 . In 2013 , Derry was the inaugural UK City of Culture , having been awarded the title in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '7,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larne_F.C.', 'summary': 'Larne Football Club is a professional Northern Irish football club based in Larne , County Antrim that play in the NIFL Premiership .'}]}, {'value': 'Inver Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inver_Park', 'summary': "Inver Park is a football stadium in Larne , County Antrim , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of Larne F.C . The land was acquired by Larne in 1918 and has been in continuous use as a stadium ever since . In 2010 the official capacity was set for safety reasons at 1,100 with seating for 656 in the main stand . In 2010 the club struck an agreement with property developers GML who agreed to build a new stadium on the site that would meet the Irish League 's domestic licence criteria to enable Larne to play senior football should they win the Championship One in the future in return for Larne 's agreement to give up an acre of land adjacent to a development site next to the ground . The deal , however , has been delayed due to the falling value of the property market , which has led GML to halve their initial bid of £6 million for the land . An agreement is expected in 2011 that will see the project commence by 2012 , but it was delayed again , so it has not started until 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Larne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larne', 'summary': 'Larne ( from Irish : Latharna , the name of a Gaelic territory ) is a seaport and industrial market town , as well as a civil parish , on the east coast of County Antrim , Northern Ireland , with a population of 18,755 people at the 2011 Census . The Larne Local Government District had a population of 32,180 in 2011 . It has been used as a seaport for over 1,000 years , and is today a major passenger and freight roll-on roll-off port . Larne is administered by Mid and East Antrim Borough Council . Together with parts of the neighbouring districts of Antrim and Newtownabbey and Causeway Coast and Glens , it forms the East Antrim constituency for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly . The civil parish is situated in the historic barony of Glenarm Upper .'}]}, {'value': '1,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st in NIFL Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NIFL_Championship', 'summary': 'The Northern Ireland Football League Championship ( known as the Bluefin Sport Championship for sponsorship reasons ) is the second level of the Northern Ireland Football League , the national football league in Northern Ireland . Clubs in the Championship can be promoted to the highest national division - the NIFL Premiership , and relegated to the third level - the NIFL Premier Intermediate League . It was founded in 2008 as the Premier Intermediate League for members of the previous IFA Intermediate League that met the new stricter membership criteria , though was marketed as the IFA Championship . In 2009 , it was extended to two divisions : Championship 1 and Championship 2 with promotion and relegation between the two . In 2013 , the Championship and IFA Premiership were replaced by a single Northern Ireland Football League , independent of the Irish Football Association ( IFA ) . Under reforms agreed by the NIFL clubs in 2014 , from 2016-17 , Championship 1 acquired senior status , continuing as the NIFL Championship , while Championship 2 continued as the Premier Intermediate League , retaining its intermediate status .'}]}, {'value': 'Linfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linfield_F.C.', 'summary': "Linfield Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Belfast , Northern Ireland , which plays in the NIFL Premiership - the highest level of the Northern Ireland Football League . The club was founded in 1886 as Linfield Athletic Club and in 1905 moved into their current home of Windsor Park , which is also the home of the Northern Ireland national team . The club 's badge displays Windsor Castle , in reference to the ground 's namesake . Historically , Linfield 's main rival has been Glentoran with whom they contest the Big Two derby . This rivalry traditionally includes a league derby played on Boxing Day each year , which usually attracts the largest league attendance of the season . Linfield 's average league home attendance is approximately 2,500 , the highest in the division and more than double the league 's overall average of about 1,000 . The club , nick-named the Blues , are managed by former Northern Ireland international and current all-time NI record goalscorer , David Healy . Healy was appointed on 14 October 2015 to succeed Warren Feeney , who had resigned in order to become assistant manager of Newport County . Linfield holds several domestic records and even a world record . The club was inaugural winners and one of the eight founding members of the Irish League in 1890 , and is one of only three clubs ( along with Glentoran and Cliftonville ) to have remained in the top division continuously , having never suffered relegation . Linfield has won 53 league championships to date - more than twice as many titles as any other Northern Irish club , and the second-highest total of top division league titles won by any club in the world ( one behind the current record holders , Rangers , with 54 Scottish titles ) . In 1922 , Linfield completed a clean sweep of all seven available trophies in a single season , and in 2006 won all four domestic trophies available in the modern era , in a single season , to achieve a domestic quadruple ."}]}, {'value': 'Windsor Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windsor_Park', 'summary': 'National Football Stadium at Windsor Park is a football stadium in Belfast , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of Linfield FC and tenants Northern Ireland national football team , and is also where the Irish Cup final is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Belfast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}]}, {'value': '18,614', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warrenpoint Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrenpoint_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Warrenpoint Town Football Club is a semi-professional Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Premiership . The club 's home ground is Milltown , Warrenpoint ."}]}, {'value': 'Milltown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milltown_(stadium)', 'summary': 'Milltown is a football stadium in Warrenpoint , County Down , Northern Ireland . It is the home ground of Warrenpoint Town F.C . of the NIFL Premiership . The stadium sits in the larger Milltown Sports Complex , in the area of Warrenpoint of the same name . The ground was upgraded in 2013 after Warrenpoint were promoted to the Premiership , to satisfy the rules of that league .'}]}, {'value': 'Warrenpoint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrenpoint', 'summary': "Warrenpoint is a small port town and civil parish in County Down , Northern Ireland . It sits at the head of Carlingford Lough , south of Newry , and is separated from the Republic of Ireland by a narrow strait . The town is beside the village of Rostrevor and is overlooked by the Mournes and Cooley Mountains . Warrenpoint sprang up within the townland of Ringmackilroy ( from Irish Rinn Mhic Giolla Ruaidh , meaning 'McIlroy 's point ' ) , and is locally nicknamed The Point . Warrenpoint is known for its scenic location , the Maiden of Mourne festival , the Blues on the Bay music festival , the passenger ferry service between Warrenpoint and Omeath and the nearby Narrow Water Castle . Warrenpoint Port is second in terms of tonnage handled by ports in Northern Ireland . It had a population of 8,732 at the 2011 Census ."}]}, {'value': '1,450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- 2019–20 membership', 'section_text': 'BelfastBelfast clubs : CliftonvilleCrusadersGlentoranLinfieldBallymena UnitedCarrick RangersColeraineDungannon SwiftsGlenavonInstituteLarneWarrenpoint Town Location of teams in the 2019–20 NIFL Premiership', 'uid': 'NIFL_Premiership_0', 'intro': 'The NIFL Premiership, known as the Irish Premiership or Danske Bank Premiership for sponsorship purposes, and colloquially as the Irish League, is a professional association football league which operates as the highest division of the Northern Ireland Football League - the national league in Northern Ireland. It was formerly called the IFA Premiership until 2013. Still known in popular parlance simply as the Irish League or the Irish Premiership, the Premiership was established in 2008 under the auspices of the Irish Football Association before the Northern Ireland Football League was created for the start of the 2013-14 season. At the end of the season, the champion club is presented with the Gibson Cup. Linfield are the current champions, lifting the league title for a record 53rd time. The title win was confirmed on 13 April 2019, following a 0-0 draw at home against the outgoing champions, Crusaders, which left them 12 points clear with three games remaining.'}
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What is the number of people who can watch a game at the stadium in the town whose name means nook of the ferns ?
2,496
09b09dd7e3179437
hybridqa
{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAAC_Men's_Soccer_Tournament", 'title': "MAAC Men's Soccer Tournament", 'header': ['Year', 'Champion', 'Score', 'Runner-up', 'Tournament MVP'], 'data': [{'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Army', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Army_Black_Knights', 'summary': "The Army Black Knights are the athletic teams that represent the United States Military Academy , located in West Point , New York . In sports contexts , the teams are commonly referred to as Army West Point . The Black Knights compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level as a non-football member of the Patriot League , a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision independent school and a member of Atlantic Hockey , the Collegiate Sprint Football League ( men ) , the Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League ( men ) , the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association , the Great America Rifle Conference , the National Collegiate Boxing Association , the National Collegiate Paintball Association and the National Intercollegiate Women 's Fencing Association . Army is also one of approximately 300 members of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) . Three of the service academies ( Army , Air Force , and Navy ) compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Salle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers', 'summary': "The La Salle Explorers are the varsity sports teams from La Salle University in Philadelphia . The Explorers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference . The men 's and women 's basketball teams are also participate in the Philadelphia Big 5 . On June 3rd , 2019 , Brian Baptiste was named Director of Athletics and Recreation effective August 1 , 2019 . Baptiste currently serves as Deputy AD for Capital Projects and Operations at Northwestern University ."}]}, {'value': 'John Brence , Army', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '3-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Salle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers', 'summary': "The La Salle Explorers are the varsity sports teams from La Salle University in Philadelphia . The Explorers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference . The men 's and women 's basketball teams are also participate in the Philadelphia Big 5 . On June 3rd , 2019 , Brian Baptiste was named Director of Athletics and Recreation effective August 1 , 2019 . Baptiste currently serves as Deputy AD for Capital Projects and Operations at Northwestern University ."}]}, {'value': 'Vince Moskunas , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '3-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Salle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers', 'summary': "The La Salle Explorers are the varsity sports teams from La Salle University in Philadelphia . The Explorers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference . The men 's and women 's basketball teams are also participate in the Philadelphia Big 5 . On June 3rd , 2019 , Brian Baptiste was named Director of Athletics and Recreation effective August 1 , 2019 . Baptiste currently serves as Deputy AD for Capital Projects and Operations at Northwestern University ."}]}, {'value': 'Doug Miller , Loyola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Miller_(soccer)', 'summary': "Doug Miller ( born May 5 , 1969 ) is an American youth soccer coach and retired soccer player . He spent one season in Major Indoor Soccer League and nine in the National Professional Soccer League as a soccer forward , winning two championships and leading the league in scoring in 1998-99 . Miller also played ten seasons of outdoor soccer in the USISL and A-League . He was the 1996 and 1997 USISL A-League leading scorer and 1997 league MVP . He also won one U.S. Open Cup . In 2011 , he became the first player signed to the new Rochester Lancers indoor team and was named the first team captain in the club 's history ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '2-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Donahue , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '3-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Garvey , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '1-0 ( OT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Novello , Fairfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '4-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manhattan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Jaspers', 'summary': "The Manhattan Jaspers are composed of 19 teams representing Manhattan College in intercollegiate athletics . The Jaspers compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . Manhattan College fields 19 Division-I athletic teams for men and women , including basketball , soccer , golf , rugby , baseball and softball , tennis , lacrosse and volleyball . The school 's men 's sports teams are called the Jaspers ; women are known as Lady Jaspers . Historically track and field has been the school 's strongest sport . The Jaspers nickname comes from Brother Jasper of Mary , F.S.C. , who was a memorable figure at the college . He was head of resident students , athletic director , and baseball coach during the late 1800s ."}]}, {'value': 'Doug Willey , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '6-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iona_Gaels', 'summary': "The Iona Gaels are the athletics teams of Iona College , in New Rochelle , New York . They compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) and participate in 21 NCAA Division I programs . Other members of the MAAC include Canisius College , Fairfield University , Manhattan College , Marist College , Monmouth University , Niagara University , Quinnipiac University , Rider University , Saint Peter 's University , and Siena College ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Barger , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '2-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'J. T. Dorsey , Loyola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._T._Dorsey', 'summary': 'Julian J.T . Dorsey , born August 29 , 1975 in Coatesville , Pennsylvania is a U.S. soccer defender who last played for the USL Second Division side Harrisburg City Islanders . Dorsey attended Loyola University Maryland . On May 4 , 2004 , he signed with the Harrisburg City Islanders . He currently runs the J.T . Dorsey foundation .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rider_Broncs', 'summary': "The Rider Broncs are the athletic teams of Rider University , a private nonsectarian university in Lawrenceville , New Jersey , United States . The school is a Division I member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , and its athletes compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) . Rider is the only member that is not a Catholic institution . For wrestling only , Rider is an affiliate member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . The intercollegiate sports program at Rider was started by coach Clair Bee in the 1920s . Two of the school 's most famous athletic alumni are former Notre Dame basketball coach and current ESPN sportscaster Digger Phelps , who played basketball at Rider from 1959 to 1963 and Jason Thompson who played basketball at Rider from 2004 to 2008 and was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 12th pick of the 2008 NBA Draft ."}]}, {'value': '2-0 ( OT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Bennett , Rider', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rider_Broncs', 'summary': "The Rider Broncs are the athletic teams of Rider University , a private nonsectarian university in Lawrenceville , New Jersey , United States . The school is a Division I member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , and its athletes compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) . Rider is the only member that is not a Catholic institution . For wrestling only , Rider is an affiliate member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . The intercollegiate sports program at Rider was started by coach Clair Bee in the 1920s . Two of the school 's most famous athletic alumni are former Notre Dame basketball coach and current ESPN sportscaster Digger Phelps , who played basketball at Rider from 1959 to 1963 and Jason Thompson who played basketball at Rider from 2004 to 2008 and was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 12th pick of the 2008 NBA Draft ."}]}, {'value': '1-0 ( OT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Craig Wicken , Rider', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': 'David Mancini , Fairfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's soccer team represents Marist College ( Poughkeepsie , New York ) and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': '3-2 ( OT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Sean Murphy , Marist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '1-0 ( OT )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Graham Marchant , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's soccer team represents Marist College ( Poughkeepsie , New York ) and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven Coleman , Loyola', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Peter 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Peter's_Peacocks", 'summary': "The Saint Peter 's Peacocks are composed of the 16 teams representing Saint Peter 's University in intercollegiate athletics . The Peacocks compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': "Rinaldo Chambers , Saint Peter 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's soccer team represents Marist College ( Poughkeepsie , New York ) and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': '2-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rider_Broncs', 'summary': "The Rider Broncs are the athletic teams of Rider University , a private nonsectarian university in Lawrenceville , New Jersey , United States . The school is a Division I member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , and its athletes compete in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) . Rider is the only member that is not a Catholic institution . For wrestling only , Rider is an affiliate member of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . The intercollegiate sports program at Rider was started by coach Clair Bee in the 1920s . Two of the school 's most famous athletic alumni are former Notre Dame basketball coach and current ESPN sportscaster Digger Phelps , who played basketball at Rider from 1959 to 1963 and Jason Thompson who played basketball at Rider from 2004 to 2008 and was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 12th pick of the 2008 NBA Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Detelj , Marist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marist', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Marist Red Foxes men 's soccer team represents Marist College ( Poughkeepsie , New York ) and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': '2-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Detelj , Marist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairfield', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fairfield_Stags_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Fairfield Stags men 's soccer team represents Fairfield University in Fairfield , Connecticut and competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) of NCAA Division I . The Stags play their home games at Lessing Field on the campus of Fairfield University . The team was ranked nationally in 1998 ( 24th ) , 2000 ( 15th ) , 2001 ( 12th ) , 2005 ( 24th ) , 2006 ( 15th ) 2007 ( 17th ) and 2011 ( 25th ) and competed in the NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2011 . The 2006 team advanced to the second round in the NCAA Tournament after defeating in-state rival University of Connecticut , 2-1 . The team also won the MAAC Championship Tournament in 1999 , 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , and 2017 . Individually , ten players have earned Regional All-American honors including Mark Longwell '82 who was the first Stag to go on to play for the United States men 's national soccer team and major professional soccer for the NASL Tampa Bay Rowdies . The Stags are currently coached by 1998 New England Coach of the Year Carl Rees ."}]}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Peter 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Peter's_Peacocks", 'summary': "The Saint Peter 's Peacocks are composed of the 16 teams representing Saint Peter 's University in intercollegiate athletics . The Peacocks compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex Cunliffe , Fairfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Loyola_Greyhounds_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The Loyola Greyhounds men 's soccer team represents Loyola University Maryland in NCAA Division I soccer . It became a member of the Patriot League on July 1 , 2013 . Previously it competed in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) from 1989 to 2013 . To avoid ambiguity , the team is often referenced as Loyola Maryland or Loyola ( MD ) , as there are two other institutions named Loyola that compete at the Division I level ( Loyola-Chicago of Illinois and Loyola-Marymount of California ) . The team is one of the most successful athletic programs at Loyola , winning numerous MAAC Championships ( both regular season and MAAC Tournament ) , consistently making NCAA Tournament appearances , and often holding national rankings in both the NSCAA/Adidas Poll as well as that of CollegeSoccerNews . In 1987 the Loyola Men 's soccer team was ranked # 1 in the nation going into the season . The team is currently coached by Steve Nichols , a former ( class of 1992 ) Greyhound standout . Prior to Nichols , the coach was Mark Mettrick , a former youth and reserve player for Manchester United , who had been at the helm since 2000 and had led the Greyhounds to four NCAA Tournament appearances , reaching the Sweet 16 in 2001 . Bill Sento had a strong run prior to Mettrick and lead the team for 20 seasons filled with great success and many Top 10 and Top 20 national rankings . Loyola won the NCAA Division II Championship in 1976 - one of two national championships in the school 's history - and moved up to the Division I level following the conclusion of the 1978 season ."}]}, {'value': '1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Saint Peter 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Peter's_Peacocks", 'summary': "The Saint Peter 's Peacocks are composed of the 16 teams representing Saint Peter 's University in intercollegiate athletics . The Peacocks compete in the NCAA Division I and are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Miloš Kočić , Loyola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miloš_Kočić', 'summary': 'Miloš Kocić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Милош Koцић ; born June 4 , 1985 ) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Serbian White Eagles in the Canadian Soccer League .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Final games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "MAAC_Men's_Soccer_Tournament_0", 'intro': "The MAAC Men's Soccer Tournament is the conference championship tournament in soccer for the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). The tournament has been held every year since 1988. It is a single-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records. The winner, declared conference champion, receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship. In 2012, the tournament changed from a ten-team to a four-team tournament. In 2016, the tournament moved to a six-team, three-round tournament with the top two seeds receiving first round byes."}
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Who is the tournament MVP of the champion team that is located in West Point , New York ?
John Brence , Army
09b20d2e7c6f658a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York', 'title': 'List of county routes in Jefferson County, New York', 'header': ['Route', 'Length ( mi )', 'Length ( km )', 'From', 'Via', 'To'], 'data': [{'value': 'CR 111', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_37', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': 'Schnauber Corners Road in Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_New_York', 'summary': "Alexandria is a town in the Thousand Islands region of the U.S. state of New York , within Jefferson County . The town 's population was 4,061 at the 2010 United States Census . The town is named after Alexander LeRay , the son of an early developer . The village of Alexandria Bay is within the town . Alexandria is in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Lawrence County line ( becomes CR 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York', 'summary': "St. Lawrence County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 111,944 . The county seat is Canton . The county is named for the Saint Lawrence River , which in turn was named for the Christian saint Lawrence of Rome , on whose Feast day the river was visited by French explorer Jacques Cartier . St. Lawrence County comprises the Ogdensburg-Massena , NY Micropolitan Statistical Area and is New York 's largest county by area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_6_(St._Lawrence_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'County routes in St. Lawrence County , New York , are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 120', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodville Road in Ellisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,474 at the 2010 census . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is south of Watertown . Ellisburg is named after early European-American landowners . The town contains a village also called Ellisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 193', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_193', 'summary': 'New York State Route 193 ( NY 193 ) is a short state highway located entirely within the town of Ellisburg in the southwest part of Jefferson County in the North Country of New York in the United States . The western terminus of NY 193 is at an intersection with NY 3 at Southwick Beach State Park , just east of Lake Ontario . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pierrepont Manor , just east of Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) and north of Mannsville .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 121', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3 in Ellisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,474 at the 2010 census . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is south of Watertown . Ellisburg is named after early European-American landowners . The town contains a village also called Ellisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Farm To Market Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 193 in Ellisburg village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_193', 'summary': 'New York State Route 193 ( NY 193 ) is a short state highway located entirely within the town of Ellisburg in the southwest part of Jefferson County in the North Country of New York in the United States . The western terminus of NY 193 is at an intersection with NY 3 at Southwick Beach State Park , just east of Lake Ontario . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pierrepont Manor , just east of Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) and north of Mannsville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a village in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 244 at the 2010 census . The village is named after two brothers who were the original landowners . It is located near the center of the town of Ellisburg and is southwest of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 122', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oswego County line ( becomes CR 22 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York', 'summary': 'Oswego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 122,109 . The county seat is Oswego . The county name is from a Mohawk language word meaning the outpouring , referring to the mouth of the Oswego River . Oswego County is part of the Syracuse , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_22_(Oswego_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'County routes in Oswego County , New York , are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker . Routes typically have one or more road names in addition to their designation ; however , several are known only by their route number .'}]}, {'value': 'Lacona Road in Ellisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ellisburg_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Ellisburg is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,474 at the 2010 census . The town is in the southwestern corner of the county and is south of Watertown . Ellisburg is named after early European-American landowners . The town contains a village also called Ellisburg .'}]}, {'value': 'US 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_11_(NY)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from New Orleans , Louisiana , to the Canada-US border at Rouses Point , New York . In the state of New York , US 11 extends for 318.66 miles ( 512.83 km ) from the Pennsylvania state line south of the Southern Tier city of Binghamton to the Canada-US border at the North Country village of Rouses Point , where it becomes Route 223 upon entering Quebec . The portion of US 11 south of Watertown follows a mostly north-south alignment and is paralleled by Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) while the part of the route north of Watertown follows a more east-west routing , parallel to but not directly on the St. Lawrence River . The portion of US 11 in New York passes through the central district of four cities : Binghamton , Cortland , Syracuse , and Watertown . East of Watertown , the route traverses mostly rural terrain and serves only small villages , such as Potsdam , Malone , and Champlain . While the portion of US 11 between the Pennsylvania state line and Watertown is merely an alternate route to I-81 , the section east of Watertown is the primary long-distance route across the North Country of New York . US 11 was designated as part of the 1926 establishment of the U.S. Highway System . It was first signed in New York in 1927 , replacing New York State Route 2 ( NY 2 ) , a route assigned three years earlier as part of the creation of the modern New York state route system . The termini of US 11 have more or less remained the same since ; however , multiple realignments have occurred along the points in between . One of US 11 's three suffixed routes , NY 11C , follows a former routing of US 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 123', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}]}, {'value': 'Harbor Road in Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_New_York', 'summary': 'Henderson is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,360 at the 2010 census . The town is named after William Henderson , the original European-American land owner . Henderson is in the west part of the county and is southwest of Watertown . The Great Lakes Seaway Trail runs through the town along New York State Route 3 and includes a monument to its founder , William E. Tyson .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Chaumont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12E', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12E ( NY 12E ) is a state highway located entirely within the northwestern part of Jefferson County in northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus is at NY 12F in the village of Brownville . Its northern terminus , both signed and official , is at NY 12 in the village of Clayton . While NY 12 follows a direct north-south routing between Watertown and Clayton , NY 12E diverges westward to follow the shoreline of Lake Ontario . The portion of NY 12E north of its junction with NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail , a National Scenic Byway . Most of modern NY 12E was originally designated as part of NY 3 in 1924 . NY 3 was moved onto its current alignment east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , at which time its former routing between Watertown and Clayton became NY 12E . From Watertown to Limerick , what is now NY 12E was originally NY 12F . The alignments of the two routes were flipped in the late 1930s . In 1980 , Jefferson County assumed maintenance of NY 12E between the Watertown city line and Brownville as part of a highway maintenance swap between the county and the state . This section is now county-maintained as County Route 190 ( CR 190 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chaumont,_New_York', 'summary': "Chaumont ( /ʃəˈmoʊ/ shə-MOH ) [ citation needed ] is a village in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . Its population was 624 at the 2010 census . The village is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont , son of Benjamin Franklin 's landlord and friend at Passy in France . The village of Chaumont is in the town of Lyme and is northwest of Watertown ."}]}, {'value': 'Stone Street and Point Salubrious and Guffins Bay roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12E in Chaumont', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 180 in Brownville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_180', 'summary': 'New York State Route 180 ( NY 180 ) is a north-south state highway in the northwestern part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of New York . The southern terminus of the route is at NY 3 in the Hounsfield hamlet of Baggs Corner , located 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of downtown Watertown . The northern terminus is at NY 12 in the Orleans hamlet of Fishers Landing . NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail from its southern terminus at Baggs Corner to its junction with NY 12E at the Brownville hamlet of Limerick .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brownville_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Brownville is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 6,263 at the 2010 census , up from 5,839 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Jacob Brown , an early settler and leader . Brownville is located in the western part of the county , northwest of Watertown . The town contains a village also named Brownville .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Corners Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clayton_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Clayton is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 5,153 at the 2010 census . The town is named after John M. Clayton , a federal political leader from Delaware . The town contains a village also named Clayton . Both are northwest of Watertown . The village of Clayton , nearby Cape Vincent , and Alexandria Bay are popular tourist destinations on the New York mainland side of the Thousand Islands region .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 129', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Route_129_(Jefferson_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'New York State Route 342 ( NY 342 ) is a short east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of NY 342 is at an intersection with NY 12 near the hamlet of Scoville Corners in the town of Pamelia . The eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 3 in the town of Le Ray , west of the village of Black River . Along the way , NY 342 connects to Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Pamelia and intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) outside of the Le Ray hamlet of Calcium . What is now NY 342 was originally built during the 1950s as a federal-aid highway known as the Watertown Bypass . It became a state highway in 1960 , at which time it was designated as New York State Route 181 . The designation was short-lived as NY 181 was renumbered to NY 342 c. 1963 . The portion of NY 342 between US 11 and NY 3 was part of NY 26 from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': '0.37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 342', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_342', 'summary': 'New York State Route 342 ( NY 342 ) is a short east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of NY 342 is at an intersection with NY 12 near the hamlet of Scoville Corners in the town of Pamelia . The eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 3 in the town of Le Ray , west of the village of Black River . Along the way , NY 342 connects to Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Pamelia and intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) outside of the Le Ray hamlet of Calcium . What is now NY 342 was originally built during the 1950s as a federal-aid highway known as the Watertown Bypass . It became a state highway in 1960 , at which time it was designated as New York State Route 181 . The designation was short-lived as NY 181 was renumbered to NY 342 c. 1963 . The portion of NY 342 between US 11 and NY 3 was part of NY 26 from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'Le Ray Street Road in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Black River village line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_River,_New_York', 'summary': 'Black River is a village in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,348 at the 2010 census . The village is on the border of the towns of Le Ray and Rutland , east of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 136', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Route_136_(Jefferson_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': '1.82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.93', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_37', 'summary': 'New York State Route 37 ( NY 37 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States , extending for 127.40 miles ( 205.03 km ) on a west-east axis . The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Pamelia , Jefferson County . Its eastern terminus is at a junction with US 11 , NY 11B , and NY 30 in Malone , Franklin County . In between the termini , NY 37 passes through Ogdensburg and Massena . It is a two-lane , nondivided , full access roadway for most of its entire length , except for portions between Massena and western Franklin County , where the route widens to a four-lane divided highway . NY 37 was assigned in 1930 to the portion of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway between Redwood and Malone as well as to a previously unnumbered roadway between Watertown and Redwood . The Redwood-Malone portion was originally part of NY 3 when the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 . NY 37 has since been rerouted in areas , primarily near Ogdensburg and Massena .'}]}, {'value': 'Nobles Corner Road in Theresa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theresa_(town),_New_York', 'summary': 'Theresa is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 2,905 at the 2010 census , up from 2,414 at the 2000 census . The town is named after Theresa La Ray , the daughter of an original landowner . The town of Theresa contains a village also named Theresa . The town and village are in the northern part of the county , north-northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 138', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US 11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_11_(NY)', 'summary': "U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that runs from New Orleans , Louisiana , to the Canada-US border at Rouses Point , New York . In the state of New York , US 11 extends for 318.66 miles ( 512.83 km ) from the Pennsylvania state line south of the Southern Tier city of Binghamton to the Canada-US border at the North Country village of Rouses Point , where it becomes Route 223 upon entering Quebec . The portion of US 11 south of Watertown follows a mostly north-south alignment and is paralleled by Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) while the part of the route north of Watertown follows a more east-west routing , parallel to but not directly on the St. Lawrence River . The portion of US 11 in New York passes through the central district of four cities : Binghamton , Cortland , Syracuse , and Watertown . East of Watertown , the route traverses mostly rural terrain and serves only small villages , such as Potsdam , Malone , and Champlain . While the portion of US 11 between the Pennsylvania state line and Watertown is merely an alternate route to I-81 , the section east of Watertown is the primary long-distance route across the North Country of New York . US 11 was designated as part of the 1926 establishment of the U.S. Highway System . It was first signed in New York in 1927 , replacing New York State Route 2 ( NY 2 ) , a route assigned three years earlier as part of the creation of the modern New York state route system . The termini of US 11 have more or less remained the same since ; however , multiple realignments have occurred along the points in between . One of US 11 's three suffixed routes , NY 11C , follows a former routing of US 11 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sanford Corners Road in Le Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Ray,_New_York', 'summary': 'Le Ray is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 21,782 at the 2010 census , up from 19,840 at the 2000 census . The town is named for Jacques-Donatien Le Ray , known as a French father of the American Revolution . The town is in the central part of the county and is northeast of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 342', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_342', 'summary': 'New York State Route 342 ( NY 342 ) is a short east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . The western terminus of NY 342 is at an intersection with NY 12 near the hamlet of Scoville Corners in the town of Pamelia . The eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 3 in the town of Le Ray , west of the village of Black River . Along the way , NY 342 connects to Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) in Pamelia and intersects U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) outside of the Le Ray hamlet of Calcium . What is now NY 342 was originally built during the 1950s as a federal-aid highway known as the Watertown Bypass . It became a state highway in 1960 , at which time it was designated as New York State Route 181 . The designation was short-lived as NY 181 was renumbered to NY 342 c. 1963 . The portion of NY 342 between US 11 and NY 3 was part of NY 26 from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 143', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 3 in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3', 'summary': 'New York State Route 3 ( NY 3 ) is a major east-west state highway in New York , in the United States , that connects central New York to the North Country region near the Canada-US border via Adirondack Park . The route extends for 245.88 miles ( 395.71 km ) between its western terminus at an intersection with NY 104A in the Cayuga County town of Sterling and its eastern terminus at a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the Clinton County city of Plattsburgh . NY 3 traverses eight counties and is a lakeside roadway from Mexico to Sackets Harbor , a mountainous route in Adirondack Park , and an urban arterial in Fulton , Watertown , and Plattsburgh . In 1924 , the segment of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway within New York was designated NY 3 . At that time , it spanned the full east-west length of the state , extending from the eastern bank of the Niagara River in North Tonawanda to the western edge of Lake Champlain in Plattsburgh ; however , the routing through the North Country was significantly different at that time from its modern alignment . The route was moved onto its modern routing east of Watertown as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York ; it was truncated to Sterling on its western end and rerouted to follow its current alignment from Sterling to Watertown roughly five years later . Since 1924 , there have been 14 suffixed routes of NY 3 , all designated between NY 3A and NY 3G . Of these , all but one only existed during the 1930s . The only active designation is NY 3A , which was assigned in the 1950s to an alternate route of NY 3 in Jefferson County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'Applegate Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 47 in Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Champion,_New_York', 'summary': 'Champion is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,494 at the 2010 census . The town is named after General Henry Champion , early owner . The town is on the eastern edge of the county and is east of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 144', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Staplin Road in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 143', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 145', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 75 in Hounsfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hounsfield,_New_York', 'summary': 'Hounsfield is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,466 at the 2010 census . The name of the town is from Ezra Hounsfield , a land agent and land owner . Hounsfield is in the western part of the county and is west of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'North Harbor Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 66 in Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams,_New_York', 'summary': 'Adams is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . Named after President John Adams , the town had a population of 5,143 at the 2010 census . The town contains a village also named Adams . The village and town are south of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 178', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_178', 'summary': 'New York State Route 178 ( NY 178 ) is an east-west state highway in Jefferson County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 10.23 miles ( 16.46 km ) from an intersection with NY 3 by Aspinwell Corners in the town of Henderson to a junction with U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the village of Adams . NY 178 meets Interstate 81 ( I-81 ) at exit 41 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) west of its junction with US 11 . When NY 178 was assigned in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it continued east along modern County Route 189 ( CR 189 ) to NY 177 in Rodman . This extension was eliminated in 1979 . From the early 1930s to the late 1960s , NY 178 also continued west toward Lake Ontario on what is now County Route 178 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotts Corners and Stony Creek roads in Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henderson,_New_York', 'summary': 'Henderson is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,360 at the 2010 census . The town is named after William Henderson , the original European-American land owner . Henderson is in the west part of the county and is southwest of Watertown . The Great Lakes Seaway Trail runs through the town along New York State Route 3 and includes a monument to its founder , William E. Tyson .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 178', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 155', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 69 in Rodman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodman,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rodman is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census . The name is derived from a public official , Daniel Rodman . The town is in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Watertown .'}]}, {'value': 'Toad Hollow and Dry Hill roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 165 in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 156', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis County line in Rodman ( becomes CR 21 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lewis County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York . As of the 2010 census , the population was 27,087 , making it the fourth-least populous county in New York . Its county seat is Lowville . The county is named after Morgan Lewis , the Governor of New York when the county was established .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rodman,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rodman is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census . The name is derived from a public official , Daniel Rodman . The town is in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Watertown .'}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Route_21_(Lewis_County,_New_York)', 'summary': 'County routes in Lewis County , New York , are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackstone Hill and Plank roads', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12 in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'CR 159', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}]}, {'value': 'Gotham Street Road in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Watertown city line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(city),_New_York', 'summary': 'Watertown is a city in the U.S. state of New York and the county seat of Jefferson County . It is situated approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the Thousand Islands , and along the Black River about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) east of its mouth at Lake Ontario . It lies 180 miles ( 290 km ) northwest of Albany , the state capital , and 328 miles ( 530 km ) northwest of New York City . As of the 2010 census , it had a population of 27,023 , an increase of 1.2% since 2000 . The U.S. Army post Fort Drum is near the city . Named after the many falls on the Black River , the city developed early in the 19th century as an industrial and manufacturing center . From years of generating industrial wealth , by the early 20th century the city was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in the nation . Geographically , Watertown is located in the central part of Jefferson County . It lies 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Syracuse and 31 miles ( 50 km ) south of the Ontario border . The city is served by Watertown International Airport . The city claims to be the origin of the five and dime store and the safety pin , and it is the home of Little Trees air fresheners . It manufactured the first portable steam engine .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 160', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 126 in Watertown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_126', 'summary': "New York State Route 126 ( NY 126 ) is a 28.56-mile-long ( 45.96 km ) state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States . It proceeds in a roughly northwest to southeast direction between NY 12 at the eastern city line of Watertown in central Jefferson County and NY 812 in the village of Croghan in northern Lewis County . In between , NY 126 serves the adjacent villages of West Carthage and Carthage , where the route has overlaps with NY 3 ( in Carthage ) and NY 26 ( in West Carthage ) . Most of the route passes through rural areas , and the portion southeast of Carthage parallels either the Black River or a tributary of it . The portion of NY 126 between Carthage and Croghan was originally part of New York State Route 26A , an alternate route of NY 26 assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It began at NY 26 in Lowville and passed through Croghan before ending at NY 3 and NY 26 in Carthage . At the time , the section of what is now NY 126 from Broad Street in West Carthage to James Street in Carthage was part of NY 26 . NY 26A ceased to exist on July 1 , 1974 when it was replaced by two new routes : NY 126 northwest of Croghan and NY 812 south of the village . In 1979 , the state of New York acquired two county roads leading from West Carthage - one connecting to Evans Mills and another that went to Watertown - as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Jefferson County . NY 26 was realigned to follow the new state highway leading to Evans Mills , while NY 126 was extended westward to its current terminus in Watertown by way of NY 26 's original routing through Carthage and West Carthage and the newly acquired highway linking West Carthage and Watertown ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Watertown_(town),_New_York', 'summary': "Watertown is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 4,470 at the 2010 census . The town is located in the central part of the county and borders the city of Watertown to the south , east , and west . As the city has a population of 27,023 , or six times the town 's population , references to Watertown , New York , usually apply to the city rather than the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 161 in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tylerville and Eames Corners roads in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'CR 160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR 162', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_12', 'summary': 'New York State Route 12 ( NY 12 ) is a state highway extending for 222.27 miles ( 357.71 km ) through central and northern New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the town of Chenango ( just north of Binghamton ) in the Southern Tier . The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country . In between , the route serves three cities of varying size : Norwich , Utica , and Watertown . The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route , and features many gas stations , truck stops , and fast food restaurants . Between Boonville and Lowville , it follows the Black River Valley and between Watertown and Morristown , it follows the St. Lawrence River valley . It is a two lane , undivided , full access roadway for the majority of its length , except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek , where it is a four-lane highway . Within that span , it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica , referred locally as The Arterial and the North-South Arterial . NY 12 intersects several primary east-west routes , including US 20 , NY 5 , and NY 3 . From Barneveld to the town of Remsen ( a distance of 11 miles or 18 kilometres ) , NY 12 overlaps NY 28 . NY 12 also intersects US 11 twice : once at its beginning in Binghamton and once in Watertown . Between these intersections , NY 12 arcs eastward from US 11 , with the stretch right after Utica being its eastern apex .'}]}, {'value': 'Community Drive So in Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland,_New_York', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Jefferson County , New York , United States . The population was 3,060 at the 2010 census . Rutland is in the eastern part of the county , east of Watertown and southwest of Fort Drum .'}]}, {'value': 'NY 126', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NY_126', 'summary': "New York State Route 126 ( NY 126 ) is a 28.56-mile-long ( 45.96 km ) state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States . It proceeds in a roughly northwest to southeast direction between NY 12 at the eastern city line of Watertown in central Jefferson County and NY 812 in the village of Croghan in northern Lewis County . In between , NY 126 serves the adjacent villages of West Carthage and Carthage , where the route has overlaps with NY 3 ( in Carthage ) and NY 26 ( in West Carthage ) . Most of the route passes through rural areas , and the portion southeast of Carthage parallels either the Black River or a tributary of it . The portion of NY 126 between Carthage and Croghan was originally part of New York State Route 26A , an alternate route of NY 26 assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It began at NY 26 in Lowville and passed through Croghan before ending at NY 3 and NY 26 in Carthage . At the time , the section of what is now NY 126 from Broad Street in West Carthage to James Street in Carthage was part of NY 26 . NY 26A ceased to exist on July 1 , 1974 when it was replaced by two new routes : NY 126 northwest of Croghan and NY 812 south of the village . In 1979 , the state of New York acquired two county roads leading from West Carthage - one connecting to Evans Mills and another that went to Watertown - as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Jefferson County . NY 26 was realigned to follow the new state highway leading to Evans Mills , while NY 126 was extended westward to its current terminus in Watertown by way of NY 26 's original routing through Carthage and West Carthage and the newly acquired highway linking West Carthage and Watertown ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Routes 101 and up', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_county_routes_in_Jefferson_County,_New_York_1', 'intro': 'County routes in Jefferson County, New York, are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker.'}
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Who is CR 125 's From village named after ?
Son of Benjamin Franklin 's landlord and friend at Passy in France
09b3b87f25c775db
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Clair_County,_Alabama', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Clair County, Alabama', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Ash House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Ash_House', 'summary': 'The John Ash House , also known as Rowan House , Coker House and Rickles House , is a historic residence near Ashville , Alabama . John Ash emigrated from York County , South Carolina , first to Georgia , later settling in what is today St. Clair County , Alabama in 1817 . Ash became a successful farmer , and served as a judge and member of the first Alabama State Senate . In 1821 Ash was one of five local leaders appointed to oversee the construction of a county courthouse and jail ; the county seat was later named Ashville in his honor . Ash built a one-story dogtrot log house around 1820 . In the 1830s , the house was extensively modified : three rooms and a second story were added to the house , and the exterior was covered with frame siding . The central dogtrot was filled in , and the main portion now resembled an I-house . A triangular pedimented gable adorns the front of the house , and each side has a brick chimney . A porch was added to the front of the house in the early 1900s . The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1990 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1991 ( # 91001479 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 411 west of its junction with U.S. Route 231 33°46′16″N 86°18′09″W / 33.77104°N 86.30242°W / 33.77104 ; -86.30242 ( John Ash House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_411', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 411 ( US 411 ) is an alternate parallel-highway associated with US 11 . US 411 extends for about 313 miles ( 504 km ) from US 78 in Leeds , Alabama , to US 25W/US 70 in Newport , Tennessee . US 411 travels through northeastern Alabama , northwestern Georgia , and southeastern Tennessee . Notable towns and cities along its route include Gadsden , Alabama ; Rome , Georgia ; Cartersville , Georgia ; Maryville , Tennessee ; Sevierville , Tennessee , and Newport , Tennessee . US 411 and US 11 never intersect with one another , though they come very close in Leeds , Alabama , Gadsden , Alabama , and Maryville , Tennessee . US 411 also spends much of its route close to the Interstate Highway System : Interstate 20 ( I-20 ) , I-40 , I-75 , and I-59 , though it never has an interchange with I-59 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_231', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 231 ( US 231 ) is a parallel route of US 31 . It runs for 912 miles ( 1,468 km ) from St. John , Indiana , at US 41 to south of US 98 in downtown Panama City , Florida . One of its most notable landmarks is the William H. Natcher Bridge , a nearly mile-long cable-stayed bridge that connects Rockport , Indiana , to Owensboro , Kentucky , spanning the Ohio River .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashville Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville_Historic_District_(Ashville,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'The Ashville Historic District in Ashville , Alabama is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 . In 2005 , it included 122 contributing buildings plus one other contributing site and one other contributing object .'}]}, {'value': 'April 20 , 2005 ( # 05000288 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bounded by State Route 23 , Greensport Rd. , 8th Ave. , Waldrop Dr. , State Route 231 , and 5th St. 33°50′08″N 86°15′12″W / 33.835556°N 86.253333°W / 33.835556 ; -86.253333 ( Ashville Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_23', 'summary': 'State Route 23 ( SR 23 ) is a 12.611-mile-long ( 20.295 km ) state highway in St. Clair County . The highway serves as a connector between U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Springville and US 231/US 411 in Ashville . Although signed as a north-south route , the orientation of SR 23 is virtually east-west . Besides the intersections with US 11 and US 231/US 411 , the only other route that SR 23 intersects is Interstate 59 ( I-59 ) near Springville .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avondale Mill Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avondale_Mill_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Avondale Mill Historic District is a former mill village in Pell City , Alabama . Part of the Avondale Mills , the area is architecturally significant for the first sawtooth roofed mill in Alabama , and the mill village represents a relatively intact example of an early 20th century company town . The mill and its village were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . The mill closed in 2006 , and burned in 2008 while being dismantled for scrap .'}]}, {'value': 'August 31 , 2000 ( # 00001030 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by 25th St. , N. , 7th Ave. , N. , 30th St. , N. , and south of 4th Ave. , N. 33°35′33″N 86°16′42″W / 33.5925°N 86.278333°W / 33.5925 ; -86.278333 ( Avondale Mill Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pell City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pell_City,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Pell City is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville . At the 2000 census the population was 9,565 . At the 2010 census , the city-limit population jumped to 12,695 . It was home to Avondale Mills and its legacy in the Avondale Mill Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dr. James J. Bothwell House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._James_J._Bothwell_House', 'summary': 'The Dr. James J. Bothwell House , also known as Bothwell-Embry House , is a historic residence in Ashville , Alabama . The house was built in 1835 for James Bothwell , the second doctor in Ashville , and also a clerk of the circuit court . It is a two-story Federal-style house , with a two-story pedimented portico supported by four Doric columns . In 1852 a wing was added to the rear of the house for a kitchen and dining room on the ground floor and a bedroom above . Another ground floor bedroom wing was added in 1882 . Another bedroom was added above in 1917 , and the area between the wings was enclosed . The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1979 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It is to be sold at auction in May 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 4 , 1982 ( # 82004612 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartford Ave. 33°50′06″N 86°15′17″W / 33.83502°N 86.25463°W / 33.83502 ; -86.25463 ( Dr. James J. Bothwell House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Strother Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Strother', 'summary': 'Fort Strother was a stockade fort at Ten Islands in the Mississippi Territory , in what is today St. Clair County , Alabama . It was located on a bluff of the Coosa River , near the modern Neely Henry Dam in Ragland , Alabama . The fort was built by General Andrew Jackson and several thousand militiamen in November 1813 , during the Creek War . It was to serve as his base of operations against the Red Sticks . An inscribed stone marker near Highway 144 , erected by the county , records a brief history of the fort . The fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 . St. Clair County acquired the property in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 24 , 1972 ( # 72001440 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Lock 3 Road along the Coosa River 33°45′49″N 86°02′51″W / 33.763611°N 86.0475°W / 33.763611 ; -86.0475 ( Fort Strother Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coosa_River', 'summary': "The Coosa River is a tributary of the Alabama River in the U.S. states of Alabama and Georgia . The river is about 280 miles ( 450 km ) long . The Coosa River begins at the confluence of the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers in Rome , Georgia , and ends just northeast of the Alabama state capital , Montgomery , where it joins the Tallapoosa River to form the Alabama River just south of Wetumpka . Around 90% of the Coosa River 's length is located in Alabama . Coosa County , Alabama , is located on the Coosa River . The Coosa is one of Alabama 's most developed rivers . Most of the river has been impounded , with Alabama Power , a unit of the Southern Company , owning seven dams and powerhouses on the Coosa River . The dams produce hydroelectric power , but they are costly to some species endemic to the Coosa River ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohatchee vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohatchee,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ohatchee ( inc. 1956 ) is a town in Calhoun County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 1,170 . It is included in the Anniston-Oxford , Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob Green House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1980 ( # 80004238 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East of Ashville on State Route 33 33°53′09″N 86°07′03″W / 33.885833°N 86.1175°W / 33.885833 ; -86.1175 ( Jacob Green House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_33', 'summary': 'State Route 33 ( SR 33 ) is a 50.609-mile-long ( 81.447 km ) state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama . The southern terminus of the highway is at its intersection with U.S. Route 278 ( US 278 ) at Double Springs . The northern terminus of the highway is at its intersection with US 72 Alt . and SR 20 at Courtland .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inzer House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 4 , 1973 ( # 73002127 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hartford Ave. 33°50′08″N 86°15′19″W / 33.83568°N 86.25524°W / 33.83568 ; -86.25524 ( Inzer House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looney House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looney_House', 'summary': 'The Looney House is a historic residence near Ashville , Alabama . The house was built in 1818 by Henry Looney and his father John . Henry Looney was a veteran of the War of 1812 and fought at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Fort Strother under the command of Andrew Jackson . The house was built near the creek 7 miles ( 11 km ) from the city of Ashville . In 1820 , it was moved further up the hill along the creek as a result of the large amount of mosquitoes in the area during the summer time being an unbearable annoyance to the family . Jane Rutherford , daughter of John and Peggy Ash ( for whom Ashville was named ) , married Henry Looney in 1838 . In 1892 the house was sold to brothers John L. and Sam Houston Lonnergan . The Lonnergan family sold the house to Joseph R. Creitz in 1947 , who in turn sold it to the St. Clair County Historical Society for restoration as a museum . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 1974 ( # 74002179 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 miles west of Ashville on Greenport Rd . 33°49′16″N 86°11′33″W / 33.82112°N 86.19243°W / 33.82112 ; -86.19243 ( Looney House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rev . Thomas Newton House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 11 , 1991 ( # 91001480 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of U.S. Route 411 , west of its junction with U.S. Route 231 33°45′22″N 86°18′58″W / 33.75607°N 86.31599°W / 33.75607 ; -86.31599 ( Rev . Thomas Newton House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_411', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 411 ( US 411 ) is an alternate parallel-highway associated with US 11 . US 411 extends for about 313 miles ( 504 km ) from US 78 in Leeds , Alabama , to US 25W/US 70 in Newport , Tennessee . US 411 travels through northeastern Alabama , northwestern Georgia , and southeastern Tennessee . Notable towns and cities along its route include Gadsden , Alabama ; Rome , Georgia ; Cartersville , Georgia ; Maryville , Tennessee ; Sevierville , Tennessee , and Newport , Tennessee . US 411 and US 11 never intersect with one another , though they come very close in Leeds , Alabama , Gadsden , Alabama , and Maryville , Tennessee . US 411 also spends much of its route close to the Interstate Highway System : Interstate 20 ( I-20 ) , I-40 , I-75 , and I-59 , though it never has an interchange with I-59 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_231', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 231 ( US 231 ) is a parallel route of US 31 . It runs for 912 miles ( 1,468 km ) from St. John , Indiana , at US 41 to south of US 98 in downtown Panama City , Florida . One of its most notable landmarks is the William H. Natcher Bridge , a nearly mile-long cable-stayed bridge that connects Rockport , Indiana , to Owensboro , Kentucky , spanning the Ohio River .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Pell City Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 29 , 2001 ( # 01001291 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by 16th St. , N. , 1st Ave. , N. , 22nd St. , N. , and 4th Ave. , N. 33°35′17″N 86°17′10″W / 33.587954°N 86.286192°W / 33.587954 ; -86.286192 ( Old Pell City Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pell City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pell_City,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Pell City is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville . At the 2000 census the population was 9,565 . At the 2010 census , the city-limit population jumped to 12,695 . It was home to Avondale Mills and its legacy in the Avondale Mill Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pell City Downtown Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 2001 ( # 01001169 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900-2111 Cogwell Ave , 2008 1st Ave. , S. , 8 N. 21st St. , and 10 S. 20th St. 33°35′11″N 86°17′04″W / 33.586389°N 86.284444°W / 33.586389 ; -86.284444 ( Pell City Downtown Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pell City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pell_City,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Pell City is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville . At the 2000 census the population was 9,565 . At the 2010 census , the city-limit population jumped to 12,695 . It was home to Avondale Mills and its legacy in the Avondale Mill Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Presley Store', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presley_Store', 'summary': 'Presley Store ( also known as the Webby Building ) is a historic building in Springville , Alabama . It was built in 1902 for the general store of brothers Porter and John Presley . The one-story frame building has board-and-batten siding on the sides and rear . The cast iron storefront has two recessed entrances and a tall and ornate pressed metal cornice . At the time , it was one of the most elaborate commercial buildings in the small town . The interior was originally one large space with a storeroom behind , but has since been divided into two spaces . The store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 11 , 1983 ( # 83002982 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '601 Main St. 33°46′30″N 86°28′18″W / 33.77496°N 86.47167°W / 33.77496 ; -86.47167 ( Presley Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Springville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . It incorporated in December 1880 . At the 2010 census the population was 4,080 , up from 2,521 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judge Elisha Robinson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judge_Elisha_Robinson_House', 'summary': 'The Judge Elisha Robinson House , in Ashville , Alabama , is a Queen Anne-style house built around 1890 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 . It is located on U.S. Route 231 south of its junction with Alabama State Route 23 . It is a two-story house upon a brick pier foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'May 13 , 1991 ( # 91000595 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 231 south of its junction with State Route 23 33°50′05″N 86°15′19″W / 33.83467°N 86.25521°W / 33.83467 ; -86.25521 ( Judge Elisha Robinson House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_231', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 231 ( US 231 ) is a parallel route of US 31 . It runs for 912 miles ( 1,468 km ) from St. John , Indiana , at US 41 to south of US 98 in downtown Panama City , Florida . One of its most notable landmarks is the William H. Natcher Bridge , a nearly mile-long cable-stayed bridge that connects Rockport , Indiana , to Owensboro , Kentucky , spanning the Ohio River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_23', 'summary': 'State Route 23 ( SR 23 ) is a 12.611-mile-long ( 20.295 km ) state highway in St. Clair County . The highway serves as a connector between U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Springville and US 231/US 411 in Ashville . Although signed as a north-south route , the orientation of SR 23 is virtually east-west . Besides the intersections with US 11 and US 231/US 411 , the only other route that SR 23 intersects is Interstate 59 ( I-59 ) near Springville .'}]}, {'value': 'Ashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ashville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Its population was 2,212 at the 2010 census , down from 2,260 , at which time it was a town . Ashville is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City . It incorporated in 1822 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Clair Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Clair_Springs', 'summary': "St. Clair Springs is an unincorporated community and historic district in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Beginning in the 1840s , people came to the area to camp around the springs . A four-room tavern was built sometime before the Civil War . In 1875 , the St. Clair Springs Hotel was built near the springs , and several private homes were built in the 1880s . The hotel closed in 1902 , but was soon replaced by the St. Clair Inn . The Inn burned in 1925 , which effectively ended the area 's tourism popularity . The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and includes 23 structures . The majority of houses are small Victorian cottages originally built as summer homes ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 1976 ( # 76002140 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 23 33°45′51″N 86°24′17″W / 33.764167°N 86.404722°W / 33.764167 ; -86.404722 ( St. Clair Springs )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_23', 'summary': 'State Route 23 ( SR 23 ) is a 12.611-mile-long ( 20.295 km ) state highway in St. Clair County . The highway serves as a connector between U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in Springville and US 231/US 411 in Ashville . Although signed as a north-south route , the orientation of SR 23 is virtually east-west . Besides the intersections with US 11 and US 231/US 411 , the only other route that SR 23 intersects is Interstate 59 ( I-59 ) near Springville .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Clair Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Clair_Springs,_Alabama', 'summary': "St. Clair Springs is an unincorporated community and historic district in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . Beginning in the 1840s , people came to the area to camp around the springs . A four-room tavern was built sometime before the Civil War . In 1875 , the St. Clair Springs Hotel was built near the springs , and several private homes were built in the 1880s . The hotel closed in 1902 , but was soon replaced by the St. Clair Inn . The Inn burned in 1925 , which effectively ended the area 's tourism popularity . The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and includes 23 structures . The majority of houses are small Victorian cottages originally built as summer homes ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springville Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springville_Historic_District_(Springville,_Alabama)', 'summary': "The Springville Historic District is a historic district in Springville , Alabama . The area around the Big Spring remained sparsely populated from 1814 , when the land was ceded to the United States by the Creek Nation , until after the Civil War . A post office was established in 1834 , and a sawmill was founded in 1861 , but development did not begin in earnest until the coming of the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad in 1870 . Now connected to Atlanta and Columbus , Mississippi , business and industry began to center in Springville , and the town was a center for moving ore from the surrounding hills to industrial centers in Birmingham and Tuscaloosa . The town was incorporated in 1881 , and it is from this period that the district 's oldest buildings date . Several high-style Victorian houses , including some Queen Anne , are spread throughout the town , including the town 's first school . Many commercial buildings from this time were destroyed in a fire in 1897 . The commercial core was rebuilt and expanded over the next few decades , mostly in simple brick styles , but some ( including the Presley Store built in 1902 ) with more elaborate details . Later houses were mostly bungalows and cottages with Victorian elements , although some Craftsman houses were built as well . In addition , several churches , a cotton mill , and a Masonic temple are still in existence . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1997 ( # 97000653 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Academy , Wilson , and Cross Sts. , the Norfolk Southern railroad tracks , Industrial Dr. , and Sarusce St. 33°46′33″N 86°28′14″W / 33.775833°N 86.470556°W / 33.775833 ; -86.470556 ( Springville Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway', 'summary': "The Norfolk Southern Railway ( reporting mark NS ) is a Class I freight railroad in the United States . With headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , the company operates 19,420 miles ( 31,250 km ) route miles in 22 eastern states , the District of Columbia , and has rights in Canada over the Albany to Montréal route of the Canadian Pacific Railway , and previously on CN from Buffalo to St. Thomas . NS is responsible for maintaining 28,400 miles ( 45,700 km ) , with the remainder being operated under trackage rights from other parties responsible for maintenance . The most common commodity hauled on the railway is coal from mines in Indiana , Kentucky , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia . The railway also offers the largest intermodal network in eastern North America . NS is a major transporter of domestic and export coal . The railway 's major sources of the mineral are located in : Pennsylvania 's Cambria and Indiana counties , as well as the Monongahela Valley ; West Virginia ; and the Appalachia regions of Virginia , Kentucky , and Tennessee . In Pennsylvania , NS also receives coal through interchange with R.J. Corman Railroad/Pennsylvania Lines at Cresson , Pennsylvania , originating in the Clearfield Cluster . NS 's export of West Virginia bituminous coal begins transport on portions of the well-engineered former Virginian Railway and the former N & W double-tracked line in Eastern Virginia to its Lambert 's Point coal pier on Hampton Roads at Norfolk . Coal transported by NS is thus exported to steel mills and power plants around the world . The company is also a major transporter of auto parts and completed vehicles . It operates intermodal container and TOFC ( trailer on flat car ) trains , some in conjunction with other railways ."}]}, {'value': 'Springville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Springville is a city in St. Clair County , Alabama , United States . It incorporated in December 1880 . At the 2010 census the population was 4,080 , up from 2,521 in 2000 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Clair_County,_Alabama_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Clair County, Alabama. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map. There are 15 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
null
null
In the area included in the Anniston-Oxford , Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area , a fort built by Andrew Jackson is located on the bluff of what river ?
Coosa River
09b61d900b1db1a2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1981 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School', 'ABCA', 'BA'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Arnold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Arnold', 'summary': 'Tony Dale Arnold ( born May 3 , 1959 ) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher . He played college baseball at the University of Texas at Austin , where he was selected as a 1981 College Baseball All-American . His 21 consecutive victories is tied for seventh in Division I college baseball . He made his MLB debut in 1986 with the Baltimore Orioles and played his final game in 1987 . He is currently the pitching coach for the Akron RubberDucks .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Neal Heaton ( 2 ) ♦', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neal_Heaton', 'summary': 'Neal Heaton ( born March 3 , 1960 ) is a former Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher who played for the Cleveland Indians , Minnesota Twins , Montreal Expos , Pittsburgh Pirates , Kansas City Royals , Milwaukee Brewers , and New York Yankees from 1982 to 1993 . Heaton was drafted by the Indians in the 2nd round of the 1981 amateur draft from the University of Miami . He was selected to the National League All-Star team in 1990 with the Pirates . On March 10 , 1992 , the Pirates traded Heaton to the Kansas City Royals for Kirk Gibson . In his 12-season career , he posted an 80-96 record with 699 strikeouts and a 4.37 ERA in 1507.0 innings pitched . Heaton was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Baseball Category with the Class of 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_baseball', 'summary': "The Miami Hurricanes baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the University of Miami . Since 1973 , the program has been one of college baseball 's elite with 25 College World Series appearances , winning four national championships ( 1982 , 1985 , 1999 , 2001 ) and advancing to the NCAA regionals a record 44 consecutive years . Miami has won 29 NCAA Regional Titles , hosted 27 NCAA Regionals , and in each of their four national championship runs they were a NCAA Regional Host . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 2004-05 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed as an NCAA independent , even during the school 's Big East affiliation in other sports . Miami won its first ever conference championship in baseball when it captured the 2008 ACC Baseball Championship . The Hurricanes play in Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park , on the UM campus , in Coral Gables , Florida . Gino DiMare will serve as the team 's head coach in 2019 after the retirement of longtime head coach Jim Morris following the 2018 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Kendall Carter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Viola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Viola', 'summary': "Frank John Viola Jr. ( born April 19 , 1960 ) is an American former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Minnesota Twins ( 1982-1989 ) , New York Mets ( 1989-1991 ) , Boston Red Sox ( 1992-1994 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1995 ) , and Toronto Blue Jays ( 1996 ) . A three-time All-Star , he was named World Series MVP with the Twins in 1987 and won the AL Cy Young Award in 1988 . Long-time Tigers manager Sparky Anderson said of Viola , .He 's an artist ; I love watching him work . He is the pitching coach of the High Point Rockers . He batted and threw left-handed , and he was nicknamed Sweet Music - a nickname he picked up after a Minnesota sports writer declared that when Viola pitched , there was Sweet Music in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome . The nickname was a play on the fact that his last name is also a name of a musical instrument , although pronounced differently . A fan began displaying a banner bearing the phrase in the outfield 's upper deck whenever Viola pitched . Twins fans considered the banner to be a good luck charm . The banner is now the property of the Minnesota Historical Society . It was again displayed when Viola was inducted into the Twins Hall of Fame . Frank was honored as a member of the Twins ' All Dome team in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Red_Storm", 'summary': "The St. John 's Red Storm is the nickname used for the 16 varsity athletic programs of St. John 's University , in the U.S. state of New York . St. John 's 16 NCAA Division I teams compete in the Big East Conference , with the exception of the fencing team , which compete in the ECAC . On December 15 , 2012 , St. John 's and the other six Catholic , non-FBS schools ( the so-called Catholic 7 ) announced that they were departing the former Big East for a new conference . The Catholic 7 , after purchasing the Big East name from the FBS schools and adding Butler , Creighton , and Xavier , began operating as the new Big East Conference beginning in July 2013 . The athletic program fields sixteen intercollegiate teams : basketball , soccer , baseball , lacrosse , tennis , golf , and fencing for men and basketball , soccer , softball , volleyball , tennis , track and field , cross country , golf , and fencing for women . In 2002 , the university eliminated five men 's athletic teams and one women 's team in order to comply with Title IX rules prohibiting activities that receive federal assistance from discriminating on the basis of gender . Prior to the 1994-95 school year , the university 's nickname was the St. John 's Redmen , which referenced the red uniforms worn by its teams in competition . The name was interpreted as a Native American reference in the 1960s , and the university did have a mascot ( adorned in Native American dress ) , which eventually led to the team 's name change to the Red Storm . The change happened at a time when there was mounting pressure on colleges and universities to adopt names more sensitive to Native American culture . The Redmen name still remains popular among fans , however , as does Johnnies . On September 18 , 2009 the new mascot , which was voted on by students , was revealed ; Johnny Thunderbird ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Nieto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Nieto', 'summary': 'Thomas Andrew Nieto ( born October 27 , 1960 ) , is an American former professional baseball catcher , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the St. Louis Cardinals , Montreal Expos , Minnesota Twins , and Philadelphia Phillies . Nieto is formerly the manager of the Minor League Baseball ( MiLB ) Rochester Red Wings , the Twins Triple-A affiliate . He previously served in various coaching capacities for the New York Yankees and New York Mets . A native of Downey , California , Nieto attended Oral Roberts University .'}]}, {'value': 'Oral Roberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oral_Roberts_Golden_Eagles', 'summary': "The Oral Roberts Golden Eagles are the 16 intercollegiate teams representing the Oral Roberts University that compete in the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . Oral Roberts currently competes in the Summit League as of July 1 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Phil Stephenson ♦', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Stephenson', 'summary': 'Phillip Raymond Stephenson ( born September 19 , 1960 ) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman . He played all or part of four seasons in the majors , from 1989 until 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wichita State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers', 'summary': 'The Wichita State Shockers are the athletic teams that represent Wichita State University . They compete in the NCAA Division I as members of the American Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Byron Horn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_Eagles_baseball', 'summary': "The Eastern Michigan Eagles baseball team ( formerly the Eastern Michigan Hurons ) is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti , Michigan , United States . The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference West division , which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I . Eastern Michigan 's first baseball team was fielded in 1901 . The team plays its home games at Oestrike Stadium in Ypsilanti , Michigan . The 1976 team finished as runner-up at the 1976 College World Series , making the then-Hurons the last northern school to play for a CWS title until Michigan in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Ronk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_Golden_Bears_baseball', 'summary': 'The California Golden Bears baseball team represents the University of California in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other California athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Bears play their home games at Evans Diamond .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Sodders', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Davidsmeier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Meacham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Meacham', 'summary': 'Robert Andrew Meacham ( born August 25 , 1960 ) is a Major League Baseball coach and former player . His primary playing position was shortstop and he spent his entire six-year career with the New York Yankees . He is currently a coach with the Philadelphia Phillies .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs_baseball', 'summary': "The San Diego State Aztecs baseball team is the college baseball program that represents the San Diego State University . Along with the university 's other athletic teams , the baseball team became a member of the Mountain West Conference during the 1999-00 academic year . Previously , the baseball program competed in the Western Athletic Conference . The Aztecs play in Tony Gwynn Stadium , on the SDSU campus in San Diego , California . From 2003 until his death in 2014 , Tony Gwynn was the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Fuentes ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Fuentes', 'summary': 'Mike Fuentes ( born July 11 , 1958 ) is a former Major League Baseball player . He attended Florida State University , where he was the 1981 recipient of the Golden Spikes Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Carter ♦', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Carter', 'summary': 'Joseph Chris Carter ( born March 7 , 1960 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as an outfielder and first baseman for the Chicago Cubs , Cleveland Indians , San Diego Padres , Toronto Blue Jays , Baltimore Orioles , and San Francisco Giants . Carter is best known for hitting a walk-off home run to win the 1993 World Series for the Toronto Blue Jays , their second consecutive championship . Carter is one of only two players to end a World Series with a home run , the other being Bill Mazeroski .'}]}, {'value': 'Wichita State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Wichita State Shockers baseball team represents Wichita State University in the sport of baseball . The Wichita State Shockers compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and in the American Athletic Conference after 72 seasons in the Missouri Valley Conference . The Shockers have made the College World Series seven times , winning the national championship in 1989 . Wichita State has the fourth highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Texas , Florida State , and Miami ( FL ) .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'John Christensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Christensen_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Lawrence Christensen ( born September 5 , 1960 ) is a former professional baseball outfielder . He played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball between 1984 and 1988 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cal State Fullerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_baseball', 'summary': "The Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball team represents California State University , Fullerton in NCAA Division I college baseball . Since beginning Division I play in 1975 , the Titans have never had a losing season . They are supplied by Easton . Along with the other CSUF athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big West Conference . Since its early days , Titan Baseball has been considered an elite program in college baseball , making 18 College World Series appearances and winning 4 national championships ( 1979 , 1984 , 1995 , and 2004 ) . The Titans have made an appearance in every NCAA Tournament since 1992 . The Titans play their home games on Fullerton 's campus at Goodwin Field and are currently coached by Rick Vanderhook ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Gillaspie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_baseball', 'summary': 'The Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball team representing Mississippi State University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The program is a member of the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The current head coach is Chris Lemonis , who replaced interim head coach Gary Henderson . They have appeared in the College World Series 11 times , most recently in 2019 . They earned their highest finish in their 2013 CWS appearance , losing in the finals to UCLA , finishing the season with a consensus No . 2 ranking , the highest in program history .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Romine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Romine', 'summary': 'Kevin Andrew Romine ( born May 23 , 1961 ) is a former utility outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Red Sox throughout his career ( 1985-1991 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona State Sun Devils baseball program at the Arizona State University ( ASU ) is part of the Pac-12 Conference . Since it became a member of the Pac-12 , it had the highest winning percentage , at .681 , of all schools that participate in Division I baseball within the conference . ASU 's NCAA leading 54 consecutive 30 win seasons was the longest streak in the nation . The Sun Devils ' only losing seasons occurred in 1963 , 2017 , & 2018 The Sun Devils had been nationally ranked during at least a part of every season of their 58-year history until 2017 . The Sun Devils have finished 27 times in the Top 10 , 22 times in the Top 5 , and 5 times as the No . 1 team in the nation . ASU is one of the most successful college baseball programs in the country . The Sun Devils have won five national championships , the fourth-most by any school , and are 1st in total number of alumni to ever play in Major League Baseball . Notable Sun Devil baseball alumni include Barry Bonds , Reggie Jackson , Sal Bando , Dustin Pedroia , Andre Ethier , Bob Horner , Paul Lo Duca , and Rick Monday ."}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Designated hitter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Designated_hitter', 'summary': "In baseball , the designated hitter rule is the common name for Major League Baseball Rule 5.11 , adopted by the American League in 1973 . The rule allows teams to have one player , known as the designated hitter ( or DH ) , to bat in place of the pitcher . Since 1973 , most collegiate , amateur , and professional leagues have adopted the rule or some variant . MLB 's National League and Nippon Professional Baseball 's Central League are the most prominent professional leagues that do not use a designated hitter ."}]}, {'value': 'Phil Strom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Utes_baseball', 'summary': 'The Utah Utes baseball team represents the University of Utah in NCAA Division I college baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Designated hitter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Designated_hitter', 'summary': "In baseball , the designated hitter rule is the common name for Major League Baseball Rule 5.11 , adopted by the American League in 1973 . The rule allows teams to have one player , known as the designated hitter ( or DH ) , to bat in place of the pitcher . Since 1973 , most collegiate , amateur , and professional leagues have adopted the rule or some variant . MLB 's National League and Nippon Professional Baseball 's Central League are the most prominent professional leagues that do not use a designated hitter ."}]}, {'value': 'Franklin Stubbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_Stubbs', 'summary': 'Franklin Lee Stubbs ( born October 21 , 1960 , in Laurinburg , North Carolina ) is a former professional baseball player who was in the major leagues ( MLB ) from 1984 to 1995 . Stubbs played on four MLB teams in that time . His best season came in 1990 with the Houston Astros . Stubbs entered coaching after retiring as a player .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_baseball', 'summary': "The Virginia Tech Hokies baseball team represents Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ( Virginia Tech ) in NCAA Division I college baseball . Established in 1895 , the team participates in the Coastal division of the Atlantic Coast Conference and plays its home games at English Field . The team 's current head coach is John Szefc ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1981_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for the 1981 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and Baseball America (since 1981).'}
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What is the position of the player who was born on September 19 , 1960 ?
First Baseman
09b820fa49228f07
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2010 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Country', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcela Matos Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcela_Lopez', 'summary': "Marcela Lopez ( born October 13 , 1982 ) is a Brazilian aerobic gymnast who finished 1st in the Women 's Individual event at the 10th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships held in Ulm"}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '21.800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giulia Bianchi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '21.350', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela McMillan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': '21.250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sara Moreno', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '21.100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jinxuan Huang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '21.050', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristina Simona Nedelcu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Simona_Nedelcu', 'summary': "Cristina Simona Nedelcu ( born 28 February 1987 in Bucharest , Romania ) is a Romanian aerobic gymnast who won the silver medal in the women 's individual event at the 2008 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships in Ulm . During her career she won four world championships medals ( one silver and three gold ) , four European championships medals ( two gold and two bronze ) and six times national women 's individual champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '20.600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denitsa Parichkova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '20.450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roypim Ngampeeranpong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '20.200', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Results -- Women 's Individual", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Aerobic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_0', 'intro': '11th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Rodez, France June 15 to June 17, 2010.'}
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What type of medal was won at the 2008 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships by the gymnast who is from the country with an economy predominantly based on services and who achieved a 2010 Championships score 1.200 below the winner ?
