Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-02273	Why can we only see so many stars in our own galaxy, but we can see the Andromeda Galaxy billions of light-years away with the naked eye?	That's kind of like asking why you can see the moon, but why can't you see a grain of sand 100 yards away. The sand is much closer, but the moon is much bigger. Andromeda Galaxy is 220,000 light years across and contains a trillion stars. A typical star is 1.4 million kilometers across. That means a star is 0.00000000006726% as big as a galaxy. Also, Andromeda is "only" 2.5 million light years away - not billions of light years.	[ "The constellation of Andromeda lies well away from the galactic plane, so it does not contain any of the open clusters or bright nebulae of the Milky Way. Because of its distance in the sky from the band of obscuring dust, gas, and abundant stars of our home galaxy, Andromeda's borders contain many visible distant...	[ "If we can barely see any stars within our own galaxy, we should not be able to see any stars in the Andromeda Galaxy which is billions of light years away. " ]	[ "The stars in the Andromeda Galaxy are much larger than the stars in our galaxy, therefore they are visible, in addition, the Andromeda Galaxy is not billions of light years away, it is only 2.5 million light years away. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If we can barely see any stars within our own galaxy, we should not be able to see any stars in the Andromeda Galaxy which is billions of light years away. ", "If we can barely see any stars within our own galaxy, we should not be able to see any stars in the Andromeda Galaxy which is billions of light years awa...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The stars in the Andromeda Galaxy are much larger than the stars in our galaxy, therefore they are visible, in addition, the Andromeda Galaxy is not billions of light years away, it is only 2.5 million light years away. ", "The stars in the Andromeda Galaxy are much larger than the stars in our galaxy, therefore...
2018-09487	Why is it easier to stay on a bicycle that's in motion compared to one that isn't?	The main reason for a moving bicycle being more stable than a stationary bicycle is that a moving bicycle tends to steer into a fall. If the bicycle starts falling left, it tends to steer to the left. If it starts falling to the right, it tends to steer to the right. Steering into the fall counteracts the fall, keeping the bike upright. Others in this thread mention the gyroscopic effect of the spinning wheels, and while that does contribute somewhat to the stability of a moving bicycle, it is not the primary source of stability. In fact, a bicycle can be built without any gyroscopic effect at all (by adding wheels of equal mass that spin in the opposite direction), such a bike can still be stable. For anyone who might be interested, here is a video showing a stable bicycle without gyroscopic effect: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )	[ "Steering may be supplied by a rider or, under certain circumstances, by the bike itself. This self-stability is generated by a combination of several effects that depend on the geometry, mass distribution, and forward speed of the bike. Tires, suspension, steering damping, and frame flex can also influence it, esp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12813	Carbon-14 half-life and why it's only useful for dating organic materials less than 50,000 years old?	I think you're confused as to what a half life is. A half life is how long it takes for half of the material (in this case the radioactive carbon-14 isotope) to decay. I've never heard of a full life. For example, take 100g of Carbon-14. After ~5,700 years (it's half life) you'll have 50g of Carbon-14. Now take another ~5,700 years and that 50g will be cut in half to 25g. Then in half to 12.5g. Repeat. We say it's only good for about 50,000 years because after that point there's too little of the isotope left for us to reliably measure. You'd need to pick something with a longer half life to reliably date farther back.	[ "Section::::Radiocarbon dating.\n\nRadiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses (C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years old. The technique was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues in 1949 during his tenure as a professor at the University of Chicago. Libby...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Carbon-14 half-life can date organic materials less than 50,000 years old." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Something with a longer half life than Carbon-14 is needed." ]
2018-19875	How can a home owners association have any power over you?	You sign a contract agreeing to all of the rules and the fines if you break them when you buy the house.	[ "Once notified by a homeowner, attorney or other government official that an HOA organization is not meeting the state's statutes, the boards have the responsibility to correct their governance. Failure to do so in certain states, such as Texas, can result in the levy of misdemeanor charges against the board and op...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10450	What kind of actual work do Historians do?	Many of course are teachers. If we do not remember our history we are condemned to repeat it. There are many ideas floating around, political ideas mostly, about how to run the government. Most have been tried. If we read our history we can try to avoid the mistakes of the past. History is a broad field. Genealogy is a special subset of it which fascinates a lot of people. Anything we do today becomes history tomorrow. Anywhere we go we see things. As soon as we say,"What is that? What did it do?" We involve historians.	[ "Section::::Historians.\n\nProfessional and amateur historians discover, collect, organize, and present information about past events.They discover this information through archaeological evidence, written primary sources from the past and other various means such as place names. In lists of historians, historians ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11362	Why does water in tropical areas look so crystal clear and light blue, but in other areas is darker blue and murky?	Lack of nutrients/plankton/sediments. The ocean near Louisiana/Texas is murky due to outflow of Mississippi river. The water near Galveston is usually pretty brown but turned clear recently due to change in currents. URL_0	[ "Some constituents of sea water can influence the shade of blue of the ocean. This is why it can look greener or bluer in different areas. Water in swimming pools (which may also contain various chemicals) with white-painted sides and bottom will appear as a turquoise blue.\n\nClean or uncontaminated water appears ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19029	does the infrastructure difference between downtown and the suburbs change weather patterns in the area?	Absolutely. Alot of urban and downtown infrastructure generates alot of heat. NYC literally has underground steam pipes pumping hot steam around. Blacktop roads also contribute to heat patterns, and of course dense urban roads cause more contributing than sparse rural roads. And not to mention the cars on those roads.	[ "Urban environments are typically warmer than their surroundings, as documented over a century ago by Howard. Urban areas are islands or spots on the broader scale compared with more rural surrounding land. The spatial distribution of temperatures occurs in tandem with temporal changes, which are both causally rela...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18627	How do a persons contact lens stay centered on the cornea at all times?	Your eye is not perfectly spherical and the area where your iris begins forms a small mound on top of it, contact lenses are shaped in such a way that they cling to the edges of this mound keeping them firmly in place until removed	[ "BULLET::::- Use contact lenses in place of eyeglasses. A contact lens rests directly on the surface of the cornea and moves in sync with all eye movements. Consequently, the contact lens is always directly aligned on center with the pupil and there is never any off-axis misalignment between the pupil and the optic...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00072	How would the average first-world life change if technology was made at its "true" price without immoral labor?	I mean, there was a time not long ago when even the most basic desktop PC cost $5,000 in the low end. It's not like things were unbearable back then. So I'm going to go with: not much.	[ "BULLET::::- Con Blomberg's 1959 short story \"Sales Talk\" depicts a post-scarcity society in which society incentivizes consumption to reduce the burden of overproduction. To further reduce production, virtual reality is used to fulfill peoples' needs to create.\n\nBULLET::::- The science fiction novella \"Riders...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09020	How Are Graphics Cards Used To "Mine" For Digital Currency?	"Basically mining is the process of solving tough calculations. This is somewhat said to increase security in someway, which makes Bitcoin a safe platform for payment. Now there are programs that solve these calculations but they need so much hardware juice. Initially Mining was done one Processors. But then they realised that graphic cards can mine faster. And then they started mining in graphics cards. Usually 3 or more graphic cards are put into a mining rig and powered up. For every calculations solved the miner earns. 0.0000000001 or something(it's really hard to get Bitcoin and small amounts like this pops up because of the value and amount received for calculations that I have provided is not correct) So as the value of Bitcoin increase, miners around the globe jump in and get graphics cards that has enough juice and pops them in. AMD cards usually do the task better and are commonly used but people use Nvidia cards too. And when the stocks run out, the producers basically increase the prices until the next stock reaches the market." Credit: URL_0 Hope it helps! :)	[ "An increase in cryptocurrency mining increased the demand of graphics cards (GPU) in 2017. Popular favorites of cryptocurrency miners such as Nvidia's GTX 1060 and GTX 1070 graphics cards, as well as AMD's RX 570 and RX 580 GPUs, doubled or tripled in price or were out of stock. A GTX 1070 Ti which was released at...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01762	Why do scrambled eggs, omelettes, etc. go bad so quickly at room temperature, while baked goods with eggs in them do not?	Cooked food left in room temp goes bad fast because bacteria grows rapidly and the food can become unsafe to eat. Eggs (in shells) can last for long outside and they aren't refrigerated in a lot of countries. When you crack open the egg, the protective layer is lost and bacteria can easily grow on it. When you use eggs to bake anything, the structure is changed. As soon as bread has been baked it slowly begins a process called retrogration where the starch molecules begin to dry out or crystallize. Bacteria's growth is hampered in dry conditions so baked goods can last for a couple days outside.	[ "Once the liquid has mostly set, additional ingredients such as ham, herbs, cheese or cream may be folded in over low heat until incorporated. The eggs are usually slightly undercooked when removed from heat, since the eggs will continue to set. If any liquid is seeping from the eggs (syneresis), this is a sign of ...	[ "If scrambled eggs can go bad at room temperature, then baked goods that contain eggs should also go bad." ]	[ "When food is baked, the structure of the food changes that allows the food to dry out or crystallize. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If scrambled eggs can go bad at room temperature, then baked goods that contain eggs should also go bad.", "If scrambled eggs can go bad at room temperature, then baked goods that contain eggs should also go bad." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When food is baked, the structure of the food changes that allows the food to dry out or crystallize. ", "When food is baked, the structure of the food changes that allows the food to dry out or crystallize. " ]
2018-03794	Why was Germany not divided by the victorious Entente after World War 1?	Germany wasn't defeated in WW1. WW1 ended with an Armistice which is effectively a cease fire. Everyone was war weary and just ended things, it's not like the British were sitting in Berlin and capable of dictating whatever terms they wanted. If they gave terms that were too unreasonable (splitting up Germany) then fighting would have resumed immediately WW2 ended with the Allies and Soviets racing towards Berlin and all of German territory under non-german control. Germany was soundly defeated after WW2 unlike WW1	[ "Through the chairman of the Paris conference, the German government were invited to send a representative on March 1 to London, to discuss the reparation question. The government accepted the invitation, but smarting from their experiences at Versailles and Spa, the German government wanted to make sure that their...	[ "Germany should have been divided by the victorious entente." ]	[ "Germany wasn't divided because WW1 ended in an armistice where everyone just stopped. No terms were made." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Germany should have been divided by the victorious entente.", "Germany should have been divided by the victorious entente." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Germany wasn't divided because WW1 ended in an armistice where everyone just stopped. No terms were made.", "Germany wasn't divided because WW1 ended in an armistice where everyone just stopped. No terms were made." ]
2018-17619	Why does amazon purchase all of these different companies completely unrelated to online shopping like whole foods?	Their goal is to control as much of each person's total shopping as they can. For items that are better sold in person than by shipping, they are tired of missing out on that business.	[ "On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Trade Commission approved the merger between Amazon.com and Whole Foods Market. The following day it was announced that the deal would be closed on August 28, 2017.\n\nSection::::Subsidiaries.:Junglee.\n", "On June 15, 2017, Amazon announced it would acquire W...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15273	If fever is a natural reaction of our bodies to kill an intruder virus, isn't it bad if we take some pills to lower the temperature?	A rise from normal body temperature (37.0 celcius) to high fever (38.5 celcius) isn’t enough to kill most viruses. As a non-living shell of proteins they are extremely resistant to heat. Most viral heat treatments require temperature exceeding 50 celcius. H5N1 (bird flu) requires 70 celcius to inactivate. Bacteria are more sensitive to temperature changes, but again a 1.5 degree difference will only affect heat-sensitive bacteria. Bacteria like E.Coli grow just fine at 39 degrees celcius. How fever works: your body has white blood cells called macrophages. These cells release a compound called Interleukin-1 (IL-1). The purpose of IL-1 is to widen your blood vessels and recruit more white blood cells to fight off the infection. It just so happens than IL-1 binds to the hypothalamus region of the brain and signal it to raise body temperature. So fever is more of a side-effect of the immune response, rather than a primary goal.	[ "Treatment to reduce fever is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with this as well as lower temperature. Measures such as putting a cool damp cloth on the forehead...	[ "It may be bad to take medication to reduce a fever since the fever is attempting to kill viruses.", "It is a bad idea to take pills to reduce fever or cool a person down because a fever or warming of the body is done to remove the virus or bacteria causing the illness and fever to begin with." ]	[ "Fever is a side-effect of the immune response rather than a direct killer of viruses so taking medication if needed is not bad.", "A fever does not warm a body up enough to rid the body of the bacteria and/or virus in the first place, therefore cooling a fever would not cause someone to lose the ability to rid t...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It may be bad to take medication to reduce a fever since the fever is attempting to kill viruses.", "It is a bad idea to take pills to reduce fever or cool a person down because a fever or warming of the body is done to remove the virus or bacteria causing the illness and fever to begin with." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fever is a side-effect of the immune response rather than a direct killer of viruses so taking medication if needed is not bad.", "A fever does not warm a body up enough to rid the body of the bacteria and/or virus in the first place, therefore cooling a fever would not cause someone to lose the ability to rid t...
