Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-11846	What is that weird tightness in the back of the jaw when eating tart foods?	I believe it is the muscles around your salivary glands suddenly contracting, to force a bunch of saliva into your mouth to dilute the acid in sour food. Its basically a tiny muscle spasm, which is why it hurts.	[ "Za'atar is used as a seasoning for meats and vegetables or sprinkled onto hummus. It is also eaten with labneh (yogurt drained to make a tangy, creamy cheese), and bread and olive oil for breakfast, most commonly in Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Syria, and Lebanon, as well as other places in the Arab world. The Leban...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11515	Why do recent scratches, cuts, scrapes, etc. sting/burn when in warm water?	Because the subcutaneous (under the skin) nerves are more exposed, and are more sensitive without their layer of defense anymore.	[ "The hunting reaction is one out of four possible responses to immersion of the finger in cold water. The other responses observed in the fingers after immersion in cold water are a continuous state of vasoconstriction, slow steady and continuous rewarming and a proportional control form in which the blood vessel d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00295	why does corn pop when cooked one way, and go soft when cooked another?	Popcorn are dried so the shell is hard and the inside is 14-20% water. You heat them without water so the temperatur is above the bowling point of water. The water inside turns to steam and the pressure will build up and rupture the shell. The water leave them as steam so they are dry and hard. Bowling corn in water is often done with fresh corn with a lot of water inside them. The temperatur will never be above the boiling point of water so they will not explode. They can absorbera water from the surrounding and stay soft. If you put popcorn in water and boil them the will not pop. If you let them soak in water before cooking you could likely get something more like fresh corn.	[ "Section::::Description.\n", "The most common methods for cooking corn on the cob are frying, boiling, roasting, and grilling. Corn on the cob can be grilled directly in its husk, or it can be husked first and then wrapped in aluminum foil. When oven roasting, cooking the corn in the husk directly on the rack is ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01984	Why does iTunes check for updates IMMEDIATELY AFTER installing updates?	When you're releasing a new version, you only test a certain amount of versions back for upgrade paths. It takes resources to try and test more and more versions. As a result, you start dropping the single upgrade support and relying on the system to help the user get there over one or two upgrades.	[ "In 2012, Skype introduced automatic updates to better protect users from security risks but received some challenge from users of the Mac product, as the updates cannot be disabled from version 5.6 on, both on Mac OS and Windows versions, although in the latter, and only from version 5.9 on, automatic updating can...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04631	Why is ADD / ADHD treated with stimulants instead of depressants?	You're right, it's counter intuitive. To understand it you have to think of it not as hyperactivity but the inability to focus or concentrate on a task, a bit like being fatigued. It's the attention deficit part of ADHD. The stimulants act to enable the person to concentrate on a task and not be distracted. It rebalances the attention deficit.	[ "The National Institute of Mental Health recommends stimulants for the treatment of ADHD, and states that, \"under medical supervision, stimulant medications are considered safe\". A 2007 drug class review found no evidence of any differences in efficacy or side effects in the stimulants commonly prescribed.\n", ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01814	Why and how do some animals (i.e. birds) move their heads in a quick way, almost as if snapping to an angle?	So I want you to hold both thumbs out in front of you, holding your hands apart. Look at one thumb, then look at the other. Chances are your eyes snapped from one to the other quickly. Eyes in general don't focus well when an image is moving too much, so tend to try to keep things stable by "snapping" from image to image. Even when you're trying to read or looks slowly across something your eyes are really making lots of small jumps instead of truly moving smoothly most of the time (the only exception is really when your eye is tracking something in motion) Birds don't have muscles to move their eyes around, so their whole head snaps around to do the same job as our eye muscles do. They don't always do this, birds will sometimes move their heads slowly, but just like with our eyes and watching something that's moving, they'll move their whole head to follow a moving object they're tracking.	[ "To obtain steady images while flying or when perched on a swaying branch, birds hold the head as steady as possible with compensating reflexes. Maintaining a steady image is especially relevant for birds of prey. Because the image can be centered on the deep fovea of only one eye at a time, most falcons when divin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00863	Why is it greenscreen and not any other color? and how does it work?	It can be any colour you want. But you have to pick a colour that will not clash with the rest of the set, or the costumes of the actors. There has to be a decent contrast between the screen and the rest of the set.	[ "The web presenter technology involves using a green screen backdrop when filming so that the video can be edited using Chroma key compositing. This allows the video to appear as a transparent overlay onto any website using a single line of HTML (and often javascript) code. A green screen is used as the image senso...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "It has to be a green screen." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "It can be any color it just needs to be a color that isn't used in the rest of the set. " ]
2018-03099	Why does a sound wave look the way it does, especially in audio tracks in music softwares? What do the hills and valleys represent and what does it mean when it's above or below the line?	Above the line = speaker cone moves outwards. Below the line = speaker cone moves inwards. And that movement produces sound by pushing air around.	[ "Section::::Applications.\n\nSection::::Applications.:The Sound Around You Project.\n", "It is not easy to identify what acoustic cues listeners are sensitive to when perceiving a particular speech sound:\n\n\"At first glance, the solution to the problem of how we perceive speech seems deceptively simple. If one ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01481	If light slows down in water, how does it speed back up again when it comes out?	There's a way to think about this problem that was--IIRC--in Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time. Imagine a big famous actor walking through a room. They travel at a constant speed that we'll call A. The actor always moves at speed A, no matter what. When the room is empty, they're able to walk into the room and out of it easily in a straight line. However, if the room is full of people then the actor can't walk in and out of the room in a straight line. They keep moving at A, but because of the people they have to bounce around and take a much more circuitous path to get out of the room. This means that despite remaining at A the entire time, it took them longer to get out of the full room than the empty room. The same is true with light. The light doesn't 'slow down' in water. The light's still moving at c. However, water is much more dense than air or a vacuum, so in order to make it through the water, the light has to take a much more circuitous path. Despite never changing speed, we as an outside observe perceive the light taking more time to cross through the same distance as a difference in speed, rather than what it actually is: the distance having changed. Then again, I'm not a physicist, so this could be wrong, but I think it serves as a good ELI5. Edit: I’m seeing a lot of comments that this explanation is either wrong, too oversimplified or some combination of the two. As I said, I’m not a physicist, and am only repeating what I’ve heard from what I believed to be a reputable source. I would encourage anyone reading this to also look at the discussion underneath this comment and in the rest of the comments as well. Just because I got the most upvotes doesn’t mean I’m right.	[ "The simplest picture of light given by classical physics is of a wave or disturbance in the electromagnetic field. In a vacuum, Maxwell's equations predict that these disturbances will travel at a specific speed, denoted by the symbol . This well-known physical constant is commonly referred to as the speed of ligh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01138	Why is buttermilk used in so many cakes and breads, and what separates it from normal milk?	Buttermilk is slightly acidic. It reacts with the baking soda to produce carbon dioxide which helps the batter/dough rise. Think of a vinegar/baking soda volcano. The acidity also helps break down the proteins (gluten) so the result is less chewy.	[ "Cultured buttermilk was first commercially introduced in the United States in the 1920s. Commercially available cultured buttermilk is milk that has been pasteurized and homogenized, and then inoculated with a culture of \"Lactococcus lactis\" or \"Lactobacillus bulgaricus\" plus \"Leuconostoc citrovorum\" to simu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13140	Why do computer-generated faces don't actually look like real people?	Humans are really good at checking out other humans and “judging” them, in some sense. Many emotional cues are subtle, but it’s important for the brain to be able to understand them. Facial expressions are a big part of human communication/interaction. That’s just one reason we’re really sensitive to how faces look. Determining if something is “wrong” with a human historically kept us from catching diseases from sick people... and many widely-accepted standards of beauty (symmetry in particular) are associated with health— which is why people have evolved to consider those when deciding to mate/raise children with somebody else. Basically, there’s little room for error before people start to notice something is wrong/weird about a face. As another comment mentions, many types of 3D animation keep faces intentionally “cartoonish” which stops people from judging them like humans and getting creeped out (because they’re just a little different from humans). This is NOT universal but is true in some cases.	[ "Standard Poser characters have been extensively used by European and US based documentary production teams to graphically render the human body or virtual actors in digital scenes. Humanoids printed in several science and technology magazines around the US are often Poser rendered and postworked models.\n\nSection...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00554	How does a reddit moderator moderate?	They basically use reddit the same way as anyone else but they have special permissions in their sub that they moderate. So if they want to enforce subreddit rules on users they can do so willingly.	[ "Various types of Internet sites permit user comments, such as: Internet forums, blogs, and news sites powered by scripts such as phpBB, a Wiki, or PHP-Nuke. Depending on the site's content and intended audience, the webmaster will decide what kinds of user comments are appropriate, then delegate the responsibility...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20394	Why is it that our vision isn’t effected that much when our eyes are wide open versus squinting?	I could be wrong but i'd say it's because you're not exposing any more of your pupil or iris by widening them whereas when you squint you obscure your pupil and iris	[ "Squinting is most often practiced by people who suffer from refractive errors of the eye who either do not have or are not using their glasses. Squinting helps momentarily improve their eyesight by slightly changing the shape of the eye to make it more round, which helps light properly reach the fovea. Squinting a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04401	Why do sharper knives cut better?	Sharpness is the thickness of the edge of the blade. The thinner you make the edge, the "sharper" it is. The thinner a blade is, the more force is applied per square inch of cutting area. That is to say that if you apply one pound of force on the blade, and it's cutting area is 1 square inch, you are giving 1 psi of pressure. If the blade is only 0.1 square inches, you are giving 10 psi, and so on. The sharpest blades have cutting areas far smaller than what would be measured in inches, allowing for much higher pressures with less force applied. The object you are cutting has what is called a tensile strength, which is the amount of force required to separate the elements of the object. The stronger the item, the more force is required to cut it. A sharper knife allows you to use the limited force of your arm and hand to cut through tougher materials easily.	[ "\"Biting\" sharpness is considered ideal for kitchen knives, but sharper blades are desired for shaving and surgical scalpels, which must cut without side-to-side slicing of the blade, and duller but tougher blades are more suitable for chiseling and chopping wood.\n\nFor testing the sharpness of a straight razor,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00602	why is the taste of water repulsive when you have a sore throat but other liquid are palatable?	Try adding just a pinch of salt to your water. The hypotonic solution is irritating your throat.	[ "Dogs have around 1,700 taste buds compared to humans with around 9,000. The sweet taste buds in dogs respond to a chemical called furaneol which is found in many fruits and in tomatoes. It appears that dogs do like this flavor and it probably evolved because in a natural environment dogs frequently supplement thei...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02240	If the ice is inside the cup, why does the water precipitate outside the cup?	There's water vapor in the air surrounding the cup. The cold cup cools the air, causing the vapor to condense and form little droplets that adhere to the cup.	[ "The cup consists of a line carved into the interior of the cup, and a small vertical pipe in the center of the cup that leads to the bottom. The height of this pipe is the same as the line carved into the interior of the cup. The cup may be filled to the line without any fluid passing into the pipe in the center o...	[ "There is no water outside of a cup." ]	[ "The air surrounding the cup contains water vapor." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is no water outside of a cup." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The air surrounding the cup contains water vapor." ]
