Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-04793	Why does California seem to have so many more bans and warnings that other states don't?	California specifically passed a regulation known as "Proposition 65" which requires (in addition to a few other provisions) warning labels on products that contain ingredients that may be linked to cancer or birth defects. No other states have such a regulation on the books, but companies often put the California warning on products sold on other states just so that they don't have to make multiple product labels for different markets.	[ "BULLET::::- Calabasas, California, United States, prohibited smoking in almost all indoor and outdoor public places in 2006, believed to be the strictest such regulations in the United States. At least 13 California cities (including Los Angeles) have prohibited smoking on their beaches, at least four other Califo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01648	If we breathe in oxygen (O2) and breathe out carbon dioxide (CO2) then what does the oxygen do? Does it just collect carbon then leave?	The oxygen in the air you breathe enters your blood from your lungs. Sugars and other nutrients in the food you eat enter your blood from your small intestine (located beneath and right after your stomach in the digestive tract). Your blood delivers food and oxygen to your cells that they need to create energy and live. This process of energy creation is called cellular respiration, and it creates CO2 and H2O. C6H12O6 (glucose, which is sugar in blood) + 6O2 (oxygen) - > 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (dihydrogen monoxide, aka water) The CO2 and H2O reenter the bloodstream and when you exhale, they come out mixed into the air you breathe out. Evidence of water vapor being in your breath shows when you see it outside on a cold winter day. This is part of why it's important to drink water. You lose moisture from your body with every breath. Interestingly, the urge to breathe is not so much about your body lacking oxygen, but more immediately, your body senses your blood becoming too acidic from the CO2 your cells exude into your blood.	[ "Carbon dioxide is an end product of cellular respiration in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism. This includes all plants, algae and animals and aerobic fungi and bacteria. In vertebrates, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04713	Why do surfaces (e.g. painted walls) change colour when wet - even with a clear substance such as water?	It all has to do with how light is reflected. Our eyes take in light that bounces off surfaces, like you catching a ball your friend threw at the wall. When a surface is wet, there’s a liquid layer on it. Light bends when it’s in a liquid. Ever notice how your straw looks like it’s cut in 1/2 in a glass of water? It’s because of how the water bends the light as it passes through. So when light hits a surface with let’s say water on it, it bends the light slightly more than the dry surface so when it reflects it’s a little bit different than the light around it, making it look different. (Please note I say bend as a general term to keep the explication more simplistic)	[ "Countershading, the use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back, is common in the sea and on land. It is sometimes called Thayer's law, after the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, who published a paper on the form in 1896 that explained that co...	[ "Surfaces such as painted walls change color when wet." ]	[ "Surfaces such as painted walls do not change color when wet, but the liquid layer on a surface bends light making the surface look different. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Surfaces such as painted walls change color when wet.", "Surfaces such as painted walls change color when wet." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Surfaces such as painted walls do not change color when wet, but the liquid layer on a surface bends light making the surface look different. ", "Surfaces such as painted walls do not change color when wet, but the liquid layer on a surface bends light making the surface look different. " ]
2018-22933	Why do humans tend to open their mouth when they are surprised?	Human gestures are dominated by two functions: Reflex and social cues. The gasp is likely a reflex inherited from distant ancestors who out competed others by quickly breathing air as an automatic response to surprise. They were perhaps better able to survive a flood, or were better prepared to outrun a threat. Who knows? For whatever reason, we are descended from gaspers who gasped when surprised. But we are also born into a community of gaspers. We often want to tell others that our feeling is authentic surprise - which really can't happen if all we do is say, "I am surprised." Performing elements of our shared gasp reflex (dropping the jaw, opening eyes wide, inhaling, etc) is a way of telling others how you feel be cause both sender and receiver inherently understands what a gasp is.	[ "Spontaneous, involuntary surprise is often expressed for only a fraction of a second. It may be followed immediately by the emotion of fear, joy or confusion. The intensity of the surprise is associated with how much the jaw drops, but the mouth may not open at all in some cases. The raising of the eyebrows, at le...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03220	How will an unprotected human body die in space?	Due to the low pressure, oxygen will move across your lungs from your blood into the vacuum. You will fall unconscious within a matter of seconds, and die due to the lack of oxygen, asphyxiation, within a few minutes.	[ "Astronauts in space have weakened immune systems, which means that in addition to increased vulnerability to new exposures, viruses already present in the body—which would normally be suppressed—become active. In space, T-cells do not reproduce properly, and the cells that do exist are less able to\n\nfight off in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00453	Why is the outcome different each time for games that drop balls onto pegs into different sections. For example plinko from The Price is Right or The Wall on NBC. If the ball is dropped from the same place, wouldn't it end up the same place as well?	To us it looks like it's from the same place, but just a slightly different angle or even a few millimeters of difference can change the outcome, as well as the velocity, which probably varies a lot each time as well	[ "In about 3.7% of games a Yahtzee is used as a Joker and scored on Full House, Small Straight or Large Straight. In most of these cases the Yahtzee box has a score of 50 and so the Yahtzee also counts as a Yahtzee bonus. In about a quarter of these cases the Yahtzee box has a score 0 and so there is no Yahtzee bonu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08098	How does a house way up on a hill getting running water	We have a well. It's water is moved to ground-level by an electric pump. My pump can move water upwards a certain number of feet (200?), so if I run all my garden hoses up the hills too far it will wear out the pump to compensate for the elevation change.	[ "As the hill was periodically drenched by torrential rains, a runoff system was a necessity. It began with channels in the flat surfaces, which were zigzag and contained catchment basins to control the water velocity. Probably the upper system was open. Manholes provided access to parts that were covered.\n\nSome l...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16736	How were/are we able to decipher writing systems like hieroglyphics and cuneiform?	The Rosetta Stone. It's basically a rock that had 3 languages on it and was meant to give the same instructions to people that spoke different languages. > The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic script and Demotic script, respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. As the decree has only minor differences between the three versions, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. [Source]( URL_0 ) So basically we got lucky. Using that as a basis for understanding hieroglyphics we could start decoding more words using logic and process of elimination when dealing with signs that didn't appear in the stone.	[ "\"It is a complex system, writing figurative, symbolic, and phonetic all at once, in the same text, the same phrase, I would almost say in the same word.\" \n", "Englishman Sir Thomas Herbert, in the 1638 edition of his travel book \"Some Yeares Travels into Africa & Asia the Great. … \", reported seeing at Pers...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19423	Where do the eyelashes that end inside the eyes go?	Eyelashes don't grow in the eyeball itself - they occasionally curve around and touch the surface of the eye, which is extremely annoying, but they grow from above and below.	[ "The eyelash grows at the edges of the eyelid and protects the eye from dirt. The eyelash is to humans, camels, horses, ostriches etc., what whiskers are to cats; they are used to sense when dirt, dust, or any other potentially harmful object is too close to the eye. The eye reflexively closes as a result of this s...	[ "Eyelashes can extend inside of eyeballs." ]	[ "Eyelashes do not grow inside of eyeballs, they curve around the surface of the eye." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Eyelashes can extend inside of eyeballs." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Eyelashes do not grow inside of eyeballs, they curve around the surface of the eye." ]
2018-09534	How does the process of a court case going to the supreme court work?	Imagine that you and a classmate have an argument . You try to determine a way to solve it on your own, but you cannot come to an agreement. So you go to a teacher at the school. They side with your classmate. You can either accept that decision, or go to the principal and try to get the teacher overruled. You decide to go to the principal, and they decide that you were right. Now your classmate has a decision, he can accept the principal’s decision go to the superintendent. This escalation process continues until: 1 – Both you and your classmate accept the decision 2 – Someone with final authority makes the decision 3 – Someone with higher authority won’t agree to even hear you out (e.g., the superintendent says they are too busy to handle a dispute between two students, so you are stuck with the principal’s decision). In this example, the path was: Teacher > Principal > Superintendent For our court system, there are actually multiple paths to get to the supreme court. Here are a couple examples 1 - District Courts > US Court of Appeals > Supreme Court of the United States 2 - Local Court > State Appeals Court > State Supreme Court > US Court of Appeals > Supreme Court of the United States	[ "Section::::Stages of process.:Conclusive opening order.\n\nAfter the judge has reviewed the initial petition and the answer, the judge and parties meet to reduce the focus of the litigation to the issues in contention. If the review produces the realization that there are no disputed facts and that the issue of co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06806	Why can't music damage the dopamine system in brain like drugs do?	In theory it could, but the sheer number of receptors being triggered etc is just massively different	[ "That aside, even humans that have managed to study the Hymmnos language and its origins in profundity are capable of using Song Magic, but since they wouldn't be able to receive the support of the Song Servers for it, their songs would display an extremely weak amount of power. However, there is an exception to th...	[ "Music can not damage dopamine systems in brains. ", "Music cannot damage dopamine system." ]	[ "Music could damage dopamine systems but the number of receptors triggered is different. ", "In theory it could damage the dopamine system." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Music can not damage dopamine systems in brains. ", "Music cannot damage dopamine system." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Music could damage dopamine systems but the number of receptors triggered is different. ", "In theory it could damage the dopamine system." ]