2018-04328	How do the same set of speakers produce the different kinda of sound waves?	Speakers cannot generate square waves at all, they can't do anything that requires holding pressure at some raised/lowered level They cannot generate ideal saw waves with vertical edges but they can come close, particularly lighter speakers which can move faster. Nothing can have an infinitely sharp edge so there is always some rise or fall time that rounds the wave off a bit even when making electrical signals, but we can usually make a close enough approximation to count.	[ "The moving system of the loudspeaker (including the cone, cone suspension, spider and the voice coil) has a certain mass and compliance. This is most commonly likened to a simple mass suspended by a spring that has a certain resonant frequency at which the system will vibrate most freely.\n", "Section::::Design ...	[ "Speakers produce different kinds of sound waves. " ]	[ "Speakers actually don't generate waves at all. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Speakers produce different kinds of sound waves. ", "Speakers produce different kinds of sound waves. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Speakers actually don't generate waves at all. ", "Speakers actually don't generate waves at all. " ]
2018-03638	why is muscle sometimes referred to as "lean"? Can muscle be "fatty"?	Humans do not have fat intermixed with muscle the way we've engineered some domesticated species to. Our fat is almost entirely stored subcutaneously, or viscerally. Subcutaneous means it's below the skin (and above the muscle in this case), viscerally means it's around our organs. In our abdomen we have a structure called the omentum which is like sheets of connective tissue and fat storage that extends between our loops of bowel and other abdominal organs. We have a greater and lesser omentum. When you get obese, you not only have fat stored under the skin, but giving you the belly is this expanded layer of visceral fat in the omentum that pushes your abdomen out. "Lean muscle", as I understand it, is referring to eating enough calories that you build muscle but you don't develop a lot of extra fat. Diet is an important part of muscle gain, but it can also lead to weight gain if done to excess. Often bodybuilders use "bulking" and "cutting" periods where they simply eat a very large amount of calories to ensure they are building as much muscle as possible, and then they will eat at a caloric deficit to lose fat without also losing muscle. So it's not really the muscle itself that is lean or fatty, but rather whether you're gaining fat with muscle, or simply eating enough to gain muscle but remain at a consistent level of fat (aka. "lean muscle").	[ "BULLET::::- macro-: \"Pronunciation\": /mækroʊ/. \"Origin\": Ancient Greek μακρός (\"makrós\"). \"Meaning\": (correctly) long; (usually) large.\n", "The English form \"\", attested from 1939, is a back formation derived from interpreting the \"s\" of \"biceps\" as the English plural marker \"-s\". While common e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Muscle does not contain fat" ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Muscle can have fat intermixed." ]
2018-05277	Why do Korean restaurants serve dishes in metal bowls?	Bibimbap is traditionally served in a hot cast iron bowl so that the rice on the bottom gets fried and crispy. The crispy rice is essential to bibimbap!	[ "In the end of modern age, most of brassware in all households got ravished by Japan. With the liberation in 1945, brassware became widely used again, but soon after Korean War, when briquettes took place, people preferred stainless bowls to brassware because brassware gets easily discolored by briquettes gas.\n", ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22448	I don’t see bugs crawling around my house, but where do they come from if I leave a plate of food out on the counter for too long?	Ants send out the occasional scout. When they find something interesting, they report back to their home base, and others come following their trail. You might not see the occasional ant, but they are there. If you don't have ants at all, they don't magically appear when you leave food out.	[ "Foods commonly infested include:\n\nBULLET::::- Whole or cracked grains (rice)\n\nBULLET::::- Flour, meal, or similar ground grain products\n\nBULLET::::- Spices\n\nBULLET::::- Cereals\n\nBULLET::::- Pasta\n\nBULLET::::- Candy\n\nBULLET::::- Powdered milk\n\nBULLET::::- Nuts (whole or pieces)\n\nOther items includ...	[ "Because bugs are not normally visible in one's home they should not arrive unexpectedly. " ]	[ "If bugs have been spotted previously, then it is undeniable that the bugs exist somewhere in the household. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because bugs are not normally visible in one's home they should not arrive unexpectedly. ", "I don't see any bugs so they are not there." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "If bugs have been spotted previously, then it is undeniable that the bugs exist somewhere in the household. ", "There may be a scout bug that you missed that notified the rest of the bugs about the food." ]
2018-03759	What is that pain you feel in your arms, shoulders, neck, back and wrists after you sneeze?	That is absolutely not a normal thing that you are experiencing and you should drop whatever you're doing and go and visit a doctor and explain to him that you're either very ill or that you're just not capable of sneezing like a normal person and you've been doing it wrong for the entirety of your life. Good luck and bless you. 😉	[ "BULLET::::- Modifications in movements and position. Triggering factors that can cause RLP are sudden movements, (e.g. sitting up and down, standing up, sneezing, coughing), physical exertion, and long periods in the same resting position. A change in daily activities can help find relief and prevent worsening of ...	[ "Pain during sneeze is normal" ]	[ "Pain during sneeze is not normal and should be checked out by a doctor. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Pain during sneeze is normal" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Pain during sneeze is not normal and should be checked out by a doctor. " ]
2018-06583	Why do doctors order blood tests before low risk surgeries?	Blood tests tell a lot about your health and what could or is wrong with you, by having a blood test the doctor knows what could be wrong and it can help to know what drugs to give you if you need any while you are under. it can also help reveal any underlying conditions that would make the surgery dangerous. even a low-risk surgery has a risk so the more information a doctor has the better they can treat you if something goes wrong	[ "The driving notion behind POCT is to bring the test conveniently and immediately to the patient. This increases the likelihood that the patient, physician, and care team will receive the results quicker, which allows for better immediate clinical management decisions to be made. POCT includes: blood glucose testin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04099	Why do you words start sounding funny when you repeat them?	It's called semantic satiation - a distinct pattern of neurons in the brain keep firing each time you hear it and the brain reactively inhibits the strength of the firing each successive time. Without the distinct patter at full strength, your brain won't fully interpret it. Eli5: Your neurons are like muscles, the more you use specific ones to hear a specific word, the more "tired" they get to repeated use.	[ "A special case of where multiple causation comes into play creating new verbal forms is in what Skinner describes as fragmentary responses. Such combinations are typically vocal, although this may be due to different conditions of self-editing rather than any special property. Such mutations may be \"nonsense\" an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16340	Why was prehistoric everything so massive in scale compared to living beings now?	It wasn't. Most dinosaurs were not huge. Animals alive today are larger than any other animal we know to ever have existed. But our searching through the fossil record biases us to finding larger animals, since smaller bones are more easily destroyed, and more easily missed if they are preserved. We also tend to represent the larger animals more commonly, because they are exciting to us. And being big is only sometimes advantageous. Today, for instance, being big is a big disadvantage, since it tends to put you at odds with humankind, and as a result we have wiped out many large animals. Likewise, other events in history have made being big a problem, such as the meteor which ended the age of the dinosaurs. If the food chain collapses, being big and hungry becomes a major problem.	[ "From antiquity, fossils of large animals were often quoted as having lived together with the giants from the Book of Genesis: e.g. the Tannin or \"great sea monsters\" of Gen. 1:21. They are often described in later books of the Bible, especially by God himself in the Book of Job: e.g. Re'em in verse 39:9, Behemot...	[ "Prehistoric everything was massive in scale compared to living beings now.", "Structures and living beings were much larger in prehistoric times than they are in modern times." ]	[ "Most dinosaurs were not huge, it just seems that way because smaller bones are more easily destroyed, and more easily missed if they are preserved, making it harder to find evidence of smaller prehistoric animals.", "Living beings and objects were not larger in prehistoric times, in fact animals today are larger...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Prehistoric everything was massive in scale compared to living beings now.", "Structures and living beings were much larger in prehistoric times than they are in modern times." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most dinosaurs were not huge, it just seems that way because smaller bones are more easily destroyed, and more easily missed if they are preserved, making it harder to find evidence of smaller prehistoric animals.", "Living beings and objects were not larger in prehistoric times, in fact animals today are larger...