2018-01158	how civilizations kept track of years before what we consider "year zero." What reference points did they have/use?	Person Based In many ancient societies, they named years after people. For example, X many years during the Reign of King Bob the First. Sometimes each year was named after a different person. Examples: * Assyria picked a new, appointed king each year. That year was named after that king. * Years named after Roman consuls/emperors. * The BC/AD, named after Jesus. * Birth of Kim Il-Sung Event Based Named after a notable singular event (such as a nation being conquered; founding of an empire) or recurring events (such as the Olympics). Examples: * The Olympics. * Rise of the Seleucid Empire. * Founding of Rome. * The year Rome conquered a given country. * Muhammed's flight from Mecca (Islamic Calendar) * Founding of the French First Republic. * Founding of the Republic of China. Arbitrary Basically a group of people picks a year as a start date and starts counting forward. Examples: * Roman tax periods. * Mayan calendar. * Religious calendars dated from the point of creation (early Christian Calendars, Hebrew Calendar) * Hindu calendar	[ "Dionysius did not use AD years to date any historical event. This began with the English cleric Bede (c. 672–735), who used AD years in his \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\" (731), popularizing the era. Bede also used a term similar to the English before Christ once, but that practice did not catch on unt...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Years were always numerically tracked." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "A long time ago years were tracked by names of kings or rulers. " ]
2018-23547	How does a human manage to die if they slit open their wrists but doesn’t when they lose their whole arm?	Yeah this all depends on context. If there is no intervention, you will die from either. If you are planning to cut off your arm, like a surgery amputation, they apply a tourniquet to cut off blood flow to the area. There is a certain way that if you slit your wrist it can be very hard to repair, which is why it's so dangerous, but most of the time with intervention you will be okay.	[ "On October 26, 2016, the Director of hand transplantation at UCLA, Dr. Kodi Azari, and his team, performed a hand transplant on 51-year-old entertainment executive from Los Angeles, Jonathan Koch at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. Koch underwent a 17-hour procedure to replace his left hand, which he lost to a m...	[ "A human deosn't die from a cut off arm. ", "Humans don't die if they lose their whole arrm." ]	[ "A human will die from a cut off arm if no one intervenes. ", "Humans can die if they lose their whole arm and there is no first aid or medical intervention." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A human deosn't die from a cut off arm. ", "Humans don't die if they lose their whole arrm." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "A human will die from a cut off arm if no one intervenes. ", "Humans can die if they lose their whole arm and there is no first aid or medical intervention." ]
2018-05041	what’s physically different about USB versions?	For example USB 3.0 has 9 wires while 2,0 has only 4. More wires = more data sent in shorter time. Also 3.0 uses different method of sending signal than 2.0. And for the C version, which I don't know much about. Only info I found is that it has 24-pins and and in the 3.1 version 2 wires can have speeds up to 10Gbit/s.	[ "Unlike other data buses (such as Ethernet), USB connections are directed; a host device has \"downstream\" facing ports that connect to the \"upstream\" ports of devices. Only downstream facing ports provide power; this topology was chosen to easily prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment. Thus, USB cab...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04048	How do viruses know what to do despite not being alive?	"Are they mechanical?" Basically. They run on pure chemistry and physics. It's not that they know what to do, but rather that that specific amalgamation of chemicals will react that way in the presence of certain things.	[ "Section::::Nonhuman.:Bacteria quorum sensing.\n\nCommunication is not a tool used only by humans, plants and animals, but it is also used by microorganisms like bacteria. The process is called quorum sensing. Through quorum sensing, bacteria are able to sense the density of cells, and regulate gene expression acco...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13259	Why do large commercial ships use diesel engines to produce electricity, to then power the turbines?	Ships go fast and slow. Diesel is more efficient at particular engine speeds (ask the engineer). Keeping the diesel at the efficient point and using electricity to power the propeller turns out to be a good idea.	[ "A turbine-electric system is also possible using gas turbine generators. Some yachts use only gas turbines for integrated electric propulsion without any diesel engines. If electric propulsion is used via electric motor on shaft, or integrated into the main reduction gear driving the shaft, greater power available...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00841	Why do LED lights look jittery or like they're strobing when you look at them quickly?	They look like they are strobing because (for most of them) on mains power they actually are! Much like when whatching TV, however, something called ”persistence of vision” smooths it all out for you. When blinking or looking away quickly your brain "preserves" what you saw in that instant and you can spot it. You can also see it when something is moving quickly across your vision. Similar stuff happens when you dim LEDs (like LED car taillights when the brakes aren't on), though much, much faster through something called PWM. The LEDs are switched on and off really quickly - when they are on for half the time they look half as bright. In theory PWM is too fast to be perceivable (when done right) but it seems a lot of people are actually sensitive to it! You can also get strobing from HID headlights because they often use AC to get the thousands of volts they need to ignite. This bit goes a little beyond ELI5 but hopefully still helps. My inbox kinda exploded and I've tried to answer repeated questions in the edits. Strobing is (historically) very common with LEDs driven from mains AC. You can often see the effect if you wave your hand back and forth while focusing on a stationary spot - instead of smooth motion blur you can see a series of hand images, like stills from a movie. Cheap camera phones also sometimes show it. So why does this happen with LEDs but not other lights? In your mains AC, the voltage alternates from positive to negative and back again 50 or 60 times per second. That means that 100 or 120 times a second the voltage is exactly zero. Zero voltage, zero power. In traditional incandescent lights there is a fillament which is heated super hot to provide light. This fillament takes time to cool down - much longer than the mains supply takes to go through zero - and so it can stay hot, keep putting out light, and there is (almost) no flicker. In LEDs, there is no fillament to heat and they react very quickly. When the voltage to them starts to drop towards zero, the lights dim and turn off, coming back on again as it voltage goes back up. As this is happening at 100 or 120 Hz, most people wont notice it. Cheap or traditional triac based dimming can seriously exacerbate the issue with mains strobing. In higher quality power supplies for LEDs, they use "smoothing capacitors" and/or purpose designed LED drivers to help the LED stay lit through the low/zero volt bits and this reduces the strobing effect. Incidentally, flourescents also strobe (though to a lesser degree) and most video cameras have special software to help hide this. Obviously with battery (DC) powered stuff, excluding dimming, there is no AC and so no strobing. E: typos Late E2+: Some battery powered things can use DC to DC transformers which can in turn cause strobing, so the above has caveats. LED car headlights may fall into this category. I have assumed above that we are talking about incandescent replacement globes which almost always have a full bridge rectifier. For single diode lights (Christmas lights, dim indicators, or other decorative lighting) it is half the frequency and more noticeable. The flicker many people mention in slow motion footage of car LED taillights is almost certainly PWM dimming for combo brakes/running lights. Brakes on, full power, running lights, dimmed. Regarding strobing headlights, chances are they are HID lights not LED. HIDs need thousands of volts and have transformers (called ballasts) to get this, in turn meaning almost certainly an AC voltage being produced. Much like flourescent tubes, or arc lamps, there is no fillament to help it ride the zero crossing in the AC signal and they strobe. If it is absolutely LED then I would suspect it has to do with being a fancy matrix LED configuration which automatically controls the beam pattern (PWM?). Might also be DC to DC transformers at play. I also found it really interesting how many people have issues with PWM lights. Common wisdom used to be anything above 1 kHz was impossible to see with the naked eye... the exact frequency used in PWM is kinda arbitrary though, apart from lower is easier. Nothing stopping someone using PWM at say 200 Hz instead, which might be where the issue lies. If strobing bothers you the good news seems to be that a lot of newer high quality LED globes have switch-mode and/or smoothing built in, however it's not clear how to tell from the box. I did a search on Amazon and I couldn't find the right magic words. YMMV. If you have the chance to use them in person, at least one variety will stay on for a fraction of a second after you turn them off, so you might be able to look for this. Dimmable sorts might also be better.	[ "BULLET::::- Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time before restarting.\n\nBULLET::::- Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01705	What exactly is a commercial pilot doing in the cockpit during a flight? So many buttons, pedals, paperwork etc?	Over twenty years experience, currently flying a 737. All the buttons and switches are basically used for lights, power, pumps and engine start up procedures. Take off and landing are basically the only time I'm controlling the aircraft by hand. There is paperwork sometimes I'm evaluating a first officer, other times just chatting. There is no sleeping on the flight deck, there has to be two pilots awake at all times. Long hauls have more than two pilots onboard so they can rotate sleep.	[ "BULLET::::- Jim McLean, Winnipeg TCA Base Maintenance\n\nBULLET::::- Nelson Harvey, Winnipeg Airport Air Traffic Controller\n\nBULLET::::- Captain Hobson, pilot instructor (left hand seat)\n\nBULLET::::- Captain Tom Payton, pilot instructor (In passenger cabin)\n\nBULLET::::- Captain Rene Giguere, pilot manager/in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03706	Why can't electrons be bound together by nuclear force like protons in a nucleus?	Electrons are leptons and do not interact via the strong force. Only quarks and objects made of quarks (hadrons) interact via the strong force. ELI5: Legos (electromagnetism) and velcro (strong force) are two different ways of sticking things together. You can’t attach a lego piece (electron) to something velcro, unless that thing is a lego covered in velcro (proton).	[ "Unlike gravity or electrical forces, the nuclear force is effective only at very short distances. At greater distances, the electrostatic force dominates: the protons repel each other because they are positively charged, and like charges repel. For that reason, the protons forming the nuclei of ordinary hydrogen—f...	[ "If protons in a nucleus can be bound together by nuclear force, then so can electrons. " ]	[ "Electrons are leptons, therefore they don't interact. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If protons in a nucleus can be bound together by nuclear force, then so can electrons. ", "If protons in a nucleus can be bound together by nuclear force, then so can electrons. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Electrons are leptons, therefore they don't interact. ", "Electrons are leptons, therefore they don't interact. " ]
2018-04894	Why do our bodies change sleeping positions when we’re already asleep?	So we don’t get pressure sores from lack of blood flow, so we do t lose limbs in our sleep, so we regular temperature better.	[ "Sleep inversion\n\nSleep inversion or sleep-wake inversion is a reversal of sleeping tendencies. Individuals experiencing sleep-wake inversion exchange diurnal habits for nocturnal habits, meaning they are active at night and sleep during the day. Sleep-wake inversion, when involuntary, can be a sign of a serious ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02594	How come exercising in the morning can help wake you up, while exercising in the evening can help you fall asleep?	It's not necessarily so. A lot of people find evening exercise stimulates them and makes it hard for them to get to sleep. Insomnia advice regularly includes avoiding late-evening exercise.	[ "Section::::Recommendations.:Activities.\n\nExercise is an activity that can facilitate or inhibit sleep quality; people who exercise experience better quality of sleep than those who do not, but exercising too late in the day can be activating and delay falling asleep. Increasing exposure to bright and natural lig...	[ "Exercising at night helps you go to sleep.", "Excercising in the morning helps wake a person up, whilst excercising at night helps one fall asleep. " ]	[ "Exercising at night can cause you to stay awake. ", "There are many people who claim to find it difficult to sleep after working out at night, therefore this statement isn't completely true. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Exercising at night helps you go to sleep.", "Excercising in the morning helps wake a person up, whilst excercising at night helps one fall asleep. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Exercising at night can cause you to stay awake. ", "There are many people who claim to find it difficult to sleep after working out at night, therefore this statement isn't completely true. " ]