Silver
09b90f5440c283a0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Flanagan_discography', 'title': 'Tommy Flanagan discography', 'header': ['Year recorded', 'Title', 'Label', 'Personnel/Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overseas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Overseas_(album)', 'summary': "Overseas is an album by pianist Tommy Flanagan and his trio , recorded in 1957 . It was Flanagan 's debut album as a leader and was made in Sweden whilst touring with J. J. Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Prestige', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prestige_Records', 'summary': 'Prestige Records is a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City . The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the leading jazz musicians of the day , sometimes issuing them under subsidiaries . In 1971 , the company was sold to Fantasy , which was later absorbed by Concord .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Wilbur Little ( bass ) , Elvin Jones ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilbur_Little', 'summary': "Wilbur Little ( 1928 in Parmele , North Carolina - 1987 in Amsterdam ) was an American jazz bassist known for Hard bop and Post-bop . Little originally played piano , but switched to bass after serving in the military . In 1949 he moved to Washington , DC , where he worked with Sir Charles Thompson among others . After that he was in J. J. Johnson 's quintet from 1955 to 1958 and was also the bassist for the Tommy Flanagan Trio . He moved to the Netherlands in 1977 and lived there for the rest of his life ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elvin_Jones', 'summary': "Elvin Ray Jones ( September 9 , 1927 - May 18 , 2004 ) was an American jazz drummer of the post-bop era . He showed an interest in drums at a young age , watching the circus bands march by his family 's home in Pontiac , Michigan . He served in the United States Army from 1946 to 1949 and subsequently played in a Detroit house band led by Billy Mitchell . He moved to New York City in 1955 and worked as a sideman for Charles Mingus , Teddy Charles , Bud Powell and Miles Davis . From 1960 to 1966 , he was a member of the John Coltrane quartet ( along with Jimmy Garrison on bass and McCoy Tyner on piano ) , a celebrated recording phase , appearing on such albums as A Love Supreme and Live at Birdland . Following his work with Coltrane , Jones led several small groups , some under the name The Elvin Jones Jazz Machine . His brothers Hank Jones and Thad Jones were also jazz musicians with whom he recorded . He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cats_(album)', 'summary': 'The Cats is an album credited to jazz musicians Tommy Flanagan , John Coltrane , Kenny Burrell , and Idrees Sulieman , released in 1959 on New Jazz , a subsidiary label of Prestige Records . It was issued after Coltrane had already ceased recording for the label .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jazz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prestige_Records', 'summary': 'Prestige Records is a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City . The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the leading jazz musicians of the day , sometimes issuing them under subsidiaries . In 1971 , the company was sold to Fantasy , which was later absorbed by Concord .'}]}, {'value': 'The Prestige All Stars : Also with Idrees Sulieman ( trumpet ) , John Coltrane ( tenor sax ) , Kenny Burrell ( guitar ) , Doug Watkins ( bass ) , Louis Hayes ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idrees_Sulieman', 'summary': 'Idrees Sulieman ( August 7 , 1923 - July 23 , 2002 , both in St. Petersburg , Florida , United States ) was an American bop and hard bop trumpeter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Coltrane', 'summary': "John William Coltrane ( September 23 , 1926 - July 17 , 1967 ) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer . Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career , Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes and was at the forefront of free jazz . He led at least fifty recording sessions and appeared on many albums by other musicians , including trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk . Over the course of his career , Coltrane 's music took on an increasingly spiritual dimension . He remains one of the most influential saxophonists in music history . He received many posthumous awards , including canonization by the African Orthodox Church and a Pulitzer Prize in 2007 . His second wife was pianist and harpist Alice Coltrane . Their children Ravi Coltrane , Oran Coltrane and John Coltrane Jr. are all musicians . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Burrell', 'summary': 'Kenneth Earl Burrell ( born July 31 , 1931 ) is an American jazz guitarist known for his work on the Blue Note label . His collaborations with Jimmy Smith produced the 1965 Billboard Top Twenty hit album Organ Grinder Swing . He has cited jazz guitarists Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt as influences , along with blues guitarists T-Bone Walker and Muddy Waters . Furthermore , Jimi Hendrix has cited Burrell as an influence . Burrell is a professor and Director of Jazz Studies at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doug_Watkins', 'summary': 'Douglas Watkins ( March 2 , 1934 - February 5 , 1962 ) was an American jazz double bassist . He was best known for being an accompanist to various hard bop artists in the Detroit area , including Donald Byrd and Jackie McLean .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louis_Hayes', 'summary': 'Louis Hayes ( born May 31 , 1937 ) is an American jazz drummer and band leader .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lonely Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonely_Town_(album)', 'summary': 'Lonely Town is an album by jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan . It is a trio recording , with bassist Joe Benjamin and drummer Elvin Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Note', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Note_Records', 'summary': 'Blue Note Records is an American jazz record label owned by Universal Music Group and operated under Capitol Music Group . Established in 1939 by Alfred Lion and Max Margulis , it derived its name from the blue notes of jazz and the blues . Originally dedicated to recording traditional jazz and small group swing , the label switched its attention to modern jazz around 1947 .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Joe Benjamin ( bass ) , Elvin Jones ( drums ) ; released 1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Benjamin', 'summary': 'Joseph Rupert Benjamin ( November 4 , 1919 - January 26 , 1974 ) was an American jazz bassist . Born in Atlantic City , New Jersey , Benjamin played with numerous high-profile jazz musicians in a variety of idioms . Early in his career he played in the big bands of Artie Shaw , Fletcher Henderson , Sy Oliver , and Duke Ellington . Later credits include work with Roland Kirk , Hank Garland , Dave Brubeck , Marian McPartland , Louis Armstrong ( in his later years ) , Mal Waldron , Jo Jones , Gary Burton , Sarah Vaughan , Roy Haynes , Art Taylor , and Brother Jack McDuff . Benjamin never recorded as a leader .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elvin_Jones', 'summary': "Elvin Ray Jones ( September 9 , 1927 - May 18 , 2004 ) was an American jazz drummer of the post-bop era . He showed an interest in drums at a young age , watching the circus bands march by his family 's home in Pontiac , Michigan . He served in the United States Army from 1946 to 1949 and subsequently played in a Detroit house band led by Billy Mitchell . He moved to New York City in 1955 and worked as a sideman for Charles Mingus , Teddy Charles , Bud Powell and Miles Davis . From 1960 to 1966 , he was a member of the John Coltrane quartet ( along with Jimmy Garrison on bass and McCoy Tyner on piano ) , a celebrated recording phase , appearing on such albums as A Love Supreme and Live at Birdland . Following his work with Coltrane , Jones led several small groups , some under the name The Elvin Jones Jazz Machine . His brothers Hank Jones and Thad Jones were also jazz musicians with whom he recorded . He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tommy Flanagan Trio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tommy_Flanagan_Trio', 'summary': 'The Tommy Flanagan Trio is an album by jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan which was recorded in 1960 and released on the Moodsville label .'}]}, {'value': 'Moodsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prestige_Records', 'summary': 'Prestige Records is a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City . The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the leading jazz musicians of the day , sometimes issuing them under subsidiaries . In 1971 , the company was sold to Fantasy , which was later absorbed by Concord .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Tommy Potter ( bass ) , Roy Haynes ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Potter', 'summary': "Charles Thomas Potter ( September 21 , 1918 - March 1 , 1988 ) was a jazz double bass player , best known for having been a member of Charlie Parker 's classic quintet , with Miles Davis , between 1947 and 1950 . Born in Philadelphia , Potter had first played with Parker in 1944 , in Billy Eckstine 's band with Dizzy Gillespie , Lucky Thompson and Art Blakey . Potter also performed and recorded with many other notable jazz musicians , including Earl Hines , Artie Shaw , Bud Powell , Count Basie , Sonny Rollins , Stan Getz , Max Roach , Eddie Heywood , Tyree Glenn , Harry Sweets Edison , Buck Clayton and Charles Lloyd ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Haynes', 'summary': 'Roy Owen Haynes ( born March 13 , 1925 ) is an American jazz drummer and group leader . Haynes is among the most recorded drummers in jazz , and in a career lasting over 70 years has played in a wide range of styles ranging from swing and bebop to jazz fusion and avant-garde jazz . Snap Crackle was a nickname given him in the 1950s . He has also led his own groups , some performing under the name Hip Ensemble . His recordings as a leader , Fountain of Youth and Whereas , were nominated for a Grammy Award . He continues to perform worldwide and was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1999 . His son Graham Haynes is a cornetist ; his son Craig Haynes and grandson Marcus Gilmore are both drummers .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solo Piano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solo_Piano_(Tommy_Flanagan_album)', 'summary': 'Solo Piano is an album by jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan . It was recorded in 1974 and released in 2005 by Storyville Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Storyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storyville_Records', 'summary': 'Storyville Records is an international record company and label based in Copenhagen , Denmark , specializing in jazz and blues music . Besides its original material , Storyville Records has reissued many vintage jazz recordings that previously appeared on labels such as Paramount Records , American Music Records , and Southland Records . Many Storyville records were pressed in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo ; released 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Tommy Flanagan Tokyo Recital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tommy_Flanagan_Tokyo_Recital', 'summary': 'The Tommy Flanagan Tokyo Recital is an album by jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan . It is a trio album , recorded in 1975 , with bassist Keter Betts and drummer Bobby Durham .'}]}, {'value': 'Pablo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Records', 'summary': 'Pablo Records was a jazz record company and label founded by Norman Granz in 1973 , more than a decade after he had sold his labels ( including Verve Records ) to MGM Records . Pablo initially featured recordings by acts that Granz managed : Ella Fitzgerald , Oscar Peterson , and Joe Pass . Later , the label issued recordings by Count Basie , Dizzy Gillespie , Sarah Vaughan , Milt Jackson , and Paulinho da Costa . The label also re-released 1950s recordings by Art Tatum , which Granz reacquired , and released unissued European live recordings of John Coltrane and his groups . In January 1987 , it was announced that the label had been acquired by Fantasy Records for an undisclosed amount . Eric Miller , who had worked with Norman Granz since the early 1970s , continued with Pablo as head of A & R , until the early-2000s . Fantasy continued to release previously unissued recordings using the Pablo name .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Keter Betts ( bass ) , Bobby Durham ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keter_Betts', 'summary': 'William Thomas Keter Betts ( July 22 , 1928 - August 6 , 2005 ) was an American jazz double bassist . Born in Port Chester , New York , he was nicknamed Keter , a short form of the word mosquito .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Durham_(jazz_musician)', 'summary': "Bobby Durham ( February 3 , 1937 - July 6 , 2008 ) was an American jazz drummer . Durham was born in Philadelphia and learned to play drums while a child . He played with The Orioles at age 16 , and was in a military band between 1956 and 1959 . After his discharge he played with King James and Stan Hunter . In 1960 he moved to New York City , where he played with Lloyd Price , Wild Bill Davis , Lionel Hampton , Count Basie , Slide Hampton , Grant Green , Sweets Edison , Tommy Flanagan , Jimmy Rowles , and the Duke Ellington Orchestra , in which he played for only five months . While working with Basie he met Al Grey , and was a member of several of Grey 's small ensembles . He accompanied Ella Fitzgerald for more than a decade , and worked with Oscar Peterson in a trio setting . Durham also played in trios with organists such as Charles Earland and Shirley Scott , and there was a resurgence in interest in Durham 's work during the acid jazz upswing in the 1990s . Many of Durham 's projects , both as sideman and as leader , have come due to his association with producer Norman Granz , who had him work with Ella Fitzgerald , Count Basie , Harry Edison , Flanagan , and Joe Pass . Durham has led his own combos as well ; he is noted for scat singing along with his drum solos . Durham has also performed often with pop and soul musicians such as Frank Sinatra , James Brown , Ray Charles , and Marvin Gaye . He died in Genoa , Italy , aged 71 ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_(Tommy_Flanagan_album)', 'summary': 'Trinity is an album by jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan . It is a 1976 trio recording , with bassist Ron Carter and drummer Roy Haynes , that was also released as Positive Intensity .'}]}, {'value': 'Inner City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inner_City_Records', 'summary': "Inner City Records was a jazz record company and label founded by Irv Kratka in 1976 in New York City . The company was a division of Music Minus One and also owned the label Classic Jazz . It started with reissues , then moved on to new recordings covering various types of jazz . Inner City Records released over 60 albums between 1976 and 1980 and was voted the 1979 Record Label of the Year in the International Jazz Critics Poll . Many Inner City albums were also issued on the Japanese East Wind Records , including Sam Morrison 's Dune , The Three ( Joe Sample , Ray Brown , Shelly Manne ) , and albums from Japanese musicians Sadao Watanabe and Terumasa Hino ."}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Ron Carter ( bass ) , Roy Haynes ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Carter', 'summary': 'Ronald Levin Carter ( born May 4 , 1937 ) is an American jazz double bassist . His appearances on 2,221 recording sessions make him the most-recorded jazz bassist in history . Carter is also a cellist who has recorded numerous times on that instrument . Some of his studio albums as a leader include : Blues Farm ( 1973 ) ; All Blues ( 1973 ) ; Spanish Blue ( 1974 ) ; Anything Goes ( 1975 ) ; Yellow & Green ( 1976 ) ; Pastels ( 1976 ) ; Piccolo ( 1977 ) ; Third Plane ( 1977 ) ; Peg Leg ( 1978 ) ; and A Song for You ( 1978 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Haynes', 'summary': 'Roy Owen Haynes ( born March 13 , 1925 ) is an American jazz drummer and group leader . Haynes is among the most recorded drummers in jazz , and in a career lasting over 70 years has played in a wide range of styles ranging from swing and bebop to jazz fusion and avant-garde jazz . Snap Crackle was a nickname given him in the 1950s . He has also led his own groups , some performing under the name Hip Ensemble . His recordings as a leader , Fountain of Youth and Whereas , were nominated for a Grammy Award . He continues to perform worldwide and was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1999 . His son Graham Haynes is a cornetist ; his son Craig Haynes and grandson Marcus Gilmore are both drummers .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eclypso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eclypso_(album)', 'summary': 'Eclypso is an album by pianist Tommy Flanagan , bassist George Mraz , and drummer Elvin Jones recorded in 1977 for the Enja label .'}]}, {'value': 'Enja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enja_Records', 'summary': "Enja Records is a German jazz record company and label based in Munich which was founded by jazz enthusiasts Matthias Winckelmann and Horst Weber in 1971 . The label 's first release was by Mal Waldron , and early releases included European and Japanese avant-garde artists such as Alexander von Schlippenbach , Terumasa Hino , Albert Mangelsdorff and Yosuke Yamashita , along with newer American jazz musicians like Archie Shepp , Cecil Taylor , Leroy Jenkins and Eric Dolphy and straight-ahead legends like Tommy Flanagan , McCoy Tyner , Chet Baker , Freddie Hubbard , Elvin Jones , and Kenny Barron . The label also branched out to release early world music productions from Abdullah Ibrahim ( aka Dollar Brand ) , Rabih Abou-Khalil , Mahmoud Turkmani , Gypsy bands , Indonesia 's Monica Akihary and Turkish saz virtuoso Taner Akyol . Its sub-labels include Blues Beacon Records and Yellowbird Records ."}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with George Mraz ( bass ) , Elvin Jones ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mraz', 'summary': "George Mraz ( born Jiří Mráz on 9 September 1944 in Písek , Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , now Czech Republic ) is a jazz bassist and alto saxophonist . He was a member of Oscar Peterson 's group , and has worked with Pepper Adams , Stan Getz , Michel Petrucciani , Stephane Grappelli , Tommy Flanagan , Jimmy Raney , Chet Baker , Joe Henderson , John Abercrombie , John Scofield , Richie Beirach and many other important jazz musicians . During the 1970s he was a member of the New York Jazz Quartet and The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra , and in the 1980s a member of Quest . He has also appeared with Joe Lovano , Hank Jones and Paul Motian on Lovano 's records I 'm All For You and Joyous Encounter . Mraz is also known for performing solos with a bow in arco style , similar to that of Paul Chambers . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Elvin_Jones', 'summary': "Elvin Ray Jones ( September 9 , 1927 - May 18 , 2004 ) was an American jazz drummer of the post-bop era . He showed an interest in drums at a young age , watching the circus bands march by his family 's home in Pontiac , Michigan . He served in the United States Army from 1946 to 1949 and subsequently played in a Detroit house band led by Billy Mitchell . He moved to New York City in 1955 and worked as a sideman for Charles Mingus , Teddy Charles , Bud Powell and Miles Davis . From 1960 to 1966 , he was a member of the John Coltrane quartet ( along with Jimmy Garrison on bass and McCoy Tyner on piano ) , a celebrated recording phase , appearing on such albums as A Love Supreme and Live at Birdland . Following his work with Coltrane , Jones led several small groups , some under the name The Elvin Jones Jazz Machine . His brothers Hank Jones and Thad Jones were also jazz musicians with whom he recorded . He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Montreux '77", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Montreux_'77_(Tommy_Flanagan_album)", 'summary': "Montreux '77 is an album by pianist Tommy Flanagan . It is a trio recording , with bassist Keter Betts and drummer Bobby Durham ."}]}, {'value': 'Pablo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pablo_Records', 'summary': 'Pablo Records was a jazz record company and label founded by Norman Granz in 1973 , more than a decade after he had sold his labels ( including Verve Records ) to MGM Records . Pablo initially featured recordings by acts that Granz managed : Ella Fitzgerald , Oscar Peterson , and Joe Pass . Later , the label issued recordings by Count Basie , Dizzy Gillespie , Sarah Vaughan , Milt Jackson , and Paulinho da Costa . The label also re-released 1950s recordings by Art Tatum , which Granz reacquired , and released unissued European live recordings of John Coltrane and his groups . In January 1987 , it was announced that the label had been acquired by Fantasy Records for an undisclosed amount . Eric Miller , who had worked with Norman Granz since the early 1970s , continued with Pablo as head of A & R , until the early-2000s . Fantasy continued to release previously unissued recordings using the Pablo name .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Keter Betts ( bass ) Bobby Durham ( drums ) ; in concert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keter_Betts', 'summary': 'William Thomas Keter Betts ( July 22 , 1928 - August 6 , 2005 ) was an American jazz double bassist . Born in Port Chester , New York , he was nicknamed Keter , a short form of the word mosquito .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Durham_(jazz_musician)', 'summary': "Bobby Durham ( February 3 , 1937 - July 6 , 2008 ) was an American jazz drummer . Durham was born in Philadelphia and learned to play drums while a child . He played with The Orioles at age 16 , and was in a military band between 1956 and 1959 . After his discharge he played with King James and Stan Hunter . In 1960 he moved to New York City , where he played with Lloyd Price , Wild Bill Davis , Lionel Hampton , Count Basie , Slide Hampton , Grant Green , Sweets Edison , Tommy Flanagan , Jimmy Rowles , and the Duke Ellington Orchestra , in which he played for only five months . While working with Basie he met Al Grey , and was a member of several of Grey 's small ensembles . He accompanied Ella Fitzgerald for more than a decade , and worked with Oscar Peterson in a trio setting . Durham also played in trios with organists such as Charles Earland and Shirley Scott , and there was a resurgence in interest in Durham 's work during the acid jazz upswing in the 1990s . Many of Durham 's projects , both as sideman and as leader , have come due to his association with producer Norman Granz , who had him work with Ella Fitzgerald , Count Basie , Harry Edison , Flanagan , and Joe Pass . Durham has led his own combos as well ; he is noted for scat singing along with his drum solos . Durham has also performed often with pop and soul musicians such as Frank Sinatra , James Brown , Ray Charles , and Marvin Gaye . He died in Genoa , Italy , aged 71 ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alone Too Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alone_Too_Long_(album)', 'summary': 'Alone Too Long is a solo piano album by Tommy Flanagan .'}]}, {'value': 'Denon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denon_Records', 'summary': 'Denon Records was a Japanese audiophile record label owned by Denon and distributed by A & M Records from 1990 through 1992 . This was a reissue program that included 390 jazz and classical music titles that were issued on compact disc .'}]}, {'value': 'Solo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Delights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Delights', 'summary': 'Our Delights is an album by pianists Tommy Flanagan and Hank Jones recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label .'}]}, {'value': 'Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galaxy_Records', 'summary': 'Galaxy Records was a record label founded in 1964 by Max and Sol Weiss in Berkeley , California . It was a division of Fantasy Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Duo , with Hank Jones ( piano )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_Jones', 'summary': "Henry Jones Jr. ( July 31 , 1918 - May 16 , 2010 ) , best known as Hank Jones , was an American jazz pianist , bandleader , arranger , and composer . Critics and musicians described Jones as eloquent , lyrical , and impeccable . In 1989 , The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with the NEA Jazz Masters Award . He was also honored in 2003 with the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers ( ASCAP ) Jazz Living Legend Award . In 2008 , he was awarded the National Medal of Arts . On April 13 , 2009 , the University of Hartford presented Jones with an honorary Doctorate of Music for his musical accomplishments . Jones recorded more than 60 albums under his own name , and countless others as a sideman , including Cannonball Adderley 's celebrated album Somethin ' Else . On May 19 , 1962 , he played piano as actress Marilyn Monroe sang her famous Happy Birthday , Mr. President song to then U.S. president John F. Kennedy ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'More Delights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/More_Delights', 'summary': 'More Delights is a studio album by pianists Tommy Flanagan and Hank Jones , recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label and released in 1985 . The album features alternate takes of the piano duets released on Our Delights .'}]}, {'value': 'Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galaxy_Records', 'summary': 'Galaxy Records was a record label founded in 1964 by Max and Sol Weiss in Berkeley , California . It was a division of Fantasy Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Duo , with Hank Jones ( piano )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_Jones', 'summary': "Henry Jones Jr. ( July 31 , 1918 - May 16 , 2010 ) , best known as Hank Jones , was an American jazz pianist , bandleader , arranger , and composer . Critics and musicians described Jones as eloquent , lyrical , and impeccable . In 1989 , The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with the NEA Jazz Masters Award . He was also honored in 2003 with the American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers ( ASCAP ) Jazz Living Legend Award . In 2008 , he was awarded the National Medal of Arts . On April 13 , 2009 , the University of Hartford presented Jones with an honorary Doctorate of Music for his musical accomplishments . Jones recorded more than 60 albums under his own name , and countless others as a sideman , including Cannonball Adderley 's celebrated album Somethin ' Else . On May 19 , 1962 , he played piano as actress Marilyn Monroe sang her famous Happy Birthday , Mr. President song to then U.S. president John F. Kennedy ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something Borrowed , Something Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_Borrowed,_Something_Blue', 'summary': 'Something Borrowed , Something Blue is an album by pianist Tommy Flanagan recorded in 1978 for the Galaxy label .'}]}, {'value': 'Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galaxy_Records', 'summary': 'Galaxy Records was a record label founded in 1964 by Max and Sol Weiss in Berkeley , California . It was a division of Fantasy Records .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Keter Betts ( bass ) , Jimmie Smith ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keter_Betts', 'summary': 'William Thomas Keter Betts ( July 22 , 1928 - August 6 , 2005 ) was an American jazz double bassist . Born in Port Chester , New York , he was nicknamed Keter , a short form of the word mosquito .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jimmie_Smith', 'summary': "James Howard Smith ( born January 27 , 1938 , Newark , New Jersey ) is an American jazz drummer . Smith studied at the Al Germansky School for Drummers in his home town of Newark from 1951-54 , then attended the Juilliard School in 1959-60 . He began his professional career in New York City around this time . In the 1960s he played with Jimmy Forrest ( 1960 ) , Larry Young ( 1960-62 ) , Lambert , Hendricks , and Ross ( 1962-63 ) , Pony Poindexter ( 1963 ) , Jimmy Witherspoon ( 1963 ) , Gildo Mahones ( 1963 ) , Jimmy McGriff ( 1963-65 ) , and Groove Holmes ( 1965 ) . From 1967 to 1974 he played with Erroll Garner before moving to California around 1975 . He then played with : Benny Carter ( 1975 , 1978 , 1985 ) , Sonny Criss ( 1975 ) , Bill Henderson ( 1975 , 1979 ) , Hank Jones ( 1976 ) , Ernestine Anderson ( 1976 , 1986 ) , Plas Johnson ( 1976 ) , Phineas Newborn , Jr. ( 1976 ) , Harry Edison ( 1976-78 , with Eddie Lockjaw Davis and Zoot Sims ) , Lorez Alexandria ( 1977-78 ) , Tommy Flanagan ( 1978 ) , Terry Gibbs ( 1978 , 1981 ) , Bob Cooper ( 1979 ) , Marshal Royal ( 1980 ) , Great Guitars ( 1980 ) , Barney Kessel ( 1981 ) , Herb Ellis ( 1981 ) , Buddy DeFranco ( 1981 ) , Al Cohn ( 1983 ) , Red Holloway ( 1987 ) , and Dave McKenna ( 1988 ) . In 1993 , he toured Japan with Jimmy Smith and Kenny Burrell . One of Smith 's most noted collaborations took place at the Montreux International Jazz Festival in 1977 , where he played with Oscar Peterson , Eddie Lockjaw Davis , Ray Brown , Benny Carter , Miles Davis , Milt Jackson , Dizzy Gillespie , and Count Basie ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tommy Flanagan Plays the Music of Harold Arlen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Flanagan_Plays_the_Music_of_Harold_Arlen', 'summary': 'Tommy Flanagan Plays the Music of Harold Arlen is an album by jazz pianist Tommy Flanagan , with bassist George Mraz and drummer Connie Kay .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trio , with George Mraz ( bass ) , Connie Kay ( drums ) ; Helen Merrill ( vocals ) added on one track', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mraz', 'summary': "George Mraz ( born Jiří Mráz on 9 September 1944 in Písek , Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , now Czech Republic ) is a jazz bassist and alto saxophonist . He was a member of Oscar Peterson 's group , and has worked with Pepper Adams , Stan Getz , Michel Petrucciani , Stephane Grappelli , Tommy Flanagan , Jimmy Raney , Chet Baker , Joe Henderson , John Abercrombie , John Scofield , Richie Beirach and many other important jazz musicians . During the 1970s he was a member of the New York Jazz Quartet and The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra , and in the 1980s a member of Quest . He has also appeared with Joe Lovano , Hank Jones and Paul Motian on Lovano 's records I 'm All For You and Joyous Encounter . Mraz is also known for performing solos with a bow in arco style , similar to that of Paul Chambers . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Connie_Kay', 'summary': "Conrad Henry Kirnon ( April 27 , 1927 - November 30 , 1994 ) known professionally as Connie Kay , was an American jazz and R & B drummer , who was a member of the Modern Jazz Quartet . Self-taught on drums , he began performing in Los Angeles in the mid-1940s . His drumming is recorded in The Hunt , the recording of a famous Los Angeles jam session featuring the dueling tenors of Dexter Gordon and Wardell Gray on July 6 , 1947 . He recorded with Lester Young 's quintet from 1949 to 1955 and with Stan Getz , Coleman Hawkins , Charlie Parker , and Miles Davis . Kay did R & B sessions for Atlantic Records in the early to mid-1950s , and he was featured on hit records such as Shake , Rattle and Roll by Big Joe Turner and Ruth Brown 's ( Mama ) He Treats Your Daughter Mean . Kay joined the Modern Jazz Quartet in 1955 , replacing original drummer Kenny Clarke . He remained through the group 's dissolution in 1974 and occasional reunions into the 1990s . In addition to his MJQ compatriots , he had an enduring partnership with cool jazz altoist Paul Desmond through the first half of the 1960s . He played drums on several of Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison 's albums : Astral Weeks , one song on Saint Dominic 's Preview , and four songs on Tupelo Honey . Kay was known for incorporating percussion instruments alongside his drum kit , such as timpani , small cymbals , triangle , bell tree , and darbukas , the latter referred to as exotic-looking drums in a 2006 article . Kay had a stroke in 1992 , but recovered enough to resume performing . He died of cardiac arrest in Manhattan in 1994 at the age of 67 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Merrill', 'summary': "Helen Merrill ( born Jelena Ana Milcetic July 21 , 1930 ) is an American jazz vocalist . Her first album , the eponymous 1955 release Helen Merrill , was an immediate success and associated her with the first generation of bebop jazz musicians . After a prolific 1950s and '60s when she recorded with Charlie Parker and Clifford Brown , Merrill spent time recording and touring in Europe and Japan , falling into obscurity in the United States . In the 1980s and '90s , a contract with Verve Records and high-profile performances in America returned her to prominence . Noted for her emotional , sensual vocal performances , her career continues in its sixth decade with concerts and recordings ."}]}, {'value': '1977-78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Confirmation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confirmation_(Tommy_Flanagan_album)', 'summary': 'Confirmation is an album by pianist Tommy Flanagan compiling unreleased tracks recorded in 1977 and 1978 at sessions that produced Eclypso and Ballads & Blues which was released on the Enja label in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'Enja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enja_Records', 'summary': "Enja Records is a German jazz record company and label based in Munich which was founded by jazz enthusiasts Matthias Winckelmann and Horst Weber in 1971 . The label 's first release was by Mal Waldron , and early releases included European and Japanese avant-garde artists such as Alexander von Schlippenbach , Terumasa Hino , Albert Mangelsdorff and Yosuke Yamashita , along with newer American jazz musicians like Archie Shepp , Cecil Taylor , Leroy Jenkins and Eric Dolphy and straight-ahead legends like Tommy Flanagan , McCoy Tyner , Chet Baker , Freddie Hubbard , Elvin Jones , and Kenny Barron . The label also branched out to release early world music productions from Abdullah Ibrahim ( aka Dollar Brand ) , Rabih Abou-Khalil , Mahmoud Turkmani , Gypsy bands , Indonesia 's Monica Akihary and Turkish saz virtuoso Taner Akyol . Its sub-labels include Blues Beacon Records and Yellowbird Records ."}]}, {'value': 'Some tracks trio , with George Mraz ( bass ) , Elvin Jones ( drums ) ; some tracks duo , with Mraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mraz', 'summary': "George Mraz ( born Jiří Mráz on 9 September 1944 in Písek , Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , now Czech Republic ) is a jazz bassist and alto saxophonist . He was a member of Oscar Peterson 's group , and has worked with Pepper Adams , Stan Getz , Michel Petrucciani , Stephane Grappelli , Tommy Flanagan , Jimmy Raney , Chet Baker , Joe Henderson , John Abercrombie , John Scofield , Richie Beirach and many other important jazz musicians . During the 1970s he was a member of the New York Jazz Quartet and The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra , and in the 1980s a member of Quest . He has also appeared with Joe Lovano , Hank Jones and Paul Motian on Lovano 's records I 'm All For You and Joyous Encounter . Mraz is also known for performing solos with a bow in arco style , similar to that of Paul Chambers . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Elvin_Jones', 'summary': "Elvin Ray Jones ( September 9 , 1927 - May 18 , 2004 ) was an American jazz drummer of the post-bop era . He showed an interest in drums at a young age , watching the circus bands march by his family 's home in Pontiac , Michigan . He served in the United States Army from 1946 to 1949 and subsequently played in a Detroit house band led by Billy Mitchell . He moved to New York City in 1955 and worked as a sideman for Charles Mingus , Teddy Charles , Bud Powell and Miles Davis . From 1960 to 1966 , he was a member of the John Coltrane quartet ( along with Jimmy Garrison on bass and McCoy Tyner on piano ) , a celebrated recording phase , appearing on such albums as A Love Supreme and Live at Birdland . Following his work with Coltrane , Jones led several small groups , some under the name The Elvin Jones Jazz Machine . His brothers Hank Jones and Thad Jones were also jazz musicians with whom he recorded . He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballads & Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballads_&_Blues_(Tommy_Flanagan_album)', 'summary': 'Ballads & Blues is an album by pianist Tommy Flanagan with bassist George Mraz recorded in 1978 for the Enja label .'}]}, {'value': 'Enja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enja_Records', 'summary': "Enja Records is a German jazz record company and label based in Munich which was founded by jazz enthusiasts Matthias Winckelmann and Horst Weber in 1971 . The label 's first release was by Mal Waldron , and early releases included European and Japanese avant-garde artists such as Alexander von Schlippenbach , Terumasa Hino , Albert Mangelsdorff and Yosuke Yamashita , along with newer American jazz musicians like Archie Shepp , Cecil Taylor , Leroy Jenkins and Eric Dolphy and straight-ahead legends like Tommy Flanagan , McCoy Tyner , Chet Baker , Freddie Hubbard , Elvin Jones , and Kenny Barron . The label also branched out to release early world music productions from Abdullah Ibrahim ( aka Dollar Brand ) , Rabih Abou-Khalil , Mahmoud Turkmani , Gypsy bands , Indonesia 's Monica Akihary and Turkish saz virtuoso Taner Akyol . Its sub-labels include Blues Beacon Records and Yellowbird Records ."}]}, {'value': 'Duo , with George Mraz ( bass )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mraz', 'summary': "George Mraz ( born Jiří Mráz on 9 September 1944 in Písek , Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , now Czech Republic ) is a jazz bassist and alto saxophonist . He was a member of Oscar Peterson 's group , and has worked with Pepper Adams , Stan Getz , Michel Petrucciani , Stephane Grappelli , Tommy Flanagan , Jimmy Raney , Chet Baker , Joe Henderson , John Abercrombie , John Scofield , Richie Beirach and many other important jazz musicians . During the 1970s he was a member of the New York Jazz Quartet and The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra , and in the 1980s a member of Quest . He has also appeared with Joe Lovano , Hank Jones and Paul Motian on Lovano 's records I 'm All For You and Joyous Encounter . Mraz is also known for performing solos with a bow in arco style , similar to that of Paul Chambers . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Super Jazz Trio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Super_Jazz_Trio', 'summary': 'The Super Jazz Trio is an eponymous album by the band consisting of pianist Tommy Flanagan , bassist Reggie Workman , and drummer Joe Chambers .'}]}, {'value': 'Baystate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baystate', 'summary': 'Baystate was a Japanese jazz record label . Some of these album were also released on the Japanese labels Victor and Horo Records . Almost none have been reissued on LP or CD .'}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Reggie Workman ( bass ) , Joe Chambers ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Workman', 'summary': 'Reginald Reggie Workman ( born June 26 , 1937 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American avant-garde jazz and hard bop double bassist , recognized for his work with both John Coltrane and Art Blakey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Chambers', 'summary': "Joe Chambers ( born June 25 , 1942 ) in Chester , Pennsylvania is an American jazz drummer , pianist , vibraphonist and composer . He attended the Philadelphia Conservatory for one year . In the 1960s and 1970s Chambers gigged with many high-profile artists such as Eric Dolphy , Charles Mingus , Wayne Shorter , and Chick Corea . During this period , his compositions appeared on some of the albums in which he made guest appearances , such as those with Freddie Hubbard and Bobby Hutcherson . He has released eight albums as a bandleader and been a member of several incarnations of Max Roach 's M'Boom percussion ensemble . He has also taught , including at the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music in New York City , where he leads the Outlaw Band . In 2008 , he was hired to be the Thomas S. Kenan Distinguished Professor of Jazz in the Department of Music at the University of North Carolina Wilmington ."}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Together', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Together_(Tommy_Flanagan_and_Kenny_Barron_album)', 'summary': 'Together is a studio album by pianists Tommy Flanagan and Kenny Barron which was digitally recorded in late 1978 and first released on the Japanese Denon label in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': 'Denon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denon_Records', 'summary': 'Denon Records was a Japanese audiophile record label owned by Denon and distributed by A & M Records from 1990 through 1992 . This was a reissue program that included 390 jazz and classical music titles that were issued on compact disc .'}]}, {'value': 'Duo , with Kenny Barron ( piano )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Barron', 'summary': 'Kenny Barron ( born June 9 , 1943 ) is an American jazz pianist , who has appeared on hundreds of recordings as leader and sideman and is considered one of the most influential mainstream jazz pianists since the bebop era .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Something Tasty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Something_Tasty', 'summary': 'Something Tasty is an album by the Super Jazz Trio of pianist Tommy Flanagan , bassist Reggie Workman , and drummer Joe Chambers , with Art Farmer on flugelhorn .'}]}, {'value': 'Baystate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baystate', 'summary': 'Baystate was a Japanese jazz record label . Some of these album were also released on the Japanese labels Victor and Horo Records . Almost none have been reissued on LP or CD .'}]}, {'value': 'Quartet , with Art Farmer ( flugelhorn ) , Reggie Workman ( bass ) , Joe Chambers ( drums )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Farmer', 'summary': "Arthur Stewart Farmer ( August 21 , 1928 - October 4 , 1999 ) was an American jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player . He also played flumpet , a trumpet-flugelhorn combination especially designed for him . He and his identical twin brother , double bassist Addison Farmer , started playing professionally while in high school . Art gained greater attention after the release of a recording of his composition Farmer 's Market in 1952 . He subsequently moved from Los Angeles to New York , where he performed and recorded with musicians such as Horace Silver , Sonny Rollins , and Gigi Gryce and became known principally as a bebop player . As Farmer 's reputation grew , he expanded from bebop into more experimental forms through working with composers such as George Russell and Teddy Charles . He went on to join Gerry Mulligan 's quartet and , with Benny Golson , to co-found the Jazztet . Continuing to develop his own sound , Farmer switched from trumpet to the warmer flugelhorn in the early 1960s , and he helped to establish the flugelhorn as a soloist 's instrument in jazz . He settled in Europe in 1968 and continued to tour internationally until his death . Farmer recorded more than 50 albums under his own name , a dozen with the Jazztet , and dozens more with other leaders . His playing is known for its individuality - most noticeably , its lyricism , warmth of tone and sensitivity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Reggie_Workman', 'summary': 'Reginald Reggie Workman ( born June 26 , 1937 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American avant-garde jazz and hard bop double bassist , recognized for his work with both John Coltrane and Art Blakey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Chambers', 'summary': "Joe Chambers ( born June 25 , 1942 ) in Chester , Pennsylvania is an American jazz drummer , pianist , vibraphonist and composer . He attended the Philadelphia Conservatory for one year . In the 1960s and 1970s Chambers gigged with many high-profile artists such as Eric Dolphy , Charles Mingus , Wayne Shorter , and Chick Corea . During this period , his compositions appeared on some of the albums in which he made guest appearances , such as those with Freddie Hubbard and Bobby Hutcherson . He has released eight albums as a bandleader and been a member of several incarnations of Max Roach 's M'Boom percussion ensemble . He has also taught , including at the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music in New York City , where he leads the Outlaw Band . In 2008 , he was hired to be the Thomas S. Kenan Distinguished Professor of Jazz in the Department of Music at the University of North Carolina Wilmington ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Communication : Live at Fat Tuesday 's New York , Vol . 1", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paddle Wheel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Records_(Japan)', 'summary': "King Records Co. , Ltd. ( キングレコード株式会社 , Kingu Rekōdo Kabushiki gaisha ) is a Japanese record company founded in January 1931 as a division of the Japanese publisher Kodansha . It initially began operating as an independent entity in the 1950s . It later became part of the Otowa Group . Today , King Records is one of Japan 's largest record companies which is owned by a multinational entity . The headquarters are in Bunkyo , Tokyo ."}]}, {'value': 'Trio , with Jerry Dodgion ( alto sax , soprano sax ) , Red Mitchell ( bass ) ; in concert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Mitchell', 'summary': 'Keith Moore Red Mitchell ( September 20 , 1927 - November 8 , 1992 ) , was an American jazz double-bassist , composer , lyricist , and poet .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Discography -- As leader/co-leader', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Tommy_Flanagan_discography_0', 'intro': 'Tommy Flanagan was an American jazz pianist. His appearances on record date from 1956 to 2001 and include more than 30 albums under his own name and more than 200 as a sideman.'}
null
null
Which title was recorded first ? An album which had Art Farmer on flugelhorn , or an album was made after a band member had already ceased recording for the label ?
The Cats
09bac4614195085e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1991', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1991', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Absolutely Positive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Adair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Adair', 'summary': 'Peter Adair ( November 25 , 1943 - June 27 , 1996 ) was a filmmaker and artist , best known for his pioneering gay and lesbian documentary Word Is Out : Stories of Some of Our Lives ( 1977 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How 11 interviewed HIV positive people live with different stages of the disease and how they are coping with their illnesses in different ways', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Adjuster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Adjuster', 'summary': "The Adjuster is a 1991 Canadian drama film directed by Atom Egoyan . It premiered at the New York Film Festival , and invited to the Director 's Fortnight program at the Cannes Film Festival . It is Egoyan 's fourth feature film , and the first of his works to achieve international acclaim . The film has won 5 awards , as well as 2 other nominations upon its initial release . Egoyan based the film on a true story in 1989 , when a fire burned down his parents ' home . He realized how strange it could be for victims of a house fire to be emotionally dependent of insurance workers , which led to the inspiration for the project . Egoyan promoted a book named after the same title as his film , The Adjuster , at a launch in Ottawa . It is a film analysis written by Tom McSorley , a head of the Canadian Film Institute . This book is part of an examination of Canadian cinema , in a series for the University of Toronto press . It goes into intricate depth about The Adjuster , as he traces the genesis , production , and reception of the film . The author , McSorley , claims that it is a watershed film ."}]}, {'value': 'Atom Egoyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atom_Egoyan', 'summary': "Atom Egoyan , CC ( /ɛˈɡɔɪən/ ; born July 19 , 1960 ) is a Canadian stage and film director , writer , and producer . Egoyan made his career breakthrough with Exotica ( 1994 ) , a film set primarily in and around the fictional Exotica strip club . Egoyan 's most critically acclaimed film is the drama The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , for which he received two Academy Award nominations , and his biggest commercial success is the erotic thriller Chloe ( 2009 ) . His work often explores themes of alienation and isolation , featuring characters whose interactions are mediated through technology , bureaucracy , or other power structures . Egoyan 's films often follow non-linear plot structures , in which events are placed out of sequence in order to elicit specific emotional reactions from the audience by withholding key information . In 2008 , Egoyan received the Dan David Prize for Creative Rendering of the Past . Egoyan later received the Governor General 's Performing Arts Award , Canada 's highest royal honour in the performing arts , in 2015 . He was part of a loosely-affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge in the 1980s from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elias Koteas , Arsinée Khanjian , Maury Chaykin , Gabrielle Rose , Jennifer Dale , David Hemblen , Rose Sarkisyan , Armen Kokorian , Jacqueline Samuda , Gerard Parkes , Patricia Collins , Don McKellar , John Gilbert , Stephen Ouimette and Raoul Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elias_Koteas', 'summary': 'Elias Koteas ( Greek : Ηλίας Κοτέας ; born March 11 , 1961 ) is a Canadian film and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arsinée_Khanjian', 'summary': 'Arsinée Khanjian ( Western Armenian : Արսինէ Խանճեան , Eastern Armenian : Արսինե Խանջյան ; born 6 September 1958 ) is an Armenian-Canadian actress and producer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maury_Chaykin', 'summary': 'Maury Alan Chaykin ( July 27 , 1949 - July 27 , 2010 ) was an American-Canadian actor , best known for his portrayal of detective Nero Wolfe , as well as for his work as a character actor in many films and television programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabrielle_Rose_(actress)', 'summary': 'Gabrielle Rose ( born 1954 ) is a Canadian film and stage actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Dale', 'summary': 'Jennifer Ciurluini ( born January 16 , 1956 in Toronto ) , known professionally as Jennifer Dale , is a Canadian television actress and former dancer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Hemblen', 'summary': "David Hemblen ( born 1940 ) is an English-born actor who frequently works in Canadian film , television and theatre who grew up in Toronto , Ontario . He is known for his role as George in La Femme Nikita , Customs inspector in Atom Egoyan 's Exotica , Lord Dread/Lyman Taggert in Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future , Detective Dick Hargrove in T. and T. and as Inspector Winterguild in TekWar : TekLords . He is also known for his role as Johnathan Doors in Earth : Final Conflict and for voicing the character of Magneto in the X-Men animated series from 1992 to 1997 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jacqueline_Samuda', 'summary': 'Jacqueline Samuda ( born October 25 ) is a Canadian actress , director and writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gerard_Parkes', 'summary': 'Gerard Parkes ( October 16 , 1924 - October 19 , 2014 ) was an Irish-born Canadian actor . He was born in Dublin , and moved to Toronto in 1956 . He is known for playing Doc on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television series Fraggle Rock and the bartender in the film The Boondock Saints and its sequel The Boondock Saints II : All Saints Day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Don_McKellar', 'summary': 'Don McKellar CM ( born August 17 , 1963 ) is a Canadian actor , writer , and filmmaker . He was part of a loosely-affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Ouimette', 'summary': 'Stephen Ouimette ( born June 30 , 1954 ) is a Canadian actor and director , born and raised in St. Thomas , Ontario , Canada , and a graduate of the University of Windsor . Although mostly known for his stage work , particularly at the Stratford Festival of Canada and recently on Broadway in La Bete , he achieved TV fame ( and a Gemini Award ) as the ghostly Oliver Welles in the drama Slings and Arrows . In 2006 , he starred in the CanStage production of I Am My Own Wife . He is most notable for providing the voice for Beetlejuice on the eponymous animated series . His other notable animation voice credits are Archangel in the X-Men and Pompadour in Babar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raoul_Trujillo', 'summary': "Raoul Maximiano Trujillo de Chauvelon ( born May 8 , 1955 ) is an American actor , dancer , choreographer , and theatre director . A former soloist with the Nikolais Dance Theatre , he is the original choreographer and co-director for the American Indian Dance Theatre . Trujillo 's career spans more than 30 years in film , television , and theatre , as well as hosting a series of dancing programs . He is a Critics ' Choice Award nominee . Trujillo is best known for playing Zero Wolf , a ruthless Mayan slave catcher and the main antagonist of Mel Gibson 's Apocalypto ( 2006 ) , and for playing the Iroquois chief Kiotseaton in the film Black Robe . He has appeared in numerous high-profile and acclaimed films , including The New World , Cowboys and Aliens , Riddick , Blood Father , Sicario , and its sequel Sicario : Day of the Soldado . He also starred in dozens of television programs in both supporting and starring roles , including True Blood , Lost Girl , Da Vinci 's Demons , Salem , The Blacklist , and Jamestown . He currently stars on Mayans M.C . as Che Taza Romero ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anything for Bread', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anything_for_Bread', 'summary': "Anything for Bread ( Spanish : Todo por la pasta ) is a 1991 Spanish film directed by Enrique Urbizu and written by Luis Marías . The director used Álex de la Iglesia 's graphic work for production design . It was filmed in Bilbao , Bakio , Santurce , Okondo , Getaria , Gipuzkoa and Arrieta , in the Basque region of Spain . The city of Bilbao gave the film a neo-noir look with a post modern-twist ."}]}, {'value': 'Enrique Urbizu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Urbizu', 'summary': 'Enrique Urbizu ( born 1962 ) is a Spanish film director and screenwriter . A native of Bilbao , he is best known for being one of the few Spanish film directors who brought the film noir into the late Spanish film industry , helping and redefining the genre . Urbizu graduated from Universidad del País Vasco , where he did media studies . In 2011 he won the Goya Award for Best Director with the movie No Rest for the Wicked . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'María Barranco , Kiti Manver , Antonio Resines , Pepo Oliva , José Amezola , Luis Ciges , Caco Senante , Maite Blasco , Klara Badiola , Pedro Díez del Corral , Pilar Bardem , Ramón Barea and Ramón Goyanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/María_Barranco', 'summary': "Dulce Nombre de María Magdalena de los Remedios Barranco García ( born 11 June 1961 ) better known as María Barranco is a Spanish actress , who has won two Goya Awards for Best Supporting Actress . Born in Málaga ( Málaga ) , she studied medicine , but left to study drama in her city , where she participated in various theatre groups . Later , she moved to Madrid to debut at the theatre with La venganza de Don Mendo ( Don Mendo 's revenge ) . Her film debut was in 1986 , in the film El elegido ( The Chosen ) . She was married to filmmaker Imanol Uribe , but they divorced in 2004 . They have a daughter , Andrea , born in 1993 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kiti_Manver', 'summary': 'María Isabel Ana Mantecón Vernalte ( born 11 May 1953 ) , better known as Kiti Mánver , is a Spanish actress . She has appeared in more than 100 films and television shows since 1970 . She starred in the 1973 film Habla , mudita , which was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 2015 , she came to the London stage to play the lead role in Las heridas del viento , a play by Juan Carlos Rubio , as part of the III Festival of Spanish Theatre in London ( Festelón ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Resines', 'summary': 'Antonio Fernández Resines ( born 7 August 1954 ) is a Spanish film and television actor . He was born on 7 August 1954 in Torrelavega , Cantabria , son of José Ramón Fernández Quevedo , lawyer , and Amalia Resines Ruiz de Rebolledo , who died on 10 July 2011 . He studied on the Marianist Colegio Santa María del Pilar . He was a usual collaborator in La Resistencia , and in September 2019 he was cast to El hormiguero .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luis_Ciges', 'summary': 'Luis Ciges Martínez ( 10 May 1921 - 11 December 2002 ) was a Spanish film actor . He appeared in 140 films between 1958 and 2002 . His father was Manuel Ciges .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pilar_Bardem', 'summary': 'María del Pilar Bardem Muñoz ( born 14 March 1939 ) better known as Pilar Bardem is a Spanish film and television actress . She is a younger sister of the renowned film director Juan Antonio Bardem and the mother of Academy Award-winner Javier Bardem . Born to performers Rafael Bardem and Matilde Muñoz Sampedro in Seville , Pilar began her screen career in 1965 . She was a regular in the television series Compuesta y sin novio ( 1994 ) , Hermanas ( 1998 ) , El Inquilino ( 2004 ) , and Amar en tiempos revueltos ( 2005-2007 ) . Bardem is the recipient of the Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress , the Premios ACE for Best Supporting Actress , the Valladolid International Film Festival Award for Best Actress , and two Spanish Actors Union Awards for her performances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ramón_Barea', 'summary': 'Ramón Barea ( born 13 July 1949 ) is a Spanish actor . He appeared in more than one hundred films since 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Todo por la pasta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daddy and the Muscle Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daddy_and_the_Muscle_Academy', 'summary': 'Touko Valio Laaksonen ( 8 May 1920 - 7 November 1991 ) , best known by his pseudonym Tom of Finland , was a Finnish artist known for his stylized highly masculinized homoerotic art , and for his influence on late twentieth century gay culture . He has been called the most influential creator of gay pornographic images by cultural historian Joseph W. Slade . Over the course of four decades , he produced some 3,500 illustrations , mostly featuring men with exaggerated primary and secondary sex traits , wearing tight or partially removed clothing .'}]}, {'value': 'Ilppo Pohjola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilppo_Pohjola', 'summary': "Ilppo Pohjola is an independent filmmaker , producer and artist based in Helsinki , Finland . His international breakthrough was Daddy and the Muscle Academy ( 1991 ) , a documentary about Tom of Finland . Pohjola has produced the cinematic installations and films by Eija-Liisa Ahtila since 1993 . Ilppo Pohjola works with the vocabulary of film , examining its structural and social elements in order to create a body of work that pushes the limits of the medium 's physical possibilities . He works between the narrative tropes of Hollywood and the deconstructive methodologies of independent film . The cumulative bodies of knowledge in Pohjola 's works are noticeable for their crispness of conception and excess of information . Given his interest in the formal elements of filmmaking , the content of Pohjola 's works are surprisingly physical and sensual , even if assaultive . His film Daddy and the Muscle Academy won the Jussi Award for the best documentary film in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subtitled The Life and Art of Tom of Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_of_Finland', 'summary': 'Touko Valio Laaksonen ( 8 May 1920 - 7 November 1991 ) , best known by his pseudonym Tom of Finland , was a Finnish artist known for his stylized highly masculinized homoerotic art , and for his influence on late twentieth century gay culture . He has been called the most influential creator of gay pornographic images by cultural historian Joseph W. Slade . Over the course of four decades , he produced some 3,500 illustrations , mostly featuring men with exaggerated primary and secondary sex traits , wearing tight or partially removed clothing .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_II_(film)', 'summary': "Edward II is a 1991 British historical tragedy film directed by Derek Jarman and starring Steven Waddington , Tilda Swinton and Andrew Tiernan . It is based on the play of the same name by Christopher Marlowe . The plot revolves around Edward II of England 's infatuation with Piers Gaveston , which proves to be the downfall of both of them , thanks to the machinations of Roger Mortimer . The film is staged in a postmodern style , using a mixture of contemporary and medieval props , sets and clothing . ( The date 1991 appears on a royal proclamation at one point . ) The gay content of the play is also brought to the fore by Jarman , notably by adding a homosexual sex scene and by depicting Edward 's army as gay rights protesters ."}]}, {'value': 'Derek Jarman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derek_Jarman', 'summary': 'Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman ( 31 January 1942 - 19 February 1994 ) was an English film director , stage designer , diarist , artist , gardener , and author .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'History , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven Waddington , Tilda Swinton , Andrew Tiernan , Nigel Terry , John Lynch , Dudley Sutton , Jerome Flynn , Jody Graber and Annie Lennox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Waddington', 'summary': "Steven Waddington ( born 30 December 1967 ) is an English film and television actor . He is well-known for his supporting role in Michael Mann 's The Last of the Mohicans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tilda_Swinton', 'summary': "Katherine Matilda Swinton ( born 5 November 1960 ) is a British actress , known for her roles in both independent arthouse films and blockbusters . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 2007 film Michael Clayton . She also won the BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actress for the 2003 film Young Adam , and has received three Golden Globe Award nominations . Swinton began her career in experimental films , directed by Derek Jarman , starting with Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , followed by The Last of England ( 1988 ) , War Requiem ( 1989 ) , and The Garden ( 1990 ) . Swinton won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival for her portrayal of Isabella of France in Edward II ( 1991 ) . She next starred in Sally Potter 's Orlando ( 1992 ) , and was nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actress . Swinton was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in The Deep End ( 2001 ) . She followed this with appearances in Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , Constantine ( 2005 ) , Julia ( 2008 ) , and I Am Love ( 2009 ) . She won the European Film Award for Best Actress and received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for the psychological thriller We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) . She is also known for her performance as the White Witch in The Chronicles of Narnia series ( 2005-2010 ) and the Ancient One in the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise . Swinton was given the Richard Harris Award by the British Independent Film Awards in recognition of her contributions to the British film industry . In 2013 , she was given a special tribute by the Museum of Modern Art ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Tiernan', 'summary': 'Andrew James Tiernan ( born 30 November 1965 ) is an English actor & director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Terry', 'summary': "Peter Nigel Terry ( 15 August 1945 - 30 April 2015 ) was an English stage and film actor probably best known by film audiences for his portrayal of King Arthur in John Boorman 's Excalibur ( 1981 ) . Terry primarily dedicated himself to the classical stage . When he extended himself into film and TV outings , it was mostly for historical or period roles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Lynch_(actor)', 'summary': 'John Lynch ( born 26 December 1961 ) is an Irish actor and novelist . He won the AFI ( AACTA ) Award for Best Actor for the 1995 film Angel Baby . His other film appearances include Cal ( 1984 ) , The Secret Garden ( 1993 ) , In the Name of the Father ( 1993 ) and Sliding Doors ( 1998 ) . He has also written two novels , Torn Water ( 2005 ) and Falling Out of Heaven ( 2010 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dudley_Sutton', 'summary': 'Dudley Sutton ( 6 April 1933 - 15 September 2018 ) was an English actor . Active in radio , stage , television and film , he was best known for his role in the BBC Television drama series Lovejoy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerome_Flynn', 'summary': "Jerome Patrick Flynn ( born 16 March 1963 ) is an English actor and singer . He is best known for his roles as Paddy Garvey of the King 's Fusiliers in the ITV series Soldier Soldier , Fireman Kenny 'Rambo ' Baines in the pilot of London 's Burning , Bronn in the hit HBO series Game of Thrones , and Bennet Drake in Ripper Street . He and his Soldier Soldier co-star Robson Green also performed as Robson & Jerome in the later half of the 1990s . They released a version of Unchained Melody , which stayed at number 1 for 7 weeks on the UK Chart , selling more than a million copies and becoming the best-selling single of 1995 . The duo had two further number 1 singles : I Believe and What Becomes of the Brokenhearted . Their eponymous debut album and the follow-up Take Two both reached number 1 on the UK Albums Chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Annie_Lennox', 'summary': "Ann Lennox OBE ( born 25 December 1954 ) is a Scottish singer-songwriter , political activist and philanthropist . After achieving moderate success in the late 1970s as part of the new wave band The Tourists , she and fellow musician Dave Stewart went on to achieve international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics . Appearing in the 1983 music video for Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) with orange cropped hair and wearing a man 's business suit , the BBC states , all eyes were on Annie Lennox , the singer whose powerful androgynous look defied the male gaze . Subsequent hits with Eurythmics include There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) and Here Comes the Rain Again . Lennox embarked on a solo career in 1992 with her debut album , Diva , which produced several hit singles including Why and Walking on Broken Glass . The same year , she performed Love Song for a Vampire for Bram Stoker 's Dracula . Her 1995 studio album , Medusa , includes No More I Love You 's and A Whiter Shade of Pale . To date , she has released six solo studio albums and a compilation album , The Annie Lennox Collection ( 2009 ) . With eight Brit Awards , which includes being named Best British Female Artist a record six times , Lennox has been named the Brits Champion of Champions . She has also collected four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . In 2002 , Lennox received a Billboard Century Award ; the highest accolade from Billboard magazine . In 2004 , she received both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Into the West , written for the soundtrack to the feature film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ."}]}, {'value': 'Based on the play of the same name by Christopher Marlowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_II_(play)', 'summary': "The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second , King of England , with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer , known as Edward II , is a Renaissance or Early Modern period play written by Christopher Marlowe . It is one of the earliest English history plays , and focusses on the relationship between King Edward II of England and Piers Gaveston , and Edward 's murder on the orders of Roger Mortimer . Marlowe found most of his material for this play in the third volume of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1587 ) . Frederick S. Boas believes that out of all the rich material provided by Holinshed Marlowe was drawn to the comparatively unattractive reign of Edward II due to the relationship between the King and Gaveston . Boas elaborates , Homosexual affection . has ( as has been seen ) a special attraction for Marlowe . Jove and Ganymede in Dido , Henry III and his 'minions ' in The Massacre , Neptune and Leander in Hero and Leander , and all akin , although drawn to a slighter scale , to Edward and Gaveston . Boas also notes the existence of a number of parallels between Edward II and The Massacre at Paris , asserting that it is scarcely too much to say that scenes xi-xxi of The Massacre are something in the nature of a preliminary sketch for Edward II . Marlowe stayed close to the account but embellished it with the character of Lightborn ( or Lucifer ) as Edward 's assassin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe', 'summary': "Christopher Marlowe , also known as Kit Marlowe ( /ˈmɑːrloʊ/ ; baptised 26 February 1564 - 30 May 1593 ) , was an English playwright , poet and translator of the Elizabethan era . Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian of his day . He greatly influenced William Shakespeare , who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe 's mysterious early death . Marlowe 's plays are known for the use of blank verse and their overreaching protagonists . Some scholars believe that a warrant was issued for Marlowe 's arrest on 18 May 1593 . No reason was given for it , though it was thought to be connected to allegations of blasphemy - a manuscript believed to have been written by Marlowe was said to contain vile heretical conceipts . On 20 May , he was brought to the court to attend upon the Privy Council for questioning . There is no record of their having met that day , and his being commanded to attend upon them each day thereafter , until licensed to the contrary . Ten days later , he was stabbed to death by Ingram Frizer . Whether or not the stabbing was connected to his arrest remains unknown ."}]}, {'value': 'Fried Green Tomatoes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes_(film)', 'summary': "Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 American comedy-drama film based on the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg . Directed by Jon Avnet and written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski , it stars Kathy Bates , Jessica Tandy , Mary Stuart Masterson , and Mary-Louise Parker . It tells the story of a Depression-era relationship between two women , Ruth and Idgie , and a 1980s friendship between Evelyn , a middle-aged housewife , and Ninny , an elderly woman . The centerpiece and parallel story concerns the murder of Ruth 's abusive husband , Frank , and the accusations that follow . Released December 27 , 1991 , the film received a generally positive reception from critics and grossed $ 119 million worldwide . It was nominated for two Oscars at the 64th Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actress ( Tandy ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Avnet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Avnet', 'summary': 'Jonathan Michael Jon Avnet ( born November 17 , 1949 ) , is an American director , writer and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kathy Bates , Mary Stuart Masterson , Nancy Moore Atchison , Mary-Louise Parker , Jessica Tandy , Cicely Tyson , Chris O'Donnell , Stan Shaw , Gailard Sartain , Timothy Scott , Gary Basaraba , Lois Smith , Danny Nelson , Jo Harvey Allen , Macon McCalman , Richard Riehle , Raynor Scheine , Grace Zabriskie , Reid Binion , Nick Searcy and Constance Shulman", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Bates', 'summary': "Kathleen Doyle Bates ( born June 28 , 1948 ) is an American actress and director . She is the recipient of numerous accolades , including one Academy Award , two Primetime Emmy Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards . Born in Memphis , Tennessee , she studied theatre at the Southern Methodist University before moving to New York City to pursue an acting career . She landed minor stage roles before being cast in her first on screen role in Taking Off ( 1971 ) . Her first Off-Broadway stage performance was in the 1976 production of Vanities . Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , she continued to perform on screen and on stage , and garnered a Tony Award nomination for Best Lead Actress in a Play in 1983 for her performance in 'night , Mother , and won an Obie Award in 1988 for her performance in Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune . Bates ' performance as Annie Wilkes in the horror film Misery ( 1990 ) , marked her Hollywood breakthrough , winning her the Academy Award for Best Actress . Further acclaim came for her starring role in Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) , The Waterboy ( 1998 ) , and supporting roles in Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) ; the latter , in which she portrayed Molly Brown , became the highest-grossing film to that point . Bates received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , About Schmidt ( 2002 ) , and Richard Jewell ( 2019 ) . Bates ' television work has resulted in 14 Emmy Award nominations , including two for her leading role on the NBC series Harry 's Law ( 2011-12 ) . She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her appearance on the ninth season of Two and a Half Men ( 2012 ) and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for her portrayal of Delphine LaLaurie on the third season of American Horror Story ( 2014 ) . She also received accolades for her portrayal of Miss Hannigan in the 1999 television adaptation of Annie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_Stuart_Masterson', 'summary': 'Mary Stuart Masterson ( born June 28 , 1966 ) is an American actress . She has starred in the films At Close Range ( 1986 ) , Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) , Chances Are ( 1989 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) and Benny & Joon ( 1993 ) . She won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the 1989 film Immediate Family , and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for the 2003 Broadway revival of Nine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary-Louise_Parker', 'summary': "Mary-Louise Parker ( born August 2 , 1964 ) is an American actress and writer . After making her stage debut as Rita in a Broadway production of Craig Lucas 's Prelude to a Kiss in 1990 ( for which she received a Tony Award nomination ) , Parker came to prominence for film roles in Grand Canyon ( 1991 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , The Client ( 1994 ) , Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) , Boys on the Side ( 1995 ) , The Portrait of a Lady ( 1996 ) , and The Maker ( 1997 ) . Among stage and independent film appearances thereafter , Parker received the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her portrayal of Catherine Llewellyn in David Auburn 's Proof in 2001 , among other accolades . Between 2001 and 2006 , she recurred as Amy Gardner on the NBC television series The West Wing , for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2002 . She received both the Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Harper Pitt on the acclaimed HBO television miniseries Angels in America in 2003 . Parker went on to enjoy large success as Nancy Botwin , the lead role on the television series Weeds , which ran from 2005 to 2012 and for which she received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series between 2007 and 2009 and received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy in 2006 . Her later film appearances include roles in The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) , Red ( 2010 ) , R.I.P.D . ( 2013 ) , and Red 2 ( 2013 ) . Since 2007 , Parker has contributed articles to Esquire magazine and published her memoir , Dear Mr. You , in 2015 . In 2017 , she starred as Roma Guy on the ABC television miniseries When We Rise . In 2018 , she appeared as a political consultant in the show Billions on Showtime ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Tandy', 'summary': "Jessie Alice Tandy ( 7 June 1909 - 11 September 1994 ) was an English-American actress . Tandy appeared in over 100 stage productions and had more than 60 roles in film and TV , receiving such accolades as an Academy Award , four Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award . Born in London , she was only 18 when she made her professional debut on the London stage in 1927 . During the 1930s , she acted in many plays in London 's West End , playing roles such as Ophelia ( opposite John Gielgud 's legendary Hamlet ) and Katherine ( opposite Laurence Olivier 's Henry V ) . During this period , she also worked in a number of British films . Following the end of her marriage to the British actor Jack Hawkins , she moved to New York City in 1940 , where she met Canadian actor Hume Cronyn . He became her second husband and frequent partner on stage and screen . She received the Tony Award for best performance by a Leading Actress in A Play for her performance as Blanche DuBois in the original Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948 . Tandy shared the prize with Katharine Cornell ( who won for the female lead in Antony and Cleopatra ) and Judith Anderson ( for the latter 's portrayal of Medea ) in a three-way tie for the award . Over the following three decades , her career continued sporadically and included a supporting role in Alfred Hitchcock 's horror film , The Birds ( 1963 ) , and a Tony Award-winning performance in The Gin Game ( 1977 , playing in the two-hander play opposite Hume Cronyn ) . Along with Cronyn , she was a member of the original acting company of the Guthrie Theater . In the mid-1980s she had a career revival ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cicely_Tyson', 'summary': "Cicely L. Tyson ( born December 19 , 1923 ) is an American actress and former fashion model . In a career spanning more than seven decades , she became known for her portrayal of strong African-American women . Tyson is the recipient of three Primetime Emmy Awards , four Black Reel Awards , one Screen Actor Guild Award , one Tony Award and an honorary Academy Award . Having appeared in minor film and television roles early in her career , Tyson garnered widespread attention and critical acclaim for her performance as Rebecca Morgan in Sounder ( 1972 ) ; she was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in the film . Tyson 's portrayal of the title role in the 1974 television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman won her further praise ; among other accolades , the role won her two Emmy Awards and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Tyson has continued to act in film and on television in the 21st century . In 2011 , she played the role of Constantine Jefferson in the award-winning film The Help . She has also played the role of Ophelia Harkness in American Broadcasting Company 's legal drama How to Get Away With Murder since the show 's inception in 2014 , for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series four times . In addition to her screen career , Tyson has appeared in various theater productions . She received a Drama Desk Award in 1962 for her Off-Broadway performance in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl . Tyson also starred as Carrie Watts in the Broadway play The Trip to Bountiful , winning the Tony Award , the Outer Critics Award , and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2013 . Tyson was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 2015 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Chris_O'Donnell", 'summary': "Christopher Eugene O'Donnell ( born June 26 , 1970 ) is an American actor and former model . He played Charlie Simms in Scent of a Woman , Chris Reece in School Ties , D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers , Jack Foley in the drama film Circle of Friends , Dick Grayson/Robin in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , Jason Brown in Robert Altman 's Cookie 's Fortune , Peter Garrett in Vertical Limit , and Wardell Pomeroy in Kinsey . O'Donnell currently stars as special Agent G. Callen on the CBS crime drama television series NCIS : Los Angeles , a spin-off of NCIS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stan_Shaw', 'summary': 'Stan Shaw ( born July 14 , 1952 ) is an American actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gailard_Sartain', 'summary': "Gailard Sartain ( born September 18 , 1946 ) is an American former actor , often playing characters with roots in the South . He was a regular on the country music variety series Hee Haw . He is also known for his roles in three of the Ernest movies and the TV series Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! , which ran for one season on CBS in 1988 . He is also an accomplished and successful painter and illustrator ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Scott_(actor,_died_1995)', 'summary': 'Tom Harmon ( July 20 , 1937 - June 14 , 1995 ) , credited as Timothy Scott or Tim Scott , was an American actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gary_Basaraba', 'summary': "Gary Basaraba ( born March 16 , 1959 ) is a Canadian-American actor best known for playing American police officers . He appeared as Sergeant Richard Santoro on Steven Bochco 's Brooklyn South and Officer Ray Heckler on the critically acclaimed but shortly lived Boomtown . He also played a role as an officer investigating the disappearance of Diane Lanes French lover in the film Unfaithful . According to the DVD commentary for the first season of the police drama Boomtown , he did most of his driving stunts in the series and he made sure he accurately portrayed police procedures . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Lois_Smith', 'summary': "Lois Arlene Smith ( née Humbert ; born November 3 , 1930 ) is an American character actress , whose career spans seven decades . She made her film debut in the 1955 drama film East of Eden , and later played supporting roles in a number of movies , including Five Easy Pieces ( 1970 ) , Resurrection ( 1980 ) , Fatal Attraction ( 1987 ) , Fried Green Tomatoes ( 1991 ) , How to Make an American Quilt ( 1995 ) , Dead Man Walking , Twister ( 1996 ) , Minority Report ( 2002 ) , The Nice Guys ( 2016 ) and Lady Bird ( 2017 ) . In 2017 , at the age of 87 , Smith received critical acclaim for her leading performance in the science-fiction drama film Marjorie Prime , for which she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Awards , Gotham Awards and Saturn Award , and well as won Satellite Award . Smith also has had many roles on television , both daytime and prime time . She was regular cast member in the HBO horror drama True Blood , and well as received Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series nomination for The Americans . Smith also is known for her extensive work in the theatre , receiving two Tony Award nominations for originating the role of Ma Joad in The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) and for the role of Halie in a revival of Buried Child in 1996 . She also starred in an acclaimed Off-Broadway revival of The Trip to Bountiful in 2005 for which she received an Obie Award for Best Actress , an Outer Critics Circle Award , a Lucille Lortel Award , and a Drama Desk Award . Smith is an ensemble member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago . Smith was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 2007 for her outstanding contributions to the theatre . In 2013 , she was given a Lifetime Achievement Obie Award for excellence in Off-Broadway performances . In her career , she has taught , directed , and written for the stage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jo_Harvey_Allen', 'summary': 'Jo Harvey Allen ( born 1942 ) is an American writer , actress , and artist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Macon_McCalman', 'summary': 'Willis Macon McCalman ( December 30 , 1932 - November 29 , 2005 ) was an American television , stage and big screen movie actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Riehle', 'summary': 'Richard Riehle ( born May 12 , 1948 ) is an American actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raynor_Scheine', 'summary': 'Raynor Scheine ( born Raynor Johnston ; January 19 , 1942 ) is an American actor who has appeared in films for three decades dating back to 1979 , including My Cousin Vinny and Fried Green Tomatoes . His name is a play on the phrase rain or shine . Raised in Emporia , VA , he received a degree at Virginia Commonwealth University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grace_Zabriskie', 'summary': "Grace Zabriskie ( born Grace Caplinger ; May 17 , 1941 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Sarah Palmer in Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , Lois Henrickson in Big Love , as well as in cult films such as two of David Lynch 's films : Juana Durango in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) and Visitor # 1 in Inland Empire ( 2006 ) . Other film roles include Nickel Mountain ( 1984 ) , Child 's Play 2 ( 1990 ) , and The Grudge ( 2004 ) . She is also known for her recurring roles in Seinfeld and Charmed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Searcy', 'summary': "Nick Searcy ( born March 7 , 1959 ) is an American character actor best known for portraying Chief Deputy United States Marshal Art Mullen on FX 's Justified . He also had a major role in the Tom Hanks-produced miniseries From the Earth to the Moon as Deke Slayton . He also directed Gosnell : The Trial of America 's Biggest Serial Killer , a film released on October 12 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Constance_Shulman', 'summary': 'Constance Shulman ( born April 4 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She is best known for voicing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug and for her current role as Yoga Jones in Orange Is the New Black . Shulman originated the role of Annelle in the first production of Steel Magnolias Off-Broadway .'}]}, {'value': 'Co-written by Fannie Flagg , based on her novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe ; lesbian subtext', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fannie_Flagg', 'summary': 'Fannie Flagg ( born Patricia Neal ; September 21 , 1944 ) is an American actress , comedian and author . She is best known as a semi-regular panelist on the 1973-82 versions of the game show Match Game and for the 1987 novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe , which was adapted into the 1991 motion picture Fried Green Tomatoes . She was nominated for an Academy Award for the screenplay adaptation . Flagg lives in California and Alabama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes_at_the_Whistle_Stop_Cafe', 'summary': "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe is a 1987 novel by Fannie Flagg . It weaves together the past and the present through the blossoming friendship between Evelyn Couch , a middle-aged housewife , and Ninny Threadgoode , an elderly woman who lives in a nursing home . Every week Evelyn visits Ninny , who tells her stories about her youth in Whistle Stop , Alabama where her sister-in-law , Idgie , and her friend , Ruth , ran a café . These stories , along with Ninny 's friendship , enable Evelyn to begin a new , satisfying life while allowing the people and stories of Ninny 's youth to live on . The book was also made into a movie , and explores themes of family , aging , lesbianism , and the dehumanizing effects of racism on both blacks and whites ."}]}, {'value': 'High Heels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Heels_(1991_film)', 'summary': "High Heels ( Spanish : Tacones lejanos ) is a 1991 Spanish melodrama film written and directed by Pedro Almodóvar and starring Marisa Paredes , Victoria Abril and Miguel Bosé . The plot follows the fractured relationship between a self-involved mother who is a famous torch song singer and the grown daughter she had abandoned as a child . The daughter , who works as a TV newscaster , has married her mother 's ex-lover and has befriended a female impersonator . A murder further complicates this web of relationships . The film was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The film has the feel of other mother-daughter melodramas like Stella Dallas , Mildred Pierce , Imitation of Life and particularly Autumn Sonata , which is quoted directly in the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Almodóvar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Almodóvar', 'summary': "Pedro Almodóvar Caballero ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpeðɾo almoˈðoβaɾ kaβaˈʝeɾo ] ; born 25 September 1949 ) is a Spanish filmmaker , director , screenwriter , producer , and former actor . He came to prominence as a director and screenwriter during La Movida Madrileña , a cultural renaissance that followed after the end of Francoist Spain . His first few films characterised the sense of sexual and political freedom of the period . In 1986 , he established his own film production company , El Deseo , with his younger brother Agustín Almodóvar , responsible for producing all of his films since Law of Desire ( 1987 ) . Almodóvar achieved international recognition for his black comedy-drama film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( 1988 ) , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and went on to more success with the dark romantic comedy film Tie Me Up ! Tie Me Down ! ( 1990 ) , the melodrama High Heels ( 1991 ) and the romantic drama thriller Live Flesh ( 1997 ) . His subsequent two films won an Academy Award each : All About My Mother ( 1999 ) received the award for Best Foreign Language Film while Talk to Her ( 2002 ) earned him the award for Best Original Screenplay . Almodóvar followed this with the drama Volver ( 2006 ) , the romantic thriller Broken Embraces ( 2009 ) , the psychological thriller The Skin I Live In ( 2011 ) and the dramas Julieta ( 2016 ) and Pain and Glory ( 2019 ) , all of which were in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . His films are marked by his employment of certain actors and creative personnel , complex narratives , melodrama , pop culture , popular songs , irreverent humour , strong colours , and glossy décor . Desire , passion , family , and identity are among Almodóvar 's most prevalent themes . Acclaimed as one of the most internationally successful Spanish filmmakers , Almodóvar and his films have gained worldwide interest and developed a cult following ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Victoria Abril , Marisa Paredes , Miguel Bosé , Féodor Atkine , Miriam Díaz Aroca , Anna Lizaran , Bibiana Fernández , Cristina Marcos , Pedro Diez del Corral , Mayrata O'Wisiedo , Nacho Martínez , Rocío Muñoz and Javier Bardem", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Abril', 'summary': 'Victoria Mérida Rojas ( born 4 July 1959 ) , better known as Victoria Abril , is a Spanish film actress and singer . She is possibly best known to international audiences for her performance in the movie ¡Átame ! ( Tie Me Up ! Tie Me Down ! ) by director Pedro Almodóvar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marisa_Paredes', 'summary': 'María Luisa Paredes Bartolomé ( born 3 April 1946 in Madrid ) , known professionally as Marisa Paredes , is a Spanish actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Bosé', 'summary': 'Luis Miguel González Bosé ( born April 3 , 1956 ) , usually known as Miguel Bosé , is a Panamanian-born Spanish pop new wave musician and actor . Bosé became an honorary Colombian citizen in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Féodor_Atkine', 'summary': 'Féodor Atkine ( born 27 February 1948 ) is a French actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miriam_Díaz_Aroca', 'summary': 'Margarita Miriam Díaz Aroca ( born 4 March 1962 , in Madrid ) is a Spanish actress and television presenter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Lizaran', 'summary': 'Anna Lizaran ( 31 August 1944 - 12 January 2013 ) was a Catalan actress of stage , film and television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bibiana_Fernández', 'summary': 'Bibiana Manuela Fernández Chica ( born 13 February 1954 ) , better known as Bibiana Fernández and also known as Bibi Andersen , is a Spanish actress , singer , TV presenter and model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Marcos', 'summary': 'Cristina Marcos ( born 19 December 1963 ) is a Spanish actress . She has appeared in over 35 films and television shows since 1981 . She starred in the 1981 film Maravillas , which was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nacho_Martínez', 'summary': "Nacho Martínez ( 8 July 1952 - 24 July 1996 ) , born Ignacio Martínez Navia-Osorio , was a Spanish actor . Born in Mieres , Asturias in 1952 , Martínez began his film career as Tasio 's brother in the movie Tasio directed by Montxo Armendáriz in 1984 . However , the character for which he will be most remembered for is the bullfighter in the film Matador in 1986 , Pedro Almodóvar , where he co-starred with a very young Antonio Banderas . With Almodóvar , he also acted in Law of Desire ( 1987 ) as well as High Heels ( 1991 ) . In 1986 , Martínez was a candidate for Fotogramas de Plata as best actor , coincided with Ángela Molina in La Mitad del Cielo , by Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón , and had a small role in the cult movie Viaje a Ninguna Parte , directed by Fernando Fernán Gómez . Along with his film career , Martínez had a long career as a voice actor in dubbing , film , and cartoons . Martínez died after a long battle with lung cancer at the age of 44 , which cut short the career of one of the most influential Spanish actors of the 1980s . In 2006 , Martínez was remembered at the twentieth edition of the Goya Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Javier_Bardem', 'summary': 'Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xaˈβjeɾ βaɾˈðen ] ; born 1 March 1969 ) is a Spanish actor and environmental activist . Bardem won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the psychopathic assassin Anton Chigurh in the 2007 Coen brothers film No Country for Old Men . He has also received critical acclaim for roles in films such as Jamón Jamón , Carne trémula , Vicky Cristina Barcelona , Boca a boca , Los lunes al sol , Mar adentro , and Skyfall , for which he received both a BAFTA and a SAG nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Bardem has also won two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a BAFTA , five Goya Awards , two European Film Awards , a Prize for Best Actor at Cannes ( ex-aequo with Elio Germano ) and two Volpi Cups at Venice for his work . He is the first Spanish actor to be nominated for an Oscar ( Best Actor , 2000 , for Before Night Falls ) , as well as the first Spaniard to win one , for Best Supporting Actor in No Country for Old Men , 2008 . He received his third Academy Award nomination , and second Best Actor nomination , for the film Biutiful . As of January 2018 , Bardem became an environmental activist with Greenpeace for protection of Antarctica .'}]}, {'value': 'a.k.a . Tacones lejanos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hours and Times', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hours_and_Times', 'summary': "The Hours and Times is a 1991 drama film written and directed by Christopher Münch . Starring David Angus and Ian Hart , it is a fictionalized account of what might have happened during a real holiday taken by John Lennon and the Beatles ' manager Brian Epstein in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Münch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Münch', 'summary': 'Christopher Münch ( born June 17 , 1962 ) is an American film director , screenwriter and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Angus , Ian Hart , Stephanie Pack , Robin McDonald , Sergio Moreno and Unity Grimwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Hart', 'summary': "Ian Hart ( born Ian Davies ; 1964 ) is an English actor . He is perhaps best known for his roles as Rabbit in the BBC drama miniseries One Summer ( 1983 ) , Joe O'Reilly in the biopic Michael Collins ( 1996 ) , Quirinus Quirrell in the fantasy film Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) , and Kester Gill in the E4 series My Mad Fat Diary ( 2013-2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Moreno', 'summary': 'Sergio Jordan Moreno Aparicio ( born 28 July 1992 ) is a Panamanian international footballer who plays for Saudi club Al-Riyadh , as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': "Fictionalized account of what might have happened during a holiday taken by John Lennon and the Beatles ' manager Brian Epstein in 1963", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Lennon', 'summary': "John Winston Ono Lennon [ nb 1 ] MBE ( born John Winston Lennon , 9 October 1940 - 8 December 1980 ) was an English singer , songwriter and peace activist who gained worldwide fame as the founder , co-lead vocalist , and rhythm guitarist of the Beatles . His songwriting partnership with Paul McCartney remains the most successful in history . In 1969 , he started the Plastic Ono Band with his second wife , Yoko Ono . After the Beatles disbanded in 1970 , Lennon continued as a solo artist and as Ono 's collaborator . Born in Liverpool , Lennon became involved in the skiffle craze as a teenager . In 1956 , he formed his first band , the Quarrymen , which evolved into the Beatles in 1960 . He was initially the group 's de facto leader , a role gradually ceded to McCartney . Lennon was characterised for the rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music , writing , drawings , on film and in interviews . In the mid-1960s , he had two books published : In His Own Write and A Spaniard in the Works , both collections of nonsensical writings and line drawings . Starting with 1967 's All You Need Is Love , his lyrics espoused a pacifist message , and some of his songs were soon adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement and the larger counterculture . From 1968 to 1972 , Lennon produced more than a dozen records with Ono , including a trilogy of avant-garde albums , his first solo LP John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band , and the international top 10 singles Give Peace a Chance , Instant Karma ! , Imagine and Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) . Controversial through his political and peace activism , after moving to New York City in 1971 , his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a three-year attempt by the Nixon administration to deport him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Epstein', 'summary': "Brian Samuel Epstein ( /ˈɛpstaɪn/ ; 19 September 1934 - 27 August 1967 ) was an English music entrepreneur who managed the Beatles from January 1962 until his death . He was referred to as the fifth Beatle due to his role in the group 's business affairs , image and rise to global fame . Epstein was born into a family of successful retailers in Liverpool , who put him in charge of their music shop . Here he displayed a gift for talent-spotting . He first met the Beatles in 1961 at a lunchtime concert at Liverpool 's Cavern Club . Although he had no experience of artist management , Epstein put them under contract and insisted that they abandon their scruff-image in favour of a new clean-cut style , with identical suits and haircuts . He then persuaded George Martin of EMI group to produce their records . Within months , the Beatles were international stars . Epstein accompanied them to America , where he was besieged by merchandising offers , but had signed away 90 per cent of the rights in advance . This is viewed as his one miscalculation . Some of Epstein 's other young discoveries had also prospered at this time under his management . They included Gerry and the Pacemakers , Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas , Tommy Quickly , and Cilla Black ."}]}, {'value': 'Khush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khush_(film)', 'summary': "Khush is a 1991 British short film directed by Pratibha Parmar . It portrays lesbians and gay men from India and other parts of Asia , discussing their coming out and their acceptance and embracing of their sexuality . Khush also discusses homosexuality in the Indian diaspora . It includes interviews and has segments of dancing and artwork . In Urdu , Khush means ecstatic pleasure . This is Parmar 's seventh film . Gwendolyn Audrey Foster , the author of Women Film Directors : An International Bio-critical Dictionary , wrote that Khush was one of [ Parmar 's ] best-known lesbian-centered films . The director stated that Khush was written as a dialogue involving South Asian LGBT diasporas . E. Ann Kaplan , author of Looking for the Other : Feminism , Film and the Imperial Gaze , stated that Khush addresses the dual formation of colonialism as patriarchical and homophobic-a homophobia that uncannily found an echo within Indian culture itself ."}]}, {'value': 'Pratibha Parmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pratibha_Parmar', 'summary': "Pratibha Parmar ( born 11 February 1955 ) is a British filmmaker , who has worked as a director , producer and writer . She is known internationally for her political and often controversial documentary film work as well as her activism within the global feminism and lesbian rights movements . She has collaborated with many well-known artists and activists , and public figures across the world . Parmar specifically uses the camera to benefit women worldwide . Focusing her lens on disenfranchised communities and peoples internationally , her contribution to worldwide humanitarian rights and education has been crucial . Her films are marked by political complexity and visual richness , taking up the themes of women 's strength , racial and cultural oppression and the lives of South Asian LGBT people . She is well known for drawing on humour , wit , women 's everyday lives and visionary storytelling to articulate the realities and dreams of feminist , LGBT women and South Asian diasporic life . Her works typically center around the themes of gender , identity , LGBT issues , race , feminism , and creativity . Parmar aims to narrate and depict untold stories and experiences of traditionally marginalized and underrepresented groups such as African-American women in the 1970s , survivors of female genital mutilation , and misrepresented gay communities in Southeast Asia . In particular , Parmar 's award-winning documentary Warrior Marks ( 1993 ) , made in collaboration with Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Alice Walker ( author of The Color Purple ) , located Parmar deep within multiple conversations about globalization and women 's responsibilities to other women . Parmar went on to co-publish Warrior Marks : Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women with Walker . Parmar has also made music videos for Morcheeba , Tori Amos , Ghostlands and Midge Ure ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Letters_of_Transit_(film)', 'summary': 'Letters of Transit ( French : Les Sauf-conduits ) is a Canadian short drama film , directed by Manon Briand and released in 1991 . The film stars Julie Lavergne , Patrick Goyette and Luc Picard as Alice , Hubert and Marc , three people who become drawn into a love triangle while participating in a community attempt to establish a world record for egg tossing . At the 1992 Rendez-vous Québec Cinéma , Briand won the Bourse Claude-Jutra for Most Promising Young Director , and Picard won the Prix Luce-Guilbault for Most Promising Young Actor . The film was later screened at the 1992 Toronto International Film Festival , where it won the award for Best Canadian Short Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Manon Briand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manon_Briand', 'summary': 'Manon Briand ( born January 1 , 1964 in Baie-Comeau , Quebec ) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter . After graduating in film studies from Concordia University , Briand went to France to study screenwriting in 1987 . Returning home , she co-founded an independent filmmakers group , Les Films de lAutre , and soon began directing . Her films include Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) , a segment in Cosmos , 2 Seconds , Chaos and Desire , Liverpool and the television film Heart : The Marilyn Bell Story .'}]}, {'value': 'Julie Lavergne , Patrick Goyette , Luc Picard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Short drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lost Language of Cranes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lost_Language_of_Cranes_(film)', 'summary': 'The Lost Language of Cranes is a 1991 British television film directed by Nigel Finch . Made by the BBC for their Screen Two series ; it is an adaptation of the 1986 novel of the same name by David Leavitt . Whereas the novel is set in New York with American characters , the film takes place in London . Though most of the characters in the film are British , the characters of Elliot , Geoffrey and Winston are American , and the story is essentially that of the novel .'}]}, {'value': 'Nigel Finch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Finch', 'summary': 'Nigel Lucius Graeme Finch ( 1 August 1949 - 14 February 1995 ) was an English film director and filmmaker whose career influenced the growth of British gay cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Cox , Angus Macfadyen , Eileen Atkins , Corey Parker , Richard Warwick , Cathy Tyson , René Auberjonois , John Schlesinger , Ben Daniels and Nigel Whitmey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Cox_(actor)', 'summary': "Brian Denis Cox CBE ( born 1 June 1946 ) is a Scottish actor who works with the Royal Shakespeare Company , where he gained recognition for his portrayal of King Lear . He currently stars as media magnate Logan Roy on HBO 's Succession . Cox is also known for appearing in Super Troopers , The Bourne Identity , The Bourne Supremacy , X2 , Braveheart , Rushmore , Rise of the Planet of the Apes , and Troy . He was the first actor to portray Hannibal Lecter on film in 1986 's Manhunter . An Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner , Cox has also been nominated for the BAFTA , and Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2006 , Empire readers voted him the recipient of the Empire Icon Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Angus_Macfadyen', 'summary': "Angus Macfadyen ( born 21 September 1963 ) is a Scottish actor . His roles include Robert the Bruce , both in Braveheart and Robert the Bruce , Vice-Counsel Dupont in Equilibrium , Jeff Denlon in the Saw franchise , Robert Rogers in the AMC historical drama Turn : Washington 's Spies , McCreedy in Cameron Crowe 's We Bought a Zoo , and biologist James Murray in The Lost City of Z . He has made appearances on several television series such as Californication , Criminal Minds and the final season of Chuck ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eileen_Atkins', 'summary': 'Dame Eileen June Atkins , DBE ( born 16 June 1934 ) is an English actress and occasional screenwriter . She has worked in the theatre , film , and television consistently since 1953 . In 2008 , she won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Cranford . She is also a three-time Olivier Award winner , winning Best Supporting Performance in 1988 ( for Multiple roles ) and Best Actress for The Unexpected Man ( 1999 ) and Honour ( 2004 ) . She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in 2001 . Atkins joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1957 and made her Broadway debut in the 1966 production of The Killing of Sister George , for which she received the first of four Tony Award nominations for Best Actress in a Play in 1967 . She received subsequent nominations for , Vivat ! Vivat Regina ! ( 1972 ) , Indiscretions ( 1995 ) and The Retreat from Moscow ( 2004 ) . Other stage credits include The Tempest ( Old Vic 1962 ) , Exit the King ( Edinburgh Festival and Royal Court 1963 ) , The Promise ( New York 1967 ) , The Night of the Tribades ( New York 1977 ) , Medea ( Young Vic 1985 ) , A Delicate Balance ( Haymarket , West End 1997 ) and Doubt ( New York 2006 ) . Atkins co-created the television dramas Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1971-75 ) and The House of Elliot ( 1991-93 ) with Jean Marsh . She also wrote the screenplay for the 1997 film Mrs Dalloway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corey_Parker_(actor)', 'summary': 'Corey Parker ( born July 8 , 1965 in New York City ) is an American actor and acting coach .