2018-01035	How can we choose whether warm or cold air exits our mouths when breathing out?	As a person that is involved both in thermodynamics and fluid dynamics I'll try to explain. As @palabam had written the air that exiting our lungs is the same temperature always. What matters then is speed. Here comes Reynolds Number (abbr. Re). Re desribes the flow behaviour, weather it is laminar or turbulent. The higher the speed, the higher the Re and turbulence appears. It happens when we want to move more air in the same space, the same thing happens when we let water through pipe that is to small - it starts to make noises. Turbulent flow has higher heat transfer coefficient than laminar. Basically, the more air we push through, the more there is to heat, and colder it seems. [Because turbulent boundary layer is smaller than laminar the temperature gradient is steeper which makes the heat from your hands go faster to air] Then it's not the air temperature that is different, but the rate at which You heat it, makes it feel colder. TL;DR: It's not the temperature that is different, it's the gradient of temperature that is important, which is affected by speed of passing air. Self note: I'll be a terrible parent. I don't have children yet. It's my 3rd post on reddit.	[ "The human nasal passages serve as a heat exchanger, with cool air being inhaled and warm air being exhaled. Its effectiveness can be demonstrated by putting the hand in front of the face and exhaling, first through the nose and then through the mouth. Air exhaled through the nose is substantially cooler. This effe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02144	How have cave paintings from 50,000 years ago lasted so long?	A big part of it is that they were made inside caves, so the paintings are relatively undisturbed by sunlight, rain, wind, temperature variation, precipitation, etc. Plus they are on rock walls not paper so the medium itself wouldn't erode for millions of years.	[ "Scientific examinations conducted in 2011 estimated that the hand stencils and animal painting on the walls were between 35,000 and 40,000 years old. The age of the paintings was estimated through analysis of small radioactive traces of uraniam isotopes present in the crust that had accumulated on top of the paint...	[ "Cave paintings should not have survived for 50,000 years." ]	[ "Cave paintings are undisturbed by weather and rock erodes very slowly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cave paintings should not have survived for 50,000 years." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cave paintings are undisturbed by weather and rock erodes very slowly." ]
2018-02327	Why were Barclays so keen to avoid a government bailout during the 2008 Financial crisis?	The bailout involved the government taking over a large share of the bank in return for bailout money. Barclay's probably figured they could recover without a bailout from the government and thus avoid having to give up any of the company.	[ "Barclays launched a further round of capital raising, approved by special resolution on 24 November 2008, as part of its overall plan to achieve higher capital targets set by the FSA to ensure it would remain independent. Barclays raised £7 billion from investors from Abu Dhabi and Qatar. Existing Barclays shareho...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01647	why do people not jump significantly higher when running and jumping off of two feet vs running and jumping off of one foot?	Because the time and coordination required to plant both feet mid sprint robs momentum?	[ "A jumper may be either stationary or moving when initiating a jump. In a jump from stationary (i.e., a \"standing jump\"), all of the work required to accelerate the body through launch is done in a single movement. In a \"moving jump\" or \"running jump\", the jumper introduces additional vertical velocity at lau...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03685	Where did the concept of a white flag for universal surrender/truce come from?	To quote wikipedia > The first mention of the usage of white flags to surrender is made during the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25–220). In the Roman Empire, the historian Cornelius Tacitus mentions a white flag of surrender in AD 109. Before that time, Roman armies would surrender by holding their shields above their heads. The white flag was widely used in the Middle Ages in Western Europe to indicate an intent to surrender. The color white was used generally to indicate a person was exempt from combat; heralds bore white wands, prisoners or hostages captured in battle would attach a piece of white paper to their hat or helmet, and garrisons that had surrendered and been promised safe passage would carry white batons. The why is likely that white fabric is not uncommon to have for other usages like bed sheet, tablecloth etc. Linen, Wool is in the natural from white-ish so it it is a common color. It is also easy to see and is unusual to be used as the flag /banner of a group. So the likely explanation is that it is practical because it is simple and available most times to most groups.	[ "White flag\n\nWhite flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale.\n\nSection::::Flag of truce or surrender.\n", "The first mention of the usage of white flags to surrender is made during the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25–220). In the Roman Empire, the historian Cornelius Tacitus ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04755	Why do you get irritable on an empty stomach?	When you’re hungry, you’re body is lacking the energy and nutrients to oxygenate and nourish your body properly. When oxygen and nutrient levels are low, your central nervous system is one of the first areas to be affected, which in turn makes you act more irrational than you usually would. It’s your body’s way of telling you it needs immediate attention.	[ "Irritability can be a growing response to the objective stimuli of hunger or thirst in animals or humans which then reaches some level of awareness of that need. Irritability may be demonstrated in behavioral responses to both physiological and behavioral stimuli including environmental, situational, sociological,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19326	How does the checks-and-balances system keep any one branch of the US government from becoming too powerful?	There are quite a few ways. I'll list a partial set of examples. The president can sign a bill into law or veto it, giving control over the legislative branch. The legislative branch can also override a veto with a super-majority vote. The president nominates supreme Court justices, and the Senate confirms them. The supreme Court can interpret the Constitution and strike down laws as unconstitutional if challenged in a court case.	[ "Checks and balances is the principle that each of the Branches has the power to limit or check the other two and this creates a balance between the three separate powers of the state, this principle induces that the ambitions of one branch prevent that one of the other branches becomes supreme, and thus be eternal...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01222	Why does drain cleaner work?	Drain cleaner is mainly lye, AKA caustic soda, AKA sodium hydroxide. Lye destroys organic compounds. Most of the things clogging a drain (hair, food bits, poop, snots) are destroyed by lye. Lye can also make short work (relatively) of a body, which is why it has been used in crimes to dissolve people. Don't spill drain cleaner on you, it will eat you.	[ "BULLET::::- Chemical drain cleaners, plungers, handheld drain augers, air burst drain cleaners, and home remedy drain cleaners are typically applied to the problem of a clogged single drain, such as a sink, toilet, tub, or shower drain. An effective drain cleaner can remove soft obstructions (such as hair and grea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01060	What are these new-age solid-state batteries? How are they different from conventional batteries?	They're batteries that use solid electrodes or electrolytes instead of liquid. They have potentially higher energy density, and are safer since they're not flammable. They also have longer lifespans and don't produce as much heat. I think the problem at the moment is that they're not ready to be mass produced and so they're expensive.	[ "Section::::Recent activities.\n", "In 2018, Solid Power announced it had received $20 million in funding for a small manufacturing line to produce all-solid-state, rechargeable lithium-metal batteries. The line will be able to produce batteries with about 10 megawatt hours of capacity per year. Volkswagen announ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03951	What series of chemicals/surgeries facilitated Michael Jackson’s bizarre physical transformation, and why don’t we see more people who look like he did?	His official statement was that the skin coloring was due to vitiligo which you've probably seen in a number of dark skinned people. Most of their skin becomes white, leaving a lot of dark patches. I was a friend of his dermatologist Arnold Klein (who has passed away, but he also had a ton of friends, so it's not like I had real insider info), and he only claimed to have been involved in making his skin a uniform color, and he did some filler work (fillers are like collagen that temporarily change the shape of where you put it, and your body eventually metabolizes it). As far as his facial structure, that was something else entirely and I can't really speak to it, but there was a lot of heavy duty cosmetic surgery going on. If you look at him in the mid 1970's before his first nose job, he looked very different in the face. There are a lot of people who have had radical facial surgery like he did, but it's incredibly expensive, so you don't see too much of it, because most people couldn't afford to do it. Look up Jocelyn Wildenstein for another example of extensive facial work.	[ "BULLET::::- In the scene where Michael is seen shooting for the Pepsi commercial which caused his scalp to catch fire, it shows his body rolling down the stairs. In fact he actually walked down the stairs with his hair on fire and later realized and did a one rotation spin (not the usual spin move he did) and shak...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02486	hydrangea colors. I know soil conditions affect hydrangea color, but when buying them in the store do they list various colors on a neutral PH? How will I ensure they maintain color?	Hydrangeas with white or cream flowers, such as Annabelle hydrangeas, oakleaf hydrangeas and members of the PeeGee family, can only produce white or cream flowers. You have to feed the colored ones (the hydrangea cultivars known as mopheads and lacecaps) to get the color you want. Low pH gives you blue and high pH gives you pink. You raise pH with lime and lower it with a sulfate of ammonia or aluminum.	[ "Section::::Plant pH preferences.\n\nIn general terms, different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges. For many species, the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known. Online databases of plant characteristics, such \"USDA PLANTS\" and \"Plants for a Future\" can be used to look up the suitab...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08219	During sleep, how does our body know to suddenly wake when there is a disturbance in the environment such as a loud noise?	We sleep best and most deeply when we are in the place where we normally sleep. That is partly because we have learned it is safe to sleep there, but also because we've gotten used to all the normal sounds. After a while, our brains only tell us to wake up if we hear a sound that isn't normal. Like, if your furnace makes a banging noise every hour, your brain will eventually realize that the sound doesn't mean anything bad is going to happen and will ignore it. But if someone threw a rock through your window at night, your brain would say, "wake up, it sounds like something weird is going on, it might mean we are in danger!" It's like my dog. Sometimes we are in the city, and sometimes in the country and he is used to being at both places. When we are sleeping in the city, all sorts of traffic and people can be heard all night but he ignores it, because he knows it is normal there. In the country, if he heard a car door shut a mile away in the middle of the night, he would freak out. That's because he is awoken by hearing something that is unusual for the place he is at. The same is true for us. When we sleep in a new place for the first time, studies have shown that part of our brains aren't really sleeping, they react differently to noises around us. Stay there a few nights though, and you will begin to have a more restful sleep, and only the noises that are out of the ordinary there will disturb you. The reason our brains have this kind of nighttime security system is because we are most vulnerable when we are asleep. Those early humans whose brains developed in this way survived and had kids. Those that didn't evolve this way likely died in their sleep, but not peacefully.	[ "In the early morning, light activates the \"cry\" gene and its protein CRY causes the breakdown of TIM. Thus PER/TIM dimer dissociates, and the unbound PER becomes unstable. PER undergoes progressive phosphorylation and ultimately degradation. Absence of PER and TIM allows activation of \"clk\" and \"cyc\" genes. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00689	What's the point of having an expectorant and a cough suppressant in a single medicine? It seems like they cancel each other out.	The idea is to make you cough less (suppressant), but when you DO cough, each one is more productive (expectorant).	[ "In those with mild disease, short-acting agents are recommended on an as needed basis. In those with more severe disease, long-acting agents are recommended. Long-acting agents partly work by reducing hyperinflation. If long-acting bronchodilators are insufficient, then inhaled corticosteroids are typically added....	[ "Expectorant and cough supressant should cancel each other out.", "Using an expectorant and a cough suppressant together contradicts each other." ]	[ "They work together to make the coughs you do have more productive.", "They do not contradict each other because the suppressant makes you cough less, however when you do cough, the expectorant makes each cough more effective. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Expectorant and cough supressant should cancel each other out.", "Using an expectorant and a cough suppressant together contradicts each other." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They work together to make the coughs you do have more productive.", "They do not contradict each other because the suppressant makes you cough less, however when you do cough, the expectorant makes each cough more effective. " ]