2018-18727	Why are Europeans considered “Westerners” just like Americans despite being right next to Asia?	The world is older than the United states. So, lots of years ago people living in Europe were the most western people in the known world. For a long time. Also. Here's something that is big. A lot of people in the United States are from Europe, based on European culture. So that's why US gets to be westerners.	[ "Western civilization is commonly said to include the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, European Union (and at least the EFTA countries, European microstates). \n\nThe definition is often widened, and can include these countries, or a combination of these countries:\n\nBULLET::::- Europ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14795	How does fire just "appear"?	Fire is not a thing, but a process - and a self-reinforcing one. If conditions are right (fuel+oxygen+temperature) at some tiny place, a chemical reaction occurs where the fuel combines with the oxygen and releases heat. This means that the tiny place next to it heats up, and now suddenly also has the right conditions to oxidize. Furthermore, the heat also facilitates circulation - hot gas rises up, cold air with new extra oxygen comes in. If the self-reinforcement is not strong enough, then the spark or whatever disappears, but if the conditions are good for it, then the fire (i.e. the zone where burning/oxidizing is happening) expands.	[ "The glow of a flame is complex. Black-body radiation is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also photon emission by de-excited atoms and molecules in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and infrared ...	[ "Fire is a thing that just appears." ]	[ "Fire is a process that is self-reinforcing, a small chemical reaction occurs just before the flame rises. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fire is a thing that just appears.", "Fire is a thing that just appears." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Fire is a process that is self-reinforcing, a small chemical reaction occurs just before the flame rises. ", "Fire is a process that is self-reinforcing." ]
2018-02640	How fish can produce light while being at the very bottom of the ocean	It's called bioluminescence. Basically, it's the result of a chemical reaction which converts chemical energy into light energy. Some organisms use it for defence or as a deterrent, others use it to hunt. Kind of hard to go into less depth (haha depth, bottom of the ocean, do you geddit, Reddit?) at least whilst I'm sleepy, but yeah.	[ "Section::::In marine animals.:Mechanism.:Photophores.\n\nCounter-illumination relies on organs that produce light, photophores. These are roughly spherical structures that appear as luminous spots on many marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye, equip...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01671	How come in a can of soda or beer, the bubbles don't all either rise to the surface or sink to the bottom? How do they remain dispersed throughout the drink?	It's because until the pressure is released when you open the can, the bubbles don't exist at all. The CO2 is dissolved in the water, but when you release it, the CO2 can finally escape and it becomes bubbles.	[ "Normally, this process is relatively slow, because the activation energy for this process is high. The activation energy for a process like bubble nucleation depends on where the bubble forms. It is highest for bubbles that form in the liquid itself (homogeneous nucleation), and lower if the bubble forms on some o...	[ "Bubbles trapped in the drink somewhere." ]	[ "The gas is actually dissolved into the liquid itself which makes it everywhere the liquid is. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bubbles trapped in the drink somewhere." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The gas is actually dissolved into the liquid itself which makes it everywhere the liquid is. " ]
2018-01116	Why is long-distance bus travel in the United States so much more common than in Europe?	[Long-distance bus travel isn't really all that common in the US]( URL_0 ). Most people try to avoid taking a Greyhound whenever possible. The only real advantage of a bus is that it's cheap. They don't require airports and train stations. They don't require air traffic control. They don't require multi-million dollar vehicles. They don't require large crews. All it takes is a driver and a bus that costs less than $500k (you could get 100 busses for the cost of a single 737). They can drive on existing roads and freeways. For small towns that don't get much traffic, they don't even need a dedicated terminal - they can just stop at a store or other public place. While the travel is slow, the low cost makes them the only real option for people who don't have the money to travel any other way and people who want to travel between places that are too small to have their own airport or train station. Keep in mind that [the population density in the US is far lower than Europe]( URL_2 ) so [we don't have trains going everywhere]( URL_1 ). Since the US train network is primarily dedicated to freight, passenger travel tends to be slow, and expensive.	[ "Public long-distance coach networks are also often used as a low-cost method of travel by students or young people travelling the world. Some companies such as Topdeck Travel were set up specifically to use buses to drive the hippie trail or travel to places such as North Africa.\n", "In the mid-1950s more than ...	[ "Long distance bus travel is more common in the US than in Europe." ]	[ "Long distance bus travel is not really common in the US." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Long distance bus travel is more common in the US than in Europe.", "Long distance bus travel is more common in the US than in Europe." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Long distance bus travel is not really common in the US.", "Long distance bus travel is not really common in the US." ]
2018-00446	How can softer materials wear down harder ones?	There have been many more soft surfaces on the hard surface. the hard surface still sees wear for each interaction it is just much less than the soft surface	[ "The rate of erosive wear is dependent upon a number of factors. The material characteristics of the particles, such as their shape, hardness, impact velocity and impingement angle are primary factors along with the properties of the surface being eroded. The impingement angle is one of the most important factors a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17213	Why is the incubation time of an HIV infection until the development of AIDS so long?	Your body does a pretty good job at fending off the virus for a long time, but eventually it gets overwhelmed and your CD4 count drops as your viral load skyrockets. This is assuming no treatment. A person on treatment could be positive and have a very low viral load and normal CD4 count for their entire lives. [This diagram]( URL_0 ) shows what the normal course of the disease looks like. & #x200B;	[ "During latency, an infection is subclinical. With respect to viral infections, in incubation the virus is replicating. This is in contrast to viral latency, a form of dormancy in which the virus does not replicate. An example of latency is HIV infection. HIV may at first have no symptoms and show no signs of AIDS,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01077	How to artists make money of Spotify if its free to use?	Spotify also has a paid subscription service. It takes that money and divides it up between it's own running costs and paying artists every time one of their songs is played.	[ "In December 2013, the company launched a new website, \"Spotify for Artists\", that explained its business model and revenue data. Spotify gets its content from major record labels as well as independent artists, and pays copyright holders royalties for streamed music. The company pays 70% of its total revenue to ...	[ "Spotify is completely free." ]	[ "Spotify has a paid subscription option." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Spotify is completely free.", "Spotify is completely free." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Spotify has a paid subscription option.", "Spotify has a paid subscription option." ]
2018-01952	Why do our toes taper down in size?	The big toe is a left over from our days as apes. Their feet were shaped more like our modern hands and the big toe functioned like a thumb, allowing us to grip onto branchs to avoid falling. [Human vs Chimp foot]( URL_0 ) Although good in trees, this wasn’t useful when our ancestors switched to standing and walking on two feet. Thus our feet changed shape to reflect their new role, and our toes reduced to what they are today.	[ "Children until the age of 3 to 4 have a degree of genu varum. The child sits with the soles of the feet facing one another; the tibia and femur are curved outwards; and, if the limbs are extended, although the ankles are in contact, there is a distinct space between the knee-joints. During the first year of life, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03548	How do processed foods increase the risk of cancer?	The uncontrollable mutation of cells is a result of something damaging the DNA of cells. All sorts of things can damage their DNA, including chemicals you ingest or inhale. The claim that processed foods increase the risk of cancer is likely because they are more likely to have preservatives or other chemicals as a result of how the food was made and prepared. If these chemicals do in fact damage DNA when a cell absorbs them, then they are likely to increase your risk of cancer.	[ "Some specific foods have been linked to specific cancers. Studies have shown that individuals that eat red or processed meat have a higher risk of developing breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. This may be partially explained by the presence of carcinogens in food cooked at high temperatures. Se...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04752	What is the significance that all galaxies complete one revolution every billion years? How does this help us better understand the mechanics of what makes them tick?	If this measurement of 1 billion years turns out to be true and is the same for all galaxies, then it is significant because if we know the speed of the rotation, then we can measure a lot of other things about the galaxies- their masses especially. The equations for how this works would be out of the ELI5 boards, but they are connected. Also- if one billion years -per-rotation is the speed, it leads us to more questions. !!And this is how science works- solving problems and finding new questions!! -Why is it 1B years? -Are they the same direction? -Are bigger galaxies necessarily older because of what this new data states? -Does this change when two disc galaxies merge? And does this shine any light on non- disc galaxies? -And the black holes at the centers of many galaxies spin- does this mean the spin gets faster, slower or doesn’t change when the stars are swallowed up into the black hole since the mass of the stars just become added to the mass of the black hole? Also by knowing the speed and mass we can begin to measure the amount of energy making the galaxy spin- which could lead to identifying more information about the black hole. And once know about the mass and energy we can study the effects of the galaxy on it’s neighboring galaxies or giant dust clouds. And so on. It’s science! And it’s always so exciting!	[ "Section::::Kinematics.\n\nSection::::Kinematics.:Measurement difficulties and techniques.\n", "Section::::Kinematics.:Offset Tully–Fisher relation.\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 — R. Brent Tully and Richard Fisher publish the Tully–Fisher relation between the luminosity of an isolated spiral galaxy and the velocity of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "All galaxies complete one revolution every billion years." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "It is not clear if all galaxies complete one revolution every billion years." ]
2018-03790	Why do games on the phone limit the number of times you can play in a day?	Those sorts of "games" are built on a pay-to-win system. They limit your amount of playtime, but then offer a "pay to keep playing" system. Take for example the My Little Pony mobile game. My niece absolutely loves it, and I spent some time on my mom's iPad helping her play. To earn the more desirable pony characters our options were invest hundreds of hours of time mining Gems that the game hands out very sparingly, or pay up front between $30 and $100 for some of the top-tier ponies. These games are not made by people who love games, who are trying to create a fun player experience. They're designed by a company to maximize profit.	[ "Mobile games are another example of products that use FOMO to retain large numbers of engagement. Mobile games are well known for timed exclusives of one sort or another. “If there's a chance a player might miss a one-time event, it generates FOMO.” As an example of a mobile game that utilizes FOMO tactics, Crab W...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18571	why health insurance companies have special enrollment periods?	To fight off "adverse selection". In other words, so that you can't buy insurance each time you get sick and then drop it each time you feel better. An alternative to that would be to exclude pre-existing conditions coverage, but that is hard to enforce because it is much harder to say your didn't know your house was on fire on a given date, then to say you didn't notice you were bleeding from the butt on a given date. Also, there are rules against it.	[ "Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, annual enrollment, or open enrollment, is the period that people in the United States who need health insurance can sign up for an individual insurance plan. Unless someone experiences a \"qualifying event\" outside of the annual enrollment period, annual enrol...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23780	How and why are mobile games able to advertise with content from an entirely different game?	Most digital ads like that are not served by the game/app/webpage/etc themselves. They just have a deal with a third-party ad company that loads ads for them, this is how most digital advertising works for stuff like pop-ups, banner ads, and much more. That advertising company will have a near limitless supply of companies wanting to show their ad to the right person. Those other games and stuff are just buying ads, and the ad company is serving it to you (a user of a game) because they think its a relevant to to you... considering you're playing a mobile game with ads, advertising you another game seems like a reasonable bet you may also be interested in that game too,	[ "Section::::Static in-game advertising.\n\nSimilar to product placement in the film industry, static IGAs cannot be changed after they are programmed directly into the game (unless it's completely online). However, unlike product placement in traditional media, IGA allows gamers to interact with the virtual product...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03474	Why can't we find the centre of the universe?	There is no center. All distant objects we can see are receding from us. More distant objects are receding more quickly.The same is true wherever you are. If you pick a point, it appears every (distant) object is moving away from that point. This is because space is expanding everywhere. Similarly, if you take a ruler and pretend you are at 4 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 and start stretching it, it looks like everything is moving away from you: ---2----3---4---5----6---- So you might think, Oh, 4 is the center of the universe. But what does the guy at 7 see? This: -4-5-6-7-8-9-10- becoming: ---5----6---7---8----9---- There is no central location. It's not as though objects are moving "outwards" from an explosion, distances themselves are growing with time.	[ "With the growing recognition in the late 20th century of the presence of dark matter in the universe, ordinary baryonic matter has come to be seen as something of a cosmic afterthought. As John D. Barrow put it, “This would be the final Copernican twist in our status in the material universe. Not only are we not a...	[ "There is an absolute center of the universe to find. ", "The center of the universe exists. " ]	[ "The center of the universe is always relative to your point of reference. Essentially you are always at the center of the universe.", "There isn't actually a center of the universe, although it may appear to be due to the universe constantly expanding, however there is no central location." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is an absolute center of the universe to find. ", "The center of the universe exists. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The center of the universe is always relative to your point of reference. Essentially you are always at the center of the universe.", "There isn't actually a center of the universe, although it may appear to be due to the universe constantly expanding, however there is no central location." ]