2018-09483	What would happen if the world stopped procreating for let’s say 25 years?	Young people are incredibly essential to economic growth for one, most developed nations already have an ageing population in which aged care is a significant burden which new particpants in the workforce pay for, it goes without saying that there would be a work shortage and young people institutions such as schools... just realised it it ELI5. In short society will struggle.	[ "BULLET::::- According to the UN Population Bureau, life expectancy in 2200 will be around 100 years for developed countries and the world population will be about 11 billion. However, the UN has warned that these projections could be invalidated by any change and progress in future life extension technology and di...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11749	who are the high risk people for whom Truvada is marketed? If it isn't for all people, who is considered high risk?	Being high risk means you're in a group where your behaviors or partners put you at a significantly higher risk of being exposed to & contracting HIV than the general public. I'm not exactly sure what the exact numbers they use to draw the line, but here's a few groups that are generally included: * People who have partners that are HIV-positive, even if you're using protection * People who have lots of sex partners and aren't always 100% with using condoms * IV drug users * Sex workers I'm not sure if "men who have sex with men" are still considered high-risk or not. The Truvada website sidesteps that by saying "a sexual network where HIV is more common". [Here's the Truvada website]( URL_0 ) - they also seem to mention "people in prison" as being a high risk group (makes sense since 10-20% of prisoners get raped at some point).	[ "In Australia, the country's Therapeutic Goods Administration approved the use of Truvada as PrEP in May 2016, allowing Australian providers to legally prescribe the medication. In February 2018, Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee recommended including Truvada as PrEP on the country's Pharmaceut...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02177	Why is it that the body expels excess fluid by urination instead of storing it for future use like food?	Urination isn't the process of expelling excess fluids, exactly. It is the process that the body uses to get rid of waste (called nitrogenous waste) that builds up in blood as a result of normal cellular functions. The kidneys filter out this waste and use whatever amount of water the body can spare as a mechanism to remove the waste from our system. If you are very hydrated your urine will be lighter in color because there is more water per unit waste. If you are dehydrated, there will be less water per unit waste. So your body couldn't survive if it just stored that fluid instead of using it to get rid of waste. Technically, your body is making very good use of that water by expelling it. Source: I teach college level physiology.	[ "A constant supply is needed to replenish the fluids lost through normal physiological activities, such as respiration, sweating and urination. Water generated from the biochemical metabolism of nutrients provides a significant proportion of the daily water requirements for some arthropods and desert animals, but p...	[ "Body should store urine to be used later." ]	[ "Urine is not useable later, it is just waste product that the body is expelling. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Body should store urine to be used later." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Urine is not useable later, it is just waste product that the body is expelling. " ]
2018-02139	Why can't college players accept contributions but politicians can?	Because the governing body over college athletics made a rule against accepting contributions, and the politicians (who are a self governing body) haven’t. Our political system has grown considerably since its inception. Obama was the first “billion dollar campaign”. There weren’t initially rules against it, and in the “winner takes all” system of American politics the guy who won playing the existing game, has no incentive to change the rules.	[ "There have been other cases where the controversy has been in regards to athletes’ rights to their public likeness. In the recent O’Bannon v. NCAA case, the allegation is in regards to student-athletes having an income level of zero for the use of their public likeness; the allegation is that the NCAA is in violat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04332	Why does food taste different warm than it does cold?	Most flavors you taste are detected with your nose. You can taste 5 flavors with your tongue, but smell about 1 trillion odors/chemicals. When you heat up your food the odiferous chemicals in the food gain energy and evaporate, allowing you to be able to smell them easier. Thus making the food taste different.	[ "Temperature can be an essential element of the taste experience. Food and drink that—in a given culture—is traditionally served hot is often considered distasteful if cold, and vice versa. For example, alcoholic beverages, with a few exceptions, are usually thought best when served at room temperature or chilled t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01811	How does someone freeze to death? What exactly happens inside the body to be fatal?	Life depends on a number of biochemical reactions that occur in each and every cell in your body. All chemical reactions (and this includes those upon which life depends) are affected by temperature. In general, decreasing temperature tends to slow chemical reactions (particularly exothermic chemical reactions, which describes most of the chemical reactions upon which life depends). Dropping the temperature of the body affects virtually every organ system. It causes the heart to slow (because, in part, the chemical reactions in heart muscles required to cause heart contraction are slowed by lower temperature). It causes blood to reduce its capacity to carry oxygen. It causes basic energy-producing chemical reactions in every cell (cellular respiration) to slow, and to produce less energy molecules (i.e. ATP, etc) required for basic cellular function. It causes nerve conduction to slow and slows down neurotrasmitter release. In short, through a number of mechanisms at the cellular and organ level, it causes cellular activity to slow, and, eventually, to be unable to maintain the intracellular environment required for life. Cells die, organ systems fail, which causes more cell death, until the body is in a catch-22 of death and becomes irrecoverable.	[ "BULLET::::- John Smith, a 14-year-old boy who survived 15 minutes under ice in a frozen lake before paramedics arrived to pull him onto dry land and saved him.\"\n\nBULLET::::- Mitsutaka Uchikoshi, a Japanese man who survived the cold for 24 days in 2006 without food or water when he fell into a state similar to h...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03439	What happens to a digital file when it's deleted	Your computer keeps a registry of the location of the data for that file. On a traditional Hard Disk Drive, that means the coordinates on the actual, physical, rotating disk (think track number on a CD - or record if you're old enough). On a Solid State Drive, it's a little more complicated with virtual locations and whatnot, but the idea is the same. Your data is stored at a location, and the registry knows where that location is. It's kind of like how the post office knows where your house is without keeping your entire house in the post office. When you write data to your drive, that location is protected so it can't be overwritten, because the registry tells the drive that the location is being used. When you delete a file, the entry in the registry is deleted. That's it. The post office forgets your address. The data remains there until that location is used for new data, at which point it is overwritten and "deleted". On an HDD, that means the metal disk is remagnetized (or demagnetized) at that location, switching the old combination of 1s and 0s to the new data. On an SDD, that means the NAND gates, which hold 1 or 0, are reset and again, changed to the new data. On HDDs, the process of changing the magnetization of the disk is not perfect. Remnants of the old pattern can be pulled up, which is what law enforcement agencies do when they go through disks to pull up deleted files.	[ "When a file is deleted, the meta-information about this file (filename, date/time, size, location of the first data block/cluster, etc.) is lost; e.g., in an ext3/ext4 filesystem, the names of deleted files are still present, but the location of the first data block is removed. This means the data is still present...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11985	Why are marking animals able to stop urinating mid-stream while humans are not?	Humans absolutely can stop urinating mid stream. As a matter of fact, that is the top recommended practice for women after giving birth, as the pelvic floor muscles have been weakened. Obgyn will tell women to practice stopping their urine mid stream to get those muscles toned back up, and to do kegals throughout the day.	[ "Within the Felidae, male felids can urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward. Urine marking by felids is also known as \"spray-urinating\" or \"spray-marking\".\n\nTo identify their territories, male tigers mark trees by spraying urine and anal gland secretions, as well as marking trails wi...	[ "Humans cannot stop urinating in med-stream like animals can.", "Humans can not stop urinating mid-stream." ]	[ "Humans absolutely can stop urinating mid-stream.", "Humans can stop urinating mid-stream. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans cannot stop urinating in med-stream like animals can.", "Humans can not stop urinating mid-stream." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans absolutely can stop urinating mid-stream.", "Humans can stop urinating mid-stream. " ]
2018-20785	Why does metal make a ringing sound when hit. How do the vibrations translate into sound?	Metal bends when you hit it, then jiggles as it straightens out - imagine slapping a ruler, or flicking a small spring. A more solid piece of metal does it much more quickly, several hundreds or thousand times per second. As it bends and jiggles, its movement moves the air around it. In a ruler, these ripples in the air are far too weak and too slow to form audible sound; but in a piece of metal, they're much sharper and faster, producing a wave of air pressure which we experience as sound.	[ "An excellent example of this was demonstrated with the bells of Westminster Abbey at the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.\n", "BULLET::::- Copper, brass and leaden mallets are typically used on machinery to apply force to parts with a reduced risk of damaging them, and to avoid sparks. As these metal...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02242	Why does molten aluminum react to dry ice?	The hot aluminum melts a bit of the dry ice, which turns to carbon dioxide gas, making bubbles in the liquid aluminum.	[ "Diffusion processes caused by electromigration can be divided into grain boundary diffusion, bulk diffusion and surface diffusion. In general, grain boundary diffusion is the major electromigration process in aluminum wires, whereas surface diffusion is dominant in copper interconnects.\n\nSection::::Failure mecha...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08861	How do mountains (ex: Rocky Mountains) form with no plate boundary?	1. Take a piece of cloth and lay it flat on a table or bed. 2. Put your hands a foot or two apart on the fabric. 3. Push your hands together. That raises mountains up, then erosion shapes them. ETA: there are always plate boundaries in play, but the mountains are not necessarily near the boundaries. Also, the type of rock involved has a lot to do with how the plate crumples	[ "Section::::Types of mountains.:Fold mountains.\n\nWhen plates collide or undergo subduction (that is – ride one over another), the plates tend to buckle and fold, forming mountains. Most of the major continental mountain ranges are associated with thrusting and folding or orogenesis. Examples are the Balkan Mounta...	[ "Mountains form without plate boundary. ", "Some mountains like the Rocky Mountains formed without a plate boundary." ]	[ "Mountains are not always near the plate boundaries, but boundaries are always in play. ", "Plate boundaries are always involved in mountain formation but the mountains don't always have to be near the boundaries." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mountains form without plate boundary. ", "Some mountains like the Rocky Mountains formed without a plate boundary." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mountains are not always near the plate boundaries, but boundaries are always in play. ", "Plate boundaries are always involved in mountain formation but the mountains don't always have to be near the boundaries." ]