2018-02664	How was western Europe so unprepared for Hitler's invasion and the start of WW2?	The losses incurred in WW1 by Europe at large cannot be overstated. Their population was wrecked by conflict on their own soil which raged across the continent. Germany was far less impacted by localized violence then, say, France, and the dangers of early 20th century warfare left populations with poisoned land, low food security, and slow recuperation of population. Treaties placed on Germany were thought sufficient to keep the available government under control. The severe economic impositions made Germans limit their infrastructure to civic projects. You know, the kind of thing that increases population and develop quickly. Complacency, a generally difficult recovery, and the desire to move forward left many European nations flatfooted.	[ "BULLET::::- 1940: Great Britain under Winston Churchill becomes the last nation to hold out against the Nazis after winning the Battle of Britain.\n\nBULLET::::- 1941: U.S. begins large-scale lend-lease aid to Britain, Free France, the USSR and other Allies; Canada also provides financial aid.\n\nBULLET::::- 1941:...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08984	Why are my allergies way worse the moment right after I wake up than any other time of the day?	There are a few factors that effect this, from what I've read, pollen counts are often higher earlier in the day, another reason has to do with circulating levels of various hormones $corticosteroids, histamine & various neurotransmitters IE, Epinephrine AKA Adrenaline$ All of these have effects on how the body reacts to external stimuli IE allergens. Most of these stimulating hormones and neurotransmitters slowly are released and circulate the body beginning slightly before we awaken, as their levels ramp up along with our awakeness your reaction to allergens will diminish. The same reason is responsible for why you may feel similar when getting sleepy, these stimulating chemicals are ramping down as your body prepares to rest.	[ "Allergic rhinitis may also be classified as Mild-Intermittent, Moderate-Severe intermittent, Mild-Persistent, and Moderate-Severe Persistent. Intermittent is when the symptoms occur 4 days per week or 4 consecutive weeks. Persistent is when symptoms occur 4 days/week and 4 consecutive weeks. The symptoms are consi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00916	How do countries simulate full-scale wars?	This is a very vague question, but we'll try to take a crack at it. For large-scale, military-only exercises, the participating units are put on a war footing and made to perform tasks they normally would during a conflict against either imaginary/simulated enemy targets or friendly troops playing the role of enemy combatants. Indirect fire has real ammo, so they fire on imaginary targets, friendlies playing hostiles necessitate blank rounds to be used. The troops are positioned as they would during a conflict (forward camps, usually) and supplied similarly, with MREs and limited resources. For those exercises that want to also simulate civilian operators acting in concert with military forces, those civilian units or organizations (for example, fire crews, police forces and political chains of command) are also put on the same alert as they would under a full-scale conflict and perform simulated tasks and operations similar to those they would in wartime. For fire crews, this may include buildings set on fire in a manner to simulate bomb strikes, police may train to counter enemy special operations forces, and political command chains may face similar dilemmas as those in wartime. Medical organizations may be put on high alert and perform simulated complicated or mass casualty operations. Normally, all organizations in a country won't hold war exercises (or war games) at the same time, but the results of these can be combined and/or extrapolated to provide a relatively accurate overview of the capabilities against certain levels of enemy action both in the field and on the home front.	[ "Manual simulations, as described above, are often run to explore a 'what if?' scenario and take place as much to provide the participants with some insight into decision-making processes and crisis management as to provide concrete conclusions. Indeed, such simulations do not even require a conclusion; once a set ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23823	What is the cause of lightning storms during explosive volcanic eruptions?	It's actually the same general concept as what happens during a regular thunderstorm. The updrafts bang particles together (water drops in a rainstorm, ash in a volcano) and as they bang together, they strip electric charge from each other (just like what happens when you rub a balloon on your hair). The differently charged particles migrate to different parts of the cloud. Eventually, the static electricity difference is enough to overcome the resistance of the air and \BANG CRASH THE LIGHTNING FLASH\.	[ "Section::::Charging mechanisms.\n\nSection::::Charging mechanisms.:Ice charging.\n", "BULLET::::- Powerful and frequent flashes have been witnessed in the volcanic plume as far back as the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius by Pliny The Younger.\n\nBULLET::::- Likewise, vapors and ash originating from vents on the volca...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02890	How is 85% of the ocean unexplored?	oceans cover 71% of the earths surface. and that's not accounting for depth. ships travel at 30 miles an hour at most. oceans are 139.7 million square miles. which means if you stack size of the ocean one mile wide by 139.7 million miles long. it would take 531 years to traverse it all by ship. and that's just the surface, and not any depth.	[ "The open ocean is relatively unproductive because of a lack of nutrients, yet because it is so vast, it has more overall primary production than any other marine habitat. Only about 10 percent of marine species live in the open ocean. But among them are the largest and fastest of all marine animals, as well as the...	[ "With how much time has passed and what's available to humans, the ocean should have been explored more than 15%." ]	[ "Ships only travel at 30 miles an hour, which means it would take a ship more than 531 years to travel the entire ocean, not including the depth." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "With how much time has passed and what's available to humans, the ocean should have been explored more than 15%.", "With how much time has passed and what's available to humans, the ocean should have been explored more than 15%." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Ships only travel at 30 miles an hour, which means it would take a ship more than 531 years to travel the entire ocean, not including the depth.", "Ships only travel at 30 miles an hour, which means it would take a ship more than 531 years to travel the entire ocean, not including the depth." ]
2018-03861	Why are bi-racial people in America identified like this?	The concept of race in modern America is typically based on what you look like, not percentage of blood. Barack Obama and Rashida Jones are both half-white and half-black, but Barack Obama "looks black" and Rashida Jones is considered to "look white," and the reaction of society to them is different as a result. But the choice of people in that position to identify themselves as one thing or another (or both, or to ignore labels altogether) is respected, at least rhetorically.	[ "On July 14, 2019, Trump tweeted about four Democratic congresswomen of color, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ayanna Pressley, Ilhan Omar, and Rashida Tlaib. This group, known collectively as the Squad, had verbally sparred with Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi a week earlier:\n\nThe U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity C...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02615	Why do your earphones make noise when you walk through thief detectors at the doors of libraries?	Those detectors use magnetic sensors to detect specialized tags placed on or in big-ticket items. If you've ever seen one of those stickers with a big metallic spiral on the back, that's one design for them. Meanwhile, speakers work by using small electrical currents to turn an electromagnet on and off incredibly quickly, each on/off cycle corresponding to a single wave of sound produced by the speaker. Magnetic and electrical fields are really the same thing (hence the word electromagnetism), and as a result sufficiently strong magnetic fields can cause a current to move through a wire passing through them. The presence of the magnetic field essentially transforms a tiny percent of the energy involved in moving the wire into electrical energy. This electricity is very weak, but earbuds also work with tiny electrical charges. Try moving through those detectors at different speeds to see how it affects the sound. I have no idea what it will do, but I suspect faster speeds will make the sound higher pitched.	[ "Dear Uncle Ezra,\n\nWhat is that sound coming from the Johnson Museum? It's a pingy type sound that I guess could be some kind of wind chime but it seems like it's coming from the building itself.\n\n— Just wondering\n\nDear Chiming In,\n", "The principle of noise reduction through pathway modifications applies ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08090	Cannot comprehend how all these countries around the world have such high National debt.	I'll take the US as an example. The US debt is a staggering multi-trillion dollar beast, right? It must be completely crippling just to make the interest payments? Well, not necessarily. About 75% of the debt is held by individual US citizens. Remember that Savings Bond grandma gave you when you were five? That's US debt. She lent the Government $50 on the promise that X number of years later, the government would pay back that $50 plus some minimal amount of interest. Many retirees have their investments heavily in bonds, which are considered very stable investments (not subject to the wild ups and downs of stocks), but have relatively little return. The little rate of return allows that amount of money to do a better job of keeping up with inflation than sticking it under a mattress. But since it doesn't fully keep up with inflation, the amount of money paid back by the government can actually be less than it borrowed, once adjusted for inflation. So, that 75% that's held by US citizens really isn't all that bad, unless somehow there's a run on investors all trying to cash in their bonds at once, but even then there are rules in place to stop that from happening.	[ "As of October 2018, foreigners owned $6.2 trillion of U.S. debt, or approximately 39 percent of the debt held by the public of $16.1 trillion and 28 percent of the total debt of $21.8 trillion. At the close of 2018, the largest foreign holders were China ($1.13 trillion), Japan ($1.02 trillion), Brazil ($313 billi...	[ "National debt is held by nations." ]	[ "National debt is mostly held by the nations citizens." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "National debt is held by nations.", "National debt is held by nations. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "National debt is mostly held by the nations citizens.", "National debt is mostly held by the nations citizens." ]
2018-14574	How does CUDA or OpenCL work in GPU based password cracking implementation for cyber forensic applications and what is the difference between them? How is this benchmarked?	> How does CUDA or OpenCL work in GPU based password cracking implementation for cyber forensic applications Not all that different than a CPU. A GPU is essentially the same as CPU, just with many thousands of cores (compared to the ~4-8 you might see on a CPU). This means you can run many many operations at the same time, as long as they don't depend on each other (if they do depend on each other, you have to wait for the previous one to finish, so most of the cores will just sit idle). Something like guessing passwords are independent, so you can have each core doing different guesses. This can let you get to obscene amounts (in the billions per seconds) of tries. With that many tries, you can brute force some stuff. These often aren't necessarily super informative, because you generally need some kind of direct access to whatever you're trying to crack (there is a reason most sites have a limit on attempts. Even if you could theoretically crack the passwords, if you're only allowed 10 guesses/hr instead of billions/sec, it's essentially a moot point). However if you were able to say, download a giant password database locally to your computer, you can play around with it and potentially brute force it. > what is the difference between them? They're more or less the same thing- software/libraries for running GPU operations. Both are derivatives of C/C++. It's not all that different than the normal kernel running your CPU- just specialized to be efficient for thousands of cores (ie, transfering data to those cores can be a lot trickier than just communicating with 1 core, or making sure there's no conflicts etc). CUDA is proprietary- it's owned/developed by Nvidia. In general CUDA tends to be faster/more standard for most general GPU applications, but it has the big con that it's closed source and only works on Nvidia cards. But NVidia throws a pretty decent amount of money at developing it, and it was available early, so it's hard to get away from Open CL is open source version of essentially the same thing. It's designed to work on most hardware (and even can default to using a CPU if a GPU isn't available for some reason). So it's a lot more flexible, although generically it can be a bit less efficient. OpenCL/GL is getting better and better though. > How is this benchmarked? I don't know the specific benchmarks offhand, but in general, the way you do a benchmark is to find a few "standard" problems and just run them and time it. (Hashcat seems pretty popular) It's important to have problems of different types to identify where the differences are. There are a lot of password cracking algorithms (for example, there's just plain brute forces, vs dictionary attacks, etc), as well as different encryption algorithms (WPA,SHA etc)	[ "The emergence of hardware acceleration over the past decade GPU resources to be used to increase the efficiency and speed of a brute force attack. In 2012, Stricture Consulting Group unveiled a 25-GPU cluster that achieved a brute force attack speed of 350 billion guesses per second, allowing them to check formula...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00281	Why does the light go out when the bulb breaks?	That's exactly why. The lightbulb is filled with an inert gas such as argon, which prevents the filament from burning. Once the filament is exposed to oxygen, it burns up.	[ "In most modern incandescent bulbs, part of the wire inside the bulb acts like a fuse: if a broken filament produces an electrical short inside the bulb, the fusible section of wire will melt and cut the current off to prevent damage to the supply lines.\n\nA hot glass bulb may fracture on contact with cold objects...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00669	why is it that cameras cannot take a clear picture of an LCD screen?	Monitors and TVs typically have a set refresh rate - 50Hz and 60Hz are fairly common. This means that the screen is redrawn around 50 or 60 times a second. To the human eye, this looks smooth - it's fast enough to be almost unnoticeable. Cameras, though operate differently from our eyes. If the frame rate of the camera matches the refresh rate of the screen you're looking at, it'll probably look fine. Usually, this isn't the case. The camera then could capture a partly drawn screen as one of it's frames, and then capture a different part of the screen in the next frame, etc. Net result: it looks like it flickers (or you see moving black bars), since it does this very quickly. The black bars are a slightly different story from the flickering - the issue there is called aliasing. It's the same reason why if you film a wheel moving at the right speed, it can look like it's spinning backwards. If you think of video cameras as just taking a lot of pictures really fast, the way we perceive motion in a video is that you assume things move the smallest amount possible. So if a wheel has 8 spokes (evenly spaced, 360/8 = 45 degree separation) and rotates 35 degrees between frames, you'll probably think it took the shortest possible rotation - 10 degrees in the opposite direction (this breaks down if the spokes are distinguishable). The black bars you make see on some cameras are the same effect - the camera captures snapshots at different points in time that make it look like the bars move in a way vastly different from the actual scanning of the screen.	