2018-17717	When exposed to a heat source such as a fire or hot oven, why do some things get harder while some things get softer or melt?	Well the things that get harder are uuuusually soft because of the water inside of them, when that water is boiled off you get just the hard stuff, whereas other stuff just melts	[ "BULLET::::- Break Deformations – deformations that lead to the breaking of bumps and the creation of new contact areas.\n\nThe energy that is dissipated during the phenomenon is transformed into heat, thus increasing the temperature of the surfaces in contact. The increase in temperature also depends on the relati...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02119	Why is silicon so vital for electronic devices	Basically, semi-conductors (meaning sometimes they conduct electricity and other times they don't - silicon can be manipulated in a process called doping) are what are needed for electronics. Silicon is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making it super affordable. Edit: spelling.	[ "Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy. Most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminium-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica). Even more visibly, the relatively small portion of very highly purified elemental silicon used in semiconductor elect...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02624	How do microphones on the side of the face pick up sound so well, when they barely reach the cheek?	You know how you can hear someone talking even when they're facing away from you? Sound can bend around barriers, so the microphone can still pick up speech. The design of mics like you mention is meant to be reasonably discreet while still picking up clear sound. Being out of the direct path of air also eliminates plosives, which are caused by air rapidly entering the mic (think of the popping when people say 'p' and 'b' sounds directly into a mic.) Now, with helicopter pilots, sound quality isn't as big of an issue, and since the aircraft is so incredibly loud, the mic needs to be right up against the pilot's mouth in order to be able to hear him/her.	[ "BULLET::::- The facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) both enter the internal auditory canal in the temporal bone. The facial nerve then reaches the side of the face by using the stylomastoid foramen, also in the temporal bone. Its fibers then spread out to reach and control all of the muscles of f...	[ "Microphones on the side of the cheek should not pick up sound well.", "If microphones can barely reach the cheek, they should not be able to pick up sound so well." ]	[ "They can pick up sound because the sound travels to the microphone.", "Sound cam bend around barriers, therefore the microphone can still pick up speech on the sidelines." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Microphones on the side of the cheek should not pick up sound well.", "If microphones can barely reach the cheek, they should not be able to pick up sound so well." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They can pick up sound because the sound travels to the microphone.", "Sound cam bend around barriers, therefore the microphone can still pick up speech on the sidelines." ]
2018-04777	How does an architectural drawing get translated into a physical building? Who decides how many bolts, the type of material, etc?	I am a plumbing designer. The basic answer is that all the pieces go through many hands before a building is built and it depends on what kind of project. A structural engineer will determine what type of skeleton holds a building up, concrete footers, if steel and concrete, what columns and beams hold up the floors, ect. Framers work with them to determine trusses in wood frame buildings. On big enough projects(basically anything commercial and not just single houses), there is a design process for each trade. Engineers most of the time come up with plans for the trades but depending on the quality of engineers(usually cheaper bids taken and therefore corners are cut), the level of detail and similarity to what actually gets built will differ. I work for a company that installs plumbing hvac and fire protection systems. In the office we have project managers, estimators and designers(me). Between us we take plans that architects and engineers produce and turn them into workable and cost effective projects for our trades. Construction companies work on maybe a 5% profit margin so this is important because the plans we receive are generally not set up to be cost effective(knowledge of code and experience in the field is important to know what does and doesn't work and how to save money and be more effective with time). Jobs tend to change while in progress as well so we have to be able to adapt to make a functional building. Estimators bid a job based on rough plans. They determine what type of materials in a bid based on job specs, cost and codes. Designers take those plans after a bid is won and produce shop drawings for the field guys and do material takeoffs as well sometimes to determine what is needed for the project. Project managers take this info and convey it o the field foremen who make it happen on site. Hope this wasn't too wordy. Any other questions related to this are welcome	[ "Section::::Types.:Survey drawings.\n\nMeasured drawings of existing land, structures and buildings. Architects need an accurate set of survey drawings as a basis for their working drawings, to establish exact dimensions for the construction work. Surveys are usually measured and drawn up by specialist land surveyo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11780	Why is it that when one begins to actually think about a reflex like blinking, breathing, or swallowing, it seems to become less reflexive and require conscious effort to even continue?	Because a few of our body systems have dual connections to their muscles, with controls by both the voluntary and the autonomic nervous systems.	[ "Primitive reflexes are primarily tested with suspected brain injury or some dementias such as Parkinson's disease for the purpose of assessing frontal lobe functioning. If they are not being suppressed properly they are called frontal release signs. Atypical primitive reflexes are also being researched as potentia...	[ "Muscles used in reflexes are only controlled by one nervous system. " ]	[ "Some muscles are controlled by both the voluntary and autonomic nervous systems. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Muscles used in reflexes are only controlled by one nervous system. ", "Muscles used in reflexes are only controlled by one nervous system. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some muscles are controlled by both the voluntary and autonomic nervous systems. ", "Some muscles are controlled by both the voluntary and autonomic nervous systems. " ]
2018-02001	Why do brittle things, like lead on the tip of my mechanical pencil, seem stronger when shorter?	Comes down to leverage, a longer piece means you can apply force further away from the breaking point, thus multiplying the force applied.	[ "For a less stiff sublayer, an additional strain in the sublayer, formula_14, lessens the strain in the pictorial layer such that formula_15. If the ratio of the strains between the two layers is approximately the same as the ratio of their elastic moduli, the crack spacing for a support with finite stiffness can b...	[ "Brittle things like mechanical pencil lead are stronger when small. " ]	[ "Brittle things like mechanical pencil lead are not stronger but longer pieces mean force can be applied further from a breaking point thus multiplying the force. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Brittle things like mechanical pencil lead are stronger when small. ", "Brittle things like mechanical pencil lead are stronger when small. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Brittle things like mechanical pencil lead are not stronger but longer pieces mean force can be applied further from a breaking point thus multiplying the force. ", "Brittle things like mechanical pencil lead are not stronger but longer pieces mean force can be applied further from a breaking point thus multiply...
2018-18657	How did that 2XL robot toy (Tiger Electronics) work?	Cassette tapes have 4 parallel tracks used to provide stereo sound; the toy actually split the tracks giving it multiple lines of dialog it can play with the tape at the same position. So it plays a question, you press one of four buttons; it plays the dialog of whatever is on the track # you pressed. So it could have: > What kind of pet doesn't have a tail? 1. Dog 2. Cat 3. Rock 4. Fish and when you press the button with your answer, it reads the tape from that track. If you pressed 3, it would say "you're right", and any other option would say you're wrong, and some answers would be full of sass. The next question is another choice of 4 with the right answer probably on a different track.	[ "There have also been robots such as the teaching computer, Leachim (1974). Leachim was an early example of speech synthesis using the using the Diphone synthesis method. 2-XL (1976) was a robot shaped game / teaching toy based on branching between audible tracks on an 8-track tape player, both invented by Michael ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05584	Why don’t people always get sick when exposed to sick people?	Because we've got immune systems, and each person's has varying levels of resistance and performance. The pathogen that overwhelmed the sick person's body and made them sick isn't necessarily going to get an upper-hand on my body.	[ "Schaller and Park (2011) used the term \"the Behavioral Immune System\" to account for observable activities that humans utilize in the face of pathogen threat. Whereas non-human social animals appear to largely rely upon distinctly organized social structures to combat the threat of diseases, it is evident such s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01467	the difference between DDR3, DDR4 and GDDR5?	The difference between DDR3 and DDR4 is mostly due to specifications of speed and voltage. DDR4, per the spec, uses lower voltages (saving power) and can run at higher speeds (more MHz). Some manufacturers released overclockable DDR3 that could run as fast as the low end DDR4, but high end DDR4 is faster than DDR3. GDDR in general has a slower clock speed than DDR but moves more data per cycle. GDDR is used in graphics processors where large large pieces of image data are moved in one slower step, vs DDR which would need several faster steps to move the same amount of data. Oversimplification. Moving data consists of several steps. But when a piece of data is too big to be moved at once, DDR has to move the first piece, and then move the second, and the added complexity of taking pieces apart, putting them back together, and managing all the work results in overall slower performance.	[ "BULLET::::- 2005: standards body JEDEC began working on a successor to DDR3 around 2005, about 2 years before the launch of DDR3 in 2007. The high-level architecture of DDR4 was planned for completion in 2008.\n", "The first \"Dance Dance Revolution\" as well as its followup \"DDR 2ndMix\" uses Bemani System 573...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02717	Why when a country has a king, his wife becomes the queen. But when you have a queen, her husband doesn’t become king but remains a prince?	King, by rank, is higher than Queen If a Queen marries, her husband doesn't become a King because he doesn't hold power, she does. Awarding the title of King means he now outranks the Queen This rank is the reason why there's no Queen Jadwiga of Poland, it's King Jadwiga of Poland. She took the title King because it's the highest rank in the realm and cements her position, everyone else agreed	[ "In monarchies where polygamy has been practiced in the past (such as Morocco and Thailand), or is practiced today (such as the Zulu nation and the various Yoruba polities), the number of wives of the king varies. In Morocco, King Mohammed VI has broken with tradition and given his wife, Lalla Salma, the title of p...	[ "When a Queen marries her husband becomes a King. " ]	[ "When a Queen marries her husband does not become a King. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When a Queen marries her husband becomes a King. ", "When a Queen marries her husband becomes a King. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When a Queen marries her husband does not become a King. ", "When a Queen marries her husband does not become a King. " ]
2018-01007	If we could do a manned landing on the moon in 1969 why has it been so hard to go back? Why have such few countries managed to do it considering how far tech has progressed over the past 50 years?	We have the technology to build new pyramids, too, but we still haven't replicated the Giza ones. It's an enormously costly endeavor, tech or no.	[ "The United States continued other space exploration, including major participation with the ISS with its own modules. It also planned a set of unmanned Mars probes, military satellites, and more. The Constellation space program, began by President George W. Bush in 2004, aimed to launch a next-generation multifunc...	[ "If the humans have managed to land on the moon 50 years ago with far less technology than we have today, it should no be difficult to return in modern times therefore humans should have returned. " ]	[ "It is very expensive to return to the moon which makes it difficult for humans to go back." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If the humans have managed to land on the moon 50 years ago with far less technology than we have today, it should no be difficult to return in modern times therefore humans should have returned. ", "If the humans have managed to land on the moon 50 years ago with far less technology than we have today, it shoul...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is very expensive to return to the moon which makes it difficult for humans to go back.", "It is very expensive to return to the moon which makes it difficult for humans to go back." ]