2018-03667	Why do people get acne when they have stress?	Med student here, there are multipke theories: Stress messes up your hormones which cause your skins to secrete more oils making acne more likely to happen. Stress reduces your inmune system, which makes it easier for bacteria to live in your skin.	[ "Stress has effects on the immune system, which may explain why some cases directly correlate with stress. It is often stated that in studies of sufferers who are students, ulceration is exacerbated during examination periods and lessened during periods of vacation. Alternatively, it has been suggested that oral pa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06364	What makes a substance greasy or sticky on a molecular level?	Now with Illustrations! Credit to u/pupuren, thanks again! [So Great]( URL_0 ) When thinking about things being sticky or slick it’s useful to think of the molecules as tiny little robots with magnetic grabber arms. Some materials have lots of arms and connect to each other well. Some materials have very few arms and don’t have a strong connection. Some materials have the wrong kind of connectors for each other and don’t have a connection at all, in fact they push each other apart. Sticky things like tape, glue, snot and honey are all made up of little parts, molecules, that have a lot of grabber arms. They are also really good at getting into all the little nooks and crannies of what it’s trying to stick to. Slick or oily things like grease, lubricants and ice don’t grab on to other things as well as sticky things because they have fewer arms and don’t do a good job of making contact with the other surface. This is why pressing on things helps to make them stick better. You are forcing more of the two things to touch, getting into all the little bits of the surface. You also add energy by pressing which can cause things like forcing more grabber arms to activate. Since this blew up a bit, here’s some more info. Thanks for the feedback and info. The tiny little robots (molecules) don’t only use their magnetic grabber arms to hold on to other materials, they also try to hold on to each other. Some robots have better arms for this than others and do a really good job of staying together, this is really important for things like tape and glue. If the robots can grab the other surface but can’t hang on to each other then it won’t help us to stick two things together, it will just get sticky stuff on two things. Another thing that happens is changes in the settings of the robot. Given some time or energy (like heating things up or pressing them) some types of robots will grip harder to other things or to itself by locking into place and not wanting to move or flex any more. We see this as hardening or setting in glue. A note on ice... Water is an unusual molecule, its little tiny robots do a lot of things differently than most robots. One of these things is friction, where we know that ice is slick but are still figuring out exactly why it is. It looks like it’s the very top layer of machines switch back and forth between ice and water, so stuff flows over the water and the water flows over the ice. It’s like if the first row of robots just rolled along the top of the other robots, grabbing on while moving a little. Remember that all of this is happening with robots so tiny that comparing them to us is like comparing an ant to a mountain. Bumps and scrapes we can see in something can make it feel less slick, but that’s the shape of the item, not the molecular interaction, so we call that traction. (Edit: minor clean up) (Edit 2 - added more info) (Edit 3 - fixed an “it’s” to “its” because even though it’s possessive that’s not how this word’s apostrophe works because it’s a contraction. English is dumb.) (Edit 4 - Added illustration form u/pupuren)	[ "Section::::Polymers.\n\nMany engineering polymers are hygroscopic, including nylon, ABS, polycarbonate, cellulose, and poly(methyl methacrylate).\n\nOther polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, do not normally absorb much moisture, but are able to carry significant moisture on their surface when exposed t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00680	If one-way encryption can't be reversed or decrypted, how come the same encryption works the same at all times with the same input?	I assume you are talking about a Hash. A hash cannot be reversed to the original message because the process (which technically isn't encryption) literally destroys information. Since all possible messages (infinite possible input set) maps to a output set of a given, set size (finite possible output set) then information has to be destroyed (and sort of collision inevitable).	[ "Two systems S and T are said to be indistinguishable if there exists no algorithm D, connected to either S or T, able to decide whether it is connected to S or T.\n", "The first one-way encryptions were likely developed by James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks, and Malcolm Williamson at the UK intelligence agency GCHQ ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07974	How do people recolour photos? How do they know what colours things were?	Recoloring old photos is usually done in a series of masks in photoshop. Basically mask the area of the photo off, then brush in the color. Brushes in photoshop can be used in a normal mode (like painting on top), or color mode (adding color hues to existing lines. As for the colors used, most of it is guess work, or the artist taking some liberties. Sometimes things like military uniforms are well known what hue they should have been, and some internet research can help that. Here's a thread from imgur that is a good example of a basic colorizing process. URL_0	[ "In 1981, photography professor and historian Joseph Boudreau compounded the archaic chemistry and replicated the techniques described by Hill in \"A Treatise on Heliochromy\". Boudreau was able to create Hillotypes that distinctly and verifiably showed muted reproductions of many of the colors in the test subjects...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03556	How do movies hide cameras in scenes shot in front of mirrors?	Hi! Visual effects artist here. Often times when cameras are visible in scenes (which happens more often than you’d think because big budget movies use multi-camera set ups) we remove them the same way people remove blemishes on the skin when editing photos, except for every frame of that scene. There is a multitude of ways to achieve this, usually we just recreate what is behind the camera by digitally painting it in, sometimes frame by frame. This is indeed as painful as it sounds. There is a whole department in visual effects houses dedicated to cleaning up scenes before putting CGI in (more often than not we don’t use CGI for these jobs to save money, we just paint as you would inside photoshop and track it in so it moves with the camera in the scene). We do everything from painting out wires for stunts, removing cameras from the set, removing people that don’t belong in the shot, cleaning up bad green screen to removing markers placed for tracking. This work can take anywhere from 2-4 months for a 3-10 second shot depending on what needs to be removed. This is oftentimes why in lower budget tv shows you see really poorly done VFX. Just finished work on BladeRunner 2049 & am now working on Deadpool 2! It’s really awesome to see people show interest in this kinda stuff. Cheers mate! Hope that all makes sense!	[ "Principal photography for \"A Dark Reflection\" initially lasted 40 days. It was filmed in Techniscope format using Fuji 35mm film by Director of Photography Nicholas Eriksson.\n\nAll of the filming was done on location in England apart from a week of filming in Jordan, Loraine deciding not to use a soundstage. Fu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01104	Why is a small amount of inflation considered good for the economy?	You want some inflation to discourage currency hoarding and lower the effective cost of borrowing. If your money is never losing value, why risk investing it? Put in in your Scrooge McDuck vault. But if it's losing 2% a year, now you better get moving. For your average person 2% a year isn't a big deal, but for institutions that deal in billions that equates to a vast sum down the toilet if they don't keep their money pile moving. Inflation helps keep the cash flow going in a modern economy. Now for your average person, you don't have much in savings but you probably do have a mortgage. A thirty year mortgage. Over thirty years, inflation puts a real dent in the effective cost of the mortgage, and makes it cheaper for you to borrow money long term. Your payments don't change, but they're worth less every year.	[ "An explicit numerical inflation target increases a central bank's accountability, and thus it is less likely that the central bank falls prey to the time-inconsistency trap. This accountability is especially significant because even countries with weak institutions can build public support for an independent centr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05020	If neutrinos don't interact with anything, how can we detect them?	It's not that they DON'T interact, it's that they RARELY interact. Trillions of neutrinos are passing through your body, and maybe two might touch an atom in your body in your lifetime. Neutrino observatories don't really care where they're built since the Earth is pretty much transparent to neutrino radiation. First you build a giant chamber filled with many many tons of heavy water (it's an easy, stable, transparent liquid with density greater than regular water) and cover every inch of the insides with hypersensitive light sensors. Then you sit and wait, and hope that occasionally, maybe, every once and a while one of the sensors will pick up a faint flicker of a neutrino passing through the water and turning a neutron in the water into a proton. It's not much but its a start. Star Trek makes it seem like neutrons are as easy to see as heat.	[ "Despite how common they are, neutrinos are extremely \"difficult to detect\" due to their low mass and lack of electric charge. Unlike other particles, neutrinos only interact via gravity and the neutral current (involving the exchange of a Z boson) or charged current (involving the exchange of a W boson) weak int...	[ "Neutrinos do not interact with anything.", "Neutrinos don't interact with anything. " ]	[ "Neutrinos do interact with things just very rarely. ", "It's not that neutrinos don't interact with anything, they just rarely interact with anything." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neutrinos do not interact with anything.", "Neutrinos don't interact with anything. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Neutrinos do interact with things just very rarely. ", "It's not that neutrinos don't interact with anything, they just rarely interact with anything." ]
2018-03034	How do we as humans with no air filters, have no problem with dusty air while most air conditioners get dirty?	Snot, boogers, nose hair, ear hair, earwax, tears, ect all defenses against things from getting inside of us.	[ "A large fraction of the bacteria found in indoor air and dust are shed from humans. Among the most important bacteria known to occur in indoor air are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae.\n\nSection::::Common pollutants.:Asbestos fibers.\n", "Although, from a global perspe...	[ "Humans have no air filters.", "If air conditioners get filled with dust all the time, then humans lungs should also get filled with dust." ]	[ "Human snot, nose hair, ear hair, etc are a sort of filter for the air. ", "Humans have mechanisms such as snot, boogers, tears and earwax to remove dust from inside of us." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans have no air filters.", "If air conditioners get filled with dust all the time, then humans lungs should also get filled with dust." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Human snot, nose hair, ear hair, etc are a sort of filter for the air. ", "Humans have mechanisms such as snot, boogers, tears and earwax to remove dust from inside of us." ]