[ "The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06957	How does military body armour disperse the energy and momentum in a bullet to protect soldiers?	Most military armor is called ceramic because it's a hard plate that combines various types of plastics, polymers, and other composite materials. Along with this are several layers of loose kevlar that act as energy absorbers and as spall protectors. Imagine you have a hard wood plate that's wrapped in a blanket worn on your chest. Then imagine a really hard punch to your chest. This is basically how a bullet is stopped and the energy dispersed. Kevlar and most soft armor has an issue with being too body conforming and basically causing the round to punch the wearer with backface deformation: Soft armor: URL_2 VS Hard armor (first video is regular SAPI armor being shot with high velocity explosive anti-aircraft rounds and the second is steel ar500 being shot with a high velocity steel core or partial steel core): URL_0 URL_1	[ "Section::::Protection.:Armor.\n\nWhen a bullet strikes the body armor, it hits ballistic fiber which is strong enough to not let it through. This fibre absorbs and disperses the impact that has been made by the bullet to the body armor. This process continues and every layer of this material is effected until the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02944	Why are clapperboards heavily used in filming?	It lets you sync the audio with the video. You sync the loud "clap" of the clapperboard to the instant the two parts touch each other, rather than trying to find some other cue to sync the two data files together.	[ "Occasionally, instead of preparing an actual slate, a voice slate will be announced (often by an actor in the scene) and then the actor will clap his hands to provide the synchronisation mark.\n", "Clapperboards have been essential to filmmaking since the earliest sound films because (until the advent of digital...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01661	What's the difference between towns, boroughs, townships, etc.?	It all varies a lot by Country and State but the general rule is size. Size goes Village, Town, City, Metroplex and it is based on rough populations. Villages shift into Towns after a few hundred residents, Towns into Cities with around 1,000 residents, and Cities become Metroplexes when a City grows large enough to encompass several other towns or even cities. Metroplexes can grow to Tens of thousands of residents. Township is the same as a Town. It is just a more archaic term for it and some places prefer to use it. A borough varies greatly. In the State of Alaska it is the equivalent of a County in most of States, much like how Louisiana uses Parishes. In other places like the NYC Metroplex it is the name given to those towns and cities that were absorbed by the City as it grew but still wanted to keep some self identity. In other places it function similar to a Town but describes a very large one that is on the verge of being a City. Still other places use it to describe Suburbs.	[ "Boroughs and towns are subject to the Borough Code, and, unlike other forms of incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, are not classified according to population.\n\nIn addition, two boroughs, Quakertown and Weatherly, have adopted Optional Plans, which allow them to change their form of local government but ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18758	How does your body figure out how to use a painkiller?	It does not . It will be circulated trough your body in the blood and will have a effect everywhere. Topical pain relief or injection of local anesthetic will primary have a effect on where they are applied.	[ "BULLET::::- It may allow other indications for the drug to be identified. Discovery that sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) proteins, for example, enabled this drug to be repurposed for pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment, since PDE-5 is expressed in pulmonary hypertensive lungs.\n\nSection::::H...	[ "Your body figures out how to use a painkiller.", "The body consciously applies a painkiller to the area in pain." ]	[ "Your body does not figure out how to use a painkiller, rather, it is circulated through your body and has an effect everywhere.", "The painkiller circulates through the blood and has an effect everywhere." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Your body figures out how to use a painkiller.", "The body consciously applies a painkiller to the area in pain." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Your body does not figure out how to use a painkiller, rather, it is circulated through your body and has an effect everywhere.", "The painkiller circulates through the blood and has an effect everywhere." ]
2018-04677	Why do electric companies usually charge their customers more to use renewable energy, rather than fossil fuels?	It's more expensive to install these new things than to just keep reusing the existing infrastructure that uses fossil fuels. Additionally since electric companies are regulated by the state (usually), there'd be political back lash if people that kept using fossil fuels were believing they were subsidizing green energy, so this may be a contributing factor.	[ "Compliance markets are created by a policy that exists in 29 U.S. states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, called Renewable Portfolio Standard. In these states, the electric companies are required to supply a certain percent of their electricity from renewable generators by a specified year. For exam...	[ "Renewable should be cheaper." ]	[ "Fossil fuels are cheaper because it uses existing infrastructure. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Renewable should be cheaper." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fossil fuels are cheaper because it uses existing infrastructure. " ]
2018-19030	Exactly what is a "high endurance" SD card?	High endurance means that it supports more write cycles, usually 4000. That translates into longer warrantee coverage. Actually SD memory "wears out" pretty quickly, due to electrical factors, not mechanical ones. Most high endurance parts use Tri-level cells (TLC). Each cell stores three bits of information. Better parts using MLC (two-level cells) can last 10K cycles, but of course you get 2/3 as much storage.	[ "The Mark 8 Mod 1 SDV has an endurance of about eight to 12 hours, giving it a range of with a diving team or without. The main limiting factor on endurance is not batteries or air for the SEALs, but water temperature: humans can only spend so much time in cold water, even with wetsuits, before their blood pressure...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02204	in terms of video games, what exactly does AAA mean?	It's a general term used to describe high budget games made by big name studios. For instance, the Mass Effect series, GTA, Red Dead Redemption, Call of Duty, etc. Typically people have higher expectations of these games because of the amount of money being invested in the project and advertising.	[ "AAA (video game industry)\n\nAAA (pronounced and sometimes written Triple-A) is an informal classification used for video games produced and distributed by a mid-sized or major publisher, typically having higher development and marketing budgets. AAA is analogous to the film industry term \"blockbuster\".\n", "T...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20315	How did early Mesoamerican peoples, like the Inca, grow crops in the high Andes mountains?	By growing crops that were native to the area. They didn't eat stuff that would grow well in the fields of Nebraska. For example, the corn that ancient Central American people grew would generally not be recognized as corn by people in industrialized countries today except in a vague sense.	[ "Private property existed in the form of royal estates, especially in the Sacred Valley near the Inca capital of Cuzco. Emperors customarily confiscated large quantities of land for their own use and exploitation and the estate was inherited by descendants after the emperor's death. The famous archaeological site o...	[ "Crops cannot grow in the high Andes mountains." ]	[ "They grew crops that were native to the area." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Crops cannot grow in the high Andes mountains.", "Crops cannot grow in the high Andes mountains." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "They grew crops that were native to the area.", "They grew crops that were native to the area." ]
2018-04009	Why is inbreeding not a problem in many animal species like it is for humans?	It is a problem in many animal species. Small populations have terrible problems with a lack of genetic diversity that can lead to them dying off if they don't get new members from outside into the genepool.	[ "Natural breedings include inbreeding by necessity, and most animals only migrate when necessary. In many cases, the closest available mate is a mother, sister, grandmother, father, brother, or grandfather. In all cases, the environment presents stresses to remove from the population those individuals who cannot su...	[ "Inbreeding is not a problem in many animal species." ]	[ "Inbreeding is a problem in many animal species." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Inbreeding is not a problem in many animal species." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Inbreeding is a problem in many animal species." ]
2018-09547	In a Ponzi Scheme, how is it not obvious that you are not receiving any money from your investments?	You do receive money from your investments... until you don't. First, you get some money from some "investors". Then, you get more money from more "investors", and use that money to pay back the investment of the first "investors". Basically, you're always paying back investments with investments from other people. So everyone is making money, and that's why they keep investing money with you. Until you have a big chunk of money from lots of people. Then you disappear.	[ "Similarly in the case of the Allen Stanford Ponzi scheme, there were repeated warnings of fraud from both inside and outside the SEC for more than a decade. But the agency did not stop the fraud until 2009, after the Madoff scandal became public in 2008.\n", "Beyond this basic premise, the film is entirely ficti...	[ "In a Ponzi scheme, one never receives money from one's investments.", "You are not receiving any money from your investments in a Ponzi Scheme." ]	[ "In a Ponzi scheme, one does get some money from investments but it then has to be used to pay back other investments.", "One does receive money by investing in a Ponzi Scheme, from investments by others in the Ponzi Scheme." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "In a Ponzi scheme, one never receives money from one's investments.", "You are not receiving any money from your investments in a Ponzi Scheme." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "In a Ponzi scheme, one does get some money from investments but it then has to be used to pay back other investments.", "One does receive money by investing in a Ponzi Scheme, from investments by others in the Ponzi Scheme." ]
2018-23317	On average, what do presidents/CEOs of major corporations actually do at work?	INA anything, but I was a middle manager. They deal with budget, legal issues, shareholders, economy and demand forecasts, making bets on not enough info to move company in another direction. Also, potentially vendors, HR issues, lawsuits. And lots and lots of meetings. The good ones do work hard, and need to make multi million dollar decisions on insufficient information. I do not think that work is worth millions of dollars per year. Personally, I think the CEO salary in USA is a product of having smart people, who are really good at justifying things to the business and who know exactly how much the company makes. Do that over many years and you get golden parachutes like now.	[ "BULLET::::- Derek Kan - General Manager at Lyft, member of Amtrak Board of Directors (appointed by Barack Obama)\n\nBULLET::::- Roberta S. Jacobson – United States Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs\n\nBULLET::::- Betsy Markey – former U.S. Representative for Colorado's 4th congressional d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04678	how did they discover tobacco? Like, did they just go around smoking plants until they found one they liked?	Oral traditions of smoking tobacco date back ~7,000 years (in Mesoamerica and South America), which is much earlier than any written history, so it's very unlikely this question can ever be answered accurately.	[ "Tobacco was widely diffused among all of the indigenous people of the islands of the Caribbean. Italian explorer Christopher Columbus is generally credited with the introduction of tobacco to Europe. During his 1492 journey, three of his crewmen Rodrigo de Jerez, Hector Fuentes and Luis de Torres, are said to have...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02372	What makes the travelling salesman problem so difficult to solve?	Two reasons: input space growth, and a lack of greedy choice heuristics that can help. So the traveling salesman has an solution space size that grows in factorials based on its input space. If we were going to go through all possible paths with N cities, we’d have N! Combinations to go though. This grows much faster than you think. Although this may be reasonable done with a super small number of cities, the numbers grow to unfathomable sizes as soon as we break double digits. Cities-solutions 1-1 2-2 3-6 4-24 5-120 6-720 ... Secondly, greedy choices. A greedy choice algorithm is basically something like “pick a city, then go the closest to that” over and over again. In a TSP problem, this doesn’t work because the shortest closed path will not necessarily go through and connect two cities that are super close to one another. Now don’t get me wrong, it’s not a terrible heuristic; you can try genetic algorithms or dynamic programming approaches and get good paths, but they will most likely be suboptimal. This means that the one and only optimal path would still beat these. So it’s hard because there’s a lot of sequences to go through and check, and the best ways we have of picking the “better” paths don’t actually give us the “best” paths.	[ "BULLET::::- The travelling purchaser problem deals with a purchaser who is charged with purchasing a set of products. He can purchase these products in several cities, but at different prices and not all cities offer the same products. The objective is to find a route between a subset of the cities, which minimize...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21112	How is stamina stored in the body?	I think you have a pretty basic misunderstanding of how this works. Strength and stamina are not physical things that your body "stores" somehow. Muscles do not get bigger because they are being filled full of "strength". Muscles grow after they are damaged by hard work. The body repairs and reinforces parts that are under strain. So repeatedly using your muscles to close to their limits causes your body to keep adding more muscle tissue to better support the strenuous activities you are undertaking. Similarly, if you undertake activities that require a lot of stamina your body compensates by building up your circulatory and respiratory systems to provide more energy to your muscles over longer time frames. It also builds muscles that more efficiently use energy. This is why sprinters and marathoners have very different body types. Sprinting requires large muscles that deliver a lot of power for a short duration, and marathons require a steady output of power over a very long duration.	[ "Brescia is an important stage in the story of \"Stamina\": thanks to pediatrician Marino Andolina, a collaborator of Vannoni and now vice-president of \"Stamina Foundation\", the \"Stamina\" therapy was practiced as expanded access in the \"Civilian Hospitals of Brescia\", the second main Italian hospital, on pati...	[ "The body contains stamina.", "Stamina is a physical thing that can be stored in a body. " ]	[ "Stamina is not a measurable unit that the body stores.", "Stamina comes from the body building up its circulatory and respiratory systems in order to deliver energy to muscles. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The body contains stamina.", "Stamina is a physical thing that can be stored in a body. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Stamina is not a measurable unit that the body stores.", "Stamina comes from the body building up its circulatory and respiratory systems in order to deliver energy to muscles. " ]