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Warwick', 'summary': "Richard Warwick ( 29 April 1945 - 16 December 1997 ) was an English actor . He was born Richard Carey Winter , the third of four sons , at Meopham , Kent , and made his film debut in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 production of Romeo and Juliet in the role of Gregory . Subsequent films included If. , Nicholas and Alexandra and the first film by Derek Jarman , Sebastiane . On television , he was best known for his roles in the sitcom Please Sir ! , as one of the main character 's teaching colleagues , and in the London Weekend Television comedy A Fine Romance , as the brother-in-law of Judi Dench 's character . He also played Uncas in the television series The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) . His last role before his AIDS-related death was as John ( the servant ) in Zeffirelli 's 1996 adaptation of Jane Eyre . He died in 1997 aged 52 . In an obituary , The Daily Telegraph quoted If . director Lindsay Anderson : I never met a young actor like Richard ! Without a touch of vanity , completely natural yet always concentrated , he illumines every frame of the film in which he appears ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cathy_Tyson', 'summary': 'Catherine Tyson ( born 12 June 1965 ) is an English stage , film and television actress . She won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1986 film Mona Lisa . The film also earned her Golden Globe and BAFTA Award nominations . She has also starred in The Serpent and the Rainbow ( 1988 ) , Priest ( 1994 ) , and in the ITV drama series Band of Gold ( 1995-97 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/René_Auberjonois', 'summary': "René Murat Auberjonois ( /rəˈneɪ oʊˌbɛərʒənˈwɑː/ ; June 1 , 1940 - December 8 , 2019 ) was an American actor , singer , voice artist , narrator , and director best known for playing Odo on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . In films , Auberjonois portrayed Father Mulcahy in the film version of MASH ( 1970 ) ; the expedition scientist Roy Bagley in King Kong ( 1976 ) ; and Chef Louis in The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , in which he sang Les Poissons . In the American animated musical comedy film Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) , Auberjonois voiced Flanagan . In various long-running television series , Auberjonois portrayed a number of characters , including Clayton Endicott III on Benson , for which he was an Emmy Award nominee , and Paul Lewiston on Boston Legal . Auberjonois provided voice acting for video games , having appeared in a number of popular video games . He portrayed the Greek mythological figure , Talos , in the first God of War ( 2005 ) game ; the enigmatic Mr. House in Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) ; Karl Schafer in the Uncharted video game series ; and Odo in Star Trek Online ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Schlesinger', 'summary': 'John Richard Schlesinger CBE ( /ˈʃlɛsɪndʒər/ ; 16 February 1926 - 25 July 2003 ) was an English film and stage director , and actor . He won an Academy Award for Best Director for Midnight Cowboy , and was nominated for two other films ( Darling and Sunday Bloody Sunday ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ben_Daniels', 'summary': "Ben Daniels ( born 10 June 1964 ) is an English actor . Initially a stage actor , Daniels was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for Never the Sinner ( 1991 ) , the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor for 900 Oneonta ( 1994 ) , Best Actor in the M.E.N . Theatre Awards for Martin Yesterday ( 1998 ) , and won the 2001 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the Arthur Miller play All My Sons . In 2008 , Daniels made his Broadway début in a revival of Les Liaisons Dangereuses , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play . Daniels has also appeared on popular television series including Cutting It ( 2002-04 ) , The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , Law & Order : UK ( 2009-11 ) , The Paradise ( 2013 ) , House of Cards ( 2013-14 ) , and The Exorcist ( 2016-17 ) . On 1 April 2018 he appeared in the NBC live televised concert rendition of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice 's rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar as Pontius Pilate . On 20 June 2018 TVLine revealed that Daniels will play Antony Armstrong-Jones , 1st Earl of Snowdon , in season 3 of the Netflix series The Crown . On 11 February 2019 it was announced that Daniels was cast as Walter Sampson in the upcoming Netflix superhero series , Jupiter 's Legacy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Whitmey', 'summary': 'Nigel Whitmey ( born 23 February 1963 ) is a British-Canadian actor who has appeared in TV series and films . He is also the husband of the actress Abigail Thaw , whom he met while training at RADA .'}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by David Leavitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lost_Language_of_Cranes', 'summary': 'The Lost Language of Cranes is a novel by David Leavitt , first published in 1986 . A British TV film of the novel was made in 1991 . The film was released on DVD in 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Leavitt', 'summary': 'David Leavitt ( /ˈlɛvɪt/ ; born June 23 , 1961 ) is an American novelist , short story writer , and biographer .'}]}, {'value': 'Madonna : Truth or Dare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madonna:_Truth_or_Dare', 'summary': 'Madonna : Truth or Dare ( known simply as Truth or Dare and In Bed with Madonna outside of North America ) is a 1991 American documentary film by director Alek Keshishian chronicling the life of singer and songwriter Madonna during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour . Madonna approached Keshishian to do an HBO special on the tour after watching his Harvard senior project . Initially planned to be a traditional concert film , Keshishian was so impressed with the backstage life that he persuaded Madonna to do an actual film focusing on that . Madonna funded the project and served as its executive producer . The film was shot in black-and-white , in order to emulate cinéma vérité , while the performance scenes were shot in color . It was screened out of competition at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival and was given a limited release on May 10 , 1991 ; two weeks later , it had its worldwide release . It opened to positive reviews , although certain parts and scenes were criticized . It was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actress for Madonna as herself . With a worldwide gross of $ 29,012,935 ( an estimated $ 54.44 million in 2019 dollars ) , it remained the highest-grossing documentary of all time , until Bowling for Columbine surpassed it in 2002 . Truth or Dare has been noted as a groundbreaking film for its casual portrayal of homosexuality , and was compared to the documentary Paris Is Burning ( 1990 ) . It has also left its mark on reality television and celebrity culture , inspiring parodies and other music-related documentaries .'}]}, {'value': 'Alek Keshishian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alek_Keshishian', 'summary': 'Alek Keshishian ( Armenian : Ալեք Գևորգի Քեշիշյան , born 30 July 1964 in Beirut , Lebanon ) is an Armenian-American film and commercial director , writer , producer and music video director . He is best known for his 1991 film Madonna : Truth or Dare which was , at the time , the highest-grossing documentary of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madonna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Madonna Louise Ciccone ( /tʃɪˈkoʊni/ , Italian : [ tʃikˈkoːne ] ; born August 16 , 1958 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman . Referred to as the Queen of Pop since the 1980s , Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of songwriting in mainstream popular music and for the imagery she uses onstage and in music videos . She has frequently reinvented her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry . Her works have been praised by music critics and have sparked controversy . Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists . Born and raised in Michigan , Madonna moved to New York City in 1978 to pursue a career in modern dance . After performing as a drummer , guitarist , and vocalist in the rock bands Breakfast Club and Emmy , Madonna signed with Sire Records in 1982 and released her eponymous debut album the next year . She followed it with a series of successful albums , including global bestsellers Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) as well as Grammy Award winners Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . Many of her songs have reached the top of record charts worldwide , including Like a Virgin , La Isla Bonita , Like a Prayer , Vogue , Take a Bow , Frozen , Music , Hung Up , and 4 Minutes . Madonna 's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in films such as Desperately Seeking Susan ( 1985 ) , Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , and Evita ( 1996 ) . While Evita earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , many of her other films received poor reviews . As a businesswoman , Madonna founded an entertainment company called Maverick ( including the label Maverick Records ) in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': "Chronicles the entertainer 's life during her Blond Ambition World Tour the previous year", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour', 'summary': "Blond Ambition World Tour was the third concert tour by American singer Madonna . It supported her fourth studio album Like a Prayer and the soundtrack of the film Dick Tracy , I 'm Breathless . Originally planned to be called Like a Prayer World Tour , it was supposed to be sponsored by soft drink manufacturer Pepsi , whom Madonna signed a deal with . After the music video for Like a Prayer , which featured Catholic symbols such as stigmata , burning crosses , and a dream about making love to a saint was released , the Vatican condemned it . Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and called for a boycott of Pepsi products and subsidiaries , leading the company to revoke the commercial and cancel Madonna 's sponsorship contract . The Blond Ambition World Tour was officially announced by Sire Records on November 1989 . The concert was divided into five segments : Metropolis , inspired by the 1927 German expressionist film of the same name and the Express Yourself music video ; Religious , by religious themes ; Dick Tracy , by the film of the same name and cabaret ; Art Deco was inspired by early Hollywood films using the works of artist Tamara de Lempicka , and the fifth was an encore . The art direction was developed by Madonna 's brother Christopher Ciccone , while the costumes were created by designer Jean-Paul Gaultier . The tour garnered positive appreciation from contemporary critics and commercial success . It received the Most Creative Stage Production at the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards and grossed over US $ 62.7 million ( $ 122.7 million in 2019 dollars ) from 57 concerts . Additionally , Madonna was named the second most successful solo touring act at the time behind Michael Jackson . Due to its sexual and Catholic imagery , the tour generated controversy ; in Italy , several Religious organizations protested and condemned it as well as the singer , with Pope John Paul II urging the general public and the Christian community not to attend the tour , calling it one of the most satanic shows in the history of humanity ."}]}, {'value': 'The Making of Monsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Making_of_Monsters', 'summary': "The Making of Monsters is a Canadian short film , directed by John Greyson and released in 1991 . Made while Greyson was a student at the Canadian Film Centre , the film 's premise is that playwright , and poet Bertolt Brecht is alive and living in Toronto , and actively interfering with the production of Monsters , a heavily sanitized movie of the week about the 1985 death of Kenneth Zeller in a gaybashing attack . The film premiered at the 1991 Berlin International Film Festival , and was later screened at the 1991 Toronto International Film Festival and other selected LGBT film festivals , including Vancouver 's Out on Screen , Montreal 's Image+Nation and Edmonton 's The Voice and the Vision ."}]}, {'value': 'John Greyson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Greyson', 'summary': "John Greyson ( born March 13 , 1960 ) is a Canadian director , writer , video artist , producer , and political activist , whose work frequently deals with gay themes . Greyson is also a professor at York University 's film school , where he teaches film and video theory , film production , and editing . He was part of a loosely-affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge in the 1980s from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave . Greyson has won accolades and achieved critical success with his films - most notably Zero Patience ( 1993 ) and Lilies ( 1996 ) . His outspoken persona , activism , and public image have also attracted international press and controversy ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musical comedy-drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Anderson , Stewart Arnott and Lee MacDougall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meeting Two Queens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecilia_Barriga', 'summary': "Cecilia Barriga ( born 1957 ) is a Chilean-Spanish film director . Her 1991 film Meeting Two Queens was shown at Montreal Women 's Film and Video Festival and New York International Festival of Gay and Lesbian Film . She directed her first feature film Time 's Up ! in New York City . It premiered at the Donostia-San Sebastián Film Festival in 2000 as part of Zabaltegi ."}]}, {'value': 'Cecilia Barriga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecilia_Barriga', 'summary': "Cecilia Barriga ( born 1957 ) is a Chilean-Spanish film director . Her 1991 film Meeting Two Queens was shown at Montreal Women 's Film and Video Festival and New York International Festival of Gay and Lesbian Film . She directed her first feature film Time 's Up ! in New York City . It premiered at the Donostia-San Sebastián Film Festival in 2000 as part of Zabaltegi ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various film scenes of Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greta_Garbo', 'summary': "Greta Garbo [ a ] ( born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson ; [ b ] 18 September 1905 - 15 April 1990 ) was a Swedish film actress during the 1920s and 1930s . In 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on their list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema . Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gösta Berling . Her performance caught the attention of Louis B. Mayer , chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) , who brought her to Hollywood in 1925 . She stirred interest with her first American silent film , Torrent ( 1926 ) . Garbos performance in Flesh and the Devil ( 1927 ) , her third movie , made her an international star . Garbo 's first talking film was Anna Christie ( 1930 ) . MGM marketers enticed the public with the tagline Garbo talks ! That same year , she starred in Romance . For her performances in these films , she received the first of three Academy Award nominations for best actress . Academy rules at the time allowed for a performer to receive a single nomination for his or her work in more than one film . In 1932 , her success allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract , and she became increasingly selective about her roles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich', 'summary': 'Marie Magdalene Marlene Dietrich ( /mɑːrˈleɪnə ˈdiːtrɪk/ , German : [ maʁˈleːnə ˈdiːtʁɪç ] ; 27 December 1901 - 6 May 1992 ) was a German-American actress and singer . Throughout her long career , which spanned from the 1910s to the 1980s , she continually reinvented herself . In 1920s Berlin , Dietrich acted on the stage and in silent films . Her performance as Lola-Lola in The Blue Angel ( 1930 ) brought her international acclaim and a contract with Paramount Pictures . Dietrich starred in Hollywood films such as Morocco ( 1930 ) , Shanghai Express ( 1932 ) , and Desire ( 1936 ) . She successfully traded on her glamorous persona and exotic looks , and became one of the highest-paid actresses of the era . Throughout World War II , she was a high-profile entertainer in the United States . Although she still made occasional films after the war such as Witness for the Prosecution ( 1957 ) , Dietrich spent most of the 1950s to the 1970s touring the world as a marquee live-show performer . Dietrich was known for her humanitarian efforts during the war , housing German and French exiles , providing financial support and even advocating their U.S. citizenship . For her work on improving morale on the front lines during the war , she received several honors from the United States , France , Belgium , and Israel . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named Dietrich the ninth greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Re-editing and cutting various scenes from Hollywood films , in order to create a space for lesbian identity politics and identity formation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Father Is Coming', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monika Treut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monika_Treut', 'summary': 'Monika Treut ( born April 6 , 1954 , in Mönchengladbach , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany ) is a German lesbian filmmaker . She attended high school at an all-girls state school . She studied German and Political Science at university . She wrote her PhD thesis about The Cruel Woman : Female Images in the Writing of Marquis de Sade and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch . After passing the state examination she graduated in 1978 . During her studies at university in the mid-1970s she began working with video . She worked as a media associate in Marburg , Frankfurt , and Berlin . In 1984 , Treut earned her doctorate degree in philology from the University of Marburg . That same year she founded Hyena Filmproduktion together with Elfi Mikesch , and began producing , writing , and directing independent feature films . The following year Treut made her feature film debut with Seduction : The Cruel Woman , a film that explored sadomasochistic sex practices . Treut also spent time in America during the 1980s . Traveling and working in San Francisco and New York City , Treut met and worked with Annie Sprinkle and Werner Schroeter , while also producing some of her own films .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred Edel , Shelley Kästner , Annie Sprinkle , Michael Massee , Mary Lou Grailau , David Bronstein , Dominique Gaspar , Flora Gasper , Fakir Musafar , Israel Marti , Mario de Colombia , Bruce Benderson , Rebecca Lewin , Stephen Feld and Charles-John Austen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle', 'summary': 'Annie M. Sprinkle ( born Ellen F. Steinberg on July 23 , 1954 ) is an American certified sexologist , sex educator , former sex worker , feminist stripper , pornographic actress , cable television host , porn magazine editor , writer , sex film producer , and sex-positive feminist . She received a BFA in photography from the School of Visual Arts in 1986 and , in 1992 , she earned a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in Human Sexuality from the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality in San Francisco . Currently , Sprinkle works as a performance artist , visual artist , filmmaker , author , and sex educator . Sprinkle , who describes herself as ecosexual married her long-time partner , Beth Stephens , in Canada on January 14 , 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Massee', 'summary': 'Michael Groo Massee ( September 1 , 1952 - October 20 , 2016 ) was an American actor . He starred as Funboy in 1994 film The Crow , Ira Gaines in 24 , and The Gentleman in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider-Man . He also reprised this role in the 2014 sequel The Amazing Spider-Man 2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fakir_Musafar', 'summary': 'Roland Loomis ( August 10 , 1930 - August 1 , 2018 ) , known professionally as Fakir Musafar , was an American performance artist and early proponent of the modern primitive movement . He experimented with and taught body modification techniques such as body piercing , tightlacing , scarification , tattooing and flesh hook suspension . He was involved in the BDSM , kink and fetish communities .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Own Private Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Own_Private_Idaho', 'summary': "My Own Private Idaho is a 1991 American independent adventure drama film written and directed by Gus Van Sant , loosely based on Shakespeare 's Henry IV , Part 1 , Henry IV , Part 2 , and Henry V , and starring River Phoenix and Keanu Reeves . The story follows two friends , Mike and Scott , as they embark on a journey of personal discovery that takes them from Portland , Oregon to Mike 's hometown in Idaho , and then to Rome in search of Mike 's mother . Van Sant originally wrote the screenplay in the 1970s , but discarded it after reading John Rechy 's 1963 novel City of Night and concluding that Rechy 's treatment of the subject of street hustlers was better than his own . Over the years , Van Sant rewrote the script , which comprised two stories : that of Mike and the search for his mother , and Scott 's story as a modern update of the Henry IV plays . Van Sant had difficulty getting Hollywood financing , and at one point considered making the film on a minuscule budget with a cast of actual street kids . After he sent copies of his script to Reeves , and Reeves then showed it to Phoenix , both agreed to star in the film on each other 's behalf . My Own Private Idaho had its premiere at the 48th Venice International Film Festival , and received largely positive reviews from critics including Roger Ebert and those of The New York Times and Entertainment Weekly . The film was a moderate financial success , grossing over $ 6.4 million in North America , above its estimated budget of $ 2.5 million . Phoenix received several awards for his performance in the film , including the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 1991 Venice Film Festival , Best Male Lead from the Independent Spirit Awards , and Best Actor from the National Society of Film Critics . My Own Private Idaho is considered a landmark film in the New Queer Cinema movement , an early 1990s movement in queer-themed independent filmmaking . Since its 1991 release , the film has grown in popularity and been deemed as a cult classic , especially among LGBT audiences . The film is notable for its then-taboo subject matter and avant-garde style ."}]}, {'value': 'Gus Van Sant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant', 'summary': "Gus Green Van Sant Jr. ( born July 24 , 1952 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , painter , photographer , musician , and author who has earned acclaim as both an independent and mainstream filmmaker . His films typically deal with themes of marginalized subcultures , in particular homosexuality ; as such , Van Sant is considered one of the most prominent auteurs of the New Queer Cinema movement . Van Sant 's early career was devoted to directing television commercials in the Pacific Northwest . He made his feature-length cinematic directorial debut with Mala Noche ( 1985 ) . His second feature Drugstore Cowboy ( 1989 ) was highly acclaimed , and earned Van Sant screenwriting awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and New York Film Critics Circle and the award for Best Director from the National Society of Film Critics . His following film , My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) , was similarly praised , as was the black comedy To Die For ( 1995 ) , the drama Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) , and the biographical film Milk ( 2008 ) ; for the latter two , Van Sant was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and both films received Best Picture nominations . In 2003 , Van Sant 's film about the Columbine High School massacre , Elephant , won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . Van Sant also received the festival 's Best Director Award that same year , making him one of only two filmmakers - the other being Joel Coen - to win both accolades at the festival in the same year . Though most of Van Sant 's other films received favourable reviews , such as Finding Forrester ( 2000 ) and Paranoid Park ( 2007 ) , some of his efforts , such as the art house production Last Days ( 2005 ) and the environmental drama Promised Land ( 2012 ) , have received more mixed reviews from critics , while his adaptation of Tom Robbins 's Even Cowgirls Get the Blues ( 1994 ) , his 1998 remake of Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho , and The Sea of Trees ( 2015 ) , were critical and commercial failures . In addition to directing , Van Sant has written the screenplays for several of his earlier works , and is the author of a novel entitled Pink . A book of his photography , called 108 Portraits , has also been published , and he has released two musical albums . He is openly gay and lives in Los Feliz , California ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "River Phoenix , Keanu Reeves , James Russo , William Richert , Rodney Harvey , Chiara Caselli , Michael Parker , Jessie Thomas , Grace Zabriskie , Flea , Udo Kier , Vana O'Brien , Jim Caviezel , Brian Wilson and Wade Evans", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_Phoenix', 'summary': "River Jude Phoenix ( né Bottom ; August 23 , 1970 - October 31 , 1993 ) was an American actor , musician , and animal activist . He was the older brother of Rain Phoenix , Joaquin Phoenix , Liberty Phoenix , and Summer Phoenix . Phoenix 's work encompassed 24 films and television appearances , and his rise to fame led to his status as a teen idol . He began his acting career at age 10 , in television commercials . He starred in the science fiction adventure film Explorers ( 1985 ) and had his first notable role in 1986 's Stand by Me , a coming-of-age film based on the novella The Body by Stephen King . Phoenix made a transition into more adult-oriented roles with Running on Empty ( 1988 ) , playing the son of fugitive parents in a well-received performance that earned him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , and My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) , playing a gay hustler in search of his estranged mother . For his performance in the latter , Phoenix garnered enormous praise and won a Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival , along with Best Actor from the National Society of Film Critics . On October 31 , 1993 , Phoenix collapsed and died of combined drug intoxication following a drug overdose on the sidewalk outside the West Hollywood nightclub The Viper Room at the age of 23 . At the time of his death , Phoenix was acting in Dark Blood , which was released in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Keanu_Reeves', 'summary': "Keanu Charles Reeves ( /kiˈɑːnuː/ kee-AH-noo ; born September 2 , 1964 ) is a Canadian [ a ] actor , producer , and musician . Reeves gained fame for his starring roles in several blockbuster films , including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise ( 1989-present ) ; action thrillers Point Break ( 1991 ) , Speed ( 1994 ) , and the John Wick franchise ( 2014-present ) ; psychological thriller The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) ; supernatural action horror Constantine ( 2005 ) ; and sci-fi action series The Matrix ( 1999-present ) . He has also appeared in drama films such as Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) , and Little Buddha ( 1993 ) , as well as the romantic horror Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) . Reeves has earned critical acclaim and several awards for his acting , including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . One New York Times critic praised his versatility , saying that he displays considerable discipline and range . he moves easily between the buttoned-down demeanor that suits a police procedural story and the loose-jointed manner of his comic roles . However , Reeves has spent much of his later career being typecast ; saving the world is a recurring character arc in many roles he has portrayed , as manifested in characters such as Ted Theodore Logan , Gautama Buddha , Neo , Johnny Mnemonic , John Constantine , and Klaatu . The John Wick franchise represented a return to critical praise and commercial success for Reeves . Reeves has pursued other creative endeavours such as directing and producing films , performing music , and acting in theatre and video games . Onstage , he performed as Prince Hamlet for the Manitoba Theatre Centre 's production of Hamlet . He played bass guitar for the bands Dogstar and Becky . He also wrote the text for the 2011 picture book Ode to Happiness , illustrated by Alexandra Grant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Russo', 'summary': 'James Vincent Russo ( born April 23 , 1953 ) is an American film and television actor . He has appeared in over 150 films in three decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Richert', 'summary': 'William Richert ( born 1942 ) is an American film director , film producer , screenwriter and actor . He is known for writing and directing the feature films Winter Kills , The American Success Company , and A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rodney_Harvey', 'summary': 'Rodney Michael Harvey ( July 31 , 1967 - April 11 , 1998 ) was an American actor and dancer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiara_Caselli', 'summary': "Chiara Caselli ( born 22 December 1967 ) is an Italian actress . In 1994 , Caselli won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress award as well as the David di Donatello for Best Actress award . Caselli has appeared in American films including My Own Private Idaho opposite River Phoenix and Keanu Reeves . In 2002 she also appeared opposite John Malkovich in Ripley 's Game ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grace_Zabriskie', 'summary': "Grace Zabriskie ( born Grace Caplinger ; May 17 , 1941 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Sarah Palmer in Twin Peaks ( 1990-1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , Lois Henrickson in Big Love , as well as in cult films such as two of David Lynch 's films : Juana Durango in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) and Visitor # 1 in Inland Empire ( 2006 ) . Other film roles include Nickel Mountain ( 1984 ) , Child 's Play 2 ( 1990 ) , and The Grudge ( 2004 ) . She is also known for her recurring roles in Seinfeld and Charmed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Flea_(musician)', 'summary': "Michael Peter Balzary ( born 16 October 1962 ) , known professionally as Flea , is an Australian-American musician and actor . He is best known as a founding member and the bassist of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers and has appeared on every album released by the band . Flea briefly appeared as the bassist for such bands as What Is This ? , Fear , and Jane 's Addiction . He has performed with rock supergroups Atoms for Peace , Antemasque , Pigface , and Rocket Juice & the Moon , and collaborated with the Mars Volta , Johnny Cash , Tom Waits , Alanis Morissette , and Young MC . Flea also performed live with Nirvana in 1993 playing the trumpet . Flea incorporates elements of funk ( including slap bass ) , psychedelic , punk , and hard rock in his style of playing . In 2009 , Rolling Stone readers ranked Flea the second best bassist of all time , behind only John Entwistle . In 2012 , he and the other members of Red Hot Chili Peppers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Since 1984 , Flea has acted in over 20 films and television series such as Suburbia , Back to the Future Part II and Part III , My Own Private Idaho , The Chase , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Dudes , Son in Law , The Big Lebowski , Low Down , Baby Driver and Boy Erased , in addition to voicing the character Donnie Thornberry in The Wild Thornberrys animated television series and films . Flea is also the co-founder of Silverlake Conservatory of Music , a non-profit music education organization founded in 2001 for underprivileged children . In 2019 his memoir Acid for the Children was published , detailing his life prior to the formation of Red Hot Chili Peppers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Udo_Kier', 'summary': 'Udo Kier ( born Udo Kierspe ; 14 October 1944 ) is a German actor and voice actor . Known primarily as a character actor , Kier has appeared in over 200 films in both leading and supporting roles throughout Europe and North America . He has collaborated with acclaimed filmmakers like Lars von Trier , Gus van Sant , Werner Herzog , Walerian Borowczyk , Kleber Mendonça Filho , Dario Argento , Charles Matton , and Paul Morrissey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Caviezel', 'summary': "James Patrick Caviezel ( /kəˈviːzəl/ ; born September 26 , 1968 ) is an American actor . Caviezel portrayed Jesus Christ in the film The Passion of the Christ and starred as John Reese on the CBS science-fiction crime drama series Person of Interest ( 2011-2016 ) . Caviezel 's other notable roles include Private Witt in The Thin Red Line , Detective John Sullivan in Frequency , and Edmond Dantès in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Wilson', 'summary': "Brian Douglas Wilson ( born June 20 , 1942 ) is an American musician , singer , songwriter , and record producer who co-founded the Beach Boys . After signing with Capitol Records in 1962 , Wilson wrote or co-wrote more than two dozen Top 40 hits for the group . In addition to his unorthodox approaches to pop composition and mastery of recording techniques , Wilson is known for his lifelong struggles with mental illness . He is often referred to as a genius and is widely acknowledged as one of the most innovative and significant songwriters of the late 20th century . The Beach Boys were formed by Wilson with his brothers Dennis and Carl , their cousin Mike Love , and friend Al Jardine . Brian , who grew up influenced by 1950s rock and roll and jazz-based vocal groups , originally functioned as the band 's songwriter , producer , co-lead vocalist , bassist , keyboardist , and de facto leader . In 1964 , he suffered a nervous breakdown and stopped touring with the group , which led to more personal work such as Pet Sounds ( 1966 ) and the unfinished Smile . As his mental health deteriorated , his contributions to the band diminished , and over the next decade , he was reputed for his reclusive lifestyle and substance abuse . Following a 1992 court-ordered removal from the care of psychologist Eugene Landy , Wilson started receiving conventional medical treatment , and in the late 1990s , he began performing and recording consistently as a solo artist . He remains a member of the Beach Boys ' corporation , Brother Records Inc. Wilson was the first pop artist credited for writing , arranging , producing , and performing his own material . He is considered a major innovator in the field of music production , the principal originator of the California Sound , one of the first music producer auteurs , and the first rock producer to use the studio as its own instrument . The unusual creative control Capitol gave him over his own records effectively set a precedent that allowed other bands and artists to act as their own producers or co-producers ."}]}, {'value': 'Loosely based on the history plays Henry IV , Part 1 , Henry IV , Part 2 and Henry V by William Shakespeare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)', 'summary': "History is one of the three main genres in Western theatre alongside tragedy and comedy , although it originated , in its modern form , thousands of years later than the other primary genres . For this reason , it is often treated as a subset of tragedy . A play in this genre is known as a history play and is based on a historical narrative , often set in the medieval or early modern past . History emerged as a distinct genre from tragedy in Renaissance England . The best known examples of the genre are the history plays written by William Shakespeare , whose plays still serve to define the genre . History plays also appear elsewhere in British and Western literature , such as Thomas Heywood 's Edward IV , Schiller 's Mary Stuart or the Dutch genre Gijsbrecht van Aemstel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1', 'summary': "Henry IV , Part 1 is a history play by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written no later than 1597 . It is the second play in Shakespeare 's tetralogy dealing with the successive reigns of Richard II , Henry IV ( two plays , including Henry IV , Part 2 ) , and Henry V. Henry IV , Part 1 depicts a span of history that begins with Hotspur 's battle at Homildon in Northumberland against Douglas late in 1402 and ends with the defeat of the rebels at Shrewsbury in the middle of 1403 . From the start , it has been an extremely popular play both with the public and critics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2', 'summary': 'Henry IV , Part 2 is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written between 1596 and 1599 . It is the third part of a tetralogy , preceded by Richard II and Henry IV , Part 1 and succeeded by Henry V. The play is often seen as an extension of aspects of Henry IV , Part 1 , rather than a straightforward continuation of the historical narrative , placing more emphasis on the highly popular character of Falstaff and introducing other comic figures as part of his entourage , including Ancient Pistol , Doll Tearsheet , and Justice Robert Shallow . Several scenes specifically parallel episodes in Part 1 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_V_(play)', 'summary': "Henry V is a history play by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written near 1599 . It tells the story of King Henry V of England , focusing on events immediately before and after the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) during the Hundred Years ' War . In the First Quarto text , it was titled The Cronicle History of Henry the fift , :p.6 which became The Life of Henry the Fifth in the First Folio text . The play is the final part of a tetralogy , preceded by Richard II , Henry IV , Part 1 , and Henry IV , Part 2 . The original audiences would thus have already been familiar with the title character , who was depicted in the Henry IV plays as a wild , undisciplined young man . In Henry V , the young prince has matured . He embarks on an expedition to France and , his army badly outnumbered , defeats the French at Agincourt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Shakespeare', 'summary': "William Shakespeare ( bapt . 26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616 ) [ a ] was an English poet , playwright , and actor , widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world 's greatest dramatist . He is often called England 's national poet and the Bard of Avon ( or simply the Bard ) . [ b ] His extant works , including collaborations , consist of some 39 plays , [ c ] 154 sonnets , two long narrative poems , and a few other verses , some of uncertain authorship . His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright . Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire . At the age of 18 , he married Anne Hathaway , with whom he had three children : Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith . Sometime between 1585 and 1592 , he began a successful career in London as an actor , writer , and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , later known as the King 's Men . At age 49 ( around 1613 ) , he appears to have retired to Stratford , where he died three years later . Few records of Shakespeare 's private life survive ; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance , his sexuality , his religious beliefs , and whether the works attributed to him were written by others . Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613 . [ d ] His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres ."}]}, {'value': 'Naked Lunch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naked_Lunch_(film)', 'summary': "Naked Lunch is a 1991 science fiction drama film co-written and directed by David Cronenberg and starring Peter Weller , Judy Davis , Ian Holm , and Roy Scheider . It is an adaptation of William S. Burroughs ' 1959 novel of the same name , and an international co-production of Canada , Britain and Japan . The film was released on December 27 , 1991 , in the United States and April 24 , 1992 , in the United Kingdom by 20th Century Fox . It received positive reviews from critics , but was a box office bomb , garnering only $ 2.6 million out of a $ 17-18 million budget due to a limited release . It won numerous honours , including the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director and seven Genie Awards , notably Best Motion Picture . Naked Lunch has since become a cult film ."}]}, {'value': 'David Cronenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cronenberg', 'summary': "David Paul Cronenberg CC OOnt FRSC ( born March 15 , 1943 ) is a Canadian filmmaker . He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre , with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation , infection , technology and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical . In the first third of his career he explored these themes mostly through horror and science fiction films such as Scanners ( 1981 ) and Videodrome ( 1983 ) , although his work has since expanded beyond these genres . Cronenberg 's films have polarized critics and audiences alike ; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence . The Village Voice called him the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world . His films have won numerous awards , including , for Crash , the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival , a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually , but only at the request of the official jury , who in this case gave the award for originality , for daring and for audacity ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada United Kingdom Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fantasy , crime , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Weller , Judy Davis , Ian Holm , Roy Scheider , Joseph Scorsiani , Julian Sands , Monique Mercure , Michael Zelniker , Nicholas Campbell , Robert A. Silverman , John Friesen and Sean McCann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Weller', 'summary': "Peter Frederick Weller ( born June 24 , 1947 ) is an American film and stage actor , television director , and art historian . Weller has appeared in more than 70 films and television series , including RoboCop ( 1987 ) and its sequel RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) , in which he played the title character , The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension ( 1984 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . He has also appeared in such films as Woody Allen 's Mighty Aphrodite ( 1995 ) , the Oliver Stone-produced The New Age ( 1994 ) , and David Cronenberg 's adaptation of William Burroughs 's novel Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) . Aside from a Saturn Award nomination for his RoboCop role , Weller received an Academy Award nomination for his 1993 short Partners , in which he also acted . In television , he hosted the program Engineering an Empire on the History Channel from 2005 to 2007 . He also played Christopher Henderson in the fifth season of 24 , Stan Liddy in the fifth season of the Showtime original series Dexter , as well as Charles Charlie Barosky in 11 episodes in ( Season 6 ) of Kurt Sutter 's long running Sons of Anarchy . Since 2012 , Weller has been involved in the A & E ( now Netflix ) series Longmire both as a director and an actor . In 2017 , Weller appeared on The Last Ship as Dr. Paul Vellek ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Judy_Davis', 'summary': "Judith Davis ( born 23 April 1955 ) is an Australian actress known for her work in film , television , and theatre . With a career spanning over 40 years she is commended for her versatility and is regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation with frequent collaborator Woody Allen describing her as one of the most exciting actresses in the world . She is the recipient of eight AACTA Awards , three Emmy Awards , two British Academy Film Awards , two Golden Globe Awards and has received two Academy Award nominations . Davis is a 1977 graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Art , where she starred opposite Mel Gibson in Romeo and Juliet . Most of Davis 's stage work has been in Australia , including Piaf ( 1980 ) , Hedda Gabler ( 1986 ) , Victory ( 2004 ) and The Seagull ( 2011 ) , but she also starred in the 1982 London production of Insignificance , for which she was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Actress , and the 1989 Los Angeles production of Hapgood . She returned to the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 2017 to direct the play Love and Money . She has won British Academy Film Awards for both Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer for the film My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) , two Australian Film Institute Awards as Best Actress for Winter of Our Dreams ( 1981 ) and Supporting Actress for Hoodwink ( 1981 ) , and later received Academy Award nominations for A Passage to India ( 1984 ) and Husbands and Wives ( 1992 ) . This making her the first Australian to receive nominations in both categories and the fourth Australian actress to receive an Academy Award nomination . Her other film roles include High Rolling ( 1977 ) , Who Dares Wins ( 1982 ) , Heatwave ( 1983 ) , High Tide ( 1987 ) , Georgia ( 1988 ) , Alice ( 1990 ) , George Sand in Impromptu ( 1991 ) , Barton Fink ( 1991 ) , Dark Blood ( 1993 ) , Absolute Power ( 1997 ) , Deconstructing Harry ( 1997 ) , Celebrity ( 1998 ) , The Man Who Sued God ( 2001 ) , The Break-up ( 2006 ) , Anne d'Arpajon in Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) , The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) , To Rome with Love ( 2012 ) , The Young and Prodigious T.S . Spivet ( 2013 ) and The Dressmaker ( 2015 ) . For her television work , Davis won Primetime Emmy Awards for Serving in Silence : The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story ( 1995 ) , for playing Judy Garland in Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows ( 2001 ) and The Starter Wife ( 2007 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film for Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows and One Against the Wind ( 1991 ) . Other television roles include Water Under the Bridge ( 1980 ) , A Woman Called Golda ( 1982 ) , A Cooler Climate ( 1999 ) , Nancy Reagan in The Reagans ( 2003 ) , Coast to Coast ( 2003 ) , Sante Kimes in A Little Thing Called Murder ( 2006 ) , Page Eight ( 2011 ) , Hedda Hopper in Feud : Bette and Joan ( 2017 ) and Mystery Road ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Holm', 'summary': 'Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert CBE ( born 12 September 1931 ) , known as Ian Holm , is an English actor known for his stage work and many film roles . He received the 1967 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor for his performance as Lenny in The Homecoming and the 1998 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance in the title role of King Lear . He won the 1981 BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as athletics trainer Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire , for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award . His other well-known film roles include Ash in Alien , Father Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element , and the hobbit Bilbo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roy_Scheider', 'summary': 'Roy Richard Scheider ( November 10 , 1932 - February 10 , 2008 ) was an American actor and amateur boxer . Scheider gained fame for his leading and supporting roles in several iconic films from the 1970s through to the early-mid 80s , playing NYPD Detective Buddy Cloudy Russo in The French Connection ( 1971 ) ; NYPD Detective Buddy Manucci in The Seven Ups ( 1973 ) ; Police Chief Martin Brody in Jaws ( 1975 ) and Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) ; Doc in Marathon Man ( 1976 ) ; choreographer and film director Joe Gideon ( whose character was based on Bob Fosse ) in All That Jazz ( which was co-written and directed by Fosse ) ( 1979 ) ; and Dr. Heywood R. Floyd in the 1984 film 2010 , the sequel to 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Scheider was also known for playing Captain Nathan Bridger in the science fiction television series seaQuest DSV ( 1993-1996 ) . Described by AllMovie as one of the most unique and distinguished of all Hollywood actors , Scheider was nominated for two Academy Awards , a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julian_Sands', 'summary': 'Julian Richard Morley Sands ( born 4 January 1958 ) is an English actor known for his roles in films such as The Killing Fields , A Room with a View , Warlock , Arachnophobia , and Vatel . On television , he is known for playing Vladimir Bierko in 24 , and Jor-El in Smallville .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monique_Mercure', 'summary': "Marie Lise Monique Émond CC ( born 14 November 1930 ) , better known as Monique Mercure , is a Canadian stage and screen actress . She is one of the country 's great actors of the classical and modern repertory . In 1977 , Mercure won a Cannes Film Festival Award and a Canadian Film Award for her performance in the drama film J.A . Martin Photographer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Zelniker', 'summary': "Michael Zelniker is a Canadian-born actor , director and screenwriter . He is best known for his performance as Red Rodney in Clint Eastwood 's Academy Award-winning film , Bird ( 1988 ) and as Doug Alward in The Terry Fox Story ( 1983 ) , for which he won a Genie Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 5th Genie Awards in 1984 . Originally from Montreal , Quebec , Zelniker studied acting and theatre at Dawson College , Dome Theatre . He also appeared in the films Pinball Summer ( 1980 ) , Ticket to Heaven ( 1981 ) , Heartaches ( 1981 ) , Bird ( 1988 ) , Glory Enough for All ( 1991 ) , Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) , Queens Logic ( 1991 ) , Mercenary ( 1996 ) and Snide and Prejudice ( 1997 ) , and made guest appearances in the television series The Littlest Hobo , In the Heat of the Night , Murder , She Wrote , Profiler , Strong Medicine , The Dead Zone and Millennium . He wrote the screenplay for the 1998 film Stuart Bliss , in which he also played the title character . Stuart Bliss was also produced by Zelniker , and won Northampton Film Festival 's Best of Fest Award in 1998 . Zelniker wrote , produced and directed Falling , which won Indie Fest USA International Film Festival 's Best of Festival Award in 2012 . In 2013 he began teaching Acting for Film , Chekhov Technique and Performing Shakespeare at the Los Angeles Campus of the New York Film Academy after teaching Acting for the Camera , Acting Technique and Shakespeare at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy from 2004 to 2013 . In 2018 Zelniker became a climate leader with the Climate Reality Project , trained by former Vice President Al Gore . He now serves as the Co-Chair of the Los Angeles chapter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Campbell', 'summary': "Nicholas Campbell ( born 24 March 1952 ) is a Canadian actor and filmmaker , who won three Gemini Awards for acting . He is known for such films as Naked Lunch , Prozac Nation , New Waterford Girl and the television series Da Vinci 's Inquest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_A._Silverman', 'summary': 'Robert A. Silverman ( born February 24 , 1938 ) is a Canadian actor and often cast by writer/director David Cronenberg . He is sometimes credited as Bob Silverman or Robert Silverman . He has appeared in five films directed by David Cronenberg . He has also acted in the Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Hate On Your Dial and Faith Healer ( directed by Cronenberg ) , and acted with him in Jason X. Silverman was nominated in 2003 for a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Guest Role in a Dramatic Series in The Eleventh Hour . Silverman has been cast by Cronenberg in the following films :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sean_McCann_(actor)', 'summary': "William Leonard Sean McCann ( September 24 , 1935 - June 13 , 2019 ) was a Canadian actor . McCann was one of Canada 's most successful character actors and was in the business for over 55 years . A recipient of the prestigious Earle Grey Award for his lifetime achievement in television , Sean McCann appeared in over 150 movies , television programs and plays ."}]}, {'value': 'Based on the novel of the same name by William S. Burroughs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naked_Lunch', 'summary': "Naked Lunch ( sometimes The Naked Lunch ) is a 1959 novel by American writer William S. Burroughs . The book is structured as a series of loosely connected vignettes . Burroughs stated that the chapters are intended to be read in any order . The reader follows the narration of junkie William Lee , who takes on various aliases , from the U.S. to Mexico , eventually to Tangier and the dreamlike Interzone . The vignettes ( which Burroughs called routines ) are drawn from Burroughs ' own experiences in these places and his addiction to drugs : heroin , morphine and , while in Tangier , majoun ( a strong hashish confection ) , as well as a German opioid with the brand name Eukodol ( oxycodone ) , of which he wrote frequently . The novel was included in Time 's 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005 . In 1991 , David Cronenberg directed a film of the same name based on the novel and other Burroughs writings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_S._Burroughs', 'summary': "William Seward Burroughs II ( /ˈbʌroʊz/ ; February 5 , 1914 - August 2 , 1997 ) was an American writer and visual artist . Burroughs was a primary figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodernist author whose influence is considered to have affected a range of popular culture as well as literature . Burroughs wrote eighteen novels and novellas , six collections of short stories and four collections of essays . Five books have been published of his interviews and correspondences . He also collaborated on projects and recordings with numerous performers and musicians and made many appearances in films . He was also briefly known by the pen name William Lee . Burroughs created and exhibited thousands of paintings and other visual artworks , including his celebrated 'Gunshot Paintings ' . He was born into a wealthy family in St. Louis , Missouri , grandson of the inventor and founder of the Burroughs Corporation , William Seward Burroughs I , and nephew of public relations manager Ivy Lee . Burroughs began writing essays and journals in early adolescence but did not begin publicizing his writing until his thirties . He left home in 1932 to attend Harvard University , studied English , and anthropology as a postgraduate , and later attended medical school in Vienna . In 1942 Burroughs enlisted in the U.S. Army to serve during World War II , but was turned down by the Office of Strategic Services and Navy , after which he picked up the drug addiction that affected him for the rest of his life , while working a variety of jobs . In 1943 , while living in New York City , he befriended Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac , and out of their mutual influence grew the foundation of the Beat Generation , which was later a defining influence on the 1960s counterculture ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelligan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelligan_(film)', 'summary': "Nelligan is a Canadian drama film , directed by Robert Favreau and released in 1991 . A biopic of Quebec poet Émile Nelligan , the film stars Marc Saint-Pierre as the adolescent Nelligan and Michel Comeau as the adult Nelligan after his confinement to an insane asylum . The film also stars Luc Morissette and Lorraine Pintal as Nelligan 's parents , Gabriel Arcand as his mentor Eugène Seers , David La Haye as his friend and colleague Arthur de Bussières , Dominique Leduc as his friend Idola Saint-Jean , Christian Bégin as poet Jean Charbonneau , and Gilles Pelletier as poet Louis-Honoré Fréchette . A key theme of the film is that Nelligan was a poète maudit continually pulled in different directions by opposing forces , including the conflicting cultural identities of his English Canadian father and his French Canadian mother , the competing influences of Seers and Fréchette on his writing , and a nearly asexual ambivalence in his personal relationships with both Bussières and Saint-Jean . The film also posits that Nelligan was subject to incestuous advances by his mother . The film received two Genie Award nominations at the 12th Genie Awards in 1991 , for Best Cinematography ( Guy Dufaux ) and Best Costume Design ( François Laplante ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Favreau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Favreau', 'summary': 'Robert Favreau ( born July 9 , 1948 ) is a Canadian film director and film editor . His film Les muses orphelines earned him Genie Award and Jutra Award nominations for Best Director . His follow-up feature , Un dimanche à Kigali earned him another Genie Award nomination for Best Director as well as a nomination for Best Motion Picture .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Saint-Pierre , Luc Morissette , Lorraine Pintal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorraine_Pintal', 'summary': "Lorraine Pintal ( born September 24 , 1951 ) is a Québecois actor , director , producer and playwright . The daughter of Jean Pintal and Anne-Marie Bélanger , she was born in Plessisville and studied at the Conservatoire Lassalle [ fr ] and the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal . She debuted with the Théâtre du Nouveau Monde in 1973 in Mistero Buffo . In the same year , she was a co-founder of the Théâtre de La Rallonge . Pintal directed a number of works for the Théâtre du Nouveau Monde as well as for the Compagnie Jean-Duceppe [ fr ] , the Théâtre de Quat'Sous and for the Théâtre Denise-Pelletier [ fr ] . She wrote and acted in the one woman performance Madame Louis 14 . Pintal has been artistic director for the Théâtre du Nouveau Monde since 1992 . As a stage director , she was recognized by the Association québécoise des critiques de théâtre ( AQCT ) for HA ha ! . in 1990 and Hosanna in 1991 . Les oranges sont vertes received a Masque Award in 1998 for best staging and best production . She received a Gascon-Thomas Award in 2001 from the National Theatre School of Canada . Pintal also produced a number of television series : Le Grand Remous [ fr ] ( 1988-90 ) and Montréal P.Q ."}]}, {'value': 'Biopic of Émile Nelligan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Émile_Nelligan', 'summary': 'Émile Nelligan ( December 24 , 1879 - November 18 , 1941 ) was a Francophone poet .'}]}, {'value': 'No Skin Off My Ass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Skin_Off_My_Ass', 'summary': "No Skin Off My Ass is a 1991 comedy-drama film by Bruce LaBruce . LaBruce 's debut feature film provides a template for many of the themes in LaBruce 's later movies . Explicit sex scenes between LaBruce 's character and von Brucker 's are interwoven with a radical political message . No Skin Off My Ass played at film festivals around the world and quickly became a cult film . Famously , Kurt Cobain declared it his favourite film . The film 's soundtrack includes songs by several punk bands such as Frightwig and Beefeater ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce La Bruce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_La_Bruce', 'summary': 'Bruce LaBruce ( born January 3 , 1964 ) is a Canadian artist , writer , filmmaker , photographer and underground director based in Toronto .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruce LaBruce , G. B. Jones , Klaus von Brücker , Caroline Azar , Beverly Breckenridge , Laurel Pervis , Kate Ashley and Jena von Brücker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_LaBruce', 'summary': 'Bruce LaBruce ( born January 3 , 1964 ) is a Canadian artist , writer , filmmaker , photographer and underground director based in Toronto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/G._B._Jones', 'summary': 'G. B. Jones is a Canadian artist , filmmaker , musician , and publisher of zines based in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Her art work has been featured at galleries around the world , and her films screened at numerous film festivals , both in Canada and abroad . Her most recent musical project is Opera Arcana , founded in collaboration with Minus Smile of Kids on TV .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Azar', 'summary': 'Caroline Azar is a director and playwright . She was the lead singer , keyboardist and co-lyricist/composer of the band Fifth Column .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beverly_Breckenridge', 'summary': "Beverly Breckenridge is a musician , composer , and actress from Toronto , Ontario . She played bass for the bands Fifth Column and Phono-Comb . In 1986 , Beverly Breckenridge joined the post-punk experimental band Fifth Column . She plays bass and provides background vocals on the band 's three singles , various compilations , and the LPs All-Time Queen of the World and 36-C , released on the independent record label K Records in 1994 . This album includes the song All Women Are Bitches , which was reviewed by Everett True and named 'Single of the Week ' by the British music paper Melody Maker . This song was later covered and sampled by two groups in the 2000s . [ citation needed ] Fifth Column 's song was included on the 2002 Kill Rock Stars compilation Fields and Streams . In 1996 , Beverly joined Don Pyle , Reid Diamond and Dallas Good in the band Phono-Comb as bassist , recording the LP Fresh Gasoline with producer Steve Albini for the Touch and Go Records label , and touring throughout North America . A song by the band is featured in the 1997 Canadian film Pitch . Beverly 's first appearance on film was in No Skin Off My Ass , in 1991 . In 1992 she starred in the G.B . Jones ' film The Yo-Yo Gang ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North of Vortex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantine Giannaris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantine_Giannaris', 'summary': 'Constantine Giannaris , also Constantinos Giannaris ( Greek : Κωνσταντίνος Γιάνναρης ; born 1959 ) , is a Greek film director , screenwriter and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom Greece', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stavros Zalmas , Valda Z. Drabla , Howard Napper and Kevin Graal ( voice only )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1991_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1991. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}
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In what city is the director from Finland based ?
Helsinki
09bad31923270b05
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms', 'title': 'List of fictional pachyderms', 'header': ['Name', 'Species', 'Origin', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alice Fefferman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summer Camp Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summer_Camp_Island', 'summary': "Summer Camp Island is an American animated television series created for Cartoon Network by Julia Pott , former animator and story/staff writer on Adventure Time , as well as creator of the MTV Liquid Television Online short Valentine 's Day Card . It was first announced in January 2017 and later had been shopped around at different festivals including Sundance . Summer Camp Island details the adventures of Oscar and Hedgehog , both of whom are attending the titular Summer Camp Island . It premiered on July 7 , 2018 , with a 48-hour marathon consisting of the first 20 episodes running over an entire weekend , on both Cartoon Network and Boomerang . At San Diego Comic-Con 2018 , Julia Pott announced that the rest of the first season would premiere in late 2018 on Cartoon Network with another 20 episodes . Those episodes ended up being pushed to 2019 , and on May 20 , 2019 , it was announced that the episodes would premiere on June 23 , 2019 . At San Diego Comic-Con 2019 , Julia Pott announced that the series had been renewed for a second season ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Besthe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Lion_King_characters', 'summary': "This page lists the characters appearing in Disney 's The Lion King franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Hippopotamus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lion Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_Guard', 'summary': "The Lion Guard is an American animated television series developed by Ford Riley and based on Disney 's 1994 film The Lion King . The series was first broadcast with a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar on Disney Junior on November 22 , 2015 , and began airing as a TV series on January 15 , 2016 , on Disney Junior . It is the second television series to be based on The Lion King , the first being Timon & Pumbaa . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , with the third and final season taking place in parallel with the film 's second act , followed by the final two episodes of the series serving as a continuation to the film . The second season premiered on July 7 , 2017 . A third season was commissioned on March 15 , 2017 , and premiered on August 3 , 2019 . The first eight episodes of season 3 became available on demand and the DisneyNow app on the same day . The series ended on November 3 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': "The strongest member of the Lion Guard and one of Kion 's friends", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bing Bong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part-Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inside Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inside_Out_(2015_film)', 'summary': "Inside Out is a 2015 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The film was directed by Pete Docter and co-directed by Ronnie del Carmen , with a screenplay written by Docter , Meg LeFauve , and Josh Cooley , adapted from a story by Docter and del Carmen . The film is set in the mind of a young girl named Riley ( Kaitlyn Dias ) , where five personified emotions - Joy ( Amy Poehler ) , Sadness ( Phyllis Smith ) , Anger ( Lewis Black ) , Fear ( Bill Hader ) , and Disgust ( Mindy Kaling ) - try to lead her through life as she and her parents ( Diane Lane and Kyle MacLachlan ) adjust to their new surroundings after moving from Minnesota to San Francisco . Docter first began developing Inside Out in 2010 , after noticing changes in his daughter 's personality as she grew older . The film 's producers consulted numerous psychologists including Dacher Keltner from the University of California , Berkeley , who helped revise the story by emphasizing the neuropsychological findings that human emotions affect interpersonal relationships and can be significantly moderated by them . After premiering at the 68th Cannes Film Festival on May 18 , 2015 , Inside Out was released in North America on June 19 , 2015 , accompanied by the short film Lava . The film was praised for its concept , screenplay , subject matter , Michael Giacchino 's musical score , and the vocal performances ( particularly those of Poehler , Smith , Black , and Richard Kind ) . The film grossed $ 90.4 million in its first weekend , making it the highest opening for an original title at the time , accumulating over $ 857 million in worldwide box office revenue in 2015 , making it the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2015 . The film received several awards , including a BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , Critics ' Choice Award , Annie Award , Satellite Award , and Academy Award for Best Animated Feature ."}]}, {'value': "Riley 's Cotton Candy Imaginary Friend", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boss Rhino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Kimba_the_White_Lion_characters', 'summary': 'The following is a list of characters from Kimba the White Lion .'}]}, {'value': 'Rhinoceros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimba the White Lion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimba_the_White_Lion', 'summary': "Kimba the White Lion , known in Japan as Jungle Emperor ( Japanese : ジャングル大帝 , Hepburn : Janguru Taitei ) , is a Japanese shōnen manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka which was serialized in the Manga Shōnen magazine from November 1950 to April 1954 . An anime based on the manga was created by Mushi Production and was broadcast on Fuji Television from 1965 to 1967 . It was the first color animated television series created in Japan . It began airing in North America from 1966 . The later series was produced by Tezuka Productions . The anime series has enjoyed popularity worldwide . A new TV special premiered September 5 , 2009 on Fuji TV . Produced in commemoration of Fuji TV 's 50th anniversary , it was directed by Gorō Taniguchi , written by noted novelist and drama writer Osamu Suzuki , and featuring character designs from noted illustrator Yoshitaka Amano ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Penguins of Madagascar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Penguins_of_Madagascar', 'summary': "The Penguins of Madagascar is an American CGI animated television series that had aired on Nickelodeon . It stars nine characters from the DreamWorks Animation animated film Madagascar : The penguins Skipper ( Tom McGrath ) , Rico ( John DiMaggio ) , Kowalski ( Jeff Bennett ) , and Private ( James Patrick Stuart ) ; the lemurs King Julien ( Danny Jacobs ) , Maurice ( Kevin Michael Richardson ) , and Mort ( Andy Richter ) ; and Mason ( Conrad Vernon ) and Phil the chimpanzees . Characters new to the series include Marlene the otter ( Nicole Sullivan ) and a zookeeper named Alice ( Mary Scheer ) . It is the first Nicktoon produced with DreamWorks Animation . The series was executive produced by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle , who were the creators of Pixar 's 2D-animated series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Disney Channel 's Kim Possible . The pilot episode , Gone in a Flash , aired as part of Superstuffed Nicktoons Weekend on November 29 , 2008 , and The Penguins of Madagascar became a regular series on March 28 , 2009 . The series premiere drew 6.1 million viewers , setting a new record as the most-watched premiere . Although the series occasionally alludes to the rest of the franchise , The Penguins of Madagascar does not take place at a precise time within it . McGrath , who is also the co-creator of the film characters , has said that the series takes place not specifically before or after the movie , I just wanted them all back at the zoo . I think of it as taking place in a parallel universe . At the end of 2010 , the show was the number two animated program on television among kids age 2-11 and in basic cable total viewers . In December 2014 , DiMaggio stated that the show has ended production ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clam_(Camp_Lazlo)', 'summary': "Camp Lazlo is an American animated television series created by Joe Murray . It features a large cast of anthropomorphic animal characters . The series takes place in Camp Kidney , a Boy Scout summer camp in the fictional town of Prickly Pines . The cartoon is set in a universe inhabited solely by anthropomorphic animals of many species and focuses on a trio of campers attending a poorly run summer camp known as Camp Kidney ; the series focuses on three bean scouts : Lazlo the eccentric , optimistic monkey , Raj the Indian elephant , and Clam the albino pygmy rhinoceros . Other characters include the Camp Kidney staff , including the ill-tempered Scoutmaster Lumpus and his mild-mannered assistant Slinkman the banana slug . The program also features Lazlo 's assortment of fellow campers , characters from a rival summer camp attended solely by girls , and some of the odd locales of the town of Prickly Pines . Lazlo won the award for Best New Character at the Pulcinella Awards in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhinoceros', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Lazlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Lazlo', 'summary': "Camp Lazlo ( stylized as CAMP LAZLO ! ) is an American animated television series created by Joe Murray for Cartoon Network . It follows Lazlo , an anthropomorphic spider monkey who attends Camp Kidney , a Boy Scout-like summer camp in Pimpleback Mountains . Lazlo resides in the Jelly Bean cabin with his fellow Bean Scouts Raj , an Indian elephant , and Clam , a pygmy rhinoceros . Lazlo is often at odds with his pessimistic camp leader Scoutmaster Lumpus , the second-in-command Slinkman , and other campers . Camp Kidney sits just across the lake from Acorn Flats , which is home to the campsite of the all-female Squirrel Scouts . It was one of the first Cartoon Network Studios series produced in a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9 , despite originally being broadcast in the full screen aspect ratio of 4:3 . Camp Lazlo was produced by Cartoon Network Studios . Its style of humor is similar to the Nickelodeon series Rocko 's Modern Life , which Murray also created and worked on , and SpongeBob SquarePants . The series premiered on Cartoon Network on July 8 , 2005 , at 8:00 p.m. ET/PT . The series ran for five seasons comprising 61 episodes and the hour-long television special , Where 's Lazlo ? . The final episode aired on March 27 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'In the show', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doctor El', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_characters', 'summary': 'The following is a list of main characters in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Elephant ( mutant )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles', 'summary': "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian Renaissance artists . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame ."}]}, {'value': 'A witch doctor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumbo', 'summary': "Dumbo is a 1941 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures . The fourth Disney animated feature film , it is based upon the storyline written by Helen Aberson and Harold Pearl , and illustrated by Helen Durney for the prototype of a novelty toy ( Roll-a-Book ) . The main character is Jumbo Jr. , a semi-anthropomorphic elephant who is cruelly nicknamed Dumbo , as in dumb . He is ridiculed for his big ears , but in fact he is capable of flying by using his ears as wings . Throughout most of the film , his only true friend , aside from his mother , is the mouse , Timothy - a relationship parodying the stereotypical animosity between mice and elephants . Dumbo was released on October 23 , 1941 ; made to recoup the financial losses of Fantasia , it was a deliberate pursuit of simplicity and economy for the Disney studio . At 64 minutes , it is one of Disney 's shortest animated features . Sound was recorded conventionally using the RCA System . One voice was synthesized using the Sonovox system , but it , too , was recorded using the RCA System . In 2017 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically and aesthetically significant . A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Tim Burton was released on March 29 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumbo', 'summary': "Dumbo is a 1941 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures . The fourth Disney animated feature film , it is based upon the storyline written by Helen Aberson and Harold Pearl , and illustrated by Helen Durney for the prototype of a novelty toy ( Roll-a-Book ) . The main character is Jumbo Jr. , a semi-anthropomorphic elephant who is cruelly nicknamed Dumbo , as in dumb . He is ridiculed for his big ears , but in fact he is capable of flying by using his ears as wings . Throughout most of the film , his only true friend , aside from his mother , is the mouse , Timothy - a relationship parodying the stereotypical animosity between mice and elephants . Dumbo was released on October 23 , 1941 ; made to recoup the financial losses of Fantasia , it was a deliberate pursuit of simplicity and economy for the Disney studio . At 64 minutes , it is one of Disney 's shortest animated features . Sound was recorded conventionally using the RCA System . One voice was synthesized using the Sonovox system , but it , too , was recorded using the RCA System . In 2017 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically and aesthetically significant . A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Tim Burton was released on March 29 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'An elephant with big ears , and he can fly , which happens towards the end of the film', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephanchine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Fantasia_characters', 'summary': "The following are fictional characters from Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia , its 1999 sequel Fantasia 2000 and the video game Fantasia : Music Evolved . Characters in this list are sorted by the film and segment in which they appear ."}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)', 'summary': "Fantasia is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney and released by Walt Disney Productions . With story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer , and production supervision by Ben Sharpsteen , it is the third Disney animated feature film . The film consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski , seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra . Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film 's Master of Ceremonies , providing a live-action introduction to each animated segment . Disney settled on the film 's concept as work neared completion on The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , an elaborate Silly Symphonies short designed as a comeback role for Mickey Mouse , who had declined in popularity . As production costs grew higher than what it could earn , Disney decided to include the short in a feature-length film with other segments set to classical pieces . The soundtrack was recorded using multiple audio channels and reproduced with Fantasound , a pioneering sound reproduction system that made Fantasia the first commercial film shown in stereophonic sound . Fantasia was first released as a theatrical roadshow held in thirteen U.S. cities from November 13 , 1940 . While acclaimed by critics , it was unable to make a profit due to World War II cutting off distribution to the European market , the film 's high production costs , and the expense of leasing theatres and installing the Fantasound equipment for the roadshow presentations . The film was subsequently reissued multiple times with its original footage and audio being deleted , modified , or restored in each version . Fantasia is the 23rd highest-grossing film of all time in the U.S. when adjusted for inflation . The Fantasia franchise has grown to include video games , Disneyland attractions , and a live concert ."}]}, {'value': 'A ballet dancing obese elephant who leads other dancing elephants and gets a bubble stuck on her foot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woolly mammoth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice Age : The Meltdown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_Age_(franchise)', 'summary': 'Ice Age is an American media franchise centering on a group of mammals surviving the Paleolithic ice age . It consists of computer-animated films and TV specials and a series of video games . The films are produced by Blue Sky Studios , a division of 20th Century Fox Animation as a part of Walt Disney Studios ( formerly 20th Century Fox ) . The series features the voices of Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary and Chris Wedge , who are the only constant cast members . Five films have been released in the series thus far : the original film of the same name in 2002 , Ice Age : The Meltdown in 2006 , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs in 2009 , Ice Age : Continental Drift in 2012 , and Ice Age : Collision Course in 2016 . As of April 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 6 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time .'}]}, {'value': "At first thinks she 's a possum , until Manny convinced her that she 's just like him ; a mammoth . Is Peaches ' mother and Manny 's wife . Is more openhearted to Peaches than Manny is when her only daughter becomes an adolescent . voiced by Queen Latifah", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Latifah', 'summary': "Dana Elaine Owens ( born March 18 , 1970 ) , known professionally as Queen Latifah , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , actress , and producer . Born in Newark , New Jersey , she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album All Hail the Queen on November 28 , 1989 , featuring the hit single Ladies First . Nature of a Sista ' ( 1991 ) was her second and final album with Tommy Boy Records . Latifah starred as Khadijah James on the FOX sitcom Living Single from 1993 to 1998 . Her third album , Black Reign ( 1993 ) , spawned the single U.N.I.T.Y. , which , being a large influence on women , won a Grammy Award and peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . She then starred in the lead role of Set It Off ( 1996 ) and released her fourth album , Order in the Court , on June 16 , 1998 , with Motown Records . Latifah gained mainstream success and acclaim with her performance in the film Chicago ( 2002 ) , receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Latifah released her fifth album The Dana Owens Album in 2004 . In 2007 and 2009 , she released two more studio albums - Trav'lin ' Light and Persona . She created the daytime talk show The Queen Latifah Show , which ran from late 2013 to early 2015 on CBS . She has appeared in a number of films , such as Bringing Down the House ( 2003 ) , Taxi ( 2004 ) , Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( 2005 ) , Beauty Shop ( 2005 ) , Last Holiday ( 2006 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Joyful Noise ( 2012 ) , 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) and Girls Trip ( 2017 ) . Latifah received critical acclaim for her portrayal of blues singer Bessie Smith in the HBO film Bessie ( 2015 ) , which she co-produced , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Elly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pocoyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pocoyo', 'summary': "Pocoyo ( Pocoyó in Spanish ) is a preschool educational comedy animated television series created by Guillermo García Carsí , Colman López , Luis Gallego and David Cantolla , and is a co-production between Spanish producer Zinkia Entertainment , Cosgrove Hall Films and Granada International . Three series have been produced , each consisting of 52 seven-minute episodes , and a fourth season consisting of 26 seven-minute episodes . English actor and comedian Stephen Fry narrates the English-language version and José María del Río narrates the Castilian Spanish version of the first two seasons , while Stephen Hughes narrates the third season , called Let 's Go Pocoyo . In 2016 , a new spin-off show called Pocoyo Planet was created . Set in a 3D space , with a plain white background and usually no backdrops , it is about Pocoyo , a 4-year-old boy , interacting with his friends Pato ( a duck ) , Elly ( an elephant ) and Loula ( a dog ) . Viewers are encouraged to recognize situations that Pocoyo is in , and things that are going on with or around him . The narrator usually speaks explicitly to the viewers and to the characters as well . Each character has its own distinctive dance and also a specific sound ( usually from a musical instrument ) , and most episodes end with the characters dancing . In the United Kingdom , it was originally broadcast on CITV , a children 's strand on the ITV network . In September 2005 , Channel 5 acquired terrestrial rights in the United Kingdom to the first and second series , making it part of the Milkshake ! strand . The show , however , will continue to air on the CITV Channel ."}]}, {'value': 'A female pink elephant who always wears a blue backpack . She loves making biscuits and tea , and has a doll that she loves very much . Despite her size , she is graceful and gentle , capable of ballet dancing . She is , however , very bossy and generally does things her way . She usually rides around on her pink scooter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elmer Elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmer_Elephant', 'summary': 'Elmer Elephant is a Silly Symphonies cartoon short produced by The Walt Disney Company , directed by Wilfred Jackson and released on March 28 , 1936 .'}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silly Symphonies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silly_Symphonies', 'summary': "Silly Symphony is a series of 75 animated musical short films produced by Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1939 . As their name implies , the Silly Symphonies were originally intended as whimsical accompaniments to pieces of music . As such , the films usually had independent continuity and did not feature continuing characters , unlike the Mickey Mouse shorts produced by Disney at the same time ( exceptions to this include Three Little Pigs , The Tortoise and the Hare , and Three Orphan Kittens , which all had sequels ) . The series is notable for its innovation with Technicolor and the multiplane motion picture camera , as well as its introduction of the character Donald Duck making his first appearance in the Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen in 1934 . Seven shorts won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . The series also spawned a Disney media franchise that included the Silly Symphony newspaper comic strip distributed by King Features Syndicate , the Dell comic book series Silly Symphonies , as well as several children 's books , many of which were based on Silly Symphony cartoons . The Silly Symphonies returned to theatres with its re-issues and re-releases , and eventually tied with Joseph Barbera and William Hanna 's Tom and Jerry 's record for most Oscar wins for a cartoon series in the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film category ."}]}, {'value': 'Disney cartoon short . ( Not to be confused with Elmer the Patchwork Elephant )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company', 'summary': "The Walt Disney Company , commonly known as Disney ( /ˈdɪzni/ ) , is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank , California . Disney was originally founded on October 16 , 1923 , by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio ; it also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and Walt Disney Productions before officially changing its name to The Walt Disney Company in 1986 . The company established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production , television , and theme parks . Since the 1980s , Disney has created and acquired corporate divisions in order to market more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands . The company is known for its film studio division , The Walt Disney Studios , which includes Walt Disney Pictures , Walt Disney Animation Studios , Pixar , Marvel Studios , Lucasfilm , 20th Century Studios , Searchlight Pictures , and Blue Sky Studios . Disney 's other main units and reporting segments are Disney Media Networks , Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , and Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International . Through these segments , Disney owns and operates the ABC broadcast network ; cable television networks such as Disney Channel , ESPN , Freeform , FX , and National Geographic ; publishing , merchandising , music , and theater divisions ; and Disney Parks , Experiences and Products , a group of 14 theme parks around the world . The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 1991 . Cartoon character Mickey Mouse , created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks , is one of the world 's most recognizable characters and serves as the company 's official mascot ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elmer_the_Patchwork_Elephant', 'summary': "Elmer the Patchwork Elephant ( often shortened to Elmer ) is a children 's picture book series by the British author David McKee ."}]}, {'value': 'Endugu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': "My Gym Partner 's a Monkey", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/My_Gym_Partner's_a_Monkey", 'summary': "My Gym Partner 's a Monkey is an American animated television series that was created by Tim Cahill and Julie McNally Cahill and produced by Cartoon Network Studios . The series was aired on Cartoon Network from December 26 , 2005 to November 27 , 2008 . The series follows Adam Lyon , a human who , after a clerical error listed his surname as Lion , is forced to transfer to Charles Darwin Middle School , a school for local anthropomorphic zoo animals , where he is partnered with Jake Spidermonkey in gym , and quickly becomes best friends with him . Two DVD volumes have been released in 2007 and 2008 in Australia . The animation was provided by Saerom Animation , who also did animation work for other Cartoon Network shows , such as Adventure Time , Regular Show , and The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . My Gym Partner 's a Monkey was a ratings success for Cartoon Network , gaining millions of viewers . The series was met with generally positive reviews from critics . It was nominated for four Annie Awards and won an Emmy Award ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woolly mammoth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice Age : Continental Drift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_Age:_Continental_Drift', 'summary': "Ice Age : Continental Drift is a 2012 American computer-animated adventure comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the sequel to Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs and the fourth film in the Ice Age series . The film was directed by Steve Martino and Michael Thurmeier from a screenplay by Michael Berg and Jason Fuchs . In the film 's ensemble voice cast , Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary , Queen Latifah , Seann William Scott , Josh Peck , and Chris Wedge reprise their previous roles alongside Keke Palmer , Nicki Minaj , Drake , Jennifer Lopez , Josh Gad , and Peter Dinklage voicing new characters . The plot focuses on Scrat sending Manny , Sid , and Diego adrift on an iceberg with Sid 's Granny and causing them to face a gang of pirates led by Captain Gutt . Ice Age : Continental Drift was released in the United States on July 13 , 2012 . This was the first Ice Age film to be presented in the 2.39:1 aspect ratio . The film grossed $ 877 million worldwide , marking it the fifth highest-grossing film of 2012 and the highest-grossing animated film of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'A teenage mammoth on whom Peaches has a crush', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flavio and Marita', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hippos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Animaniacs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Animaniacs', 'summary': "Animaniacs is an American animated television series created by Tom Ruegger . It is the second animated series produced by Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment in association with Warner Bros . Animation , after Tiny Toon Adventures . The show first aired on the Fox Network as part of its Fox Kids block from 1993 to 1995 before moving to The WB in 1995 until the series ended in 1998 as part of its Kids ' WB afternoon programming block . It initially ran a total of 99 episodes and one film being Wakko 's Wish . Animaniacs is a variety show , with short skits featuring a large cast of characters . While the show had no set format , the majority of episodes were composed of three short mini-episodes , each starring a different set of characters , and bridging segments . Hallmarks of the series included its music , character catchphrases , and humor directed at an adult audience . A reboot of the series was announced by Hulu in January 2018 , with two seasons to be produced in conjunction with Amblin Entertainment and Warner Bros . Animation , expected to air starting in 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Known as the Hip Hippos , a wealthy , Spanish hippo couple obsessed with being trendy . Sometimes they have been in dangerous situations , but usually remain unaware of it and rarely suffer harm , mainly due to their large frames', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fingertip', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian elephant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_elephant', 'summary': 'The Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) , also called Asiatic elephant , is the only living species of the genus Elephas and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , from India in the west , Nepal in the north , Sumatra in the south , and to Borneo in the east . Three subspecies are recognised - E. m. maximus from Sri Lanka , E. m. indicus from mainland Asia and E. m. sumatranus from the island of Sumatra . The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia . Since 1986 , the Asian elephant has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List , as the population has declined by at least 50 percent over the last three generations , estimated to be 60-75 years . It is primarily threatened by loss of habitat , habitat degradation , fragmentation and poaching . In 2003 , the wild population was estimated at between 41,410 and 52,345 individuals . Female captive elephants have lived beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings , such as forest camps . In zoos , Asian elephants die at a much younger age ; captive populations are declining due to a low birth and high death rate . The genus Elephas originated in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Pliocene and spread throughout Africa before expanding into the southern half of Asia . The earliest indications of captive use of Asian elephants are engravings on seals of the Indus Valley Civilisation dated to the 3rd millennium BC .'}]}, {'value': 'Wild Kratts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Kratts', 'summary': "Wild Kratts is an American/Canadian animated television series created by Chris and Martin Kratt . The Kratt Brothers Company and 9 Story Media Group produce the show , which is presented by PBS in the United States . The show 's aim is to educate children about biology , zoology , and ecology , and teach kids small ways to make big impacts . It has ties to the Kratts ' previous shows , Kratts ' Creatures and Zoboomafoo , and contains numerous characters from the latter . The show is broadcast in the United States , Canada , Latin America , Brazil , Australia , Spain , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Iceland , Croatia , Denmark , France , Germany , Portugal , Belgium , the Netherlands ( Dutch-dubbed versions as Kratts in the Wild ) , Middle East , India and Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia in Serbian ."}]}, {'value': 'An Asian elephant calf who first appeared in Elephant Brains ! . Martin named her that because of her one trunk finger . She than helped the wild kratts crew free her herd from Paisley Paver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Kratt', 'summary': "Martin William Kratt ( born December 23 , 1965 ) is an American-Canadian educational nature show host . A grandson of musical-instrument manufacturer William Jacob Kratt , Sr. , he and his younger brother Chris grew up in Warren Township , New Jersey , and together created the children 's television series Kratts ' Creatures and Zoboomafoo , as well as Be the Creature , which runs on the National Geographic Channel and Knowledge Network . They are the main characters on the animated TV series Wild Kratts , which airs on PBS Kids . Martin holds a Bachelor of Science in Zoology from Duke University . They also appear as themselves in the Odd Squad episode Night Shift ."}]}, {'value': 'Funkfreed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Piece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Piece', 'summary': "One Piece ( Japanese : ワンピース , Hepburn : Wan Pīsu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda . It has been serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine since July 22 , 1997 , and has been collected into 95 tankōbon volumes . The story follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy , a boy whose body gained the properties of rubber after unintentionally eating a Devil Fruit . With his crew of pirates , named the Straw Hat Pirates , Luffy explores the Grand Line in search of the world 's ultimate treasure known as One Piece in order to become the next King of the Pirates . The manga spawned a media franchise , having been adapted into a festival film produced by Production I.G , and an anime series produced by Toei Animation , which began broadcasting in Japan in 1999 . Additionally , Toei has developed fourteen animated feature films , one original video animation and thirteen television specials . Several companies have developed various types of merchandising and media , such as a trading card game and numerous video games . The manga series was licensed for an English language release in North America and the United Kingdom by Viz Media and in Australia by Madman Entertainment . The anime series was licensed by 4Kids Entertainment for an English-language release in North America in 2004 , before the license was dropped and subsequently acquired by Funimation in 2007 . One Piece has received praise for its storytelling , art , characterization , and humor . Several volumes of the manga have broken publishing records , including the highest initial print run of any book in Japan . The official website for Eiichiro Oda 's One Piece manga announced that the manga has set the Guinness World Record for the most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gazpacho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammoth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chowder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chowder_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Chowder is an American animated television series created by C. H. Greenblatt for Cartoon Network . Chowder premiered on November 2 , 2007 , and ran for three seasons with 49 total episodes . It received mostly positive reviews , as well as one Primetime Emmy Award win , six Annie Award nominations , and two additional Emmy Award nominations during its run . The series finale , Chowder Grows Up , aired on August 7 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'A mammoth who works at a market', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golias', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Big Big Friend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Big_Big_Friend', 'summary': "My Big Big Friend ( pt : Meu Amigãozão ) is a Canadian-Brazilian children 's animated television series created by Canadian and Brazilian Andrés Lieban and Claudian Koogan Breitman , co-produced by Brazilian studio 2D Lab and the Canadian company Breakthrough Animation . It had its first showing on August 9 , 2010 on Discovery Kids Latin America and on May 9 , 2011 on TV Brazil . It also premiered in Canada on Treehouse TV on August 20 , 2011 . It was financed with the laws of federal tax incentives , the Procult ( BNDES ) and the Audiovisual Sector Fund - FSA . The show centers around the friendships of three children , Yuri , Lili and Matt , each of whom has a Big Big Friend who is invisible to adults and other children but seen by all three friends . This TV show is flash-animated with Toon Boom Harmony ."}]}, {'value': "A large , round , blue elephant who is Yuri 's Big Big Friend", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goliath II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goliath_II', 'summary': "Goliath II is a 1960 American short animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions . Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman and written by Bill Peet , it is narrated by Sterling Holloway and stars Kevin Corcoran . It was released theatrically in the United States on January 21 , 1960 alongside the live-action Toby Tyler ( also starring Corcoran ) . The short was the first Disney short cartoon to make full use of xerography , a process of using Xerox technology to transfer animation drawings to cels as part of the traditional animation process instead of utilizing hand-inking . Goliath II received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short , but lost to Gene Deitch 's Munro . The cartoon is also called Slonić Ćiro or Slonić Ćira in Serbo-Croatian and was very popular there during the late 1970s-early 80s ."}]}, {'value': 'Elephant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goliath II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goliath_II', 'summary': "Goliath II is a 1960 American short animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions . Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman and written by Bill Peet , it is narrated by Sterling Holloway and stars Kevin Corcoran . It was released theatrically in the United States on January 21 , 1960 alongside the live-action Toby Tyler ( also starring Corcoran ) . The short was the first Disney short cartoon to make full use of xerography , a process of using Xerox technology to transfer animation drawings to cels as part of the traditional animation process instead of utilizing hand-inking . Goliath II received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short , but lost to Gene Deitch 's Munro . The cartoon is also called Slonić Ćiro or Slonić Ćira in Serbo-Croatian and was very popular there during the late 1970s-early 80s ."}]}, {'value': 'A very small elephant who has trouble fitting in with the herd', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Media -- Animation', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_pachyderms_5', 'intro': 'This list of fictional pachyderms is a subsidiary to the List of fictional ungulates. Characters from various fictional works are organized by medium. Outside strict biological classification,[a] the term pachyderm is commonly used to describe elephants, rhinoceroses, and hippopotami; this list also includes extinct mammals such as woolly mammoths, mastodons, etc.'}
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What is the origin of the pachyderm who notes ' person was born as Dana Elaine Owens ?
Ice Age : The Meltdown
09bc288754744be3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha', 'title': 'List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha', 'header': ['Constituency No', 'Constituency', 'Reserved for ( SC/ST/None )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cooch Behar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cooch_Behar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Cooch Behar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Cooch Behar in West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No . 1 Cooch Behar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Cooch Behar district . The seat is reserved for scheduled castes .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alipurduars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alipurduars_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Alipurduars ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Alipurduar in West Bengal . While six assembly segments of No . 2 Alipurduars ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Alipurduar district , one segment is in Cooch Behar district . The seat is reserved for scheduled tribes .'}]}, {'value': 'ST', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalpaiguri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalpaiguri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Jalpaiguri in West Bengal . While six assembly segments of No . 3 Jalpaiguri ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Jalpaiguri district , one assembly segment is in Cooch Behar district . The constituency is reserved for Scheduled castes ( SC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darjeeling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Darjeeling ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Darjeeling in West Bengal . While five assembly segments are in Darjeeling district , one assembly segment is in Kalimpong district and one assembly segment is in Uttar Dinajpur district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raiganj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raiganj_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Raiganj ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Raiganj in West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No . 5 Raiganj ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Uttar Dinajpur district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balurghat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balurghat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Balurghat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Balurghat in West Bengal . While six of the assembly segments of No . 6 Balurghat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Dakshin Dinajpur district one assembly segment is in Uttar Dinajpur district . The seat was earlier reserved for scheduled castes but from 2009 it is an open seat .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maldaha Uttar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maldaha_Uttar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Maldaha Uttar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ( spelling as spelled by Election Commission of India ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . All the seven assembly segments of No . 7 Maldaha Uttar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Malda district of West Bengal . As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal , Malda ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ceased to exist from 2009 and two new ones came into being : Maldaha Uttar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) and Maldaha Dakshin ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maldaha Dakshin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maldaha_Dakshin_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Maldaha Dakshin ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ( spelling as spelled by Election Commission of India ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . While five of the assembly segments of No . 8 Maldaha Dakshin ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Malda district in West Bengal , two assembly segments are in Murshidabad district . As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal , Malda ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ceased to exist from 2009 and two new ones came into being : Maldaha Uttar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) and Maldaha Dakshin ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jangipur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jangipur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Jangipur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is a parliamentary constituency in Jangipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No.9 Jangipur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Murshidabad district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baharampur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baharampur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Baharampur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ( earlier known as Berhampore ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Baharampur in West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No . 10 Baharampur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Murshidabad district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murshidabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murshidabad_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Murshidabad ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is a parliamentary constituency in Murshidabad district , West Bengal , India . While six assembly segments of No . 11 Murshidabad ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Murshidabad district , one assembly segment is in Nadia district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krishnanagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krishnanagar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency ( formerly , Krishnagar Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 42 Lok Sabha ( parliamentary ) constituencies in West Bengal state in eastern India . All the seven assembly segments of No . 12 Krishnanagar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Nadia district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ranaghat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ranaghat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Ranaghat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency is in Nadia district in West Bengal . As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the boundary delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal , from 2009 Nabadwip ( Lok Sabha constituency ) ceased to exist and a new one came into being : Ranaghat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) . All seven assembly segments of No . 13 Ranaghat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in Nadia district .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangaon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangaon_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bangaon ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency is in North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal and is centred on Bangaon . 5 of the 7 assembly segments of No.14 Bangaon ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in North 24 Parganas district and the Kalyani and Haringhata assemblies are of Nadia District ( formerly Nabadwip loksabha constituency ) . As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal , Bangaon ( Lok Sabha constituency ) came into being in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barrackpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barrackpore_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Barrackpore ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Barrackpore in West Bengal . All of the seven assembly segments of No . 15 Barrackpore ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in North 24 Parganas district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dum Dum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dum_Dum_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Dum Dum ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Dum Dum in West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No . 16 Dum Dum ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in North 24 Parganas district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barasat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barasat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Barasat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Barasat in West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No . 17 Barasat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in North 24 Parganas district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basirhat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basirhat_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Basirhat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Basirhat in West Bengal . All the seven assembly segments of No . 18 Basirhat ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in North 24 Parganas district .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaynagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaynagar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Jaynagar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 Parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Jaynagar in West Bengal . All the seven legislative assembly segments of No . 19 Jaynagar ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in South 24 Parganas district . The seat is reserved for Scheduled Castes .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathurapur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathurapur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)', 'summary': 'Mathurapur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) is one of the 543 Parliamentary constituencies in India . The constituency centres on Mathurapur in West Bengal . All the seven legislative assembly segments of No . 20 Mathurapur ( Lok Sabha constituency ) are in South 24 Parganas district . The seat is reserved for Scheduled Castes .'}]}, {'value': 'SC', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'West Bengal ( 42 )', 'section_text': 'Constituencies of West Bengal', 'uid': 'List_of_Constituencies_of_the_Lok_Sabha_28', 'intro': 'The Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP, represents a single geographic constituency. There are currently 543 constituencies. The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India is 550 members made up of up to 530 members representing people of the states of India and up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories on the basis of their population.'}
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What is the constituency number for the constituency that eliminated Nabadwip and replaced it ?