2018-02560	How can certain characters cause a bug on iPhones?	I’ve never heard of this personally, but to keep it super simple, some of these bugs happen because of communications protocol. Since the computer talks in 1s and 0s, there are certain bit patterns (combinations of 1s and 0s) that tell the computer to do certain things. Every character has its own bit pattern. You can look up an ASCII table to see these. When you type characters, it’s sending a bit pattern to whatever hardware interface it’s trying to interact with. If programmed incorrectly, your keyboard stream could still be active while the command is not. So if you were to use the character ‘0’ for example which has a bit pattern of (0011 0000) and for some reason the command for typing isn’t active, you could be sending some command to the hardware. If the exit command had the same bit pattern as ‘0’, typing this character during a certain software sequence could cause it to send a command that isn’t the ‘hey, the user is typing’ command and break the software/firmware requiring the whole thing to restart.	[ "BULLET::::- In May 2015, iPhone users discovered a bug where sending a certain sequence of characters and Unicode symbols as a text to another iPhone user would crash the receiving iPhone's SpringBoard interface, and may also crash the entire phone, induce a factory reset, or disrupt the device's connectivity to a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23654	why do many smaller animals have larger strenght to body mass ratio compared to bigger animals?	Square cube law. If you double the size of a muscle or bone it's strength grows by 2^2 = 4, but it's mass grows by 2^3 = 8. Triple it you get 9 times the strength but 27 times the mass.	[ "More recently, it has been proposed that an accurate prediction of the energy cost of running at a given speed can be made from the time available to generate force to support body weight. This theory suggests that smaller animals must take shorter, quicker steps to travel a given distance than larger animals. As ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00366	Why are polar bears and grizzly bears considered different species if they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring?	It's very difficult to group living, evolving organisms into discrete categories. Polar bears diverged from the rest of the Ursus genus very recently, therefore they are still genetically similar enough to other bears to produce fertile offspring. Taxonomy is also based on physical appearance. Since polar bears are quite distinct from other species of bears in terms of their physical appearance and geographical habitat, the decision was made to consider them a separate species. Doves and pigeons are another example. There are 310 species of birds within the Columbiformes order (which encompasses all pigeon and dove families), many of which are capable of breeding with other species and producing fertile offspring. Their classification as separate species lies mainly in their physical differences. The long and the short of it is that taxonomy is a human construct, and not everything fits nice and neatly between the lines all of the time. Tl;dr: while this typically isn't the case, there is no hard, taxonomic rule stating that members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring. A better way of thinking about it would be: "if two populations are unable to interbreed, they cannot be considered the same species". This doesn't necessarily preclude two species from being able to interbreed.	[ "\"Kodiak\" or \"Kodiak brown\" is a term now applied to brown bears found in coastal regions of North America. In the far north these bears feed on salmon and often attain especially large size. \"Alaskan brown\" is sometimes used for Alaskan bears, but the main distinction is how far the bear is found from the co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01970	How can water do work as it freezes?	Some of the heat being given up as it freezes becomes that energy. Some heat leaves the system without making the water colder, but by making it frozen.	[ "Section::::How water freezes.\n", "Freezing water is a central issue for climate, geology and life. On earth, ice and snow cover 10% of the land and up to 50% of the Northern Hemisphere in winter. Polar ice caps reflect up to 90% of the sun's incoming radiation. The science of freezing water depends on multiple ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19870	How do they built skyscrapers on top of a river?	They will literally either dig down to the bedrock (much of where you see the huge skyscrapers in New York that’s what they did. New York’s bedrock is exposed on the surface in some places so it’s not that difficult of a task actually) or they will drive pilings or sink a foundation to the bedrock. Extensive surveys are done beforehand so they know were the bedrock is planning isn’t that hard but it’s more expensive than say just building somewhere else where you don’t have to do that.	[ "References to this practice can be found in Greek folk culture in a poem about \"Arta's bridge\". According to the poem, the wife of the chief builder was sacrificed to establish a good foundation for a bridge that was of grave importance to the secluded city of Arta. The actual bridge was constructed in 1602. A s...	[ "Skyscrapers can be built on top of rivers." ]	[ "Skyscrapers have to be built on the bedrock under rivers." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Skyscrapers can be built on top of rivers.", "Skyscrapers can be built on top of rivers." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Skyscrapers have to be built on the bedrock under rivers.", "Skyscrapers have to be built on the bedrock under rivers." ]
2018-01906	Why has only about 5% of the ocean been discovered? What makes it so difficult and how has technology not been developed to uncover more?	The pressure will squish all but the most sturdy vehicles. These super-sturdy vehicles move very slowly, so the very small number of them have been sent to the most "interesting" places. The rest, alas, isn't interesting (or profitable) enough, so far.	[ "Mesopelagic activity was first investigated by use of sonar because the return bounces off of plankton and fish in the water. However, there are many challenges with acoustic survey methods and previous research has estimated errors in measured amounts of biomass of up to three orders of magnitude. This is due to ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23362	when water boils, its bubbles are round, but when it freezes, its crystals are 6-sided. Why isn’t frozen water round or boiling water hexagonally shaped? Aren’t H2O molecules the same in either state?	Bubbles are round because gaseous pressure is equally distributed outward. Ice crystals are shaped in such a way because of the bent molecular shape and the hydrogen forces that come together in a regular pattern. The water molecules are much slower and aren't bouncing all over the place. Gaseous H2O is much higher energy and further apart so that the regular pattern of ice doesn't come into effect.	[ "Section::::Solution.\n\nThe solution is given for small values of \"z\" \"z\" by\n\nwhere\n\nFor large \"z\" \"z\" the solution (in the phase where most occupied sites have type 1) is given by \n", "Tetradecahedra having at least one irregular face:\n\nBULLET::::- Heptagonal dipyramid (14 triangles) (see Dipyr...	[ "H2O molecules are the same in both frozen boiling water states." ]	[ "H2O molecules move much more slowly in cold water than in hot water." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "H2O molecules are the same in both frozen boiling water states.", "H2O molecules are the same in both frozen boiling water states." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "H2O molecules move much more slowly in cold water than in hot water.", "H2O molecules move much more slowly in cold water than in hot water." ]
2018-02674	How can sulfur hexafluoride stay in someone’s lungs, but co2 doesn’t even though they are both more dense than air?	I hope another commenter corrects if I'm mistaken, but I would think that Sulfur hexafluoride CAN stay in your lungs, but doesn't automatically stay there like it's stuck. It takes more effort to get it out because it's very heavy, but I've seen videos of people inhaling it so clearly they're able to get it out too, maybe with some extra effort. It's also way heavier than CO2. Sulphur hexafluoride is gonna be Sulphur and six Flourines. I'm too lazy to look up the weight of that but it is a hell of a lot heavier than a carbon and two oxygens.	[ "Section::::Physiological effects and precautions.\n\nLike xenon, sulfur hexafluoride is a non-toxic gas, yet by displacing oxygen in the lungs, it also carries the risk of asphyxia if too much is inhaled. Being more dense than air, if a substantial quantity of gas is released it will settle in low-lying areas and ...	[ "If sulfur hexafluoride stays in the lungs, C02 should as well due to it being more dense than sulfur hexafluoride." ]	[ "While hexafluoride is known to get caught in the lungs, it doesn't stay indefinitely, it just takes a little more effort to remove." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If sulfur hexafluoride stays in the lungs, C02 should as well due to it being more dense than sulfur hexafluoride.", "If sulfur hexafluoride stays in the lungs, C02 should as well due to it being more dense than sulfur hexafluoride." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "While hexafluoride is known to get caught in the lungs, it doesn't stay indefinitely, it just takes a little more effort to remove.", "While hexafluoride is known to get caught in the lungs, it doesn't stay indefinitely, it just takes a little more effort to remove." ]
2018-09521	If the Tienanmen executions really happened, how come the only footage we have is of tanks avoiding tank man, and not the mass murderings of the students?	Personal camcorders were still pretty rare in 1989 in the United States. In China, a personally owned (ie not government or government controlled media) camcorder was rare in the extreme. The regime cracked down EXTREMELY hard on anyone known to possess a video recording device both during and after the event. It's hard for many of the the current generations to envision such an environment now especially since there are literally cameras every 10 feet in Tienanmen square currently. Also, make no mistake, Tank Man was never seen again and died in a prison camp. If you so much as draw a picture of anything small standing in front of / blocking the path anything large now, you will receive attention you do not want.	[ "\"Let me recount some instances occurring in the last two days. Last night the house of one of the Chinese staff members of the university was broken into and two of the women, his relatives, were raped. Two girls, about 16, were raped to death in one of the refugee camps. In the University Middle School where the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02066	How does an unborn fetus/baby breathe while in the womb?	They don't. They live off the oxygen they receive from their mothers through the umbilical cord. While in the womb, their lungs are full of amniotic fluid. In the period leading up to their birth, they begin to practice breathing by taking in and pushing out this fluid.	[ "At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with fluid secreted by the lungs and are not inflated. After birth the infant's central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment. This triggers the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery. Before birth, the lungs are filled with fe...	[ "Unborn fetus needs to breathe." ]	[ "They do not breathe they get oxygen from the umbilical cord. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Unborn fetus needs to breathe." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "They do not breathe they get oxygen from the umbilical cord. " ]
2018-15356	Why can the sound volume of commercials on internet TV be double the actual show's volume?	The commercials are allowed to be as loud as the shows. That means if the show has a gunshot, or an explosion, or a big dramatic music swell, then the commercial is allowed to be as loud as that. Thing is, the loudest sound in the show lasts for a few seconds at most, whereas the volume in the commercial is as high as that for the whole 30 seconds.	[ "Most television commercials are heavily compressed (typically to a dynamic range of no more than 3 dB) to achieve near-maximum perceived loudness while staying within permissible limits. This causes a problem that TV viewers often notice: when a station switches from minimally compressed program material to a heav...	[ "The sound volume of commercials on Internet TV is is double the show's actual volume.", "Commercials volumes can be double the shows volume. " ]	[ "The volume of commercials on Internet TV seems much louder than the show because companies are allowed to to make commercials as loud as the loudest sound in the show, no matter how shortlived that loud sound is.", "Commercial volume can only be as loud as the loudest volume of the show." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The sound volume of commercials on Internet TV is is double the show's actual volume.", "Commercials volumes can be double the shows volume. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The volume of commercials on Internet TV seems much louder than the show because companies are allowed to to make commercials as loud as the loudest sound in the show, no matter how shortlived that loud sound is.", "Commercial volume can only be as loud as the loudest volume of the show." ]
2018-15733	why phones (and othet stuff) havr an expandable memory *up to" a certain amount.	SD cards may look the same, but actually use different "languages" to enable higher speeds and larger capacities. The dashcam is compatible with SDHC cards (SD high capacity) which go up to 32GB. Larger cards are SDXC (SD eXtended capacity) which again, is the same physical size/appearance but technically a different type of memory card. The phone is either newer or more expensive, which allowed SDXC capability to be included in it.	[ "The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metad...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "All memory expansion is the same kind of data" ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Memory expansion cards can use different computer languages that allow some of them to hold more data" ]