2018-14817	Why, if Japan is one of the most technologically developed civilizations on earth, are their special effects techniques in cinema still behind that of Hollywood films? i.e Godzilla films	Making a film is for-profit. Film-makers will be pressured by executives to spend the minimum amount of money necessary to meet a given financial target. This target translates for you - the viewer - as you enjoying the movie, thus spending money on it. The Japanese public are not put off by lower-tier VFX to the same degree as, eg, americans are. This is obviously the case, because if it were not, then japanese films with typical japanese VFX would tank for looking fake. Since they are willing to accept that quality of work, that is the quality of work that is produced. However, it would be wrong to assume from this that the quality of work produced exhibits the limits of japanese artistic merit in the domain of computer-generated imagery. If you are interested in seeing a somewhat modern example of japanese digital artists making a movie, I would suggest watching Final Fantasy XV: Kingsglaive. Critical consensus is that the plot is pretty badly conveyed; but the movie is the equal of any major CG studio's works in terms of its visual aesthetics. Square Enix, you see, is trying to position itself as the market leader for visual fidelity in computer graphics. Based on some recent tech demos, it seems that Kingsglaive was a way to subsidize the creation of myriad digital assets that could then be used to work with next-gen graphics cards - a tech demo recently released showed (in real time) a character from the movie looking exactly as he did in the movie. In this context, Kingsglaive becomes an advertisement of the future capabilities of Square Enix's new graphics engine; and an advertisement can only be effective if it either accurately shows or oversells the capacities of the product promised. Thus, SE spent the money to achieve peerless quality, and demonstrated (unintentionally, as this was orthogonal to their goals) that japanese special effects can match the western standard, when the investment in that standard matches the western standard of investment. The flaw with japanese VFX, after all, isn't in compositing. It's that the digital assets are unrealistic to begin with.	[ "Other series like \"Time Trax\", \"Roar\", and \"\" were filmed in Australia, but used mostly US crew and actors.\n\nSection::::Science fiction television history and culture.:Japanese television science fiction.\n\nJapan has a long history of producing science fiction series for television. Some of the most famou...	[ "Japanese special effects techniques in movies are behind American techniques." ]	[ "Japanese special effects can match the western standard when the investment in that standard matches the western standard of investment." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Japanese special effects techniques in movies are behind American techniques." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Japanese special effects can match the western standard when the investment in that standard matches the western standard of investment." ]
2018-04964	How are neural signals routed through the body?	> Is there a direct connection between a part of my brain and my pinky? Yes. There is a line of nerve cells from your brain, down your spinal column, along nerve fibers in your arm, and into the muscles that pull on the ligaments that operate your pinky.	[ "Section::::Function.\n\nA nerve conveys information in the form of electrochemical impulses (as nerve impulses known as action potentials) carried by the individual neurons that make up the nerve. These impulses are extremely fast, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s. The impulses trave...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08322	Are you more genetically similar to your parents or your siblings?	It depends. You share 50% with each parent. Statistically you share around 50% of your genetic material with your sibling, but theoretically it could be as low as 0% or as high as 100% or anywhere in between. * 0% (basically impossible) - Imagine that your sibling got 50% from mom and 50% from dad. Now imagine that you got the other 50% from each parent. That means you share 0% of your genetic material. * 100% (more common) - If you you got the same material from your parents as your sibling you would share 100%. This happens with identical twins. It's actually quite a bit more complicated than this, but I think these examples give the general idea.	[ "Structural variation is the variation in structure of an organism's chromosome. Structural variations, such as copy-number variation and deletions, inversions, insertions and duplications, account for much more human genetic variation than single nucleotide diversity. This was concluded in 2007 from analysis of th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02179	If an off-duty ambulance (or any response unit) witnesses an accident are they at liberty to respond?	Cop here: Not legally, but policy may dictate what they're supposed to do. If I see a bad accident in front of me I could face "dereliction of duty" by not responding. However if I'm carrying a prisoner, I'm not allowed to stop and assist by policy. If I see a fender bender on the opposite side of traffic and can't safely stop, or I'm on my way to something else, I'd be fine just radioing it in. However there are 50 states and 50 different sets of laws.	[ "Some jurisdictions have special laws defining and establishing the rights and duties of first responders.\n\nSection::::Specific jurisdictions.:United States.\n\nThe term first responder is defined in U.S. Homeland Security Presidential Directive, HSPD-8 and reads:\n", "If a responder begins rendering aid, he mu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01956	I was looking at the Yellow Asian Pears today at the grocery store and noticed how they look a lot like Apples. Which brings me to this question... What makes an apple an apple and a pear a pear...?	Its a genetic difference. Theyre both part of the same family, but they have slight differences in how the DNA sequences are made up, and how many there are. They are essentially the same thing. But rearrange a few strands of genetic material and you change the texture, the shape and color, etc.	[ "A number of more exaggerated comparisons are sometimes made, in cases in which the speaker believes the two objects being compared are radically different. For example, \"oranges with orangutans\", \"apples with dishwashers\", and so on. In English, different fruits, such as pears, plums, or lemons are sometimes s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04279	What is it about products like Vick's VapoRub & those similar that help clear our sinuses?	They don't. The ingredients /u/GhostCheese mentioned (camphor, eucalyptus oil, menthol) stimulate thermoreceptors (cells that sense temperature) in the sinuses providing a cooling sensation that tricks you into thinking you can breathe easier and that your congestion is reduced, when in fact nothing has changed. [Source: Menthol: effects on nasal sensation of airflow and the drive to breathe.]( URL_0 ) (sorry, it's behind a paywall, couldn't find a publicly free version of this study) The study found that exercise actually had an effect on congestion by measuring airflow of the participants before and after. Menthol actually made the congestion worse, but the cooling sensation in the sinuses gave the participants the subjective impression that they could breathe easier. Edit: typo Edit #2: As /u/GhostCheese pointed out, that study only covered menthol, [here's one that covers all three ingredients, and reaches the same conclusion.]( URL_1 )	[ "Section::::Safe use.\n\nVapoRub can be inhaled with hot steam. Since VapoRub ointment is an oil-based medication, it should not be used under or inside the nose or inside the mouth, and it should not be swallowed. Any oil-based product can get into the lungs if used improperly.\n\nIn pre-clinical animal studies, t...	[ "Vick's VapoRub clears the sinuses.", "The product Vicki's Vaporub and related products can help clear sinuses." ]	[ "The ingredients in VapRub stimulate thermoreceptors in the sinuses providing a cooling sensation that tricks you into thinking you can breathe easier and that your congestion is reduced, ", "Vicki's Vaporub and other related products do not help clear sinuses." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vick's VapoRub clears the sinuses.", "The product Vicki's Vaporub and related products can help clear sinuses." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The ingredients in VapRub stimulate thermoreceptors in the sinuses providing a cooling sensation that tricks you into thinking you can breathe easier and that your congestion is reduced, ", "Vicki's Vaporub and other related products do not help clear sinuses." ]
2018-00651	When a fruit is bruised, why does its flavor change?	Inside of an apple is the molecule catechol. In the presence of oxygen a chemical reaction occurs at an enzyme (a protein that speeds up chemical reactions) to produce a different molecule, benzoquinone. That molecule turns the flesh of the apple brown and makes it mushy.	[ "\"Mespilus germanica\" fruits are hard and acidic, but become edible after being softened, 'bletted', by frost, or naturally in storage given sufficient time. Once softening begins, the skin rapidly takes on a wrinkled texture and turns dark brown, and the inside reduces to the consistency and flavour reminiscent ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14336	Why do eyes get red when you're high?	Marijuana is a vasodilator, which means it makes blood vessels expand. When the blood vessels in your eyes expand they become more visible and make your eyes look red. Not positive this is right but posting a wrong answer is often the best way to get a correct one.	[ "A reduction in visual acuity in a 'red eye' is indicative of serious ocular disease, such as keratitis, iridocyclitis, and glaucoma, and never occurs in simple conjunctivitis without accompanying corneal involvement.\n\nSection::::Diagnosis.:Ciliary flush.\n\nCiliary flush is usually present in eyes with corneal i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05649	can someone explain how sports betting works?	A spread is a scoring advantage given to one competitor to make betting more equal. If you were racing Usain Bolt in the 100m dash, everyone would want to bet on Bolt and no one would want to bet on you. If we subtract 3 or 4 seconds from your score, some people may want to bet on you less 3 or 4 seconds against Bolt. More equal betting means the book makers aren't taking the other side of a bad bet. Moneyline is the other way to make betting more equal when the participants aren't evenly matched. In this case, the payouts rather than the scores. If Bolt betting on Bolt pays 100.01 for every bet of 100 while bets on you pay 500,000 for every 100 bet if you win some people may be willing to make a small wager on you on the off chance Bolt trips or something. Moneyline is one way of writing this. In it, positive numbers mean if you bet $100 on this outcome you will win this much, negative numbers mean you need to bet this much to win an additional $100. American sports betting (other than horse racing) tends to use moneyline notation, while most of the rest of the English speaking world uses [decimal odds]( URL_0 ) which are a different way of communicating the same information.	[ "Section::::Odds.\n", "For example, before game 5 of the 2012 NBA Finals, the Miami Heat were expected to beat the Oklahoma City Thunder. The line read: Miami −3, Oklahoma City +3. To determine who wins against the spread, the line is either added or subtracted from a team's final score.\n\nIn the above example, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02977	Why are we so quick to forget Japan's war crimes in WWII?	Yea it’s kind of weird. They make documentaries about all the human testing that the Japanese did. Maybe it because they gave all their research information to the allies and plus we nuked them so it kind of evens out.	[ "The Crimes committed against these survivors remain one of the greatest unacknowledged and unremedied injustices of the Second World War. There are no museums, no graves for the unknown \"comfort woman\", no education of future generations, and there have been no judgement days for the victims of Japan's military ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04452	Why are dark-skinned people less likely to get sunburnt?	Their skin has evolved to be less susceptible to UV rays. Thats actually exactly what skin pigmentation is for and nothing else. So its sort of the other way around, the people less likely to get sunburnt are dark-skinned	[ "Light-skinned people living in high sunlight environments are more susceptible to the harmful UV rays of sunlight because of the lack of melanin produced in the skin. The most common risk that comes with high exposure to sunlight is the increased risk of sunburns. This increased risk has come along with the cultur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04798	Why do humans tend to "pace around" when they need to pee?	Since I'm human I may be qualified to answer this. I do it because 1. it tends to put my mind away from wanting to pee 2. I believe mentally, by having the legs constantly moving or crossing(focusing on the upper thigh close to pelvic area), it could be a means of blocking urine from coming down, though that does not help. Note I said mentally it can be a means not that it works physically.	[ "\"It is instinct... We premeditate at times, but most of those things are instinct. When a fast bowler runs in to me, my breathing is controlled. So you keep a still head, slow down your breathing. Sometimes I actually hold my breath, so I can be as still and well-balanced as possible. If you get too excited, you ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12787	When 2 or more sound wave met, it produces sounds from the initial waves despite its form is altered to something else. How is that even possible?	The two waves are only altered where they meet. Once the waves move passed each other, they go back to being just a single wave. Remember what sound waves are, vibrating molecules, most often for us, air molecules. At the point where two waves meet, each wave is trying to get the air molecules at that one point to move a certain way. The result of the two forces acting on those molecules is that they move a way that is different from each of the waves. But once the waves pass each other there is now only one wave acting on the molecules. So basically waves can pass through each other and come out the other side unaltered.	[ "Sound change has no memory: Sound change does not discriminate between the sources of a sound. If a previous sound change causes X,Y Y (features X and Y merge as Y), a new one cannot affect only an original X.\n", "The first kind is simple and is called the vibrating or oscillating piston. Examples of this type...	[ "Sound waves meeting alters the two waves." ]	[ "Sound waves are only altered where the waves meet, and will come out the other side unaltered. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sound waves meeting alters the two waves.", "Sound waves meeting alters the two waves." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sound waves are only altered where the waves meet, and will come out the other side unaltered. ", "Sound waves are only altered where the waves meet, and will come out the other side unaltered. " ]