2018-02331	How do certain anti-biotics and medicines target specific areas of the body?	Doan's doesn't and they've had some brushes with advertising law because of their claims. It's a branded non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (magnesium salicylate) that works just like ibuprofen, aspirin, diclofenac or many others. It generally reduces inflammation by blocking an enzyme that makes chemicals that start/continue an inflammatory process. This works anywhere in the body, including the back. Most drugs that say they target a physical area are stretching the truth. There are a few mechanisms that may make it true, however. If the drug is not able to be absorbed by the gut then it will stay in the gut, "targeting" the gut lining. If the drug is secreted into the urine by the kidneys then it might be able to target the urinary system. Lots of drugs won't cross the barrier between the blood and the brain which has evolved to stop harmful toxins reaching the brain - these will therefore "target" the rest of the body. The other way these claims could be true is if the drug targets a particular type of cell. Most drugs work by binding onto proteins or enzymes in and around cells. If the protein they bind to is only produced by a specific type of cell then the drug targets that cell by only working on it - it doesn't get concentrated in the area around it though.	[ "In other cases, \"topical\" is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect. By this definition, topical administration also includes transdermal application, where the substance is administered onto the skin but is absorbed into the b...	[ "Anti-biotics target certain parts of the body.", "Certain antibiotics and medicines can target specific areas in the body. " ]	[ "Anti-biotics do not target a part of the body they just work in the entire body. ", "Some of the creators of antibiotics stretch the truth by stating their drugs can target specific areas in the body, when in fact they actually can't." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Anti-biotics target certain parts of the body.", "Certain antibiotics and medicines can target specific areas in the body. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Anti-biotics do not target a part of the body they just work in the entire body. ", "Some of the creators of antibiotics stretch the truth by stating their drugs can target specific areas in the body, when in fact they actually can't." ]
2018-12205	How did apex predators that existed millions of years ago go extinct? (i.e Terror birds, Megalodon, Levyatan)	It's hard to pinpoint the exact causes ~~of~~ for most prehistoric animals and plants, beyond trying to extrapolate data from the scarce info we have. We can look at extinction events nowadays for clues though. Overfeeding and loss of habitat from environmental changes are the two biggest causes.	[ "BULLET::::- There is no historical evidence of boom and bust cycles causing even local extinctions in regions where large mammal predators have been driven extinct by hunting. The recent hunting out of remaining predators throughout most of the United States has not caused massive vegetational change or dramatic b...	[ "Causes for apex predator extinction are known. " ]	[ "Exact causes for apex predator extinctions are unknown but clues can be found. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Causes for apex predator extinction are known. ", "Causes for apex predator extinction are known. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Exact causes for apex predator extinctions are unknown but clues can be found. ", "Exact causes for apex predator extinctions are unknown but clues can be found. " ]
2018-14075	How do cameras focus? How do they know what they're pointing at is in focus?	It depends on the camera, but there are two main methods. Cheap or small cameras, like your cell phone use the contrast. Basically they take a picture (from the preview), and pick a strip of pixels. Then they subtract each pixel in the strip from it's neighbor to get the difference, square each difference, and add those numbers up. That's one method for getting the contrast of the strip, there are others. Then it just focuses back and forth until it finds the focus setting that gets the highest contrast number (basically the least blurry, since that would mean it's in focus). Higher end cameras use a mirror behind the lens to split a bit of the light away to a second lens for the autofocus sensors. The lenses are focused on different parts of the mirror, and thus different parts of the lens, but also such that when in focus it is the same spot on the image. Since an in focus image is when the all the light through the lens from a point hits the same point on the film, the camera can use the different spots to determine not only if they are hitting the same spot, but how far off they are and in what direction they are off. The benefit of this is these cameras don't need to search for an in focus spot, they can see an out of focus spot and determine how the lens needs to be adjusted to be in focus which means focusing can be much faster. The downside is you can only focus on spots that are already setup with a sensor.	[ "Almost all modern lenses for SLRs and DSLRs provide automatic focus. The autofocus sensor(s) and electronics are actually in the camera body, and this circuitry provides electrical power and signals to a motor inside the lens that adjusts the focus. (Some older autofocus systems are based on a motor in the camera ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03030	Why is much of Europe’s climate mild when Europe is so much further North of the equator than much of North America is?	The gulf stream in the Atlantic takes warm water to Europe and cold water to North America. URL_0	[ "The North Atlantic Gulf Stream, a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States to North Carolina, then heads east-northeast to the Azores, is thought to greatly modify the climate of Northwest Europe. As a result of the Gulf Stream, west-coast areas located...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17740	How to know all the instruments used in a song?	Typically you just know. If you have experience in music you can typically tell what the instruments are.	[ "BULLET::::- American Music Awards\n\nBULLET::::- Good Morning America\n\nBULLET::::- The Today Show\n\nBULLET::::- Lopez Tonight\n\nBULLET::::- Jimmy Kimmel Live!\n\nSection::::Keyboard Instruments.\n\nBULLET::::- Moog Synthesizers\n\nBULLET::::- Access Virus\n\nBULLET::::- Novation\n\nBULLET::::- Analogue Systems...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07639	Why do bees die when they lose their stinger?	It's connected to their innards and pulls out their innards when they sting something and then fly away.	[ "The worker bee's stinger is a complex organ that allows a bee to defend itself and the hive from most mammals. Attacking bees aim for the face by sensing regions with high levels of carbon dioxide (like mosquitos). Bee stings against mammals and birds typically leave the stinger embedded in the victim due to the s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10280	How does algae grow in extremely low light to no light places?	Some stuff called "algae" isn't actually algae, but instead is heterotrophic bacteria or fungi, so that's one possibility.	[ "When \"Climacostomum virens\" is grown in the dark, the algal endosymbionts normally found in it are reduced in number and the cytoplasm appears colorless. Peck et al. report that these are not contained within a membrane, but are in direct contact with the host's cytoplasm; however, other observers have noted the...	[ "All algae creates energy through photosynthesis.", "All algae is algae. " ]	[ "Some bacteria and fungi that don't require light are called algae.", "Algae refers to algae, bacteria, or fungi. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All algae creates energy through photosynthesis.", "All algae is algae. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some bacteria and fungi that don't require light are called algae.", "Algae refers to algae, bacteria, or fungi. " ]
2018-03922	How come hot peppers burn coming out?	From what I’ve heard, your anus is a mucus membrane similar to your lips, and when the capsaicin in the pepper (what makes hot food hot) touches those types of surfaces, it causes that irritation. I guess it’s just some leftover capsaicin that survives digestion, not all of it gets broken down because the body probably doesn’t see it as fit for using as nutrition.	[ "The substances that give chili peppers their pungency (spicy heat) when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl-\"N\"-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called \"capsaicinoids\". The quantity of capsaicin varies by variety, and on growing conditions. Water stressed pep...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00340	How come my nose hurts if I burp after drinking a carbonated beverage?	The air coming out of your stomach has a high concentration of CO2 (from the carbonation), as this CO2 leaves your mouth it just kind of tastes different than normal air. However, when concentrated CO2 enters or leaves your nose, it burns. Why does it burn? Well in simple terms, CO2 + water = acid (carbonic acid to be exact). Acid tends to burn.	[ "Burping\n\nSection::::Causes.\n\nBULLET::::- Burping is usually caused by swallowing air when eating or drinking and subsequently expelling it, in which case the expelled gas is mainly a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.\n\nBULLET::::- Burps can be caused by drinking beverages containing carbon dioxide, such as beer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04857	how were huge rope-bridge/ziplines over great distances and depths made, before the use of present technology?	The two easiest ways are... 1) have a guy on each side of the chasm. The guy on one side has a bow and arrow or something to fire the rope to the other guy, who pulls the rope to the other end. 2) have a guy at the top of the chasm and another guy on the bottom. Drop the rope, with a bunch of slack, to the bottom guy, who climbs the other side of the chasm. Repeat as necessary.	[ "Leonardo da Vinci drew sketches of a concept for a ropemaking machine, but it was never built. Nevertheless, remarkable feats of construction were accomplished without advanced technology: In 1586, Domenico Fontana erected the 327 ton obelisk on Rome's Saint Peter's Square with a concerted effort of 900 men, 75 ho...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03583	How does someone get the flu if no one else has the flu?	In a global world, someone always has a strain of the flu. That means it can mutate and return in a few years to re-infect people it had hit before. There are multiple strains in circulation, so you can get a new strain every year if you're unlucky/sickly. Completely new strains jump from animals to humans occasionally, so "new" strains usually start on farms - remember bird flu and swine flu?	[ "Any living organism can contract a virus by giving parasites the opportunity to grow. Parasites feed on the nutrients of another organism which allows the virus to thrive. Once the human body detects a virus, it then creates fighter cells that attack the parasite/virus; literally, causing a war within the body. A ...	[ "There can be a time when nobody has the flu." ]	[ "Someone always has the flu even if they are not symptomatic. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There can be a time when nobody has the flu." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Someone always has the flu even if they are not symptomatic. " ]
2018-20462	Why is it if you put helium in a balloon it floats but put it in a tank it gets heavier?	A balloon expands, a tank (hopefully) does not. Helium is lighter than atmospheric air at the same pressure, but only by a factor of 5 or so, so if you put 6 times atmospheric pressure in a tank, that'll make it heavier than the surrounding air.	[ "Since the \"Hindenburg\" disaster in 1937, helium has replaced hydrogen as a lifting gas in blimps and balloons due to its lightness and incombustibility, despite an 8.6% decrease in buoyancy.\n", "The effects of buoyancy do not just affect balloons; both liquids and gases are fluids in the physical sciences, an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04956	why are sloths so slow?	Because they evolved to be. For the sloth, being slow is an advantage. Because they are slow, predators rarely spot them. Because they are slow, they burn very little energy. As a result of that, they can get by eating food that isn't very high in energy and therefore is eaten by few other animals. So slow leads to few predators and little competition for food. It works.	[ "BULLET::::- Sloths - The Sloths wear coats that make them slow. But when the coats are removed, the sloths can move fast. Sloth King and his army attacked hidden kingdom because they thought humans were cutting down trees and they thought they would have nowhere to live.\n", "Maned sloths rarely descend from the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05075	How does remote job execution work?	VNC is actually a very roundabout way of asking another computer to do work. Here's what happens: * You connect to the remote VNC environment. As part of your connection, you will tell the host what kind of display you can support, how much data you can receive, and other parameters of interest. You will also let the host know what kind of mouse and keyboard you have connected. * Your VNC clilent and the VNC host you're connecting to have been written to understand a special language, the Remote Frame Buffer protocol, or RFB. * The RFB describes how to communicate various kinds of data — changes to things on the screen, mouse clicks, keyboard strokes, and so on. * When the connection is established, the host sends you _frames_ — snapshots of the current state of the host's view of the screen. Your client understands how to take these frames and decompress them so that they're viewable by a human. * Similarly, if you move the mouse or type on the keyboard, your client also knows how to encode those movements or keystrokes to send them to the remote host. Again, both you and the host know how to speak RFB, so you know how to represent these ideas. * Your remote host will execute any keystrokes or mouse movements according to the rules laid out in RFB. * This continues until you terminate the connection. Of course, you don't need to run VNC at all to ask a computer to remotely do something on your behalf. For instance, when I click "save" on this post, I'm sending a command to Reddit's servers and asking them to add this comment!	