2018-02901	The Price is Right did NOT give away 215,000 possible dollars today, so who gets to keep it?	There are a few possibilities here: 1) The production company is fronting the cash, and just keeps it when nobody wins. Shows with wealthy backers and relatively small proze pools do this. 2) The production company is using some form of sweepstakes insurance, paying a regular premium and the small prizes themselves and treating the occasional major prize giveaways as unexpected insurance losses. Car dealers and businesses running goofy promos do this a lot. 3) The production company doesn't have the cash on hand, and the prize is actually an annuity they're paying over many years or a greatly reduced lump sum. Many lotteries do this. I don't know specifically what The Price is Right does, but it will be some mix of the above options.	[ "Decades of Dollars was drawn Monday and Thursday nights. DoD winners had a choice of 30 annual payments of $250,000 each (minus withholdings) or a lump sum of $4,000,000.\n\nEach Decades of Dollars game cost $2; players chose 6 numbers from 1 through 47.\n\nDoD prize structure:\n\nBULLET::::- Match 2 of 6: free Do...	[ "Someone keeps the cash that wasn't given away on The Price is Right." ]	[ "The money wasn't actually sitting somewhere waiting to be disbursed, it is an insurance policy or something similar that gets paid out when someone wins. In the event that nobody wins the policy is just not used." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Someone keeps the cash that wasn't given away on The Price is Right." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The money wasn't actually sitting somewhere waiting to be disbursed, it is an insurance policy or something similar that gets paid out when someone wins. In the event that nobody wins the policy is just not used." ]
2018-02253	How can the U.S. be trillions and trillions in debt and still function normally? Why at this point would increasing or decreasing it by another trillion even matter?	It's not the debt that so much matters but how fast we can pay it off. Once we hit a certain percentage on our Gross Debt to GDP ratio, (Somewhere around 110%), Our economy will most likely collapse. Something like Greece's economic collapse but much, much worse. It would affect the entire world since our economy matters a lot more than Greece's. (Sorry Greece.) Hopefully the 4% and growing GDP increase rate will help combat this, and if it continues to grow, we might even be able to reverse some of the debt.	[ "Section::::Valuation and measurement.\n\nSection::::Valuation and measurement.:Public and government accounts.\n\nAs of December 31, 2018, debt held by the public was $16.1 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.87 trillion, for a total of $21.97 trillion. Debt held by the public was approximately 77% of ...	[ "US cannot function with massive amounts of debt." ]	[ "US can function as long as we can keep up with paying it off so the debt does not climb to a certain amount higher than the GDP." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "US cannot function with massive amounts of debt." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "US can function as long as we can keep up with paying it off so the debt does not climb to a certain amount higher than the GDP." ]
2018-06123	Why do hot drinks taste “hotter” after eating a spice like ginger or pepper?	I'm not sure if 6-Shogaol, Zingerone, and Gingerone, the compounds in ginger responsible for the feeling of heat, work in the same was as capsaicin, but I do know how the latter works and will go off the assumption they do but to a lesser degree. How it works is by lowering the temperature threshold for the heat sensing nerves in your mouth to fire. What this means is that lower temperatures than normal will "trick" the nerves into telling your brain that you are experiencing a hot temperature. When we eat foods with capsaicin in them, whats actually happening is the heat of our own mouths is making us think that our mouth is burning! If normal body temperature is enough to make your brain think "Oh crap, whatever is in my mouth is super hot", imagine what it does for substances were actually hot in the first place.	[ "This particular sensation, called chemesthesis, is not a taste in the technical sense, because the sensation does not arise from taste buds, and a different set of nerve fibers carry it to the brain. Foods like chili peppers activate nerve fibers directly; the sensation interpreted as \"hot\" results from the stim...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04727	Increased hesrt rate from heavy excercise builds muscle in the heart and decreases resting HR, leads to more blood being moved per pump, and overall increases hesrt health, why does is increased heart rate from caffine or other stimulants deteriorate heart health?	Because stimulatants can cause prolonged and intense strain on your heart. Imagine your heart beating as fast as when you are running but for 24hrs straight on meth. That much strain isn't good for your heart.	[ "Calcium ion levels have a great impact on heart rate and contractility: increased calcium levels cause an increase in both. High levels of calcium ions result in hypercalcemia and excessive levels can induce cardiac arrest. Drugs known as calcium channel blockers slow HR by binding to these channels and blocking o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04655	How do people who make less than 10,000 dollars a year able to get a 6,000 dollar (or more) tax return?	there are tax deductions and there are tax credits. You can deduct till your blue in the face, but that wont get you below 0% tax rate. credits on the other hand are a form of govt assistance, children/dependents are probably the biggest, there are also some education credits that students can qualify for. these are effectively cash payments that can put your tax obligation below zero.	[ "Section::::Federal returns.:Amended return.\n", "In the United States, taxpayers may file an amended return with the Internal Revenue Service to correct errors reported on a previous income tax return. Typically a taxpayer does not need to file an amended return if he or she has math errors as the IRS will make ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13039	Why is it that poison ivy can be spread by scratching but you don't get it on your finger tips?	Tolerance, thickness, etc. Your hands are really sensetive, it helps us use them better, but they're also very tough, because we use them so much. So you can get poison ivy on your fingertips, but the poison isn't strong enough to damage you through the strong skin on your fingers, but then you spread it to other, more sensetive and weaker areas of your skin	[ "A well-known example of a hapten is urushiol, which is the toxin found in poison ivy. When absorbed through the skin from a poison ivy plant, urushiol undergoes oxidation in the skin cells to generate the actual hapten, a reactive quinone-type molecule, which then reacts with skin proteins to form hapten adducts. ...	[ "You cannot get poison ivy on your fingers." ]	[ "You do get poison ivy there, however the skin is tougher than other skin so you don't notice it there. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You cannot get poison ivy on your fingers.", "You cannot get poison ivy on your fingers." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "You do get poison ivy there, however the skin is tougher than other skin so you don't notice it there. ", "You do get poison ivy there, however the skin is tougher than other skin so you don't notice it there. " ]
2018-06397	What is a karat/carat, when talking about gold or diamond?	They are different things. In diamonds, a carat is a measure of weight. (1 carat = 200 mg) Since it's not an official metric unit, it is used in the US. In gold, karat is a measure of purity, or as the trade calls it "fineness". It states what fraction of the mass of the metal is gold atoms, so a 4 unit object of 18 karat gold has 18/24^ths of its mass in the form of 3 units of gold atoms. This works regardless of the units: grams, ounces, ...	[ "\"Karat\" is a variant of \"carat\". First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word \"carat\" came from Middle French , in turn derived either from Italian or Medieval Latin . These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the Arabic meaning \"fruit of the carob tree\", also \"weight of 4 grains\", () ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Karat and carat are interchangeable." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Carat is a measure of weight for diamonds, while karat is a measure of purity for gold." ]
2018-16797	How can we observe light moving away from us as red spectrum and toward us as blue? How can we observe light moving away from us at all?	It is not light moving away from us, it is light emitted from a source that is moving away from us. The light definitely has to be moving towards, otherwise, as you note, we could not see it at all.	[ "BULLET::::- The Andromeda Galaxy is moving toward our own Milky Way galaxy within the Local Group; thus, when observed from Earth, its light is undergoing a blueshift.\n\nBULLET::::- Components of a binary star system will be blueshifted when moving towards Earth\n\nBULLET::::- When observing spiral galaxies, the ...	[ "We can observe light moving away from us." ]	[ "We cannot observe light moving away from us but light emitted from a source that is moving away from us. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We can observe light moving away from us." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We cannot observe light moving away from us but light emitted from a source that is moving away from us. " ]
2018-11576	How does the countersteering and gyroscopic force works on a motorcycle?	The gyroscopic force tends to keep the bike upright. I used to have a youtube video link where a dude welded the handle bars on a motorcycle straight. They then had a stunt man literally jump up and down on one foot peg to try to lean the bike into a turn at speed. There was basically no turning action. If you turn the handle bars on a motorcycle, the gyroscopic forces lean the bike to the high side (away from the turn). At this point, a rider that doesn't understand countersteering has an instinctual reaction to slow, and rely on balance to correct the issue. They usually end up making it around corners and obstacles without dying because of how inate human balance is. The correct way to turn a motorcycle at speed, is to "turn" the handle bars away from the direction of the turn, allow the bike to lean to its highside to the correct angle for the turn and then adjust the handle bars to maintain the turn. This is exactly the opposite way from turning a four wheeled car. Basically the gyroscopic forces want the bike to remain upright. A change of direction will cause a lean in the opposite direction. So in order to turn, you have to adjust the center of gravity of you and the bike by leaning (via counter-steering). The gyroscopic force should fall in line with the center of gravity change and allow you navigate the corner. Source: I'm a decent rider, but not a great physicist. edit: Not the link i had originally but pretty solid: URL_1 edit2: A visual of the forces at work without the science or messy bits: URL_0	[ "Some sidecars allow the motorcycle to lean independent of the sidecar, and in some cases, the sidecar even leans in parallel with the motorcycle. These vehicles must be countersteered the same way as a solo motorcycle. The three wheel Piaggio MP3 uses mechanical linkages to lean the two front wheels in parallel wi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00080	Why Do Bubbles Form on Bottom of Cups with Water?	Cold water can hold more dissolved gasses than warm water. As the water warms up, gas bubbles form. The bubbles form along the glass because that's where it's warmest.	[ "BULLET::::- In order to remove any large bubbles from the surface, some baristas tap the jug on a bench before pouring\n\nBULLET::::- Occasionally a barista may use less-than-full pressure from the steam wand, if they are steaming a very small amount of milk (variable pressure is usually only a feature on professi...	[ "Bubble form on bottom of cups of water." ]	[ "Bubbles form on the glass itself so it can also form on the sides. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bubble form on bottom of cups of water." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bubbles form on the glass itself so it can also form on the sides. " ]