13
09bcf528a679b68f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Department_of_Corrections', 'title': 'Kentucky Department of Corrections', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Security level', 'Year opened', 'Population ( 2015 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bell County Forestry Camp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pineville , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pineville,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Pineville ( locally /ˈpaɪnvəl , -vɪl/ ) is a home rule-class city in Bell County , Kentucky , United States . It is the seat of its county . The population was 1,732 as of the 2010 census . It is located on a small strip of land between the Cumberland River and Pine Mountain .'}]}, {'value': 'Minimum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackburn Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': 'Blackburn Correctional Complex ( BCC ) is a minimum-security state prison located near Lexington , Kentucky . It opened in 1972 and had a prison population of 594 as of 2007 . It is named for former Kentucky governor Luke P. Blackburn , who is known as the father of prison reform in Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': 'Lexington , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Lexington is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States . Known as the Horse Capital of the World , it is the heart of the state 's Bluegrass region . Notable locations in the city include the Kentucky Horse Park , The Red Mile and Keeneland race courses , Rupp Arena , Transylvania University , the University of Kentucky , and Bluegrass Community and Technical College . Lexington ranks 10th among US cities in college education rate , with 39.5% of residents having at least a bachelor 's degree . In the 2018 U.S. Census Estimate , the city 's population was 323,780 anchoring a metropolitan area of 516,697 people and a combined statistical area of 760,528 people . By land area , Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States . The city is consolidated entirely within Fayette County , and vice versa . It has a nonpartisan mayor-council form of government , with 12 council districts and three members elected at large , with the highest vote-getter designated vice mayor ."}]}, {'value': 'Minimum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Kentucky Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Kentucky_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': 'Eastern Kentucky Correctional Complex ( EKCC ) is a minimum and medium-security prison located in West Liberty , Kentucky . It opened in February 1990 and had a prison population of 2,100 as of 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'West Liberty , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Liberty,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'West Liberty is a home rule-class city in Morgan County , Kentucky , United States . It is the county seat of Morgan County . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 3,435 . It is located on the banks of the Licking River at the junction of Kentucky Route 7 and U.S. Route 460 .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,689', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green River Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_River_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': 'Green River Correctional Complex is a state prison located in Central City , Kentucky . It opened in 1994 and had a prison population of 982 as of 2007 . It is a medium security adult male correctional facility and it is operated by the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet , Department of Corrections . The prison is on 250 acres ( 1.0 km2 ) they have a staff of 254 , the annual cost to house the inmates is $ 11,710.79 .'}]}, {'value': 'Central City , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_City,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Central City is a home rule-class city in Muhlenberg County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 5,978 at the 2010 census . It is also the largest city in the county and the principal community in the Central City Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Muhlenberg County .'}]}, {'value': 'Minimum/Medium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_Correctional_Institute_for_Women', 'summary': "Kentucky Correctional Institution for Women ( KCIW ) is a prison located in unincorporated Shelby County , Kentucky , near Pewee Valley , Kentucky , operated by the Kentucky Department of Corrections . Until the 2010 conversion of the Western Kentucky Correctional Complex into a women 's prison , KCIW was the only state owned and operated women 's prison in Kentucky . The prison continues to house all levels of inmates including all female death row inmates . It opened in 1938 and had a prison population of 721 as of 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pewee Valley , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pewee_Valley,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Pewee Valley is a home rule-class city in Oldham County , Kentucky , United States . The population was 1,456 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'All', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '683', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky State Penitentiary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_State_Penitentiary', 'summary': "The Kentucky State Penitentiary ( KSP ) , also known as the castle on the Cumberland , is a maximum security and supermax prison with capacity for 856 prisoners located in Eddyville , Kentucky on Lake Barkley on the Cumberland River , about 4.8 kilometres ( 3 mi ) from downtown Eddyville . It is managed by the Kentucky Department of Corrections . Completed in 1886 , it is Kentucky 's oldest prison facility and the only commonwealth-owned facility with supermax units . The penitentiary houses Kentucky 's male death row inmates and the commonwealth 's execution facility . As of 2015 [ update ] it had approximately 350 staff members and an annual operating budget of 20 million dollars . In most cases , inmates are not sent directly to the penitentiary after sentencing , but are sent there because of violent or disruptive behavior committed in other less secure correctional facilities in the commonwealth ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddyville , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddyville,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Eddyville is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Lyon County , Kentucky , United States . The population was 2,554 at the 2010 census , up from 2,350 in 2000 . The Kentucky State Penitentiary is located at Eddyville . The town is considered a tourist attraction because of its access to nearby Lake Barkley .'}]}, {'value': 'Maximum/ Supermax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supermax', 'summary': 'A super-maximum security ( supermax ) or administrative maximum ( ADX ) prison is a control-unit prison , or a unit within prisons , which represent the most secure levels of custody in the prison systems of certain countries . The objective is to provide long-term , segregated housing for inmates classified as the highest security risks in the prison system - the worst of the worst criminals - and those who pose an extremely serious threat to both national and global security .'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': '856', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky State Reformatory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_State_Reformatory', 'summary': 'Kentucky State Reformatory is a medium-security prison for adult males . The prison is located in unincorporated Oldham County , Kentucky , near La Grange , and about 30 miles ( 48 km ) northeast of Louisville . It was completed in 1939 to replace the Kentucky State Reformatory located in Frankfort after a flood damaged the original property . The 43-acre ( 170,000 m2 ) facility has the capacity to house 2,005 inmates , thus making it the second largest prison in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'La Grange , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Grange,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'La Grange is a home rule-class city in Oldham County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 8,082 at the time of the 2010 U.S. census . It is the seat of its county .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Sandy Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Sandy_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': 'Little Sandy Correctional Complex is a minimum and medium/maximum-security prison located in Elliott County , near Sandy Hook , Kentucky . The facility is operated by the Kentucky Department of Corrections . The prison is the most recently constructed state prison in Kentucky , having opened in 2005 . The facility had a prison population of 1014 as of 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandy Hook , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Sandy Hook is a home rule-class city beside the Little Sandy River in Elliott County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 675 at the 2010 census . Elliot County is in a dry county , and it is illegal to sell alcohol within the city . The Little Sandy Correctional Complex , a medium-security prison operated by the Kentucky Department of Corrections , is located 6 miles ( 10 km ) northeast of Sandy Hook .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium/Maximum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luther Luckett Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luther_Luckett_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': "The Luther Luckett Correctional Complex is a Medium/MINIMUM-security state prison located in Oldham County , near La Grange , Kentucky , about 30 miles northeast of Louisville . It opened in 1981 and had a prison population 1,204 as of 2018 . The Kentucky Correctional Psychiatric Center , which is operated by the Kentucky Health and Family Services Cabinet and is officially a separate facility , is located within the Luther Luckett Correctional Complex and shares several facilities with its host prison . Due to extreme staffing shortages over the 2015-16 fiscal year , the facility now operates on two 12-hour shifts , five days a week . This has been embraced by some as substantial extra income , and heavily criticized by others due to being away from their families so often , as well as being a major source of mental and physical stress . The current administration consists of Warden Scott Jordan , and Deputy Warden of Programs Laura Plappart . Patricia Gunter is Major of Security . The documentary Shakespeare Behind Bars , depicting a production of William Shakespeare 's The Tempest by prison inmates , was filmed at Luther Luckett ."}]}, {'value': 'La Grange , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Grange,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'La Grange is a home rule-class city in Oldham County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 8,082 at the time of the 2010 U.S. census . It is the seat of its county .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium/Maximum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northpoint Training Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northpoint_Training_Center', 'summary': 'Northpoint Training Center is a medium-security prison located in Boyle County , near Danville , Kentucky . It opened in 1983 and had a prison capacity of 1,256 as of 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Burgin , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burgin,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Burgin is a home rule-class city in Mercer County , Kentucky , in the United States . Its population was 965 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roederer Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roederer_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': 'Roederer Correctional Complex is a minimum and medium-security state prison located in Buckner , Oldham County , near La Grange , Kentucky . It is about 30 miles northeast of Louisville . The Kentucky Department of Corrections Assessment and Classification Center is located at Roederer . All new male inmates , with the exception of those sentenced to death , are initially assigned to Roederer until they can be classified and transferred to other prison within the Commonwealth . The prison opened in 1978 and had a prison population of 997 as of 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'La Grange , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Grange,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'La Grange is a home rule-class city in Oldham County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 8,082 at the time of the 2010 U.S. census . It is the seat of its county .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium/Minimum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ross-Cash Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fredonia , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredonia,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Fredonia ( /frɪˈdoʊniə/ ) is a home rule-class city in Caldwell County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 401 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Minimum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Kentucky Correctional Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Correctional_Complex', 'summary': 'Western Kentucky Correctional Complex ( WKCC ) is a segregated , dual-sex , medium-security prison in Lyon County , Kentucky , near the city of Fredonia . As of October 2019 [ update ] , the facility had 693 prisoners ( 493 men and 200 women ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Fredonia , Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fredonia,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Fredonia ( /frɪˈdoʊniə/ ) is a home rule-class city in Caldwell County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 401 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Medium/Minimum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '693', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Facilities -- State-owned', 'section_text': 'Following is a list of Kentucky state prisons :', 'uid': 'Kentucky_Department_of_Corrections_0', 'intro': "The Kentucky Department of Corrections is a state agency of the Kentucky Justice & Public Safety Cabinet that operates state-owned adult correctional facilities, provides oversight for and sets standards for county jails. They also provide training, community based services, and oversees the state's Probation & Parole Division. The agency is headquartered in the Health Services Building in Frankfort. Since the beginning of the 2015 Fiscal Year, the department has seen a staffing shortage of epic proportions due to low salaries, constant overtime (currently nearing $10 million), and the lure of higher paying jobs in the private sector. What were once 8-hour days and 40-hour weeks with occasional overtime turned into 12-hour days and 60-hour weeks out of necessity. In response to this staffing crisis and continued pressure from correctional employees, the Kentucky Legislature held a special session and approved an immediate 13.1% salary increase for current security staff, moved non-security staff to 40 hour work weeks, and increased the starting salary for Correctional Officers from $23,346 to $30,000 annually. Shortly after taking office, Governor Bevin included $4.5 million in his biennial budget proposal to provide retention raises for correctional staff."}
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what was the year opened of the complex with a prison population 1,204 as of 2018 ?
1981
09c319bfa16a658d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Pennsylvania', 'title': 'List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Religious Affiliation', 'Enrollment'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alvernia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvernia_University', 'summary': 'Alvernia University is a private Franciscan Roman Catholic university in Reading , Pennsylvania . Once known as Alvernia College , the school gained university status in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Reading ( Berks County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Reading ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ RED-ing ; Pennsylvania German : Reddin ) is a city in and the county seat of Berks County , Pennsylvania , United States . With a population of 88,495 as of the 2018 U.S. Census Estimates , it is the fifth-largest city in Pennsylvania . Located in the southeastern part of the state , it is the principal city of the Greater Reading Area , home to 420,152 residents , and is furthermore included in the greater Delaware Valley . According to the 2010 census , Reading had the highest share of citizens living in poverty in the nation for cities with populations of more than 65,000 . Reading 's poverty rate fell over the next decade . Reading 's poverty rate in the 2018 five-year American Community survey showed that 35.4% of the city 's residents were below the poverty line , or less than the infamous 41.3% from 2011 , when Reading was declared the poorest small city in the nation . The city , which is approximately halfway between the state 's most populous city , Philadelphia , and the state capital , Harrisburg , is strategically situated along a major transportation route from Central to Eastern Pennsylvania , and lent its name to the now-defunct Reading Railroad , which transported anthracite coal from the Pennsylvania Coal Region to the eastern United States via the Port of Philadelphia . Reading Railroad is one of the four railroad properties in the classic United States version of the Monopoly board game . Reading was one of the first localities where outlet shopping became a tourist industry . It has been known as The Pretzel City , because of numerous local pretzel bakeries . Currently , Bachman , Dieffenbach , Tom Sturgis , and Unique Pretzel bakeries call the Reading area home . In recent years , the Reading area has become a destination for cyclists ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '3,003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcadia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcadia_University', 'summary': "Arcadia University is a private university in Glenside , Pennsylvania . The university enrolls approximately 4,000 undergraduate and Master 's students . The 76-acre ( 310,000 m2 ) campus features Grey Towers Castle , a National Historic Landmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheltenham Township ( Montgomery County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Cheltenham Township is a home rule township in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania , United States . Cheltenham 's population density ranges from over 10,000 per square mile in rowhouses and high-rise apartments along Cheltenham Avenue to historic neighborhoods in Wyncote and Elkins Park . It is the most densely populated township in Montgomery County . The population was 36,793 at the 2010 U.S. Census , making it the third most populous township in Montgomery County and the 27th most populous municipality in Pennsylvania . It was originally part of Philadelphia County , and it became part of Montgomery County upon that county 's creation in 1784 . Cheltenham is located 5 miles from Center City , Philadelphia and surrounded by the North and Northeast sections of Philadelphia , Abington , Jenkintown , and Springfield . The SEPTA Main Line passes through Cheltenham via 5 regional rail stations , some of which are the busiest in the SEPTA system . Cheltenham is served by the SEPTA City Transit Division and is adjacent to Fern Rock Transportation Center and the Broad Street Line subway which terminates at the South Philadelphia Sports Complex and also the Frankford Transportation Center and the El , which terminates at 69th Street in Upper Darby Township . The northern terminus of Broad Street is in Cheltenham , at its intersection with Cheltenham Avenue ( Pennsylvania Route 309 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Presbyterian Church ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)', 'summary': 'The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , abbreviated PC ( USA ) , is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States . A part of the Reformed tradition , it is the largest Presbyterian denomination in the US , and known for its relatively progressive stance on doctrine . The PC ( USA ) was established by the 1983 merger of the Presbyterian Church in the United States , whose churches were located in the Southern and border states , with the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America , whose congregations could be found in every state . The similarly named Presbyterian Church in America is a separate denomination whose congregations can also trace their history to the various schisms and mergers of Presbyterian churches in the United States . The denomination had 1,352,678 active members and 19,243 ordained ministers in 9,161 congregations at the end of 2018 . This number does not include members who are baptized but who are not confirmed or the inactive members also affiliated . For example , in 2005 , the PC ( USA ) claimed 318,291 baptized , but not confirmed , members and nearly 500,000 inactive members in addition to active members . Its membership has been declining over the past several decades ; the trend has significantly accelerated in recent years , partly due to breakaway congregations . Average denominational worship attendance dropped to 565,467 in 2017 from 748,774 in 2013 . The PC ( USA ) is the largest Presbyterian denomination in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '3,983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryn Mawr College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College', 'summary': "Bryn Mawr College ( /ˌbrɪnˈmɑːr/ brin-MAR ; Welsh : [ ˌbɾɨ̞nˈmau̯ɾ ] ) is a women 's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania . Founded as a Quaker institution in 1885 , Bryn Mawr is one of the Seven Sister colleges and the Tri-College Consortium . The college has an enrollment of about 1,350 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students . It was the first women 's college to offer graduate education through a PhD ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Merion Township ( Montgomery County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Lower Merion Township is a township in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania and part of the Philadelphia Main Line . As of the 2016 U.S. Census , the township had a total population of 58,288 . Lower Merion has the 5th highest per-capita income and the 12th highest median household income in the country with a population of 50,000 or more . The name Merion originates with the county of Merioneth in north Wales . Merioneth is an English-language translation of the Welsh Meirionnydd . Lower Merion , along with Upper Darby , Haverford , Cheltenham together form as the major inner ring suburbs of Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Secular', 'summary': "Secularity ( derived from the word secular which comes from Latin saeculum meaning worldly , of a generation , temporal , or a span of about 100 years ) is the state of being separate from religion , or of not being exclusively allied with or against any particular religion . Historically , the word secular was not related or linked to religion , but was a freestanding term in Latin which would relate to any mundane endeavour . However , the term , saecula saeculorum ( saeculōrum being the genitive plural of saeculum ) as found in the New Testament in the Vulgate translation ( circa 410 ) of the original Koine Greek phrase εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων ( eis toùs aionas ton aiṓnōn ) , e.g . at Galatians 1:5 , was used in the early Christian church ( and is still used today ) , in the doxologies , to denote the coming and going of the ages , the grant of eternal life , and the long duration of created things from their beginning to forever and ever . The idea of a dichotomy between religion and the secular originated in the European Enlightenment . Furthermore , since religion and secular are both Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology , other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them . In many cultures , little conceptual or practical distinction is made between 'natural ' and 'supernatural ' phenomena and the very notions of religious and nonreligious dissolve into unimportance , nonexistence , or unawareness , especially since people have beliefs in other supernatural or spiritual things irrespective of belief in God or gods . Conceptions of what is and what is not religion vary in contemporary East Asia as well . The shared term for irreligion or no religion ( 無宗教 , Chinese pron . wú zōngjiào , Japanese pron . mu shūkyō ) with which the majority of East Asian populations identify themselves implies non-membership in one of the institutional religions ( such as Buddhism and Christianity ) but not necessarily non-belief in traditional folk religions collectively represented by Chinese Shendao ( shén dào ) and Japanese Shinto ( both meaning ways of gods ) . [ a ] In modern Japan , religion has negative connotation since it is associated with foreign belief systems so many identify as nonreligious ( mushukyo ) , but this does not mean they have a complete rejection or absence of beliefs and rituals relating to supernatural , metaphysical , or spiritual things ."}]}, {'value': '1,751', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlow University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlow_University', 'summary': "The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21 , 1843 . They traveled from County Carlow , Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh , where they purchased 13 acres ( 5.3 ha ) within the Diocese of Pittsburgh . This land became the location of a new motherhouse and Our Lady of Mercy Academy . Some reports state that the site of the current campus was the location of a Civil War fortification named Fort Zug . In 1929 , the Sisters of Mercy opened Mount Mercy College . The first Commencement ceremony for Mount Mercy College was conducted in 1933 . The college 's seal and motto was also established that year . Aquinas Hall was built to house the library and administrative offices in 1936 . Five years later , Trinity Hall opened as the science center for the college . In 1945 , men were admitted to the school under the G.I . Bill . One of these men was the late Peter F. Flaherty , who went on to become a two-term Mayor of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Commissioner ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh ( Allegheny County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,768', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnegie Mellon University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University', 'summary': "The Carnegie Technical Schools were founded in 1900 in Pittsburgh by the Scottish American industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , who wrote the time-honored words My heart is in the work , when he donated the funds to create the institution . Carnegie 's vision was to open a vocational training school for the sons and daughters of working-class Pittsburghers ( many of whom worked in his mills ) . Carnegie was inspired for the design of his school by the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn , New York founded by industrialist Charles Pratt in 1887 . In 1912 , the institution changed its name to Carnegie Institute of Technology ( CIT ) and began offering four-year degrees . During this time , CIT consisted of four constituent schools : the School of Fine and Applied Arts , the School of Apprentices and Journeymen , the School of Science and Technology , and the Margaret Morrison Carnegie School for Women . The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was founded in 1913 by banker and industrialist brothers Andrew Mellon ( who went on to become U.S. Treasury Secretary ) and Richard B. Mellon in honor of their father , Thomas Mellon , patriarch of the Mellon family . The Institute began as a research organization which performed work for government and industry on a contract and was initially established as a department within the University of Pittsburgh . In 1927 , the Mellon Institute incorporated as an independent nonprofit . In 1937 , the Mellon Institute 's iconic building was completed and it moved to its new , and current , location on Fifth Avenue . In 1967 , with support from Paul Mellon , Carnegie Tech merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to become Carnegie Mellon University . Carnegie Mellon 's coordinate women 's college , the Margaret Morrison Carnegie College closed in 1973 and merged its academic programs with the rest of the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh ( Allegheny County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,340', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chestnut Hill College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College', 'summary': "Chestnut Hill College is a Roman Catholic college in the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The college was founded in 1924 as a women 's college by the Sisters of St. Joseph . It was originally named Mount Saint Joseph College . In 1980 , the college established a coeducational graduate education program and started to admit male students to its undergraduate programs in 2003 . As of 2012 , a total of 2,318 students were enrolled in Chestnut Hill College 's three constituent schools , with fewer than 900 as undergraduates ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeSales University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeSales_University', 'summary': 'DeSales University ( DSU ) is a private Catholic university in Center Valley , Pennsylvania . The university offers traditional , online , and hybrid courses and programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels . Named for St. Francis de Sales , the university was founded in 1964 as Allentown College of Saint Francis de Sales by the Oblates of St. Francis de Sales .'}]}, {'value': 'Upper Saucon Township ( Lehigh County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Saucon_Township,_Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Upper Saucon Township is a township in Lehigh County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is a suburb of Allentown , Pennsylvania , in the Lehigh Valley region of the state . Upper Saucon Township is within the New York Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,438', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drexel University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drexel_University', 'summary': "Drexel University is a private research university with its main campus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel , a financier and philanthropist . Founded as Drexel Institute of Art , Science , and Industry , it was renamed Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936 , before assuming the name Drexel University in 1970 . As of 2015 [ update ] , more than 26,000 students were enrolled in over 70 undergraduate programs and more than 100 master 's , doctoral , and professional programs at the university . Drexel 's cooperative education program ( co-op ) is a prominent aspect of the school 's degree programs , offering students the opportunity to gain up to 18 months of paid , full-time work experience in a field relevant to their undergraduate major or graduate degree program prior to graduation ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,637', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duquesne University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duquesne_University', 'summary': "Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit ( /djuːˈkeɪn/ ) is a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . Founded by members of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit , Duquesne first opened its doors as the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost in October 1878 with an enrollment of 40 students and a faculty of six . In 1911 , the college became the first Catholic university-level institution in Pennsylvania . It is the only Spiritan institution of higher education in the world . [ citation needed ] It is named for an 18th-century governor of New France , Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville . Duquesne has since expanded to over 9,300 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained 49-acre ( 19.8 ha ) hilltop campus in Pittsburgh 's Bluff neighborhood . The school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study . The university hosts international students from more than 80 countries although most students - about 80% - are from Pennsylvania or the surrounding region . Duquesne is considered a research university with higher research activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . There are more than 93,000 living alumni of the university including two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh . The Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I. Duquesne men 's basketball appeared twice in national championship games in the 1950s and won the NIT championship in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh ( Allegheny County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_University_(United_States)', 'summary': 'Eastern University is a private Christian university in St. Davids , Pennsylvania . The university is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and has undergraduate and graduate programs and an interdenominational Christian student body , faculty , and administration . Eastern University is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Radnor Township ( Delaware County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Radnor Township is an upper-class township with home rule status in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . It contains the unincorporated communities of Garrett Hill , Rosemont , St. Davids , Strafford , Villanova and Wayne as well as areas with Bryn Mawr postal addresses ( not within the Bryn Mawr census designated place ) and Newtown Square . As of the 2010 census , the township population was 31,531 . Radnor Township lies along the Main Line , a collection of upper-middle class and upper-class Philadelphia suburbs . Villanova University , Cabrini University , the Valley Forge Military Academy and College and Eastern University are all located within Radnor Township .'}]}, {'value': 'American Baptist Churches USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA', 'summary': 'The American Baptist Churches USA ( ABCUSA ) is a Baptist Christian denomination within the United States . The denomination maintains headquarters in Valley Forge , Pennsylvania . The organization is usually considered mainline , although varying theological and mission emphases may be found among its congregations , including modernist , charismatic and evangelical orientations . It traces its history to the First Baptist Church in America ( 1638 ) and the Baptist congregational associations which organized the Triennial Convention in 1814 . From 1907 to 1950 , it was known as the Northern Baptist Convention , and from 1950 to 1972 as the American Baptist Convention . In 2017 , ABCUSA had 1,145,647 members in 5,057 congregations .'}]}, {'value': '4,476', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gannon University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gannon_University', 'summary': "Gannon University is a private , co-educational Catholic university in Erie , Pennsylvania . Gannon University has an alumni base numbering around 46,000 . Current enrollment is 4,444 . Gannon 's intercollegiate athletics include 18 athletic programs for men and women at the NCAA Division II level ."}]}, {'value': 'Erie ( Erie County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Erie ( /ˈɪəri/ ; EER-ee ) is a city on the south shore of Lake Erie and the county seat of Erie County , Pennsylvania , United States . Named for the lake and the Native American Erie people who lived in the area until the mid-17th century , Erie is the fourth-largest city in Pennsylvania , as well as the largest city in Northwestern Pennsylvania , with a population of 101,786 at the 2010 census . The estimated population in 2018 had decreased to 96,471 . The Erie metropolitan area , equivalent to all of Erie County , consists of 276,207 residents . The Erie-Meadville , PA Combined Statistical Area has a population of 369,331 , as of the 2010 Census . Erie is halfway between the cities of Buffalo , New York , and Cleveland , Ohio , and due north of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Erie 's manufacturing sector remains prominent in the local economy , though healthcare , higher education , technology , service industries , and tourism are emerging as significant economic drivers . Over four million people visit Erie during summer months for recreation at Presque Isle State Park , as well as attractions such as Waldameer Park . Erie is known as the Flagship City because of its status as the home port of Oliver Hazard Perry 's flagship Niagara . Erie won the All-America City Award in 1972 , and in 2012 hosted the Perry 200 , a commemoration , celebrating 200 years of peace between Britain , America and Canada following the War of 1812 and Battle of Lake Erie ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,219', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Family University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Family_University', 'summary': 'Holy Family University is a Roman Catholic liberal arts university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was chartered in 1954 by the Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth . In addition to the main Torresdale campus in the northeastern section of the city , there are satellite locations in Newtown , and on Bristol Pike in Bensalem .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,270', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immaculata University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immaculata_University', 'summary': 'Immaculata University is a private , co-educational , Roman Catholic university founded by the Sisters , Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and located in Malvern , Pennsylvania . The university is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church through the Archdiocese of Philadelphia . The university is composed of 1,427 traditional undergraduate and adult undergraduate students , and more than 1,000 graduate and doctoral students . The university is located on more than 300 acres ( 120 ha ) .'}]}, {'value': 'East Whiteland Township ( Chester County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Whiteland_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'East Whiteland Township is a township in Chester County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 10,650 at the 2010 census . Mailing addresses associated with East Whiteland include Malvern , Frazer , and a small area of Exton .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,456', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Salle University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Salle_University', 'summary': 'La Salle University /ləˈsæl/ is a private , Roman Catholic university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Named for St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle , the university was founded in 1863 by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools . The university offers traditional , online , and hybrid courses and programs . The university is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church through the Archdiocese of Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,636', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lehigh University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lehigh_University', 'summary': "Lehigh University ( LU ) is a private research university in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . It was established in 1865 by businessman Asa Packer . Its undergraduate programs have been coeducational since the 1971-72 academic year . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university had 5,047 undergraduate students and 1,802 graduate students . Lehigh has four colleges : the P.C . Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science , the College of Arts and Sciences , the College of Business and Economics , and the College of Education . The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest , with 35% of the university 's students . The university offers a variety of degrees , including Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Science , Master of Arts , Master of Science , Master of Business Administration , Master of Engineering , Master of Education , and Doctor of Philosophy . Lehigh has produced Pulitzer Prize winners , Fulbright Fellows , members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and of the National Academy of Sciences , and National Medal of Science winners ."}]}, {'value': 'Bethlehem ( Northampton County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Bethlehem is a city in Lehigh and Northampton counties in the Lehigh Valley region of the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 74,982 , making it the seventh largest city in Pennsylvania , after Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , Allentown , Erie , Reading , and Scranton . Of this , 55,639 were in Northampton County , and 19,343 were in Lehigh County . Bethlehem lies in the center of the Lehigh Valley , a region of 731 sq mi ( 1,890 km2 ) that is home to more than 800,000 people . Together with Allentown and Easton , the Valley embraces the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton , PA-NJ metropolitan area , including Lehigh , Northampton , and Carbon counties within Pennsylvania , and Warren County in the adjacent state of New Jersey . Smaller than Allentown but larger than Easton , Bethlehem is the Lehigh Valley 's second most populous city . In turn , this metropolitan area comprises Pennsylvania 's third-largest metropolitan area and the state 's largest and most populous contribution to the greater New York City metropolitan area . There are four general sections of the city : central Bethlehem , the south side , the east side , and the west side . Each of these sections blossomed at different times in the city 's development and each contains areas recognized under the National Register of Historic Places . ZIP codes that use the address Bethlehem totaled 116,000 in population in the year 2000 . These ZIP codes include Bethlehem Township and Hanover Township . The Norfolk Southern Railway 's Lehigh Line ( formerly the main line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad ) , runs through Bethlehem heading east to Easton , Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg , New Jersey across the Delaware River ."}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,051', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marywood University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marywood_University', 'summary': 'Marywood University is a Catholic liberal arts university in Scranton , Pennsylvania . Established in 1915 by the Sisters , Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , Marywood currently enrolls more than 2,800 students in a variety of undergraduate , graduate , and doctoral programs . The university has a national arboretum with more than 100 types of trees and shrubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunmore ( Lackawanna County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunmore,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Dunmore is a borough in Lackawanna County , Pennsylvania , adjoining Scranton . Dunmore was settled in 1835 and incorporated in 1862 . Extensive anthracite coal , brick , stone , and silk interests had led to a rapid increase in the population from 8,315 in 1890 to 23,086 in 1940 . The population was 13,110 in the 2018 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,479', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misericordia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misericordia_University', 'summary': "Misericordia University is a private Catholic liberal arts university in Dallas , Pennsylvania . It was founded by the Religious Sisters of Mercy in 1924 as College Misericordia ; in 2007 it became a university and changed its name . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's and doctoral degrees as well as post-master 's and post-bachelor 's certificates ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Township ( Luzerne County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Dallas Township is a township in Luzerne County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is part of the Back Mountain , a 118 square mile region in northern Luzerne County . The population was 8,994 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,812', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neumann University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neumann_University', 'summary': 'Neumann University is a private Roman Catholic liberal arts college in Aston , Pennsylvania . It is sponsored by the Sisters of St. Francis of Philadelphia .'}]}, {'value': 'Aston Township ( Delaware County )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aston_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Aston Township is a township in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 16,592 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,073', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_University', 'summary': 'Thomas Jefferson University is a private university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Established in its earliest form in 1824 , the university officially combined with Philadelphia University in 2017 . To signify its heritage , the university sometimes carries the nomenclature Jefferson ( Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University ) in its branding .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': 'Secular', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,619', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private , not-for-profit institutions -- Private doctoral universities', 'section_text': 'Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia Lehigh University in Bethlehem', 'uid': 'List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Pennsylvania_4', 'intro': 'The following is a list of colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.'}
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Which college located in Philadelphia is a member of the Ivy League ?
University of Pennsylvania
09c437a28cc095aa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Paquin', 'title': 'Anna Paquin', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Venue'], 'data': [{'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Glory of Living', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Glory_of_Living', 'summary': 'The Glory of Living is a 1996 play by Rebecca Gilman . The play received its first production at the Circle Theatre Chicago in Forest Park , Illinois . The play has won several awards and was a finalist for the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for Drama .'}]}, {'value': 'Lisa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCC Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MCC_Theater', 'summary': 'MCC Theater is an Off-Broadway theater company located in New York City , founded in 1986 by artistic directors Robert LuPone , Bernard Telsey and William Cantler . Blake West joined the company in 2006 as Executive Director . MCC opened the doors to its new home in Manhattans Hells Kitchen neighborhood , The Robert W. Wilson MCC Theater Space , on January 9 , 2019/'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This is Our Youth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_is_Our_Youth', 'summary': 'This Is Our Youth is a play by American dramatist and screenwriter Kenneth Lonergan , which premiered Off-Broadway in 1996 and on Broadway in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Goldman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garrick Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrick_Theatre', 'summary': "The Garrick Theatre is a West End theatre , located in Charing Cross Road , in the City of Westminster , named after the stage actor David Garrick . It opened in 1889 with The Profligate , a play by Arthur Wing Pinero , and another Pinero play , The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith , was an early success at the theatre . In its early years , the Garrick appears to have specialised in the performance of melodrama . The theatre later became associated with comedies , including No Sex Please , We 're British , which played for four years from 1982 to 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuscript', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manuscript', 'summary': "A manuscript ( abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural ) was , traditionally , any document that is written by hand - or , once practical typewriters became available , typewritten - as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way . More recently , the term has come to be understood to further include any written , typed , or word-processed copy of an author 's work , as distinguished from its rendition as a printed version of the same . Before the arrival of printing , all documents and books were manuscripts . Manuscripts are not defined by their contents , which may combine writing with mathematical calculations , maps , music notation , explanatory figures or illustrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Hawkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Falmouth Academy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Falmouth_Academy', 'summary': 'Falmouth Academy ( FA ) is a non-profit , coed , private college-preparatory school for day students in grades 7-12 located in Falmouth , Massachusetts on Cape Cod .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drug Buddy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wendy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manhattan Theatre Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manhattan_Theatre_Club', 'summary': "Manhattan Theatre Club ( MTC ) is a theatre company located in New York City , affiliated with the League of Resident Theatres . Under the leadership of Artistic Director Lynne Meadow and Executive Producer Barry Grove , Manhattan Theatre Club has grown since its founding in 1970 from an Off-Off Broadway showcase into one of the country 's most acclaimed theatre organizations . MTC 's many awards include 19 Tony Awards , six Pulitzer Prizes , 48 Obie Awards and 32 Drama Desk Awards , as well as numerous Drama Critics Circle , Outer Critics Circle and Theatre World Awards . MTC has won the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Achievement , a Drama Desk for Outstanding Excellence , and a Theatre World for Outstanding Achievement . MTC produces plays and musicals on and off-Broadway ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roulette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roulette', 'summary': 'Roulette is a casino game named after the French word meaning little wheel . In the game , players may choose to place bets on either a single number , various groupings of numbers , the colors red or black , whether the number is odd or even , or if the numbers are high ( 19-36 ) or low ( 1-18 ) . To determine the winning number and color , a croupier spins a wheel in one direction , then spins a ball in the opposite direction around a tilted circular track running around the outer edge of the wheel . The ball eventually loses momentum , passes through an area of deflectors , and falls onto the wheel and into one of 37 ( single zero French/European style roulette ) or 38 ( double zero American style roulette ) colored and numbered pockets on the wheel . The winnings are then paid to anyone who has placed a successful bet .'}]}, {'value': 'Jenny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ensemble Studio Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ensemble_Studio_Theatre', 'summary': "The Ensemble Studio Theatre ( EST ) is a non-profit membership-based developmental theatre located in Hell 's Kitchen , New York City . It has a dual mission of nurturing individual theatre artists and developing new American plays ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Distance From Here', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shari', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCC Theater', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The 24 Hour Plays , South Of The Border', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maylene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCC Theater', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'After Ashley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/After_Ashley', 'summary': 'After Ashley is a 2004 play written by Gina Gionfriddo .'}]}, {'value': 'Julie Bell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vineyard Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vineyard_Theatre', 'summary': "Vineyard Theatre is an Off-Broadway theatre company dedicated to developing and producing bold new plays and musicals by both emerging and established artists . They are committed to creating an artistic home for daring and diverse artists , to nurturing their unique voices , and to engaging audiences and community in dialogue by producing work that challenges people to see themselves and the world in new ways , pushing the boundaries of what theatre can be and do . The Vineyard is one of the countrys foremost theatre companies dedicated to the creation and production of new plays and musicals , and its artists and productions are the recipients of two Pulitzer Prizes , five Tony Awards , 23 Obie Awards , two Oppenheimer Awards , and numerous New York Drama Critics Circle , Lucille Lortel , and Drama Desk awards . It celebrated its 35th anniversary in 2017. Notable projects developed and premiered by The Vineyard include two Pulitzer Prize-winning dramas , Paula Vogels HOW I LEARNED TO DRIVE and Edward Albees THREE TALL WOMEN and five productions that have transferred to Broadway - John Kander and Fred Ebbs THE SCOTTSBORO BOYS , Hunter Bell and Jeff Bowens [ title of show ] , Bobby Lopez , Jeff Marx and Jeff Whittys AVENUE Q ( Tony Award , Best Musical ) , Nicky Silvers THE LYONS , and most recently INDECENT by Paula Vogel . Other notable premieres include Becky Modes FULLY COMMITTED ( which ran for two years Off-Broadway and has had more than 100 productions around the world ) ; Colman Domingos DOT , Jenny Schwartzs GODS EAR , Craig Lucas THE DYING GAUL , Nicky Silvers PTERODACTYLS , Anne Washburns THE INTERNATIONALIST , Julia Chos THE PIANO TEACHER , Christopher Shinns WHERE DO WE LIVE , Will Enos MIDDLETOWN , Tarell Alvin McCraneys WIG OUT ! , Michael Mayer and Peter Lermans BROOKLYNITE , Branden Jacobs-Jenkins Pulitzer finalist play GLORIA , Jeremy O. Harris ' DADDY and many more . The Vineyard is also home to the Vineyard Community of Artists , an alliance of playwrights , composers , actors , designers , and directors that provides artists with a broad range of opportunities to develop their work , strike new collaborations , and participate in the ongoing life of the theatre . It sponsors panel discussions , guest speakers , informal readings of works-in-progress and full readings of new plays ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dog Sees God : Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dog_Sees_God:_Confessions_of_a_Teenage_Blockhead', 'summary': 'Dog Sees God : Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead is a play written by Bert V. Royal . An unauthorized continuation , the play reimagines characters from the popular comic strip Peanuts as degenerate teenagers . Drug use , child sexual abuse , suicide , eating disorders , teen violence , rebellion , sexual relations and identity are among the issues covered in this parody of the works of Charles M. Schulz .'}]}, {'value': 'Marcy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westside Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westside_Theatre', 'summary': "The Westside Theatre is an off-Broadway performance space at 407 West 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . The building houses two auditoriums : the Upstairs Theatre , which seats 270 , and the Downstairs Theatre , which features a thrust stage and has a seating capacity of 249 . Formerly known as the Chelsea Theatre Center and the Westside Arts Theatre , the building was renovated in 1991 . The Romanesque Revival style building , designed by Henry Franklin Kilburn , was constructed in 1890 for the Second German Baptist Church , which it housed until the 1960s . The site was then occupied by various nightclubs until its establishment as a theatre in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The 24 Hour Plays , The Blizzard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCC Theater', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Theatre', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Anna_Paquin_2', 'intro': "Anna Hélène Paquin (/ˈpækwɪn/ PAK-win; born 24 July 1982) is a New Zealand-Canadian actress. She was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba and brought up in Wellington, New Zealand, before moving to Los Angeles during her youth. She completed a year at Columbia University, before leaving to focus on her acting career. As a child, she played the role of Flora McGrath in Jane Campion's romantic drama film The Piano (1993), despite having had little acting experience. For her performance, she garnered critical acclaim and received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at the age of 11, making her the second-youngest winner in Oscar history. Paquin was a successful child actress, receiving multiple Young Artist Award nominations for her roles in Fly Away Home (1996), The Member of the Wedding (1997), and A Walk on the Moon (1999), and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture for appearing in Cameron Crowe's comedy-drama film Almost Famous (2000). She played mutant superheroine Rogue in multiple films of the X-Men franchise (2000-2014) and was nominated for a Saturn Award for her performance in the first installment. Her other film credits include Jane Eyre (1996), Amistad (1997), 25th Hour (2002), Trick 'r Treat (2007), Margaret (2011), The Good Dinosaur (2015), and The Irishman (2019). Paquin played the lead role of Sookie Stackhouse in the HBO vampire drama television series True Blood (2008-2014). For her performance in the series, Paquin won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama in 2009, and was nominated for an additional Golden Globe Award in 2010, as well as three Saturn Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2010. Among other accolades, Paquin has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her work on the 2007 television film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and a Golden Globe Award for her work on the 2009 television film The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler."}
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Anna appeared in a play written by Gina Gionfriddo that was shown at what theater dedicated to the creation and production of new plays and musicals ?
Vineyard Theatre
09c60f45daf8773d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'ABQ RIDE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABQ_RIDE', 'summary': 'ABQ RIDE ( City of Albuquerque Transit Department ) is the local transit agency serving Albuquerque , New Mexico . ABQ RIDE operates a variety of city bus routes including the Rapid Ride semi-BRT service . Serving 13 million passengers in 2012 , it is the largest public transportation system in the state . The name ABQ RIDE and a new logo depicting the Alvarado Transportation Center clock tower were chosen in a contest , replacing the previous name SunTran in September 2004 . The current ABQ RIDE color scheme is yellow-green , white , and turquoise , though most of the existing fleet wears the previous maroon , white , and gold livery .'}]}, {'value': 'Albuquerque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Albuquerque ( /ˈælbəkɜːrki/ ( listen ) AL-bə-kur-kee ; Navajo : Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil [ pèːʔèltíːl tɑ̀xsɪ̀nɪ̀l ] ; Eastern Keres : Arawageeki ; Jemez : Vakêêke ; Zuni : Alo : ke : k'ya ; Jicarilla Apache : Gołgéeki'yé ) , abbreviated as ABQ , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico , and the 32nd-most populous city in the United States . The city 's nicknames are The Duke City and Burque , both of which reference its 1706 founding by Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés as La Villa de Alburquerque , named in honor of then Viceroy the 10th Duke of Alburquerque , the Villa was an outpost on El Camino Real for the Tiquex and Hispano towns in the area ( such as Barelas , Corrales , Isleta Pueblo , Los Ranchos , and Sandia Pueblo ) . Since the city 's founding it has continued to be included on travel and trade routes including Santa Fe Railway ( ATSF ) , Route 66 , Interstate 25 , Interstate 40 , and the Albuquerque International Sunport . The population census-estimated population of the city as 560,218 in 2018 , it is the principal city of the Albuquerque metropolitan area , which has 915,927 residents as of July 2018 . The metropolitan population includes Rio Rancho , Bernalillo , Placitas , Zia Pueblo , Los Lunas , Belen , South Valley , Bosque Farms , Jemez Pueblo , Cuba , and part of Laguna Pueblo . This metro is included in the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area , with a population of 1,171,991 as of 2016 . The CSA constitutes the southernmost point of the Southern Rocky Mountain Front megalopolis , including other major Rocky Mountain region cities such as Cheyenne , Wyoming , and Denver , Colorado , with a population of 5,467,633 according to the 2010 United States Census . Albuquerque serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County , and is in north-central New Mexico . The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque , and the Rio Grande flows north to south through its center , while the West Mesa and Petroglyph National Monument make up the western part of the city . Albuquerque has one of the highest elevations of any major city in the U.S. , ranging from 4,900 feet ( 1,490 m ) above sea level near the Rio Grande to over 6,700 feet ( 1,950 m ) in the foothill areas of Sandia Heights and Glenwood Hills . The civic apex is found in an undeveloped area within the Albuquerque Open Space ; there , the terrain rises to an elevation of approximately 6880+ feet ( 2,097 m ) . The economy of Albuquerque centers on science , medicine , technology , commerce , education , entertainment , and culture outlets ."}]}, {'value': 'Albuquerque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atomic City Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Alamos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Los Alamos ( Spanish : Los Álamos , meaning The Cottonwoods or The Poplars ) is a town in Los Alamos County , New Mexico , United States that is recognized as the development and creation place of the atomic bomb - the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II . The town is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau , and has a population of 12,019 . It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places ( CDPs ) ; the other is White Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Alamos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsbad Municipal Transit System', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlsbad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Carlsbad ( /ˈkɑːrlzbæd/ KARLZ-bad ) is a city in and the county seat of Eddy County , New Mexico , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 26,138 . Carlsbad is centered at the intersection of U.S . Routes 62/180 and 285 , and is the principal city of the Carlsbad-Artesia Micropolitan Statistical Area , which has a total population of 55,435 . Located in the southeastern part of New Mexico , Carlsbad straddles the Pecos River and sits at the eastern edge of the Guadalupe Mountains . Carlsbad is a hub for potash mining , petroleum production , and tourism . Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of the city , and Guadalupe Mountains National Park lies 54 miles ( 87 km ) southwest across the Texas border . The Lincoln National Forest is to the northwest of town .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlsbad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gallup Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gallup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Gallup ( Navajo : Naʼnízhoozhí /nɑ̀ʔnɪ́ʒòːʒɪ́/ ; Zuni : Kalabwakin ) is a city in McKinley County , New Mexico , United States , with a population of 21,678 as of the 2010 census . A substantial percentage of its population is Native American , with residents from the Navajo , Hopi , and Zuni tribes . Gallup is the county seat of McKinley County and the most populous city between Flagstaff and Albuquerque , along the historic U.S. Route 66 . The city was founded in 1881 as a railhead for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad , and named after David Gallup , a paymaster for the railroad . It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways . Because of the nearby rugged terrain , it was a popular location in the 1940s and 1950s for Hollywood Westerns .'}]}, {'value': 'Gallup', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobbs Express', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hobbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobbs,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Hobbs is a city in Lea County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 34,122 at the 2010 Census , increasing from 28,657 at the 2000 census . Hobbs is the principal city of the Hobbs , New Mexico Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Lea County .'}]}, {'value': 'Hobbs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Central RTD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Central_RTD', 'summary': "The North Central Regional Transit District operates a network of several local and intercity bus routes in northern New Mexico , serving Santa Fe , Española , Taos , and many smaller communities along a network of 25 fixed routes and one demand-response route , one dial-a-ride and complementary Paratransit service in the Taos area . Routes operate Monday through Friday only , with the exceptions of the Taos Express , which operates only on weekends , the Mountain Trail route to the Santa Fe National Forest and Ski Santa Fe , which operates daily , and seasonal daily service from the Town of Taos to Taos Ski Valley . All routes are fare-free , with the exception of the Taos Express and Mountain Trail route which are premium fare-based routes . The service is supported primarily by transit gross receipt taxes , which provides approximately 70% of the RTD 's revenues ."}]}, {'value': 'Española', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Española,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Española /ɛspənˈjoʊlə/ is a city primarily in Rio Arriba County , New Mexico , in the United States . A portion of the central and eastern section of the city is in Santa Fe County . Founded as a capital for Nuevo México in 1598 as San Juan de los Caballeros , it was renamed Española in 1880 when it became a railroad village , the city was officially incorporated in 1925 . It has been called the first capital city in the United States . At the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 10,495 . Española is within the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Española Taos Santa Fe Los Alamos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NMDOT Park and Ride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NMDOT_Park_and_Ride', 'summary': 'NMDOT Park and Ride is the name given to a network of intercity buses in New Mexico and Texas , operated by the New Mexico Department of Transportation . The network is composed of eleven routes , including eight intercity routes and three local shuttle routes in Santa Fe , New Mexico . It is the fifth largest public bus transit operation in New Mexico based on ridership , with a yearly ridership of 315,738 for 2014 . Service is provided in the morning and evening peak hours , with no service during midday , and buses operate on weekdays only .'}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico', 'summary': "New Mexico ( Spanish : Nuevo México Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈnweβo ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) , Navajo : Yootó Hahoodzo pronounced [ jòːtxó xɑ̀xʷòːtsò ] ) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States of America ; its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe , which was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México ( itself established as a province of New Spain in 1598 ) , while its largest city is Albuquerque with its accompanying metropolitan area . It is one of the Mountain States and shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and Arizona . New Mexico is also bordered by the state of Texas to the east-southeast , Oklahoma to the northeast , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua to the south and Sonora to the southwest . With an estimated population of 2,096,829 as of the July 1 , 2019 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , New Mexico is the 36th largest state by population . With a total area of 121,592 sq mi ( 314,920 km2 ) , it is the fifth-largest and sixth-least densely populated of the 50 states . Due to their geographic locations , northern and eastern New Mexico exhibit a colder , alpine climate , while western and southern New Mexico exhibit a warmer , arid climate . The economy of New Mexico is dependent on oil drilling , mineral extraction , dryland farming , cattle ranching , lumber milling , and retail trade . As of 2018 , its total gross domestic product ( GDP ) was $ 101 billion with a GDP per capita of $ 45,465 . New Mexico 's status as a tax haven yields low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel , and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries . Because of this , its film industry has grown and contributed $ 1.23 billion to its overall economy . Due to its large area and economic climate , New Mexico has a large U.S. military presence marked notably with the White Sands Missile Range . Various U.S. national security agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico such as the Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Cruces Albuquerque Santa Fe Los Alamos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pecos Trails Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roswell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Roswell is a city in , and the seat of , Chaves County in the U.S. state of New Mexico , the county forms the entirety of the Roswell micropolitan area . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 48,411 , making it the fifth-largest city in New Mexico . It is home of New Mexico Military Institute ( NMMI ) , founded in 1891 . The city is also the location of an Eastern New Mexico University campus . Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located a few miles northeast of the city on the Pecos River . Bottomless Lakes State Park is located 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Roswell on US 380 . The Roswell UFO incident was named after the town , though the crash site of the alleged UFO was some 75 miles ( 121 km ) from Roswell and closer to Corona . The investigation and debris recovery was handled by the local Roswell Army Air Field . In the 1930s , Roswell was a site for much of Robert H. Goddard 's early rocketry work . The Roswell Museum and Art Center maintains an exhibit which includes a recreation of Goddard 's rocket engine development workshop . Roswell 's tourism industry is based on aerospace engineering and ufology museums and businesses , as well as alien-themed and spacecraft-themed iconography . The city also relies on New Mexico and Americana related tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Roswell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Apple Transit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farmington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farmington,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Farmington ( Navajo : Tóta ' ) is a city in San Juan County in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census the city had a total population of 45,877 people . Farmington ( and surrounding San Juan County ) makes up one of the four Metropolitan Statistical Areas ( MSAs ) in New Mexico . The U.S. Census Bureau 's population estimate in 2018 for Farmington was 44,788 . Farmington is located at the junction of the San Juan River , the Animas River , and the La Plata River , and is located on the Colorado Plateau . Farmington is the largest city of San Juan County , one of the geographically largest counties in the United States covering 5,538 square miles ( 14,340 km2 ) . The county seat and the other city in San Juan County is Aztec . Farmington serves as the commercial hub for most of northwestern New Mexico and the Four Corners region of four states . Farmington lies at or near the junction of three important highways : U.S. Highway 550 , U.S. Highway 64 , and New Mexico Highway 371 . It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways . The primary industries of San Juan County are the production of petroleum , natural gas , and coal . Major coal mines are the Navajo and San Juan mines , operated by BHP Billiton 15 to 19 miles ( 24 to 31 km ) southwest of Farmington ."}]}, {'value': 'Farmington Aztec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RoadRUNNER Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RoadRUNNER_Transit', 'summary': 'RoadRUNNER Transit is the local public transit authority serving Las Cruces , New Mexico The RoadRUNNER Transit Bus Tracker is an online service that riders can use to locate a bus in real time , and estimate its arrival time .'}]}, {'value': 'Las Cruces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Las Cruces is the seat of Doña Ana County , New Mexico , United States . As of the 2010 census the population was 97,618 , and in 2017 the estimated population was 101,712 , making it the second largest city in the state , after Albuquerque . Las Cruces is the largest city in both Doña Ana County and southern New Mexico . The Las Cruces metropolitan area had an estimated population of 213,849 in 2017 . It is the principal city of a metropolitan statistical area which encompasses all of Doña Ana County and is part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces combined statistical area . Las Cruces is the economic and geographic center of the Mesilla Valley , the agricultural region on the floodplain of the Rio Grande which extends from Hatch to the west side of El Paso , Texas . Las Cruces is the home of New Mexico State University ( NMSU ) , New Mexico 's only land-grant university . The city 's major employer is the federal government on nearby White Sands Test Facility and White Sands Missile Range . The Organ Mountains , 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the east , are dominant in the city 's landscape , along with the Doña Ana Mountains , Robledo Mountains , and Picacho Peak . Las Cruces lies 225 miles ( 362 km ) south of Albuquerque , 42 miles ( 68 km ) northwest of El Paso , Texas and 41 miles ( 66 km ) north of the Mexican border at Sunland Park . Spaceport America , which has corporate offices in Las Cruces , operates from 55 miles ( 89 km ) to the north , and has completed several successful manned , suborbital flights . The city is also the headquarters for Virgin Galactic , the world 's first company to offer sub-orbital spaceflights ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Cruces', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Fe Trails', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trails', 'summary': 'Santa Fe Trails is the local transit agency in Santa Fe , New Mexico . Santa Fe Trails operates ten bus routes which serve most areas of the city . Nearly all of the routes originate at either the Downtown Transit Center one block west of the Plaza , or the Santa Fe Place Transit Center . The fleet consists of 2001 model Blue Bird CSRE buses ( being replaced ) , 2008 and 2009 model ElDorado EZ Rider II MAX buses , and 2009 model ElDorado Passport buses . In late 2011 , Santa Fe Trails announced an order for two Gillig Low Floor buses , which entered service in 2012 . Five additional Gillig Low Floor buses , which are 35 feet long , entered service in 2014 . All buses are powered by compressed natural gas . Santa Fe Trails has operated one of the first bus fleets to be entirely powered by CNG , and continues to be today . All buses are wheelchair accessible and are 29 feet ( 8.84 m ) to 35 feet ( 10.67 m ) in length . In early 2013 , Santa Fe Trails placed an order for five 35-foot Gillig Low Floor buses , which entered service in November 2014 ; these are the first 35-foot buses for Santa Fe Trails . An additional seven 35-foot Gillig Low Floor buses were ordered in 2014 and are scheduled for delivery in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico', 'summary': "Santa Fe ( /ˌsæntə ˈfeɪ , ˈsæntə feɪ/ SAN-tə FAY , -\u2060 fay ; Tewa : Oghá P ' o'oge ; Navajo : Yootó ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is the fourth-largest city in New Mexico with a population of 84,612 in 2018 , the county seat of Santa Fe County , and its metropolitan area is part of the larger Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas combined statistical area which features a population of 1,178,664 as of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate . The city was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México , after it replaced Española as capital , which makes it the oldest state capital in the United States . It is considered one of the worlds great art cities , due to its many art galleries and installations , and is recognized by UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Cultural highlights include Santa Fe Plaza and the Palace of the Governors , and the Fiesta de Santa Fe , as well as distinct New Mexican cuisine restaurants and New Mexico music performances . Among the numerous art galleries and installations are , for example , Georgia O'Keefe Museum is located in the city , as is a gallery by cartoonist Chuck Jones , along with newer art collectives such as Meow Wolf . The area surrounding Santa Fe was occupied for at least several thousand years by indigenous peoples who built villages several hundred years ago on the current site of the city . It was known by the Tewa inhabitants as Ogha Po'oge ( White Shell Water Place ) . The name of the city of Santa Fe means holy faith in Spanish , and the city 's full name as founded remains La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís ( The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Fe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Socorro Transportation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Socorro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Socorro is a city in Socorro County in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is in the Rio Grande Valley at an elevation of 4,579 feet ( 1,396 m ) . In 2010 the population was 9,051 . It is the county seat of Socorro County . Socorro is located 74 miles ( 119 km ) south of Albuquerque and 146 miles ( 235 km ) north of Las Cruces .'}]}, {'value': 'Socorro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos Chile Line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'Taos /taʊs/ is a town in Taos County in the north-central region of New Mexico in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It was founded by Nuevo México Governor Fernando Chacón in 1795 , to act as fortified plaza and trading outpost for the neighboring Native American Taos Pueblo ( the towns namesake ) and Hispano communities , including Ranchos de Taos , Cañon , Taos Canyon , Ranchitos , El Prado , and Arroyo Seco . The town was incorporated in 1934 . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,716 . Taos is the county seat of Taos County . The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning place of red willows . Taos is the principal city of the Taos , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Taos County .'}]}, {'value': 'Taos', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'New Mexico', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_31', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}
null
null
What is the population of the city served by the service primarily supported by transit gross receipt taxes ?
10,495
09c6eebeea565cbb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books', 'title': 'List of best-selling books', 'header': ['Book series', 'Author ( s )', 'Original language', 'No . of installments', 'First published', 'Approximate sales'], 'data': [{'value': 'A Song of Ice and Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire', 'summary': "A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 , and it was published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series , A Dance with Dragons , was published in 2011 and took Martin six years to write . He is currently writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine in the first novel , to 31 characters by the fifth novel . Three main stories interweave : a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in northernmost Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point-of-view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise ."}]}, {'value': 'George R. R. Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_R._R._Martin', 'summary': 'George Raymond Richard Martin ( born George Raymond Martin ; September 20 , 1948 ) , also known as GRRM , is an American novelist and short story writer in the fantasy , horror , and science fiction genres , screenwriter , and television producer . He wrote the series of epic fantasy novels , A Song of Ice and Fire , which was adapted into the HBO series Game of Thrones ( 2011-2019 ) . In 2005 , Lev Grossman of Time called Martin the American Tolkien , and in 2011 , he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Currently 5 ; 7 Planned ; 3 novellas + 1 guide', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discworld', 'summary': "Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett , set on the Discworld , a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle . The series began in 1983 with The Colour of Magic and continued until the final novel The Shepherd 's Crown was published in 2015 , following Pratchett 's death . The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien , Robert E. Howard , H. P. Lovecraft , Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare , as well as mythology , folklore and fairy tales , often using them for satirical parallels with cultural , political and scientific issues . [ citation needed ] Forty-one Discworld novels have been published . The original British editions of the first 26 novels , up to Thief of Time ( 2001 ) , had cover art by Josh Kirby . The American editions , published by Harper Collins , used their own cover art . Since Kirby 's death in 2001 , the covers have been designed by Paul Kidby . Companion publications include eleven short stories ( some only loosely related to the Discworld ) , four popular science books , and a number of supplementary books and reference guides . The series has been adapted for graphic novels , theatre , computer and board games , and television . Newly released Discworld books regularly topped The Sunday Times best-sellers list , making Pratchett the UK 's best-selling author in the 1990s . Discworld novels have also won awards such as the Prometheus Award and the Carnegie Medal . In the BBC 's Big Read , four Discworld novels were in the top 100 , and a total of fourteen in the top 200 ."}]}, {'value': 'Terry Pratchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Pratchett', 'summary': "Sir Terence David John Pratchett OBE ( 28 April 1948 - 12 March 2015 ) was an English humorist , satirist , and author of fantasy novels , especially comical works . He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels . Pratchett 's first novel , The Carpet People , was published in 1971 . The first Discworld novel , The Colour of Magic , was published in 1983 , after which Pratchett wrote an average of two books a year . His 2011 Discworld novel Snuff became the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK , selling 55,000 copies in the first three days . The final Discworld novel , The Shepherd 's Crown , was published in August 2015 , five months after his death . Pratchett , with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages , was the UK 's best-selling author of the 1990s . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours . In 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents , the first Discworld book marketed for children . He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010 . In December 2007 , Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer 's disease . He later made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer 's Research Trust ( now Alzheimer 's Research UK ) , filmed a television programme chronicling his experiences with the condition for the BBC , and became a patron for Alzheimer 's Research UK ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nijntje ( Miffy )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miffy', 'summary': "Miffy ( Dutch : Nijntje , pronounced [ ˈnɛiɲcə ] ) is a small female rabbit in a series of picture books drawn and written by Dutch artist Dick Bruna . The original Dutch name , Nijntje , is a shortening of the diminutive konijntje , little rabbit . The first Miffy book was produced in 1955 , and almost 30 others have followed . In total they have sold over 85 million copies , and led to two separate television series as well as items such as clothes and toys featuring the character . A feature-length film , Miffy the Movie , was released on 30 January 2013 . Four television series based on the character have been produced : Dick Bruna 's Miffy Storybook Classics : The Original Series , which ran from January 1 , 1984 until December 31 , 1992 on PBS in the United States , Miffy : Colors , Numbers , and Shapes , which ran January 1 , 1996 until December 31 , 1996 on Cartoon Network in the United States , Miffy and Friends , which ran from April 7 , 2002 until August 10 , 2008 on Noggin in the United States , and Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small , which premiered 2 October 2015 on PBS Kids in the United States . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Dick Bruna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Bruna', 'summary': "Dick Bruna ( 23 August 1927 - 16 February 2017 ) was a Dutch author , artist , illustrator and graphic designer . Bruna was best known for his children 's books which he authored and illustrated , numbering over 200 . His most notable creation was Miffy ( Nijntje in the original Dutch ) , a small rabbit drawn with heavy graphic lines , simple shapes and primary colors . Bruna also created stories for characters such as Lottie , Farmer John , and Hettie Hedgehog . Aside from his prolific catalog of children 's books , Bruna also illustrated and designed book covers , posters and promotional materials for his father 's publishing company A.W . Bruna & Zoon . His most popular designs graced the covers of the Zwarte Beertjes [ nl ] series of books . Well known among his designs are those for Simenon 's Maigret books , typified by graphic silhouettes of a pipe on various backgrounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Dutch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1955-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Cross_(novel_series)', 'summary': "Alex Cross is a crime , mystery , and thriller novel series written by James Patterson . The series focuses on Metropolitan Police Department detective and father Alex Cross as he faces threats to his family and the city of Washington , D.C . Supporting characters include two of Cross 's children , Damon , and Janelle , as well as his grandmother Nana Mama . The series is usually narrated in first-person perspective by Alex Cross , and occasionally from the villains ' point of view in third-person . The series has been running since the 1990s and is ongoing . Nearly all have made bestsellers lists and garnered favorable reviews , especially Double Cross ; Cross Fire ; I , Alex Cross ; and Alex Cross , Run . The series is published worldwide , with Little , Brown currently holding publication rights in the United States , in paperback , hardcover , and audiobook editions . The first book in the series , Along Came a Spider , was released in 1993 to positive reviews , spawning a series of over twenty subsequent novels . The series has led to three films , Kiss the Girls ( 1997 ) , Along Came a Spider ( 2001 ) , and Alex Cross ( 2012 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'James Patterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Patterson', 'summary': "James Brendan Patterson ( born March 22 , 1947 ) is an American author and philanthropist . Among his works are the Alex Cross , Michael Bennett , Women 's Murder Club , Maximum Ride , Daniel X , NYPD Red , Witch and Wizard , and Private series , as well as many stand-alone thrillers , non-fiction and romance novels . His books have sold more than 300 million copies and he was the first person to sell 1 million e-books . In 2016 , Patterson topped Forbes 's list of highest-paid authors for the third consecutive year , with an income of $ 95 million . His total income over a decade is estimated at $ 700 million . In November 2015 , Patterson received the Literarian Award from the National Book Foundation , which cited him as a passionate campaigner to make books and reading a national priority . A generous supporter of universities , teachers colleges , independent bookstores , school libraries , and college students , Patterson has donated millions of dollars in grants and scholarships with the purpose of encouraging Americans of all ages to read more books ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anpanman ( アンパンマン )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anpanman', 'summary': "Anpanman ( アンパンマン ) is a Japanese children 's superhero picture book series written by Takashi Yanase , running from 1973 until the author 's death in 2013 . The series has been adapted into an anime entitled Soreike ! Anpanman ( それいけ ! アンパンマン , Let 's Go ! Anpanman ) , which is one of the most popular anime series among young children in Japan . The series follows the adventures of Anpanman , a superhero with an anpan ( a bean-jam filled pastry ) for a head , who protects the world from an evil anthropomorphic germ named Baikinman . Heavily merchandised , the Anpanman characters appear on virtually every imaginable children 's product in Japan , ranging from clothes and video games to toys and snack foods . The series spawned a short-lived spin-off show featuring one of the popular recurring characters on the show , Omusubiman . Anpanman overtook Hello Kitty as Japan 's top-grossing character in 2002 , and has remained the country 's top-grossing character as of 2017 [ update ] . Anpanman has sold over 80 million books as of February 2019 , and the franchise generated ¥4.5 trillion ( $ 57 billion ) in total retail sales revenue by 2013 . [ a ] Works inspired by Anpanman include the manga and anime series One-Punch Man , and the K-pop song Anpanman by BTS ."}]}, {'value': 'Takashi Yanase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takashi_Yanase', 'summary': 'Takashi Yanase ( February 6 , 1919 - October 13 , 2013 ) was a Japanese writer , poet , illustrator and lyricist . He was best known as the creator of the picture book and anime series Anpanman . Yanase was chairman of the Japan Cartoonists Association from May 2000 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150 picture books', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Underpants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Underpants', 'summary': "Captain Underpants is an illustrated children 's novel series by American author and illustrator Dav Pilkey . The series revolves around two fourth-graders , George Beard and Harold Hutchins , living in Piqua , Ohio , and Captain Underpants , an aptly named superhero from one of the boys ' homemade comic books , who accidentally ( kinda on purpose ) becomes real when George and Harold hypnotize their ill-tempered principal , Mr. Krupp . Soon after , Mr. Krupp gains superpowers by drinking alien juices in the third book . Currently , the series includes 12 books , two activity books , 11 spin-offs , and won a Disney Adventures Kids ' Choice Award on April 4 , 2006 . As of 2014 , the series has been translated into more than 20 languages , with more than 80 million books sold worldwide , including over 50 million in the United States . DreamWorks Animation acquired rights to the series to make an animated feature film adaptation , which was released on June 2 , 2017 to positive reviews . After the main series concluded with the twelfth novel , Captain Underpants and the Sensational Saga of Sir Stinks-A-Lot , in 2015 , a spin-off series titled Dog Man was released the following year . This spin-off series has eight books so far ."}]}, {'value': 'Dav Pilkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dav_Pilkey', 'summary': "David Murray Dav Pilkey Jr. ( /ˈdeɪv/ ; born March 4 , 1966 ) is an American cartoonist , author and illustrator of children 's literature . Pilkey is best known as the author and illustrator of the children 's book series Captain Underpants and the children 's graphic novel series Dog Man ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 plus spinoffs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fear Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fear_Street', 'summary': 'Fear Street is a teenage horror fiction series written by American author R. L. Stine , starting in 1989 . In 1995 , a series of books inspired by the Fear Street series , called Ghosts of Fear Street , was created for younger readers , and were more like the Goosebumps books in that they featured paranormal adversaries ( ghosts , vampires , monsters , aliens , etc . ) and sometimes had twist endings . R. L. Stine stopped writing Fear Street after penning the Fear Street Seniors spin-off in 1999 . In summer 2005 , he brought Fear Street back with the three-part Fear Street Nights miniseries . As of 2010 [ update ] , over 80 million copies of Fear Street have been sold . R. L. Stine revived the book series in October 2014 . In October 2015 , it was reported a film based on the series was being developed .'}]}, {'value': 'R. L. Stine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._L._Stine', 'summary': "Robert Lawrence Stine ( /staɪn/ ; born October 8 , 1943 ) , sometimes known as Jovial Bob Stine and Eric Affabee , is an American novelist , short story writer , television producer , screenwriter , and executive editor . Stine has been referred to as the Stephen King of children 's literature and is the author of hundreds of horror fiction novels , including the books in the Fear Street , Goosebumps , Rotten School , Mostly Ghostly , and The Nightmare Room series . Some of his other works include a Space Cadets trilogy , two Hark gamebooks , and dozens of joke books . As of 2008 , Stine 's books have sold over 400 million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pippi Långstrump ( Pippi Longstocking )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pippi_Longstocking', 'summary': "Pippi Longstocking is the fictional main character in an eponymous series of children 's books by Swedish author Astrid Lindgren . Pippi was named by Lindgren 's daughter Karin , who asked her mother for a get-well story when she was off school . Pippi is red-haired , freckled , unconventional and superhumanly strong - able to lift her horse one-handed . She is playful and unpredictable . She often makes fun of unreasonable adults , especially if they are pompous and condescending . Her anger comes out in extreme cases , such as when a man ill-treats his horse . Pippi , like Peter Pan , does not want to grow up . She is the daughter of a buccaneer captain and has adventure stories to tell about that , too . Her four best friends are her horse and monkey , and the neighbours ' children , Tommy and Annika . After being rejected by Bonnier Publishers in 1944 , Lindgren 's first manuscript was accepted by Rabén and Sjögren . The first three Pippi chapter books were published from 1945 to 1948 , followed by three short stories and a number of picture book adaptations . They have been translated into 76 languages as of 2018 [ update ] and made into several films and television series ."}]}, {'value': 'Astrid Lindgren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren', 'summary': "Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren née Ericsson ; 14 November 1907 - 28 January 2002 ) was a Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays . She is best known for several children 's book series , featuring Pippi Longstocking , Emil i Lönneberga , Karlsson-on-the-Roof , and the Six Bullerby Children ( Children of Noisy Village in the US ) , and for the children 's fantasy novels Mio , My Son , Ronia the Robber 's Daughter , and The Brothers Lionheart . Lindgren worked on the Children 's Literature Editorial Board at the Rabén & Sjögren publishing house in Stockholm and wrote more than 30 books for children . In January 2017 , she was calculated to be the world 's 18th most translated author , and the fourth most translated children 's writer after Enid Blyton , Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm . Lindgren has so far sold roughly 165 million books worldwide . In 1994 , she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for her unique authorship dedicated to the rights of children and respect for their individuality ."}]}, {'value': 'Swedish', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 + 3 picture books', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1945-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Vampire Chronicles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Vampire_Chronicles', 'summary': "The Vampire Chronicles is a series of novels and a media franchise created by American writer Anne Rice that revolves around the fictional character Lestat de Lioncourt , a French nobleman turned into a vampire in the 18th century . Rice said in a 2008 interview that her vampires were a metaphor for lost souls . The homoerotic overtones of The Vampire Chronicles are also well-documented . As of November 2008 , The Vampire Chronicles had sold 80 million copies worldwide . Interview with the Vampire ( 1976 ) was made into a 1994 film starring Tom Cruise , Brad Pitt , Antonio Banderas , Christian Slater and Kirsten Dunst . 1988 's The Queen of the Damned was adapted into a 2002 film of the same name , starring Stuart Townsend and Aaliyah and using some material from 1985 's The Vampire Lestat . In August 2014 , Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment acquired the motion picture rights to the entire series . In November 2016 , Rice announced that she had regained the theatrical rights to her book series . On July 17 , 2018 , it was announced that television series adaptation of the novels was in development by streaming service Hulu ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Rice', 'summary': "Anne Rice ( born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien , October 4 , 1941 ) is an American author of gothic fiction , Christian literature , and erotic literature . She is perhaps best known for her series of novels , The Vampire Chronicles , revolving around the central character of Lestat . Books from The Vampire Chronicles were the subject of two film adaptations , Interview with the Vampire in 1994 , and Queen of the Damned in 2002 . Born in New Orleans , Rice spent much of her early life there before moving to Texas , and later to San Francisco . She was raised in an observant Catholic family , but became an agnostic as a young adult . She began her professional writing career with the publication of Interview with the Vampire in 1976 , while living in California , and began writing sequels to the novel in the 1980s . In the mid-2000s , following a publicized return to Catholicism , Rice published the novels Christ the Lord : Out of Egypt and Christ the Lord : The Road to Cana , fictionalized accounts of certain incidents in the life of Jesus . Several years later she distanced herself from organized Christianity , citing disagreement with the Church 's stances on social issues but pledging that faith in God remained central to [ her ] life . However , she now considers herself a secular humanist . Rice 's books have sold nearly 100 million copies , placing her among the most popular authors in recent American history . While reaction to her early works was initially mixed , she became more popular with critics and readers in the 1980s . Her writing style and the literary content of her works have been analyzed by literary commentators ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Wheel of Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Time', 'summary': "The Wheel of Time is a series of high fantasy novels written by American author James Oliver Rigney Jr. , under his pen name of Robert Jordan . Originally planned as a six-book series , The Wheel of Time spanned fourteen volumes , in addition to a prequel novel and two companion books . Jordan began writing the first volume , The Eye of the World , in 1984 , and it was published in January 1990 . Jordan died in 2007 while working on what was planned to be the twelfth and final volume in the series . He prepared extensive notes so another author could complete the book according to his wishes . Fellow fantasy author and long-time Wheel of Time fan Brandon Sanderson was brought in to complete the final book , but during the writing process , it was decided that the book would be far too large to be published in one volume and would instead be published as three volumes : The Gathering Storm ( 2009 ) , Towers of Midnight ( 2010 ) , and A Memory of Light ( 2013 ) . The series draws on numerous elements of both European and Asian mythology , most notably the cyclical nature of time found in Buddhism and Hinduism , the metaphysical concepts of balance and duality , and a respect for nature found in Taoism . Additionally , its creation story has similarities to Christianity 's Creator ( Light ) and Shai'tan , The Dark One ( Shaitan is an Arabic word that , in Islamic contexts , is used as a name for the Devil ) . It was also partly inspired by Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace ( 1869 ) . The Wheel of Time is notable for its length , detailed imaginary world , well-developed magic system , and large cast of characters . The eighth through fourteenth books each reached number one on the New York Times Best Seller list . After its completion , the series was nominated for a Hugo Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Jordan , Brandon Sanderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Jordan', 'summary': "James Oliver Rigney Jr. ( October 17 , 1948 - September 16 , 2007 ) , better known by his pen name Robert Jordan , was an American author of epic fantasy . He is best known for the Wheel of Time series , which was finished by Brandon Sanderson upon Jordan 's death , which comprises 14 books and a prequel novel . He is one of several writers to have written original Conan the Barbarian novels ; his are highly acclaimed to this day . Rigney also wrote historical fiction under his pseudonym Reagan O'Neal , a western as Jackson O'Reilly , and dance criticism as Chang Lung . Additionally , he ghostwrote an international thriller that is still believed to have been written by someone else ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson', 'summary': "Brandon Sanderson ( born December 19 , 1975 ) is an American fantasy and science fiction writer . He is best known for the Cosmere universe , in which most of his fantasy novels ( most notably the Mistborn series and The Stormlight Archive ) are set . He is also known for finishing Robert Jordan 's high fantasy series The Wheel of Time . He created Sanderson 's Laws of Magic and popularized the terms hard magic and soft magic systems . In 2008 Sanderson started a podcast with author Dan Wells and cartoonist Howard Tayler called Writing Excuses , involving topics about creating genre writing and webcomics . In 2016 , the American media company DMG Entertainment licensed the movie rights to Sanderson 's entire Cosmere universe ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OSS 117', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OSS_117', 'summary': "OSS 117 is the codename for Hubert Bonisseur de La Bath , a fictional secret agent initially from the pen of the prolific Jean Bruce . Hubert Bonisseur de La Bath is described as being an American Colonel from Louisiana of French descent . After service in the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , de La Bath worked for the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , then the National Security Council ( NSC ) . In Michel Hazanavicius 's films of the 2000s , the character is a French citizen working for the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage , the French intelligence agency from 1944 to 1982 ( now DGSE ) . In real-life OSS , code number 117 was allocated to William L. Langer , who was chief of the Research and Analysis Branch of the OSS ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Bruce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Bruce', 'summary': "Jean Bruce ( 22 March 1921 - 26 March 1963 ) , born Jean Brochet , was a prolific French popular writer . He also wrote under the pseudonyms of Jean Alexandre , Jean Alexandre Brochet , Jean-Martin Rouan , and Joyce Lindsay . He died in a car accident in 1963 at the age of 42 . He is particularly known for the adventures of secret agent Hubert Bonisseur de La Bath , aka OSS 117 , of which many novels were adapted for the screen in the 1960s . Bruce 's first OSS 117 novel appeared in 1949 . He wrote prolifically with 91 OSS 117 novels and many others before his death in a Jaguar sports car crash . Though the first OSS 117 Is Not Dead film with Ivan Desny in the lead was already made in 1957 , a popular series of several OSS 117 films started no earlier than in 1963 , following the French release of Dr. No with Kerwin Mathews in two , director André Hunebelle 's discovery Frederick Stafford in two more , John Gavin in one ( replacing Stafford who was starring in Alfred Hitchcock 's Topaz , then with Luc Merenda and Alan Scott in two in the 1970s that were French made for TV films . In 2006 the action spoof OSS 117 : Cairo , Nest of Spies starring Jean Dujardin as OSS 117 became a surprise international hit . After his death , his wife Josette Bruce ( who died in 1996 ) continued to write 143 new titles for the OSS 117 character beginning in 1966 until her death . After her death their son and daughter François and Martine Bruce wrote 24 books up until 1992 . Films of some of Bruce 's other books such as Le vicomte règle ses comptes ( The Viscount ) with Kerwin Mathews and Cinq Gars pour Singapour ( Five Ashore in Singapore ) with Sean Flynn were made . Jean-Paul Belmondo played both a Jean Bruce type writer and his OSS 117 type creation in Philippe de Broca 's Le Magnifique ."}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': '265', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949-1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnie-the-Pooh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh', 'summary': "Winnie-the-Pooh , also called Pooh Bear and Pooh , is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A . A. Milne . The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh ( 1926 ) , and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) . Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children 's verse book When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) and many more in Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) . All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard . The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages , including Alexander Lenard 's Latin translation , Winnie ille Pu , which was first published in 1958 , and , in 1960 , became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on The New York Times Best Seller list . In 1961 , Walt Disney Productions licensed certain film and other rights of Milne 's Winnie-the-Pooh stories from the estate of A . A. Milne and the licensing agent Stephen Slesinger.Inc . and adapted the Pooh stories , using the unhyphenated name Winnie the Pooh , into a series of features that would eventually become one of its most successful franchises . In popular film adaptations , Pooh has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway , Hal Smith , and Jim Cummings in English , and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian ."}]}, {'value': 'A . A. Milne ; illustrated by E. H. Shepard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._A._Milne', 'summary': 'Alan Alexander Milne ( /mɪln/ ; 18 January 1882 - 31 January 1956 ) was an English author , best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various poems . Milne was a noted writer , primarily as a playwright , before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work . Milne served in both World Wars , joining the British Army in World War I , and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/E._H._Shepard', 'summary': 'Ernest Howard Shepard OBE , MC ( 10 December 1879 - 24 March 1976 ) was an English artist and book illustrator . He is known especially for illustrations of the anthropomorphic animal and soft toy characters in The Wind in the Willows and Winnie-the-Pooh .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926-1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magic Tree House series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic_Tree_House_series', 'summary': "The Magic Tree House is an American series of children 's books written by American author Mary Pope Osborne . The original American series is illustrated by Salvatore Murdocca , although other illustrators have been used for foreign-language editions . The series consists of two groups . The first group consists of books 1-28 , in which Morgan Le Fay sends Jack and Annie Smith , two normal children who are siblings from the fictional small town of Frog Creek , Pennsylvania , on numerous adventures and missions with a magical tree house . The second group , referred to as the Magic Tree House Merlin Missions , begins with book 29 , Christmas in Camelot . In the Merlin Missions , Jack and Annie are given quests by the ancient wizard Merlin the Magician . These books are longer than the previous 28 , and some take place in fantasy realms like Camelot . Kathleen and Teddy are two apprentices who befriend Jack and Annie during their adventures , with one of these adventures being to free Teddy from a spell . The two occasionally join Jack and Annie , and , when they do n't , provide them support instead . During Super Edition # 1 , Teddy sends them on a mission instead of Morgan or Merlin . The companion Magic Tree House Fact Trackers are co-written by Mary Pope Osborne with her husband Will Osborne or her sister Natalie Pope Boyce . In the beginning , Mary Pope Osborne wrote the books with Morgan sending the children on missions ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Pope Osborne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Pope_Osborne', 'summary': "Mary Pope Osborne ( born May 20 , 1949 ) is an American author of children 's books . She is best known as the author of the Magic Tree House series , which as of 2017 [ update ] sold more than 134 million copies worldwide . Both the series and Osborne have won awards , sometimes for Osborne 's charitable efforts at promoting children 's literacy . One of four children , Osborne moved around in her childhood before attending the University of North Carolina . Following college , Osborne traveled before moving to New York City . She somewhat spontaneously began to write , with her first book being published in 1982 . She would go on to write a variety of other kinds of children 's and young adult books before starting the Magic Tree House series in 1992 . Osborne 's sister Natalie Pope Boyce has written several compendium books to the Magic Tree House series , sometimes with Osborne 's husband Will ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Left Behind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_Behind_(series)', 'summary': 'Left Behind is a series of 16 best-selling religious novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins , dealing with Christian dispensationalist End Times : the pretribulation , premillennial , Christian eschatological interpretation of the Biblical apocalypse . The primary conflict of the series is the members of the Tribulation Force , an underground network of converts , against the NWO-esque organization Global Community and its leader , Nicolae Carpathia , who is also the Antichrist . The series has been adapted into four films to date . The original series of three films are Left Behind : The Movie ( 2000 ) , Left Behind II : Tribulation Force ( 2002 ) , and Left Behind : World at War ( 2005 ) . A reboot starring Nicolas Cage , entitled simply Left Behind , was released in 2014 through Cloud Ten Pictures . The series inspired an audio drama as well as the PC game Left Behind : Eternal Forces ( 2006 ) and its several sequels .'}]}, {'value': 'Tim LaHaye , Jerry B. Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_LaHaye', 'summary': 'Tim Francis LaHaye ( April 27 , 1926 - July 25 , 2016 ) was an American evangelical Protestant minister who wrote more than 85 books , both fiction and non-fiction , including the Left Behind series of apocalyptic fiction , which he co-authored with Jerry B. Jenkins .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerry_B._Jenkins', 'summary': "Jerry Bruce Jenkins ( born September 23 , 1949 in Kalamazoo , Michigan ) is an American novelist and biographer . He is best known as writer of the Left Behind series of books with Tim LaHaye . Jenkins has written over 190 books , including romance novels , mysteries , and children 's adventures , as well as non-fiction , including biographies and marriage & family titles . His fiction usually features evangelical Christians as protagonists . In 2005 , Jenkins and LaHaye ranked 9th in Amazon.com 's 10th Anniversary Hall of Fame authors ranked according to the largest numbers of books sold at Amazon.com in the 10 years since it opened on July 16 , 1995 . In 2018 , Left Behind was listed as one of the 100 favorite novels in America by PBS . Jenkins and his wife Dianna have three sons , several grandchildren , and reside in Black Forest , Colorado ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Series of Unfortunate Events', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events', 'summary': "A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of thirteen novels written by American author Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket . Although they are classified children 's novels , the books often have a dark , mysterious feeling to them . The books follow the turbulent lives of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire . After their parents ' death in a fire , the children are placed in the custody of a murderous relative , Count Olaf , who attempts to steal their inheritance and , later , orchestrates numerous disasters with the help of his accomplices as the children attempt to flee . As the plot progresses , the Baudelaires gradually confront further mysteries surrounding their family and deep conspiracies involving a secret society known as V.F.D. , with connections to Olaf , their parents , and many other relatives . The series is narrated by Lemony Snicket , who dedicates each of his works to his deceased love interest , Beatrice , and often attempts to dissuade the reader from reading the Baudelaires ' story . Characterized by Victorian Gothic tones and absurdist textuality , the books are noted for their dark humor , sarcastic storytelling , and anachronistic elements , as well as frequent cultural and literary allusions . They have been classified as postmodern and metafictional writing , with the plot evolution throughout the later novels being cited as an exploration of the psychological process of transition from the idyllic innocence of childhood to the moral complexity of maturity . Likewise , the final installments of the series are also acknowledged for their escalatingly intricate ethical ambiguity toward philosophical ambivalence , as the nature of some of the Baudelaires ' actions becomes increasingly harder to discern from those of their antagonist counterparts and more characters are revealed to be responsible for permanent wrongdoing , despite their identification with the self-proclaimed good side of the tale . Since the release of the first novel , The Bad Beginning , in September 1999 , the books have gained significant popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide , spawning a film , a video game , assorted merchandise and a television series on Netflix . The main thirteen books in the series have collectively sold more than 60 million copies and have been translated into 41 languages . Several companion books set in the same universe of the series have also been released , including Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , The Beatrice Letters and the noir prequel tetralogy All the Wrong Questions , which chronicles Snicket 's childhood ."}]}, {'value': 'Lemony Snicket aka Daniel Handler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lemony_Snicket', 'summary': "Lemony Snicket is the pen name of American novelist Daniel Handler ( born February 28 , 1970 ) . Snicket is the author of several children 's books , also serving as the narrator of A Series of Unfortunate Events ( his best known work ) and a character within it and All the Wrong Questions . Thus , Lemony Snicket may refer to either the fictional character or Handler . As a character , Snicket is a harried , troubled writer and photographer who is falsely accused of various felonies and continuously hunted by the police and his enemies , the fire-starting side of the secret organization VFD ( Volunteer Fire Department ) . As a child , he was kidnapped and inducted as a neophyte into VFD , where he was trained in rhetoric and sent on seemingly pointless missions , while all connections were severed from his former life , apart from his siblings Jacques and Kit ( who were also kidnapped and inducted ) . In the organization , he met and fell in love with a peer named Beatrice , to whom he got engaged . He was falsely accused of murder and arson ; eventually , the fallacies grew so much that The Daily Punctilio reported his death . Beatrice later moved on and married Bertrand Baudelaire , becoming the mother of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire , the protagonists of A Series of Unfortunate Events . Fourteen years thereafter , Beatrice and Bertrand were supposedly murdered in a house fire , leaving the Baudelaire children orphaned and then pursued by Snicket 's former associate , Count Olaf . Snicket feels indebted to his former fiancée and embarks on a quest to chronicle the lives of the Baudelaire children until they become old enough to face the troubles of the world on their own . Snicket is the subject of a fictional autobiography entitled Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography which contains an introduction from a fictionalized version of Daniel Handler . A pamphlet called 13 Shocking Secrets You 'll Wish You Never Knew About Lemony Snicket was released in promotion of The End ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Handler', 'summary': "Daniel Handler ( born February 28 , 1970 ) is an American writer and musician . He is best known for his children 's series A Series of Unfortunate Events and All the Wrong Questions , published under the pseudonym Lemony Snicket . The former was adapted into a Nickelodeon film in 2004 as well as a Netflix series from 2017 to 2019 . Handler has also published adult novels and a stage play under his real name , along with other children 's books under the Snicket pseudonym . His first book , a satirical fiction piece titled The Basic Eight was rejected by many publishers for its dark subject matter . Handler has also played the accordion in several bands ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little House on the Prairie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie', 'summary': "The Little House Books is a series of American children 's novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder , based on her childhood and adolescence in the American Midwest ( Wisconsin , Kansas , Minnesota , South Dakota , and Missouri ) between 1870 and 1894 . Eight of the novels were completed by Wilder , and published by Harper & Brothers . The appellation Little House books comes from the first and third novels in the series of eight published in her lifetime . The second novel was about her husband 's childhood . The first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the series . The Little House books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once , most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie , which ran from 1974 to 1983 . As well as an anime and many spin-off books , there are cookbooks and various other licensed products representative of the books . A tenth book , the non-fiction On the Way Home , is Laura Ingalls Wilder 's diary of the years after 1894 , when she , her husband and their infant daughter moved from De Smet , South Dakota to Mansfield , Missouri , where they settled permanently . It was published in 1962 and includes commentary by Rose Wilder Lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Laura Ingalls Wilder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder', 'summary': "Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder ( February 7 , 1867 - February 10 , 1957 ) was an American writer known for the Little House on the Prairie series of children 's books , published between 1932 and 1943 , which were based on her childhood in a settler and pioneer family . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the television series Little House on the Prairie was loosely based on the Little House books , and starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura and Michael Landon as her father , Charles Ingalls ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Reacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Reacher', 'summary': 'Jack Reacher is a fictional character and the protagonist of a series of crime thriller novels by British author Lee Child . After leaving the US Army as a major in its military police at age 36 , Reacher roams the United States taking odd jobs and investigating suspicious and frequently dangerous situations . As of 29 October 2019 [ update ] , 24 novels have been published , the most recent being Blue Moon . The character has also appeared in short stories , and two of the novels have been adapted into successful action thriller films , starring Tom Cruise as Reacher .'}]}, {'value': 'Lee Child', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Child', 'summary': 'James Dover Grant CBE ( born 29 October 1954 ) , primarily known by his pen name Lee Child , is a British author who writes thriller novels , and is best known for his Jack Reacher novel series . The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman , Jack Reacher , who wanders the United States . His first novel , Killing Floor ( 1997 ) , won both the Anthony Award , and the Barry Award for Best First Novel .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22 Novels + 11 Short Stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Magic School Bus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Magic_School_Bus_(book_series)', 'summary': "The Magic School Bus is a series of children 's books about science , written by Joanna Cole and illustrated by Bruce Degen . They feature the antics of Ms. Valerie Frizzle and her class , who board a sentient anthropomorphic Type A school bus which takes them on field trips to impossible locations , including the solar system , clouds , the past , and the human body . The books are written in the first person from the point of view of an unnamed student in the Friz 's class . The class has a pet lizard named Liz , who accompanies the class on their field trips . Since the Magic School Bus books present scientific facts in the form of stories in which fantastic things happen ( for example , the bus turns into a spaceship , or children shrink to the size of blood cells ) , each book has a page at the end detailing in a humorous manner which parts of the book represented scientific fact and which were fanciful storytelling ."}]}, {'value': 'Joanna Cole , illustrated by Bruce Degen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joanna_Cole_(author)', 'summary': 'Joanna Cole ( born August 11 , 1944 ) , is an American writer of childrens books . She is most famous as the author of The Magic School Bus series . She has written over 250 books ranging from her first book Cockroaches to her famous series Magic School Bus , which is illustrated by Bruce Degen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Degen', 'summary': "Bruce Degen ( born June 14 , 1945 ) is an American illustrator and writer with over forty children 's books to his credit . He may be known best for illustrating the series The Magic School Bus written by Joanna Cole . He has collaborated with writers Nancy White Carlstrom , on the Jesse Bear books , and Jane Yolen , on the Commander Toad series . Degen has authored Jamberry , Daddy Is a Doodlebug , and Shirley 's Wonderful Baby . He was encouraged by an elementary school teacher to become an illustrator , and pursue his primary love for art found in childrens books . Humor is one of his key values , as expressed by a quote comparing children 's illustration to traditional fine arts : You do n't see many people walking around a gallery are chuckling . And I realized that I wanted a chuckle . His career has included such diverse activities as advertising design , teaching art to students , teaching children 's book illustration to adults , painting scenery for opera productions , and running a lithography studio in Israel . Degen lives in Connecticut ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '131', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Where 's Wally ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Where's_Wally?", 'summary': "Where 's Wally ? ( called Where 's Waldo ? in North America ) is a British series of children 's puzzle books created by English illustrator Martin Handford . The books consist of a series of detailed double-page spread illustrations depicting dozens or more people doing a variety of amusing things at a given location . Readers are challenged to find a character named Wally hidden in the group . Wally is identified by his red-and-white-striped shirt , bobble hat , and glasses , but many illustrations contain red herrings involving deceptive use of red-and-white striped objects . Later entries in the long-running book series added other targets for readers to find in each illustration . The books have also inspired a television program ( Where 's Wally ? the 1991 animated series ) , comic strip and a series of video games ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin Handford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Handford', 'summary': "Martin Handford ( born 27 September 1956 ) is an English children 's author and illustrator who gained worldwide fame in the mid-1980s with his Where 's Wally ? creation ( known as Where 's Waldo ? in North America ) ."}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men Are from Mars , Women Are from Venus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Men_Are_from_Mars,_Women_Are_from_Venus', 'summary': "Men Are from Mars , Women Are from Venus ( 1992 ) is a book written by American author and relationship counselor John Gray , after he had earned degrees in meditation and taken a correspondence course in psychology . The book states that most common relationship problems between men and women are a result of fundamental psychological differences between the sexes , which the author exemplifies by means of its eponymous metaphor : that men and women are from distinct planets - men from Mars and women from Venus - and that each sex is acclimated to its own planet 's society and customs , but not to those of the other . One example is men 's complaint that if they offer solutions to problems that women bring up in conversation , the women are not necessarily interested in solving those problems , but mainly want to talk about them . The book asserts each sex can be understood in terms of distinct ways they respond to stress and stressful situations . The book has sold more than 15 million copies and , according to a CNN report , it was the highest ranked work of non-fiction of the 1990s , spending 121 weeks on the bestseller list . The book and its central metaphor have become a part of popular culture and the foundation for the author 's subsequent books , recordings , seminars , theme vacations , one-man Broadway show , TV sitcom , workout videos , a podcast , men 's and ladies ' apparel lines , fragrances , travel guides and his-and-hers salad dressings ."}]}, {'value': 'John Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gray_(U.S._author)', 'summary': 'John Gray ( born December 28 , 1951 ) is an American relationship counselor , lecturer and author . In 1969 , he began a nine-year association with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi before beginning his career as an author and personal relationship counselor . In 1992 he published the book Men Are from Mars , Women Are from Venus , which became a long term best seller and formed the central theme of all his subsequent books and career activities . His books have sold millions of copies .'}]}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50 million', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of best-selling book series -- Between 50 million and 100 million copies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_books_6', 'intro': "This page provides lists of best-selling individual books and book series to date and in any language. Best selling refers to the estimated number of copies sold of each book, rather than the number of books printed or currently owned. Comics and textbooks are not included in this list. The books are listed according to the highest sales estimate as reported in reliable, independent sources. This list is incomplete because there are many books, such as The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, or A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, that are commonly cited as best-selling books yet have no reliable sales figures. Similarly, many notable book series that sold very widely are poorly documented (Land of Oz) or consist of multiple sub-series (Tom Swift). According to Guinness World Records as of 1995, the Bible is the best-selling book of all time, with an estimated 5 billion copies sold and distributed. The Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, also known as the Little Red Book, has produced a wide array of sales and distribution figures - with estimates ranging from 800 million to over 6.5 billion printed volumes, with some claiming the distribution ran into the billions and some citing over a billion official volumes between 1966 and 1969 alone as well as untold numbers of unofficial local reprints and unofficial translations. Exact print figures for these and other books may also be missing or unreliable since these kinds of books may be produced by many different and unrelated publishers, in some cases over many centuries. All books of a religious, ideological, philosophical or political nature have thus been excluded from the below lists of best-selling books for these reasons. Having sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling is the best-selling book series in history. The first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, has sold in excess of 120 million copies, making it one of the best-selling books of all time."}
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What was the year of birth of the author of Miffy ?