[ "The terms Remote Batch, Remote Job System and Remote Job Processing are also used for RJE facilities.\n\nSection::::Examples.\n\nRemote Job Entry (RJE) is also the name of an OS/360 component that provided RJE services. An RJE workstation operator may have complete console control of the job flow between the works...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16515	Why does fruit at the bottom of a container (like strawberries) or fruit basket go bad first?	As fruit ages, it releases chemicals into the air that receptors on the surface of fruit use to trigger ripening/decomposition. This is how fruit are able to ripen at about the same time in a field/orchard even if they began growing at different times. When you pack a bunch of fruit into a container, these chemicals will build up at the bottom causing that fruit to ripen faster. Separate from all this, moisture also tends to build up at the bottom of a container, providing a habitat for algae, fungus and mold spores. As an aside, bananas give off way more of these ripening chemicals than most fruits, and so you can stick unripe fruit in a paper bag with a ripe banana to get them to ripen faster. The paper bag is important as it prevents the buildup of moisture. As a result you get the ripening without the mold.	[ "Fruits and vegetables are very susceptible to mechanical injury. This can occur at any stage of the marketing chain and can result from poor harvesting practices such as the use of dirty cutting knives; unsuitable containers used at harvest time or during the marketing process, e.g. containers that can be easily s...	[ "Fruit at the bottom of a container or fruit basket go bad first." ]	[ "Fruit at the bottom of a container or fruit basket ripen faster as chemicals will build up at the bottom." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fruit at the bottom of a container or fruit basket go bad first." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fruit at the bottom of a container or fruit basket ripen faster as chemicals will build up at the bottom." ]
2018-00262	Why does different cheese taste different and what factors go into the taste?	Species of animal has an effect on the taste of cheese. Following factors have profound effect on the milk. Breed of the species. Feed of the animals. Season of the year. These are some of the main factors which affect the milk. For example : Fontina cheese is produce in Italy, there is special breed of cows which are fed certain feed and that is how they keep the authentic name brand by producing consistent Fontina cheese. So are Parmesan and Romano, very specific, and very precise and their name is protected by law. Raw milk cheese and pasteurized milk cheese. This factor alone yields different even if you keep all the other variable the same. Cultures: This is the heart of cheese making, small minute variation in bacterial cultures may give you totally different product. For example: Swiss cheese is made with specific culture of bacteria. Activity of the culture: In case the culture is slow or very fast in growth, it is a sure recipe for different products. Super Cleanliness: Small contamination with coli forms can run havoc and small contamination with bacteriophage may give you it is called dead vat. It basically kills the culture and nothing happens. Enzymes: Some cheeses are made with additional enzymes to develop typical characteristic flavor. Color: Some cheeses are as a nostalgia and are done with added color. Coagulating agents: There are mainly two types of coagulating agent, enzymatic and acid. Both produce different types of cheeses. For example Ricotta is acid coagulated and Cheddar is enzyme coagulated commercial name Rennet. Now for the last 45 to 50 years coagulating enzyme made extreme headway, now there are several sources where Rennet could come. In olden times it was one and only source was 4th stomach of suckling calf. Some cheeses such as Blue/Camembert are mold ripened cheese/: These cheese are inoculated with mold spores and these are called Mold ripened cheeses. Temperature Controls: Small variation in temperature controls could make a different product. Washing the curd: Some cheese require to wash the curd with water to slow the active culture to produce the exact product you want. Size of the cut: Size of the cut of the curd has profound affect on the final product. Cooking Temperature: Cooking temperature is extremely important, to firm up the curd, and each cheese variety has specific temperature.= Speed of stirring: Speed of stirring is of prime importance too fast will shelter the curd, and too slow will mate the curd. Draining: Speed of draining the whey/liquid portion. Cheddaring or turning the curd in slabs: Some cheese/s for example Cheddar cheese has proper sequence of turning the curd. Self draining or forced draining: Classic examples are Feta and Ricotta are self drain, where as Cheddar is forced drain. Forming/hoops/ and pressure per square inch in the press and duration: These are very precise factors to control very specific factors and have profound affect on the end results. Salting dry salting or brine(liquid salt solution): For example Feta has to be brine salted, Cheddar is dry salted and Mozzarella is brine salted but not sold in brine, where as Feta is mostly sold in Brine Solution. A few percentage up and down may give you different product. Curing and Ripening: Temperature control, humidity and air circulation are three extremely important factor and the fourth one is some cheeses, they have to flipped at certain time. Waxing or vacuum packing: Each cheese has it is own way of packing, for example Romano and Parmesan are waxed and Cheddar is cut from bigger blocks and vacuum packed. URL_0	[ "Over a thousand types of cheese from various countries are produced. Their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether they have been pasteurized, the butterfat content, the bacteria and mold, the processing, and aging. Herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be us...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02061	Why do healthy foods at the stores nutrition labels always seem devoid of nutrition?	In general it's because of companies and farmers lobbying the FDA about what essential nutrients appear on the label. Iodine is an essential nutrient, why isn't it on the label? Vitamin C is essential, but in everything; why is it on the label? When you showcase only calories, iron, vitamin c, and only a couple others nutritionally simple foods look better.	[ "Food and beverage manufacturers can manage the perceptions of consumers by controlling information on food labels. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires a label on most food sold in grocery stores. However, the FDA does not regulate dietary supplements. Many chain restaurants also try to make their food ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02022	When does "after Labor Day" become "before (the next) Labor Day"?	This is a fashion cliche that suggests that white is a "summer" color. Supposedly, the acceptable time to wear white is between Memorial Day (late May) and Labor Day (early September.)	[ "In 1855, the \"New York Times\" look forward to that year's Moving Day:\n", "Section::::Government sector holidays: federal, state, and local government.:Legal holidays by states and political divisions of the United States.:Mississippi.\n\nBULLET::::- All federal holidays except Columbus Day\n\nBULLET::::- Janu...	[ "The acceptable time to wear white is after labor and ends before next Labor Day. " ]	[ "The acceptable time to wear white is between Labor Day and Memorial Day. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The acceptable time to wear white is after labor and ends before next Labor Day. ", "The acceptable time to wear white is after labor and ends before next Labor Day. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The acceptable time to wear white is between Labor Day and Memorial Day. ", "The acceptable time to wear white is between Labor Day and Memorial Day. " ]
2018-08708	Do objects still emit infared radiation at absolute zero (-273°c)?	We don't know, such a temperature has never been achieved and is theoretically impossible to obtain. So there really isn't a definite answer to that question.	[ "This can be expressed in a cleaner way in terms of the surface gravity of the black hole; this is the parameter that determines the acceleration of a near-horizon observer. In natural units (), the temperature is\n\nwhere is the surface gravity of the horizon. So a black hole can only be in equilibrium with a gas ...	[ "Infrared radiation can be tested at absolute zero temperature. " ]	[ "Absolute zero temperature can not be achieved in order to know this answer. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Infrared radiation can be tested at absolute zero temperature. ", "Infrared radiation can be tested at absolute zero temperature. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Absolute zero temperature can not be achieved in order to know this answer. ", "Absolute zero temperature can not be achieved in order to know this answer. " ]
2018-21842	What is the law regarding a Supreme Court Justice that cannot physically sit in session and/or execute their duties?	There is no law forcing a Justice to retire. When and if RBG recovers from her fall, if she chooses, she will resume her duties. The other Justices have the right to defer cases until they see fit, as happened in 1974, when one Justice basically refused to go, but they can not remove them. Even if she goes into a persistent vegetative state, she remains a Justice until they pull the plug.	[ "The Washington Post observed that while a Justice was required to recuse himself or herself when they had a conflict of interest, the decision as to whether recusal was necessary was left to the discretion of the Justice in question.\n\nSection::::Career.:July 2006 Congressional testimony.\n\nThe \"Boston Globe\" ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10874	Why is it dangerous to bathe during a lightning storm if the water pipes are already buried underground?	The pipes are grounded, but you are a really good conductor and closer to the ground.	[ "Bonding is particularly important for bathrooms, swimming pools and fountains. In pools and fountains, any metallic object (other than conductors of the power circuit) over a certain size must be bonded to assure that all conductors are at the same potential. Since it is buried in the ground, a pool can be a bette...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-24079	For all you soccer (or football fans, either name is fine), How does the offside rule work, and why is it a rule? Is it only to stop cherry picking?	Iirc, you mustn't pass the ball to a team mate that's behind the opponent's defenders. So if you have ABA and left A passes to right A it's an offside. However, if at the time of shooting the pass, it's AAB and right A passes B while the pass is still ongoing, then it's not an offside. I assume the rule is there to stop teams from just doing high, far loop shots. That is, they sort of want to enforce a "last line of defense".	[ "Being in an offside position is not an offence in itself; a player who was in an offside position at the moment the ball last touched, or was played, by a teammate, must then become involved in active play in the opinion of the referee, in order for an offence to occur. When the offside offence occurs, the referee...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The offside rule may exist to prevent cherry picking." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The rule exists to enforce a \"last line of defense\"." ]
2018-02351	Why do developers make the recoil in video games like CS:GO and Fortnite not go directly in the middle of the crosshair? Why do they spray around the crosshair instead?	because real gun recoil goes all around, not in just one axis. it depends on many chaotic variable like where the buttstock is on your shoulder the moment the recoil force is transferred into your body.	[ "One of Novint's earliest games was a free download called \"Haptics Life 2\", a \"Half-Life 2\" mod in which the mouse controls have been replaced with Falcon controls and 3D Force Feedback was incorporated. As a result, weapons recoils, the weight of carried objects, damage dealt to the character, and character a...	[ "Certain video game directors should make recoil fire directly into the middle of the cross hair and not around it. " ]	[ "Realistically recoil normally fires all around, and not just in one axis, making the game more realistic than others." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Certain video game directors should make recoil fire directly into the middle of the cross hair and not around it. ", "Certain video game directors should make recoil fire directly into the middle of the cross hair and not around it. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Realistically recoil normally fires all around, and not just in one axis, making the game more realistic than others.", "Realistically recoil normally fires all around, and not just in one axis, making the game more realistic than others." ]
2018-02783	What are vacuum tubes on amps? Do they actually do anything?	Vacuum tubes predate transistors, and act as amplifiers. Both work on the basic idea that a small current, your audio signal, can proportionately regulate a large current, from the wall outlet, for example. How they both achieve that are very different. Transistors, which everyone knows is how they make computers, were originally invented to be an amplifier. Vacuum tube amps and transistor amps are both analog devices. The analog vs. digital comes up in your recording and playback equipment. A record is analog, in that the signal is only as precise as the carving in the vinyl and the player's manufacture. Magnetic tape is also analog. Digital audio is produced by taking a measurement of the current generated by a microphone regularly over time. That's sampling and your sample rate. This analog signal off the mic is passed through an Analog to Digital converter, which is going to turn an analog sine waves into a number, the more bits an ADC has, the more accurate the representation of the original signal. These numeric values are fed into a Digital to Analog Converter, which reverses the process, and then that is piped through your amplifier. Unlike your record or tape, which the sound can change because the media physically wears out, or expands and contracts with temperature, a digital sample will be reproduced effectively exactly every single time, forever. Audiophiles like to think vacuum amplifiers have a "warmer" sound, which might be true, but what if you don't always want that? I think there are too many variables to make a comparison meaningful. Every piece of equipment, how they're wired, and the shape, material, and contents of your room are going to change how your audio sounds. If you compare a $1k vacuum amplifier to a $1k opamp in a double blind test, I wouldn't expect you to be able to discern a difference.	[ "Although vacuum tubes have been largely replaced by solid-state devices in most amplifying, switching, and rectifying applications, there are certain exceptions. In addition to the special functions noted above, tubes have some niche applications.\n", "Section::::History.\n\nThe first practical device that could...	[ "Vacuum tubes don't do anything. " ]	[ "Vacuum tubes act as amplifiers. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vacuum tubes don't do anything. ", "Vacuum tubes don't do anything. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vacuum tubes act as amplifiers. ", "Vacuum tubes act as amplifiers. " ]