2018-23740	are crustaceans bugs? And why or why not?	No, they are crustaceans. Insects and crustaceans are both Arthropods, but so are 80% of the animals on Earth. Still they are very different creatures. Crustaceans are similar to insects in the same way that cats are similar to humans.	[ "Section::::Classification.\n\nThe name \"crustacean\" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of Pierre Belon and Guillaume Rondelet, but the name was not used by some later authors, including Carl Linnaeus, who included crustaceans among the \"Aptera\" in his '. The earliest nomencl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10631	are moods , emotions and feelings different things?if yes, what's the difference?	In psychology, moods are general emotional states that persist for a longer period of time. They're less intense than feelings or emotions, and they tend not to be caused by any particular event. When you talk about "being a positive person" or "being a bit of a downer", you're talking about your general mood. Feelings are the instantaneous, intense, and very specific emotional states. You could say "I'm so proud of this thing I've just done", or "I'm feeling quite lusty because of that thing you just did". An easy way to remember this one is that we can also feel other physical sensations, but only when they're currently happening; "I'm feeling hungry". Emotions are the middle ground between moods and feelings. This is where the more general feelings reside and where we might find people saying stuff like; "I love you", or "I've been so angry today".	[ "POMS - long form\n", "Section::::History.\n", "In the case of outward directedness moods might be directed at either the world as a whole, a changing series of objects in the world, or unbound emotion properties projected by people onto things in the world. In the case of inward directedness moods are directed...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05033	Why does toothpaste stick to the sink so well but easily falls off my toothbrush?	When you first put it on your toothbrush, you are putting on slow, and there isn't enough force to push it down. When it hits the sink, it most likely happened because it dropped out of the tube from a height of a foot or so. That means that it hits with a good bit of force, and that forces squishes it into the porcelain surface. If you were to gentle squeeze it directly on the sink, you'd find that you could gently pick it up from there. Think about a human gently laying on a bed of nails versus a human landing on a solid concrete surface from a high fall. In the first case, the cohesive forces of the body are able to hold it together because not a lot of force is being applied and even though every individual every is small, it is spread out a lot. In the second, the cohesive forces are overcome instantly by an impact, and it doesn't matter if the surface is relatively smooth.	[ "The action of such brushes is mostly from the sides, not the tip, contact with which releases material held by capillary action.\n\nBULLET::::- Paintbrush (house decoration)\n\nBULLET::::- Paintbrush (fine art)\n\nBULLET::::- Wall-paper brush\n\nBULLET::::- Shoe-polish brush (polish applicator)\n\nBULLET::::- Make...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07767	In 1918, a $100 bill was worth about $1700 in today's dollars. What was the point of having such a large denomination bill?	Wire transfers did exist in 1918, but in the pre-digital age a lot of money transferring and record keeping was still done physically. For internal transfers, banks used bills as high as [$100,000]( URL_0 ) since physically moving a stack of giant bills down the street was often so much faster than trying to verify the integrity of wire transfers through old timey telegraph systems.	[ "Large-denomination currency (i.e., banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century. The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina, authorized by legislation dated May 10, 1780. Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07314	If I cook meats like prosciutto, the ham gets signifantly more salty. Is there any salt that's physically being added or cooked into the meat?	I believe it's because the moisture is cooking out of the meat, resulting in a higher concentration of salt.	[ "The salt content in dry-cured ham varies throughout a piece of meat, with gradients determinable through sampling and testing or non-invasively through CT scanning.\n\nSection::::Methods.:Wet-cured.\n\nWet-cured hams are brined, which involves the immersion of the meat in a brine, sometimes with other ingredients ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16654	what is the difference between Bison and Bufflo?	Bison is the North American wild bovine species. Buffalo are various other species of wild bovine in other parts of the world.	[ "A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in subtribe Bovina:\n\nBULLET::::1. Taurine cattle and zebu\n\nBULLET::::2. European bison (wisent)\n\nBULLET::::3. American bison and yak\n\nBULLET::::4. Banteng, gaur, and gayal\n", "BULLET::::- Bucknell Bison, the NCAA Division I athl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08576	Is there a benefit to fingers of individual length, rather than a thumb and four of equal length?	It lets us make a perfect fist. It also helps, as you guessed, with grabbing some kinds of objects. URL_0	[ "Some physicians still believe that it is better to fill the gap left by the trapeziectomy. They assume that filling the gap with a part of a tendon is preferable in terms of function, stability and position of the thumb. They are afraid that leaving a gap might result in complications such as shortening or subluxa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03448	How do chess games between some of the best in the world very often end up in a draw?	Chess is slightly biased toward white, given even skill levels. All other factors are identical, it's just that white gets to move first and thereby set the tone for the match. Due to this inequality, white players tend to play for a win (+1), and black players tend to play for a draw (+0.5). Black often plays defensively, while white tries to break that defense (at the very highest levels of play). Right now, that's the Ruy Lopez variation. This means that the first 11 or so moves are pre-planned and already locked in. If a game isn't won within 30 moves or so, it'll likely be a draw (at the highest levels), which means white has ~20 moves to win. Black's job is easier; all he has to do is trade pieces until the board is relatively cleared, making white's job much harder. White has to reposition and restrategize and constantly look for very slim edges. What this ends up meaning is that black is typically successful, because he has a much easier task. It's very difficult to beat a person who is around your own skill level, is playing defensively, and actively aiming to sabotage the game in order to achieve a draw. He isn't trying to win, he's just trying to not lose.	[ "BULLET::::- If these two games were drawn, the opponents played two blitz-games (5 minutes plus 3 second increment).\n\nBULLET::::- If the score was still tied after pair of blitz games, a single armageddon game (white must win, black only needs to draw) would be played. White had 5 minutes, black had 4 minutes, a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02097	Why/How does steaming foam make it spring back up and restore it's shape?	Honestly never heard of steaming foam cushions to restore them but it probably works by heating the tiny air pockets inside the foam. Gases increase in volume and/or pressure as their temperature increases, so as long as the air bubbles inside the foam are relatively air tight the air will push outwards and cause the foam to expand.	[ "A whipping aid such as modified soy protein can help to account for the decreased foaming ability of dehydrated or frozen egg whites. Modified soy protein is a soy protein in a solution which is then acidified using hydrochloric acid. Pepsin or another enzyme is then added to enhance the protein foaming abilities....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01265	How did we turn wolves into chihuahuas?	There's no agreed upon date for when chihuahuas became a breed as we know them today, but there's quite a bit of evidence that they were around for at least several centuries prior to European contact. How we created them is the same way as how we domesticated any plant or animal; by selective breeding. Over thousands of years, successive generations of early domesticated dogs with features found desirable were bread together.	[ "Cases of accidental breeding of wolfdogs are known (though this is very rare), where a domestic dog female in oestrus strays and is mated by a male wild wolf.\n", "Altered males:\n", "While humans may have intentionally domesticated wolves into dogs, an alternate hypothesis is that wolves effectively domestica...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03644	Why does Easter change dates every year?	Because it follows the moon and equinox (which aren't what our calendar is based on any more). Easter Sunday is the first Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring Equinox (which was later fixed to March 21st). Since full moons can occur on different dates every year, the following Sunday can also occur on different dates every year. To further complicate matters, the Orthodox church uses a different calendar (that doesn't reflect a Pope's changes to better match the actual year length, so their Easter often falls on a different date (occasionally considerably after the Western church's Easter).	[ "In other words, Easter falls from one to seven days after the paschal full moon, so that if the paschal full moon is on Sunday, Easter is the following Sunday. Thus the earliest possible date of Easter is March 22, while the latest possible date is April 25.\n\nSection::::Paschal full moon.:Earliest Easter.\n\nIn ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05344	Why does Poland Spring cost the same in Maine as it does in far reaching places like Arizona?	Take a look at the price of chocolate in Hershey, PA. No difference. It has nothing to do with costs. It has to do with the price that the market will bear.	[ "The eco-costs have been calculated for the situation in the European Union. It is expected that the situation in some states in the USA, like California and Pennsylvania, give similar results. It might be argued that the eco-costs are also an indication of the marginal prevention costs for other parts of the globe...	[ "Poland Spring costs the same due to location." ]	[ "Poland Spring does not cost the same due to location, the cost varies based off of the market each area can handle." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Poland Spring costs the same due to location." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Poland Spring does not cost the same due to location, the cost varies based off of the market each area can handle." ]
2018-01042	Why do “B” (and worse) movies get made if they’re highly unlikely to be successful?	Because they are likely to be successful. A movie is successful if it earns more money than it cost to make. A movie that few people saw might earn $20 million. If it was an unpromoted indie film that cost $5 million to make, it is a big success If it was a summer blockbuster, it is a historic bomb.	[ "On the other hand, recent industry trends suggest the reemergence of something that looks very like the traditional A-B split in major studio production, though with fewer \"programmers\" bridging the gap. According to a 2006 report by industry analyst Alfonso Marone, \"The average budget for a Hollywood movie is ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ " “B” (and worse) movies are highly unlikely to be successful." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ " “B” (and worse) movies are highly likely to be successful." ]
2018-03347	Why is the sale of homeopathic "remedies" not punished under fraud/false advertising laws?	They are not sold as medications. They are sold as supplements. They do not have the same rules.	[ "On 15 November 2016, FTC declared that homeopathic products cannot include claims of effectiveness without \"competent and reliable scientific evidence.\" If no such evidence exists, they must state this fact clearly on their labeling, and state that the product's claims are based only on 18th-century theories tha...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04784	How high could a balloon float?	There's two major factors determining how high a balloon can float: The strength of its material and Archimedes’s principle. As the balloon travels higher, the helium inside expands, and it explodes sooner or later, depending on the strength of the material. The ultimate limit is Archimedes's Principle, which states that balloons will stop rising once their density equates to the surrounding air, so it's impossible for it to rise into space. Read more about it here: URL_0	[ "The previous altitude record for a manned balloon flight was set at 39.045 kilometers on October 14, 2012 by Felix Baumgartner breaking a record of 34.7 kilometers on May 4, 1961 by Malcolm Ross and Victor Prather in a balloon launched from the deck of the in the Gulf of Mexico.\n", "In 1976, Ed Yost set 13 avia...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11602	I have high functioning autism. Can anyone explain to me the science behind a meltdown?	I studied brain science in university. Autism is not fully understood. However, one common characteristic is that autistic people don't filter out sensory input as thoroughly as average people do. Therefore the brain can become overwhelmed with seemingly relevant information, at much too high a rate to process. A meltdown is a powerful response to being overwhelmed, an urgent attempt at getting the inputs to stop so that the brain can calm down.	