1927
09c7c22415fea2e0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beckie Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beckie_Scott', 'summary': "Rebecca Beckie Scott , OC AOE MSM ( born August 1 , 1974 ) is a Canadian former cross-country skier . She is Chair of the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) Athlete Committee , and served as an International Olympic Committee member by virtue of being elected to the IOC Athlete 's Commission along with Saku Koivu between 2006 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The cross-country skiing events at the 2002 Winter Olympics were marred by drug problems . The winners of three races were disqualified after blood tests showed that three skiers had overly high red blood cell counts indicating the use of darbepoetin , a drug used to treat anemia . At the time , the drug was not specifically listed in the International Olympic Committee 's ( IOC ) list of banned substances , but the Olympic rules generally prohibit doping of any kind , in accordance with its charter . After two years and several lawsuits in Olympic and Swiss courts , the skiers in question ( Johann Mühlegg of Spain , and Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova of Russia ) were stripped of all their medals from the 2002 Games . See the external links below for the official IOC press releases containing detailed information of the doping cases and their resolution , including initial , intermediate , and final amended results . This article gives the final medalists as decided on by the IOC in early 2004 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The cross-country skiing events at the 2002 Winter Olympics were marred by drug problems . The winners of three races were disqualified after blood tests showed that three skiers had overly high red blood cell counts indicating the use of darbepoetin , a drug used to treat anemia . At the time , the drug was not specifically listed in the International Olympic Committee 's ( IOC ) list of banned substances , but the Olympic rules generally prohibit doping of any kind , in accordance with its charter . After two years and several lawsuits in Olympic and Swiss courts , the skiers in question ( Johann Mühlegg of Spain , and Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova of Russia ) were stripped of all their medals from the 2002 Games . See the external links below for the official IOC press releases containing detailed information of the doping cases and their resolution , including initial , intermediate , and final amended results . This article gives the final medalists as decided on by the IOC in early 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Salé David Pelletier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Salé', 'summary': 'Jamie Rae Salé ( born April 21 , 1977 ) is a Canadian pair skater . With partner and former husband David Pelletier , she is the 2002 Olympic Champion and 2001 World Champion . The Olympic gold medals of Salé and Pelletier were shared with the Russian pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze after the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Pelletier', 'summary': 'David Jacques Pelletier ( born November 22 , 1974 ) is a Canadian pairs figure skater . With his partner Jamie Salé , he was the co-gold medal winner at the 2002 Olympic Winter Games . They shared the gold medal with the Russian pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze after the 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'All figure skating events in 2002 Winter Olympics were held at the Salt Lake Ice Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Pairs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'All figure skating events in 2002 Winter Olympics were held at the Salt Lake Ice Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's ice hockey team Ed Belfour Rob Blake Eric Brewer Martin Brodeur Theoren Fleury Adam Foote Simon Gagné Jarome Iginla Curtis Joseph Ed Jovanovski Paul Kariya Mario Lemieux Eric Lindros Al MacInnis Scott Niedermayer Joe Nieuwendyk Owen Nolan Michael Peca Chris Pronger Joe Sakic Brendan Shanahan Ryan Smyth Steve Yzerman", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Canadian national men 's ice hockey team ( popularly known as Team Canada ; French : Équipe Canada ) is the ice hockey team representing Canada internationally . The team is overseen by Hockey Canada , a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation . From 1920 until 1963 , Canada 's international representation was by senior amateur club teams . Canada 's national men 's team was founded in 1963 by Father David Bauer as a part of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association , playing out of the University of British Columbia . The nickname Team Canada was first used for the 1972 Summit Series and has been frequently used to refer to the Canadian national team ever since . Canada is the leading national ice hockey team in international play , winners of the 1972 Summit Series against the Soviet Union , four of five Canada Cups dating back to 1976 , nine Olympic gold medals ( the most in the world ) , including three of the last five : Salt Lake City 2002 , Vancouver 2010 , and Sochi 2014 . They are 26-time IIHF World Champions and winner of the 2004 and 2016 World Cup of Hockey . Canada is a member of the so-called Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia , Sweden and the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Belfour', 'summary': 'Edward John Belfour ( born April 21 , 1965 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender . Belfour was born in Carman , Manitoba and grew up playing hockey . He played junior hockey for the Winkler Flyers before going to the University of North Dakota where he helped the school win the NCAA championship in the 1986-87 season . The following year , Belfour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks ( after not being picked in the draft ) alternating time between them and the Saginaw Hawks of the International Hockey League . Many regard Belfour as an elite goaltender and one of the best of all-time . His 484 wins rank fourth all-time among NHL goaltenders . His son , Dayn , is also a goaltender , currently playing for the University of Nebraska-Omaha . Belfour was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the 2011 class , his first year of eligibility . In addition Belfour is one of only two players to have won an NCAA championship , an Olympic Gold medal , and a Stanley Cup ( the other such player is Neal Broten ) . His characteristic face mask earned him the sobriquet Eddie the Eagle , and some of his quirks and off-ice antics earned him the nickname Crazy Eddie . After wearing # 30 for his tenure with the Blackhawks , Belfour switched to # 20 while a member of the San Jose Sharks as a tribute to Vladislav Tretiak , his goaltending coach and mentor from the Blackhawks . He would wear this for the rest of his playing career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Blake', 'summary': "Robert Bowlby Blake ( born December 10 , 1969 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player . He is the current general manager of the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was originally drafted by the Kings in 1988 , appearing in the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals , winning the James Norris Memorial Trophy and serving as team captain for five seasons in his initial 11-season stint with the club . In 2001 , Blake was traded to the Colorado Avalanche and was a member of their 2001 Stanley Cup championship team . It was his only Stanley Cup as a player , though he won the Cup again as a member of the Kings ' front office in 2014 . After a two-season return to Los Angeles , Blake signed with the San Jose Sharks in 2008 , retiring as its captain after the 2009-10 season . Four years later , in 2014 , Blake was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Internationally , Blake played for Canada in three consecutive Winter Olympics in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , winning gold in 2002 and becoming the 11th member of the Triple Gold Club ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Brewer_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Eric Peter Brewer ( born April 17 , 1979 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , last suiting up for the Toronto Maple Leafs . He is an NHL All-Star and Olympic gold medalist . He began his career as a distinguished junior ice hockey player , named to the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) West Second All-Star Team and the Western Conference roster for the 1998 WHL All-Star Game ( although he missed the game due to injury ) . Drafted in the first round , fifth overall by the New York Islanders in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft , Brewer has spent parts of his sixteen-year NHL career with the Islanders , the Edmonton Oilers , the St. Louis Blues , Tampa Bay Lightning , Anaheim Ducks and Maple Leafs , and captained the Blues for two years . He has also suited up for the Prince George Cougars of the WHL and the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . In 1999 , Brewer was selected for the Prince George Cougars ' all-time team in a Canadian Hockey League promotion . Brewer has represented Canada at eight International Ice Hockey Federation-sanctioned events , winning three Ice Hockey World Championships gold medals and one World Cup of Hockey gold medal . He won his Olympic gold medal during the 2002 Winter Olympics . For this accomplishment , he was inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame with his British Columbian teammates in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Brodeur', 'summary': "Martin Pierre Brodeur ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ maʁtɛ̃ bʁɔdœʁ ] ; born May 6 , 1972 ) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey goaltender and current team executive . He played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , 21 of them for the New Jersey Devils , with whom he won three Stanley Cup championships and five Eastern Conference championships in 17 postseason campaigns . He also won two Olympic gold medals with Team Canada in the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympic Games , as well as several other medals with Team Canada in other international competitions . Brodeur is widely regarded as one of the greatest goaltenders of all time and in 2017 was named by the league as one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018 . Brodeur holds numerous NHL and franchise records among goaltenders ; he ranks as the league 's all-time regular season leader in wins ( 691 ) , losses ( 397 ) , shutouts ( 125 ) , games played ( 1,266 ) , and goals scored ( 3 ) . He won at least 30 games in twelve straight seasons between 1995-96 and 2007-08 and is the only goalie in NHL history with eight 40-win seasons . He is a four-time Vezina Trophy winner , a five-time William M. Jennings Trophy winner , a ten-time NHL All-Star , a Calder Memorial Trophy winner , and one of only 12 NHL goaltenders to score a goal in both the regular season and the playoffs . Brodeur used a hybrid style of goaltending by standing up more than typical butterfly style goalies , though he adapted to more modern techniques at the latter stage of his career . He was known for his puck handling , his positional play , and his reflexes , especially with his glove hand . Brodeur 's prowess at puck handling was so well known that it led in part to the NHL changing its rules regarding where goalies were allowed to handle the puck outside of the goal crease like a sweeper-defenseman , adding what is known as The Brodeur Rule . He announced his retirement in the middle of the 2014-15 season after a brief stint with the St. Louis Blues , having played in seven games with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Theoren_Fleury', 'summary': "Theoren Wallace Theo Fleury ( born June 29 , 1968 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . Fleury played for the Calgary Flames , Colorado Avalanche , New York Rangers , and Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , Tappara of Finland 's SM-liiga , and the Belfast Giants of the UK 's Elite Ice Hockey League . He was drafted by the Flames in the 8th round , 166th overall , at the 1987 NHL Entry Draft , and played over 1,000 games in the NHL between 1989 and 2003 . One of the smallest players of his generation , Fleury played a physical style that often led to altercations . As a junior , he was at the centre of the infamous Punch-up in Piestany , a brawl that resulted in the disqualification of both Canada and the Soviet Union from the 1987 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . Once considered unlikely to play in the NHL due to his small size , Fleury scored over 1,000 points in his career , placing him 61st in career NHL scoring and won the Stanley Cup in 1989 with the Flames . During his career Fleury recorded 90+ points four times , and 100+ points twice . He twice represented Canada at the Winter Olympics , winning a gold medal in 2002 . Throughout his career , he battled drug and alcohol addictions that ultimately forced him out of the NHL in 2003 . He played one season in the British Elite Ice Hockey League in 2005-06 , and made two attempts to win the Allan Cup . After an unsuccessful NHL comeback attempt with the Flames , he retired in 2009 . Outside of hockey , Fleury overcame his addictions , operated a concrete business in Calgary with his family , and filmed a pilot for a reality television show about it ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adam_Foote', 'summary': 'Adam David Vernon Foote ( born July 10 , 1971 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman , is the former head coach of the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League . He was fired from that position on February 19 , 2020 . He was best known for his physical presence and gritty play as a stay-at-home defenceman . Foote was drafted out of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) 22nd overall in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques . He began his National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Nordiques in 1991-92 before relocating with the franchise to Colorado , where he won two Stanley Cups in 1996 and 2001 . In 2005 , Foote signed with the Columbus Blue Jackets , where he served as team captain for three seasons . He then returned to the Avalanche in 2008 via trade , where he would eventually complete his playing career . Foote was the last active NHL player from the Quebec Nordiques . Internationally , Foote won a gold medal in 2002 Winter Olympics and a World Cup championship in 2004 with Team Canada . After his playing career , he began coaching with the Avalanche . He was named the head coach of the Kelowna Rockets in 2018 . He was subsequently fired as head coach in February , 2020'}, {'url': '/wiki/Simon_Gagné', 'summary': 'Simon Gagné ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ simɔ̃ ɡaɲe ] ; born February 29 , 1980 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger . He played for the Philadelphia Flyers , Tampa Bay Lightning , Los Angeles Kings and Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He spent the first ten seasons of his NHL career with the Flyers ( 1999-2010 ) , followed by one season with Tampa Bay ( 2010-11 ) and two with Los Angeles ( 2011-13 ) , winning the Stanley Cup in 2012 , before returning to Philadelphia via trade for the end of the lockout-shortened 2012-13 season . After not playing in 2013-14 , Gagné signed with Boston , briefly playing for them before retiring in 2015 . Drafted out of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) 22nd overall in 1998 , Gagné played major junior with the Beauport Harfangs and Quebec Remparts for three seasons . He began his NHL career with the Flyers in 1999 and was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team . He has appeared in two NHL All-Star Games and has won two Bobby Clarke Trophies with the Flyers as team MVP . Internationally , Gagné has represented Canada on five occasions . He has won silver medals at the 1999 World Junior Championships and 2005 World Championships , while winning gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a World Cup championship in 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jarome_Iginla', 'summary': "Jarome Arthur-Leigh Adekunle Tig Junior Elvis Iginla ( /dʒəˈroʊm ɪˈɡɪnlə/ ; born July 1 , 1977 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward . He played over 1500 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Calgary Flames , Pittsburgh Penguins , Boston Bruins , Colorado Avalanche and Los Angeles Kings . As a junior , Iginla was a member of two Memorial Cup winning teams with the Kamloops Blazers and was named the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) Player of the Year in 1996 . He was selected 11th overall by the Dallas Stars in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft , but was traded to Calgary prior to making his NHL debut . He led the NHL in goals and points in 2001-02 , and won the Lester B. Pearson Award as its most valuable player as voted by the players . In 2003-04 , Iginla led the league in goals for the second time and captained the Flames to the Stanley Cup Finals , leading the playoffs in goals . A six-time NHL All-Star , Iginla is the Flames ' all-time leader in goals , points , and games played , and is second in assists to Al MacInnis . Iginla scored 50 goals in a season on two occasions and is one of seven players in NHL history to score 30 goals in 11 consecutive seasons . He is one of 20 players in NHL history to score over 600 goals and is one of 34 players to record 1,300 points in his career . He is a past winner of the Mark Messier Leadership Award and has been recognized by both the Flames and the league for his community work ; while a member of the Flames , Iginla donated $ 2,000 to the children 's charity Kidsport for every goal he scored . His number 12 was retired by the Flames during a pre-game ceremony on March 2 , 2019 . Internationally , Iginla has represented Canada on numerous occasions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Curtis_Joseph', 'summary': "Curtis Shayne Cujo Joseph ( né Munro ; April 29 , 1967 ) is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former professional player . He last played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League during the 2008-09 NHL season . Joseph is immediately recognizable on the ice for his masks featuring a snarling dog , drawing inspiration from the Stephen King novel Cujo , which also happens to be his nickname , derived from the first two letters of his first and last names . Throughout his NHL career , Joseph played for a number of franchises , rising to prominence during the playoffs with the St. Louis Blues , Edmonton Oilers , and Toronto Maple Leafs . He also played for the Detroit Red Wings , Phoenix Coyotes and Calgary Flames . He was also a member of Canada 's gold medal winning team at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Joseph retired with the most career wins ( 454 ) of any goaltender in NHL history who never played on a Stanley Cup-winning team ( which has since been surpassed by Roberto Luongo ) , and was also the first goaltender to have 30 or more wins in a regular season for five different teams ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Jovanovski', 'summary': "Edward Jovanovski ( born June 26 , 1976 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman . He was born in Windsor , Ontario , and is of Macedonian descent . Jovanovski played major junior ice hockey for two seasons with the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , earning First All-Star , Second All-Star and All-Rookie Team honours . He was then selected first overall in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers . During his rookie NHL season , he earned All-Rookie Team honours and helped the Panthers advance to the Stanley Cup Finals , where they lost to the Colorado Avalanche . After three-and-a-half seasons in Florida , Jovanovski was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in a seven-player deal involving Pavel Bure . During his tenure with Vancouver , he was awarded the Babe Pratt Trophy as the team 's best defenceman three consecutive years . He also led the club 's defencemen in scoring four consecutive years . In July 2006 , Jovanovski became an unrestricted free agent and signed with the Phoenix Coyotes . He led the team 's defencemen in scoring during his first three years with the club . Jovanovski returned to the Florida Panthers for three seasons , before retiring in 2015 . Known as a two-way defenceman , he has recorded three 40-point and one 50-point season in the NHL ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Kariya', 'summary': "Paul Tetsuhiko Kariya ( born October 16 , 1974 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Known as a skilled and fast-skating offensive player , he played in the NHL for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , Colorado Avalanche , Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues . After a two-year career with the Penticton Panthers , in which he was named Canadian Junior A Player of the Year in 1992 , Kariya joined the college ranks with the University of Maine 's Black Bears men 's ice hockey team . In his freshman year , he received the Hobey Baker Award while leading his team to the 1993 NCAA title . Selected fourth overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Mighty Ducks , he joined the team in 1994-95 and was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team . During his nine-year tenure with Anaheim , Kariya formed an effective duo with fellow winger Teemu Selänne that helped him to three NHL First All-Star Team distinctions , while also finishing as the first runner-up for the Hart Memorial Trophy in 1997 . Not an aggressive player , he won back-to-back Lady Byng Trophies in 1996 and 1997 as the League 's most gentlemanly player . Serving as a captain for seven seasons , he led the Mighty Ducks to the 2003 Stanley Cup Final , where they lost to the New Jersey Devils in seven games . After a single-season stint with the Avalanche for the purpose of reuniting with Selänne , who had previously been traded away from Anaheim , Kariya signed with the Predators in August 2005 . He played two seasons in Nashville , setting team records for assists and points scored in a single-season in 2005-06 . Kariya then finished his career playing three seasons with the Blues . Internationally , Kariya represented Canada on numerous stages and at different levels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Lemieux', 'summary': "Mario Lemieux OC CQ ( /ləˈmjuː/ ; French : [ ləmjø ] ; born October 5 , 1965 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . He played parts of 17 National Hockey League ( NHL ) seasons with the Pittsburgh Penguins from 1984 to 2006 , assuming ownership in 1999 . Nicknamed The Magnificent One or Le Magnifique ( as well as Super Mario ) , he is widely acknowledged to have been one of the greatest players of all time . A gifted playmaker and fast skater despite his large size , Lemieux often beat defencemen with fakes and dekes . Lemieux led Pittsburgh to consecutive Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992 . Under his ownership , the Penguins won additional titles in 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . He is the only man to have his name on the Cup as both a player and an owner . He also led Team Canada to an Olympic gold medal in 2002 , a championship at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey , and a Canada Cup in 1987 . He won the Lester B. Pearson Award as the most outstanding player voted by the players four times , the Hart Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player ( MVP ) during the regular season three times , the Art Ross Trophy as the league 's points leader six times , and the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoffs MVP in 1991 and 1992 . He is the only player to score one goal in each of the five possible situations in a single NHL game , a feat he accomplished in 1988 . At the time of his retirement , he was the NHL 's seventh-highest career points scorer with 690 goals and 1,033 assists . He ranks second in NHL history with a 0.754 career goals-per-game average , behind only Mike Bossy ( 0.762 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Lindros', 'summary': 'Eric Bryan Lindros ( /ˈlɪndrɒs/ ; born February 28 , 1973 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . Lindros was born in London , Ontario , but grew up in Toronto . He played junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) for the Oshawa Generals prior to being chosen first overall in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques . He refused to play for the Nordiques and was eventually traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in June 1992 in exchange for a package of players and draft picks including Peter Forsberg . During his OHL career , Lindros led the Generals to a Memorial Cup victory in 1990 . Prior to being drafted in 1991 , Lindros captured the Red Tilson Trophy as the Most Outstanding Player in the OHL , and also was named the CHL Player of the Year . Lindros began his National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Flyers during the 1992-93 season . He was an exemplary power forward , and averaged more than a point per game . His hard-nosed style caused him to miss significant time with injuries , and he had many problems with concussions . Lindros captured the Hart Memorial Trophy and Lester B. Pearson Award after the lockout-shortened 1994-95 season . In August 2001 , Lindros joined the New York Rangers via a trade . He then signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs for the 2005-06 season before finishing his career in 2006-07 with the Dallas Stars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_MacInnis', 'summary': "Allan MacInnis ( born July 11 , 1963 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 23 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Calgary Flames ( 1981-1994 ) and St. Louis Blues ( 1994-2004 ) . A first round selection of the Flames in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft , he went on to become a 12-time All-Star . He was named the Conn Smythe Trophy winner as the most valuable player of the playoffs in 1989 after leading the Flames to the Stanley Cup championship . He was voted the winner of the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 1999 as the top defenceman in the league while a member of the Blues . In 2017 MacInnis was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . MacInnis was most famous for having the hardest shot in the league . He tied Bobby Orr 's Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) record for goals by a defenceman , and won two OHL championships and a Memorial Cup with the Kitchener Rangers as a junior . He famously split goaltender Mike Liut 's mask with a shot , and became only the fourth defenceman in NHL history to score 100 points in a season . Internationally , he was an all-star on defence as Canada won the 1991 Canada Cup and twice participated in the Winter Olympics . He was a member of the 2002 team that won Canada 's first gold medal in 50 years . An eye injury suffered early in the 2003-04 NHL season forced MacInnis into retirement . He finished his career third all-time among defencemen in goals , assists and points and was named to seven post-season all-star teams ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_Niedermayer', 'summary': "Scott Niedermayer ( born August 31 , 1973 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey defenceman and current special assignment coach of the Anaheim Ducks . He played 18 seasons and over 1,000 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils and Anaheim Ducks . Niedermayer is a four-time Stanley Cup champion and played in five NHL All-Star Games . He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 2003-04 as the NHL 's top defenceman and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 2007 as the most valuable player of the playoffs . In 2017 , Niedermayer was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history . As a junior , Niedermayer was a member of a Kamloops Blazers team that won two Western Hockey League championships and was voted the most valuable player of the 1992 Memorial Cup , leading the Blazers to the Canadian Hockey League championship . The third overall selection at the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by New Jersey , Niedermayer played the majority of his professional career with the Devils before moving to Anaheim in 2005 . Internationally , Niedermayer played with Team Canada on several occasions . He is a member of the Triple Gold Club , having won the Stanley Cup as well as a World Championship ( 2004 ) and Olympic gold medals ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Niedermayer also played for the Memorial Cup champions , and championship teams at the 1991 World Junior Championships and the 2004 World Cup of Hockey , making him and Corey Perry the only players in history to have ever won each of the six major North American and international competitions available to players . Regarded as one of the greatest defencemen in NHL history , Niedermayer has earned numerous accolades throughout his career . He was inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in November 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Nieuwendyk', 'summary': "Joseph Joe Nieuwendyk ( /ˈnuːəndaɪk/ NOO-ən-dyke ; born September 10 , 1966 ) is a Canadian former National Hockey League ( NHL ) player . He was a second round selection of the Calgary Flames , 27th overall , at the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and played 20 seasons for the Flames , Dallas Stars , New Jersey Devils , Toronto Maple Leafs , and Florida Panthers . He is one of only 11 players in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup with three or more different teams , winning titles with Calgary in 1989 , Dallas in 1999 and New Jersey in 2003 . A two-time Olympian , Nieuwendyk won a gold medal with Team Canada at the 2002 winter games . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 and his uniform number 25 was honoured by the Flames in 2014 . Joe Nieuwendyk was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2014 . In 2017 Nieuwendyk was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . An accomplished box lacrosse player , Nieuwendyk led the Whitby Warriors to the 1984 Minto Cup national junior championship before focusing exclusively on hockey . He played university hockey with the Cornell Big Red where he was a two-time All-American . He won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL rookie of the year in 1988 after becoming only the second first-year player to score 50 goals . He was a four-time All-Star , won the King Clancy Memorial Trophy in 1995 for his leadership and humanitarian work , and was named the Conn Smythe Trophy winner in 1999 as most valuable player of the postseason . Nieuwendyk played 1,257 games in his career , scoring 564 goals and 1,126 points ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Owen_Nolan', 'summary': 'Owen Liam Nolan ( born 12 February 1972 ) is an Irish-Canadian former professional ice hockey player born in Northern Ireland . During his 18-year NHL career , he played for the Quebec Nordiques , Colorado Avalanche , San Jose Sharks , Toronto Maple Leafs , Phoenix Coyotes , Calgary Flames , Minnesota Wild , as well as playing a season with the ZSC Lions of National League A . Born in Northern Ireland , he was raised in Thorold , Ontario and played for Canada internationally . A five-time NHL All-Star , Nolan is widely known as a power forward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Peca', 'summary': 'Michael Anthony Peca ( born March 26 , 1974 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Vancouver Canucks , Buffalo Sabres , New York Islanders , Edmonton Oilers , Toronto Maple Leafs and the Columbus Blue Jackets . Peca currently is the general manager and director of hockey operations for the Buffalo Jr. Sabres , a Junior A hockey team owned by the Buffalo Sabres , one of two teams he captained .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Pronger', 'summary': "Christopher Robert Pronger ( /ˈprɒŋɡər/ or /ˈprɒŋər/ ; born October 10 , 1974 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently the senior advisor of hockey operations for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He had not played since November 2011 due to post-concussion syndrome related to three separate hits suffered during his career ; he also suffers from vision impairment due to being hit in the eye ( s ) by the blade of another player 's stick . In October 2014 , Pronger signed a contract with the NHL to assist its Player Safety Division , and he assists the NHL 's Player Safety Division involving St. Louis Blues . Originally selected second overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft , Pronger has played for Hartford , the St. Louis Blues , Edmonton Oilers and Anaheim Ducks before being traded to the Philadelphia Flyers before the 2009-10 season . He was captain of the Blues , Ducks and Flyers . He has appeared in the Stanley Cup finals with three different teams ( Edmonton , Anaheim and Philadelphia ) , winning the Cup with the Ducks in 2007 . Pronger won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player for the 1999-2000 season , becoming the first defenceman to win the award since Bobby Orr in 1971-72 . A mainstay on Team Canada , Pronger won Olympic gold medals at the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics and is a member of the Triple Gold Club . In 2017 , he was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history . Despite his skill as a player , Pronger was considered one of the NHL 's dirtier players and was suspended eight times during his NHL career . During the 2020-21 season his # 44 will be retired by the St. Louis Blues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Sakic', 'summary': "Joseph Steven Sakic ( /ˈsækɪk/ ; born July 7 , 1969 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player . He played his entire 21-year National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche franchise . Named captain of the team in 1992 ( after serving as a co-captain in 1990-91 ) , Sakic is regarded as one of the greatest team leaders in league history and was able to consistently motivate his team to play at a winning level . Sakic led the Avalanche to Stanley Cup titles in 1996 and 2001 , being named the most valuable player of the 1996 playoffs , and honoured as the MVP of the NHL in 2001 by the hockey writers and his fellow players . He is one of six players to participate in both of the team 's Stanley Cup victories . Sakic was also named to play in 13 NHL All-Star Games and selected to the NHL First All-Star Team at centre three times . Over the course of his career , Sakic was one of the most productive forwards in the game , having twice scored 50 goals and earning at least 100 points in six different seasons . His wrist shot , considered one of the best in the NHL , was the source of much of his production as goalies around the league feared his rapid snap-shot release . At the conclusion of the 2008-09 NHL season , he was the eighth all-time points leader in the NHL , as well as 14th in all-time goals and 11th in all-time assists . During the 2002 Winter Olympics , Sakic helped lead Team Canada to its first ice hockey gold medal in 50 years , and was voted as the tournament 's most valuable player . He represented the team in six other international competitions , including the 1998 and 2006 Winter Olympics . Sakic retired from the NHL on July 9 , 2009 , and had his jersey number retired prior to the Avalanche 's 2009-10 season opener on October 1 , 2009 , at Pepsi Center ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Shanahan', 'summary': "Brendan Frederick Shanahan ( born January 23 , 1969 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player who currently serves as the president and alternate governor for the Toronto Maple Leafs , having previously served as the director of player safety for the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Originally drafted by the New Jersey Devils second overall in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft , Shanahan played in the NHL with the New Jersey Devils ( two stints ) , St. Louis Blues , Hartford Whalers , Detroit Red Wings , and New York Rangers . While playing with the Red Wings , he won three Stanley Cup championships ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 ) . In 2017 Shanahan was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players ' in history . With his physical play and goal scoring ability , Shanahan scored 656 goals in his NHL career spanning over 1,500 NHL games and , at the time of his retirement , was the leader among active NHL players for goals scored . Shanahan is the only player in NHL history with over 600 goals and 2,000 penalty minutes . Competing for Canada internationally , Shanahan won a gold medal at the 1994 World Championships , 2002 Winter Olympics , and a 1991 Canada Cup championship . Having won what are considered the three most prominent team titles in ice hockey , an Olympic gold medal , a World Championship and a Stanley Cup , Shanahan is a member of the elite Triple Gold Club . Shanahan was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 8 , 2013 as a member of the Red Wings ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Smyth', 'summary': 'Ryan Alexander Borden Smyth ( born February 21 , 1976 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played most of his career for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was especially known for playing in the style of a power forward . Smyth announced his retirement on April 11 , 2014 , after 19 seasons in the NHL . He is currently one of the owners of the AJHL Spruce Grove Saints . During his junior career , Ryan Smyth spent three years with the Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) , scoring 105 points during the 1993-94 season . Smyth was then drafted 6th overall in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers . That year he played only three games for the Oilers , as he stayed for the majority of the year in Moose Jaw . He spent 12 seasons with Edmonton before being traded to the New York Islanders in 2007 due to failed contract negotiations . Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the subsequent off-season , he signed a five-year contract with the Colorado Avalanche . After two seasons with the team , he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings in July 2009 . On June 26 , 2011 , he was re-acquired by the Edmonton Oilers for Colin Fraser and a seventh round pick in 2012 . Smyth has represented Canada in international competition on numerous occasions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Yzerman', 'summary': "Stephen Gregory Yzerman ( /ˈaɪzərmən/ ; born May 9 , 1965 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player who spent his entire National Hockey League ( NHL ) playing career with the Detroit Red Wings and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame . After his retirement as a player , he served in the front office of the Red Wings , and then as general manager of the Tampa Bay Lightning , while also being executive director for Team Canada in two Olympics . He currently serves as the executive vice president and general manager of the Red Wings . Prior to the 1986-87 season , at age 21 , Yzerman was named captain of the Red Wings and continuously served for the next two decades ( dressing as captain for over 1,300 games ) , retiring as the longest-serving captain of any team in North American major league sports history . Once voted to be the most popular athlete in Detroit sports history , locals often simply refer to Yzerman as Stevie Y or The Captain . Yzerman led the Wings to five first-place regular season finishes and three Stanley Cup championships ( 1997 , 1998 and 2002 ) . Yzerman won numerous awards during his career , including the Lester B. Pearson Award ( Most outstanding player ) in the 1988-89 season , the Conn Smythe Trophy ( Most Valuable Player of the Stanley Cup playoffs ) in 1998 , the Selke Trophy as the league 's best defensive forward in 2000 and the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for perseverance in 2003 . He was a ten-time NHL All-Star , a First Team All-Star in 2000 and a member of the All-Rookie Team in 1984 . On July 3 , 2006 , Yzerman officially retired from professional hockey , finishing his career ranked as the seventh all-time leading scorer in NHL history , having scored a career-high 155 points ( 65 goals and 90 assists ) in 1988-89 , which has been bettered only by Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux . Yzerman 's # 19 jersey was retired on January 2 , 2007 , during a pre-game ceremony at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit . On November 4 , 2008 , he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame . He also became an honoured member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009 , his first year of eligibility , inducted alongside 2001-02 Red Wing teammates Brett Hull and Luc Robitaille ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at the E Center in West Valley City and Peaks Ice Arena in Provo , Utah . The men 's and women 's tournaments were won by Canada , who defeated the host United States in both finals ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at the E Center in West Valley City and Peaks Ice Arena in Provo , Utah . The men 's and women 's tournaments were won by Canada , who defeated the host United States in both finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Women 's ice hockey team Dana Antal Kelly Béchard Jennifer Botterill Thérèse Brisson Cassie Campbell Isabelle Chartrand Lori Dupuis Danielle Goyette Geraldine Heaney Jayna Hefford Becky Kellar Caroline Ouellette Cherie Piper Cheryl Pounder Tammy Lee Shewchuk Sami Jo Small Colleen Sostorics Kim St-Pierre Vicky Sunohara Hayley Wickenheiser", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canada_women's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Canadian women 's national ice hockey team is the ice hockey team representing Canada in women 's hockey . The team is overseen by Hockey Canada , a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation and participates in international competitions . Canada has been a dominant figure in international competition , having won the majority of major ice hockey tournaments . Canada is rivaled by the United States , the only other winner of a major tournament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dana_Antal', 'summary': "Dana Antal ( born April 19 , 1977 in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan ) is a women 's ice hockey player . She won a gold medal with Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Prior to joining the Canadian national team , she played collegiate hockey for Cornell University . In her first season , she was named the Ivy League Rookie of the Year , and was the team 's leading scorer . Antal also played for the Calgary Oval X-Treme in the Western Women 's Hockey League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Béchard', 'summary': "Kelly Paige Bechard ( born January 22 , 1978 ) is a women 's ice hockey player . Bechard competed for Canada at the World Championships in 2000 and 2001 . In 2002 , she competed for Canada at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Born in Sedley , Saskatchewan , Bechard was also a provincial doubles badminton champion in High School . In the gold medal game , Bechard was called for a tripping penalty late in the third period , and this led to Karyn Bye of the United States scoring a goal . The goal made the score 3-2 in Canadas favour , as Bechard was part of the first Canadian Women 's Hockey Gold Medal hockey team in Olympic history . After the Olympics , Bechard returned to the University of Calgary , where she played for the universitys hockey team , and pursued a degree in management . From 2010-2014 she was assistant coach for the university of Calgary Dinos , she took over head coach for the 2013/14 season . After that she left to be the assistant coach for the Calgary Inferno for their 2017/18 season . Bechard is now back as an assistant coach for the university of Calgary Dinos In 1998 , she was named to the CIAUs First All-Star team and was presented the Award of Merit . She also played for Calgarys Oval X-Treme and the Brampton Thunder . She scored a goal in the 2003 Esso Women 's National Hockey Championship to help Team Alberta win the Abby Hoffman Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Botterill', 'summary': "Jennifer Botterill , OM ( born May 1 , 1979 in Ottawa , Ontario ) is a retired women 's hockey player who played for Harvard University , the Canadian national team , the Mississauga Chiefs , and the Toronto Aeros . She assisted on the game-winning goal in her final international game , Canada 's 2-0 win over the United States for the gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics . Although born in Ottawa , Ontario , she claims a hometown of Winnipeg , Manitoba ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thérèse_Brisson', 'summary': "Therese Brisson is a Canadian former ice hockey player . Brisson played for the Canadian National women 's ice hockey team from 1993 to 2005 . Brisson was the second oldest member of Team Canadas gold medal winning team at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . She competed for Canada at the World Championships in 1994 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 and 2001 . She earned a silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , which marked the first time that womens hockey was played on an Olympic level ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cassie_Campbell', 'summary': "Cassie Dawin Campbell-Pascall , CM ( born November 22 , 1973 ) is a former Canadian ice hockey player and broadcaster for Sportsnet . Born in Richmond Hill , Ontario , she was the captain of the Canadian women 's ice hockey team during the 2002 Winter Olympics and led the team to a gold medal . The left winger took on the role of captain again in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , and again successfully led her team to the Gold Medal with a 4 - 1 win over Sweden . Cassie was also captain of the Calgary Oval X-Treme , a team in the Western Women 's Hockey League . Campbell has also played for the Toronto Aeros and the Mississauga Chiefs . She has done modeling , and hosted women 's hockey segments on TSN 's hockey broadcasts . She attended high school at North Park Secondary School and is an alumna of the University of Guelph , in Guelph , Ontario , Canada . Her charity work among communities in the greater Toronto area has been well received , and she is known as a great role model and humanitarian ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Chartrand', 'summary': "Isabelle Chartrand ( born April 20 , 1978 in Anjou , Quebec ) is a women 's ice hockey player . Chartrand competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City before her 24th birthday . Chartrand was one of the youngest members of the team . Her previous experience with Team Canada was a Gold Medal at the 2001 Womens World Hockey Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lori_Dupuis', 'summary': "Lori Dupuis ( born November 14 , 1972 ) is a Canadian women 's ice hockey player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Danielle_Goyette', 'summary': 'Danielle Goyette ( born January 30 , 1966 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who played on the Canadian national team . In 2013 , she was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame . In 2017 , she was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Goyette was made a member of the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geraldine_Heaney', 'summary': "Geraldine Heaney ( born October 1 , 1967 ) is an Irish-Canadian ice hockey coach and former defenceman . She played 18 seasons and over 1,000 games with the Toronto Aeros organization , won six Ontario provincial championships and was named Ontario Women 's Hockey Association ( OWHA ) most valuable defenceman on three occasions . The Aeros retired her jersey number 91 in 2006 . Internationally , Heaney was a member of the Canadian national team in the first seven Women 's World Championships , winning gold each time . She is a two-time Olympian , winning silver at the inaugural tournament in 1998 tournament , and gold in 2002 . She became the coach of the University of Waterloo Warriors following her retirement as a player . A pioneer of women 's hockey , Heaney is credited with aiding the growth of the sport . Her offensive prowess as a defenceman earned her comparisons to National Hockey League star Bobby Orr , particularly after she flew through the air after scoring the gold medal-winning goal in the inaugural world championship . In 2008 , Heaney became one of the first three female inductees , along with Angela James and Cammi Granato , to the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) Hall of Fame . She was the third woman , after James and Granato , to be inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame , and was inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jayna_Hefford', 'summary': "Jayna Hefford ( born May 14 , 1977 ) is a women 's ice hockey player who won multiple medals at the Winter Olympics and IIHF World Women 's Championships as well as titles in the National Women 's Hockey League and Canadian Women 's Hockey League . She helped Canada win four-straight Olympic gold medals from 2002 to 2014 and famously scored the gold-medal winning goal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . At the club level across three leagues , she scored 439 goals in 418 competitive games including a CWHL record 44 goals in 2008-09 . She was selected to be inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame on June 26 , 2018 . On July 19 , 2018 , Hefford was named interim commissioner of the Canadian Women 's Hockey League . She was named a 2019 Order of Hockey in Canada recipient . Hefford was born in Trenton , Ontario , but grew up in Kingston , Ontario . She played for the Mississauga Chiefs and Brampton Thunder ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Becky_Kellar', 'summary': "Rebecca Becky Kellar ( born January 1 , 1975 ) is a women 's ice hockey player . She played for Burlington Barracudas in the Canadian Women 's Hockey League . Kellar played defence for the Canadian women 's team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . She also participated in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano as well as the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City . She was named to the Canadian team for the 2010 Winter Olympics and will be one of four Canadian women to participate in all four Olympic tournaments along with Hayley Wickenheiser , Jennifer Botterill and Jayna Hefford . Kellar was the oldest player in the 2010 gold medal game . She was the first player on the Canadian national women 's hockey team to have children ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Ouellette', 'summary': "Caroline Ouellette OC ( born May 25 , 1979 ) is a retired Canadian ice hockey player . She was a member of the Canadian national women 's ice hockey team and a member of Canadiennes de Montreal in the Canadian Women 's Hockey League . Among her many accomplishments are four Olympic gold medals , 12 IIHF Women 's World Championship medals ( six gold , six silver ) , 12 Four Nations Cup medals ( eight gold , four silver ) and four Clarkson Cup championships . Ouellette is in the Top 10 in all-time NCAA scoring with 229 career points . She is a member of the Triple Gold Club ( not officially recognized by the IIHF for women ) as one of only three women to win the Clarkson Cup , an Olympic gold medal and an IIHF Women 's World Championship gold medal . Along with teammates Jayna Hefford and Hayley Wickenheiser , Ouellette is one of only five athletes to win gold in four consecutive Olympic games . Nicknamed Caro by her teammates , she started playing hockey at the age of nine . She is the co-founder of athletichub.com , an innovative new online network that helps student-athletes navigate the recruitment process , and an ambassador for Right to Play and Carrément Rose . Ouellette retired as a player from Canada 's national women 's team on September 25 , 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cherie_Piper', 'summary': "Cherie Piper ( born June 29 , 1981 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey player residing in Markham , Ontario . She was a member of the Canadian national women 's hockey team and played for the Brampton Thunder of the Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) . Piper has won three Olympic gold medals with the Canadian national team in 2002 , 2006 and 2010 , as well as one world championship title in 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cheryl_Pounder', 'summary': "Cheryl Pounder ( born June 21 , 1976 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a women 's ice hockey player . She plays defense for the Canadian Women 's Hockey League 's Mississauga Chiefs , and competed in the 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics . Pounder attended high school at St. Martin Secondary School in Mississauga , Ontario . She was also the captain of the ice hockey team at Wilfrid Laurier University . Although born in Montreal , she lives in Mississauga , Ontario and calls that city her hometown . Pounder was part of the team that won the Under-18 Canadian National women 's ice hockey championship . She was also a member of the 1992 Women 's World Roller Hockey championship team . Pounder was a color commentator for the CBC coverage of the women 's hockey tournament at the 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tammy_Lee_Shewchuk', 'summary': "Tammy Lee Barbie Shewchuk ( born December 31 , 1977 in Saint-Laurent , Quebec ) is a women 's ice hockey player . Shewchuk was a member of the 2000 and 2001 gold medal teams at the Womens World Hockey Championships . She also competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and contributed with two points ( a goal and an assist ) as Canada captured the Gold Medal . The Olympic gold medal was particularly special for Shewchuk as she was a late cut for the 1998 Olympic team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sami_Jo_Small', 'summary': "Sami Jo Small ( born March 25 , 1976 in Winnipeg , Manitoba ) is a women 's ice hockey player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colleen_Sostorics', 'summary': "Colleen Kay Sostorics ( born December 17 , 1979 in Kennedy , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian retired women 's ice hockey defenseman . She has played extensively for Canada at the international level , including three Olympic gold medals ( 2002 in Turin , 2006 in Salt Lake City , and 2010 in Vancouver ) . At the Women 's World Championships , Sostorics has helped Canada to three gold and three silver medals , and at the 4 Nations Cup , she has captured five gold medals and one silver medal . When not playing with Canada , she competes at the club level for the Calgary Oval X-Treme who now play in the Western Women 's Hockey League ( WWHL ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_St-Pierre', 'summary': 'Kim St-Pierre ( born December 14 , 1978 in Châteauguay , Quebec ) is a Canadian ice hockey player . She is a three-time Olympic gold medallist and five-time IIHF world champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vicky_Sunohara', 'summary': "Vicky Sunohara ( born May 18 , 1970 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey player . She was once described as the Wayne Gretzky of women 's hockey . She is currently the head coach of the University of Toronto women 's hockey team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hayley_Wickenheiser', 'summary': "Hayley Wickenheiser OC OLY ( born August 12 , 1978 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey player , and the current Assistant Director of Player Development for the Toronto Maple Leafs . She was the first woman to play full-time professional hockey in a position other than goalie . Wickenheiser was a member of Canada women 's national ice hockey team for 23 years , from 1994 until announcing her retirement on January 13 , 2017 , and is the team 's career points leader with 168 goals and 211 assists in 276 games . She represented Canada at the Winter Olympics five times , capturing four gold and one silver medal and twice being named tournament MVP , and one time at the Summer Olympics in softball . She is tied with teammates Caroline Ouellette and Jayna Hefford for the record for the most gold medals of any Canadian Olympian , and is widely considered the greatest female ice hockey player of all time . On February 20 , 2014 , Wickenheiser was elected to the International Olympic Committee 's Athletes ' Commission ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at the E Center in West Valley City and Peaks Ice Arena in Provo , Utah . The men 's and women 's tournaments were won by Canada , who defeated the host United States in both finals ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at the E Center in West Valley City and Peaks Ice Arena in Provo , Utah . The men 's and women 's tournaments were won by Canada , who defeated the host United States in both finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Gagnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gagnon', 'summary': 'Marc Gagnon ( born May 24 , 1975 ) is a Canadian short track speed skater . He is a four-time Overall World Champion for 1993 , 1994 , 1996 and 1998 , and winner of three Olympic gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 500 metres in short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place on 23 February at the Salt Lake Ice Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Éric Bédard Marc Gagnon Jonathan Guilmette François-Louis Tremblay Mathieu Turcotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Bédard', 'summary': "Éric Bédard ( born December 17 , 1976 , in Sainte-Thècle , Quebec ) is a Canadian short track speed skater who has won 4 Olympic medals ( 2 gold , 1 silver , 1 bronze ) . He participated in three individual events at the 2006 Winter Olympics and finished fourth in the 500 meters . He also led a team into the 5000 meter relay , winning the silver medal . He has been a longtime member of Canada 's short track team and has won four medals in three Olympic games : bronze in the 1,000 meters in Nagano , and two golds and a silver in the 5,000 meter relay . He has also had a lot of success at the World Championships , capturing 10 medals , including three golds ( 5,000 m relay in 2005 and 1998 and 500 m in 2000 ) . Bédard was national squad coach of Germany from 2008 till 2010 . From 2010 until 2014 he coached the Italian national team . He also coaches the Canadian national team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gagnon', 'summary': 'Marc Gagnon ( born May 24 , 1975 ) is a Canadian short track speed skater . He is a four-time Overall World Champion for 1993 , 1994 , 1996 and 1998 , and winner of three Olympic gold medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Guilmette', 'summary': 'Jonathan Guilmette ( born August 18 , 1978 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian short track speed skater who won silver in the 5000m relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake , he won Gold in the 5000m relay and silver in the 500m . Jonathan Guilmette currently short track head coach at the Japan skating federation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/François-Louis_Tremblay', 'summary': "François-Louis Tremblay ( born November 13 , 1980 , in Alma , Quebec , Canada ) is a Canadian retired short track speed skater and five-time Olympic medallist who competed at the 2002 , 2006 , and 2010 Winter Olympics . François-Louis Tremblay is one of only three Canadian men to win 5 medals at the Winter Olympic games , the other men being Marc Gagnon . At the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City , and Charles Hamelin . Tremblay was a member of Canada 's gold medal-winning 5,000-meter relay team . In Turin , Italy , at the 2006 Olympic Winter Games , he won two silver medals . He won an individual medal by finishing second in the men 's 500-meter race and also took part in the men 's 5,000-meter relay that finished second behind the South Korean team . He added a bronze medal in the 500 m and gold medal in the 5000 m relay in 2010 . Tremblay was a two-time world champion at 500 meters , having won back-to-back titles at the 2005 World Short Track Championships in Beijing and again at the 2006 World Short Track Championships in Minneapolis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mathieu_Turcotte', 'summary': "Mathieu Turcotte ( born February 8 , 1977 ) is a Canadian athlete . He was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec . Turcotte rose to fame within Canada , upon winning the bronze in the men 's 1000 m in the short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics , with a time of 1:30.563 ( a race more remembered for the victory of Australian Steven Bradbury ) , and winning a gold as part of the men 's 5000 m relay at the same games , with a team time of 6:51.579 . He placed 6th at the men 's 1500 m short track speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics with a time of 2:24.558 . Mathieu is now the President of Apex Racing Skates , a company that makes custom short track speed skates ."}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 m relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_5000_metre_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 5000 metre relay in short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place on 13 and 23 February at the Salt Lake Ice Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catriona Le May Doan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catriona_Le_May_Doan', 'summary': 'Catriona Ann Le May Doan , OC ( born December 23 , 1970 ) is a Canadian speed skater and a double Olympic champion in the 500 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held over fourteen days , from 9 to 23 February . Ten events were contested at the Utah Olympic Oval .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_500_metres", 'summary': "The Women 's 500 m speed skating competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . The competition consisted of two separate 500 metre races , with the competitors ranked by their cumulative time from the two races . World record holder Catriona Le May Doan retained her Olympic title by beating four-time World Sprint Champion Monique Garbrecht-Enfeldt ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Bartlett Kevin Martin Carter Rycroft Ken Tralnberg Don Walchuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Bartlett', 'summary': "Donald Don Bartlett ( born April 1 , 1960 ) is a Canadian curler from Edmonton , Alberta . Barlett is best known for his many years playing lead for Kevin Martin . In 1999 Bartlett 's home town became host the Don Bartlett Curling Classic . Now an annual curling bonspiel , the tournament attracts many teams from across Canada as well as a number of international competitors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Martin_(curler)', 'summary': "Kevin Martin ( born July 31 , 1966 ) , nicknamed The Old Bear and K-Mart , is a Canadian retired curler from Edmonton , Alberta , an Olympic , world and 4-time Canadian champion and a member of the World Curling Hall of Fame . He is considered by many commentators and former and current curlers to be the greatest curler of all time . He is also known for his rivalries with Randy Ferbey/David Nedohin , the best Alberta provincial rivalry ever as the two teams were generally regarded the best in the world from 2002-2006 ; his rivalry with Jeff Stoughton , perhaps the most famous all prairies rivalry ever which spanned over 2 decades from 1991-2014 ; with Glenn Howard from 2007-2014 , perhaps the best two team rivalry in Canadian curling history , and his rivalry with Sweden 's Peja Lindholm from 1997-2006 , perhaps the best ever men 's Canada-Europe rivalry . Over his 30-year curling career , he won four Briers , a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics , and one world championship . He went to a total of three Winter Olympics and four World Championships , and won a total of two Olympic medals and three World Championship medals . He won 15 Grand Slam titles on the World Curling Tour ( the media count 18 , including three Players ' Championships won prior to its inclusion as a Grand Slam event ) , which includes a record eight Players ' Championship titles . Over the course of his career , his teams won around $ 2 million . He was the first skip to win a career Grand Slam , winning a title in each Grand Slam event , after he won the Players ' Championship Grand Slam event in April 2005 . Martin also holds the record for the most Olympic victories , with 20 total wins at the Olympics . During his career , Martin also served as a major influence in the development of the sport of curling , establishing the competitive tier in the sport and setting the groundwork for the management of curling teams and the creation of high-level competitive curling events . He is also known for contributing to the growth of curling , long known as a recreational and participant-based sport , as a spectator sport . Martin retired from competitive curling in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carter_Rycroft', 'summary': 'Carter Rycroft ( born August 29 , 1977 ) is a Canadian curler from Sherwood Park , Alberta . He was a member of the Canadian Olympic team , skipped by Kevin Martin , that won a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ken_Tralnberg', 'summary': "Kenneth Tralnberg ( born July 17 , 1956 in Prince Albert , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian curler and Olympic medalist . He received a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . He lives in St. Albert , Alberta . He was the coach for the Swiss Women 's Curling team at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver as well as their coach at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Don_Walchuk', 'summary': "Donald J. Walchuk ( born March 6 , 1963 in Melville , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian curler from Edmonton , Alberta . For many years Walchuk played third for Kevin Martin 's team . On Martin 's rink , Walchuk was known especially for his high heat - his big-weight takeout shots ."}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place from February 11 to February 18 in Ogden , Utah :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place from February 11 to February 18 in Ogden , Utah :'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veronica Brenner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veronica_Brenner', 'summary': 'Veronica Brenner ( born October 18 , 1974 ) is a Canadian freestyle skier and Olympic medallist . She was born in Scarborough , Ontario . She received a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , in aerials ( freestyle ski jump ) . She finished first in the 1996-1997 World Cup Grand Prix .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan Guilmette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Guilmette', 'summary': 'Jonathan Guilmette ( born August 18 , 1978 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian short track speed skater who won silver in the 5000m relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake , he won Gold in the 5000m relay and silver in the 500m . Jonathan Guilmette currently short track head coach at the Japan skating federation .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 500 metres in short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place on 23 February at the Salt Lake Ice Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diane Dezura Kelley Law Cheryl Noble Julie Skinner Georgina Wheatcroft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Dezura', 'summary': 'Diane Dezura ( born July 1 , 1958 in Burnaby , British Columbia as Diane Nelson ) is a Canadian retired curler and Olympic medalist . As Diane Nelson , she played lead on for the Kelley Law rink in the early 2000s , one of the best teams in the world at the time . While she was with the team , the Law rink won a world championship in 2000 and a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . In her career , Dezura played in five Scott Tournament of Hearts , in 1988 , 1989 , 2000 , 2001 and in 2004 , winning the event in 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelley_Law', 'summary': 'Kelley Law ( born January 11 , 1966 in Burnaby , British Columbia ) , formerly known as Kelley Atkins and Kelley Owen , is a Canadian curler from Coquitlam , British Columbia . She grew up in Maple Ridge , British Columbia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cheryl_Noble', 'summary': 'Cheryl Noble ( born September 29 , 1956 ) is a Canadian curler , world champion and Olympic medallist . She received a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . She is world champion from 2000 , and a Canadian senior champion from 2008 and 2010 and a World senior champion from 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julie_Skinner', 'summary': 'Julie Lynn Skinner ( born April 23 , 1968 as Julie Sutton in Calgary , Alberta ) is a retired Canadian curler and Olympic medallist from Victoria , British Columbia . She received a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . After winning the 1987 Canadian Junior Curling Championships , Skinner became the junior world champion in 1988 , as skip for the Canadian team . She is a former world champion from 2000 . At the time of her World junior championship title , Skinner was a student at the University of Victoria and was from Oliver , British Columbia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgina_Wheatcroft', 'summary': "Georgina Wheatcroft ( born November 30 , 1965 in Nanaimo , British Columbia as Georgina Hawkes ) is a Canadian curler . She won a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics while on Kelley Law 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place from February 11 to February 18 in Ogden , Utah :'}]}, {'value': "Women 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Curling at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place from February 11 to February 18 in Ogden , Utah :'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deidra Dionne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deidra_Dionne', 'summary': "Deidra Dionne ( born February 5 , 1982 ) is a Canadian freestyle skier . She was born in North Battleford , Saskatchewan . She won bronze in the 2002 Winter Olympics in freestyle aerial ski She also won the bronze medal at the 2001 and 2003 FIS World Freestyle Ski Championships . Her health and career appeared in jeopardy on September 1 , 2005 ; when she had a training accident that injured her neck . She came close to being paralyzed . She had to have surgery where two vertebrae in her neck were fused with a titanium plate . A bone graft needed to be taken from her right hip . Eventually she recoverred , and was able to participate in the 2006 Winter Olympics . At the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics , Dionne won a bronze medal in women 's aerial ski jumping ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's aerials", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Four freestyle skiing events were held at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , at the venue in Deer Valley . There were both men 's and women 's competition in both aerials and moguls events . In moguls , the athletes ski down a slope littered with moguls ( bumps ) , attempting to get down in as fast a time as possible while also attempting to get points for technique and their two aerial jumps during the course . The aerials events consisted of two jumps , which were judged by air , form and landing ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathieu Turcotte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathieu_Turcotte', 'summary': "Mathieu Turcotte ( born February 8 , 1977 ) is a Canadian athlete . He was born in Sherbrooke , Quebec . Turcotte rose to fame within Canada , upon winning the bronze in the men 's 1000 m in the short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics , with a time of 1:30.563 ( a race more remembered for the victory of Australian Steven Bradbury ) , and winning a gold as part of the men 's 5000 m relay at the same games , with a team time of 6:51.579 . He placed 6th at the men 's 1500 m short track speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics with a time of 2:24.558 . Mathieu is now the President of Apex Racing Skates , a company that makes custom short track speed skates ."}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 1000 metres in short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place from 13 to 16 February at the Salt Lake Ice Center . This event is remembered for the victory of Australian Steven Bradbury , who benefited from all four other skaters in the final going down ahead of him , while Bradbury stayed on his feet and won gold . It was the first ever Winter Olympics gold medal for Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Gagnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gagnon', 'summary': 'Marc Gagnon ( born May 24 , 1975 ) is a Canadian short track speed skater . He is a four-time Overall World Champion for 1993 , 1994 , 1996 and 1998 , and winner of three Olympic gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 1500 metres in short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place on 20 February at the Salt Lake Ice Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle Charest Marie-Ève Drolet Amélie Goulet-Nadon Alanna Kraus Tania Vicent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Charest', 'summary': 'Isabelle Charest ( born January 3 , 1971 in Rimouski , Quebec ) is a Canadian athlete and politician . A short track speed skater who competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics , the 1998 Winter Olympics , and the 2002 Winter Olympics , she was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election as a member of the Coalition Avenir Québec . In 1994 she was a member of the Canadian relay team which won the silver medal in the 3000 metre relay competition . In the 1000 m event she finished sixth and in the 500 m contest she finished seventh . Four years later she won the bronze medal with the Canadian team in the 3000 metre relay competition . In the 500 m event as well as in the 1000 m contest she finished seventh . At the 2002 Games she won her second bronze medal with the Canadian relay team in the 3000 metre relay competition . In the 500 m event she finished fourth . Charest was the Chef de Mission for Team Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marie-Ève_Drolet', 'summary': 'Marie-Ève Drolet ( born February 3 , 1982 ) is a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics where she won a bronze in the relay event . She also has six ISU World Championship medals to her name and was a two time overall World Junior Champion in 2000 and again in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amélie_Goulet-Nadon', 'summary': "Amélie Goulet-Nadon ( born January 24 , 1983 in Laval , Quebec ) is a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics . In 2002 , she was a member of the Canadian relay team which won the bronze medal in the 3000 metre relay competition . Amélie was considered one of Canada 's rising superstars in short track until a problem arose with her motor problem , forcing her to abandon the 2006 Turin Olympics and eventually retire early at the age of 23 . Her accomplishments include winning the overall 500m , 1000 , and 1500m world cups in 2002-03 and finishing second overall in the season . As of 2009 Amélie is a graduate in naturopathy who would like to help people incorporate sports and healthy living into their lifestyles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alanna_Kraus', 'summary': "Alanna Kraus ( born June 30 , 1977 in Abbotsford , British Columbia ) is a Canadian short track speed skater . She won the bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in short-track speed skating for the women 's 3000 m relay . She competed in three individual events at the 2002 Games . In the 500 m she placed 6th ; 8th in the 1000 m and 5th in the 1500 m. She was also a silver medallist at the 2000 Goodwill Games . In the 2006 Winter Olympics she won silver as part of the short track relay team in the 3000 meter race with Tania Vicent , Kalyna Roberge , and Anouk Leblanc-Boucher . In her only individual event at the Games , the 500 she placed 9th . She won a silver medal in the relay event at the 2006 World Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tania_Vicent', 'summary': 'Tania Vicent ( born January 13 , 1976 in Laval , Quebec ) is a Canadian short track speed skater , who competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics . On February 22 , along with Alanna Kraus , Anouk Leblanc-Boucher and Kalyna Roberge , Vicent won a silver medal for Canada in the 3000m relay . She won the bronze medal in Nagano and at Salt Lake City . She won her fourth consecutive Olympic 3,000 metre relay medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics , skating alongside Jessica Gregg , Kalyna Roberge and Marianne St-Gelais .'}]}, {'value': 'Short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February . Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center ( normally called Delta Center ( now Vivint Smart Home Arena ) ) . Two new events were added for these games , with the men 's and women 's 1500 metres making debuts ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3000 m relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_3000_metre_relay", 'summary': "The women 's 3000 metre relay in short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics took place on 16 and 20 February at the Salt Lake Ice Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cindy Klassen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cindy_Klassen', 'summary': "Cindy Klassen , OM ( born August 12 , 1979 ) is a Canadian retired long track speed skater . She is a six-time medallist having achieved one gold , two silver , three bronze at the Winter Olympics . Klassen is tied with Clara Hughes for Canada 's all-time most decorated Olympian with six medals each . Both Klassen and Hughes are from Winnipeg . She is the only Canadian Olympian to win five medals in a single Olympic games and the first female speed skater to win five medals in a single games at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . She was a world record holder in the 3000 m until March 2019 , when her time was beaten by Martina Sáblíková . She also holds the Canadian records over 1500 m and 5000 m. Klassen is the leader of the Adelskalender , which is the all-time world ranking for speed skating . In 2003 , Klassen became the first Canadian in 27 years to win the overall title at the World Speed Skating Championships . Klassen has several major awards and accolades to her name having won the Lou Marsh Trophy in 2006 , which is awarded for Canada 's best athlete of the year . Due to her tremendous accomplishments at the 2006 Winter Olympics and her many accomplishments throughout her career , Klassen was named to the Order of Manitoba . Klassen was awarded the Oscar Mathisen Award in 2006 for outstanding speed skating performance of the year . In 2007 , she was given the award for Female Athlete of the Year at the Canadian Sports Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held over fourteen days , from 9 to 23 February . Ten events were contested at the Utah Olympic Oval .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_3000_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 3000 m speed skating competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . Claudia Pechstein won the gold medal at the distance after winning two bronzes and a silver medal in previous Olympics . Favorite Anni Friesinger finished fourth , while all medalists broke the former world record ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clara Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clara_Hughes', 'summary': "Clara Hughes , OC OM MSC ( born September 27 , 1972 ) is a Canadian cyclist and speed skater who has won multiple Olympic medals in both sports . Hughes won two bronze in the 1996 Summer Olympics and four medals ( one gold , one silver , two bronze ) over the course of three Winter Olympics . She is tied with Cindy Klassen as the Canadian with the most Olympic medals , with six medals total . Hughes is one of the few athletes who have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games . Hughes is one of only five people to have podium finishes in the Winter and Summer versions of the games , and is the only person ever to have won multiple medals in both . Hughes was the first Canadian woman to win a medal in road cycling at the Olympics , winning two in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics . As a result of her success in multiple sports and her humanitarian efforts , Hughes was named to both the Order of Manitoba and as an Officer of the Order of Canada . She is involved with Right To Play , which is an athlete-driven international humanitarian organization that uses sports to encourage the development of youth in disadvantaged areas . After winning her gold medal in 2006 , she donated $ 10,000 to Right to Play . Throughout her career Hughes received a number of other awards , trophies , and accolades . She was named Female Athlete of the Year by Speed Skating Canada in 2004 for long track . In 2006 , she received the International Olympic Committee 's Sport and Community Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held over fourteen days , from 9 to 23 February . Ten events were contested at the Utah Olympic Oval .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The Women 's 5000 m speed skating competition for the 2002 Winter Olympics was held in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . Claudia Pechstein secures her third gold medal in the distance , having won each of the three times that this distance has been skated by women in the Olympics between 1994 and 2002 . With the win , Pechstein also secures at least one medal in four consecutive Winter Games ( 1992-2002 ) . Clara Hughes and Gretha Smit surprise by ending up on the podium alongside Pechstein . Smit , who broke the world record en route to finishing second , only started competing in long track skating a year before the Games , although she and her sisters had proven almost unbeatable in marathon skating , which is performed in groups ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Canada_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Canada competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games. These games were the second best ever for Canada at the time, as they finished in fourth place in the medal standings with 17 medals, seven of which were gold.'}
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What was the city of birth of the silver medalist of the women 's aerials freestyle skiing event at the 2002 Winter Olympics ?