2018-01296	Why does closing a door lessen the amount of sound that enters a room even though sound travels best through solids?	Because sound will be lost when it goes from one medium to another(for example: from air to water). When you close a door, the sound has to make this ' medium shift ' twice: from the air to the door (solid), and from the door to the air.	[ "BULLET::::- Sound isolation: Noise isolation is isolating noise to prevent it from transferring out of one area, using barriers like deadening materials to trap sound and vibrational energy. Example: In home and office construction, many builders place sound-control barriers (such as fiberglass batting) in walls t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24313	Does my phone check every second to see if the current time matches the time of a previously set alarm so it can trigger that alarm? How are these scheduled events generally triggered?	Your phone is literally just a computer. Computers have a piece of software called a scheduler. Schedulers are a fundamental part of the operating system and do way more than simply check for your alarms. They coordinate all of the other software that wants a piece of the main processor's time. So, the scheduler has a list of all of the things that need to happen. If you are browsing a web page while also listening to music then the scheduler allots time on the CPU for each of those tasks. It will also check to see if there are things that need to happen in the future. If a piece of software is set to wait for 1 second before checking on something then it will tell the scheduler that it needs CPU time in 1 second. Similarly, your phone's alarm will be set into the future and the scheduler will notice when the current time matches the alarm time. Since the scheduler is always running and always making sure that things happen on time, an alarm is one of the easier things for it to do.	[ "Other \"rules\" address failure to exit premises, which results in arming all zones in Stay Mode and a one-time, automatic restart of exit delay. However, if there is an exit error, an immediate local alarm will sound.\n\nSection::::Audio and video verification.\n\nAlarms that utilize either audio, video, or combi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04681	How does a wax cylinder phonograph produce sound?	It super cool. What's neat is that it works the same way a vinyl record does (and to some degree the way older CDs used to). But it's more impressive because it's bigger and more obvious how crazy it is that these work at all. When a wax cylinder phonograph is recorded, what they do is use sound waves to make impressions on the soft wax. Sound is caused by high frequency vibrations of air molecules. A rapid increase and decrease air pressure sends a wave of pressure through the air. What can air pressure do? Ever open a Snapple and hear that "pop" of the lid? That metal button was held shut by air pressure and when it equalized, it made a noise and was forceful enough to snap that lid. Press it with your hands to see just how much force that is. Our eardrums do this too. They vibrate back and forth like a more sensitive Snapple lid and all the information we get from sound comes from that vibrating. Recording a phonograph reverses this. A large cone concentrates sound pressure waves down to a point. At the tip of this cone is a membrane (like the Snapple lid) that vibrates as the pressure waves increase and decrease the pressure. Attached to that vibrating membrane is a needle point. Picture a can of cranberry sauce. Pour out the cylinder of cranberry inside. A wax phonograph look like this. It's a cylinder of wax. Warm up that wax to make it soft but still solid. Now press the phonograph needle to the wax and start the wax cylinder rotating like it is on a pottery wheel. The needle will leave a neat little groove in the cylinder and the depth of that groove will depend on the sound pressure behind the needle membrane at the time of the recording. As the recording continues, all the variations in sound pressure are captured. Now stop the recording and play it back. Cool the wax to room temperature and it will harden. Hard like a candle. It’s now hard enough that dragging the needle over it will vibrate the membrane. Amplify this little vibration and you’ll get a speaker making sounds that were recorded. Microphones are speakers in reverse. And modern ones do exactly the same thing but use magnetic fields produced by magnets moving through coils instead of a needle making marks on wax.	[ "Alexander Graham Bell and his two associates took Edison's tinfoil phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil. They began their work at Bell's Volta Laboratory in Washington, D. C., in 1879, and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recordin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04844	How do conservationists repopulate almost extinct species	They won't. Even when he was alive, there really wasn't hope with such a small population. While you can try and repopulate with a pretty small pool, not that small. One example of successful conservation efforts was the American Bison. Before colonization, its estimated that there were possibly 60 million bison. By 1889, there were about 1,100. Now there are 500,000, though most are farm raised, not wild. However, even with a sample of around 1,100, the Bison population still has a problem with a limited gene pool Grizzlies in the Yellowstone region went from 136 in 1975 to about 700 today. In NJ, bald eagles have grown by a factor of 7 in 15 years. Any animal that has gone through a quasi-extinction event, or a population bottleneck will have the problem of inbreeding.	[ "Section::::Conservation.:Private farming.\n", "Section::::Successes and failures.\n", "Section::::Prevention by human intervention, modern science and safeguards.\n\nSection::::Prevention by human intervention, modern science and safeguards.:\"In situ\" conservation.\n\nWith advances in modern bioscience, seve...	[ "Conservationists can repopulate almost extinct species." ]	[ "They cannot always do this because genetic bottlenecks make it difficult for the species to survive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Conservationists can repopulate almost extinct species." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "They cannot always do this because genetic bottlenecks make it difficult for the species to survive." ]
2018-03256	why are some banks able to give different rates on things, ie. a higher yield percentage on savings accounts, as opposed to others?	Like any business, it's competition. There are certainly costs involved with running 1000's of branches that online banks don't have to deal with, so they do have some efficiencies they can pass along. But there are also concerns about online-only banks many consumers have, and higher rates are a way to entice more people to consider using them. Even if the expenses were equal, the online banks might be willing to forego profits today to grow their customer base, effectively using the higher rates as a marketing expense for customer acquisition.	[ "To compensate for the low liquidity, FDs offer higher rates of interest than saving accounts. The longest permissible term for FDs is 10 years. Generally, the longer the term of deposit, higher is the rate of interest but a bank may offer lower rate of interest for a longer period if it expects interest rates, at ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04785	Why is yawning infectious between humans, but when an animal yawns, it doesn't make us yawn?	Actually, yawns are contagious across species. Humans yawning can make dogs yawn. Some humans will yawn after seeing another animal yawn.	[ "According to research published by the US National Institutes of Health, the triple reassortant H2N3 virus isolated from diseased pigs in the United States in 2006 is pathogenic for certain mammals without prior adaptation and transmits among swine and ferrets. Adaptation, in the H2 hemagglutinin derived from an a...	[ "Animals yawns are not \"infectious\" to humans.", "When humans witness animals yawn, it doesn't ever cause a human to yawn. " ]	[ "Animals yawning can make humans yawn. ", "There have been many cases where humans have yawned after witnessing animals yawn and vice versa." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals yawns are not \"infectious\" to humans.", "When humans witness animals yawn, it doesn't ever cause a human to yawn. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals yawning can make humans yawn. ", "There have been many cases where humans have yawned after witnessing animals yawn and vice versa." ]
2018-24287	Why is it that, when depicted, our fingers are the first to twitch when regaining consciousness?	That's just a Hollywood cliche. It has no real world tie-in.	[ "When people lose consciousness, they fall down (unless prevented from doing so) and, when in this position, effective blood flow to the brain is immediately restored, allowing the person to regain consciousness. If the person does not fall into a fully flat, supine position, and the head remains elevated above the...	[ "Depictions of a person regaining consciousness are accurate in the real world.", "Our fingers are the first to twitch when regaining consciousness" ]	[ "Depictions of a person regaining consciousness are not necessarily accurate in the real world.", "Despite Hollywood depictions of the phenomenon, one's fingers are not the first to twitch when regaining consciousness." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Depictions of a person regaining consciousness are accurate in the real world.", "Our fingers are the first to twitch when regaining consciousness" ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Depictions of a person regaining consciousness are not necessarily accurate in the real world.", "Despite Hollywood depictions of the phenomenon, one's fingers are not the first to twitch when regaining consciousness." ]
2018-01822	Why does the earth being 1 degree warmer so significant?	> If the weather was warmer by a degree on average every day there would be no difference. Well, that isn't what is being talked about. Instead think about how much energy is required to heat up the entire atmosphere and surface of Earth by one degree. A huge amount! That much energy being at work in the atmosphere can mean more powerful weather effects in the short term or in a specific area. Also think about how it gets colder as you move toward the poles. At some point water starts to freeze to ice. Now if you raise the overall temperature by one degree this would mean that point where water freezes consistently would move closer to the poles by some amount. As the change is very gradual this might mean like 100 miles, in a strip all the way around the planet for both poles. How much area is that?! And it isn't like that line is always in the same place throughout the year so ice melting at different times than normal can translate to unpredictable changes in the weather.	[ "Section::::Solar radiation.\n\nAlmost all of the energy available to the Earth's surface and atmosphere comes from the sun in the form of solar radiation (light from the sun, including invisible ultraviolet and infrared light). Variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching different parts of the Earth are a...	[ "Earth being 1 degree warmer is very significant. " ]	[ "Weather being warmer by one degree would not make much of a difference. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Earth being 1 degree warmer is very significant. ", "Earth being 1 degree warmer is very significant. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Weather being warmer by one degree would not make much of a difference. ", "Weather being warmer by one degree would not make much of a difference. " ]
2018-22799	What happens when we stretch in the morning? Why does it feel so good and why is it almost compulsory sometimes?	Our muscles and fascia are mostly unmoving while we sleep, and there is constant pressure from whatever we are sleeping on. This causes them to kind of bind together and get sticky, stretching pulls the layers apart and keeps our mobility and flexibility up. You may notice that people that sit for long stretches and don't keep up with mobility will become stuck, in a poor posture or with joint pain from parts pulling on unmoving parts.	[ "In its most basic form, stretching is a natural and instinctive activity; it is performed by humans and many other animals. It can be accompanied by yawning. Stretching often occurs instinctively after waking from sleep, after long periods of inactivity, or after exiting confined spaces and areas.\n\nIncreasing fl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03852	Where is the internet stored? If all computers were destroyed would we be able to get back to our same internet?	If you destroyed all the pizza restaurants, who would you call to order a pizza? That's basically what you're asking. "The Internet" is just the connections between all the computers, it doesn't store anything or provide any services other than letting computers talk. Now, a lot of people say "the internet" when they mean "all the resources & information accessible via the internet" but that's not technically correct.	[ "Section::::Current proposal.\n", "Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design, and also general purpose devic...	[ "Internet is stored somewhere specifically.", "If all computers are destroyed at once, the internet would be lost and unable to be retrieved." ]	[ "The internet is the connection of computers. As long as computers can connect we have internet. ", "The connection to the internet is not provided by the computers, therefore destroying all computers at once wouldn't effect the internet. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Internet is stored somewhere specifically.", "If all computers are destroyed at once, the internet would be lost and unable to be retrieved." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The internet is the connection of computers. As long as computers can connect we have internet. ", "The connection to the internet is not provided by the computers, therefore destroying all computers at once wouldn't effect the internet. " ]