[ "ASD is also associated with epilepsy, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder. One in four autistic children develops seizures, often starting either in early childhood or adolescence. Seizures, caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, can produce ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01806	Why do onions irritate your eyes?	Its a defense mechanism. When its cells are destroyed it releases enzymes that break down amino acids. Its a chain reaction that creates organic compounds that contain sulfur, which smells bad and stimulates nerves in your eyes which causes them to sting. This stops most animals from trying to eat them. The onion may be destroyed but the plant is left relatively unharmed. Soon, animals stop trying. Humans are not deterred by such defenses though, and cooking them stops this chain reaction completely.	[ "Some people suffer from allergic reactions after handling onions. Symptoms can include contact dermatitis, intense itching, rhinoconjunctivitis, blurred vision, bronchial asthma, sweating, and anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions may not occur when eating cooked onions, possibly due to the denaturing of the proteins fr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03815	Why do snow flakes form on a 2-dimensional plane instead of all directions?	They don't, different atmospheric conditions, like temperature, cause [different shapes]( URL_0 ).	[ "As Nakaya discovered, shape is also a function of whether the prevalent moisture is above or below saturation. Forms below the saturation line trend more towards solid and compact. Crystals formed in supersaturated air trend more towards lacy, delicate and ornate. Many more complex growth patterns also form such a...	[ "Snowflakes form on a 2-dimensional plane instead of all directions.", "Snowflakes form on 2 dimensional plane instead of all directions." ]	[ "Snowflakes can form in different shapes.", "Snowflakes don't form on two dimensional planes, temperature causes snow to form differently." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Snowflakes form on a 2-dimensional plane instead of all directions.", "Snowflakes form on 2 dimensional plane instead of all directions." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Snowflakes can form in different shapes.", "Snowflakes don't form on two dimensional planes, temperature causes snow to form differently." ]
2018-03370	Honey in tea makes the resonance of the cup lower?	You’re changing the density of the liquid in the cup. The heavier or denser the liquid becomes from dissolved solids the lower the resonance becomes. The density absorbs vibrations at different rates.	[ "Chifir is typically prepared with 5–8 tablespoons (50–100 ml) of loose tea (or tea bags) per person poured on top of the boiled water. It is brewed without stirring – at least until the leaves drop to the bottom of the cup. During the brewing process the caffeine breaks down, and the leaves start to pour adenine a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20112	How is Graphene battery better than Lithium-ion battery?	Several ways. First off is the material it's made from. Graphene is the name for a particular structure of carbon atoms. Carbon is plentiful here on Earth. In fact, we've got too much of it in the atmosphere. Lithium, on the other hand, is a comparatively rare metal, which must be mined and refined through processes that can have devastating effect on the immediate area. Second is the charge time. Graphene batteries charge 5 times faster than Li-ion. With more and more Electric vehicles and hybrids hitting the roads, charge time is one of the biggest barriers to their widespread use. If you could cut the rapid charger charge time from 1 hour down to 12 minutes, you're starting to approach gas station stop times. Third is energy density. Lithium based batteries generally have an energy density of around 180 Watt-hours/Kg (For each kilogram of weight, the battery can sustain 180 Watts of draw for an hour). Graphene batteries run around 1000 Wh/Kg, and the Tesla Model S battery boasts an energy density of 2000 Wh/Kg.	[ "Various forms of carbon are used in lithium-ion battery cell configurations. Besides graphite poorly or non-electrochemically active types of carbon are used in cells such as CNTs, carbon black, grapheme, grapheme oxides, or MWCNTs.\n\nRecent work includes efforts in 2014 by researchers at Northwestern University ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03774	why when laying down we can breathe to raise our chests or our bellies?	With a bit of practice you can breathe either mainly from your chest or from your stomach area (specifically your diaphragm). You probably breathe more with your diaphragm when laying down because that is the method your body uses for deeper, more relaxed breaths (musicians are even trained to breathe that way exactly for that reason) but with practice you'll be able to breathe either way at any time that you want to.	[ "Set point of ventilation is different in wakefulness and sleep. pCO2 is higher and ventilation is lower in sleep. Sleep onset in normal subjects is not immediate, but oscillates between arousal, stage I and II sleep before steady NREM sleep is obtained. So falling asleep results in decreased ventilation and a high...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04627	Why are buses so square? Doesn't it severely reduce fuel efficiency?	Most busses aren't on the highway; wind drag isn't a big deal when you only get up to 30 mph. For those that do get on the highway, it's all about maximizing space and seats. The biggest drag is not from wind but just from gravity and moving a mutli-ton piece of plastic and steel from point A to point B. Buses are generally limited in size by certain practicalities (beyond a certain size and they need more axles and can't fit in tight streets), and taking out several rows of seats to change the front shape of the bus makes each trip more expensive per seat.	[ "Quadrasteer was an option in 2002–2005 GM full size, single rear wheel trucks. Constant-velocity joints were used instead of universal joints.\n\nSection::::Dana 61.\n", "Section::::History.:1960s.\n\nIn 1961, a new bus design, the Hamburg, was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show. At a time when most coaches were ...	[ "Busses should be shaped differently to improve fuel efficiency." ]	[ "Fuel efficiency is not as important as maximizing the number of seats on a bus. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Busses should be shaped differently to improve fuel efficiency." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fuel efficiency is not as important as maximizing the number of seats on a bus. " ]
2018-03143	Why is 1000 calories of a healthy food, such as mixed nuts, more filling than 1000 calories of junk food, such as a McDonalds Big Mac?	Satiety comes from a variety of factors, including the specific nutrients of the food, the readiness with which they are absorbed, stretch sensors registering the volume of what you've consumed, and even the mental state of the consumer. The caloric value of food itself is only one variable.	[ "In contrast to nutrient density, energy density is the amount of calories per gram of food. For instance, snacking on two scoops (1 c.) of chocolate ice cream contains 287 calories per 132 grams making the energy density 2.17. As an alternative, one could have a snack containing celery (2 stalks), peanut butter (1...	[ "1000 calories of any food should be the same filling.", "1000 calories of healthy food is more satisfying than 1000 calories of unhealthy food. " ]	[ "Calories in food is only one variable that leads to how full something makes you feel. ", "Satiety is not dependant on the caloric value of food, while it is one factor, it is not the determinant." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "1000 calories of any food should be the same filling.", "1000 calories of healthy food is more satisfying than 1000 calories of unhealthy food. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Calories in food is only one variable that leads to how full something makes you feel. ", "Satiety is not dependant on the caloric value of food, while it is one factor, it is not the determinant." ]
2018-02381	I get that oxygen is required for fire. But what about oxygen and it's chemical properties make it so vital for combustion reactions over other gasses?	Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic redox (reduction-oxidation) chemical reaction. Oxygen is a very common, and fairly strong, oxidizing agent. It is not, however, strictly required for a fire. Some very fun (read horrifying) chemicals like ClF3 are actually stronger oxidizers than oxygen, and will happily cause things to combust without any help from oxygen.	[ "Section::::Prevention of fire.\n\nFires occur when oxygen, fuel, and heat energy combine in a self-sustaining chemical reaction. In an oxygen system the presence of oxygen is implied, and in a sufficiently high partial pressure of oxygen, most materials can be considered fuel. Potential ignition sources are presen...	[ "Oxygen is required for fire.", "Oxygen is required to create a fire." ]	[ "Some chemicals can burn without oxygen.", "While oxygen is a common agent used to create fire, it isn't a requirement for a fire to be created. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Oxygen is required for fire.", "Oxygen is required to create a fire." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some chemicals can burn without oxygen.", "While oxygen is a common agent used to create fire, it isn't a requirement for a fire to be created. " ]
2018-07595	Why do awesome books come out in May? Coincidence or planned?	Planned - publishers shoot to put out their biggest books in May and June because book sales are highest in summer - people are going to the beach, hopping on a plane for a vacation, kids are taking the time off school. Summer reading is a big thing, and having a book come out in May gives enough time for good reviews to pop up in magazines and the first buyers to rave to their friends before summer vacation kicks into gear.	[ "Posted every Tuesday, to coincide with the publication schedules for Random House, this post gives an overview of the books that will be newly available that week. The post also includes relevant genre release news for other books, movies, DVD releases, and video games of note.\n\nSection::::Types of content.:Feat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16661	If solar panels absorb energy instead of it be displaced around earth, how will that impact earth's temperature as they become more prevalent?	Solar panels have lower albedo than a similar object the same color. Some of the energy that hits them isn't absorbed to heat them up, it gets away in the form of electricity. However, almost none of that electricity is stored. It's almost all used to make something go and through that process turned into heat. It's not heat on the panel, but it's heat somewhere in the environment. Not much change, overall.	[ "Instrument inaccuracies add a significant uncertainty in determining Earth's energy balance. The energy imbalance has been variously measured (during a deep solar minimum of 2005–2010) to be +0.58 ± 0.15 W/m²), +0.60 ± 0.17 W/m² and +0.85 W/m. Estimates from space-based measurements range from +3 to 7 W/m. SORCE/T...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00513	Why is there big corn and tiny corn but no medium corn?	"tiny corn" is just immature corn while it is soft enough to just eat outright, cob and all. Mature corn has the corn kernels ready to eat, and at that point, the cob is firm. Corn that's between the two has firm kernels that aren't ready to eat and a firm cob that can't just be eaten, either. So you might as well wait until the corn is ripe at that point.	[ "Field corn\n\nIn North America, field corn also known as \"grain\" corn, is corn (\"Zea mays\") grown for livestock fodder (silage), ethanol, cereal and processed food products. The principal field corn varieties are dent corn, flint corn, flour corn (also known as soft corn) which includes blue corn (\"Zea mays a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04364	Why do humans scream when scared?	To signal others about the danger. It's typical for social species to instinctively let out cries or other ways of warning the others of the tribe about approaching predators or enemies. Such collective defense makes both the group and its individual members safer.	[ "Section::::As a phenomenon.:As focus of power.\n\nGregory Whitehead, founder of the \"Institute for Screamscape Studies\", believes that the voice is used to focus the power: “scream used to be a psychological weapon both for you and against your opponent, it raises confidence to the person using it. Creating powe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01034	How do we know precisely the properties of earth inner layers even though we did not dig?	