2018-05793	How does the body generate heat?	When we eat food, we ultimately turn it into a chemical called ATP which is carried to all of our cells and provides power for all the processes of life. When the ATP is used up, its a chemical reaction that creates heat, like burning fuel in a fire. That heat diffuses out through the body, and we can regulate how much heat is lost through the skin to a certain extent by changing how much blood flows near the surface, which is why you go red when hot and blue when cold - there is more or less blood just under your skin. If we get too cold, we need to generate some more heat, so we need to burn a bit more ATP. We can't really turn the rates of most of our cells up without bad consequences, but what we can do is flex muscle fibre. Since wildly flailing tends to attract unwelcome attention from predators, we want to flex muscles a really small amount, very often, which is why we shiver.	[ "Section::::Energy usage in the human body.\n\nThe human body uses the energy released by respiration for a wide range of purposes: about 20% of the energy is used for brain metabolism, and much of the rest is used for the basal metabolic requirements of other organs and tissues. In cold environments, metabolism ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06829	Why can't the pixels on a screen used to make the color black be turned off until they are needed?	They are, but in an LCD screen, they're not perfect light blockers. When energized, the pixels change their polarization. Combined with an oppositely polarized layer, a very large percentage of the backlighting is blocked, but not 100%, which results in the gray-black "glow" you see. Many newer TVs use arrays of LEDs for the backlight, and can control sections of the backlight independently. When the TV detects a black region should be displayed, it can momentarily turn off the LEDs in that section, to produce a "true black". OLED screens, where each pixel emits light rather than blocks it, have an easier job producing "true black".	[ "The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the LSB bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit - 6 bit/color x3).\n\nWith analogue signals like VGA, the disp...	[ "Pixels on a screen aren't turned off to present black colors.", "Pixels on a screen used to make black are not turned off until needed. " ]	[ "Screens do turn off LEDs in a region to produce black colors.", "Pixels on a screen used to make black are turned off until needed, but on LCD screens not all of the light is blocked. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Pixels on a screen aren't turned off to present black colors.", "Pixels on a screen used to make black are not turned off until needed. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Screens do turn off LEDs in a region to produce black colors.", "Pixels on a screen used to make black are turned off until needed, but on LCD screens not all of the light is blocked. " ]
2018-02340	Can anyone learn how to sing?	everyone can sing. not everyone can sing well. if you are tone deaf, you're basically throwing darts blindfolded	[ "BULLET::::6. \"Child of Mine\" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) 3:18\n\nSection::::UK version.\n", "But Can They Sing?\n\nBut Can They Sing? is a reality television series that premiered on October 30, 2005 on VH1 as part of its celebreality programming. Hosted by Ahmet Zappa, the series was partially based on NBC's ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02632	When you scrape a sewing needle or a screwdriver against a magnet, why do they temporarily gain magnetic properties?	Magnets that are magnets all the time are called permanent magnets. They have their magnetic properties because their atoms are all aligned a certain way that concentrates the magnetic field each atom creates. When you scrape a ferrous metal across a magnet it temporarily aligns the metal's atoms cause it to also become magnetized. Over time the atoms fall out of alignment and return to their normal randomly pointed state.	[ "For permanent magnets this is usually only a small change, but if you have an electromagnet that consists of a wire wound round an iron core, and you bring a permanent magnet near to that core, then the magnetization of that core can change drastically (for example, if there is no current in the wire, the electrom...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18830	Why do color changing LED lights on signs look like they’re moving?	They are not single leds with different colours, but different led's, so when they change colour different leds light up, slightly next to the previous ones, making it "shift" when you look at it.	[ "Some special effects, such as certain kinds of electronic glowsticks commonly seen at outdoor events, have the appearance of a solid color when motionless but produce a multicolored or dotted blur when waved about in motion. These are typically LED-based glow sticks. The variation of the duty cycle upon the LED(s)...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17804	How does rolling from a high fall reduce stress on the body? Like done in parkour. DOES it really help?	You're redirecting the force from the fall so your body doesn't have to absorb the entire impact at once. When you fall, you're converting a lot of potential energy (from the height) to kinetic energy (acceleration from the fall). To come to a stop, the ground has to exert enough force to offset the kinetic energy of you falling. If you just hit the ground feet first, all of that energy has to be absorbed by your knees in the time between when your feet hit the ground and when the rest of you hits the ground. That's about half a second. If you roll, you're applying a horizontal force to your body to redirect the kinetic energy into a more horizontal direction. Now you've got from the moment your feet hit the ground until you stop rolling to offset the kinetic energy, which is closer to a second and a half, or three times the time. That means you can stop yourself with 1/3 the energy that you'd need compared to a straight fall. & #x200B; SO yes, it really helps.	[ "Assessment of every fall should be aimed at identifying the inciting cause so that it can be avoided in future. If the fall is clearly without loss of consciousness, a \"Timed Get up and Go\" or \"TUG\" test should be performed to assess the mobility and a thorough examination of musculoskeletal system should be p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00835	Is it possible to predict the chemical properties of compounds from the properties of the singular elements they are formed with?	I'm gonna make a general statement and just say no There has been some research into how the arrangement of the elements may be used to predict molecular properties, but for the most part we can't predict very well. A lot of chemical properties are due to the configuration of electrons and possible energy states of the atom. Forming molecules tends to change both of those things, and can result in very different properties That being said, it is sometimes possible to predict chemical properties of large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules, but not generally as much from the atomic level	[ "Stability and other properties can be predicted using energy calculations and computational chemistry.\n\n\"[Using] the Born–Haber cycle to estimate ... the heat of formation ... can be used to determine whether a hypothetical compound is stable.\" However, \"a negative formation enthalpy does not automatically im...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01909	Is the birthday of an egg the day it is laid or the day it hatches?	The day it hatches. When it’s in the egg it is still forming but when it hatches is when it’s fully formed.	[ "Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the first flight of butterflies and the first appearance of migratory birds, the date of leaf colouring and fall in deciduous trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibia, or the timing of the developmental cycles of temperate-zone honey bee col...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00265	Why was the body of that refugee child moved to another location on the beach rather than straight to a morgue?	Looks like they moved him to a location that was harder to see by passerby while they did an assessment. Note how the top image has a number of rocks all around it, while the second is in plain view. I imagine there is some degree of investigation/verification that needs to be done on sight, so they moved the body away from the beach proper.	[ "Thus the transit camp at Idomeni, built in 2015 by Médecins Sans Frontières and the UNHCR to provide basic support for no more than 6000 refugees passing through each day, rapidly had to become a longer-term residential camp. The peak number of refugees who stayed in Idomeni numbered more than 15,000. On the 24th ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01076	Hunters wear Camo and Bright Orange... seems like they can't decide but there must be a good reason??	Many prey animals cannot see the color orange, it looks the same as green or brown to them. So hunters wear camo with some orange to be visible to humans (don't shoot me) but invisible to prey animals (don't run away).	[ "Hunting laws in each state or province may require hunters to wear designated garments in blaze orange to prevent misidentification of humans as game animals, and resulting shooting accidents. The required total visible area and times of use vary by jurisdiction and by the type of hunting in the area. Hunting clot...	[ "Wearing bright orange and camo at the same time contradicts wearing camo in the first place." ]	[ "Many animals are incapable of seeing the color orange, therefore it does not defeat the purpose of wearing camo." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wearing bright orange and camo at the same time contradicts wearing camo in the first place.", "Wearing bright orange and camo at the same time contradicts wearing camo in the first place." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Many animals are incapable of seeing the color orange, therefore it does not defeat the purpose of wearing camo.", "Many animals are incapable of seeing the color orange, therefore it does not defeat the purpose of wearing camo." ]
2018-10481	Why are Europe and Asia different continents?	Because it's made up. Some people see Europe and Asia as the same continent (Eurasia), some people see Europe, Asia and Africa as the same continent (Afro-Eurasia) But most people in the western world follow the European definition of all 3 being seperate	[ "Section::::Europe and Asia.:Modern definition.\n", "For Laurent's French readers, Asia ended at \"our sea\", the Mediterranean; Europeans were only dimly aware of the Ural Mountains, which divide Europe from Asia in the eyes of the modern geographer, and which represent the geological suture between two fragment...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Europe and Asia should be defined as one continent." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Some people do see it that way but Europe decided that should be defined as separate continents and most people in the west follow this definition." ]
2018-03387	How is it that 2+3+3*8 = 38 and not 88?	Using order of operations, you'd get 29. Left to right you'd get 64. Not quite sure where you're getting either of these other solutions you've offered.	[ "Although 89 is not a Lychrel number in base 10, it is unusual that it takes 24 iterations of the reverse and add process to reach a palindrome. Among the known non-Lychrel numbers in the first 10000 integers, no other number requires that many or more iterations. The palindrome reached is also unusually large.\n\n...	[ "2+3+3*8 is equal to 38, not 88.", "Two plus three plus three times eight equals thirty eight when it should equal eighty eight." ]	[ "2+3+3*8 is equal to 29", "The solution of the mathematical equation of all the numbers in any order do not equal thirty eight or eighty eight, the correct answer is either twenty nine or sixty four." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "2+3+3*8 is equal to 38, not 88.", "Two plus three plus three times eight equals thirty eight when it should equal eighty eight." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "2+3+3*8 is equal to 29", "The solution of the mathematical equation of all the numbers in any order do not equal thirty eight or eighty eight, the correct answer is either twenty nine or sixty four." ]
2018-13291	why birds are the only animal coming in many vibrant colors	This is simply false. Fish and insects are animals that come in an amazing range of colors. Some lizards and octopus species too.	[ "Most other mammals are currently thought to be dichromats, with only two types of cone (though limited trichromacy is possible at low light levels where the rods and cones are both active). Most studies of carnivores, as of other mammals, reveal dichromacy, examples including the domestic dog, the ferret, and the ...	[ "Birds are the only animal coming in many vibrant colors.", "Birds are the only animals with many different vibrant colors." ]	[ "Birds, fish, insects, some lizards and some octopi can exhibit a range of colors.", "Fish, insects, and lizards also come in different vibrant colors." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Birds are the only animal coming in many vibrant colors.", "Birds are the only animals with many different vibrant colors." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Birds, fish, insects, some lizards and some octopi can exhibit a range of colors.", "Fish, insects, and lizards also come in different vibrant colors." ]