Scarborough
09c8000feac624b0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA', 'title': 'Miss Teen USA', 'header': ['Year', '2nd runner-up', 'State Represented', 'Hometown', 'Age'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1983', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1983 , the first ever Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Lakeland Civic Auditorium in Lakeland , Florida on 30 August 1983 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Ruth Zakarian of New York was crowned Miss Teen USA , by Miss USA 1983 Julie Hayek and Miss Universe 1983 Lorraine Downes .'}]}, {'value': 'Krista Keith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Kentucky_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Kentucky Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kentucky in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Mattie Barker of Louisville was crowned Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2020 on February 1 , 2020 at The Center for Rural Development in Somerset . She will represent Kentucky for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1984', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1984 , the second Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Memphis Cook Convention Center , Memphis , Tennessee on 3 April 1984 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Cherise Haugen of Illinois was crowned by outgoing queen Ruth Zakarian of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Molly Diane Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Tennessee_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Tennessee Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state Tennessee in the Miss Teen USA pageant . The pageant is directed by Greenwood Productions under the ownership of Miss Tennessee USA 1989 , Kimberly Payne Greenwood , since 1992 . Tennessee is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . In the 1990s , they were placed first . They have the third ( equal ) highest number of semi-finalist ( or better ) placings and are one of only five states to have received more than three awards . Five Tennessee teens have gone on to win the Miss Tennessee USA title and compete at Miss USA , including Lynnette Cole , who won the Miss USA title in 2000 and Rachel Smith , Miss USA 2007 . Both Cole and Smith won Miss Photogenic awards at Miss Teen USA , each five years prior to their Miss USA win . This makes Miss Tennessee Teen USA the only state and pageant to have two Miss USAs win the Miss Photogenic award at Miss Teen USA . Ansley Ecker of Memphis was crowned Miss Tennessee Teen USA 2020 on October 12 , 2019 at Austin Peay State University in Clarksville . She will represent Tennessee for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loretto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loretto,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'Loretto is a city in Lawrence County , Tennessee , United States . The population was 1,714 at the 2010 census , up from 1,665 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1985', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1985 , the third Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the James L. Knight International Center Arena in Miami , Florida on 22 January 1985 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Kelly Hu of Hawaii was crowned by outgoing queen Cherise Haugen of Illinois .'}]}, {'value': 'Dru Homer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Washington_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Washington Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Washington in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Washington is one of the more successful states at Miss Teen USA , having placed on eight occasions . Their highest placement came in 1985 , when Dru Homer placed 2nd runner-up to Kelly Hu of Hawaii . Their most successful decades have been the 1980s and 2000s . The state failed to place in the 1990s . Alex Carlson-Helo is the first Miss Washington Teen USA who also won Miss Washington USA . Washington is the last state to have a Teen crossover to Miss . Marianne Bautista of Seattle was crowned Miss Washington Teen USA 2020 on November 3 , 2019 at Highline Performing Arts Center in Burien . She will represent Washington for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Selah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selah,_Washington', 'summary': 'Selah is a city in Yakima County , Washington , United States . The population was 7,147 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1986', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1986 , the 4th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Ocean Center , Daytona Beach , Florida on January 21 , 1986 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Allison Brown of Oklahoma was crowned by outgoing queen Kelly Hu of Hawaii . This was the first year the pageant was held in Daytona Beach , although it had been staged in Miami the previous year . The pageant was hosted by Michael Young , the host from 1983-1984 who returned from hosting after a break in 1985 . Colour commentary was provided by Morgan Brittany , and there was entertainment from The Commodores .'}]}, {'value': 'Claudia Liem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_New_York_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss New York Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of New York in the Miss Teen USA pageant . It is directed by D & D Productions . New York is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . The first Miss Teen USA competition was won by a Miss New York Teen USA . That winner was Ruth Zakarian , who went on to be an actress . Two New York teens have also placed 1st runner-up in the Miss Teen USA pageant . [ citation needed ] Five New York teens have also competed at Miss USA , including Zakarian who competed as Miss Teen USA in the Miss USA competition ( a short-lived tradition gave four Miss Teen USA titleholders this opportunity in the early 1980s ) . Two won the Miss New York USA crown , and one won the Miss Vermont USA title . [ citation needed ] In 1998 , Kimberly Pressler , Miss New York Teen USA 1994 , won the Miss New York USA 1999 title and went on to win the Miss USA 1999 pageant held in February the following year . Pressler later competed at Miss Universe 1999 and was the first Miss USA to miss the cut at Miss Universe since 1976 . [ citation needed ] New York is also one of only five states to have won the Miss Congeniality award at least two times . [ citation needed ] Maya Dominguez of Yonkers was crowned Miss New York Teen USA 2020 on January 19 , 2020 at The Performing Arts Center in Purchase College in Harrison .'}]}, {'value': 'Glendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendale,_Queens', 'summary': "Glendale is a neighborhood in the west-central portion of the New York City borough of Queens . It is bounded by Forest Hills and Kew Gardens to the east , Ridgewood to the west , Woodhaven to the south , and Middle Village to the north . Glendale was built on a swampy area previously called Fresh Pond . The neighborhood was later developed into an industrial area , though it is now a more residential neighborhood . Glendale 's land area is long on its east-west axis and narrow on its north-south axis . The area is surrounded mainly by cemeteries , although the neighborhood also contains several large parks , including part of Forest Park . Glendale is located in Queens Community District 5 and its ZIP Code is 11385 . It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department 's 104th Precinct . Politically , Glendale is represented by the New York City Council 's 30th District ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1987', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1987 , the 5th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from El Paso Civic Center , El Paso , Texas on July 21 , 1987 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Kristi Lynn Addis of Mississippi was crowned by outgoing queen Allison Brown of Oklahoma . This was the only year that the pageant was held in El Paso . It would not return to Texas until Miss Teen USA 1997 , the first of three years it was held on South Padre Island . The 1987 event was hosted by Michael Young , with colour commentary from Tracy Scoggins .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobbie Jean Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobbie_Brown', 'summary': "Bobbie Jean Brown ( born October 7 , 1969 ) , sometimes credited as Bobbie Brown-Lane , is an American actress , model and former beauty pageant contestant . She appeared in the video for Warrant 's glam metal anthem Cherry Pie and the cover of the album of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Louisiana_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Louisiana Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Louisiana in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Louisiana is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Notable former Miss Louisiana Teen USA titleholders are Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry , Miss Teen USA 2004 Shelley Hennig , Miss Teen USA 2015 Katherine Haik , and Jennifer Dupont , who placed first runner-up at Miss America 2005 . Landry and Hennig have gone on to successful acting careers . Candice Stewart , Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2002 was a contestant on CBS 's Big Brother 15 in 2013 . At 15 , Haik is the youngest woman to win the Miss Teen USA title . Miss Louisiana Teen USA is produced by RPM Productions since 1990 , which also produces the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA state pageants for Alabama , North Carolina and South Carolina . Sydney Taylor of Livingston was crowned Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2020 on October 19 , 2019 at Lafon Performing Arts Center in Luling . She will represent Louisiana for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Baton Rouge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Baton Rouge ( /ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/ BAT-ən ROOZH ; from French , meaning 'red stick ' ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana . Located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River , it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish , the most populous parish in Louisiana . It is the 99th most populous city in the United States , and second-largest city in Louisiana after New Orleans . It is also the 16th most populous state capital . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 2018 estimate , Baton Rouge had a population of 221,599 , down from 229,493 at the 2010 census . Baton Rouge is the center of Greater Baton Rouge , the second-largest metropolitan area in Louisiana , with a population of 834,159 as of 2017 , up from 802,484 in 2010 and 829,719 in 2015 . The city of Baton Rouge is a major industrial , petrochemical , medical , research , motion picture , and growing technology center of the American South . It is the location of Louisiana State University , the LSU System 's flagship university and the largest institution of higher education in the state . It is also the location of Southern University , the flagship institution of the Southern University System , the only historically black college system in the nation . The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the 10th-largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped , and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships . This , as well as its status as a major port city , is largely due to the Huey P. Long - O.K . Allen Bridge , which was intentionally constructed under the governorship of Huey Long at a low height , preventing big tankers from making their way up-river , past Baton Rouge ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1988', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1988 , the sixth Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from San Bernardino , California on July 25 , 1988 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Mindy Duncan of Oregon was crowned by outgoing queen Kristi Addis of Mississippi . This was the first of two years the pageant was held in San Bernardino . It was hosted by Dick Clark for the first time , He would later host the Miss USA Pageants from 1989 to 1993 and Miss Universe Pageants from 1990 to 1993 and returned to The Miss Teen USA Pageants in 1991 on CBS and remained as host until 1993 , with color commentary from Tracy Scoggins .'}]}, {'value': 'Amy Pietsch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Louisiana_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Louisiana Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Louisiana in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Louisiana is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Notable former Miss Louisiana Teen USA titleholders are Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry , Miss Teen USA 2004 Shelley Hennig , Miss Teen USA 2015 Katherine Haik , and Jennifer Dupont , who placed first runner-up at Miss America 2005 . Landry and Hennig have gone on to successful acting careers . Candice Stewart , Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2002 was a contestant on CBS 's Big Brother 15 in 2013 . At 15 , Haik is the youngest woman to win the Miss Teen USA title . Miss Louisiana Teen USA is produced by RPM Productions since 1990 , which also produces the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA state pageants for Alabama , North Carolina and South Carolina . Sydney Taylor of Livingston was crowned Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2020 on October 19 , 2019 at Lafon Performing Arts Center in Luling . She will represent Louisiana for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 on the spring of 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ringgold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ringgold,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Ringgold is a town in Bienville Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 1,495 at the 2010 census . Ringgold is named for United States Army Major Samuel Ringgold . It is unlikely that René-Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle in his 1687 journey into Louisiana ever set foot in Bienville Parish . In 1690 , the Ringgold area was explored by the scout Domingo Terán de los Ríos , whom the government of Mexico sent to determine the extent of the holdings of the Caddo Indians . He was considered the first white leader to sight what became the man-made Lake Bistineau . A priest with the expedition , Father Masinettes , established Mission Loretteto . De los Rios was thereafter from 1891 to 1892 the first governor of Spanish Texas . In November 1933 , C. E. Tomme ( 1882-1948 ) , a telephone executive who was previously a county commissioner of Newton County in East Texas , was appointed mayor of Ringgold by Governor Oscar K. Allen . Tomme , who relocated to Ringgold in 1920 , filled the position vacated by his fellow Democrat , Walter McDowell . Tomme previously served on the Bienville Parish School Board and the parish Democratic Executive Committee . In the spring of 1934 , Tomme won election to the post , 86-66 , over Dave Thomas .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1989', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1989 , the 7th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Orange Pavilion , San Bernardino , California on July 25 , 1989 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Brandi Sherwood of Idaho was crowned by outgoing titleholder Mindy Duncan of Oregon . This was the second and final year the pageant was held in San Bernardino . It was hosted by Wil Shriner , with color commentary from Marcia Strassman and Angela Visser , Miss Universe 1989 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara Quinn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vermont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Vermont_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Vermont Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Vermont in the Miss Teen USA pageant . It is formerly directed by Sanders & Associates , Inc. , dba- Pageant Associates based in Buckhannon , West Virginia from 2004 to 2017 before GDB Theatre and Pageant Productions becoming the new directors of the stage pageant since 2018 . Charlotte Lopez , Miss Vermont Teen USA 1993 , was the first Vermont Teen to win the Miss Teen USA crown . Two Miss Vermont Teen USA titleholders have won the Miss Vermont USA title and competed at Miss USA . Kiera Pipeling of West Rutland was crowned Miss Vermont Teen USA 2020 on November 10 , 2019 at Spruce Peak Performing Arts Center in Stowe . She will represent Vermont for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutland_(town),_Vermont', 'summary': 'Rutland is a town in Rutland County , Vermont , in the United States . The population was 4,054 at the 2010 census . Rutland completely surrounds the city of Rutland , which is incorporated separately from the town of Rutland . The villages of Rutland Town effectively comprise the inner suburbs of Rutland City .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1990', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1990 , the eighth Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum , Biloxi , Mississippi on July 16 , 1990 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Bridgette Wilson of Oregon was crowned by outgoing titleholder Brandi Sherwood of Idaho . 1990 marked the year that Oregon won the pageant for the second of three times in the history of the pageant . Oregon and Texas are the only states that have won more than two Miss Teen USA titles , Oregon : Mindy Duncan in 1988 , Bridgette Wilson in 1990 and Tami Farrell in 2003 . Texas : Christie Lee Woods in 1996 , Danielle Doty in 2011 , and Karlie Hay in 2016 . This was the first year the pageant was held at the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , where it would be held for the following four years . Sandy Duncan hosted the event for the only time , with color commentary by Leeza Gibbons and Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . Duncan was the first female host of an American beauty pageant .'}]}, {'value': 'Holly Roehl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Georgia_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Georgia Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Georgia in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is directed Greenwood Productions under the ownership of Miss Tennessee USA 1989 Kim Greenwood . The pageant is hosted on McDonough , Georgia . Georgia is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Despite this , like their sister pageant , Miss Georgia USA , they have never won the competition despite having placed 2nd , 3rd , 4th , and 5th as well as several finalist and semi-finalist spots . They have never won any of the main awards , but did win Style awards in 1999 and 2000 . Four Georgia teens later won the Miss Georgia USA crown , and two others won the Miss Indiana USA and Miss Virginia USA titles , respectively . Kelly Jerles , the first Miss Georgia Teen USA , became the first Teen titleholder to compete at Miss America , representing Georgia in 1987 . Another Georgia teen also competed for Alabama at that pageant . Shayla Jackson of Valdosta was crowned Miss Georgia Teen USA 2020 on November 23 , 2019 at Henry County Performing Arts Center Theatre in McDonough . She will represent Georgia for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Griffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffin,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Griffin is a city in and the county seat of Spalding County , Georgia . It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 23,643 . Griffin was founded in 1840 and named for landowner Col. Lewis Lawrence Griffin . Several notable people are from Griffin and the city has been filmed for several notable shows and movies . Griffin Technical College was located in Griffin from 1963 and a branch of Southern Crescent Technical College is in Griffin . The Griffin Synodical Female College was established by Presbyterians but closed . The University of Georgia maintains a branch campus in Griffin .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1991', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1991 , the 9th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 19 August 1991 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Janel Bishop of New Hampshire was crowned by outgoing titleholder Bridgette Wilson of Oregon . Bishop is the first African American winner ever and the first titleholder from New Hampshire . The pageant was hosted by Dick Clark ( who last hosted it in 1988 and was already also hosting Miss USA & Miss Universe Pageants on CBS ) , with color commentary by Leeza Gibbons and Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu for the second time . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . This was the second of five years that the pageant was held in Biloxi . After the city hosted Miss Teen USA 1990 , it entered negotiations with the Miss Universe company in October 1990 to host the pageant for a further four years , and an announcement to that effect was made in early November .'}]}, {'value': 'Audra Sherman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Missouri_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Missouri Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss Teen USA pageant . It is directed by Vanbros and Associates , based in Lenexa , Kansas . In 1993 , Missouri joined the Vanbros group of state pageants for the Miss USA and Teen USA system . Missouri is in the top 10 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Six Missouri teens have gone on to compete at Miss USA , although only four as Miss Missouri USA . The other two represented Kansas , another Vanbros state . Two notable Miss Missouri Teen USAs ( who both later won the title Miss Missouri USA ) are Larissa Meek and Melana Scantlin , who appeared on the reality TV show Average Joe . Holly McDowell of Lee 's Summit was crowned Miss Missouri Teen USA 2020 on December 1 , 2019 at Muriel W. Battle High School Performing Arts Center in Columbia . She will represent Missouri for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sikeston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sikeston,_Missouri', 'summary': "Sikeston /ˈsaɪkstən/ is a city located both in southern Scott County and northern New Madrid County , in the state of Missouri , United States . It is situated just north of the Missouri Bootheel , although many locals consider Sikeston a part of it . By way of Interstate 55 , Interstate 57 , and U.S. Route 60 , Sikeston is close to the halfway point between St. Louis and Memphis and three hours from Nashville . The city is named after John Sikes , who founded it in 1860 . It is the principal city of the Sikeston Micropolitan Statistical Area , which consists of all of Scott County , and has a total population of 41,143 . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 16,318 , making it the fourth-most populous city in Missouri 's 8th Congressional district ( map ) behind Cape Girardeau , Rolla , and Poplar Bluff and just ahead of Farmington . Before the 2010 census , it had been the second-most populous city in the district ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1992', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1992 , the 10th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 25 August 1992 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Jamie Solinger of Iowa was crowned by outgoing queen Janel Bishop of New Hampshire . Jamie is the first Miss Teen USA from Iowa . The pageant was hosted by Dick Clark for the third of four years , with color commentary by Leeza Gibbons in her third and final year , and Miss Teen USA 1990 Bridgette Wilson , for the only time . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra for the third consecutive year .'}]}, {'value': 'Danielle Boatwright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danni_Boatwright', 'summary': 'Danielle Danni Boatwright Wiegmann ( born July 13 , 1975 ) is an American actress , TV host , model and beauty queen who won $ 1,000,000 on Survivor : Guatemala , the eleventh season of the reality television show Survivor . Boatwright was born in Tonganoxie , Kansas . She represented Kansas at the nationally televised Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants , and is one of the most successful delegates to compete in both competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Kansas_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Kansas Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kansas in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant has been part of the Vanbros organisation since 1992 , and in 2006 , they celebrated their fifteen-year anniversary with a reunion of former titleholders at the 2007 pageant . For the first time , all the judges for both the Miss Kansas USA and Miss Kansas Teen USA pageants were former titleholders from the Vanbros states : Kansas , Missouri , Oklahoma and Nebraska . Prior to 1994 , the pageant was held concurrently with the Miss Kansas USA event , which was hosted by Kansas City . In 1994 , the pageant was moved to Wichita . In 2000 , the pageant directors moved the event to the small town of Maize , just outside Wichita , where it was also held the following year , before it was brought back to Wichita proper from 2002-2003 . The pageant was held in Overland Park for the first time in 2004 and also in 2005 . In 2006 , it moved to Lawrence . Kansas had a slow start at Miss Teen USA , and did not place until 1991 . Despite this , they placed extremely well in the 1990s , with one semi-finalist placing , one finalist placing , two 2nd runner-up placings and one winner , and were in fact the second highest placed state in that decade . Latasha Laine Lawrie brought Kansas back into the placings in the 21st century with her finalist placing in 2005 . She also won the Miss Photogenic award , the only major award won by a Kansas teen .'}]}, {'value': 'Tonganoxie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonganoxie,_Kansas', 'summary': 'Tonganoxie ( pronounced /tɒŋɡəˈnɒksi/ ) is a city in Leavenworth County , Kansas and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States . As of 2010 , its population was 4,996 and approximately double of 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1993', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1993 , the 11th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 10 August 1993 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Charlotte Lopez of Vermont was crowned by outgoing titleholder Jamie Solinger of Iowa . The pageant was hosted by Dick Clark for the fourth and final year , with color commentary by Arthel Neville and Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu for the final time . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . This was the fourth of five years that the pageant was held in Biloxi . Contestants arrived on 26 June and were involved in two weeks of events and preliminary competition prior to the final broadcast , such as pre-taping scenes along the Mississippi coast , and being involved in an autograph signing party .'}]}, {'value': 'Ursula Abbott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Pennsylvania_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Pennsylvania Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Pennsylvania in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is independently conducted and produced by Sanders & Associates , Inc. , dba- Pageant Associates based in Buckhannon , West Virginia . Pennsylvania has been reasonably successful at Miss Teen USA . Their best decade was the 1990s , when they ranked fifth-equal in terms of number and value of placements . All but three of this state 's placements came in the 1990s , with only one placement in the 1980s and two in the 2000s . The placement in 2000 was their best , however , when Jillian Parry captured the Miss Teen USA crown . Three Pennsylvania teens have crossed over to win the Miss Pennsylvania USA title and compete at Miss USA . Kiara Lin of Cranberry Township was crowned Miss Pennsylvania Teen USA 2020 on November 3 , 2019 at Pasquerilla Performing Arts Center in Johnstown . She will represent Pennsylvania for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Harrisburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Harrisburg ( /ˈhærɪsbɜːrɡ/ HARR-iss-burg ; Pennsylvania German : Harrisbarrig ) [ citation needed ] is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States , and the county seat of Dauphin County . With a population of 49,229 , it is the 15th largest city in the Commonwealth . It lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River , 107 miles ( 172 km ) west of Philadelphia . Harrisburg is the anchor of the Susquehanna Valley metropolitan area , which had a 2018 estimated population of 574,659 , making it the fourth most populous in Pennsylvania and 96th most populous in the United States . Harrisburg played a notable role in American history during the Westward Migration , the American Civil War , and the Industrial Revolution . During part of the 19th century , the building of the Pennsylvania Canal and later the Pennsylvania Railroad allowed Harrisburg to become one of the most industrialized cities in the Northeastern United States . The U.S. Navy ship USS Harrisburg , which served from 1918 to 1919 at the end of World War I , was named in honor of the city . In the mid-to-late 20th century , the city 's economic fortunes fluctuated with its major industries consisting of government , heavy manufacturing , agriculture , and food services ( nearby Hershey is home of the chocolate maker , located just 10 miles ( 16 km ) east ) . The Pennsylvania Farm Show , the largest free indoor agriculture exposition in the United States , was first held in Harrisburg in 1917 and has been held there every early-to-mid January since then . Harrisburg also hosts an annual outdoor sports show , the largest of its kind in North America , an auto show , which features a large static display of new as well as classic cars and is renowned nationwide , and Motorama , a two-day event consisting of a car show , motocross racing , remote control car racing , and more . Harrisburg is also known for the Three Mile Island accident , which occurred on March 28 , 1979 , near Middletown . In 2010 Forbes rated Harrisburg as the second best place in the U.S. to raise a family ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1994', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1994 , the 12th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Mississippi Gulf Coast Coliseum in Biloxi , Mississippi on 16 August 1994 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Shauna Gambill of California was crowned by outgoing queen Charlotte Lopez of Vermont . The pageant was hosted by Bob Goen for the first of three years , with color commentary by Daisy Fuentes and Jamie Solinger , Miss Teen USA 1992 . Music was provided by the Gulf Coast Teen Orchestra . This was the fifth and final year that the pageant was held in Biloxi .'}]}, {'value': 'Melissa Hurtig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Kansas_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Kansas Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kansas in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant has been part of the Vanbros organisation since 1992 , and in 2006 , they celebrated their fifteen-year anniversary with a reunion of former titleholders at the 2007 pageant . For the first time , all the judges for both the Miss Kansas USA and Miss Kansas Teen USA pageants were former titleholders from the Vanbros states : Kansas , Missouri , Oklahoma and Nebraska . Prior to 1994 , the pageant was held concurrently with the Miss Kansas USA event , which was hosted by Kansas City . In 1994 , the pageant was moved to Wichita . In 2000 , the pageant directors moved the event to the small town of Maize , just outside Wichita , where it was also held the following year , before it was brought back to Wichita proper from 2002-2003 . The pageant was held in Overland Park for the first time in 2004 and also in 2005 . In 2006 , it moved to Lawrence . Kansas had a slow start at Miss Teen USA , and did not place until 1991 . Despite this , they placed extremely well in the 1990s , with one semi-finalist placing , one finalist placing , two 2nd runner-up placings and one winner , and were in fact the second highest placed state in that decade . Latasha Laine Lawrie brought Kansas back into the placings in the 21st century with her finalist placing in 2005 . She also won the Miss Photogenic award , the only major award won by a Kansas teen .'}]}, {'value': 'Courtland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtland,_Kansas', 'summary': 'Courtland is a city in Republic County , Kansas , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 285 .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1995', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1995 , the 13th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from the Century II Convention Center in Wichita , Kansas on 15 August 1995 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Keylee Sue Sanders of Kansas was crowned by outgoing queen Shauna Gambill of California . The pageant was hosted by Bob Goen for the second year , with color commentary by Maty Monfort and entertainment by All-4-One . This was the only year that the pageant was held in Wichita , which also held the Miss USA pageant from 1990-1994 , and it was the first time that a delegate won the Miss Teen USA title in her home state .'}]}, {'value': 'Loni Sorden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Utah_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss Utah Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Utah in the Miss Teen USA pageant . From 2001 to 2007 , the pageant was produced by Red Curtain Productions . Casting Crowns Productions directed the pageant from 2007 to 2018 under the directorship of former Miss Missouri USA Britt Boyse . Smoak Productions became the new director for Miss and Teen pageants in 2019 under executive director and Miss USA 1995 Shanna Moakler . Utah is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA , having only placed five times . The first placement came in 1995 , when Loni Sorden placed 2nd runner-up to Keylee Sue Sanders of Kansas . Utah was the fourth-to-last state ( equal ) to place at Miss Teen USA . Utah 's second placement was in 2009 , with Tasha Smedley making the top 15 . The third placement was the following year , when Angelia Layton placed 3rd runner-up . In 2012 , Keilara McCormick finished in the top 16 , in 2017 Rachel Bell placed in the top 15 , and in 2018 Madilen Kellogg placed top 10 . Four Utah teens have won the Miss Utah USA title and competed at Miss USA . The most recent of these is Marin Poole , Miss Utah Teen USA 2002 and Miss Utah USA 2005 , who is also part of Red Curtain Productions ."}]}, {'value': 'Virgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin,_Utah', 'summary': 'Virgin is a town in Washington County , Utah , United States . The population was 596 at the 2010 census . The first settlement at Virgin was made in 1858 . It is located along the Virgin River ( for which it is named ) , and not far from Zion National Park . The elevation is 3,606 feet ( 1,099 m ) . It lies on the route of State Route 9 .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_USA_1996', 'summary': 'Miss USA 1996 , the 45th Miss USA pageant , was held at South Padre Island , Texas culminating in the final competition and crowning on February 2 , 1996 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Ali Landry of Louisiana was crowned by outgoing titleholder Shanna Moakler of New York . Landry is the first former Miss Teen USA state delegate to win the Miss USA title , the third Miss USA from Louisiana and the second Miss Louisiana USA to win both the Photogenic award and Miss USA crown , making Louisiana the only state to complete this feat after California did it in 1992 . Landry is also the fifth and last Miss Photogenic to be crowned as Miss USA after winning the award . The pageant was held on South Padre Island for the third and final time . It was hosted by Bob Goen for the third time , and Maty Monfort offered colour commentary . Aaron Neville provided entertainment during the competition . This was also the first year that the Miss Universe Organization opened a website dedicated to the pageant , and the first time they instituted an internet vote to choose the winner of the Miss Photogenic award . It was also the first time since 1989 that there were 10 semifinalists , instead of the usual 12 . Also , this was the first year since 1991 in which the delegates wore one-piece bathing suits for the preliminary and final swimsuit competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Cardamon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_California_Teen_USA', 'summary': "The Miss California Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of California in the Miss Teen USA pageant . This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization , owned by William Morris Endeavor ( also known as WME ) . [ citation needed ] California is in the top 5 most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements . Miss California Teen USA titleholders have been invited to red-carpet movie premieres , such as that for Santa Clause 3 attended by Kylee Lin , and She 's the Man , attended by Jessica Powell . Zoe Hunt of Coronado , California was crowned Miss California Teen USA 2020 on January 26 , 2020 at Arcadia Performing Arts Center in Arcadia . She will represent California for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1997', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 1997 , the 15th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from South Padre Island , Texas on 20 August , 1997 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Shelly Moore of Tennessee was crowned by outgoing queen Christie Lee Woods of Texas . The pageant was hosted by J. Eddie Peck , with color commentary by Ivanka Trump , daughter of new pageant owner Donald Trump . This was the first year since 1988 that there was no special entertainment .'}]}, {'value': "Mahana Ka'ahumanu Walters", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Hawaii_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Hawaii Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Hawaii in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Although Hawaii has made the cut fewer times than many states , they have achieved a number of high placings . Hawaii Teen USAs have been quite successful at Miss Teen USA , and are ranked fifteenth in terms of number and value of placements and were ranked third in the 1980s . Kelly Hu won the competition in 1985 and two Hawaii teens have placed 1st runner-up . Kelly Hu was the first Hawaii teen to cross over to Miss Hawaii USA , and she was also the most successful . Only two other Teens have competed at Miss USA . Kiʻilani Arruda of Kapaʻi was crowned Miss Hawaii Teen USA 2020 on November 10 , 2019 at Hawaii Convention Center in Honolulu . She will represent Hawaii for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pupukea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pupukea,_Hawaii', 'summary': "Pūpūkea is a community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Koʻolauloa District on the island of Oʻahu , City & County of Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . In Hawaiian , pūpūkea means white shell . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 4,551 . The Koʻolauloa District ends at Waimea Bay , with the Waialua District extending south and westward . Pūpūkea is a popular area on Oʻahu 's North Shore for living and for visiting . The best known surfing sites of Velzyland , Sunset ( at Sunset Beach Park ) , Kammieland , Pūpūkea , ʻEhukai , Pipeline ( these latter two off adjacent ʻEhukai Beach Park and Banzai Beach ) and lesser breaks are arrayed off this shore . Popular diving and snorkeling areas known as Three Tables and Sharks Cove are located at Pūpūkea Beach Park . At the southwest end of Pūpūkea is Waimea Bay , with one of the most popular beaches on the island forming the shore at Waimea Beach Park . Popular residential areas here include the beach lots at Sunset Beach and the uplands of Pūpūkea . As the properties in this area were subdivided in the 1950s and 60s and classified then as country , the lots in the uplands were all measured out in 1 acre or greater parcels . The biggest drawback to living in this part of the island , however , is the considerable driving distance of 37 miles ( 60 km ) to Honolulu . The U.S. postal code for Pūpūkea and the communities of Waialeʻe , Sunset Beach , Lihilani , Waimea , and Kawailoa is 96712 ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1998', 'summary': "Miss Teen USA 1998 , the 16th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Shreveport , Louisiana on 17 August 1998 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Vanessa Minnillo of South Carolina was crowned by outgoing queen Shelly Moore of Tennessee . The pageant was hosted by Mario Lopez with color commentary by Ali Landry and Julie Moran . Landry held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 , Miss Louisiana USA 1996 and Miss USA 1996 titles , making the semi-finals at Miss Teen USA 1990 pageant before winning Miss USA 1996 . During the pageant there was entertainment by N'Sync ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria Franklin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Nevada_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Nevada Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Nevada in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Contestants compete in interview , active wear , and evening gown . Winners have most commonly come from Las Vegas since the pageant began in 1983 . Montana Cencerik of Las Vegas was crowned Miss Nevada Teen USA 2020 on January 5 , 2020 at South Point Hotel , Casino & Spa in Las Vegas . She will represent Nevada for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_1999', 'summary': "Miss Teen USA 1999 , the 17th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Shreveport , Louisiana on 24 August 1999 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Ashley Coleman of Delaware was crowned by outgoing queen Vanessa Minnillo of South Carolina . The pageant was hosted by newcomer Carson Daly with color commentary by Ali Landry and Julie Moran for the second year . Landry held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 , Miss Louisiana USA 1996 and Miss USA 1996 titles , making the semi-finals at Miss Teen USA 1990 pageant before winning Miss USA 1996 . During the pageant there were performances by Britney Spears and N'Sync . This was the second year that N'Sync provided entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Khosi Roy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Maryland_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Maryland Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Maryland in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Maryland did not place at Miss Teen USA until 1992 , but since then this state has been quite successful , including earning four runner-up placements , and a winner in 2010 . Six Maryland teens have gone on to win the Miss Maryland USA title , and two competed at Miss America . Heavyn McDaniels of Baltimore was crowned Miss Maryland Teen USA 2020 on November 10 , 2019 at Bethesda North Marriott Hotel and Conference Center in Bethesda . She will represent Maryland for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver Spring', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland', 'summary': "Silver Spring is an unincorporated area , census-designated place , and edge city inside the Capital Beltway , near Washington , D.C. , in Montgomery County , Maryland , United States . As of 2018 , [ update ] it had a population of 81,816 residents , according to the official estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau 's American Community Survey , making it the fourth most populous place in Maryland , after Baltimore , Columbia , and Germantown , and the second most populous in Montgomery County after Germantown . The urbanized , oldest , and southernmost part of Silver Spring is a major business hub that lies at the north apex of Washington , D.C. As of 2004 , [ update ] this 360-acre ( 145.7 ha ) central business district ( CBD ) held 7,254,729 square feet ( 673,986 m2 ) of office space , 5216 dwelling units , and 17.6 acres ( 7.1 ha ) of parkland . The population density of Silver Spring 's CBD was 15,600 people per square mile . The community has undergone a significant renaissance , with the addition of major retail , residential , and office developments . Silver Spring takes its name from a mica-flecked spring discovered there in 1840 , by Francis Preston Blair , who subsequently bought much of the surrounding land . Acorn Park , tucked away in an area of south Silver Spring away from the main downtown area , is believed to be the site of the original spring ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2000', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 2000 , the 18th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from Shreveport , Louisiana on August 26 , 2000 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Jillian Parry of Pennsylvania was crowned by outgoing queen Ashley Coleman of Delaware . The pageant was hosted by newcomer Brian McFayden with color commentary by Ali Landry and Julie Moran for the third year . Landry held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1990 , Miss Louisiana USA 1996 and Miss USA 1996 titles , making the semi-finals at Miss Teen USA 1990 pageant before winning Miss USA 1996 . During the pageant there were performances by Rachel Lampa , 98 Degrees and Westlife .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristen Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristen_Johnson', 'summary': "Kristen Johnson is an escape artist who works with her husband magician Kevin Ridgeway under the names Living Illusions , Ridgeway & Johnson and Breathless . She was the featured magician on the cover of the June 2009 issue of the magicians ' magazine The Linking Ring ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Kentucky_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Kentucky Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kentucky in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Mattie Barker of Louisville was crowned Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2020 on February 1 , 2020 at The Center for Rural Development in Somerset . She will represent Kentucky for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Slaughters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slaughters,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Slaughters is a home rule-class city in Webster County , Kentucky , United States . The population was 238 at the 2000 census . Slaughters lies just west of US 41 and 9.5 mi ( 15.3 km ) east of Dixon . CSX Transportation runs through Slaughters and operates a siding track that is named after the city .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2001', 'summary': 'Miss Teen USA 2001 , the 19th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from South Padre Convention Island Center , South Padre Island , Texas on 22 August 2001 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Marissa Whitley of Missouri was crowned by outgoing queen Jillian Parry of Pennsylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Marianna Zaslavsky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Massachusetts_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'Massachusetts has had a number of semi-finalist placings but is not one of the most successful states at Miss Teen USA . Their best placement was in 2001 , when Marianna Zaslavsky placed 2nd runner-up to Marissa Whitley . The most notable Miss Massachusetts Teen USA is Susie Castillo , who went on to win the Miss Massachusetts USA and Miss USA crowns . She is one of three Massachusetts teens to win the respective Miss title . One other Teen also competed at Miss America . Annika Sharma of Boston was crowned Miss Massachusetts Teen USA 2020 on January 12 , 2020 at Marriott Hotel Grand Ballroom in Burlington . She will represent Massachusetts for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA_2002', 'summary': "Miss Teen USA 2002 , the 20th Miss Teen USA pageant , was televised live from South Padre Island , Texas on 28 August 2002 . At the conclusion of the final competition , Miss Wisconsin Teen USA Vanessa Marie Semrow was crowned by outgoing queen Marissa Whitley of Missouri . This was the second consecutive year that the pageant was held on South Padre Island , although it had also been held there in 1997 . Semrow was only the second teenager from Wisconsin to place in the pageant , and the first to win the title . The state 's previous placement was in 1984 . In the years after the pageant , two delegates who competed at Miss Teen USA 2002 went on to win the Miss USA title . The class of 2002 is the first to produce two Miss USA winners . The first was Tara Conner of Kentucky , who placed second runner-up at Miss Teen USA 2002 and won the Miss USA 2006 pageant ; she was followed by Rachel Smith of Tennessee ( semi-finalist and Miss Photogenic at Miss Teen USA ) who won Miss USA 2007 . Both placed fourth runner-up in the Miss Universe pageant . A third contestant , fourth runner-up Kimberly Harlan of Georgia , competed at Miss World 2003 but did not place ."}]}, {'value': 'Tara Conner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tara_Conner', 'summary': 'Tara Elizabeth Conner ( born December 18 , 1985 ) is an American model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss USA 2006 and has also competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss Universe pageants . Apart from her role as Miss USA , Conner has been employed as a model . She was a featured model on the HDNet series Bikini Destinations in 2004 , posing in Lake Tahoe . She has also held the titles Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2002 , Miss Kentucky County Fair 2004 , and Miss Kentucky USA 2006 . In late 2006 , Conner became the center of a public scandal after she was caught drinking underage , using cocaine , and kissing Miss Teen USA Katie Blair at a New York nightclub . She was allowed to retain her title , provided she enter a drug rehabilitation program . Since then Conner has worked as an advocate against drug addiction .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miss_Kentucky_Teen_USA', 'summary': 'The Miss Kentucky Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Kentucky in the Miss Teen USA pageant . Mattie Barker of Louisville was crowned Miss Kentucky Teen USA 2020 on February 1 , 2020 at The Center for Rural Development in Somerset . She will represent Kentucky for the title of Miss Teen USA 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Russell Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russell_Springs,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Russell Springs is a home rule-class city in Russell County , Kentucky , in the United States . The city is the gateway to Lake Cumberland , one of the largest man-made lakes in the region , created by Wolf Creek Dam . It is the largest city in the county , having a population of 2,441 during the year 2010 U.S. Census .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of Miss Teen USA runners-up -- 2nd runners-up', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Miss_Teen_USA_4', 'intro': 'Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Universe Organization for girls aged 14-19. Unlike its sister pageants Miss Universe and Miss USA, which are broadcast on Fox, this pageant is webcast on the Miss Teen USA website and simulcast on mobile devices and video game consoles. The pageant was first held in 1983 and has been broadcast live on CBS until 2002 and then on NBC from 2003-2007. In March 2007, it was announced that the broadcast of the Miss Teen USA pageant on NBC had not been renewed, and that Miss Teen USA 2007 would be the final televised event. From 2008-15, the pageant was held at the Atlantis Paradise Island Resort, located in Nassau, Bahamas. Notable pageant winners include actresses Kelly Hu (1985, Hawaii), Bridgette Wilson (1990, Oregon), Charlotte Lopez-Ayanna (1993, Vermont), Vanessa Minnillo (1998, South Carolina) and Shelley Hennig (2004, Louisiana). The current titleholder is Kaliegh Garris of Connecticut who was crowned on April 28, 2019 at Grand Sierra Resort in Reno, Nevada.'}
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What is the population of the hometown of the contestant that won $ 1,000,000 on Survivor ?
4,996
09c83289dd7a2786
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tau_Kappa_Epsilon_brothers', 'title': 'List of Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ken Albers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Albers', 'summary': "John Kenneth Albers ( December 10 , 1924 - April 19 , 2007 ) was an American singer who performed with The Four Freshmen from 1956 to 1982 . Albers was born in Woodbury , New Jersey . He served in the U.S. Army during World War II and attended the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music . Albers sang with The Stuarts Quartet prior to joining The Four Freshmen in 1956 . One of Albers ' first appearances as a member of The Four Freshmen was a live telecast of The Ray Anthony Show in 1956 . In addition to being a vocalist , Albers played the trumpet , mellophone , and flugelhorn . Albers died in Simi Valley , California ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha-Mu / Ohio Wesleyan University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .'}]}, {'value': 'Singer for the Four Freshmen quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Freshmen', 'summary': 'The Four Freshmen is an American male vocal quartet that blends open-harmonic jazz arrangements with the big band vocal group sounds of The Modernaires , The Pied Pipers , and The Mel-Tones , founded in the barbershop tradition . The Four Freshmen is considered a vocal band because the singers accompany themselves on guitar , horns , bass , and drums , among other instrumental configurations . The group was founded in 1948 in Indiana and reached its peak popularity in the mid-1950s . The last original member retired in 1993 , but the group stills tours internationally and has recorded jazz harmonies since its late 1940s founding in the halls of the Jordan School of Music at Butler University in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Ross Barbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Barbour_(singer)', 'summary': "Ross Edwin Barbour ( December 31 , 1928 - August 20 , 2011 ) was an American singer with the vocal quartet The Four Freshmen . The Four Freshmen originated in early 1948 when brothers Ross and Don Barbour , then at Butler University 's Arthur Jordan Conservatory in Indianapolis , Indiana , formed a barbershop quartet called Hal 's Harmonizers . The Harmonizers also included Marvin Pruitt - soon replaced by Ross and Don 's cousin Bob Flanigan - and Hal Kratzsch ( 1925-70 ) , replaced in 1953 by Ken Errair . The quartet soon adopted a more jazz-oriented repertoire and renamed itself the Toppers . At first , they were influenced by Glenn Miller 's The Modernaires and Mel Tormé 's Mel-Tones , but soon developed their own style of improvised vocal harmony . In September 1948 , the quartet went on the road as The Four Freshmen , and soon drew the admiration of jazz legends such as Dizzy Gillespie and Woody Herman . In 1950 , The Four Freshmen got a break when band leader Stan Kenton heard the quartet in Dayton , Ohio , and arranged for an audition with his label , Capitol Records , which signed The Four later that year . In 1952 , they released their first hit single It 's a Blue World . Further hits included Mood Indigo in 1954 , Day by Day in 1955 , and Graduation Day in 1956 . Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , The Four Freshmen released a number of recordings , made film and television appearances , and performed in concert . The group eventually lost their mainstream following with the advent of the British pop bands of the 1960s . After Barbour 's retirement in 1977 , the Freshmen continued under the management of Flanigan , who kept the rights to The Four Freshmen name ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Rho / University of Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Akron', 'summary': "The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron , Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio . As a STEM-focused institution , it focuses on industries such as polymers , advanced materials , and engineering . The University of Akron offers about 200 undergraduate and more than 100 graduate majors and has an enrollment of approximately 20,000 students . The university 's College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is housed in a 12-story reflective glass building near downtown Akron on the western edge of the main campus . UA 's Archives of the History of American Psychology is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution . The university has three branch campuses : Wayne College in Orrville , Ohio ; the Medina County University Center , in Lafayette Township , Ohio ; and UA Lakewood , in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood , Ohio . In addition , the university hosts nursing programs in affiliation with Lorain County Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'Singer for the Four Freshmen quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Freshmen', 'summary': 'The Four Freshmen is an American male vocal quartet that blends open-harmonic jazz arrangements with the big band vocal group sounds of The Modernaires , The Pied Pipers , and The Mel-Tones , founded in the barbershop tradition . The Four Freshmen is considered a vocal band because the singers accompany themselves on guitar , horns , bass , and drums , among other instrumental configurations . The group was founded in 1948 in Indiana and reached its peak popularity in the mid-1950s . The last original member retired in 1993 , but the group stills tours internationally and has recorded jazz harmonies since its late 1940s founding in the halls of the Jordan School of Music at Butler University in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Tex Beneke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tex_Beneke', 'summary': 'Gordon Lee Tex Beneke ( February 12 , 1914 - May 30 , 2000 ) was an American saxophonist , singer , and bandleader . His career is a history of associations with bandleader Glenn Miller and former musicians and singers who worked with Miller . His band is also associated with the careers of Eydie Gormé , Henry Mancini and Ronnie Deauville . Beneke also solos on the recording the Glenn Miller Orchestra made of their popular song In The Mood and sings on another popular Glenn Miller recording , Chattanooga Choo Choo . Jazz critic Will Friedwald considers Beneke to be one of the major blues singers who sang with the big bands of the early 1940s .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Tau / Florida Southern College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Southern_College', 'summary': "Florida Southern College ( Florida Southern , Southern or FSC ) is a private college in Lakeland , Florida . In 2019 , the student population at FSC consisted of 3,073 students along with 130 full-time faculty members . The college offers 50 undergraduate majors and pre-professional programs , graduate programs in nursing , business , and education as well as post-graduate programs in nursing , education , and physical therapy . Florida Southern is the home of the world 's largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture . For its 2011 and 2012 rankings , The Princeton Review selected Florida Southern 's campus as the most beautiful in the country . Florida Southern has won 30 national titles in NCAA Division II competition in several sports , men 's golf ( 13 titles ) , baseball ( 9 ) , women 's golf ( 4 ) , men 's basketball ( 2 ) , softball ( 1 ) and women 's lacrosse ( 1 ) . The college 's official mascot is Mocsie the water moccasin , but they are also referenced by their nickname , the Mocs . The official colors of the college and its athletic teams are scarlet and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Saxophonist , singer , and bandleader associated with groups such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Miller_Orchestra', 'summary': "Glenn Miller and His Orchestra was an American swing dance band formed by Glenn Miller in 1938 . Arranged around a clarinet and tenor saxophone playing melody , and three other saxophones playing harmony , the band became the most popular and commercially successful dance orchestra of the Swing era and one of the greatest singles charting acts of the 20th century . Miller began professionally recording in New York City as a sideman in the Hot jazz era of the late 1920s . With the arrival of virtuoso trombonists Jack Teagarden and Tommy Dorsey , Miller focused more on developing his arrangement skills . Writing for contemporaries and future stars such as Artie Shaw , and Benny Goodman , Miller gained prowess as an arranger by working in a variety of settings . Later , Miller largely improved his arranging and writing skills by studying under music theorist Joseph Schillinger . In February 1937 , Miller started an orchestra that briefly made records for Decca . With this group , Miller used an arrangement he wrote for British bandleader Ray Noble 's American band in an attempt to form a clarinet-reed sound . This style developed over time , and eventually became known as the Glenn Miller sound . Frustrated with his agency over playing inconsistent bookings and lacking broad radio exposure , Miller gave the band notice in December 1937 . Less than three months later , he was looking for members and forming a new band . Miller began a partnership with Eli Oberstein , which led directly to a contract with Victor subsidiary Bluebird Records ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Bloom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Bloom', 'summary': 'Eric Jay Bloom ( born December 1 , 1944 ) is an American singer , songwriter and musician . He is best known as the lead vocalist , guitar and keyboard/synthesizer player for the long-running band Blue Öyster Cult , with work on more than 20 albums . Much of his lyrical content relates to his lifelong interest in science fiction .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa-Zeta / Hobart and William Smith Colleges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges', 'summary': 'Hobart and William Smith Colleges are private liberal arts colleges in Geneva , New York . They trace their origins to Geneva Academy established in 1797 . The colleges offer the degrees of bachelor of arts , bachelor of science , and master of arts in teaching . The colleges were originally separate institutions - Hobart College for men and William Smith College for women - that shared close bonds and a contiguous campus . In 1943 , William Smith College was elevated from its original status as a department of Hobart College to an independent college and the two colleges established a joint corporate identity . They are officially chartered as Hobart and William Smith Colleges and informally referred to as HWS or the Colleges . Although united in one corporation with many shared resources and overlapping organization , they have each retained their own traditions .'}]}, {'value': 'Lead singer of Blue Öyster Cult', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Öyster_Cult', 'summary': "Blue Öyster Cult ( often abbreviated BÖC or BOC ) is an American rock band formed in Stony Brook , New York in 1967 , perhaps best known for the singles ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper , Burnin ' for You , Cities on Flame with Rock and Roll , and Godzilla . Blue Öyster Cult has sold more than 24 million records worldwide , including 7 million in the United States alone . The band 's music videos , especially Burnin ' for You , received heavy rotation on MTV when the music television network premiered in 1981 , cementing the band 's contribution to the development and success of the music video in modern popular culture . Blue Öyster Cult 's longest-lasting and most commercially successful lineup included Donald Buck Dharma Roeser ( lead guitar , vocals ) , Eric Bloom ( lead vocals , stun guitar , keyboards , synthesizers ) , Allen Lanier ( keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ) , Joe Bouchard ( bass , vocals ) , Albert Bouchard ( drums , percussion , cowbell , vocals ) . The band 's current lineup includes Roeser and Bloom , as well as Danny Miranda ( bass , backing vocals ) , Jules Radino ( drums , percussion ) and Richie Castellano ( keyboard , rhythm guitar , lead and backing vocals ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Irv Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irv_Brown', 'summary': 'Irv Brown ( March 30 , 1935 - February 3 , 2019 ) was an American sportscaster , and basketball and baseball player , coach , executive , and official .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta-Delta / University of Northern Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado', 'summary': 'The University of Northern Colorado ( UNC ) is a public research university in Greeley , Colorado . The university was founded in 1889 as the State Normal School of Colorado and has a long history in teacher education . Approximately 12,000 students are enrolled in six colleges . Extended campus locations in are in Loveland , Denver , and Colorado Springs . UNCs 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Radio sportscaster for the Denver Nuggets and the Colorado Avalanche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Nuggets', 'summary': "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver . The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , but changed its name to Rockets before the first season . It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974 . After the name change , the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976 , losing to the New York Nets . The team has had some periods of success , qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals . The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA-NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine consecutive seasons in the 1980s and ten consecutive seasons from 2004 to 2013 . However , it has not made an appearance in a championship round since its last year in the ABA ; as such , they are also the only of the four surviving former ABA teams to have never reached the NBA Finals . The Nuggets play their home games at Pepsi Center , which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche', 'summary': "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone ; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone . Their home arena is Pepsi Center , which they share with the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association . Their general manager is Joe Sakic . The Avalanche were founded in 1972 as the Quebec Nordiques and were one of the charter franchises of the World Hockey Association . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as a result of the NHL-WHA merger . Following the 1994-95 season , they were sold to the COMSAT Entertainment Group and relocated to Denver . In the club 's first season in Denver , the Avalanche won the Pacific Division and went on to sweep the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the first NHL team to win the Stanley Cup in the season following a relocation . Among teams in the major North American professional sports leagues , only the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Washington Redskins have also accomplished the feat . This was the first major professional sports championship a Denver-based team brought to the city . In the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals , the Avalanche defeated the New Jersey Devils 4-3 to win their second and most recent championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Connie Codarini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Lads', 'summary': "The Four Lads is a Canadian male singing quartet . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the group earned many gold singles and albums . Its million-selling signature tunes include Moments to Remember , Standing on the Corner , No , Not Much , Who Needs You ? and Istanbul . The Four Lads made numerous television appearances including the award-winning PBS special , Moments to Remember . The current incarnation of the group features Don Farrar ( lead tenor ) , Aaron Bruce ( second tenor ) , and Alan Sokoloff ( baritone ) . The original quartet grew up together in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and were members of St. Michael 's Choir School , where they learned to sing . The founding members were Corrado Connie Codarini , bass ( died April 28 , 2010 ) ; John Bernard Bernie Toorish ( born March 2 , 1931 ) , tenor ; James F. Jimmy Arnold ( January 4 , 1932 - June 15 , 2004 ) , lead ; and Frank Busseri , baritone and group manager . Codarini and Toorish had formed a group with two other St. Michael 's students , Rudi Maugeri and John Perkins , who were later to become founding members of another group , The Crew-Cuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta / University of Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Bass singer and founding member of the Four Lads quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Lads', 'summary': "The Four Lads is a Canadian male singing quartet . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the group earned many gold singles and albums . Its million-selling signature tunes include Moments to Remember , Standing on the Corner , No , Not Much , Who Needs You ? and Istanbul . The Four Lads made numerous television appearances including the award-winning PBS special , Moments to Remember . The current incarnation of the group features Don Farrar ( lead tenor ) , Aaron Bruce ( second tenor ) , and Alan Sokoloff ( baritone ) . The original quartet grew up together in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and were members of St. Michael 's Choir School , where they learned to sing . The founding members were Corrado Connie Codarini , bass ( died April 28 , 2010 ) ; John Bernard Bernie Toorish ( born March 2 , 1931 ) , tenor ; James F. Jimmy Arnold ( January 4 , 1932 - June 15 , 2004 ) , lead ; and Frank Busseri , baritone and group manager . Codarini and Toorish had formed a group with two other St. Michael 's students , Rudi Maugeri and John Perkins , who were later to become founding members of another group , The Crew-Cuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Comi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Comi', 'summary': 'Paul Domingo Comi ( February 11 , 1932 - August 26 , 2016 ) was an American film and television actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor who starred in films such as Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) , and Howard the Duck ( 1986 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes', 'summary': "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is a 1972 science fiction film directed by J. Lee Thompson and written by Paul Dehn . It is the fourth of five films in the original Planet of the Apes series produced by Arthur P. Jacobs . The film stars Roddy McDowall , Don Murray and Ricardo Montalbán . It explores how the apes rebelled from humanity 's ill treatment following Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) . It was followed by Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) . The first film in the 2010s reboot series , Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , has a similar premise to Conquest , but it is not officially a remake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Towering_Inferno', 'summary': 'The Towering Inferno is a 1974 American disaster film produced by Irwin Allen featuring an ensemble cast led by Paul Newman and Steve McQueen . Directed by John Guillermin , the film is a co-production between 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros. , the first to be a joint venture by two major Hollywood studios . It was adapted by Stirling Silliphant from a pair of novels , The Tower by Richard Martin Stern and The Glass Inferno by Thomas N. Scortia and Frank M. Robinson . The film earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture and was the second highest-grossing film released in 1974 , beaten only by Blazing Saddles by three million dollars . The picture was nominated for eight Oscars in all , winning three . In addition to McQueen and Newman , the cast includes William Holden , Faye Dunaway , Fred Astaire , Susan Blakely , Richard Chamberlain , O. J. Simpson , Robert Vaughn , Robert Wagner , Susan Flannery , Gregory Sierra , Dabney Coleman and , in her final role , Jennifer Jones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)', 'summary': 'Howard the Duck is a 1986 American science fiction comedy film directed by Willard Huyck and starring Lea Thompson , Jeffrey Jones , and Tim Robbins . Based on the Marvel comic book of the same title , the film was produced by Gloria Katz and written by Huyck and Katz , with George Lucas as executive producer . The screenplay was originally intended to be an animated film , but the film adaptation became live-action because of a contractual obligation . Although several TV adaptations of Marvel characters had aired during the preceding 21 years , this was the first theatrically released feature film , coming after the serial Captain America . Lucas proposed adapting the comic book following the production of American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . After multiple production difficulties and mixed response to test screenings , Howard the Duck was released in theaters on August 1 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film was a critical and commercial failure , and in the years since , is considered one of the worst films of all time . It was nominated for seven Razzie Awards ( winning four ) , and made about US $ 15 million domestically compared to its US $ 37 million budget .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Cox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Cox_(DJ)', 'summary': "Chris Cox ( born July 15 ) is an American dance music record producer , remixer , and DJ who has worked on over 600 records throughout his career . As one-half of the Grammy nominated production team Thunderpuss and as a solo artist , Cox has earned a total of 52 Billboard dance chart number one records , having masterfully remixed songs performed by such artists as Madonna , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Whitney Houston , Enrique Iglesias , Jennifer Lopez , Mary J. Blige , Céline Dion , Janet Jackson , and the Spice Girls . Thunderpuss was nominated for a Grammy in 2004 for their production work with Cher . Since the dissolution of Thunderpuss , Cox continues to have a successful career , both as a solo artist , and through collaborations with other producers such as Pusaka . Cox has produced original music and dance remixes for artists such as Madonna , Rihanna , Michelle Branch , Hilary Duff , Donna Summer , Kelly Osbourne , and Kelly Clarkson . For four years he was heard weekly on XM 's BPM 81 with his hour-long set , 12 Inches of Cox . In 2008 he produced the album Hannah Montana 2 : Non-Stop Dance Party , which spent several weeks at # 1 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums Chart . Cox continues to travel internationally as a club and festival DJ ."}]}, {'value': 'Pi-Lambda / University of Nevada , Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise , Nevada . The 332-acre ( 134 ha ) campus is about 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) east of the Las Vegas Strip . It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969 . The university includes the Shadow Lane Campus , just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , which houses both School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine . UNLV 's law school , the William S. Boyd School of Law , is also the only law school in the state . UNLV is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is annually ranked among the top hospitality programs in the United States due in part to the university 's proximity to the Las Vegas Strip . Its Thomas & Mack Center hosted the 2007 NBA All-Star Game , concerts and lectures by Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev as part of various UNLV-affiliated lecture series ."}]}, {'value': 'Dance music record producer , remixer , and DJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remix', 'summary': 'A remix is a piece of media which has been altered or contorted from its original state by adding , removing , and changing pieces of the item . A song , piece of artwork , books , video , poem , or photograph can all be remixes . The only characteristic of a remix is that it appropriates and changes other materials to create something new . Most commonly , remixes are a subset of audio mixing in music and song recordings . Songs may be remixed for a variety of reasons :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Disc_jockey', 'summary': 'A disc jockey , more commonly abbreviated as DJ , is a person who hosts recorded music for an audience . Most common types of DJs include radio DJs , club DJs , who perform at a nightclub or music festival and turntablists who use record players , usually turntables , to manipulate sounds on phonograph records . Originally , the disc in disc jockey referred to vinyl records , but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes , CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ or a laptop . The title DJ is often used by DJs in front of their real names , adopted pseudonyms , or stage names . DJs use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs . Often , this involves aligning the beats of the music sources so their rhythms and tempos do not clash when played together and to enable a smooth transition from one song to another . DJs often use specialized DJ mixers , small audio mixers with crossfader and cue functions to blend or transition from one song to another . Mixers are also used to pre-listen to sources of recorded music in headphones and adjust upcoming tracks to mix with currently playing music . DJ software can be used with a DJ controller device to mix audio files on a computer instead of a console mixer . DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience ; effects units such as reverb to create sound effects and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Dryer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Dryer', 'summary': 'John Frederick Dryer ( born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American actor , radio host , screenwriter and former American football defensive end in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played for 13 years in the NFL , in 176 games starting in 1969 , and recorded 104 career sacks with the New York Giants and Los Angeles Rams . He is the only NFL player to score two safeties in one game . Following his retirement from football , Dryer had a successful career as a film and television actor , notably starring in the series Hunter . His height of 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) and physique are useful for his action roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma-Lambda / University of Northern Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado', 'summary': 'The University of Northern Colorado ( UNC ) is a public research university in Greeley , Colorado . The university was founded in 1889 as the State Normal School of Colorado and has a long history in teacher education . Approximately 12,000 students are enrolled in six colleges . Extended campus locations in are in Loveland , Denver , and Colorado Springs . UNCs 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Actor best known for playing Sgt . Rick Hunter in the television series Hunter ( 1984-1991 ) , former NFL defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_(1984_U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Hunter is an American crime drama television series created by Frank Lupo , which ran on NBC from September 18 , 1984 to April 26 , 1991 . It starred Fred Dryer as Sgt . Rick Hunter and Stepfanie Kramer as Sgt . Dee Dee McCall . The title character Sgt . Rick Hunter was a wily , physically imposing , often rule-breaking homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department . The show 's main characters , Hunter and McCall , resolved many of their cases by lethal force , but no more so than many other related television dramas . The show 's executive producer during the first season was Stephen J. Cannell , whose company produced the series . Stepfanie Kramer left after the sixth season ( 1990 ) to pursue other acting and musical opportunities . In the seventh season , Hunter partnered with two different female officers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}]}, {'value': 'Brian Duffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(chef)', 'summary': 'Brian Duffy is a chef known for numerous television appearances on the TV series Bar Rescue .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Chapter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celebrity chef known for appearances on Bar Rescue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bar_Rescue', 'summary': 'Bar Rescue is an American reality television series that airs on Paramount Network . It stars Jon Taffer , a long-time food and beverage industry consultant specializing in nightclubs , bars , and pubs , who offers his professional expertise plus renovations and equipment to desperately failing bars in order to save them from closing . The show premiered on what was then known as Spike in the United States on July 17 , 2011 . In the UK , the show originally aired on 5* , later moving to Spike ( UK ) . A spin-off series titled Marriage Rescue premiered on June 2 , 2019 . On January 10 , 2020 , it was announced that the seventh season will premiere on March 1 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Duryea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Duryea', 'summary': 'Dan Duryea ( January 23 , 1907 - June 7 , 1968 ) was an American actor in film , stage , and television . Known for portraying a vast range of character roles as a villain , he nonetheless had a long career in a wide variety of leading and secondary roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Scorpion / Cornell University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}, {'value': "Actor best known for playing villain roles and starred in films such as The Woman in the Window ( 1944 ) , Scarlet Street ( 1945 ) , and Winchester '73 ( 1950 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Woman_in_the_Window', 'summary': "The Woman in the Window is a 1944 American film noir directed by Fritz Lang and starring Edward G. Robinson , Joan Bennett , Raymond Massey , and Dan Duryea . It tells the story of psychology professor Richard Wanley ( Edward G. Robinson ) who meets and becomes enamored with a young femme fatale . Based on J. H. Wallis ' novel Once Off Guard , the story features two surprise twists at the end . Scriptwriter Nunnally Johnson was invited by International Pictures ( an independent production company founded by erstwhile 20th Century-Fox personnel William Goetz and RKO executive Leo Spitz ) to a picture deal after writing successful films such as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) and other John Ford films , and chose The Woman in the Window as its premiere project . Director Fritz Lang substituted the film 's dream ending in place of the originally scripted suicide ending , to conform with the moralistic Production Code of the time . The term film noir originated as a genre description , in part , because of The Woman in the Window ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scarlet_Street', 'summary': 'Scarlet Street is a 1945 noir tragedy film directed by Fritz Lang . The screenplay concerns two criminals who take advantage of a middle-aged painter in order to steal his artwork . The film is based on the French novel La Chienne ( literally The Bitch ) by Georges de La Fouchardière [ fr ] , that previously had been dramatized on stage by André Mouëzy-Éon , and cinematically as La Chienne ( 1931 ) by director Jean Renoir . The principal actors Edward G. Robinson , Joan Bennett and Dan Duryea had earlier appeared together in The Woman in the Window ( 1944 ) , also directed by Fritz Lang . Local authorities in three cities banned Scarlet Street early in 1946 because of its dark plot and themes . The film is in the public domain .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Winchester_'73", 'summary': "Winchester '73 is a 1950 American Western film directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart , Shelley Winters , Dan Duryea and Stephen McNally . Written by Borden Chase and Robert L. Richards , the film is about the journey of a prized rifle from one ill-fated owner to another and a cowboy 's search for a murderous fugitive . Rock Hudson portrays an American Indian and Tony Curtis plays a besieged cavalry trooper , both in extremely small roles at the beginnings of their careers . The film received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination for Best Written American Western . This is the first Western film collaboration between Anthony Mann and James Stewart , and was filmed in black and white . In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Everly and Phil Everly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Everly', 'summary': "The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo , known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing . Consisting of Isaac Donald Don Everly ( born February 1 , 1937 ) and Phillip Phil Jason Everly ( January 19 , 1939 - January 3 , 2014 ) , the duo was raised in a musical family , first appearing on radio singing along with their father Ike Everly and mother Margaret Everly as The Everly Family in the 1940s . When the brothers were still in high school , they gained the attention of prominent Nashville musicians like Chet Atkins , who began to groom them for national attention . They began writing and recording their own music in 1956 , and their first hit song came in 1957 , with Bye Bye Love , written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant . The song hit number 1 in the spring of 1957 , and additional hits would follow through 1958 , many of them written by the Bryants , including Wake Up Little Susie , All I Have to Do Is Dream , and Problems . In 1960 , they signed with the major label Warner Bros. Records and recorded Cathy 's Clown , written by the brothers themselves , which was their biggest selling single . The brothers enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1961 , and their output dropped off , though additional hit singles continued through 1962 , with That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) being their last top-10 hit . Long-simmering disputes with Wesley Rose , the CEO of Acuff-Rose Music , which managed the group , and growing drug usage in the 1960s , as well as changing tastes in popular music , led to the group 's decline in popularity in its native U.S. , though the brothers continued to release hit singles in the U.K. and Canada , and had many highly successful tours throughout the 1960s . In the early 1970s , the brothers began releasing solo recordings , and in 1973 they officially broke up . Starting in 1983 , the brothers got back together , and would continue to perform periodically until Phil 's death in 2014 . The group was highly influential on the music of the generation that followed it . Many of the top acts of the 1960s were heavily influenced by the close-harmony singing and acoustic guitar playing of the Everly Brothers , including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , the Bee Gees , and Simon & Garfunkel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phil_Everly', 'summary': "The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo , known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing . Consisting of Isaac Donald Don Everly ( born February 1 , 1937 ) and Phillip Phil Jason Everly ( January 19 , 1939 - January 3 , 2014 ) , the duo was raised in a musical family , first appearing on radio singing along with their father Ike Everly and mother Margaret Everly as The Everly Family in the 1940s . When the brothers were still in high school , they gained the attention of prominent Nashville musicians like Chet Atkins , who began to groom them for national attention . They began writing and recording their own music in 1956 , and their first hit song came in 1957 , with Bye Bye Love , written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant . The song hit number 1 in the spring of 1957 , and additional hits would follow through 1958 , many of them written by the Bryants , including Wake Up Little Susie , All I Have to Do Is Dream , and Problems . In 1960 , they signed with the major label Warner Bros. Records and recorded Cathy 's Clown , written by the brothers themselves , which was their biggest selling single . The brothers enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1961 , and their output dropped off , though additional hit singles continued through 1962 , with That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) being their last top-10 hit . Long-simmering disputes with Wesley Rose , the CEO of Acuff-Rose Music , which managed the group , and growing drug usage in the 1960s , as well as changing tastes in popular music , led to the group 's decline in popularity in its native U.S. , though the brothers continued to release hit singles in the U.K. and Canada , and had many highly successful tours throughout the 1960s . In the early 1970s , the brothers began releasing solo recordings , and in 1973 they officially broke up . Starting in 1983 , the brothers got back together , and would continue to perform periodically until Phil 's death in 2014 . The group was highly influential on the music of the generation that followed it . Many of the top acts of the 1960s were heavily influenced by the close-harmony singing and acoustic guitar playing of the Everly Brothers , including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , the Bee Gees , and Simon & Garfunkel ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma-Rho / Indiana State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_State_University', 'summary': 'Indiana State University ( ISU ) is a public university in Terre Haute , Indiana . It was founded in 1865 and offers over 100 undergraduate majors and more than 75 graduate and professional programs . Indiana State is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a Doctoral/Research University .'}]}, {'value': 'The Everly Brothers , among the first ten artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers', 'summary': "The Everly Brothers were an American country-influenced rock and roll duo , known for steel-string acoustic guitar playing and close harmony singing . Consisting of Isaac Donald Don Everly ( born February 1 , 1937 ) and Phillip Phil Jason Everly ( January 19 , 1939 - January 3 , 2014 ) , the duo was raised in a musical family , first appearing on radio singing along with their father Ike Everly and mother Margaret Everly as The Everly Family in the 1940s . When the brothers were still in high school , they gained the attention of prominent Nashville musicians like Chet Atkins , who began to groom them for national attention . They began writing and recording their own music in 1956 , and their first hit song came in 1957 , with Bye Bye Love , written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant . The song hit number 1 in the spring of 1957 , and additional hits would follow through 1958 , many of them written by the Bryants , including Wake Up Little Susie , All I Have to Do Is Dream , and Problems . In 1960 , they signed with the major label Warner Bros. Records and recorded Cathy 's Clown , written by the brothers themselves , which was their biggest selling single . The brothers enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve in 1961 , and their output dropped off , though additional hit singles continued through 1962 , with That 's Old Fashioned ( That 's the Way Love Should Be ) being their last top-10 hit . Long-simmering disputes with Wesley Rose , the CEO of Acuff-Rose Music , which managed the group , and growing drug usage in the 1960s , as well as changing tastes in popular music , led to the group 's decline in popularity in its native U.S. , though the brothers continued to release hit singles in the U.K. and Canada , and had many highly successful tours throughout the 1960s . In the early 1970s , the brothers began releasing solo recordings , and in 1973 they officially broke up . Starting in 1983 , the brothers got back together , and would continue to perform periodically until Phil 's death in 2014 . The group was highly influential on the music of the generation that followed it . Many of the top acts of the 1960s were heavily influenced by the close-harmony singing and acoustic guitar playing of the Everly Brothers , including the Beatles , the Beach Boys , the Bee Gees , and Simon & Garfunkel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( RRHOF ) is a museum and hall of fame located in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , on the shore of Lake Erie . The museum documents the history of rock music and the artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have influenced its development . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Ahmet Ertegun , founder and chairman of Atlantic Records . After a long search for the right city , Cleveland was chosen in 1986 as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Architect I. M. Pei designed the new museum , and it was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Ferrante and Louis Teicher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferrante_&_Teicher', 'summary': 'Ferrante & Teicher were a duo of American piano players , known for their light arrangements of familiar classical pieces , movie soundtracks , and show tunes , as well as their signature style of florid , intricate and fast-paced piano playing performances .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Louis_Teicher', 'summary': "Louis Milton Teicher ( pronounce as TIE-cher ; August 24 , 1924 , Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania - August 3 , 2008 , Highlands , North Carolina ) was an American piano player , half of the piano duo Ferrante & Teicher . No one was more blessed than I to have Lou Teicher as my best friend since we met at the Juilliard School of Music at the ages of 9 and 6 . Although we were two individuals , at the twin pianos our brains worked as one . Lou was certainly one of the world 's most gifted pianists . I will miss him dearly and as pianists it 's ironic how we both ended up living on keys , his longtime partner Arthur Ferrante , who lived on Longboat Key , Florida , said in a statement at the time of Teicher 's death . Ferrante subsequently died on September 19 , 2009 . Teicher had been a resident of Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , in the 1970s . Teicher died of heart failure at his summer home . He was 83 . He is survived by his widow , Betty , as well as his former wife , Elaine Sutin , a professional violinist with both the New York Pops and the Sutton Ensemble , and three children , Richard , Susan and David , and four grandchildren ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon-Sigma / University of Central Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Oklahoma', 'summary': 'The University of Central Oklahoma ( UCO or Central ) is a public university in Edmond , Oklahoma . It is the third largest university in Oklahoma , with more than 17,000 students and approximately 434 full-time and 400 adjunct faculty . Founded in 1890 , the University of Central Oklahoma was one of the first institutions of higher learning to be established in what would become the state of Oklahoma , making it one of the oldest universities in the southwest region of the United States . It is home to the American branch of the British Academy of Contemporary Music in downtown Oklahoma City .'}]}, {'value': 'Pianists for the Ferrante & Teicher duo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferrante_&_Teicher', 'summary': 'Ferrante & Teicher were a duo of American piano players , known for their light arrangements of familiar classical pieces , movie soundtracks , and show tunes , as well as their signature style of florid , intricate and fast-paced piano playing performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Flanigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Flanigan_(singer)', 'summary': "Robert Lee Bob Flanigan ( August 22 , 1926 - May 15 , 2011 ) was an American tenor vocalist and founding member of The Four Freshmen , a jazz vocal group . The Four Freshmen originated in early 1948 when brothers Ross and Don Barbour , then at Butler University 's Arthur Jordan Conservatory in Indianapolis , Indiana , formed a barbershop quartet called Hal 's Harmonizers . Flanigan was a cousin of the Barbours and joined The Harmonizers beginning on September 20 , 1948 , becoming their lead vocalist . He also played trombone and double bass . In 1950 , The Four Freshmen got a break when band leader Stan Kenton heard the quartet in Dayton , Ohio , and arranged for an audition with his label , Capitol Records , which signed The Four later that year . In 1952 , they released their first hit single It 's a Blue World . Further hits included Mood Indigo in 1954 , Day by Day in 1955 , and Graduation Day in 1956 . Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , The Four Freshmen released a number of recordings , made film and television appearances , and performed in concert . The group eventually lost their mainstream following with the advent of the British pop bands of the 1960s . The group continued to perform under the management of Flanigan , who maintained rights to The Four Freshmen name and was responsible for the group 's changing cast of performers . Flanigan retired as a performer in 1992 , but continued his involvement with the group for several more years . He died of congestive heart failure at his home in Las Vegas , on May 15 , 2011 , aged 84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Rho / University of Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Akron', 'summary': "The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron , Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio . As a STEM-focused institution , it focuses on industries such as polymers , advanced materials , and engineering . The University of Akron offers about 200 undergraduate and more than 100 graduate majors and has an enrollment of approximately 20,000 students . The university 's College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is housed in a 12-story reflective glass building near downtown Akron on the western edge of the main campus . UA 's Archives of the History of American Psychology is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution . The university has three branch campuses : Wayne College in Orrville , Ohio ; the Medina County University Center , in Lafayette Township , Ohio ; and UA Lakewood , in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood , Ohio . In addition , the university hosts nursing programs in affiliation with Lorain County Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'Singer for the Four Freshmen quartet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Four_Freshmen', 'summary': 'The Four Freshmen is an American male vocal quartet that blends open-harmonic jazz arrangements with the big band vocal group sounds of The Modernaires , The Pied Pipers , and The Mel-Tones , founded in the barbershop tradition . The Four Freshmen is considered a vocal band because the singers accompany themselves on guitar , horns , bass , and drums , among other instrumental configurations . The group was founded in 1948 in Indiana and reached its peak popularity in the mid-1950s . The last original member retired in 1993 , but the group stills tours internationally and has recorded jazz harmonies since its late 1940s founding in the halls of the Jordan School of Music at Butler University in Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Myron Floren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myron_Floren', 'summary': "Myron Floren ( November 5 , 1919 - July 23 , 2005 ) was an American musician best known as the accordionist on The Lawrence Welk Show between 1950 and 1980 . Floren came to prominence primarily from his regular appearances on the weekly television series in which Lawrence Welk dubbed him as the happy Norwegian . Floren was highly regarded by Lawrence Welk , who was an accomplished accordion player in his own right . Floren functioned as Welk 's principal assistant and second-in-command . In Floren 's autobiography Accordion Man , written with his daughter Randee Floren , he recalled handling road manager duties when the band traveled , including hotel arrangements and other logistics . Prior to his death , he hosted some of the repeats of The Lawrence Welk Show on PBS ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Accordionist on The Lawrence Welk Show ( 1950-1980 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lawrence_Welk_Show', 'summary': 'The Lawrence Welk Show was an American televised musical variety show hosted by big band leader Lawrence Welk . The series aired locally in Los Angeles for four years , from 1951 to 1955 , then nationally for another 16 years on ABC from 1955 to 1971 , followed by 11 years in first-run syndication from 1971 to 1982 . Repeat episodes are broadcast in the United States by Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) stations . These airings incorporate an original program - usually , a color broadcast from 1965 to 1982 - in its entirety . In place of the commercials , newer performance and interview clips from the original stars and/or a family member of the performers are included ; these clips are occasionally updated .'}]}, {'value': 'Travon Free', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travon_Free', 'summary': 'Travon Free ( born 1984/1985 ) is an American comedian and actor and writer . As of 2017 , he writes for Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . He formerly wrote for The Daily Show on Comedy Central and Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons on HBO . Free won an Emmy Award for his work on the Daily Show in 2015 . He is a former college basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta-Theta / California State University , Long Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach', 'summary': "California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB , Long Beach State , Cal State Long Beach , LBSU , or The Beach ) is a public university in Long Beach , California . The 322-acre campus is the third largest of the 23-school California State University system ( CSU ) and one of the largest universities in the state of California by enrollment , its student body numbering 37,776 for the Fall 2016 semester . The university continues to receive record numbers of applicants ; for Fall 2018 , it received 102,879 undergraduate applications - the most of any CSU campus . The school has a 28% acceptance rate . In 2017 , 17,650 out of 63,048 applicants were admitted making Cal State Long Beach a highly competitive school to get into . As of Fall 2014 , the school had 2,283 total faculty , with 36.7 percent of those faculty on the tenure track . With 5,286 graduate students , the university enrolls one of the largest graduate student populations across the CSU system and in the state of California . The university is located in the Los Altos neighborhood of Long Beach at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County , less than one mile from the border with Orange County . The university offers 82 different Bachelor 's degrees , 65 types of Master 's degrees , and four Doctoral degrees . Long Beach State is one of the West Coast 's top universities in terms of student body racial diversity , being named the 5th most diverse university in the West by U.S. News & World Report . It is also home to one of the largest publicly funded art schools in the United States . The university currently operates with one of the lowest student tuition rate in the country , at $ 6,420 per year for full-time students with California residence ."}]}, {'value': 'Writer for Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( 2017-present ) and The Daily Show ( 2012-2015 ) , 2-time Emmy Award winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Frontal_with_Samantha_Bee', 'summary': 'Full Frontal with Samantha Bee is an American late-night talk and news satire television program that airs on TBS . The show premiered on February 8 , 2016 , and is hosted by comedian Samantha Bee , a former correspondent on The Daily Show . The show airs on Wednesdays at 10:30 p.m. EST . In January 2018 , TBS renewed the show for a third and fourth season , set to air through 2020 . On November 13 , 2019 , the show was renewed for a fifth season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Daily_Show', 'summary': "The Daily Show is an American late-night talk and news satire television program . It airs each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central . Describing itself as a fake news program , The Daily Show draws its comedy and satire from recent news stories , political figures , media organizations , and often uses self-referential humor as well . The half-hour-long show premiered on July 21 , 1996 , and was first hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17 , 1998 . Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11 , 1999 , until August 6 , 2015 , making the show more strongly focused on political satire and news satire , in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn 's tenure . Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah , whose tenure premiered on September 28 , 2015 . Under different hosts , the show has been formally known as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015 , and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah since 2015 . The Daily Show is the longest-running program on Comedy Central ( counting all three tenures ) , and has won 24 Primetime Emmy Awards . The program is popular among young audiences . The Pew Research Center suggested in 2010 that 74% of regular viewers were between 18 and 49 , and that 10% of the audience watched the show for its news headlines , 2% for in-depth reporting , and 43% for entertainment ; compared with respectively 64% , 10% and 4% who said the same of CNN . Critics chastised Stewart for not conducting sufficiently hard-hitting interviews with his political guests , some of whom he may have lampooned in previous segments . Stewart and other Daily Show writers responded to such criticism by saying that they do not have any journalistic responsibility and that as comedians their only duty is to provide entertainment ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emmy_Award', 'summary': 'An Emmy Award , or simply Emmy , is an American award that recognizes excellence in the television industry . It is presented at numerous annual events held throughout the calendar year , each honoring one of the various sectors of the television industry . The two ceremonies that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards , which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming , respectively . Other notable Emmy events include those honoring national sports programming , national news and documentary shows , and technological and engineering achievements in television , including the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards . Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year , recognizing excellence in local and statewide television . In addition , the International Emmy Awards honor excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States . The Emmy is named after immy , an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras . The statuette depicts a winged woman holding an atom . The Emmy is considered one of the four major American entertainment awards , the others being the Grammy ( for music ) , the Oscar ( for film ) , and the Tony ( for theater ) . Three related , but separate , organizations present the Emmy Award : the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) , the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( NATAS ) , and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( IATAS ) . The ATAS first awarded the Emmy in 1949 to honor shows produced in the Los Angeles area before it became a national event in the 1950s to honor programs aired nationwide . Over the next two decades , the ATAS , the NATAS , and the IATAS expanded the award to honor other areas of the TV industry , with each organization responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Grant_(radio_personality)', 'summary': 'Johnny Grant ( May 9 , 1923 - January 9 , 2008 ) was an American radio personality and television producer who also served as the honorary mayor of Hollywood , in which capacity he was often present at Hollywood community functions , including the unveiling of new stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . An intersection just north of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue is designated Johnny Grant Way .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio personality and producer , honorary mayor of Hollywood ( 1980-2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_Hollywood', 'summary': 'The Mayor of Hollywood was an honorary position Hollywood appointed by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . The office primarily served as the emcee of the award ceremonies for new plaques on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , which is administered by the Chamber , along with other community events .'}]}, {'value': 'Glen Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_Gray', 'summary': 'Glenn Gray Knoblauch ( June 7 , 1900 - August 23 , 1963 ) , known professionally as Glen Gray , was a jazz saxophonist and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha-Pi / George Washington University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist and leader of the Casa Loma Orchestra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casa_Loma_Orchestra', 'summary': 'The Casa Loma Orchestra was an American dance band active from 1929 to 1963 . Until the rapid multiplication in the number of swing bands from 1935 on , the Casa Loma Orchestra was one of the top North American dance bands . With the decline of the big band business following the end of World War II , it disbanded in 1947 . However , from 1957 to 1963 , it re-emerged as a recording session band in Hollywood , made up of top-flight studio musicians under the direction of its most notable leader of the past , Glen Gray . The reconstituted band made a limited number appearances live and on television and recorded fifteen LP albums for Capitol Records before Gray died in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'Merv Griffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merv_Griffin', 'summary': 'Mervyn Edward Griffin Jr. ( July 6 , 1925 - August 12 , 2007 ) was an American television host and media mogul . He began his career as a radio and big band singer who went on to appear in film and on Broadway . From 1965 to 1986 , Griffin hosted his own talk show , The Merv Griffin Show . He also created the internationally popular game shows Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune through his television production companies , Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma-Delta / University of Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Host of The Merv Griffin Show and creator of the game shows Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show', 'summary': 'The Merv Griffin Show is an American television talk show starring Merv Griffin . The series ran from October 1 , 1962 to March 29 , 1963 on NBC , May 1965 to August 15 , 1969 in first-run syndication , from August 18 , 1969 to February 11 , 1972 at 11:30 PM ET weeknights on CBS and again in first-run syndication from February 14 , 1972 to September 5 , 1986 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeopardy!', 'summary': 'Jeopardy ! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in the form of questions . The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30 , 1964 , and aired until January 3 , 1975 . A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975 , and a revival , The All-New Jeopardy ! , ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979 . The current version , a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television , premiered on September 10 , 1984 . Both NBC versions and the weekly syndicated version were hosted by Art Fleming . Don Pardo served as announcer until 1975 , and John Harlan announced for the 1978-1979 season . Since its inception , the daily syndicated version has featured Alex Trebek as host and Johnny Gilbert as announcer . With over 8,000 episodes aired , the daily syndicated version of Jeopardy ! has won a record 33 Daytime Emmy Awards as well as a Peabody Award . In 2013 , the program was ranked No .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)', 'summary': "Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel [ a ] ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and has aired continuously since . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M. G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke ."}]}, {'value': 'Robby Hauldren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_the_Child_(duo)', 'summary': "Louis the Child is a Winnetka-based DJ and production duo consisting of Robby Hauldren and Frederic Kennett . They are best known for their singles Better Not , It 's Strange , Weekend , and Fire ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta-Sigma / University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Musician for the Louis the Child duo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_the_Child_(duo)', 'summary': "Louis the Child is a Winnetka-based DJ and production duo consisting of Robby Hauldren and Frederic Kennett . They are best known for their singles Better Not , It 's Strange , Weekend , and Fire ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Tau_Kappa_Epsilon_brothers_21', 'intro': "Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers (commonly referred to as Tekes) are individuals who have been initiated into Tau Kappa Epsilon (TKE) Fraternity. The fraternity was founded by the five men of Joseph Lorenzo Settles, James Carson McNutt, Clarence Arthur Mayer, Owen Ison Truitt, and Charles Roy Atkinson on January 10, 1899, at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois. Members traditionally initiate into a chapter during their collegiate career, although honorary members may not necessary have attended a university or college. The list of Tau Kappa Epsilon brothers spans over multiple careers including politics, business, athletics, and entertainment. Among the most recognized include U.S. President Ronald Reagan who was the recipient of the Order of the Golden Eagle, the fraternity's highest honor. Other widely recognized political figures include former West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd, who at the time of his death was the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Congress, and former Arkansas Governor and Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee, who while running for president launched a TKE-specific website and visited Tekes on the campaign trail. Dozens of top CEOs and university presidents have also made the list such as Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, and Steve Forbes of Forbes magazine, who was the fraternity's 250,000th initiate. Numerous athletic and music superstars are also Tekes including NFL quarterbacks Terry Bradshaw, Phil Simms, and Aaron Rodgers, Olympians Douglas Blubaugh, Sim Iness, and Johnny Quinn, and singers Elvis Presley, Willie Nelson, and the Everly Brothers."}
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Which brother with the Four Freshmen as their notability is the oldest ?