2018-11700	The Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector and how it’s ultra pure water can dissolve metal	I'm not buying it. Myths about the dangers of ultrapure water abound, but are not backed by solid evidence. This is anecdotal evidence. All water can dissolve metal to some extent, depending on the metal. That's why lead pipes are bad for drinking water supplies. If you drink ultrapure water, it will have some minerals in it when it leaves your body. That does not mean it is dangerous in normal amounts. Everyone needs some minerals in their diet to replace those lost in urine and sweat.	[ "Bimetallic materials are materials that are made out of two different metals or alloys that are tightly bonded together. A good example of a bimetallic material would be a bimetallic strip which is used in some kinds of thermometers. In ISCR, bimetallic materials are small pieces of metals that are coated lightly ...	[ "Only ultra pure water can dissolve metal. " ]	[ "All water has the ability to dissolve some metal. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only ultra pure water can dissolve metal. ", "Only ultra pure water can dissolve metal. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "All water has the ability to dissolve some metal. ", "All water has the ability to dissolve some metal. " ]
2018-00096	Why is conversion between celsius and kelvin simple subtraction but kelvin to fahrenheit or celsius to fahrenheit involves subtraction and division?	1 unit Kelvin (not degree) is equal to 1 degree Celsius. The Kelvin system is basically derived from Celsius, it just uses a different reference point for its zero than Celsius does.	[ "This practice is permissible because the degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing relative temperatures, and the magnitude of the degree Celsius is exactly equal to that of the kelvin. Notwithstanding that the official endorsement provided by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM states \"a te...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Converting between celsius, farenheit, and kelvin should be the same." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "celsius and kelvin are the same, just with different reference points. Farenheit is not based on celsius. " ]
2018-20358	Most lighthouse don't have more than a couple windows. Why?	Shed some light. Heh heh. Lighthouses are not inhabited normally (the lighthouse keeper would have a separate house nearby, back in the days when they were all manned). They are also built in places of extreme weather, more or less by definition. The old huge solid stone lighthouses were that thick because it was necessary to keep them sturdy enough - big windows would compromise the strength of the structure. Later on, when they learned to build with metal, etc., they would use as little material as possible to make the lighthouse cheap and quick to put up. So basically, there are no good reasons to have big windows except in the top lightroom, and a few good reasons to not have them.	[ "Reynaud's approach was different, and did not fit in with the typical British-style architecture of lighthouses in 19th century Brittany. The building was constructed in two blocks: the first block was solid and modeled after the British lighthouses Eddystone and Bell Rock, while the second block was lighter in st...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01311	How did they edit people out of really old photos like Stalin did?	URL_0 The top comment explains it really well: > In the old school Stalin era you are asking about, a typical method was to take the original negative and then print the photograph in large format. Then, an artist could use a scalpel to carefully cut out the specific offending individual (or inanimate object, such as a billboard or sign) that they wished to be removed from the original scene. This method was a lot easier than trying to do this same technique on the much smaller original negative. > Then, they could either insert another cutout of a similar scaled and lit person or object to fill the void from the original cutout, splicing that new subject/object into the picture. Alternatively, or even in addition to, they would use airbrush and painting techniques to cover up the person by painting in a new background. > Once the artist was comfortable with the appearance of the coverup in the now-censored full size airbrushed photograph, they would then take another camera and carefully frame and take a new picture of the old doctored photograph - basically, taking a picture of a picture. This was an important step because not only would this act of taking a picture of the doctored photograph help hide any small blemishes or imperfections from the censoring job (allowing them to blur the focus slightly during the reshoot for example, or use different grained film to help with the blending), but this act would also produce a brand new "clean" negative of the original photo that could be used to replace the old "evil" negative in the archives. Credit /u/Falcon109	[ "Devyatkin produced a series of interviews for MGM with Heroes of the Soviet Union. Those who were interviewed include the liberator of Auschwitz, General Arkady Petrenko and the discoverer of Hitler's corpse, Elena Rzhevskaya.\n", "scenes of the film were gathered from more than 100 different cameras\n\nover the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21086	With how much the Earth has changed,would prehistoric creatures as we know them even be able to exist in today's environments,even in the best of conditions?	Some of them may be able to but others wouldn't. The gigantic insects the existed before the dinosaurs rose to prominence woldnt be able to support their size due to a significantly lower oxygen content in air compared to their time	[ "Section::::Description.\n\nAlmost all the species of \"Psilophyton\" have been found in rocks of Emsian age (around ). One exception is \"P. krauselii\", from the Czech Republic, which is younger, being from the upper part of the Middle Devonian (around ).\n", "BULLET::::- Occurrence of the characean genus \"Tol...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21700	Why is tipping a waiter/waittress expected for doing their job?	The American Dream aka Wage Theft. It started that you tipped them a bit (maybe 5%). Management/ownership noticed so they started paying them a bit less (in effect pocketing the tip). Since the tip was now expected, people who wanted to reward exceptional service had to tip a bit more. This cycle continued until most of their wage is now tips in some markets.	[ "When it comes to paying the bill in American restaurants, adding a tip is a common custom that is often expected by the waiter. According to a study by CreditCards.com, 4 out of 5 Americans always leave a tip when dining out, and the average tip is 16%-20% of the total bill.\n", "Some bars in New York City's bor...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11658	why does water taste different after brewing frozen and melted?	It's to do with dissolved gases. Freeze-thaw cycles lead to partial degassing, which affects the taste.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Freezing of grapes\" and cold pressing are used to squeeze the liquid part of the berries. The flakes of frozen water remain in the press and only the sweet juice flows. This is the principle of ice wine. Cryoextraction is a recent technique invented to reproduce the phenomenon in the regions which a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02035	How does a Bluetooth source device control volume?	Think of it as multiplication. If your volume on the source is at 50% and your BT headphones are at 100%, the resulting volume is 50%. If you turn down your headphones to 50% the resulting volume is 25%.	[ "BULLET::::1. Searches for PVs in all available block devices.\n\nBULLET::::2. Parses the metadata header in each PV found.\n\nBULLET::::3. Computes the layouts of all visible volume groups.\n\nBULLET::::4. Loops over each logical volume in the volume group to be brought online and:\n\nBULLET::::1. Checks if the lo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11378	How can washing up liquids/detergents come with the warning 'harmful to aquatic environments with long lasting effects' yet still have such widespread use?	Because things that go down the drain should be subjected to Sewage treatment. In its many processes are included ones to remove the nitrogen and phosphorous. By the time they're done, its okay. If not removed, they can that cause the harm by acting as fertilizers, causing terrible plant and algae overgrowth.	[ "However, in the U.S. at least, funding for such warning devices has been shrinking, with approved funding down 45% over the last five years. According to one marine science professor, \"We need it more than ever, and we’ve brought ourselves to the precipice of making great forecasts, but we can’t make it happen.\"...	[ "If liquid detergents contain warnings that they could be harmful, they should not still have such widespread use." ]	[ "Procedures are done to said issues and by the time the procedures are complete, the issues aren't as big anymore." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If liquid detergents contain warnings that they could be harmful, they should not still have such widespread use.", "If liquid detergents contain warnings that they could be harmful, they should not still have such widespread use." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Procedures are done to said issues and by the time the procedures are complete, the issues aren't as big anymore.", "Procedures are done to said issues and by the time the procedures are complete, the issues aren't as big anymore." ]
2018-14327	What causes the shiny rainbow hue I see on certain sliced meats (e.g. roast beef)? Is it an indicator of poor quality?	It is due to the direction of the cut going against the muscle fibers resulting in diffraction of light into the rainbow you see. Quality isn't really part of the equation, it can happen with any quality of meat so long as the fibers are tightly packed and aligned ("restructured" or chopped meat bonded together won't do this).	[ "Section::::Methods of preparation.\n\nFresh meat can be cooked for immediate consumption, or be processed, that is, treated for longer-term preservation and later consumption, possibly after further preparation. Fresh meat cuts or processed cuts may produce iridescence, commonly thought to be due to spoilage but a...	[ "A shiny appearance on sliced meats is an indication of poor quality." ]	[ "Quality if not a determining factor when it comes to the shiny appearance of sliced meats, it is due to the direction in which way the meat was cut." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A shiny appearance on sliced meats is an indication of poor quality." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Quality if not a determining factor when it comes to the shiny appearance of sliced meats, it is due to the direction in which way the meat was cut." ]
2018-14435	The air that's inside the bubbles of bubble-wrap made overseas: is it the exact air that was trapped during its manufacture... literally air from China, or wherever? Or, does it somehow get replaced with "other" air when in transit?	It’s whatever air that is near the assembly line when the bubble wrap is being made. Bubble wrap is formed from three resins in which are melted into the film, then the still half-melted film is sucked on by a bunch of tiny holes that are lead to by a vacuum. The bubble is then formed, the air is trapped inside, then the half-melted film seals itself back up due to its liquid properties. Edit: I think i miscommunicated at the end. I believe it’s laid over another sheet and then it’s sealed to that under-sheet due to its semi-liquid properties.	[ "Section::::Company operations.:Brands.:Bubble Wrap.\n\nInitially created as a failed wallpaper, Bubble was subsequently used as a greenhouse insulator. Finally, it took on its best-known use as a packaging material. In its earliest form, Bubble Wrap suffered from leaky bubbles, but by the mid 1960s a special coati...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04827	How does higher quality microphones filter out most of the background noises?	There are a few things that you should probably look at. Some microphones have different recording patterns. You can choose an optimal recording pattern depending on the setting. Cardioid mode records what is directly in front of the receiver versus say an omni\-directional mic that will pick up in a 360 degree pattern. You can also apply what is called a pop filter. Pop filters work by reducing air flow towards the mic which effectively removes the popping and white noises often heard.	[ "BULLET::::- Cinema Audio Society Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television-Series\", \"Six Feet Under\" (2004) - NOMINATED\n\nBULLET::::- Daytime Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Mixing\", \"Pee-wee's Playhouse\" (1991) – WON\n\nBULLET::::- Genie Award for \"Best Orig...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03238	How does Velcro retain its strength through continuous use?	There are a couple factors that explain this. First, most loops don't find a hook each time the Velcro is sealed. Only a minority of the loops need to find a hook for the Velcro to hold. Second, not every loop tears when you rip apart the Velcro. There are many times more loops on the one side than there are hooks on the other, so this combination of factors gives Velcro an appreciable use\-life. If you notice your Velcro is getting less sticky, you'll get more bang for your buck by trying to clean lint out of the hook side first.	[ "Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral invented his first touch fastener when, in 1941, he went for a walk in the woods and wondered why burdock seeds clung to his coat and dog. He discovered it could be turned into something useful. He patented it in 1955, and subsequently refined and developed its practical...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11826	How are fruit juice concentrates made? If juice comes from the fruits themselves how is it put into concentrated form?	Juice contains water so you just boil it until that water is gone to make a more concentrated juice	[ "Although processing methods vary between juices, the general processing method of juices includes:\n\nBULLET::::- Washing and sorting food source\n\nBULLET::::- Juice extraction\n\nBULLET::::- Straining, filtration and clarification\n\nBULLET::::- Blending pasteurization\n\nBULLET::::- Filling, sealing and sterili...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.