2018-22117	Why do some voices, even at similar or lower volumes, pierce through a crowded room of speakers?	Certain sounds travel further. Bass tends to go through objects and treble reflects off things. But the fact that you could hear this guy clearly probably means that his voice was just in the right place to travel to you while other peoples voices would be bouncing around the room and getting all jumbled up.	[ "Many older LEDE (\"live end, dead end\") control room designs featured so-called \"Haas kickers\" – reflective panels placed at the rear to create specular reflections which were thought to provide a wider stereo listening area or raise intelligibility. However, what is beneficial for one type of sound is detrimen...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13742	why does it take so long to recover from an illness like pneumonia? Where does the energy return from?	Takes time for your lungs to get back to functioning somewhat properly. The energy return because as your lungs functioning better and better, they are able to put oxygen back into your blood at a better rate.	[ "With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia will stabilize in 3–6 days. It often takes a few weeks before most symptoms resolve. X-ray finding typically clear within four weeks and mortality is low (less than 1%). In the elderly or people with other lung problems, recovery may take more than 12 weeks. In per...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01523	Why is it so easy to pick out where an airplane/jet is in the sky, but so difficult to locate a helicopter?	The helo's rhythmic pulse tends to echo off of things in a very distinct way, which makes it sounds like it's over there, and over there, and also over there.	[ "Police departments and other law enforcement agencies use helicopters to pursue suspects. Since helicopters can achieve a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects' locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and heat-sensing equipment ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04179	Why does it hurt so much to get kicked in the balls?	Evolutionarily, our whole purpose in life is to live long enough to raise children, our genes don’t really care what happens after that. Our entire pain/reward system has been tweaked to this purpose. You ate? Good job, here is some dopamine. You skinned your knee? Bad job, that could get infected and kill you have some pain. Based on this logic, pretty much the worst thing you could do is damage your ability to reproduce, so your balls are absolutely packed with nerve endings that will send intense pain signals to your brain if they sense injury, because losing your reproductive ability is equally as bad as death.	[ "The testicles lack anatomical protection and are highly sensitive to impact. The pain caused by impact to the testicles travels through the spermatic plexus. In extreme cases, a hard strike to the testicles can cause one or both to rupture, potentially sterilizing the victim.\n\nWhile less often depicted in media,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09775	When they say “get the air out”of a bag/container/whatever, what does that do and does it actually help keep things fresh?	Air contains oxygen. Bacteria and other microorganisms who make things bad need oxygen. That's why you don't want air.	[ "Refers to the process in which air is absorbed into the food item. It refers to the lightness of cakes and bread, as measured by the type of pores they contain, and the color and texture of some sauces which have incorporated air bubbles.\n\nIn wine tasting, a variety of methods are used to aerate wine and bring o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04828	Why is it so easy to get sick at cold weather ?	Various reasons: in winter we’re more likely to be indoors, close together, where infections spread easier In winter we also have less vitamin D. Vitamin D aids the body’s immune system. Also, whilst it may not seem like it, the air is dryer, this allows virus’ to flourish.	[ "Temperature at which the infected plant is grown is critical to spreading and developing the disease. At higher temperatures, the symptoms are more severe. According to one study, when infected host plants were held at 7 °C, they took approximately 30 days to develop symptoms, and never were able to infect other p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00052	How is magnesium, an easily flammable metal used in flares, used to make products such as car parts and computer casings?	Sort of, it's certainly a tradeoff. But you can't just strike a match to a large magnesium block and set it aflame, it has to heat up to 900 F, which is very difficult to do for a substantial block of metal that conducts heat very well and is typically connected to other metal pieces that can act as heat sinks. So magnesium is actually quite safe, and it's really only a problem once a fire has already begun to rage (typically the fuel tank is ruptured as well). For vehicles this is a reasonable tradeoff because most of the time occupants can exit, but you definitely wouldn't want to have a magnesium structure in a building.	[ "In the form of thin ribbons, magnesium is used to purify solvents; for example, preparing super-dry ethanol.\n\nSection::::Uses as a metal.:Aircraft.\n\nBULLET::::- Wright Aeronautical used a magnesium crankcase in the WWII-era Wright Duplex Cyclone aviation engine. This presented a serious problem for the earlies...	[ "All magnesium is easily flammable.", "It is dangerous to use magnesium in car parts because it is easily flammable. " ]	[ "Magnesium must be heated to 900F to catch fire which is difficult to do for large blocks of metal.", "Magnesium needs to reach 900 degrees Fahrenheit to be set aflame, therefore it's actually quite difficult for it to catch fire." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All magnesium is easily flammable.", "It is dangerous to use magnesium in car parts because it is easily flammable. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Magnesium must be heated to 900F to catch fire which is difficult to do for large blocks of metal.", "Magnesium needs to reach 900 degrees Fahrenheit to be set aflame, therefore it's actually quite difficult for it to catch fire." ]
2018-01617	Is there a reason shops are so eager to start selling seasonal items so early?	From my experience it's to ensure they can actually sell through the inventory of seasonal items.	[ "Seasonal shopping consists of buying the appropriate clothing for the particular season. In winter people bundle up in warm layers and coats to keep warm, while in summer people wear less clothing to stay cooler in the heat. Seasonal shopping now revolves a lot around holiday sales and buying more for less. Stores...	[ "Shops sell seasonal items early. " ]	[ "Shops do not sell seasonal items early, but shops sell seasonal items at times that ensure shops can sell through inventory." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Shops sell seasonal items early. ", "Shops sell seasonal items early. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Shops do not sell seasonal items early, but shops sell seasonal items at times that ensure shops can sell through inventory.", "Shops do not sell seasonal items early, but shops sell seasonal items at times that ensure shops can sell through inventory." ]
2018-00931	How do those can an aircraft's anti missile system detect that it is being locked on to before the missile even launches?	Radar is a type of radiation that's sent through the air to bounce off of things like aircraft and then sensitive material in the radar sensor detects these reflections. Computers put together an image of the reflections to try to determine what it is that the radar emissions are bouncing off of and if it appears to be an aircraft, they may fire on it. (of course back in the day it was just a blip, the more radar reflections the bigger the blip, the more intense the reflections the more closely the blip appeared to the emitter) Warplanes started introducing a piece of equipment called the RWR or radar warning receiver that used the same technology that the radar tracking device used to acquire a target in order to warn the pilot that he was being "painted"; which means that radar had not just hit him, but was being directed at him intensely. Thus, pilots could tell that not only were they being seen with radar, but that the emissions were so intense that it was likely a radar tracking station trying to get an exact location and hold it until the missile could arrive and deliver gifts in the form of molten metal fragments.	[ "Most anti-ship missiles use active radar homing for terminal guidance.\n\nMany ARH missiles with targets on land or sea use millimeter wave guidance.\n\nSection::::List of missiles.\n\nExamples of missiles known to use active radar homing (all in their terminal phase) include:\n\nSection::::List of missiles.:China...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01133	do bees or insects in general have ‘off days’? Or sick days? How are they really held accountable for making sure they do their job?	> How are they really held accountable for making sure they do their job? Insects are closer to being biological machines than they are to being conscious entities. They almost certainly don't have a mind in the way that you or I think of that concept. They just do what they do mostly out of instinct. So they're not held accountable for "doing their job" because they can't not do their job. They're biologically wired to do what they do, and they don't really have a choice.	[ "Over the course of their lives, worker bees' duties are dictated by age. For the first few weeks of their lifespan, they perform basic chores within the hive: cleaning empty brood cells, removing debris and other housekeeping tasks, making wax for building or repairing comb, and feeding larvae. Later, they may ven...	[ "Insects have off days or are held accountable for doing their jobs.", "Bees can possibly decide to take an off day or choose to do something other than work. " ]	[ "Insects don't choose to not do their jobs. It's the only thing they are wired to do so they do that. ", "Bees don't exactly have a conscious, they are just wired to behave the way they do everyday, which means they work pretty much all the time. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Insects have off days or are held accountable for doing their jobs.", "Bees can possibly decide to take an off day or choose to do something other than work. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Insects don't choose to not do their jobs. It's the only thing they are wired to do so they do that. ", "Bees don't exactly have a conscious, they are just wired to behave the way they do everyday, which means they work pretty much all the time. " ]
2018-04645	Why do so many people obsessively take selfies/videos/random pics when drunk? Is there an actual psychological reason?	Yes. It's called "relaxed inhibitions". Alcohol is a depressant - a drug that works to reduce functional or nervous activity. One of its targets is the rational thought process that governs your emotions and helps you think through stuff like "If I do X, then circumstance Y will happen, and Y is bad so I should not do X". So some people "lose control" to various levels as they get drunk, and their emotions get stronger and they become less inhibited. Some get angry (avoid avoid). Some get really sad about that ex-relationship (also avoid avoid). And some really get invested in wanting to remember the occasion or share it with their friends - so they take lots of selfies or video themselves doing something really dumb, and then because they didn't care at the time that X might lead to Y, sometimes really regret later it when it trends on social media and that person's boss sees what they REALLY think about their job.	[ "Several other studies have shown that students who were told they were consuming alcoholic beverages (which in fact were non-alcoholic) perceived themselves as being \"drunk\", exhibited fewer physiological symptoms of social stress, and drove a simulated car similarly to other subjects who had actually consumed a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02320	What sparked the beginning of modern medicine/science as we know it and why have some countries/cultures failed or refused to achieve such advancements?	It was pretty much the start of the industrial evolution in europe, which had many reasons of starting. One for example is the rural depopulation in the later stages of the middle Ages. This lead to the build-up of many different braches of work and eventually ended up in modern medicine/science.	[ "Modern scientific biomedical research (where results are testable and reproducible) began to replace early Western traditions based on herbalism, the Greek \"four humours\" and other such pre-modern notions. The modern era really began with Edward Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine at the end of the 18th c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03842	Why do you often hit a motivational wall before doing the last part of a task?	I recently took a knitting class, and the teacher mentioned that this is really common problem for many knitters. Once the project is almost done, they lose motivation just finish up those last few rows and bind off. Her theory was that once you can actually see the thing you were trying to create, you get most of the satisfaction of the finished project, so you just stop. Maybe this is also true for creating other, less physical things too. Once your vision is mostly realized, to the point where you can 'see' the big picture, you're satisfied with that.	[ "A key part of the continual improvement process is a study of the reasons why tasks promised in the WWP are delivered late. The following chart shows typical reasons:\n\nFigure 5: example of a reasons Pareto chart\n\nRecording the reasons in a Pareto chart like the one above makes it easy to see where attention is...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04615	Why can't all garbage be reduced to atomic particles and reused?	"we can split atoms which means we can work at that level" I mean I can hit things with a hammer, it doesn't mean I can build a skyscraper. There is a lot of wrong in that description but this takes the cake. It takes an enormous amount of energy to split any form of stable matter (thats why nuclear energy is radioactive, it means its unstable). We do not have any practical form of fission for non nuclear entities, or fusion for anything much larger than helium, and even those are iffy to build things with. Besides that they thermodynamic-ally combine/split towards iron, and nothing else. We can burn it and get energy from it, and a lot of places do. We can recycle plenty of things. There is no "adhesive what-ever" that preserves structural integrity. What you are asking for is a replicator and alcheme mixed into one, we do not have the technology for either. Not by a long shot.	[ "With few exceptions, none of this garbage finds its way back into the cycles of society or nature; it is not taken up for repeated use by industry, nor is it put back into the soil. As a result of poor or non-existent planning, the volume of garbage is too large for nature to reassimilate, and some of it - toxic m...	[ "Garbage can be split to atoms and re used.", "It would be more effecient if humans reduced and reused atomic particles." ]	[ "That would require a lot of energy and wouldn't be economically worth it. ", "It takes an enormous amount of energy to split atoms, there also isn't any practical form of fission for non nuclear entities." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Garbage can be split to atoms and re used.", "It would be more effecient if humans reduced and reused atomic particles." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "That would require a lot of energy and wouldn't be economically worth it. ", "It takes an enormous amount of energy to split atoms, there also isn't any practical form of fission for non nuclear entities." ]

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