Ken Albers
09c85758960016c8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (Japan)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'CERO'], 'data': [{'value': 'Akumajō Dracula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Castlevania_IV', 'summary': 'Super Castlevania IV [ a ] is a 1991 platform game developed and published by Konami . Released originally for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , it has been re-released multiple times , including for the Super NES Classic Edition . Super Castlevania IV features expanded play control , 16-bit graphics featuring SNES Mode 7 , and a soundtrack featuring brand new pieces and arrangements based on previous Castlevania music . Following the same setting as Castlevania on the NES , the game takes place in 1691 Transylvania , where the vampire hunter Simon Belmont must defeat the vampire Dracula . The game received critical acclaim with some calling it one of the greatest video games of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F-Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F-Zero_(video_game)', 'summary': 'F-Zero ( エフゼロ , Efu Zero ) is a futuristic racing video game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The game was released in Japan on November 21 , 1990 , in North America in August 1991 , and in Europe in 1992 . F-Zero is the first game of the F-Zero series , and was a launch title for the SNES . It was emulated for the Virtual Console service on various Nintendo platforms over the years and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition in 2017 . The game takes place in the year 2560 , where multi-billionaires with lethargic lifestyles created a new form of entertainment based on the Formula One races called F-Zero . The player can choose between one of four characters in the game , each with their respective hovercar . The player can race against computer-controlled characters in fifteen tracks divided into three leagues . F-Zero has been acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time as well for setting the standard for the racing genre and the creation of its futuristic subgenre . Critics lauded F-Zero for its fast and challenging gameplay , variety of tracks , and extensive use of the graphical mode called Mode 7 . This graphics-rendering technique was an innovative technological achievement at the time that made racing games more realistic , the first of which was F-Zero . As a result , it is credited for reinvigorating the genre and inspiring the future creation of numerous racing games . In retrospective reviews of the game , critics agreed that it should have used a multiplayer mode .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Street Fighter II : The World Warrior', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_The_World_Warrior', 'summary': "Street Fighter II : The World Warrior [ a ] is a competitive fighting game developed by Capcom and originally released for arcade systems in 1991 . It is the second installment in the Street Fighter series and the sequel to Street Fighter , released in 1987 . It is Capcom 's fourteenth title to use the CP System arcade system board . Street Fighter II improved many of the concepts introduced in the first game , including the use of special command-based moves and a six-button configuration , while offering players a wider selection of playable characters , each with their own fighting style , and introducing the combo system . Street Fighter II became the best-selling title since the golden age of arcade gaming . By 1993 , two years after its launch , sales were over $ 1.5 billion in gross revenue , and by 1994 , the game had been played by over 25 million people in the United States at home and in arcades . In 1995 , total sales of Street Fighter II and Street Fighter II : Championship Edition machines exceeded $ 2.312 billion . Adjusted for inflation , it is estimated that all versions of Street Fighter II exceed $ 10 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest-grossing video games of all time . In particular , the SNES version sold over 6.3 million copies , making it Capcom 's bestselling game for the next two decades and their bestselling game on a single platform . Due to its success , a series of updated versions offering additional features and characters has been released . Street Fighter II is regarded as one of the best video games of all time , and in particular the most important and influential fighting game made . Its launch is seen as a revolutionary moment within its genre ; it is credited with popularizing the fighting genre during the 1990s , inspiring other producers to create their own fighting series , and sparking a renaissance for the arcade video game industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_World', 'summary': "Super Mario World [ a ] is a 1990 side-scrolling platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . The story follows Mario 's quest to save Princess Toadstool and Dinosaur Land from the series antagonist Bowser and his minions , the Koopalings . The gameplay is similar to that of earlier Super Mario games : Players control Mario or his brother Luigi through a series of levels in which the goal is to reach the flagpole at the end . Super Mario World introduced Yoshi , a dinosaur who can eat enemies and gain abilities by eating the shells of Koopa Troopas . Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development developed the game , led by director Takashi Tezuka and producer and series creator Shigeru Miyamoto . It is the first Mario game for the SNES and was designed to make the most of the console 's technical features . The development team had more freedom compared to the series instalments for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . Yoshi was conceptualised during the development of the NES games but was not used until Super Mario World due to hardware limitations . Super Mario World is often considered one of the greatest video games of all time . It sold over 20 million copies worldwide , making it the best-selling SNES game . It also led to an animated television series of the same name and a prequel , Yoshi 's Island , released in August and October 1995 . It has been rereleased on multiple occasions : It was part of the 1994 compilation Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World for the SNES and was rereleased for the Game Boy Advance as Super Mario World : Super Mario Advance 2 in 2001 , on the Virtual Console for the Wii , Wii U , and New Nintendo 3DS consoles , and as part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zelda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Triforce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past', 'summary': 'The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past [ a ] ( frequently referred to as an RPG ) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It is the third game in The Legend of Zelda series and was released in 1991 in Japan and 1992 in North America and Europe . A Link to the Past focuses on Link as he journeys to save Hyrule , defeat the dark lord Ganon , and rescue the descendants of the Seven Sages . It returns to a top-down perspective similar to the original The Legend of Zelda , dropping the side-scrolling gameplay of Zelda II : The Adventure of Link . It introduced series staples such as parallel worlds and items including the Master Sword . Released to critical and commercial success , A Link to the Past was a landmark game for Nintendo and is considered one of the greatest video games of all time . Over four million copies have been sold worldwide . A Link to the Past was ported to the Game Boy Advance as A Link to the Past and Four Swords , and was ported for the Wii , Wii U , New Nintendo 3DS via the Virtual Console , and Nintendo Switch via Nintendo Switch Online . In 2017 , Nintendo rereleased A Link to the Past as part of the Super NES Classic Edition . A direct sequel , A Link Between Worlds , was released for 3DS in November 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Donkey Kong ( not available from December 7 , 2012 to November 26 , 2014 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country', 'summary': "Donkey Kong Country [ α ] is a 1994 platform game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , as part of the Donkey Kong franchise created by Shigeru Miyamoto . The game centers on the duo of Donkey Kong and his nephew Diddy Kong , who are on a quest to recover their stolen banana hoard from King K. Rool and his henchmen Kremlings . Development began shortly after Rare founders , brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , ran experiments with a Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) workstation to render 3D sprites . Nintendo became interested in Rare 's work and acquired 49% of the company , leading to the production of a game for the SNES using Alias and SGI technology . The Stamper brothers expressed interest in creating a standalone Donkey Kong game and assembled a team of 12 developers to work on the game over 18 months . Donkey Kong Country is the first Donkey Kong game that was not produced or directed by the franchise 's creator Shigeru Miyamoto , though he was involved with the project . Following an aggressive marketing campaign , Donkey Kong Country received critical acclaim and sold more than nine million copies worldwide , making it the third best-selling SNES game and has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . It was ported to the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance consoles , and was made available for Nintendo 's Virtual Console . Donkey Kong Country is the first game in the Donkey Kong Country series and was followed by two sequels on the SNES : Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest in 1995 , and Donkey Kong Country 3 : Dixie Kong 's Double Trouble ! in 1996 . In 2017 , the game was released as a part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 12 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario no Super Picross', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mario's_Super_Picross", 'summary': "Mario 's Super Picross [ a ] is a Super Famicom sequel to Mario 's Picross . The game is compatible with the Super Famicom Mouse . After the failure of Mario 's Picross in North America , Nintendo decided not to release this game in that region . The game was made available for download on the Wii 's Virtual Console service on December 19 , 2006 in Japan and later in PAL regions on September 14 , 2007 , the 12th anniversary of the game 's original Japanese release - marking the first Western release of the game , which has been left nontranslated with original Japanese text intact . This game was re-released for download on the Wii U 's Virtual Console service in both Japan and the PAL regions on April 27 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Emblem : Monshō no Nazo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Emblem:_Monshō_no_Nazo', 'summary': "Fire Emblem : Mystery of the Emblem [ a ] is a tactical role-playing video game developed by Intelligent Systems , and published by Nintendo for the Super Famicom home video game console in 1994 . It is the third installment of the Fire Emblem series , and the first to be developed for the Super Famicom . The story is divided into two parts : the first part is a remake of Fire Emblem : Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light , while the second is an original story acting as a sequel to the first game . After defeating the sorcerer Gharnef and the Dark Dragon Medeus , peace is restored to Archanea and Marth restores his kingdom . His ally Hardin ascends to the throne of Archanea , but begins hostile military expansion across the continent , forcing Marth to confront his old friend and the force driving him . Gameplay follows the traditional Fire Emblem system of tactical battles taking place on grid-based maps . Mystery of the Emblem began development in 1992 during the production of Fire Emblem Gaiden . The staff from previous entries , including series creator Shouzou Kaga and composer Yuka Tsujiyoko , returned to their respective roles . While originally conceived as two separate projects , the team eventually merged the proposed remake of Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light with the original story content of Mystery of the Emblem . The gameplay , which had veered away from the first game 's tactical RPG routes in Gaiden , returned to its more traditional stance . The difficulty was lowered to encourage new players to try the series . The game has been positively received by video game journalists ; much praise went to its gameplay refinements and technical quality ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-Type III : The Third Lightning ( delisted on March 30 , 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-Type_III:_The_Third_Lightning', 'summary': 'R-Type III : The Third Lightning ( アールタイプ3 ザ・サード・ライトニング , Āru Taipu Surī : Za Sādo Raitoningu ) is a 1993 horizontally scrolling shooter video game .'}]}, {'value': 'Irem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irem', 'summary': "Irem ( アイレムソフトウェアエンジニアリング株式会社 , Airemu Software Engineering ) is a Japanese video game console developer and publisher , and formerly a developer and manufacturer of arcade games as well . The company has its headquarters in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The full name of the company that currently uses the brand is Irem Software Engineering . It was established in 1997 by its parent company Nanao ( now Eizo ) for the purpose of taking over the development department of the original Irem Corporation , that had left the video game industry in 1994 to concentrate itself on the rental and sales of coin-op electronics . Irem Corporation was founded in 1974 as IPM and still exists today under the name of Apies . Irem is probably mostly known internationally for three 1980s arcade games : Moon Patrol ( 1982 ; licensed to Williams Electronics in North America ) , the earliest beat 'em up , Kung-Fu Master ( 1984 ) , and the scrolling shooter R-Type ( 1987 ) . Irem has been popular in Japan with games like Photoboy for the PC Engine and In the Hunt for arcades . As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , Irem canceled the majority of its remaining video game projects , including Zettai Zetsumei Toshi 4 : Summer Memories and Poncotsu Roman Daikatsugeki Bumpy Trot 2 . Irem refocused to become primarily a slot-machine and pachinko developer , the industry it was in before turning to video games . Many Irem designers , including producer Kazuma Kujo , gathered to form a new company called Granzella to continue creating video games ."}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SimCity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SimCity_(1989_video_game)', 'summary': "SimCity , also known as Micropolis or SimCity Classic , is a city-building simulation video game developed by Will Wright and released for a number of platforms from 1989 to 1991 . SimCity features two-dimensional graphics and an overhead perspective . The objective of the game is to create a city , develop residential and industrial areas , build infrastructure and collect taxes for further development of the city . Importance is put on increasing the standard of living of the population , maintaining a balance between the different sectors , and monitoring the region 's environmental situation to prevent the settlement from declining and going bankrupt . SimCity was independently developed by Will Wright beginning in 1985 , and would not see its first release until 1989 . Because the game lacked any of the arcade or action elements that dominated the video game market in the 1980s , video game publishers declined to release the title in fear of its commercial failure , until Brøderbund eventually agreed to distribute it . Although the game initially sold poorly , positive feedback from the gaming press boosted its sales . After becoming a best-seller , SimCity was released on several other platforms , most notably on the SNES in 1991 , in which its gameplay was significantly improved with Nintendo 's involvement . SimCity was commercially successful , selling 300,000 units for personal computers and nearly 2 million for the SNES . The game was recognized as a new phenomenon within the gaming industry , and it broke the widespread belief that computer games were primarily intended for children . SimCity was met with critical appraisal for its innovative and addictive gameplay in spite of the absence of platformer or shooter elements . Reviewers considered the game to be instructive and helpful toward the player 's understanding of the basics of urban planning , politics and economics ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contra Spirits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contra_III:_The_Alien_Wars', 'summary': "Contra III : The Alien Wars [ a ] is a 1992 run and gun video game developed and published by Konami for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . It is the third home console entry in the Contra series after Contra ( 1987 ) and Super C ( 1988 ) for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . In PAL regions , it was retitled Super Probotector : Alien Rebels and the player characters were replaced with robots . The player is tasked with fighting off an alien invasion of Earth across six stages . Four stages feature side-scrolling action traditional to the series while two are presented from an overhead perspective . It is the first Contra title to have been directed by Nobuya Nakazato who later directed other games in the series . He designed Contra III to feature more comical elements , a more cinematic soundtrack , and tighter stage design than its predecessors . Contra III received positive reviews , with critics praising its arcade quality derived from its sound and visual design . It has been called one of the best Contra games in retrospective reviews . It was ported to the Game Boy as Contra : The Alien Wars ( 1994 ) by Factor 5 where it received positive reviews for its Super Game Boy enhancements . Konami also released a Game Boy Advance port titled Contra Advance : The Alien Wars EX ( 2002 ) which received more critical reviews for removing features in the original . The SNES version was rereleased several times on Nintendo 's online distribution services ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'January 16 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire Emblem : Seisen no Keifu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_Emblem:_Seisen_no_Keifu', 'summary': 'Fire Emblem : Genealogy of the Holy War [ a ] is a tactical role-playing game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Super Famicom home video game console in 1996 . It is the fourth installment of the Fire Emblem series , and the second to be developed for the platform . Genealogy of the Holy War takes place on the continent of Jugdral , split between eight different countries founded by the Twelve Crusaders , an ancient group of soldiers who ended the rule of the ancient dragon Loptyr with divine aid . In the present , a cult working to revive Loptyr stir up war among the countries . The story is told over two generations - the first generation follows the Grannvalian prince Sigurd , while the second follows his son Seliph as he works to defeat the cult and avenge his father . Gameplay follows the traditional Fire Emblem system of tactical battles taking place on grid-based maps , while adding the Weapons Triangle and Support systems , which directly impacted both gameplay and story . Development began after the completion of Fire Emblem : Mystery of the Emblem . Returning staff included director , designer and scenario writer Shouzou Kaga , composer Yuka Tsujiyoko , character designer Katsuyoshi Koya , and producer Gunpei Yokoi ; it would be the last game produced by Yokoi . A greater focus was placed on the story compared to previous entries , although the gameplay also saw new additions . Production was turbulent due to staff moves and the unexpected addition of character romance and expanded storyline . First unveiled under the title Inheritors of Light , it was originally scheduled for a March release , before eventually releasing in May . It met with critical and commercial success .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamaitachi no Yoru', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Banshee's_Last_Cry", 'summary': "Kamaitachi no Yoru ( Japanese : かまいたちの夜 , The Night of the Sickle Weasel ) , released in English as Banshee 's Last Cry , is a visual novel game developed and published by Chunsoft ( later Spike Chunsoft ) . It was first released in Japan for Super Famicom on November 25 , 1994 , and has since been ported to PlayStation , Game Boy Advance , PC and mobile phones . An English localized version ( including changes to the setting and character names ) of the game was translated by Jeremy Blaustein and released for iOS by Aksys Games on January 24 , 2014 , with a release on Android devices . The story line was written by Takemaru Abiko , and directed by Kazuya Asano and Kōichi Nakamura . The game was the second sound novel developed by Chunsoft , and its popularity brought a myriad of other companies to develop similar games . The term sound novel was originally a registered trademark of Chunsoft , but is now regarded as a whole genre . The game was a financial success . It sold 750,000 units on the Super Famicom , and more than 400,000 units on the PlayStation . Including remakes and ports , the game sold 1.25 million units in April 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chunsoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chunsoft', 'summary': 'Spike Chunsoft Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社スパイク・チュンソフト , Hepburn : Kabushikigaisha Supaiku Chunsofuto ) is a Japanese video game development and localization company specializing in role-playing game ( RPG ) , visual novel ( VN ) and adventure game ( ADV ) titles . The company was founded in 1984 as Chunsoft Co. , Ltd and merged with Spike in 2012 . It is owned by Dwango . They created RPGs such as the first five Dragon Quest installments and the Mystery Dungeon franchise as Chunsoft , and the Conception series as Spike Chunsoft . They also created VN and ADV titles such as The Portopia Serial Murder Case , the Sound Novel series ( consisting of Otogirisō , Kamaitachi no Yoru , Machi and 428 : Shibuya Scramble ) and the Zero Escape series as Chunsoft , and the Danganronpa franchise as Spike Chunsoft .'}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shin Megami Tensei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shin_Megami_Tensei', 'summary': "Shin Megami Tensei [ a ] is a post-apocalyptic role-playing video game developed and published by Atlus . Originally released for the Super Famicom in 1992 in Japan , it has been ported to multiple systems and eventually released in the West for iOS in 2014 . It is the third game in the Megami Tensei series and the first in the central Shin Megami Tensei series . The gameplay uses first-person navigation of dungeons and turn-based battles against demons . The player can recruit demons as allies by talking to them rather than fighting them , and two to three demons can be fused to create new demons . The story follows a player-named protagonist who lives in near-future Tokyo . When a portal to the realm of demons is opened by a man called Gotou , United States officials order a nuclear attack on Tokyo . Transported with two other supporting characters thirty years into the future , the protagonist finds the Earth ruined by a demon invasion , which is now the stage for an escalating conflict between the Order of Messiah and the Ring of Gaia , conflicting cults who wish to bring about kingdoms for their respective patron deities ( YHVH and Lucifer ) . The story is influenced by moral decisions the protagonist makes , aligning him either with the Order , the Ring of Gaia , or setting him up as an independent agent . From the start of the production , Atlus staff saw Shin Megami Tensei as a chance to create a game with the company 's brand on it . The staff saw it as a remake of the previous Megami Tensei game ; because of this , they knew what was going to happen in the story , and the development went smoothly . The story went through multiple revisions , and many settings were inspired by the staff 's personal lives ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlus', 'summary': "Atlus Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アトラス , Kabushiki gaisha Atorasu ) is a Japanese video game developer , publisher , and distribution company based in Tokyo . A subsidiary of Sega , the company is known for its Megami Tensei , Persona , Etrian Odyssey , and Trauma Center series , among others . Its corporate mascot is Jack Frost , a snowman-like character from their Shin Megami Tensei series . Beyond games , it is known for the Purikura ( Print Club ) , which are selfie photo sticker booths popular in East Asia . Atlus was established in April 1986 and spent its early years as a video game developer for other companies . It became a video game publisher of its own in 1989 and existed until it was merged into Index Corporation in October 2010 . After the company 's dissolution , the name Atlus continued as a brand used by Index Corporation for video game publishing until 2013 . Atlus in its current incarnation was founded as Sega Dream Corporation in September 2013 , a new shell corporation established by Sega . In November 2013 , Sega Dream was renamed Index Corporation , following the bankruptcy of the original Index Corporation . In April 2014 , Sega implemented a corporate spin-off in which the contents and solution businesses of Index were spun off as Index Corporation , while the rest of Index Corporation ( formerly Sega Dream ) was renamed Atlus . The company has two divisions , P-Studio , responsible for managing the Persona series , and Studio Zero . A North American branch of the company , Atlus USA was founded in 1991 in order to focus on publishing and localizing games for North America ."}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chou Makaimura', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Super_Ghouls_'n_Ghosts", 'summary': "Super Ghouls ' n Ghosts [ a ] is an action side-scrolling platform game developed and published by Capcom and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991 . It is the third game in the Ghosts ' n Goblins series . The game was included in the video game compilation Capcom Generations : Chronicles of Arthur for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn , as well as in Capcom Classics Collection for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox and Capcom Classics Collection : Reloaded for the PlayStation Portable . A remake of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance which features an additional game mode with new stages . The original SNES version was released for the Wii Virtual Console and was released for the Wii U Nintendo eShop on May 16 , 2013 . It was later released in 2017 as part of the Super NES Classic Edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sangokushi IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_IV:_Wall_of_Fire', 'summary': 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV : Wall of Fire ( released as Sangokushi IV in Japan ) is the fourth in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms series of turn-based strategy games produced by Koei and based on the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV : Wall of Fire was the last game in the series to be released on the PC in the United States until Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI .'}]}, {'value': 'Koei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koei', 'summary': 'Koei Co. , Ltd. was a Japanese video game publisher , developer , and distributor founded in 1978 . The company is known for its historical simulation games based on the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms , as well as simulation games based on pseudo-historical events . The company has also found mainstream success in a series of loosely historical action games , the flagship titles of which are the Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors series , also known as the Musō series . Koei also owns a division known as Ruby Party , which focuses on otome games . On April 1 , 2009 , Koei merged with Tecmo to form the Tecmo Koei Holdings holding company . Koei changed its name to Tecmo Koei Games on April 1 , 2010 by absorbing Tecmo , and again on July 1 , 2014 , to Koei Tecmo Games .'}]}, {'value': 'February 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ganbare Goemon : Yukihime Kyūshutsu Emaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Mystical_Ninja', 'summary': "The Legend of the Mystical Ninja 〜 , Ganbare Goemon : Yukihime Kyūshutsu Emaki ) is an action-adventure game by Konami , and was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991 . It was also ported to the Game Boy Advance along with Ganbare Goemon 2 : Kiteretsu Shōgun Magginesu only in Japan . It is the first game in the Japanese video game series Goemon to have a western release . It has also been released for the Virtual Console in Japan , Europe , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and the United States . In North America and Europe , this game was followed by two different games for Nintendo 64 , Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon in 1998 and Goemon 's Great Adventure ( known in Europe as Mystical Ninja 2 Starring Goemon ) in 1999 , as all subsequent releases for the Super NES were absent of a Western release . In Europe , two Game Boy versions of Mystical Ninja starring Goemon were released . One was a standalone game and the other was part of Konami GB Collection Vol . 3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'March 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ActRaiser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ActRaiser', 'summary': "ActRaiser ( アクトレイザー , Akutoreizā ) is a 1990 platform and city-building simulation game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System developed by Quintet and published by Enix , combining traditional side-scrolling platforming with urban planning god game sections . A sequel , ActRaiser 2 , was released for the Super NES in 1993 . In 2007 , ActRaiser became available on the Wii 's Virtual Console download service in Europe , North America , and Japan . A version of the game was also released for European mobile phones in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Square Enix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Square_Enix', 'summary': "Square Enix Holdings Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer , publisher , and distribution company known for its Final Fantasy , Dragon Quest , and Kingdom Hearts role-playing video game franchises , among numerous others . Several of them have sold over 10 million copies worldwide , with the Final Fantasy franchise alone selling 144 million , the Dragon Quest franchise selling 78 million and the Kingdom Hearts franchise selling 30 million . The Square Enix headquarters are in the Shinjuku Eastside Square Building in Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company employs over 4300 employees worldwide . The original Square Enix Co. , Ltd. was formed in April 2003 as the result of a merger between Square and Enix , with the latter as the surviving company . Each share of Square 's common stock was exchanged for 0.85 shares of Enix 's common stock . At the time , 80% of Square Enix staff were made up of former Square employees . As part of the merger , former Square president Yoichi Wada was appointed the president of the new corporation , while former Enix president Keiji Honda was named its vice president . Yasuhiro Fukushima , the largest shareholder of the combined corporation and founder of Enix , became chairman . In October 2008 , Square Enix conducted a company split between its corporate business and video game operations . Square Enix reorganised itself as Square Enix Holdings Co. , Ltd. , a holding company , while its internally domestic video game operations were formed as a new subsidiary called Square Enix Co. , Ltd. During the 2014 fiscal year , the company made over ¥150 billion in revenue ( US $ 1.36 billion ) . In addition to its flagship subsidiary , Square Enix Holdings owns the arcade gaming corporation Taito , known for games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , and Darius ."}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heracles no Eikō III : Kamigami no Chinmoku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glory_of_Heracles_(series)', 'summary': "Glory of Heracles ( ヘラクレスの栄光 , Herakuresu no Eikō ) is a Japanese role-playing video game series initially developed and published by Data East and currently owned by Paon Corporation . The series began in 1987 with Tōjin Makyō Den : Heracles no Eikō , and three sequels were released until 1994 in addition to a portable spinoff game released in 1992 . After Data East 's bankruptcy in 2003 , Paon Corporation acquired the rights to the series , and Nintendo released the latest installment in the series , Heracles no Eikō : Tamashii no Shōmei for the Nintendo DS in 2008 . None of the games had been released outside Japan until E3 2009 , at which the latest game was announced by Nintendo simply as Glory of Heracles . The series is based in the world of Greek mythology , with the Greek hero Heracles as the title character of each game . However , Heracles only serves as the main character in the original game and the Game Boy spinoff , and plays a support role in all subsequent games . The 2018 game Super Smash Bros . Ultimate represented the series in the game 's spirit mode , with Heracles from the original game and the player character for the DS game , named as the Glory of Heracles Hero , possible to unlock ."}]}, {'value': 'Paon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paon', 'summary': 'Paon ( パオン ) DP Inc. is a video game development company based in Japan . Through a partnership with Nintendo , the company has developed DK : King of Swing , Donkey Kong Barrel Blast and DK Jungle Climber . They also developed Glory of Heracles , the fifth title of the Glory of Heracles series . When the company Data East went bankrupt , Paon became composed of former Data East staff and bought the rights to some of their games , including Karnov , Chelnov ( sometimes known as Atomic Runner outside Japan ) , the Kuuga trilogy , and the Glory of Heracles series . In March 2015 , PAON Inc. merged with DP Inc. to form PAON DP Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'April 6 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Final Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)', 'summary': "Final Fight ( Japanese : ファイナルファイト , Hepburn : Fainaru Faito ) is a side-scrolling beat-'em-up video game produced by Capcom . Originally released as an arcade game in 1989 , it was the seventh title released for the CP System hardware . Set in the fictional Metro City , the player controls one of three characters : former pro wrestler and mayor Mike Haggar , his daughter 's boyfriend Cody , and Cody 's best friend Guy , as they set out to defeat the Mad Gear gang and rescue Haggar 's young daughter Jessica . The game began development as a sequel to the original Street Fighter released in 1987 , but the genre was switched from a fighting game to a beat 'em up and the title was changed following the success of Double Dragon . Final Fight was ported to various home consoles such as the Super NES and was followed by a few sequels . Its development team later worked on the original Street Fighter II and some of the characters from Final Fight later appeared as playable fighters in other entries of the franchise such as the Street Fighter Alpha sub-series . In September 13 , 2018 , Capcom announced Capcom Beat 'Em Up Bundle with Final Fight being one of seven titles and released digitally for PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on September 18 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Super Famicom', 'section_text': 'There were 102 games available .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)_1', 'intro': 'The following is the complete list of the 659 Virtual Console titles that were available for the Wii in Japan sorted by system and release dates. English translations are highlighted between parenthesis. The final update was on April 9, 2013 as the service has been discontinued in all regions while games are currently being added to the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console and Wii U Virtual Console services. Nintendo plans to discontinue the Wii Shop Channel. Purchasing of Wii Points for new games ended on March 26, 2018. In addition, the ability to purchase new software ended on January 31, 2019. Re-downloading purchased software is available, however Nintendo announced it will shut that facility down at a later date.'}
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Who is the publisher of the game that takes place in the year 2560 ?
Nintendo
09c8cd89d0dada25
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Football_Alliance', 'title': 'Midland Football Alliance', 'header': ['Club', 'Years', 'No'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gornal Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gornal_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': 'Gornal Athletic Football Club is a football club based in Lower Gornal , Dudley , in the West Midlands county in England . They are currently members of the West Midlands ( Regional ) League Division One and play at the Garden Walk Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '2012-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gresley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gresley_F.C.', 'summary': 'Gresley Football Club are an English football club from Church Gresley , near Swadlincote , Derbyshire . Gresley play in the Midland League Premier Division , playing their home games at the Moat Ground . They were known as Gresley Rovers until 2009 , when they were reformed under their current name . Keith Mole was a runner up for the 1980s ballon dor behind Karl-Heinze Rummenigge of West-Germany .'}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grosvenor Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halesowen Harriers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halesowen_Harriers_F.C.', 'summary': 'Halesowen Harriers F.C . was an English association football club based in Halesowen . The club played in the West Midlands ( Regional ) League from 1984 until 1994 and the Midland Football Alliance from 1994 until financial problems led to the club closing down in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '1994-2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heath Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heath_Hayes_F.C.', 'summary': 'Heath Hayes Football Club is a football club based in Heath Hayes near Cannock , Staffordshire , England . They are currently members of the Midland League Division One and play at the Coppice Colliery Ground .'}]}, {'value': '2010-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heather St Johns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heather_St_Johns_F.C.', 'summary': "Heather St John 's Football Club is a football club based in the village of Heather , Leicestershire , England . They are currently members of the Midland League Premier Division and play at St John 's Park ."}]}, {'value': '2011-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highgate United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highgate_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Highgate United Football Club is a football based in the Shirley district of Solihull , having relocated from their original location of Highgate in Birmingham . They are currently members of the Midland League Premier Division and play at the Coppice .'}]}, {'value': '2008-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hinckley Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinckley_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hinckley Athletic F.C . was an English association football club based in Hinckley , England .'}]}, {'value': '1994-97', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kings Norton Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_Norton_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kings Norton Town F.C . was an English association football club based in Kings Norton , Birmingham . They entered the Midland Combination in 1991 and quickly rose up the leagues during the mid-1990s , reaching the Midland Alliance by 1997 . After entering the FA Cup for the first time in 1999 , the club folded in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '1997-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirby Muxloe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirby_Muxloe_F.C.', 'summary': 'Kirby Muxloe Football Club is a football club based in Kirby Muxloe , Leicestershire , England . They are currently members of the Midland League Division One and play at Ratby Lane .'}]}, {'value': '2009-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leamington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leamington_F.C.', 'summary': "Leamington Football Club is a football club based in Leamington Spa , Warwickshire , England . They are currently members of the National League North , the sixth tier of English football , and play at the New Windmill Ground near Bishop 's Tachbrook ."}]}, {'value': '2005-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loughborough Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loughborough_Dynamo_F.C.', 'summary': 'Loughborough Dynamo Football Club is a football club based in Loughborough , Leicestershire , England . They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Division One South East and play at the Nanpantan Sports Ground .'}]}, {'value': '2004-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loughborough University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loughborough_University_F.C.', 'summary': 'Loughborough University Football Club ( also known as Loughborough Students Football Club ) is an English football club representing Loughborough University , based in Loughborough , Leicestershire . The club are currently members of the United Counties League Premier Division and play at the Loughborough University Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '2009-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ludlow Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ludlow_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Ludlow Town F.C . was a football club based in Ludlow , Shropshire , England .'}]}, {'value': '2001-05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malvern Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malvern_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Malvern Town Football Club is a football club based in Malvern , Worcestershire , England . They are currently members of the Hellenic League Division One West and play at the Langland Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '2004-06 2009-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Market Drayton Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Market_Drayton_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Market Drayton Town Football Club is a football club based in Market Drayton , Shropshire , England . They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Division One South East and play at the Greenfields Sports Ground .'}]}, {'value': '2006-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oadby Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oadby_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Oadby Town Football Club is an association football club based in Oadby , Leicestershire . The club plays in the United Counties League Premier Division .'}]}, {'value': '1999-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldbury United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oldbury_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Oldbury United Football Club is a football club representing Oldbury , West Midlands , England .'}]}, {'value': '1994-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paget Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paget_Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': 'Paget Rangers F.C . is an English football club based in Sutton Coldfield , Birmingham , currently playing in the Midland League Division One .'}]}, {'value': '1994-95 2001-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pelsall Villa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pelsall_Villa_F.C.', 'summary': 'Pelsall Villa F.C . are a football club based in the village of Pelsall , near Walsall , West Midlands , England . The team kit consists of black and red striped shirts , black shorts and black socks .'}]}, {'value': '1996-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Midland_Football_Alliance_1', 'intro': 'The Midland Football Alliance was an English association football league for semi-professional teams. It covered Leicestershire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire and also southern parts of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. The league consisted of a single division which sat at Step 5 of the National League System, or the ninth level of the overall English football league system. The league was formed in 1994, drawing its initial membership from the strongest clubs in the Midland Football Combination and the West Midlands (Regional) League, both of which became feeder leagues to the new competition. Each season, the champion club of each feeder league was eligible for promotion to the Alliance, and Alliance clubs could in turn be relegated to the feeder leagues. Successful teams in the Alliance were eligible for promotion to a Step 4 league, either the Southern League or Northern Premier League depending on geographical considerations. The league merged with the Midland Combination in 2014 to form the new Midland Football League.'}
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What color socks do the team who were members of the Midland Football Alliance from 1996 - 2004 wear ?
black
09c8e6f06cd19ea1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Utopian_communities', 'title': 'List of American Utopian communities', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Founder', 'Founding date', 'Ending date', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Old Economy Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Economy_Village', 'summary': 'Old Economy Village is a historic settlement in Ambridge , Beaver County , Pennsylvania , United States . Administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission , it lies on the banks of the Ohio River and is surrounded by downtown Ambridge . The Village is the last of three settlements established by the Harmony Society in the United States ( another in Pennsylvania and one in Indiana ) . Established in 1824 , it was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 under the name of Old Economy .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Rapp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Rapp', 'summary': "John George Rapp ( German : Johann Georg Rapp ; November 1 , 1757 in Iptingen , Duchy of Württemberg - August 7 , 1847 in Economy , Pennsylvania ) was the founder of the religious sect called Harmonists , Harmonites , Rappites , or the Harmony Society . Born in Iptingen , Duchy of Württemberg , Germany , Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of Jakob Böhme , Philipp Jakob Spener , and Emanuel Swedenborg , among others . In the 1780s , George Rapp began preaching and soon started to gather a group of his own followers . His group officially split with the Lutheran Church in 1785 and was promptly banned from meeting . The persecution that Rapp and his followers experienced caused them to leave Germany and come to the United States in 1803 . Rapp was a Pietist , and a number of his beliefs were shared by the Anabaptists , as well as groups such as the Shakers . Rapp 's religious beliefs and philosophy were the cement that held his community together both in Germany and in America - a Christian community and commune , which in America organized as the Harmony Society . The Harmony Society built three American towns , became rich , famous , and survived for 100 years - roughly from 1805 until 1905 ."}]}, {'value': '1824', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Harmonites Village . The Harmony Society is a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen , Germany , in 1785', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony_Society', 'summary': 'The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen , Germany , in 1785 . Due to religious persecution by the Lutheran Church and the government in Württemberg , the group moved to the United States , where representatives initially purchased land in Butler County , Pennsylvania . On February 15 , 1805 , the group of approximately 400 followers formally organized the Harmony Society , placing all their goods in common . Under its founder and spiritual leader , Johann Georg Rapp ( 1757-1847 ) ; Frederick ( Reichert ) Rapp ( 1775-1834 ) , his adopted son who managed its business affairs ; and their associates , the Society existed for one hundred years , roughly from 1805 until 1905 . Members were known as Harmonists , Harmonites , or Rappites . The Society is best known for its worldly successes , most notably the establishment of three model communities , the first at Harmony , Pennsylvania ; the second , also called Harmony , in the Indiana Territory , now New Harmony , Indiana ; and the third and final town at Economy , now Ambridge , Pennsylvania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_theosophy', 'summary': 'Christian theosophy , also known as Boehmian theosophy and theosophy , refers to a range of positions within Christianity which focus on the attainment of direct , unmediated knowledge of the nature of divinity and the origin and purpose of the universe . They have been characterized as mystical philosophies . Theosophy is considered part of Western esotericism , which believes that hidden knowledge or wisdom from the ancient past offers a path to enlightenment and salvation . Christian theosophy belongs essentially to the Judeo-Christian tradition . The foundation of Christian theosophy is usually attributed to the German philosopher Jakob Böhme . Jewish Kabbalah was also formative for Christian theosophy from Boehme on . In 1875 , the term theosophy was adopted and revived by the Theosophical Society , an esoteric organisation which spawned a spiritual movement also called Theosophy . In the twentieth century , theosophy became the object of study for various scholars of Western esotericism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pietism', 'summary': "Pietism ( /ˈpaɪɪtɪzəm/ ) is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life . Although the movement initially was active exclusively within Lutheranism , it had a tremendous impact on Protestantism worldwide , particularly in North America and Europe . Pietism originated in modern Germany in the late 17th century with the work of Philipp Spener , a Lutheran theologian whose emphasis on personal transformation through spiritual rebirth and renewal , individual devotion , and piety laid the foundations for the movement . Although Spener did not directly advocate the quietistic , legalistic , and semi-separatist practices of Pietism , they were more or less involved in the positions he assumed or the practices which he encouraged . Pietism spread from Germany to Switzerland and the rest of German-speaking Europe , to Scandinavia and the Baltics ( where it was heavily influential , leaving a permanent mark on the region 's dominant Lutheranism , with figures like Hans Nielsen Hauge in Norway , Peter Spaak and Carl Olof Rosenius in Sweden , Katarina Asplund in Finland , and Barbara von Krüdener in the Baltics ) , and to the rest of Europe . It was further taken to North America , primarily by German and Scandinavian immigrants . There , it influenced Protestants of other ethnic backgrounds , contributing to the 18th-century foundation of evangelicalism , a movement within Protestantism that today has some 300 million followers . In the middle of the 19th century , Lars Levi Laestadius spearheaded a Pietist revival in Scandinavia that upheld what came to be known as Laestadian Lutheran theology , which is adhered to today by the Laestadian Lutheran Church as well as by several congregations within other mainstream Lutheran Churches , such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland . The Eielsen Synod and Association of Free Lutheran Congregations are Pietist Lutheran bodies that emerged in the Pietist Lutheran movement in Norway , which was spearheaded by Hans Nielsen Hauge . In 1900 , the Church of the Lutheran Brethren was founded and it adheres to Pietist Lutheran theology , emphasizing a personal conversion experience . Whereas Pietistic Lutherans stayed within the Lutheran tradition , adherents of a related movement known as Radical Pietism believed in separating from the established Lutheran Churches . Some of the theological tenets of Pietism also influenced other traditions of Protestantism , inspiring the Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Anabaptist Brethren movement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iptingen', 'summary': 'Iptingen is a small village in southwestern Germany , some 25 km to the northwest of Stuttgart . Today , Iptingen is a part of the community of Wiernsheim , together with Pinache and Serres . Iptingen was the birthplace of Johann Georg Rapp , the founder of the Harmony Society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Nashoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashoba_Community', 'summary': 'The Nashoba Community was an experimental project of Frances Fanny Wright , initiated in 1825 to educate and emancipate slaves . It was located in a 2,000-acre ( 8 km² ) woodland on the side of present-day Germantown , Tennessee , a Memphis suburb , along the Wolf River . It was a small-scale test of her full-compensation emancipation plan in which no slaveholders would lose money for emancipating slaves . Instead , Wright proposed that , through a system of unified labor , the slaves would buy their freedom and then be transported to the independent settlements of Liberia and Haiti .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frances Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frances_Wright', 'summary': "Frances Wright ( September 6 , 1795 - December 13 , 1852 ) , widely known as Fanny Wright , was a Scottish-born lecturer , writer , freethinker , feminist , abolitionist , and social reformer , who became a US citizen in 1825 . The same year , she founded the Nashoba Commune in Tennessee , as a utopian community to demonstrate how to prepare slaves for eventual emancipation , but the project lasted only five years . In the late 1820s Wright was the first woman lecturer to speak publicly before gatherings of men and women in the United States about political and social-reform issues . She advocated for universal education , the emancipation of slaves , birth control , equal rights , sexual freedom , legal rights for married women , and liberal divorce laws . Wright was also vocal in her opposition to organized religion and capital punishment . The clergy and the press harshly criticized Wright 's radical views . Her public lectures in the United States led to the establishment of Fanny Wright societies and her association with the Working Men 's Party , organized in New York City in 1829 , became so strong that its opponents called the partys slate of candidates the Fanny Wright ticket . Wright also wrote about political and social reforms , which included Views of Society and Manners in America ( 1821 ) , a memoir of her travels that provides her observations of early democratic political and social institutions in the United States . She also outlined her position on emancipation in A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South ( 1825 ) . In addition , Wright co-edited The New Harmony and Nashoba Gazette or Free Inquirer with Robert Dale Owen in New Harmony , Indiana , as well as the Free Enquirer in New York City in 1829 , and , later , The Sentinel ( renamed New York Sentinel and Working Man 's Advocate ) . Among Wright 's other published works is Course of Popular Lectures ( 1829 ) , a collection of her speeches , and her final book , England , the Civilizer ( 1848 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1825 ( BBC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1828 ( BBC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An abolitionist , free-love community . ( LEP )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Harmony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana', 'summary': "New Harmony is a historic town on the Wabash River in Harmony Township , Posey County , Indiana . It lies 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Mount Vernon , the county seat , and is part of the Evansville metropolitan area . The town 's population was 789 at the 2010 census . Established by the Harmony Society in 1814 under the leadership of George Rapp , the town was originally known as Harmony ( also called Harmonie , or New Harmony ) . In its early years the 20,000-acre ( 8,100 ha ) settlement was the home of Lutherans who had separated from the official church in the Duchy of Württemberg and immigrated to the United States . The Harmonists built a new town in the wilderness , but in 1824 they decided to sell their property and return to Pennsylvania . Robert Owen , a Welsh industrialist and social reformer , purchased the town in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony . While the Owenite social experiment failed two years after it began , the community made some important contributions to American society . New Harmony became known as a center for advances in education and scientific research . Town residents established the first free library , a civic drama club , and a public school system open to men and women . Its prominent citizens included Owen 's sons : Robert Dale Owen , an Indiana congressman and social reformer who sponsored legislation to create the Smithsonian Institution ; David Dale Owen , a noted state and federal geologist ; William Owen , a New Harmony businessman ; and Richard Owen , Indiana state geologist , Indiana University professor , and first president of Purdue University . The town also served as the second headquarters of the U.S. Geological Survey ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Owen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Owen', 'summary': "Robert Owen ( /ˈoʊɪn/ ; 14 May 1771 - 17 November 1858 ) , a Welsh textile manufacturer , philanthropist and social reformer , was one founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement . He is known for efforts to improve factory working conditions for his workers and promote experimental socialistic communities . In the early 1800s , he became wealthy as an investor and eventual manager of a large textile mill at New Lanark , Scotland . He had initially trained as a draper in Stamford , Lincolnshire and worked in London before relocating aged 18 to Manchester and becoming a textile manufacturer . In 1824 , Owen travelled to America and invested most of his fortune in an experimental socialistic community at New Harmony , Indiana , a preliminary model for Owen 's utopian society . It lasted about two years ; other Owenite utopian communities met similar fates . In 1828 , Owen returned to settle in London , where he continued to champion the working class , led the development of cooperatives and the trade union movement , and supported the passage of child labour laws and free co-educational schools ."}]}, {'value': '1825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmonites Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Philadelphia Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Müller', 'summary': 'Bernhard Müller , known as Count de Leon ( born March 21 , 1788 , Kostheim , Germany - died August 29 , 1834 , Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana ) , was a German Christian mystic and alchemist of uncertain origins .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernhard Müller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Müller', 'summary': 'Bernhard Müller , known as Count de Leon ( born March 21 , 1788 , Kostheim , Germany - died August 29 , 1834 , Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana ) , was a German Christian mystic and alchemist of uncertain origins .'}]}, {'value': '1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A libertarian socialist community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libertarian_socialist', 'summary': "Libertarian socialism , also referred to as anarcho-socialism , anarchist socialism , free socialism , stateless socialism , socialist anarchism and socialist libertarianism , is a set of anti-authoritarian , anti-statist and libertarian political philosophies within the socialist movement which rejects the conception of socialism as a form where the state retains centralized control of the economy . Overlapping with anarchism and libertarianism , it criticizes wage labour relationships within the workplace , emphasizing workers ' self-management of the workplace and decentralized structures of political organization . Libertarian socialism often rejects the state itself and asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite . Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations such as citizens'/popular assemblies , cooperatives , libertarian municipalism , trade unions and workers ' councils . All of this is generally done within a general call for libertarian and voluntary human relationships through the identification , criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life . As such , it seeks to distinguish itself from both authoritarian and vanguardist Bolshevism/Leninism and reformist Fabianism/social democracy . A form and socialist wing of left-libertarianism , past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism ( especially anarchist schools of thought such as anarcho-communism , anarcho-syndicalism collectivist anarchism , green anarchism , individualist anarchism , mutualism and social anarchism ) as well as Communalism , guild socialism , libertarian Marxism ( especially autonomism , council communism , left communism and Luxemburgism ) , participism , revolutionary syndicalism and some versions of utopian socialism ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberlin Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberlin_Colony', 'summary': 'Oberlin is a city in Lorain County , Ohio , United States , southwest of Cleveland . Oberlin is the home of Oberlin College , a liberal arts college and music conservatory with approximately 3,000 students . The town is the birthplace of the Anti-Saloon League and the Hall-Héroult process , the process of reducing aluminum from its fluoride salts by electrolysis , which made industrial production of aluminum possible . The population was 8,286 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John J. Shipherd and 8 immigrant families', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Shipherd', 'summary': "John Jay Shipherd ( March 28 , 1802 - September 16 , 1844 ) was an American clergyman who co-founded Oberlin College in Oberlin , Ohio in 1833 with Philo Penfield Stewart . In 1844 , Shipherd also founded Olivet College in Olivet , Michigan . Both Oberlin College and Olivet College were envisioned by Shipherd to be idealistic , Christian communities based on a simple lifestyle , manual labor , and working for the betterment of the community and mankind . Under Shipherd 's leadership , Oberlin College set important precedents of admitting both men and women without regard for race . Oberlin was the first co-educational college in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Community based on Communal ownership of property', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brook Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brook_Farm', 'summary': 'Brook Farm , also called the Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education or the Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education , was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s . It was founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley at the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts ( 9 miles outside of downtown Boston ) in 1841 and was inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism , a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England . Founded as a joint stock company , it promised its participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of the work . Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload , ample time would be available for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits . Life on Brook Farm was based on balancing labor and leisure while working together for the benefit of the greater community . Each member could choose to do whatever work they found most appealing and all were paid equally , including women . Revenue for the community came from farming and from selling handmade products like clothing as well as through fees paid by the many visitors to Brook Farm . The main source of income was the school , which was overseen by Mrs. Ripley . A pre-school , primary school , and a college preparatory school attracted children internationally and each child was charged for his or her education . Adult education was also offered . The community was never financially stable and had difficulty profiting from its agricultural pursuits . By 1844 , the Brook Farmers adopted a societal model based on the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier and began publishing The Harbinger as an unofficial journal promoting Fourierism .'}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Ripley Sophia Ripley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)', 'summary': "George Ripley ( October 3 , 1802 - July 4 , 1880 ) was an American social reformer , Unitarian minister , and journalist associated with Transcendentalism . He was the founder of the short-lived Utopian community Brook Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts . Born in Greenfield , Massachusetts , George Ripley was pushed to attend Harvard College by his father and completed his studies in 1823 . He went on graduate from the Harvard Divinity School and the next year married Sophia Dana . Shortly after , he became ordained as the minister of the Purchase Street Church in Boston , Massachusetts , where he began to question traditional Unitarian beliefs . He became one of the founding members of the Transcendental Club and hosted its first official meeting in his home . Shortly after , he resigned from the church to put Transcendental beliefs in practice by founding an experimental commune called Brook Farm . The community later converted to a model based on the work of Charles Fourier , although the community was never financially stable in either format . After Brook Farm 's failure , Ripley was hired by Horace Greeley at the New York Tribune . He also published the New American Cyclopaedia , which made him financially successful . He built a national reputation as an arbiter of taste and literature before his death in 1880 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sophia_Ripley', 'summary': 'Sophia Willard Dana Ripley ( 1803-1861 ) , wife of George Ripley , was a 19th-century feminist associated with Transcendentalism and the Brook Farm community .'}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Transcendent community . Transcendentalism is a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transcendentalism', 'summary': 'Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States . It arose as a reaction , to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time . The doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School was closely related . Transcendentalism emerged from English and German Romanticism , the Biblical criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher , the skepticism of David Hume , and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism . Miller and Versluis regard Emanuel Swedenborg as a pervasive influence on transcendentalism . It was also strongly influenced by Hindu texts on philosophy of the mind and spirituality , especially the Upanishads . A core belief of transcendentalism is in the inherent goodness of people and nature . Adherents believe that society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual , and they have faith that people are at their best when truly self-reliant and independent . Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism . Adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with little attention and deference to past masters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_England', 'summary': "New England is a region composed of six states in the northeastern United States : Maine , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north . The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast , and Long Island Sound is to the southwest . Boston is New England 's largest city , as well as the capital of Massachusetts . Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area , with nearly a third of New England 's population ; this area includes Worcester , Massachusetts ( the second-largest city in New England ) , Manchester , New Hampshire ( the largest city in New Hampshire ) , and Providence , Rhode Island ( the capital and largest city of Rhode Island ) . In 1620 , Puritan Separatist Pilgrims from England established Plymouth Colony , the second successful English settlement in America , following the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia founded in 1607 . Ten years later , more Puritans established Massachusetts Bay Colony north of Plymouth Colony . Over the next 126 years , people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars , until the English colonists and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquian allies in America . In 1692 , the town of Salem , Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced the Salem witch trials , one of the most infamous cases of mass hysteria in history . In the late 18th century , political leaders from the New England colonies initiated resistance to Britain 's taxes without the consent of the colonists . Residents of Rhode Island captured and burned a British ship which was enforcing unpopular trade restrictions , and residents of Boston threw British tea into the harbor . Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government which the colonists called the Intolerable Acts ."}]}, {'value': 'North American Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_American_Phalanx', 'summary': "The North American Phalanx was a secular utopian socialist commune located in Colts Neck Township , Monmouth County , New Jersey . The community was the longest-lived of about 30 Fourierist Associations in the United States which emerged during a brief burst of popularity during the decade of the 1840s . The North American Phalanx was established in September 1843 and included the active participation of writer Albert Brisbane and newspaper publisher Horace Greeley , two of the leading figures of the Fourierist movement . The Association was disbanded in January 1856 , following a catastrophic fire which destroyed a number of the community 's productive enterprises . At the time of its termination it was the last of about 30 Fourierist Associations established during the 1840s still in existence and thus was the longest-lived . The main residential dwelling of the phalanx , a three-story wooden structure , stood vacant until it was itself destroyed by fire in November 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Sears', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community . The Fourier Society is based on the ideas of Charles Fourier , a French philosopher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Fourier', 'summary': "François Marie Charles Fourier ( /ˈfʊrieɪ , -iər/ ; French : [ ʃaʁl fuʁje ] ; 7 April 1772 - 10 October 1837 ) was a French philosopher , influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism . Some of Fourier 's social and moral views , held to be radical in his lifetime , have become mainstream thinking in modern society . For instance , Fourier is credited with having originated the word feminism in 1837 . Fourier 's social views and proposals inspired a whole movement of intentional communities . Among them in the United States were the community of Utopia , Ohio ; La Reunion near present-day Dallas , Texas ; Lake Zurich , Illinois ; the North American Phalanx in Red Bank , New Jersey ; Brook Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts ; the Community Place and Sodus Bay Phalanx in New York State ; Silkville , Kansas and several others . Fourier later inspired a diverse array of revolutionary thinkers and writers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philosopher', 'summary': "A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy . The term philosopher comes from the Ancient Greek , φιλόσοφος ( philosophos ) , meaning lover of wisdom . The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ) . In the classical sense , a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life , focusing on resolving existential questions about the human condition , and not someone who discourses upon theories or comments upon authors . Typically , these particular brands of philosophy are Hellenistic ones and those who most arduously commit themselves to this lifestyle may be considered philosophers . A philosopher is one who challenges what is thought to be common sense , does n't know when to stop asking questions , and reexamines the old ways of thought . In a modern sense , a philosopher is an intellectual who has contributed in one or more branches of philosophy , such as aesthetics , ethics , epistemology , logic , metaphysics , social theory , and political philosophy . A philosopher may also be one who worked in the humanities or other sciences which have since split from philosophy proper over the centuries , such as the arts , history , economics , sociology , psychology , linguistics , anthropology , theology , and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Hopedale Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hopedale_Community', 'summary': "The Hopedale Community was founded in Milford , Massachusetts , in 1842 by Adin Ballou . He and his followers purchased 600 acres ( 2.4 km2 ) of land on which they built homes for the community members , chapels and the factories for which the company was initially formed . The area was later split from Milford and became the town of Hopedale , Massachusetts . Ballou believed that he could create a utopian community blending the features of a factory town with those of a religion-based commune . He called this Practical Christianity but unlike several similar communities , it was important to Ballou that Hopedale would not be isolated from the rest of society . The community stood for temperance , abolitionism , women 's rights , spiritualism and education . Fourteen years after the land was purchased , Hopedale went bankrupt . The intentional community was converted into a textile factory town . The factories were purchased by George and Ebenezer Draper , later of the Draper Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adin Ballou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adin_Ballou', 'summary': "Adin Ballou ( April 23 , 1803 - August 5 , 1890 ) was an American prominent proponent of pacifism , socialism and abolitionism , and the founder of the Hopedale Community . Through his long career as a Universalist , and then Unitarian minister , he tirelessly sought social reform through his radical Christian and socialist views . His writings drew the admiration of Leo Tolstoy , who sponsored Russian translations of some of Ballou 's works ."}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A community based on Practical Christianity , which included ideas such as temperance , abolitionism , Women 's rights , spiritualism and education", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Practical_Christianity', 'summary': "Practical charismatic theology is a subset of Christian theology that teaches how to practically apply charismatic Christian theology in the everyday life of a believer . Theology is the study of the nature of God and religious beliefs . Practical charismatic theology takes this a step further through the incorporation of these beliefs into an individual believer 's lifestyle . Practical charismatic theology specifically focuses on incorporating charismatic Christian beliefs into an individual lifestyle with the goal of achieving what Jesus instructed his followers to pray for ; on earth as it is in heaven . Applying theology in this way has been reported as bringing about transformative changes in people 's lives , faith healing as a result of prayer , and dramatic changes in entire communities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Temperance_movement', 'summary': "The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages . Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication or promote complete abstinence from alcohol ( teetotalism ) , and its leaders emphasize alcohol 's negative effects on people 's health , personalities and family lives . Typically the movement promotes alcohol education and it also demands the passage of new laws against the sale of alcohol , either regulations on the availability of alcohol , or the complete prohibition of it . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , the temperance movement became prominent in many countries , particularly in English-speaking and Scandinavian ones , and it eventually led to national prohibitions in Canada ( 1918 to 1920 ) , in Norway ( spirits only from 1919 to 1926 ) and in the United States ( 1920 to 1933 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States', 'summary': "Abolitionism ( or the Anti-Slavery Movement ) in the United States of America was the movement which sought to end slavery in the United States immediately , active both before and during the American Civil War . In the Americas and western Europe , abolitionism was a movement which sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and set slaves free . In the 17th century , enlightenment thinkers condemned slavery on humanistic grounds and English Quakers and some Evangelical denominations condemned slavery as un-Christian . At that time , most slaves were Africans , but thousands of Native Americans were also enslaved . In the 18th century , as many as six million Africans were transported to the Americas as slaves , at least a third of them on British ships to North America . The colony of Georgia originally prohibited slavery within its territory , and thereafter , abolition was part of the message of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s in the Thirteen Colonies . During the Age of Enlightenment rationalist thinkers criticized slavery for violating people 's natural rights . A member of the British Parliament , James Edward Oglethorpe , was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery . The founder of the Province of Georgia , Oglethorpe banned slavery on humanistic grounds . He argued against it in Parliament and eventually encouraged his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause . Soon after his death in 1785 , Sharp and More joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect . Although anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century , many colonies , churches , and emerging nations ( notably in the southern United States ) continued to use and defend the traditions of slavery ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Women's_rights", 'summary': "Women 's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide , and which formed the basis for the women 's rights movement in the 19th century and feminist movement during the 20th century . In some countries , these rights are institutionalized or supported by law , local custom , and behavior , whereas in others they are ignored and suppressed . They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls , in favor of men and boys . Issues commonly associated with notions of women 's rights include the right to bodily integrity and autonomy ; to be free from sexual violence ; to vote ; to hold public office ; to enter into legal contracts ; to have equal rights in family law ; to work ; to fair wages or equal pay ; to have reproductive rights ; to own property ; to education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spiritualism', 'summary': "Spiritualism is a religious movement based on the belief that the spirits of the dead exist and have both the ability and the inclination to communicate with the living . The afterlife , or the spirit world , is seen by spiritualists , not as a static place , but as one in which spirits continue to evolve . These two beliefs - that contact with spirits is possible , and that spirits are more advanced than humans - lead spiritualists to a third belief : that spirits are capable of providing useful knowledge about moral and ethical issues , as well as about the nature of God . Some spiritualists will speak of a concept which they refer to as spirit guides - specific spirits , often contacted , who are relied upon for spiritual guidance . Spiritism , a branch of spiritualism developed by Allan Kardec and today practiced mostly in Continental Europe and Latin America , especially in Brazil , emphasizes reincarnation . Spiritualism developed and reached its peak growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s , especially in English-speaking countries . By 1897 , spiritualism was said to have more than eight million followers in the United States and Europe , mostly drawn from the middle and upper classes . Spiritualism flourished for a half century without canonical texts or formal organization , attaining cohesion through periodicals , tours by trance lecturers , camp meetings , and the missionary activities of accomplished mediums . Many prominent spiritualists were women , and like most spiritualists , supported causes such as the abolition of slavery and women 's suffrage . By the late 1880s the credibility of the informal movement had weakened due to accusations of fraud perpetrated by mediums , and formal spiritualist organizations began to appear . Spiritualism is currently practiced primarily through various denominational spiritualist churches in the United States , Canada and the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Education', 'summary': 'Education is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits . Educational methods include teaching , training , storytelling , discussion and directed research . Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , however learners can also educate themselves . Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks , feels , or acts may be considered educational . The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy . Formal education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten , primary school , secondary school and then college , university , or apprenticeship . A right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations . In most regions , education is compulsory up to a certain age . There is a movement for education reform , and in particular for evidence-based education .'}]}, {'value': 'Fruitlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)', 'summary': "Fruitlands was a Utopian agrarian commune established in Harvard , Massachusetts , by Amos Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane in the 1840s , based on Transcendentalist principles . An account of its less-than-successful activities can be found in Transcendental Wild Oats by Alcott 's daughter Louisa May Alcott . Lane purchased what was known as the Wyman farm and its 90 acres ( 36 ha ) , which also included a dilapidated house and barn . Residents of Fruitlands ate no animal substances , drank only water , bathed in unheated water and no artificial light would prolong dark hours or cost them the brightness of morning . Additionally , property was held communally , and no animal labor was used . The community was short-lived and lasted only seven months . It was dependent on farming , which turned out to be too difficult . The original farmhouse , along with other historic buildings from the area , is now a part of Fruitlands Museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amos Alcott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott', 'summary': "Amos Bronson Alcott ( /ˈɔːlkət , -kɪt/ ; November 29 , 1799 - March 4 , 1888 ) was an American teacher , writer , philosopher , and reformer . As an educator , Alcott pioneered new ways of interacting with young students , focusing on a conversational style , and avoided traditional punishment . He hoped to perfect the human spirit and , to that end , advocated a vegan diet before the term was coined . He was also an abolitionist and an advocate for women 's rights . Born in Wolcott , Connecticut in 1799 , Alcott had only minimal formal schooling before attempting a career as a traveling salesman . Worried about how the itinerant life might have a negative impact on his soul , he turned to teaching . His innovative methods , however , were controversial , and he rarely stayed in one place very long . His most well-known teaching position was at the Temple School in Boston . His experience there was turned into two books : Records of a School and Conversations with Children on the Gospels . Alcott became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and became a major figure in transcendentalism . His writings on behalf of that movement , however , are heavily criticized for being incoherent . Based on his ideas for human perfection , Alcott founded Fruitlands , a transcendentalist experiment in community living ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Transcendent community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transcendentalism', 'summary': 'Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States . It arose as a reaction , to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time . The doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School was closely related . Transcendentalism emerged from English and German Romanticism , the Biblical criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher , the skepticism of David Hume , and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism . Miller and Versluis regard Emanuel Swedenborg as a pervasive influence on transcendentalism . It was also strongly influenced by Hindu texts on philosophy of the mind and spirituality , especially the Upanishads . A core belief of transcendentalism is in the inherent goodness of people and nature . Adherents believe that society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual , and they have faith that people are at their best when truly self-reliant and independent . Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism . Adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with little attention and deference to past masters .'}]}, {'value': 'Skaneateles Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skaneateles_Community', 'summary': "Skaneateles Community was a utopian social experiment established in 1843 by the Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform in a 350-acre ( 1.4 km2 ) farm near Mottville , in Skaneateles in Upstate New York . It was one of several communities established by the Society prior to the Civil War . The community survived for three years . John A. Collins ( 1810-1900 ) , a noted abolitionist , became the community leader . During its life , the community had about a hundred members who shared living quarters as well as work on the farm , and in the sawmill and print shop . Although economically viable , internal differences and Collins ' waning leadership resulted in the dissolution of the community . By 1846 , Collins had reverted to theism and the Whig party , and had become the editor of a daily Whig journal published in Dayton , Ohio . He wrote an autobiographical essay that included a short description of his motives in establishing the community , attributing its failure to human nature :"}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Society for Universal Inquiry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sodus Bay Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alasa_Farms', 'summary': "Alasa Farms , also known as the Sodus Bay Shaker Tract and Sodus Bay Phalanx , is a historic farm complex located near Alton in Wayne County , New York . The farm complex was originally built and occupied by the Sodus Bay Shakers , an official branch of the United Society of Believers in Christ 's Second Appearing , from 1826 to 1838 . It was then briefly occupied by a local lawyer Alexander Duncan and his family . Between 1844 and 1846 , the property was home to the Sodus Bay Phalanx of the Fourier Society ; a group devoted to establishing utopian communities based on communal living . After 1846 , the property lay vacant until 1868 . It became a large scale , model farm in the early-20th century , being named Alasa Farms in 1924 , by its owner Alvah Griffin Strong , grandson of Henry A . Strong . The property includes the contributing resources : the Main House and Deacon 's House , large frame houses both built by the Shakers in 1833-1834 ; three gambrel roofed frame barns ; board and batten barn ( c. 1840s ) ; pony barn ; granary ( 1932 ) ; house for bachelor farmhands ( 1926 ) ; office ( c. 1930 ) ; in ground pool and pool house ( c. 1926 ) ; two tenant house ( c. 1909 ) ; two small sheds ; and a well with pump . In early 2011 , Cracker Box Palace achieved ownership of Alasa Farms and is used for farm animals of every kind to come to recover from illness , neglect or abuse . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sodus Bay Fourierists', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Ripon /ˈrɪpən/ is a city in Fond du Lac County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 7,733 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by the Town of Ripon .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Brisbane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clermont Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utopia,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Utopia is an unincorporated community in far southern Franklin Township , Clermont County , Ohio , United States , along the banks of the Ohio River . Utopia has been referred to as a ghost town although there are still people who live there .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utopia,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Utopia is an unincorporated community in far southern Franklin Township , Clermont County , Ohio , United States , along the banks of the Ohio River . Utopia has been referred to as a ghost town although there are still people who live there .'}]}, {'value': 'Followers of Charles Fourier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prairie Home Community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John O. Wattles Valentine Nicholson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fruit Hills', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orson S. Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1852', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A community based on Owenism and anarchism . Maintained close contact with the Kristeen and Grand Prairie Communities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owenism', 'summary': "Owenism is the utopian socialist philosophy of 19th-century social reformer Robert Owen and his followers and successors , who are known as Owenites . Owenism aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement . The Owenite movement undertook several experiments in establishment of utopian communities organized according to communitarian and cooperative principles . One of the best known of these efforts , which were largely unsuccessful , was the project at New Harmony , Indiana , which started in 1825 and was abandoned by 1829 . Owenism is also closely associated with the development of the British trade union movement , and with the spread of the Mechanics ' Institute movement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anarchism', 'summary': "Anarchism is a radical political movement that is highly skeptical towards authority and rejects all forms of unjust hierarchy . It calls for the abolition of the state which it holds to be undesirable , unnecessary , and harmful . Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies or other forms of free associations . Anarchism 's timeline stretches back to prehistory when people lived in anarchistic societies long before the establishment of formal states , kingdoms or empires . With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies , skepticism towards authority also rose , but it was not until the 19th century a self-conscious political movement was formed . During the latest half of 19th and the first decades of 20th century , the anarchist movement flourished to most parts of the world , and had a significant role in worker 's struggles for emancipation . Various branches of anarchism were espoused during those times . Anarchists took part in several revolutions , most notably in the Spanish Civil War , where they were crushed by the fascists forces in 1939 , marking the end of the classical era of anarchism . In the latest decades of the 20th century , the anarchist movement nonetheless became relevant and vivid once more . Anarchism employ various tactics in order to meet their ideal ends ; these can be broadly separated in revolutionary and evolutionary tactics . There is significant overlap between the two legs which are merely descriptive . Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state , and have taken a violent turn in the past ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristeen Community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Mowland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founded by Charles Mowland and others who had previously been associated with the Prairie Home Community . A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop Hill Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_Hill_Colony', 'summary': 'Bishop Hill Colony is a historic district in Bishop Hill , Illinois . Bishop Hill was the site of a utopian religious community which operated as a commune . It was founded in 1846 by Swedish pietist Eric Janson and his followers . The community was named Bishop Hill after the parish of Biskopskulla in Uppland , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Jansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Jansson', 'summary': 'Eric or Erik Jansson or Janson ( 19 December 1808 - 13 May 1850 ) was the leader of a Swedish pietist sect that emigrated to the United States in 1846 .'}]}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Swedish Pietist religious commune', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spring Farm Colony', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Fourierite Families', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oneida Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oneida_Community', 'summary': "The Oneida Community was a perfectionist religious communal society founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida , New York . The community believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70 , making it possible for them to bring about Jesus 's millennial kingdom themselves , and be free of sin and perfect in this world , not just in Heaven ( a belief called perfectionism ) . The Oneida Community practiced communalism ( in the sense of communal property and possessions ) , complex marriage , male sexual continence , and mutual criticism . There were smaller Noyesian communities in Wallingford , Connecticut ; Newark , New Jersey ; Putney and Cambridge , Vermont . The community 's original 87 members grew to 172 by February 1850 , 208 by 1852 , and 306 by 1878 . The branches were closed in 1854 except for the Wallingford branch , which operated until devastated by a tornado in 1878 . The Oneida Community dissolved in 1881 , and eventually became the silverware company Oneida Limited ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John H. Noyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes', 'summary': 'John Humphrey Noyes ( September 3 , 1811 - April 13 , 1886 ) was an American preacher , radical religious philosopher , and utopian socialist . He founded the Putney , Oneida and Wallingford Communities , and is credited with coining the term complex marriage .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Utopian socialism community . Oneida Community practices included Communalism , Complex Marriage , Male Continence , Mutual Criticism and Ascending Fellowship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utopian_socialism', 'summary': 'Utopian socialism is the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon , Charles Fourier , Étienne Cabet , Robert Owen and Henry George . Utopian socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies , with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction . Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed utopian socialism as not being grounded in actual material conditions of existing society and in some cases as reactionary . These visions of ideal societies competed with Marxist-inspired revolutionary social democratic movements . As a term or label , it is most often applied to , or used to define , those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label utopian by later socialists as a pejorative in order to imply naiveté and to dismiss their ideas as fanciful and unrealistic . A similar school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century which makes the case for socialism on moral grounds is ethical socialism . One key difference between utopian socialists and other socialists ( including most anarchists ) is that utopian socialists generally do not believe any form of class struggle or social revolution is necessary for socialism to emerge . Utopian socialists believe that people of all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it is presented convincingly . They feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among like-minded people within the existing society and that their small communities can demonstrate the feasibility of their plan for society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Communalism', 'summary': "Communalism usually refers to a system that integrates communal ownership and federations of highly localized independent communities . A prominent libertarian socialist , Murray Bookchin , defines the communalist political philosophy that he developed as a theory of government or a system of government in which independent communes participate in a federation , as well as the principles and practice of communal ownership . The term 'government ' in this case does not imply acceptance of a state or top-down hierarchy . This usage of communalism appears to have emerged during the late 20th century to distinguish commune-based systems from other political movements or governments espousing ( if not actually practicing ) similar ideas . In particular , earlier communities and movements advocating such practices were often described as anarchist , socialist or communist . Many historical communities practicing utopian socialism or anarcho-communism did implement internal rules of communalist property ownership in the context of federated communalism . It is at least theoretically possible for a federation of communes to include communes which do not practice communalist rules of property , which is to say , that the overall national government may be a federation of communes , but that private property rather than communalist property is the order within each such commune . Karl Marx , often viewed as the founder of modern communism , criticized older forms , including primitive communism or utopian socialism , as poorly conceived or prone to disintegration in practice . Communalism in the form described above is distinct from the predominant usage in South Asian forms of English : allegiance to a particular ethnic or religious group rather than to a broader society . As such , this usage is synonymous with sectarianism and associated with communal violence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Complex_Marriage', 'summary': 'Group marriage is a non-monogamous marriage-like arrangement where three or more adults live together , all considering themselves partners , sharing finances , children , and household responsibilities . Group marriage is considered a form of polyamory . [ citation needed ] The term does not refer to bigamy as no claim to being married in formal legal terms is made . The concept reentered popular consciousness in 1974 with the publication of Group Marriage : a study of contemporary multilateral marriage by Larry Constantine and Joan Constantine .'}]}, {'value': 'Icarians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icarians', 'summary': 'The Icarians /ɪˈkɛriənz/ were a French-based utopian socialist movement , established by the followers of politician , journalist , and author Étienne Cabet . In an attempt to put his economic and social theories into practice , Cabet led his followers to the United States of America in 1848 , where the Icarians established a series of egalitarian communes in the states of Texas , Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , and California . The movement split several times due to factional disagreements . The last community of Icarians , located a few miles outside Corning , Iowa , disbanded voluntarily in 1898 . The 46 years of tenure at this location made the Corning Icarian Colony one of the longest-lived non-religious communal living experiments in US history .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana , Texas , Nauvoo , Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Nauvoo ( /ˈnɔːvuː/ ; etymology : Hebrew : נָאווּ , Modern : Navu , Tiberian : Nâwû , they are beautiful ) is a small city in Hancock County , Illinois , United States , on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison , Iowa . The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census . Nauvoo attracts visitors for its historic importance and its religious significance to members of several groups : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) ; the Community of Christ , formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( RLDS ) ; other groups stemming from the Latter Day Saint movement ; and the Icarians . The city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'Étienne Cabet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Étienne_Cabet', 'summary': "Étienne Cabet ( French : [ kabɛ ] ; January 1 , 1788 - November 9 , 1856 ) was a French philosopher and utopian socialist who founded the Icarian movement . Cabet became the most popular socialist advocate of his day , with a special appeal to artisans who were being undercut by factories , and his communitarian ideals ( based on the Golden Rule ) later influenced Karl Marx and others . Cabet published Voyage en Icarie in French in 1839 ( and in English in 1840 as Travels in Icaria ) , in which he proposed replacing capitalist production with workers ' cooperatives . Recurrent problems with French officials ( a treason conviction in 1834 resulted in five years ' exile in England ) , led him to emigrate to the United States in 1848 . Cabet founded utopian communities in Texas and Illinois , but was again undercut , this time by recurring feuds with his followers ."}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A group of egalitarian communes based on the French utopian movement , founded by Étienne Cabet , after led his followers to the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egalitarian', 'summary': "Egalitarianism ( from French égal , meaning 'equal ' ) , or equalitarianism , is a school of thought within political philosophy that prioritizes equality for all people . Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status . According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary , the term has two distinct definitions in modern English , namely either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political , economic , social and civil rights , or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people , economic egalitarianism , or the decentralization of power . Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)', 'summary': 'A commune ( the French word appearing in the 12th century from Medieval Latin communia , meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life ; from Latin communis , things held in common ) is an intentional community of people living together , sharing common interests , often having common values and beliefs , as well as shared property , possessions , resources , and , in some communes , work , income or assets . In addition to the communal economy , consensus decision-making , non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become important core principles for many communes . There are many contemporary intentional communities all over the world , a list of which can be found at the Fellowship for Intentional Community ( FIC ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utopia', 'summary': 'A utopia ( /juːˈtoʊpiə/ yoo-TOH-pee-ə ) is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens . The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia . Utopia focuses on equality in economics , government and justice , though by no means exclusively , with the method and structure of proposed implementation varying based on ideology . According to Lyman Tower Sargent ,'}]}], 'section_title': '1800s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Utopian_communities_0', 'intro': 'A list of American Utopian communities.'}
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Which sexes were allowed into the college of the person who established Oberlin Colony ?
men and women
09cab926ad01289b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lapira', 'title': 'Liza Lapira', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Special Victims Unit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit', 'summary': "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American crime drama television series created by Dick Wolf for NBC . It stars Mariska Hargitay as Captain Olivia Benson , the commanding officer of the Special Victims Unit and formerly a lead detective , located in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department . Christopher Meloni played the other lead detective , Elliot Stabler , until departing from the series after 12 seasons . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit follows the style of the original Law & Order in that episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . The show premiered on September 20 , 1999 as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . After the premiere of the 21st season in September 2019 , the series became the longest-running US live action series on television . As of February 13 , 2020 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 472 original episodes , surpassing the episode count of the original Law & Order series . It was nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series awarded to Mariska Hargitay ; the first Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . On March 29 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a record-breaking twenty-first season , which premiered on September 26 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Waitress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Wanderlust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_1)', 'summary': "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , an American police procedural television series , premiered on September 20 , 1999 on NBC . Created by Dick Wolf , it is the first spin-off of Law & Order and follows the detectives of a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department 's Special Victims Unit , which investigates sexually based offenses . SVU originally aired on Monday nights at 9pm/8c EST , but it was moved to Friday nights at 10pm/9c after the ninth episode . Showrunner Robert Palm felt too disturbed by the subject matter and left after the season 's conclusion ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order', 'summary': "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf , launching the Law & Order franchise . Airing its entire run on NBC , Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24 , 2010 . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two-part approach : the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has had a revolving cast over the years . Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1-10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3-14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4-20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5-20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10-18 ) . Law & Order 's twenty seasons are second only to its spin-off Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) for the longest-running live-action scripted American primetime series . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air its final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf attempted to find a new home for the series . Those attempts failed , and in July 2010 , Wolf declared that the series had now moved to the history books ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheryl Treadwell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A Losing Season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order_(season_11)', 'summary': 'The 11th season of Law & Order premiered on NBC October 18 , 2000 , and concluded with a two-hour finale on May 23 , 2001 , this was the first season of the series to start in October .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Special Victims Unit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Chang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Scourge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_2)', 'summary': "The second season of the television series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered October 20 , 2000 , and ended May 11 , 2001 , on NBC . The show remained in its time slot , Friday nights at 10pm/9c . As Neal Baer 's first year producing the show , the second season was accompanied by drastic changes in tone . Additionally , the series began to increase its focus on trial scenes with the addition of an Assistant District Attorney for sex crimes to the cast ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Education of Max Bickford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Education_of_Max_Bickford', 'summary': "The Education of Max Bickford is an American drama television series that aired Sundays at 8:00 pm ( EST ) on CBS from September 23 , 2001 to June 2 , 2002 , during the 2001-02 television season . After a strong initial launch , the show 's audience 'dropped sharply afterward ' despite its prime time slot following 60 Minutes . Within a month , two of its three executive producers were removed and reports claimed the show was being 'overhauled ' , though CBS denied this , preferring the term 'creative adjustments ' . In May 2002 , Touched by an Angel was returned to its Sunday 8:00 pm slot , bumping the second-to-last episode of The Education of Max Bickford to Monday . In June 2002 , the final episode aired and the show was not renewed ."}]}, {'value': 'Nia Sheppard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A Very Great Man', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Education of Max Bickford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Student volunteer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Money Changes Everything', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sex and the City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sex_and_the_City', 'summary': "Sex and the City is an American romantic comedy-drama television series created by Darren Star and produced by HBO . Broadcast from 1998 until 2004 , the original run of the show had a total of 94 episodes . Throughout its six-year run , the show received contributions from various producers , writers , and directors , principally Michael Patrick King . Set and filmed in New York City and based on Candace Bushnell 's 1997 book of the same name , the show follows the lives of a group of four women - three in their mid-thirties and one in her forties - who , despite their different natures and ever-changing sex lives , remain inseparable and confide in each other . Starring Sarah Jessica Parker ( as Carrie Bradshaw ) and co-starring Kim Cattrall ( as Samantha Jones ) , Kristin Davis ( as Charlotte York ) , and Cynthia Nixon ( as Miranda Hobbes ) , the quirky series had multiple continuing storylines that tackled relevant and modern social issues such as sexuality , safe sex , promiscuity , and femininity , while exploring the difference between friendships and romantic relationships . The deliberate omission of the better part of the early lives of the four women was the writers ' way of exploring social life - from sex to relationships - through each of their four very different , individual perspectives . Sex and the City has received both acclaim and criticism for its subjects and characters , and is credited with helping to increase HBO 's popularity as a network . The series has won several accolades , including seven of its 54 Emmy Award nominations , eight of its 24 Golden Globe Award nominations , and three of its 11 Screen Actors Guild Award nominations . The series placed fifth on Entertainment Weekly 's New TV Classics list , and has been listed as one of the best television series of all time by Time in 2007 and TV Guide in 2013 . The series still airs in syndication worldwide . It spawned two feature films , Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) , and a prequel television series commissioned by The CW , The Carrie Diaries ( 2013-2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Pick-A-Little , Talk-A-Little', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pick-A-Little,_Talk-A-Little', 'summary': 'The following is a list of episodes from the American television series Sex and the City .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Without a Trace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Without_a_Trace', 'summary': 'Without a Trace is an American police procedural drama television series that originally aired on CBS from September 26 , 2002 to May 19 , 2009 , following the cases of a Missing Persons Unit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in New York City . On May 19 , 2009 , CBS announced the cancellation of the series after seven seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Layla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Legacy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Without_a_Trace_(season_2)', 'summary': 'The second season of Without a Trace premiered September 25 , 2003 on CBS and concluded May 20 , 2004 . There are 24 episodes in this season . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on March 13 , 2007 . In region 2 the first season was released on DVD in Germany on November 18 , 2005 and in the UK on January 16 , 2006 . In region 4 the second season was released on November 16 , 2005'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Sopranos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sopranos', 'summary': "The Sopranos is an American crime drama television series created by David Chase . The story revolves around Tony Soprano ( James Gandolfini ) , a New Jersey-based Italian-American mobster , portraying the difficulties that he faces as he tries to balance his family life with his role as the leader of a criminal organization . These are explored during his therapy sessions with psychiatrist Jennifer Melfi ( Lorraine Bracco ) . The series features Tony 's family members , mafia colleagues , and rivals in prominent roles - most notably his wife Carmela ( Edie Falco ) and his protégé/distant cousin Christopher Moltisanti ( Michael Imperioli ) . The pilot was ordered in 1997 , and the show premiered on HBO on January 10 , 1999 . It ran for six seasons totaling 86 episodes until June 10 , 2007 . Broadcast syndication followed in the U.S. and internationally . The Sopranos was produced by HBO , Chase Films , and Brad Grey Television . It was primarily filmed at Silvercup Studios in New York City and on location in New Jersey . The executive producers throughout the show 's run were David Chase , Brad Grey , Robin Green , Mitchell Burgess , Ilene S. Landress , Terence Winter , and Matthew Weiner . The Sopranos is widely regarded as one of the greatest television series of all time . The series won a multitude of awards , including Peabody Awards for its first two seasons , 21 Primetime Emmy Awards , and five Golden Globe Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Amanda Kim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Sentimental Education', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentimental_Education_(The_Sopranos)', 'summary': "Sentimental Education is the 58th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the sixth of the show 's fifth season . Written by Matthew Weiner and directed by Peter Bogdanovich , it originally aired on April 11 , 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Parkers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Parkers', 'summary': "The Parkers is an American sitcom that aired on UPN from August 30 , 1999 , to May 10 , 2004 . A spin-off of UPN 's Moesha , The Parkers features the mother-daughter team of Nikki ( played by Mo'Nique ) and Kim Parker ( played by Countess Vaughn ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Shaquan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : At Last', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Parkers_episodes', 'summary': 'This is a list of the UPN show The Parkers episodes from August 30 , 1999 until May 10 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2004-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huff_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Huff is an American television series produced by Sony Pictures Television for Showtime . The series was broadcast for two seasons , during 2004-2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Maggie Del Rosario', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role ; 21 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NCIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)', 'summary': "NCIS is an American action police procedural television series , revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service . The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG ( season eight episodes 20 and 21 : Ice Queen and Meltdown ) . The show , a spin-off from JAG , premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on CBS . To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network . Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise . As of 2019 , it is the second-longest-running scripted , non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing , surpassed only by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) , and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall . NCIS was originally titled Navy NCIS ; Navy was later dropped from the title as it was redundant ( the N in NCIS stands for Naval ) . In season six , a two-part episode led to a spin-off series , NCIS : Los Angeles . A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series , NCIS : New Orleans . While initially slow in the ratings , barely cracking the Top 30 in the first two seasons , the third season showed progress , consistently ranking in the top 20 , and by its sixth season , it became a top five hit , having remained there since . In 2011 , NCIS was voted America 's favorite television show in an online Harris Poll . The series finished its tenth season as the most-watched television series in the U.S. during the 2012-13 network television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Lee_(NCIS)', 'summary': 'NCIS is an American police procedural television series , revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service , which investigates crimes involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps . The series was created by Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill as a backdoor pilot with the season eight episodes Ice Queen and Meltdown of JAG . The series premiered on September 23 , 2003 featuring an ensemble cast , which has included : Mark Harmon , Sasha Alexander , Michael Weatherly , Pauley Perrette , David McCallum , Sean Murray , Cote de Pablo , Lauren Holly , Rocky Carroll , Brian Dietzen , Emily Wickersham , Wilmer Valderrama , Jennifer Esposito , Duane Henry , Maria Bello , and Diona Reasonover .'}]}, {'value': 'Recurring role ; 12 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Grey 's Anatomy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy", 'summary': "Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending doctors , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is an allusion to Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , later renamed ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series is designed to be racially diverse and uses color-blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its fifteenth season , the show has a large ensemble of fourteen actors , including three characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a sixteenth season which premiered on September 26 , 2019 . The series ' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , Chambers , Capshaw and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Noelle Lavatte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Let the Angels Commit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Let_the_Angels_Commit', 'summary': "The third season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 21 , 2006 , and concluded on May 17 , 2007 . The season was produced by Touchstone Television , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company , the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , and T.R . Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley , respectively , continuing their expansive storylines as focal points throughout the season . Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr. , Kate Walsh , Isaiah Washington , and Patrick Dempsey also returned , while previous guest stars Sara Ramirez and Eric Dane were promoted to series regulars , following the extension of their contracts . The season followed the continuation of the surgical residency of five young interns , as they experience the demands of the competitive field of medicine , which becomes defining in their personal evolution . Although set in fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington , filming primarily occurred in Los Angeles , California . Whereas the first season mainly focused on the impact the surgical field has on the main characters , and the second one provided a detailed perspective on the physicians ' private lives , the third season deals with the tough challenges brought by the last phase of the surgeons ' internship , combining the professional motif emphasized in the first season , with the complex personal background used in the second . Through the season , several new storylines are introduced , including the arrival of Dane 's character , Dr. Mark Sloan , conceived and introduced as an antagonizing presence . In a departure from the previous season , the third season aired in a new competitive time slot of 9:00 pm on Thursdays , competing against the heavily promoted and highly rated dramatic television series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , which simultaneously aired on the CBS Network . Season three of Grey 's Anatomy contained 25 episodes , in addition to two clip shows that were produced to recap the previous events of the show , before the introduction of major new arcs . Complications of the Heart aired on the same night as the season premiere , recapping the last episodes of the second season with insights into future episodes in the third , while Every Moment Counts aired before the twentieth episode ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Special Victims Unit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forensics technician', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monk_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Monk is an American comedy-drama detective mystery television series created by Andy Breckman and starring Tony Shalhoub as the title character , Adrian Monk . It originally ran from 2002 to 2009 and is primarily a police procedural series , but also exhibits comic and dramatic tones in its exploration of the main characters ' personal lives . The series was produced by Mandeville Films and Touchstone Television in association with Universal Television . The series debuted on July 12 , 2002 , on USA Network . It continued for eight seasons , with the final season concluding on December 4 , 2009 . The series held the record for the most-watched scripted drama episode in cable television history from 2009 through 2012 ( broken by The Walking Dead ) with Mr. Monk and the End - Part II , its series finale , with 9.4 million viewers , 3.2 million of them in the 18-49 demographic ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Souter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Mr. Monk Goes to the Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Monk_Goes_to_the_Hospital', 'summary': 'The fifth season of Monk originally aired in the United States on USA Network from July 7 , 2006 , to March 2 , 2007 . It consisted of 16 episodes . Tony Shalhoub , Traylor Howard , Ted Levine , and Jason Gray-Stanford reprised their roles as the main characters . A DVD of the season was released on June 26 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queens Supreme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens_Supreme', 'summary': "Queens Supreme is an American courtroom dramedy television series created by Dan and Peter Thomas , which aired on CBS from January 10 to May 16 , 2003 . The series starred Oliver Platt as New York judge Jack Moran who , with his equally eccentric and colorful as colleagues , preside over court cases as the real-life Queens Supreme Court in Long Island City , Queens . The series had a strong cast and considerable financial backing , especially from Julia Roberts 's Shoelace Productions , Spelling Television and Revolution Studios , however poor ratings forced its cancellation after thirteen episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Mad About You ( unaired )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ER_(TV_series)', 'summary': "ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 , with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television , in association with Warner Bros. Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey 's Anatomy , and the 5th longest medical drama across the globe ( behind BBC 's Casualty and Holby City , and Poland 's Na dobre i na złe ) . It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award , and received 124 Emmy nominations . ER won 116 awards in total , including the Peabody Award , while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series . As of 2014 , ER has grossed over $ 3 billion in television revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Christine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dexter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dexter_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Dexter is an American television crime drama mystery series that aired on Showtime from October 1 , 2006 , to September 22 , 2013 . Set in Miami , the series centers on Dexter Morgan ( Michael C. Hall ) , a forensic technician specializing in bloodstain pattern analysis for the fictional Miami Metro Police Department , who leads a secret parallel life as a vigilante serial killer , hunting down murderers who have slipped through the cracks of the justice system . The show 's first season was derived from the novel Darkly Dreaming Dexter ( 2004 ) , the first in a series of novels by Jeff Lindsay . It was adapted for television by screenwriter James Manos Jr. , who wrote the first episode . Subsequent seasons evolved independently of Lindsay 's works . In February 2008 , reruns ( edited down to a TV-14 rating ) began to air on CBS in the wake of the shortage of original programming ensuing from the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America strike , thus the reruns on CBS ended after one run of the first season . The series enjoyed mostly positive reviews throughout its run and popularity . The first four seasons have received universal acclaim , although reception dropped drastically as the series progressed . The show has also won many awards , including two Golden Globe awards won by Michael C. Hall and John Lithgow for their roles as Dexter Morgan and Arthur Mitchell , respectively . Season four aired its season finale on December 13 , 2009 , to a record-breaking audience of 2.6 million viewers , making it the most-watched original series episode ever on Showtime at that time . In April 2013 , Showtime announced that season eight would be the final season of Dexter . The season-eight premiere was the most watched Dexter episode with more than 3 million viewers total for all airings that night ."}]}, {'value': 'Yuki Amado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Dexter_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters from the Showtime TV series Dexter and the Jeff Lindsay novels , including Darkly Dreaming Dexter ( on which the show was based ) , Dearly Devoted Dexter , Dexter in the Dark , Dexter by Design , and Dexter is Delicious .'}]}, {'value': 'Recurring role ; 5 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dollhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollhouse_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Dollhouse is an American science fiction television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon under Mutant Enemy Productions . It premiered on February 13 , 2009 , on the Fox network and was officially canceled on November 11 , 2009 . The final episode aired on January 29 , 2010 . Production wrapped in December 2009 , with a total of 27 episodes produced including the original pilot . The show revolves around a corporation running numerous underground establishments ( known as Dollhouses ) around the globe that program individuals referred to as Actives ( or Dolls ) with temporary personalities and skills . Wealthy clients hire Actives from Dollhouses at great expense for various purposes , including heists , sexual encounters , assassinations , expert counsel , and all manner of unique experiences . The series primarily follows the Active known as Echo , played by Eliza Dushku , on her journey toward self-awareness . Dushku also served as series producer . Dollhouse initially received mixed reviews and underwhelming ratings , but improved progressively enough to be renewed for a second season . After the second season finale , the series was canceled .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recurring role ; 10 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Traffic Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Traffic_Light_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Traffic Light is an American sitcom television series that ran on Fox from February 8 , 2011 to May 31 , 2011 . It is based on the Israeli TV show Ramzor ( lit . traffic light made by Keshet Broadcasting Ltd. ) , and was adapted to an American audience by Bob Fisher . The series aired Tuesdays at 9:30 pm following Raising Hope as a mid-season replacement for Running Wilde . Fox announced its cancellation on May 10 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lisa Reilly', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main role ; 13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psych', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psych', 'summary': "Psych is an American detective comedy-drama television series created by Steve Franks and broadcast on USA Network with syndicated reruns on ION Television . The series stars James Roday as Shawn Spencer , a young crime consultant for the Santa Barbara Police Department whose heightened observational skills and impressive eidetic memory allow him to convince people that he solves cases with psychic abilities . The program also stars Dulé Hill as Shawn 's intelligent best friend and reluctant partner Burton Gus Guster , as well as Corbin Bernsen as Shawn 's father , Henry , a former officer of the Santa Barbara Police Department . Psych debuted on Friday , July 7 , 2006 , immediately following the fifth-season premiere of Monk , and continued to be paired with the series until Monk 's conclusion on December 4 , 2009 . During the second season , an animated segment titled The Big Adventures of Little Shawn and Gus was added to the series . Psych was the highest-rated US basic cable television premiere of 2006 . USA Network renewed the series for an eighth season on December 19 , 2012 , to include eight episodes , and ordered two more episodes on June 25 , 2013 , bringing the episode order to ten . On February 5 , 2014 , USA Network confirmed that the eighth season of Psych would be its last , with the series finale airing on March 26 , 2014 . The show has developed a cult following , especially in the years since going off air , with fans of the show being called PsychOs . Psych : The Movie , a two-hour TV movie , aired on USA Network on December 7 , 2017 . Franks ' hope is to make five more Psych movies , following Psych : The Movie . On February 14 , 2019 , it was announced Psych : The Movie 2 was greenlit and all the main cast would return for the TV movie , which was set to premiere in late 2019 , but the premiere thereof was subsequently delayed to 2020 , with the movie renamed Psych 2 : Lassie Come Home ."}]}, {'value': 'Tina', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : Let 's Doo-Wop It Again", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Let's_Doo-Wop_It_Again", 'summary': 'The sixth season of Psych , consisting of 16 episodes , premiered on the USA Network in the United States on October 12 , 2011 and continued to air until April 11 , 2012 . James Roday , Dulé Hill , Timothy Omundson , Maggie Lawson , Corbin Bernsen and Kirsten Nelson all reprised their roles as the main characters .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Liza_Lapira_1', 'intro': "Liza Lapira (born December 3, 1981) is an American actress. She played Kianna in the 2008 film 21, Special Agent Michelle Lee in the CBS police procedural series NCIS and Ivy, Topher Brink's assistant in Dollhouse. Lapira has also co-starred in the short-lived sitcoms Traffic Light, Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23, Super Fun Night and 9JKL."}
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In the year of the episode named Pick a little , what is the type of television series that Liza Lapira acted in ?
romantic comedy-drama television series
09cb9b08a35081cb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superliga_Femenina_de_Voleibol', 'title': 'Superliga Femenina de Voleibol', 'header': ['Team', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'City/Area'], 'data': [{'value': 'Minis Arluy VB Logroño', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CV_Murillo', 'summary': 'Club Voleibol Logroño is a professional Volleyball team based in Logroño , La Rioja , Spain . It plays in Superliga Femenina .'}]}, {'value': 'CDM Lobete', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Logroño', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Logroño', 'summary': 'Logroño ( UK : /lɒˈɡrɒnjoʊ/ , US : /ləˈɡroʊnjoʊ , loʊˈ-/ , Spanish : [ loˈɣɾoɲo ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Spain , on the Ebro River . It is the capital of the province of La Rioja . The population of the city in 2008 was 153,736 while the metropolitan area included nearly 197,000 inhabitants . The city is a centre of the trade in Rioja wine , for which the area is noted , and produces wood , metal and textile products .'}]}, {'value': "Fachadas Dimurol Libby 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pablos Abril', 'urls': []}, {'value': '500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Cristóbal de La Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Cristóbal_de_La_Laguna', 'summary': "San Cristóbal de La Laguna ( commonly known as La Laguna , Spanish pronunciation : [ saŋ kɾisˈtoβal de la laˈɣuna ] ) is a city and municipality in the northern part of the island of Tenerife in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , on the Canary Islands ( Spain ) . The city is the third-most populous city of the archipelago and the second-most populous city of the island . La Laguna 's historical center was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999 . In 2003 the municipality started an ambitious Urban Plan to renew this area , that was carried out by the firm AUC S.L . ( Arquitectura Urbanismo y Cooperación ) . The city was the ancient capital of the Canary Islands . La Laguna lies right alongside the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , thus the two cities and municipalities form a single large urban center , linked by tram . The city is home to the University of La Laguna which is home to 30,000 students ; these are not included in the population figures for the city . La Laguna is considered to be the cultural capital of the Canary Islands . Also there is in the habit of being calling the Ciudad de los Adelantados , for having been the first university city of the archipelago . Its economy is business-oriented while agriculture dominates the northeastern portion of the city . The urban area dominates the central and the southern parts ."}]}, {'value': 'Haro Rioja Voley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CV_Haro', 'summary': "Club Voleibol Haro , also known as Haro Rioja Voley is a Spanish volleyball club from Haro in La Rioja . Founded in 1996 , it is best known for its women 's team , which has played in the Superliga since 2008 . In 2012 it won the national cup and supercup , and it was the championship 's runner-up ."}]}, {'value': 'El Ferial', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haro,_La_Rioja', 'summary': "Haro is a town and municipality in the northwest of La Rioja province in northern Spain . It is known for its fine red wine and every year the Haro Wine Festival is held where locals hold a wine battle . It has an important architectural heritage , including the plateresque main entrancence of the Santo Tomás Church , the work of Felipe Vigarny , numerous palaces , and the old town , which was declared a Historic-Artistic Site in 1975 . Apart from its role as home to many of the great wineries in La Rioja , one of Haro 's other claims to fame is that it was the first town in Spain to have electric street lighting ."}]}, {'value': 'Feel Volley Alcobendas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CV_Alcobendas', 'summary': "Club Voleibol Alcobendas also known as CV Alcobendas is a Spanish Women 's Volleyball Club from Alcobendas in Madrid . Founded since the year of 2000 , The Club currently plays in the Superliga Femenina de Voleibol ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Buñuel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alcobendas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcobendas', 'summary': 'Alcobendas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alkoˈβenðas ] ) is a city located in the Community of Madrid , central Spain . It is located roughly 13 kilometres ( 8 mi ) north of Madrid and 7 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from Barajas International Airport . It includes a central urban zone , a recently built district known as Valdelasfuentes , La Moraleja and El Soto de la Moraleja residential zones , the Valdelatas nature reserve and a light industrial estate . A business park called Valdelacasa for high-tech firms is being built . It is the location of a basketball museum organised by the Pedro Ferrándiz Foundation where the FIBA Hall of Fame is located . Once a working class area , it has in more recent times become one of the most economically affluent areas of the Madrid metropolitan area and also contains the exclusive residential area of La Moraleja .'}]}, {'value': 'Aguere Ciudad de la Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CV_Aguere', 'summary': 'Club Voleibol Aguere is a professional volleyball team based in San Cristóbal de La Laguna , Spain . It plays in the Superliga Femenina de Voleibol .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Ríos Tejera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Cristóbal de La Laguna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Cristóbal_de_La_Laguna', 'summary': "San Cristóbal de La Laguna ( commonly known as La Laguna , Spanish pronunciation : [ saŋ kɾisˈtoβal de la laˈɣuna ] ) is a city and municipality in the northern part of the island of Tenerife in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , on the Canary Islands ( Spain ) . The city is the third-most populous city of the archipelago and the second-most populous city of the island . La Laguna 's historical center was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999 . In 2003 the municipality started an ambitious Urban Plan to renew this area , that was carried out by the firm AUC S.L . ( Arquitectura Urbanismo y Cooperación ) . The city was the ancient capital of the Canary Islands . La Laguna lies right alongside the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , thus the two cities and municipalities form a single large urban center , linked by tram . The city is home to the University of La Laguna which is home to 30,000 students ; these are not included in the population figures for the city . La Laguna is considered to be the cultural capital of the Canary Islands . Also there is in the habit of being calling the Ciudad de los Adelantados , for having been the first university city of the archipelago . Its economy is business-oriented while agriculture dominates the northeastern portion of the city . The urban area dominates the central and the southern parts ."}]}, {'value': 'CVB-Barça', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CV_Barcelona', 'summary': "Club Voleibol Barcelona also known as CVB Barça is a Spanish women 's volleyball club from Barcelona and currently plays in the Spanish Superliga ."}]}, {'value': "L'Hospitalet Nord", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Avarca de Menorca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CV_Ciutadella', 'summary': "Club Voleibol Ciutadella , also known as Avarca Menorca for sponsorship reasons , is a Spanish volleyball club from Ciutadella de Menorca in the Balearic Islands . Founded in 1985 merge of the teams of several local schools , it is best known for its women 's team , which was promoted to the Superliga in 2006 and soon became one of the leading teams in the championship . In 2009 it was third , in 2010 it was the runner-up and in 2011 and 2012 it won the championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Pavelló Municipal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ciutadella , Balearic Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciutadella_de_Menorca', 'summary': 'Ciutadella de Menorca ( Catalan pronunciation : [ siwtəˈðeʎə ðə məˈnɔɾkə ] ) or simply Ciutadella is a town and a municipality in the western end of Menorca , one of the Balearic Islands ( Spain ) . It is one of the two primary cities in the island , along with Maó .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Balearic_Islands', 'summary': "The Balearic Islands ( /ˌbæliˈærɪk/ BAL-ee-ARR-ik , also US : /ˌbɑːl-/ BAHL- , UK : /bəˈlɪərɪk/ bə-LEER-ik ; Catalan : Illes Balears [ ˈiʎəz bələˈas ] ; Spanish : Islas Baleares [ ˈizlaz βaleˈaɾes ] ) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea , near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula . The four largest islands are Mallorca , Menorca , Ibiza , and Formentera . Many minor islands and islets are close to the larger islands , including Cabrera , Dragonera , and S'Espalmador . The islands have a Mediterranean climate , and the four major islands are all popular tourist destinations . Ibiza , in particular , is known as an international party destination , attracting many of the world 's most popular DJs to its nightclubs . The islands ' culture and cuisine are similar to those of the rest of Spain but have their own distinctive features . The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain , with Palma de Mallorca as the capital . The 2007 Statute of Autonomy declares the Balearic Islands as one nationality of Spain . The co-official languages in the Balearic Islands are Catalan and Spanish ."}]}, {'value': 'CCO 7 Palmas Gran Canaria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centro Insular', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centro_Insular_de_Deportes', 'summary': 'Centro Insular de Deportes is an indoor arena in Las Palmas , Spain . It was the home arena of the Spanish ACB League professional basketball team Gran Canaria until 2014 . The arena holds 5,200 people .'}]}, {'value': '5,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Palmas de Gran Canaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria', 'summary': 'Las Palmas ( UK : /ˌlæs ˈpælməs , - ˈpɑːl-/ , US : /ˌlɑːs ˈpɑːlməs , -mɑːs/ ; Spanish : [ las ˈpalmas ] ) , officially Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , [ a ] is a city and capital of Gran Canaria island , in the Canary Islands , on the Atlantic Ocean . It is the capital ( jointly with Santa Cruz de Tenerife ) , the most populous city in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands , and the ninth-largest city in Spain with a population of 383,308 in 2010 . It is also the fifth-most populous urban area in Spain and ( depending on sources ) ninth- or tenth-most populous metropolitan area in Spain . Las Palmas is located in the northeastern part of the island of Gran Canaria , about 150 km ( 93 mi ) off the Moroccan coast in the Atlantic Ocean . Las Palmas experiences a hot desert climate , [ note 1 ] offset by the local cooler Canary Current , with warm temperatures throughout the year . It has an average annual temperature of 21.2 °C ( 70.2 °F ) . According to a study carried out by Thomas Whitmore , director of research on climatology at Syracuse University in the U.S. , Las Palmas enjoys the best climate in the world . The city was founded in 1478 , and considered the de facto ( without legal recognition ) capital of the Canary Islands until the seventeenth century . It is the home of the Canarian Ministry of Presidency ( shared in a four-year term with Santa Cruz de Tenerife ) , as well as half of the ministries and boards of the Canarian government , and the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'DSV Sant Cugat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pavelló Municipal de Valldoreix', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sant Cugat del Vallès', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Cugat_del_Vallès', 'summary': 'Sant Cugat del Vallès ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsaŋ kuˈɣad dəl βəˈʎɛs ] ) ( pop . 89,516 in 2017 ) is a town and municipality north of Barcelona in Catalonia , Spain . Known as Castrum Octavianum in antiquity ( which literally means the castle of Octavianus ) and as Pins del Vallès during the Second Spanish Republic , it is named after Saint Cucuphas , who is said to have been martyred on the spot now occupied by its medieval monastery . The final part of its toponym , del Vallès , is a reference to the historical county where the town is situated , Vallès .'}]}, {'value': 'VP Madrid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CDM Entrevías', 'urls': []}, {'value': '700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Cajasol Juvasa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Montecillos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dos Hermanas , Andalusia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dos_Hermanas', 'summary': 'Dos Hermanas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈdos eɾˈmanas ] ) is a Spanish city 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of Seville in Andalusia , with a population of 131,317 as of 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andalusia', 'summary': "Andalusia region ( UK : /ˌændəˈluːsiə , -ziə/ , US : /-ʒ ( i ) ə , -ʃ ( i ) ə/ ; Spanish : Andalucía [ andaluˈθi.a ] ) is the southern autonomous community in Peninsular Spain . It is the most populous , and the second largest autonomous community in the country . The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga and Seville . Its capital is the city of Seville . Andalusia is located in the south of the Iberian peninsula , in southwestern Europe , immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines . The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar . The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains , separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north , the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha on Spain 's Meseta Central . To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Arona Tenerife Sur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Domínguez Grillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arona , Canary Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arona,_Tenerife', 'summary': "Arona is a municipality in the southern part of the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands . The municipality covers an area of 81.79 square kilometres comprising 4% of the island 's area . The town Arona is 59 km southwest from Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the island 's capital . The population in 2017 was about 93,496 . It is the third largest city in Tenerife , after , Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna . Arona has a pleasant climate with temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 degrees Celsius . Notable places include the tourist resorts of Los Cristianos , Playa de las Americas , Costa del Silencio and Las Galletas . Arona also features Punta Salemas , the southernmost point of the island of Tenerife . The TF-1 motorway passes through the municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canary_Islands', 'summary': 'The Canary Islands ( /kəˈnɛəri/ ; Spanish : Islas Canarias , pronounced [ ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas ] ) are a Spanish archipelago and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean , in a region known as Macaronesia , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) west of Morocco at the closest point . The Canary Islands , which are also known informally as the Canaries , are among the outermost regions ( OMR ) of the European Union proper . It is also one of eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality as recognized by the Spanish Government . The Canary Islands belong to the African Plate like the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla , the two on the African mainland . The eight main islands are ( from largest to smallest in area ) Tenerife , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , La Palma , La Gomera , El Hierro and La Graciosa . The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets : Alegranza , Isla de Lobos , Montaña Clara , Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este . It also includes a series of adjacent roques ( those of Salmor , Fasnia , Bonanza , Garachico and Anaga ) . In ancient times , the island chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles . The Canary Islands are the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of Macaronesia . Historically , the Canary Islands have been considered a bridge between four continents : Africa , North America , South America and Europe . The Canary Islands currently have a population of 2,127,685 inhabitants and a density of 283.08 inhabitants/km² , being the eighth most populous autonomous community . The population of the archipelago is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands , around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria .'}]}], 'section_title': '2017–18 season teams', 'section_text': 'LogroñoHaroAlcobendasCVB-BarçaAvarca MenorcaSant CugatVP MadridCajasol Juvasa 2017–18 Superliga Femenina de Voleibol teams HarisAguereGran CanariaArona Canary Islands', 'uid': 'Superliga_Femenina_de_Voleibol_0', 'intro': "The Superliga Femenina de Voleibol (SFM) is the top level of women's volleyball in Spain. The championship was founded in 1989. The administration of the league is carried out by the Real Federación Española de Voleibol. Formerly known as 1ª División de la Liga Nacional Femenina de Voleibol, and, since 1989 as the current name."}
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How many people live in the city where the CDM Entrevías is located ?
3.3 million
09cbc101113e2769
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_people_by_net_worth', 'title': 'List of Southeast Asian people by net worth', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'Age', 'Country', 'Worth ( USD )', 'Residence'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hassanal Bolkiah & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah', 'summary': "Hassanal Bolkiah ( full name : Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam ; born 15 July 1946 ) is the 29th and current Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei , as well as the Prime Minister of Brunei , making him one of the last absolute monarchs . The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri ( Queen ) Pengiran Anak Damit , he succeeded to the throne as the Sultan of Brunei , following the abdication of his father on 5 October 1967 . The sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world . In 2008 , Forbes estimated the sultan 's total peak net worth at US $ 20 billion . After Queen Elizabeth II , the sultan is the world 's second longest-reigning current monarch . On 5 October 2017 , the sultan celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign on the throne ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': '20 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Sy & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Sy', 'summary': "Henry Tan Chi Sieng Sy Sr. ( Chinese : 施至成 ; pinyin : Shī Zhìchéng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Si Chì-sêng ; October 15 , 1924 - January 19 , 2019 ) was a Filipino business magnate , investor , and philanthropist known for his involvement in the Philippines ' retail industry . Born in Fujian , he moved with his family to the Philippines at age 12 . While his family returned to China , he stayed behind and founded ShoeMart , a small Manilla shoe store , in 1958 . Over the decades he developed ShoeMart into SM Investments , one of the largest conglomerates in the Philippines , including 77 SM malls in the Philippines and China , 62 department stores , 56 supermarkets and over 200 grocery stores . SM also owns Banco de Oro , the second-largest bank in the Philippines , and real estate holdings/ For eleven straight years until his death , Sy was named by Forbes as the richest person in the Philippines . Upon his death on January 19 , 2019 , his estimated net worth amounted to US $ 19 billion , making him the 53rd-richest person in the world ."}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '15.8 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Children of Suharto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suharto', 'summary': "Suharto [ a ] ( /suːˈhɑːrtoʊ/ , Indonesian pronunciation ( help·info ) ; 8 June 1921 - 27 January 2008 ) was an Indonesian military leader and politician who served as the second president of Indonesia , holding the office for 31 years , from the ousting of Sukarno in 1967 until his resignation in 1998 . He was widely regarded by foreign observers as a dictator . However , the legacy of his 31-year rule is still debated at home and abroad . Suharto was born in a small village , Kemusuk , in the Godean area near the city of Yogyakarta , during the Dutch colonial era . He grew up in humble circumstances . His Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth , and he lived with foster parents for much of his childhood . During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia , Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesian security forces . Indonesia 's independence struggle saw his joining the newly formed Indonesian Army . Suharto rose to the rank of major general following Indonesian independence . An attempted coup on 30 September and 1 October 1965 , which according to the official history made by the Army , backed by the Communist Party of Indonesia , was countered by Suharto-led troops . The Army subsequently led an anti-communist purge , which the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency described as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia 's founding president , Sukarno . He was appointed acting president in 1967 and elected president the following year ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '15 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhanin Chearavanont & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhanin_Chearavanont', 'summary': "Dhanin Chearavanont or Chia Kok Min ( Thai : ธนินท์ เจียรวนนท์ , Chinese : 谢国民 ; pinyin : Xiè Guómín ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chhía2 Kok1-Mín5 ) ( born 1939 ) is a Thai-Chinese billionaire businessman , based in Bangkok . He is the senior chairman of CP Group , Thailand 's largest private company . Dhanin is head of the Chearavanont family , which was ranked by Forbes Asia in 2017 as Asia 's fourth-wealthiest family with a net worth of US $ 36.6 billion ."}]}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '14.3 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Kuok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Kuok', 'summary': "Robert Kuok Hock Nien ( simplified Chinese : 郭鹤年 ; traditional Chinese : 郭鶴年 ; pinyin : Guō Hènián ; born 6 October 1923 ) , is a Malaysian business magnate and investor . According to Forbes , his net worth is estimated at $ 12.8 billion as of March 2019 , making him the wealthiest person in Malaysia and 104th wealthiest in the world . As of April 2019 , according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index , Kuok has an estimated net worth of $ 18.4 billion , making him the 53rd richest person in the world . Robert Kuok is media-shy ; most of his businesses are privately held by him or his family . Apart from a multitude of businesses in Malaysia , his companies have investments in many countries throughout Asia . His business interests range from sugarcane plantations ( Perlis Plantations Bhd ) , sugar refineries , flour milling , animal feed , oil , mining , finance , hotel ( Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts ) , property , trading , freight and publishing . His biggest source of wealth is a stake in Wilmar International , the world 's largest listed palm oil trader company ."}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '12.5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charoen_Sirivadhanabhakdi', 'summary': "Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi ( Thai : เจริญ สิริวัฒนภักดี ; RTGS : Charoen Siriwatthanaphakdi ; born 2 May 1944 ) is a Thai billionaire businessman . He is the founder of Thai Beverage , the chairman of conglomerate TCC Group and Fraser and Neave , Ltd ( F & N ) . Sirivadhanabhakdi family is now Thailand 's largest property developer and landlord of 630,000 rai ( 100,800 hectares ) , plus commercial and retail buildings in Singapore . He also owns 50 hotels in Asia , the US , UK , and Australia , including Plaza Athénée in Manhattan and The Okura Prestige Bangkok . In 1988 , King Bhumibol of Thailand granted the family the name Sirivadhanabhakdi ."}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '11.7 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ananda Krishnan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ananda_Krishnan', 'summary': "Tatparanandam Ananda Krishnan ( Tamil : த . ஆனந்தகிருஷ்ணன் ) ( born 1 April 1938 ) is a Malaysian businessman and philanthropist , the Chairman of Usaha Tegas Sdn Bhd and founder of Yu Cai Foundation ( YCF ) . Nicknamed A.K. , currently [ update ] he is estimated to have a net worth of US $ 7.1 billion according to Forbes ' latest annual list of wealthiest people , making him the third-wealthiest in Malaysia and number 217 in the world . Ananda Krishnan shuns public exposure and is known to maintain a low profile for a person of his stature . The Central Bureau of Investigation of India sought arrest warrants for Ananda Krishnan for money laundering and was involved with financing the controversial 1MDB ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '11.7 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Budi Hartono & Michael Hartono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Budi_Hartono', 'summary': "Robert Budi Hartono ( traditional Chinese : 黃惠忠 ; simplified Chinese : 黄惠忠 ; pinyin : Huáng Huìzhōng ; Hokkien : Oei Hwie Tjhong ; born in 1940 ) is a Chinese Indonesian tobacco billionaire with a 2018 net worth of US $ 12.6 billion . He owns and runs the privately held Djarum , the world 's third largest maker of clove cigarettes . Djarum has reportedly recently grabbed shares from the number two cigarette firm , Sampoerna . Budi Hartono also has a stake with his brother , Michael Bambang Hartono in one of Indonesia 's biggest banks , Bank Central Asia , formerly controlled by billionaire Liem Sioe Liong . In 2019 , Budi Hartono 's net worth reportedly reached US $ 18.6 billion and he was nominated as the richest Indonesian and 54th richest person in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Hartono', 'summary': 'Michael Bambang Hartono ( born 2 October 1939 in Kudus , Central Java ) , also known as Oei Hwie Siong , is a Chinese Indonesian billionaire heir and businessman . Michael and his brother Robert Budi are the owners of kretek ( clove cigarette ) manufacturer Djarum , which they inherited from their father Oei Wie Gwan upon his death in 1963 . Growing the business to a large conglomerate including Bank Central Asia , electronics , plantations and various properties , they became the richest in the country with Michael himself having a net worth in excess of $ 10 billion .'}]}, {'value': '72/73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '8.5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucio Tan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucio_Tan', 'summary': 'Lucio C. Tan , Sr. ( simplified Chinese : 陈永栽 ; traditional Chinese : 陳永栽 ; pinyin : Chén Yǒngzāi ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Éng-chai ; born July 17 , 1934 ) is a Chinese Filipino billionaire businessman and educator with interests in banking , airline , liquor , tobacco , real estate industries , and education . In 2013 , Forbes magazine listed him as the second richest billionaire from the Philippines with a net worth of $ 7.5 billion .'}]}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '7.5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quek Leng Chan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quek_Leng_Chan', 'summary': "Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan ( simplified Chinese : 郭令灿 ; traditional Chinese : 郭令燦 ; pinyin : Guō Lìng Càn ; born 1941 ) is a Malaysian tycoon who co-founded Hong Leong Group Malaysia . He is one of the richest men in Malaysia . In 2018 , Quek Leng Chan ranked # 217 on the Forbes World 's Billionaires list , with wealth listed at US $ 7.2 billion ."}]}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '5.7 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teh Hong Piow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teh_Hong_Piow', 'summary': 'Teh Hong Piow ( simplified Chinese : 郑鸿标 ; traditional Chinese : 鄭鴻標 ; pinyin : Zhèng Hóng Biāo ) is the founder and Chairman of Public Bank Berhad in Malaysia . Teh is one of three individuals in Malaysia who are permitted to hold a stake of more than 10% in a domestic financial institution .'}]}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '5.6 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tan_Sri_Lim_Kok_Thay', 'summary': "Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay ( 林国泰 ; born 16 August 1951 ) is a Malaysian Chinese billionaire businessman . He is a board executive and Chairman of Genting Group , a casinos , resorts and palm oil conglomerate with a market capitalization of almost US $ 40 billion , and the second son of fellow billionaire Lim Goh Tong , the company 's founder ."}]}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '5.3 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imelda Marcos & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imelda_Marcos', 'summary': "Imelda Romualdez Marcos ( born Imelda Trinidad Romualdez ; July 2 , 1929 ) is a Filipino politician who was First Lady of the Philippines for 21 years , during which she and her husband are widely believed to have illegally amassed a multi-billion U.S. dollar personal fortune , the bulk of which still remains unrecovered . Her fortune was estimated to be at $ 24bn in 1979 , and today is estimated to be at least $ 30bn . She married Ferdinand Marcos in 1954 and became First Lady in 1965 when he became President of the Philippines . Her behaviour of initiating numerous grand architectural projects using public funds , came to be described in common parlance as Imeldific . She and her family gained notoriety for living a lavish lifestyle during a period of economic crisis and civil unrest in the country . She spent much of her time abroad on state visits , extravagant parties , and shopping sprees , and spent much of the State 's money on her personal jewelry and shoe collections . Her collection of over 3,000 pairs of luxury shoes earned her the sobriquet Marie Antoinette , with shoes . The People Power Revolution in February 1986 unseated the Marcoses and forced the family into exile . In 1991 , President Corazon Aquino allowed the Marcos family to return to the Philippines after the 1989 death of Ferdinand Marcos . Imelda Marcos was elected four times to the House of Representatives . She , along with her husband Ferdinand , are famous for holding the Guinness World Record for the Greatest Robbery of a Government . In November 2018 , she was convicted of corruption charges for her activities some forty years earlier , during her term as governor of Manila ."}]}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wee Cho Yaw & Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wee_Cho_Yaw', 'summary': 'Wee Cho Yaw , DUBC ( Chinese : 黃祖耀 ; pinyin : Huáng Zǔyào ) ( born 1929 ) is a Singaporean billionaire businessman , and the chairman of the United Overseas Bank ( UOB ) and United Industrial Corporation ( UIC ) in Singapore . Wee joined the board of directors of the United Chinese Bank ( now the United Overseas Bank ) in 1958 . He was appointed managing director of the bank two years later , and when his father Wee Kheng Chiang , founder of United Chinese Bank , retired in 1974 , Wee succeeded him as chairman . His son Wee Ee Chong succeeded him as chief executive officer of UOB .'}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kwek Leng Beng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwek_Leng_Beng', 'summary': 'Kwek Leng Beng ( Chinese : 郭令明 ; pinyin : Guō Lìngmíng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Koeh Lēng-bêng ; born 1941 ) is a Singaporean billionaire businessman . He is the executive chairman of Hong Leong Group Singapore . In September 2019 , Forbes estimated his net worth to be US $ 3.4 billion .'}]}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '4.8 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Tan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Tan', 'summary': 'Andrew Lim Tan ( traditional Chinese : 吳聰滿 ; simplified Chinese : 吴聪满 ) is a Chinese Filipino billionaire with business interests in real estate , liquor and fast food . In 2011 , Forbes magazine rated him fourth on the list of the Philippines 40 richest with an estimated net worth of $ 2 billion . As of May 2018 , Forbes magazine ranks him as the 10th-wealthiest person in the Philippines , with his net worth of US $ 2.6 billion .'}]}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '4.6 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kwee brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwee_brothers', 'summary': 'The Kwee family is a Singaporean family that owns the Pontiac Land Group , a privately held luxury real estate developer and hotel owner based in Singapore . The Kwee brothers Kwee Liong Keng , Kwee Liong Tek , Kwee Liong Seen and Kwee Liong Phing collectively run the group .'}]}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '4.6 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Shin Cheng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Shin_Cheng', 'summary': "Lee Shin Cheng ( 3 June 1939 - 1 June 2019 ) was a Malaysian business magnate , investor , and philanthropist . Lee Shin Cheng heads IOI Corporation Berhad , better known as IOI Group , as its executive chairman . IOI , which is listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange or Bursa Malaysia , is a conglomerate managing oil palm plantations , producing specialty fats and oleochemicals , and developing property in Malaysia , Indonesia , the United States , and Europe . The IOI refinery in Rotterdam , Netherlands is the largest palm oil refinery in Europe . IOI 's oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia produce palm oil and palm kernel oil . These oils are made into specialty oils , metallic stearates and fats that are used in soaps , detergents , cosmetics and food additives . IOI Group is a leading real estate developer in Malaysia . Projects include townships , shopping malls , condominiums , office towers , and resorts ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '4.5 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Razon Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Razon_Jr', 'summary': 'Enrique Anselmo Klar Razon Jr. ( born March 3 , 1960 ) is a Filipino billionaire and the chairman and CEO of the Manila-listed company International Container Terminal Services , Inc. ( ICTSI ) , the Philippine port-handling giant . He is also Chairman of Bloomberry Resorts Corp. ( BRC ) , developer of Solaire Resort and Casino , a US $ 1.2 billion integrated resort complex in the Philippines Entertainment City . ICTSI and BRC are both listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange . In 2019 , Forbes named Razon the fourth richest Filipino and the 379th richest individual in the world , with a personal wealth of $ 5.1 billion .'}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '4.9 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sri Prakash Lohia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sri_Prakash_Lohia', 'summary': 'Sri Prakash Lohia ( born 11 August 1952 ) is an Indian-born-Indonesian billionaire businessman , and the founder and chairman of Indorama Corporation , a diversified petrochemical and textile company . Lohia hails from India but has spent the majority of his professional life in Indonesia since 1974 . In 2013 , Forbes ranked him as the 6th richest person in Indonesia with a net worth of US $ 3 billion .'}]}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '4.2 Billion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}], 'section_title': '2014', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_South_East_Asian_people_by_net_worth_1', 'intro': "Forbes magazine annually lists the world's wealthiest individuals - The World's Richest People. What follows is the list of billionaires (in US dollars) in Southeast Asia, for 2012 issued. Despite their small population, the vast majority of Southeast Asian billionaires of them are of Chinese descent. To date, Indonesia has the most top number of billionaires in the list of richest Southeast Asian people."}
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Which of the 88 year olds is older ?
Robert Kuok
09cbd97b89d7c3a2
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_1961', 'title': 'List of horror films of 1961', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Beast of Yucca Flats', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beast_of_Yucca_Flats', 'summary': "The Beast of Yucca Flats ( released to television as Atomic Monster : The Beast of Yucca Flats ) is a 1961 B-movie horror film written and directed by Coleman Francis . It was produced by Anthony Cardoza , Roland Morin and Jim Oliphant . The film stars Swedish former wrestler Tor Johnson as the Beast . It starred Anthony Cardoza , Coleman Francis and Jim Oliphant in bit parts , as well as Conrad Brooks in a very small role . Director Francis cast his two sons ( Ronald and Alan Francis ) in the film as the two lost boys . The plot concerns a Soviet scientist named Joseph Jaworsky ( Tor Johnson ) , who defects and flees to a Nevada Test Site called Yucca Flats , only to be turned into a mindless monster by atomic radiation , stalking the desert . The film has very little dialogue and most of the speech is done by omniscient narration . Some critics have characterized the film as one of the worst science fiction horror films made , and one of the all-time worst films of any kind , even suggesting that it may be worse than Ed Wood 's legendarily bad Plan 9 from Outer Space . In 1995 , the television comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000 featured The Beast of Yucca Flats , helping the film develop a cult status ."}]}, {'value': 'Coleman Francis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coleman_Francis', 'summary': "Coleman C. Francis ( January 24 , 1919 - January 15 , 1973 ) was an American actor , writer , producer and director . He was best known for his film trilogy consisting of The Beast of Yucca Flats ( 1961 ) , The Skydivers ( 1963 ) and Red Zone Cuba ( 1966 ) , all three of which were filmed in the general vicinity of Santa Clarita , California . Hallmarks of Francis ' films include preoccupation with light aircraft and parachuting , coffee or cigarettes serving as props or centers of conversation and vigilante-style gunning down of suspects without trial at the films ' conclusions . Francis and his films have gained a cult status as a result of their appearances on the comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000 , where they became infamous for their poor production values , repetitive plot devices , meandering and incomprehensible storylines , and stilted acting . Some critics have characterized Francis as being the worst director of all-time , even suggesting that he may surpass Ed Wood in terms of ineptitude ."}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Mellor , Larry Aten , Barbara Francis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Brainiac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brainiac', 'summary': 'El Baron del Terror ( lit . The Baron of Terror ; American release title : The Brainiac ) is a 1962 Mexican supernatural horror film , directed by Chano Urueta , written by Federico Curiel , Adolfo López Portillo and Antonio Orellana , and starring its producer , Abel Salazar .'}]}, {'value': 'Chano Urueta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chano_Urueta', 'summary': 'Santiago Eduardo Urueta Sierra ( February 24 , 1904 - March 23 , 1979 ) , more commonly known as Chano Urueta , was a Mexican film director , producer , screenwriter , and actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Abel Salazar , Ariadne Welter , David Silvia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abel_Salazar_(actor)', 'summary': 'Abel Salazar García ( 24 September 1917 - 21 October 1995 ) was a Mexican actor , producer and director . He appeared in 70 films between 1941 and 1989 . He was a son of Don García and his wife , and brother to Don Alfredo Salazar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ariadne_Welter', 'summary': 'Ariadne Welter ( June 29 , 1930 - December 13 , 1998 ) was a Mexican movie actress of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema . She appeared in the Luis Buñuel film The Criminal Life of Archibaldo de la Cruz ( 1955 ) . In 1956 she starred in the film El Vampiro , a classic aming Mexican horror films .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloodlust !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloodlust!', 'summary': "Bloodlust ! is a 1961 American horror thriller film based on Richard Connell 's short story The Most Dangerous Game . It was produced by Robert H. Bagley and written , directed and produced by Ralph Brooke for Cinegraf Productions . The movie stars Wilton Graff , June Kenney , Joan Lora , Eugene Persson and Robert Reed . Its plot follows four young adults who visit a tropical island only to become prey for a sadistic hunter . It was filmed in 1959 but not released until 1961 , when it was the second movie on a double feature with The Devil 's Hand ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Brooke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralph_Brooke', 'summary': "Ralph Brooke ( 1553-1625 ) was an English Officer of Arms in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I . He is known for his critiques of the work of other members of the College of Arms , most particularly in A Discoverie of Certaine Errours Published in Print in the Much Commended 'Britannia ' 1594 , which touched off a feud with its author , the revered antiquarian and herald William Camden ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilton Graff , Robert Reed , June Kenney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilton_Graff', 'summary': 'Wilton Graff ( 13 August 1903 - 13 January 1969 ) was an American actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Reed', 'summary': "Robert Reed ( born John Robert Rietz Jr. ; October 19 , 1932 - May 12 , 1992 ) was an American actor . He played Kenneth Preston on the legal drama The Defenders from 1961 to 1965 alongside E. G. Marshall , and is best known for his role as the father Mike Brady , opposite Florence Henderson 's role as Carol Brady , on the ABC sitcom The Brady Bunch , which aired from 1969 to 1974 . He later reprised his role of Mike Brady on several of the reunion programs . In 1976 , he earned two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his guest-starring role in a two-part episode of Medical Center and for his work on the miniseries Rich Man , Poor Man . The following year , Reed earned a third Emmy nomination for his role in the miniseries Roots ."}, {'url': '/wiki/June_Kenney', 'summary': 'June Sebastian ( née Kenney , born July 6 , 1933 ) is an American actress known for her work in B movies in the late 1950s .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Creature from the Haunted Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Creature_from_the_Haunted_Sea', 'summary': 'Creature from the Haunted Sea is a 1961 horror comedy film directed by Roger Corman . Written by Charles B. Griffith , the film is a parody of spy , gangster , and monster movies ( mostly Creature from the Black Lagoon ) , concerning a secret agent , XK150 ( played by Robert Towne under the pseudonym Edward Wain ) , who goes under the code name Sparks Moran in order to infiltrate a criminal gang led by Renzo Capetto ( Antony Carbone ) , who is trying to transport a colonel , a group of exiled Cuban nationals , and a large portion of the Cuban treasury out of the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Corman , Monte Hellman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Corman', 'summary': "Roger William Corman ( born April 5 , 1926 ) is an American director , producer , and actor . He has been called The Pope of Pop Cinema and is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film . Much of Corman 's work has an established critical reputation , such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe . In 1964 , Corman -- admired by members of the French New Wave and Cahiers du cinéma -- became the youngest filmmaker to have a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française , as well as in the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art . He was the co-founder of New World Pictures , the founder of New Concorde and is a longtime member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . In 2009 , he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his rich engendering of films and filmmakers . Corman mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola , Ron Howard , Martin Scorsese , Jonathan Demme , John Sayles , and James Cameron , and was highly influential in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s . He also helped to launch the careers of actors like Peter Fonda , Jack Nicholson , Dennis Hopper , Bruce Dern , Sylvester Stallone , Diane Ladd , and William Shatner . Corman has occasionally taken minor acting roles in the films of directors who started with him , including The Silence of the Lambs , The Godfather Part II , Apollo 13 , The Manchurian Candidate and Philadelphia . A documentary about Corman 's life and career entitled Corman 's World : Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel , directed by Alex Stapleton , premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011 . The film 's TV rights were picked up by A & E IndieFilms after a well-received screening at Sundance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monte_Hellman', 'summary': "Monte Hellman /ˈmɔːnti/ ( born July 12 , 1932 ) is an American film director , producer , writer , and editor . Hellman began his career as an editor 's apprentice at ABC TV , and made his directorial debut with the horror film Beast from Haunted Cave ( 1959 ) , produced by Roger Corman . He would later gain critical recognition for the Westerns The Shooting and Ride in the Whirlwind ( both 1966 ) starring Jack Nicholson , and the independent road movie Two-Lane Blacktop ( 1971 ) starring James Taylor and Dennis Wilson . His later directorial work has included the 1989 slasher film Silent Night , Deadly Night 3 : Better Watch Out ! and the independent thriller Road to Nowhere ( 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Corman , Edward Wain , E. R. Alvarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Wain', 'summary': "Robert Towne ( born Robert Bertram Schwartz ; November 23 , 1934 ) is an American screenwriter , producer , director and actor . He was part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking . He is best known for his Academy Award-winning original screenplay for Roman Polanski 's Chinatown ( 1974 ) , which is widely considered one of the greatest screenplays ever written . He later said it was inspired by a chapter in Carey McWilliams 's Southern California Country : An Island on the Land ( 1946 ) and a West magazine article on Raymond Chandler 's Los Angeles . Towne also wrote the sequel , The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) ; the Hal Ashby comedy-dramas The Last Detail ( 1973 ) and Shampoo ( 1975 ) ; and the first two Mission : Impossible films . Towne directed the sports dramas Personal Best ( 1982 ) and Without Limits ( 1998 ) , the crime thriller Tequila Sunrise ( 1988 ) , and the romantic crime drama Ask the Dust ( 2006 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Curse of the Crying Woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_maldición_de_la_llorona', 'summary': "The Curse of the Crying Woman ( Spanish : La maldición de la llorona ) is a 1961 Mexican horror film ( released in 1963 ) , directed by Rafael Baledón . The film is about Amelia and Jaime , a married couple who travel to an old country house owned by Amelia 's aunt Selma , who practices black magic . Selma tries to use her niece in order to resurrect la llorona ( the crying woman ) , an ancient spectre ."}]}, {'value': 'Rafael Baledon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rafael_Baledon', 'summary': 'Rafael Baledón Cárdenas ( 25 November 1919 - 6 May 1994 ) was a Mexican actor , director , screenwriter , and producer of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema . He worked in both film and television .'}]}, {'value': 'Rosita Arenas , Abel Salazar , Rita Macedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosita_Arenas', 'summary': 'Rosa Rosita Arenas ( born 19 August 1933 ) is a Mexican actress whose film career was most prominent during the 1950s and 1960s . She was born in Caracas , Venezuela , the daughter of Spanish actor Miguel Arenas . At age 16 , she was named Reina de la Primavera ( Queen of the Spring ) , and subsequently made her film debut in Anacleto se divorcia ( 1950 ) . She received more important roles in ¡¿Qué te ha dado esa mujer ? ! ( 1951 ) , with Pedro Infante and Luis Aguilar , and El señor fotógrafo ( 1953 ) , with Cantinflas . She also tried her hand at singing ; in Los chiflados del rock and roll ( 1957 ) , she sang the songs Se me hizo fácil , Serenata huasteca , and Qué manera de perder .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Abel_Salazar_(actor)', 'summary': 'Abel Salazar García ( 24 September 1917 - 21 October 1995 ) was a Mexican actor , producer and director . He appeared in 70 films between 1941 and 1989 . He was a son of Don García and his wife , and brother to Don Alfredo Salazar .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Curse of the Werewolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Curse_of_the_Werewolf', 'summary': "The Curse of the Werewolf is a 1961 British horror film based on the novel The Werewolf of Paris by Guy Endore . The film was made by the British company Hammer Film Productions and was shot at Bray Studios on sets that were constructed for the proposed Spanish inquisition themed The Rape of Sabena , a film that was shelved when the BBFC objected to the script . The location of the story was adjusted to Madrid to save building new Parisian sets . The leading part of the werewolf was Oliver Reed 's first starring role in a film . Benjamin Frankel 's score is notable for its use of twelve-tone serialism , rare in film music . The film was heavily censored in the UK on its initial release and was first shown in a restored print on the BBC in 1993 . The planned premiere TV screening of the restored print on Oct 31st 1992 , during an all night horror film marathon hosted by Dr. Walpurgis ( later named Dr. Terror ) Guy Henry unfortunately resulted in the censored version being aired by mistake ."}]}, {'value': 'Terence Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terence_Fisher', 'summary': "Terence Fisher ( 23 February 1904 - 18 June 1980 ) was a British film director best known for his work for Hammer Films . He was the first to bring gothic horror alive in full colour , and the sexual overtones and explicit horror in his films , while mild by modern standards , were unprecedented in his day . His first major gothic horror film was The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) , which launched Hammer 's association with the genre and made British actors Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee leading horror stars of the era . He went on to film several adaptations of classic horror subjects , including Dracula ( 1958 ) , The Mummy ( 1959 ) , and The Curse of the Werewolf ( 1961 ) . Given their subject matter and lurid approach , Fisher 's films , though commercially successful , were largely dismissed by critics during his career . It is only in recent years that Fisher has become recognised as an auteur in his own right . His most famous films are characterised by a blend of fairytale myth and the supernatural alongside themes of sexuality , morality , and the charm of evil . Drawing heavily on a Christian conservative outlook , there is often a hero who defeats the powers of darkness by a combination of faith in God and reason , in contrast to other characters , who are either blindly superstitious or bound by cold , godless rationalism . For detailed discussions of Fisher 's work , see Terence Fisher : Horror , Myth , and Religion by Paul Leggett ( McFarland and Co , 2002 ) , British Film Makers : Terence Fisher by Peter Hutchings ( Manchester University Press , 2013 ) , and The Films of Terence Fisher : Hammer Horror and Beyond by Wheeler Winston Dixon ( Auteur Publishing , 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifford Evans , Oliver Reed , Yvonne Romain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_Evans_(actor)', 'summary': "Clifford George Evans ( 17 February 1912 - 9 June 1985 ) was a Welsh actor . During the summer of 1934 Evans appeared in A Midsummer Night 's Dream at the Open Air Theatre in London . He played many parts in British films of the 1930s , then during the Second World War was a conscientious objector , serving in the Non-Combatant Corps . He continued to act during the war and starred in the films The Foreman Went to France ( 1942 ) and The Flemish Farm ( 1943 ) . After the war , Evans 's best known film roles were for Hammer Studios : he played Don Alfredo Carledo in The Curse of the Werewolf ( 1961 ) and Professor Zimmer , an inebriated vampire-hunter , in The Kiss of the Vampire ( 1963 ) . His last film role may have been in the movie Dylan ( 1978 ) . On television , Evans appeared with George Woodbridge and Tim Turner in the 15-episode series Stryker of the Yard ( 1957 ) . Between 1965 and 1969 , he played a major role in the TV boardroom drama The Power Game , playing building tycoon Caswell Bligh . He is also among several British actors to play the character of Number Two in The Prisoner ( Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling , 1967 ) . He also appeared in three episodes of The Avengers , in The Champions , The Saint , and Randall and Hopkirk ( Deceased ) ( When did You Start to Stop Seeing Things ? , 1969 ) . The following year , he played Sir Iain Dalzell , a leading character in the BBC TV series Codename ( 1970 ) . He married Hermione Hannen , who was an actress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Reed', 'summary': "Robert Oliver Reed ( 13 February 1938 - 2 May 1999 ) was an English actor known for his upper-middle class , macho image and hellraiser lifestyle . Notable films include The Trap ( 1966 ) , playing Bill Sikes in the Best Picture Oscar winner Oliver ! ( 1968 ) , Women in Love ( 1969 ) , Hannibal Brooks ( 1969 ) , The Devils ( 1971 ) , portraying Athos in The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) , Tommy ( 1975 ) , Lion of the Desert ( 1981 ) , Castaway ( 1986 ) , The Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( 1988 ) , Funny Bones ( 1995 ) and Gladiator ( 2000 ) . For playing Antonius Proximo , the old , gruff gladiator trainer in Ridley Scott 's Gladiator ( 2000 ) in what was his final film , Reed was posthumously nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . At the peak of his career , in 1971 , British exhibitors voted Reed 5th most popular star at the box office . An alcoholic , Reed 's issues with drink were well publicised , from appearances on chat shows to a high-profile friendship with drinking partner , the Who drummer Keith Moon , with the two meeting while working on Tommy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yvonne_Romain', 'summary': 'Yvonne Romain ( born Yvonne Warren , 17 February 1938 ) is a British film and television actress of the late 1950s and 1960s .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Doctor Blood 's Coffin", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Doctor_Blood's_Coffin", 'summary': "Doctor Blood 's Coffin is a 1961 British horror film produced by George Fowler , and directed by Sidney J. Furie . It stars Kieron Moore , Hazel Court and Ian Hunter . The story is that of young biochemist Dr Peter Blood ( Kieron Moore ) , who returns to his hometown in Cornwall with the belief that he can selectively restore life by transplanting the living hearts of 'undeserving ' people into dead people who 'deserve ' to live . The film is significant for being one of the first two zombie movies to be shot in colour , the other being the obscure 1961 US film The Dead One and for its early portrayal of zombies as homicidal rotting cadavers . The movie was released in the UK in January 1961 and in the US in April of that year , where it was on a double bill with another British film , The Snake Woman ( 1961 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sidney J. Furie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_J._Furie', 'summary': "Sidney Joseph Furie ( born February 28 , 1933 ) is a Canadian film director , screenwriter , and producer best known for his extensive work in both British and American cinema between the 1960s and early 1980s . Like his contemporaries Norman Jewison and Ted Kotcheff , he was one of earliest Canadian directors to achieve mainstream critical and financial success outside their native country at a time when its film industry was virtually nonexistent . He won a BAFTA Film Award and was nominated for a Palme d'Or for his work on the acclaimed spy thriller The Ipcress File starring Michael Caine . He is the last surviving of the three great Sidney directors of the later 20th Century : Sidney Lumet ( d.2011 ) , Sydney Pollack ( d.2008 ) and Sidney Furie . He is considered by some an auteur director , elevating otherwise unremarkable genre films through strong , creative visuals , and atmospheric direction . His 1981 horror film The Entity was declared by director Martin Scorsese as one of the scariest movies of all time , and his Vietnam War film The Boys in Company C was a major influence on Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket . He is also the co-creator of the Iron Eagle action film franchise , and directed three of its four entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Hazel Court , Ian Hunter , Kieron Moore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hazel_Court', 'summary': 'Hazel Court ( 10 February 1926 - 15 April 2008 ) was an English actress best known for her roles in horror films during the 1950s and early 1960s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Hunter_(actor)', 'summary': 'Ian Hunter ( 13 June 1900 - 22 September 1975 ) was a South African actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kieron_Moore', 'summary': "Kieron Moore ( born Ciarán Ó hAnnracháin , anglicised as Kieron O'Hanrahan ) ( 5 October 1924 - 15 July 2007 ) was an Irish film and television actor whose career was at its peak in the 1950s and 1960s . He may be best remembered for his role as Count Vronsky in the 1948 film adaptation of Anna Karenina opposite Vivien Leigh ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Homicidal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Homicidal_(film)', 'summary': "Homicidal is a 1961 American horror-thriller film produced and directed by William Castle , and starring Glenn Corbett , Patricia Breslin , Eugenie Leontovich , Alan Bunce , and Jean Arless . The film follows a murderous woman in a small California town whose presence unearths secrets concerning a prominent local family . As with many of Castle 's films , the film was released with a promotional gimmick - in this case , a fright break , that allowed patrons to receive a refund if they were too scared to stay for the climax of the film ."}]}, {'value': 'William Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Castle', 'summary': "William Castle ( April 24 , 1914 - May 31 , 1977 ) was an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and actor . Orphaned at 11 , Castle dropped out of high school at 15 to work in the theater . He came to the attention of Columbia Pictures for his talent for promotion and was hired . He learned the trade of filmmaking and became a director , acquiring a reputation for the ability to churn out competent B-movies quickly and on budget . He eventually struck out on his own , producing and directing thrillers , which , despite their low budgets , were effectively promoted with gimmicks , a trademark for which he is best known . He was also the producer for Rosemary 's Baby ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenn Corbett , Patricia Breslin , Jean Arless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenn_Corbett', 'summary': 'Glenn Corbett ( born Glenn Edwin Rothenburg ; August 17 , 1933 - January 16 , 1993 ) was an American actor in movies and television for more than thirty years . Corbett came to national attention in the early 1960s when he replaced George Maharis in the cast of the popular CBS adventure drama Route 66 . He followed this with roles in high-profile films and television shows like the original Star Trek series , the daytime soap opera The Doctors , the prime-time soap Dallas , and movies like Chisum with John Wayne , and the World War II epic Midway .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Breslin', 'summary': "Patricia Rose Breslin ( March 17 , 1931 - October 12 , 2011 ) was an American actress and philanthropist . She had a prominent career in television , which included recurring roles as Amanda Miller on The People 's Choice ( 1955-58 ) , and as Laura Harrington Brooks on Peyton Place ( 1964-65 ) . She also appeared in Go , Man , Go ! ( 1954 ) , and the William Castle horror films Homicidal ( 1961 ) and I Saw What You Did ( 1965 ) . In 1969 , Breslin married NFL mogul Art Modell , and became a well-known philanthropist while living in both Cleveland , Ohio , and Baltimore , Maryland , donating millions of dollars to various educational , health , and art organizations , including the SEED Foundation of Maryland and the Baltimore Museum of Art . She also helped open the Hospice of the Western Reserve at the Cleveland Clinic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Arless', 'summary': "Joan Marshall ( born Joan Schrepfermann ; June 6 , 1931 - June 28 , 1992 ) was an American film and television actress . She is best known for her appearances in The Twilight Zone 's Dead Man 's Shoes , and Star Trek 's Court Martial ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Innocents', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Innocents_(1961_film)', 'summary': "The Innocents is a 1961 British psychological horror film directed and produced by Jack Clayton , and starring Deborah Kerr , Michael Redgrave , and Megs Jenkins . Based on the novella The Turn of the Screw by the American novelist Henry James , the screenplay was adapted by William Archibald and Truman Capote , who used Archibald 's own stage play - also titled The Innocents - as a primary source text . Its plot follows a governess who watches over two children and comes to fear that their large estate is haunted by ghosts and that the children are being possessed . Archibald 's original screenplay for The Innocents was based on the premise that the paranormal events depicted were legitimate . Displeased with Archibald 's take on the material , director Jack Clayton appointed American writer Truman Capote to rework the script . Capote 's rewrites incorporated psychological themes , resulting in a final work that suggests other alternatives to the plot . Filming took place partly on location at the Gothic mansion of Sheffield Park in Sussex , with additional shoots occurring at Shepperton Studios in Surrey . Shot in CinemaScope , The Innocents incorporated bold minimal lighting as well as deep focus , employed by cinematographer Freddie Francis to achieve a distinctive - and sometimes claustrophobic - atmosphere . The film also pioneered the use of synthesised electronic sound created by Daphne Oram . The Innocents received international distribution from the American film studio 20th Century Fox , and received its London premiere on 24 November 1961 . It was released in the United States the following month on 15 December in Los Angeles and Christmas Day in New York City . The psychological underpinnings of the film 's screenplay have resulted in it being the subject of numerous critical and scholarly essays , particularly in the area of film theory ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Clayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Clayton', 'summary': "Jack Clayton ( 1 March 1921 - 26 February 1995 ) was a British film director and producer who specialised in bringing literary works to the screen . Starting out as a teenage studio tea boy in 1935 , Clayton worked his way up through British film industry in a career that spanned nearly sixty years . He rapidly rose through a series of increasingly important roles in British film production , before shooting to international prominence as a director with his Oscar-winning feature film debut , the drama Room at the Top ( 1959 ) ; this was followed by the much-lauded horror film The Innocents ( 1961 ) , adapted from Henry James ' The Turn of the Screw . Clayton looked set for a brilliant future , and he was highly regarded by peers and critics alike , but a number of overlapping factors hampered his career . He was a notably 'choosy ' director , who by his own admission never made a film I did n't want to make , and he repeatedly turned down films ( including Alien ) that became huge hits for other directors . But he was also dogged by bad luck and bad timing - the Hollywood studios labelled him as 'difficult ' , and studio politics quashed a string of planned films in the 1970s , which were either taken out of his hands , or cancelled in the final stages of preparation . In 1977 , he suffered a double blow - his current film was cancelled just two weeks before shooting was due to begin , and a few months later he suffered a serious stroke which robbed him of the ability to speak , and put his career on hold for five years . Despite his relatively small oeuvre , the films of Jack Clayton continue to be appreciated , and both they and their director have been widely admired and praised by leading film critics like Pauline Kael and Roger Ebert , and by film industry peers including Harold Pinter , Martin Scorsese , Guillermo del Toro , François Truffaut , Tennessee Williams and Steven Spielberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Deborah Kerr , Megs Jenkins , Pamela Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_Kerr', 'summary': "Deborah Jane Kerr-Trimmer CBE ( 30 September 1921 - 16 October 2007 ) , known professionally as Deborah Kerr ( /kɑːr/ ) , was a Scottish film , theatre and television actress . During her international film career , she won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Anna Leonowens in the musical film The King and I ( 1956 ) and a Sarah Siddons Award for her performance as Laura Reynolds in the play Tea and Sympathy ( a role she originated on Broadway ) . She was also a three-time winner of the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress . Deborah Kerr was nominated six times for the Academy Award for Best Actress , and holds the record for an actress nominated in the lead actress category without winning . In 1994 , however , having already received honorary awards from the Cannes Film Festival and BAFTA , Kerr received an Academy Honorary Award with a citation recognising her as an artist of impeccable grace and beauty , a dedicated actress whose motion picture career has always stood for perfection , discipline and elegance . As well as The King and I , her films include An Affair to Remember , From Here to Eternity , Quo Vadis , The Innocents , Black Narcissus , Heaven Knows , Mr. Allison , King Solomon 's Mines , The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp , The Sundowners , and Separate Tables ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Megs_Jenkins', 'summary': 'Muguette Mary Megs Jenkins ( 21 April 1917 - 5 October 1998 ) was an English character actress who appeared in British films and television programmes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Franklin', 'summary': 'Pamela Franklin ( born 3 February 1950 ) is a British former actress . She is best known for her role in the film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) , for which she won a NBR Award and received a BAFTA Film Award nomination . Franklin made her acting debut at the age of 11 in the film The Innocents ( 1961 ) . She later established herself as a scream queen in the 70s by appearing in the films Necromancy ( 1972 ) and The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Konga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konga_(film)', 'summary': "Konga is a 1961 British/American international co-production science fiction horror film directed by John Lemont and starring Michael Gough , Margo Johns and Austin Trevor . It was shot at Merton Park Studios and in Croydon for Anglo Amalgamated , then distributed in the United States by American International Pictures ( AIP ) as a double feature with Master of the World . Anglo Amalgamated and AIP each provided half the funding for the US $ 500,000 film , with each studio receiving distribution rights in their respective hemispheres . Konga was the basis for a comic book series published by Charlton Comics and initially drawn by Steve Ditko ( prior to Ditko 's co-creation of Spider-Man ) in the 1960s ."}]}, {'value': 'John Lemont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Lemont', 'summary': 'John Lemont ( 1914-2004 ) was a Canadian-born film and television director .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Gough , Margo Johns , Jess Conrad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Gough', 'summary': "Francis Michael Gough ( /ˈɡɒf/ GOF ; 23 November 1916 - 17 March 2011 ) was an English character actor who made over 150 film and television appearances . He is known for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958 , with his first role as Sir Arthur Holmwood in Dracula , and for his recurring role as Alfred Pennyworth in all four films of the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher Batman tetralogy . He would appear in three more Burton films : in Sleepy Hollow , voicing Elder Gutknecht in Corpse Bride and the Dodo in Alice in Wonderland . Gough also appeared in popular British television shows , including Doctor Who , as the titular villain in The Celestial Toymaker ( 1966 ) and as Councillor Hedin in Arc of Infinity ( 1983 ) , and in a memorable episode of The Avengers as the automation-obsessed , wheelchair-bound Dr. Armstrong in The Cybernauts ( 1965 ) . In 1956 he received a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor . At the National Theatre in London , Gough excelled as a comedian , playing a resigned and rueful parent in Alan Ayckbourns Bedroom Farce ( 1977 ) . When the comedy transferred to Broadway in 1978 he won a Tony Award . One of Gough 's funniest West End roles was as Baron von Epp in the 1983 revival of John Osbornes A Patriot for Me ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Margo_Johns', 'summary': 'Margo Johns ( 4 September 1919 - 29 September 2009 ) was a British actress and the first wife of actor William Franklyn . Her film credits include Murder at the Windmill ( 1949 ) , Konga ( 1961 ) and This Is My Street ( 1964 ) , while her television credits include Dixon of Dock Green , Emergency - Ward 10 , The Saint and Yes Minister .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jess_Conrad', 'summary': "Jess Conrad OBE ( born Gerald Arthur James ; 24 February 1936 ) is an English stage and screen actor and singer . As a boy he was nicknamed Jesse after American outlaw Jesse James ; as there was already an actor named Gerald James in Actors ' Equity , a drama teacher who was a fan of writer Joseph Conrad suggested the stage name of Jess Conrad ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maciste in the Land of the Cyclops', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Leonviola', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon Mitchell , Chelo Alonso , Vira Silenti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell', 'summary': 'Gordon Mitchell ( born Charles Allen Pendleton ; July 29 , 1923 - September 20 , 2003 ) was an American actor and bodybuilder who made about 200 B movies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelo_Alonso', 'summary': 'Chelo Alonso ( 10 April 1933 - 20 February 2019 ) was a Cuban actress who became a star in Italian cinema , and ultimately a 1960s cult film heroine and sex symbol in the U.S. She was well known for playing femmes fatales with fiery tempers and sensual dance scenes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vira_Silenti', 'summary': 'Vira Silenti ( 16 April 1931 - 1 November 2014 ) was an Italian actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mask', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mask_(1961_film)', 'summary': 'The Mask ( re-released as Eyes of Hell ) is a 1961 Canadian surrealist horror film produced in 3-D by Warner Bros . It was directed by Julian Roffman , and stars Paul Stevens , Claudette Nevins , and Bill Walker . It was shot in Toronto , Ontario and is the first Canadian horror film .'}]}, {'value': 'Julian Roffman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Stevens , Claudette Nevins , Anne Collings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Stevens_(actor)', 'summary': 'Paul Stevens ( January 17 , 1921 - June 4 , 1986 ) was an American film and television actor . Stevens played Colonel Charles R. Codman in the 1970 film Patton . He also appeared in Exodus , as a key congressional witness in Advise and Consent and in Marlowe . Stevens portrayed Paul on the serial The Nurses . He appeared on the serial The Young and the Restless from 1975 to 1976 ( as Bruce Henderson ) and on the soap opera Another World from 1977 to 1985 ( as Brian Bancroft ) . Stevens also played Mendez , one of the leaders of the mutant underground , in Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Stevens was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role on Another World . Stevens was a guest star on many television series from 1954 until 1977 , including The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , The Wild Wild West ( The Night of the Samurai ) , The Rockford Files , The Streets of San Francisco , Baretta , Ironside , Police Story , Gunsmoke , Mannix , Mission : Impossible , Hawaii Five-0 , McMillan and Wife and Playhouse 90 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudette_Nevins', 'summary': 'Claudette Nevins ( born Claudette Weintraub on April 10 , 1937 ) is an American stage , film and television actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr. Sardonicus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Sardonicus', 'summary': "Mr. Sardonicus is a 1961 horror film produced and directed by William Castle . It tells the story of Sardonicus , a man whose face becomes frozen in a horrifying grin while robbing his father 's grave to obtain a winning lottery ticket . Castle cited the film in his memoir as one of his favorites to produce ."}]}, {'value': 'William Castle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Castle', 'summary': "William Castle ( April 24 , 1914 - May 31 , 1977 ) was an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and actor . Orphaned at 11 , Castle dropped out of high school at 15 to work in the theater . He came to the attention of Columbia Pictures for his talent for promotion and was hired . He learned the trade of filmmaking and became a director , acquiring a reputation for the ability to churn out competent B-movies quickly and on budget . He eventually struck out on his own , producing and directing thrillers , which , despite their low budgets , were effectively promoted with gimmicks , a trademark for which he is best known . He was also the producer for Rosemary 's Baby ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Rolfe , Audrey Dalton , Oscar Homolka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Rolfe', 'summary': 'Guy Rolfe ( born Edwin Arthur Rolfe , 27 December 1911 - 19 October 2003 ) was a British leading man and later character actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Audrey_Dalton', 'summary': 'Audrey Dalton ( born 21 January 1934 ) is an Irish television and film actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Homolka', 'summary': 'Oscar Homolka ( 12 August 1898 - 27 January 1978 ) was an Austrian film and theatre actor , who went on to work in Germany , Britain and America . Both his voice and his appearance fitted him for roles as communist spies or Soviet officials , for which he was in regular demand . By the age of 30 , he had appeared in more than 400 plays ; his film career covered at least 100 films and TV shows .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Pit and the Pendulum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1961_film)', 'summary': "The Pit and the Pendulum is a 1961 horror film in Panavision and Pathe Color directed by Roger Corman , starring Vincent Price , Barbara Steele , John Kerr , and Luana Anders . The screenplay by Richard Matheson was loosely inspired by Edgar Allan Poe 's 1842 short story of the same name . Set in sixteenth-century Spain , the story is about a young Englishman who visits a forbidding castle to investigate his sister 's mysterious death . After a series of horrific revelations , apparently ghostly appearances and violent deaths , the young man becomes strapped to the titular torture device by his lunatic brother-in-law during the film 's climactic sequence . The film was the second title in the popular series of Poe-based movies released by American International Pictures , the first having been Corman 's House of Usher released the previous year . Like House , the film features widescreen cinematography by Floyd Crosby , sets designed by art director Daniel Haller , and a film score composed by Les Baxter . A critical and box-office hit , Pit 's success convinced AIP and Corman to continue adapting Poe stories for another six films , five of them starring Price . The series ended in 1965 with the release of The Tomb of Ligeia . Film critic Tim Lucas and writer Ernesto Gastaldi have both noted the film 's strong influence on numerous subsequent Italian thrillers , from Mario Bava 's The Whip and the Body ( 1963 ) to Dario Argento 's Deep Red ( 1975 ) . Stephen King has described one of Pit 's major shock sequences as being among the most important moments in the post-1960 horror film ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Corman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Corman', 'summary': "Roger William Corman ( born April 5 , 1926 ) is an American director , producer , and actor . He has been called The Pope of Pop Cinema and is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film . Much of Corman 's work has an established critical reputation , such as his cycle of low-budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe . In 1964 , Corman -- admired by members of the French New Wave and Cahiers du cinéma -- became the youngest filmmaker to have a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française , as well as in the British Film Institute and the Museum of Modern Art . He was the co-founder of New World Pictures , the founder of New Concorde and is a longtime member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . In 2009 , he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his rich engendering of films and filmmakers . Corman mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola , Ron Howard , Martin Scorsese , Jonathan Demme , John Sayles , and James Cameron , and was highly influential in the New Hollywood filmmaking movement of the 1960s and 1970s . He also helped to launch the careers of actors like Peter Fonda , Jack Nicholson , Dennis Hopper , Bruce Dern , Sylvester Stallone , Diane Ladd , and William Shatner . Corman has occasionally taken minor acting roles in the films of directors who started with him , including The Silence of the Lambs , The Godfather Part II , Apollo 13 , The Manchurian Candidate and Philadelphia . A documentary about Corman 's life and career entitled Corman 's World : Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel , directed by Alex Stapleton , premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011 . The film 's TV rights were picked up by A & E IndieFilms after a well-received screening at Sundance ."}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Price , John Kerr , Barbara Steele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Price', 'summary': 'Vincent Leonard Price Jr. ( May 27 , 1911 - October 25 , 1993 ) was an American actor best known for his performances in horror films , although his career spanned other genres , including film noir , drama , mystery , thriller , and comedy . He appeared on stage , television , and radio , and in more than 100 films . He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one for motion pictures and one for television . He was born and raised near St. Louis , Missouri and has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame . He was an art collector and arts consultant with a degree in art history , and he lectured and wrote books on the subject . The Vincent Price Art Museum at East Los Angeles College is named in his honor . He was also a noted gourmet cook .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Kerr_(actor)', 'summary': "John Grinham Kerr ( November 15 , 1931 - February 2 , 2013 ) was an American actor and attorney . He began his professional career on Broadway , earning critical acclaim for his performances in Mary Coyle Chase 's Bernardine and Robert Anderson 's Tea and Sympathy , before transitioning into a screen career . He reprised his role in the film version of Tea and Sympathy , which won him a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer , and portrayed Joseph Cable in the Rodgers and Hammerstein movie musical South Pacific . He subsequently appeared in number of television series , including a starring role on the primetime soap opera Peyton Place . In the 1970s , he largely moved away from acting to become a lawyer , making a few small cameos in Canadian-produced films like The Silent Partner and The Amateur . He operated a legal practice in Beverly Hills from until 2000 , when he retired from the profession ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Steele', 'summary': "Barbara Steele ( born 29 December 1937 ) is a British film actress and producer . Famous for her starring in Italian Gothic horror films of the 1960s , her breakthrough performance was in Black Sunday ( 1960 ) , where she played the dual role of Asa and Princess Katia Vajda . Additionally , Steele had supporting parts in Federico Fellini 's 8½ ( 1963 ) , and appeared on television in the 1991 miniseries Dark Shadows . Steele has appeared in several films in the 2010s , including a lead role in The Butterfly Room ( 2012 ) and supporting role in Ryan Gosling 's Lost River ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shadow of the Cat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Cat', 'summary': "The Shadow of the Cat is a 1961 British horror film directed by John Gilling for Hammer Film Productions . It stars André Morell and Barbara Shelley . It was photographed in black-and-white by Arthur Grant . The story is about Tabitha , the house cat of a wealthy lady , who witnesses the murder of her owner by her owner 's husband and two servants . The cat becomes bent on revenge while the murderers try to kill her , the only witness ."}]}, {'value': 'John Gilling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gilling', 'summary': "John Gilling ( 29 May 1912 - 22 November 1984 ) was an English film director and screenwriter , born in London . He was chiefly known for his horror movies , especially those he made for Hammer Films , for whom he directed The Shadow of the Cat ( 1961 ) , The Plague of the Zombies ( 1966 ) , The Reptile ( 1966 ) and The Mummy 's Shroud ( 1967 ) , among others ."}]}, {'value': 'André Morell , Barbara Shelley , William Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Morell', 'summary': "Cecil André Mesritz ( 20 August 1909 - 28 November 1978 ) , known professionally as André Morell , was an English actor . He appeared frequently in theatre , film and on television from the 1930s to the 1970s . His best known screen roles were as Professor Bernard Quatermass in the BBC Television serial Quatermass and the Pit ( 1958-59 ) , and as Doctor Watson in the Hammer Film Productions version of The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) . He also appeared in the films The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) and Ben-Hur ( 1959 ) , in several of Hammer 's horror films throughout the 1960s and in the acclaimed ITV historical drama The Caesars ( 1968 ) . His obituary in The Times newspaper described him as possessing a commanding presence with a rich , responsive voice… whether in the classical or modern theatre he was authoritative and dependable ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Shelley', 'summary': "Barbara Shelley ( born Barbara T. Kowin ; 13 February 1932 ) is a retired English film and television actress . She was at her busiest in the late 1950s ( Blood of the Vampire ) and 1960s when she became Hammer Horror 's No . 1 female star , with The Gorgon ( 1964 ) , Dracula , Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) , Rasputin , the Mad Monk ( 1966 ) , and Quatermass and the Pit ( 1967 ) among her credits . She also appeared in Village of the Damned ( 1960 ) . Although she is known as a scream queen , her most famous scream ( in the aforementioned Dracula film ) was dubbed by co-star Suzan Farmer . Her television appearances include the very first Danger Man episode , 'View From A Villa ' ( 1960 ) , plus a subsequent episode that season , 'The Traitor ' ( also 1960 ) ; The Saint ( TV series ) ( 1962 ) , two episodes of 12 O'Clock High ( 1965 and 1966 ) ; The Avengers episodes 'Dragonsfield ' ( 1961 ) and 'From Venus With Love ' ( 1967 ) ; the TV miniseries Prince Regent ( 1979 ) ; The Borgias ( 1981 ) ; the Blake 's 7 episode 'Stardrive ' ( 1981 ) ; the Crown Court episode 'Proof Spirits ' ( 1981 ) , and the Doctor Who serial Planet of Fire ( 1984 ) . In 2010 , writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Shelley about her career at Hammer Films for his BBC documentary series A History of Horror ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Lucas_(actor)', 'summary': 'William Thomas Clucas ( 14 April 1925 - 8 July 2016 ) , better known as William Lucas , was an English film , theatre , radio and television actor .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Werewolf in a Girls ' Dormitory", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Werewolf_in_a_Girls'_Dormitory", 'summary': "Werewolf in a Girls ' Dormitory ( Italian : Lycanthropus ) is a 1961 Italian horror film directed by Paolo Heusch ."}]}, {'value': 'Paolo Heusch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Heusch', 'summary': 'Paolo Heusch ( 26 February 1924 - 16 October 1982 ) was an Italian film director and screenwriter . He directed ten films between 1958 and 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbara Lass , Carl Schell , Curt Lowens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Lass', 'summary': 'Barbara Kwiatkowska-Lass ( 1 June 1940 - 6 March 1995 ) was a Polish actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Curt_Lowens', 'summary': 'Curt Lowens ( 17 November 1925 - 8 May 2017 ) was an actor of the stage and in feature films and television , as well as a Holocaust survivor and a rescuer who saved about 150 Jewish children during the Holocaust .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Horror films By decade 1896–1959 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 vte A list of horror films released in 1961 .', 'uid': 'List_of_horror_films_of_1961_0', 'intro': 'A list of horror films released in 1961.'}
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Which movie by the person who directed The Beast of Yucca Flats succeeded this one in a three-part series of movies ?
The Skydivers