We listen for the echoes. Petroleum geologists are very good at setting off explosives and mapping surface geology to determine what lies beneath. To know what is deeper geologists wait for earthquakes. Earthquakes make sound waves in the Earth, called seismic waves. There can be compression waves much like sound. These will refract from dissimilar layers just as light reflects from surfaces. There are vertical waves and sideways waves that shimmy. But a liquid interior does not shimmy. It will transmit compression waves. So delicate sensitive instruments measure all these waves, compression, vertical, and shimmy. Those coming straight from an earthquake are measured and those being reflected and refracted are recorded. They are analyzed. You can always trust a wave to come from the Earthquake along the surface. But you can also detect a wave which went straight down and reflected from a surface change far below. It reflected back to your detector. There is still a lot which is unknown. Scientists delight in what they do know and think hard on how to find out more.	[ "Sandness, Gerald Allyn, \"A numerical evaluation of the Helmholtz integral in acoustic scattering \n\n\", 1973 \n\nDegree: Doctoral \n\nAdvisor: Clay \n\nSkibicky, Taras V., \"Use of matched filters to form an additive array in electromagnetic sounding \n\n\", 1982 \n\nDegree: Master's\n\nAdvisor: Clay\n\nSternber...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04217	How can blockchain technology ensure diamond authenticity / no child labour use in a product?	A blockchain is really just a way of people creating a secure series of notes about things. It can track the history of the source of a product and ownership but that chain of ownership is meaningless if the original claim about something being "good" was made in bad faith or can't be trusted. If you can trust Friendly Diamond Mines to make a good/safe product, the blockchain would let you make sure a specific diamond could uniquely be traced back to their original claim. This doesn't mean the original claim is valid, nor does this actually tie into the authenticity of any single diamond (eg - they could sell/lose the real diamond off the blockchain and start calling some other stone the same thing).	[ "Section::::Reports.\n\nSection::::Reports.:India.\n", "Section::::Cultural depictions.\n", "There are several methods producing DLC, which rely on the lower density of sp than sp carbon. So the application of pressure, impact, catalysis, or some combination of these at the atomic scale can force sp bonded carb...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00588	With there being thousands and thousands of satellites (maybe millions? idk) all orbiting Earth at the same time, how are they not constantly colliding with each other?	Space is big, satellites are small. There are 7odd billion humans on the surface of the earth, yet almost all of the earth's surface is empty. The orbital space above earth adds a whole third altitude dimension to that area, and is mind-bogglingly huge. Now consider that Nasa and the ESA track all the known satellites and that the satellites often have the ability to alter their orbits slightly if two appear to intersect. Thousands of objects is a lot for a person to handle, but tracking a bunch of orbits by computer isn't that difficult. Collisions do happen though. Not every loose nut and bolt is accounted for, and satellites do sometimes sustain serious damage from a rogue washer impacting the case at 15000mph.	[ "Section::::Retired Satellites.:Space debris.\n\nSpace debris at geostationary orbits typically has a lower collision speed than at LEO since orbits are mostly synchronous, however the presence of satellites in eccentric orbits allows for collision at up to 4km/s. Although a collision is comparatively unlikely, GEO...	[ "The area in Earth's orbit is too small for satellites to orbit safely." ]	[ "Earth's orbit is huge and satellites are very small in comparison." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The area in Earth's orbit is too small for satellites to orbit safely.", "The area in Earth's orbit is too small for satellites to orbit safely." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Earth's orbit is huge and satellites are very small in comparison.", "Earth's orbit is huge and satellites are very small in comparison." ]
2018-02835	How do TV channels make money ? Is advertising is the only source of income for them ?	The cable networks sell the broadcast rights to the service providers, who pay for it with the money you pay each month. The "free" networks (your local stations) work a little differently and their income is mostly from advertising. But they're often owned by larger networks.	[ "Television services in some countries may be funded by a television licence or a form of taxation, which means that advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all. For example, some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little, including:\n\nBULLET::::- Australia (ABC)\n\nBULLET::::- Belgium (R...	[ "Advertising is the only source of income for TV channels. " ]	[ "Advertising is not the only source of income for TV channels, because money paid to service providers is used to buy broadcasting rights. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Advertising is the only source of income for TV channels. ", "Advertising is the only source of income for TV channels. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Advertising is not the only source of income for TV channels, because money paid to service providers is used to buy broadcasting rights. ", "Advertising is not the only source of income for TV channels, because money paid to service providers is used to buy broadcasting rights. " ]
2018-20004	Why does it seem like more people get colds/flu during the colder months of the year than warmer months of the year?	It doesn't just seem that way, they do. This is for a few reasons: 1. Dry/warm air in heated buildings dries out nasal passages, allowing easier access to the body for pathogens. 2. People spending more time indoors closer together creates an environment where disease spreads more easily, especially diseases with which caughing/sneezing is associated, as the pathogens are aerosolized.	[ "The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors, near infected people, and specifically children at school. There is some controversy over the role of low body temperature as a risk factor for the common cold; the majority of the evidence suggests that it may r...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02911	How come people sometimes need to learn how to walk again after having a head injury?	It's because damage is done to the brain. I can speak more about needing to learn to talk again than walk again, so I'll use that as an example. The brain has lots of different sections so to speak. There are two main sections for language -- Wernicke's area and Broca's area. If damage is done to one of those areas because of a TBI then a person may need speech therapy to "relearn how to talk" while that area of the brain heals. So, it all depends on where the damage is and how bad it is.	[ "Even with \"complete\" injuries, in some rare cases, through intensive rehabilitation, slight movement can be regained through \"rewiring\" neural connections, as in the case of the late actor Christopher Reeve.\n\nIn the case of cerebral palsy, which is caused by damage to the motor cortex either before, during (...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02886	Why video games cost so much to create?	Licenses for the engines and other assets. Many designers, artists, modelers, riggers, testers, etc. A building for everyone to work in. And increasing demand for more features, better graphics, etc.	[ "BULLET::::- The music cost ranges based on length of composition, method of performance (live or synthesized), and composer experience. In 2003 a minute of high quality synthesized music cost between US$600-1.5k. A title with 20 hours of gameplay and 60 minutes of music may have cost $50k-60k for its musical score...	[ "Video games shouldn't cost so much to create. " ]	[ "There's so many factors including engines, graphics, a place of employment and the employees to work on the games. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Video games shouldn't cost so much to create. ", "Video games shouldn't cost so much to create. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There's so many factors including engines, graphics, a place of employment and the employees to work on the games. ", "There's so many factors including engines, graphics, a place of employment and the employees to work on the games. " ]
2018-03377	Why do some diets (like Paleo) say beans are unhealthy, toxic or have "antinutrients"? Are there toxins or antinutrients in cooked beans?	There is no such thing as an ‘antinutrient’. Also, don’t ever listen to anyone who uses the word ‘toxin’.	[ "It is common to make beansprouts by letting some types of bean, often mung beans, germinate in moist and warm conditions; beansprouts may be used as ingredients in cooked dishes, or eaten raw or lightly cooked. There have been many outbreaks of disease from bacterial contamination, often by \"salmonella\", \"liste...	[ "Beans have toxins or antinutrients.", "An antinutrient is an actual term or object." ]	[ "Antinutrients are not real. And toxins are just a buzzword/marketing term. Beans are completely safe to eat.", "There is no such thing as an antinutrient. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Beans have toxins or antinutrients.", "An antinutrient is an actual term or object." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Antinutrients are not real. And toxins are just a buzzword/marketing term. Beans are completely safe to eat.", "There is no such thing as an antinutrient. " ]
2018-13869	When airplanes takeoff, why does the pilot tip the plane right and left?	Runways are pointed in fixed directions, and an airport might only have 2-3 pairs. That gives 4-6 directions where you can take off. Alas, the wind can blow in any direction. Runways are carefully engineered to cover the most popular wind directions, but there are probably more than 6 "popular" directions. When you take off in a different direction than the wind, called a cross-wind takeoff, it's necessary to turn the plane to the wind direction. Passengers don't like to feel pushed to the side, the plane is too cozy already, so the tip compensates for the sideways turn motion. Once the plane's in the right direction, it has to tip back or it would start to roll.	[ "In a standard airport landing pattern, which is usually used under visual meteorological conditions (VMC), aircraft turn from base leg to final within one-half to two miles of the airport. For instrument approaches, as well as approaches into a controlled airfield under visual flight rules (VFR), often a \"straigh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17314	Why does cold water taste so much better than warm water?	Temperature effects taste. Certain bitter and sweet flavors are reduced or increased with temperature. This is why cold ice cream tastes good, but warm melted ice cream is overly sweet. Or why hot coffee is nice, but room temperature coffee is sour. Cold masks some of the bitter flavors of the trace minerals in water.	[ "Temperature can be an essential element of the taste experience. Food and drink that—in a given culture—is traditionally served hot is often considered distasteful if cold, and vice versa. For example, alcoholic beverages, with a few exceptions, are usually thought best when served at room temperature or chilled t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04957	Why does it take so long (longer than a week) to feel pain after a car accident and not a few days?	If there still is pain you better go see a doctor and ask an actual professional about your very specific case! There can be no general answer as injuries - from neglectible to very concerning - of all imaginable and unimaginable kinds can happen.	[ "The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury, and recognition of the presence of injury. Episodic analgesia may occur under special circumstances, such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "One does not feel pain after a car accident until longer than a week has passed." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "One can feel pain after a car accident." ]
2018-03853	What exactly do developers do when they "optimise" an app to reduce stutters/lag?	Could be dozens of different things. Most commonly it is things like: * turning off or removing services that are not needed * moving long requests (e.g. "go retrieve this data from this remote server") to the background so the UI remains functional * identifying pieces of code that are taking a long time to run and making them faster	[ "In order to increase the downloads of an app, an app's assets (e.g. the icon, preview video, screenshots, etc.) must also be optimized. It is recommended to measure the effect of these optimizations by creating different variations of each asset, showing each variation to users, and then comparing the conversion r...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04668	How do scientists seperate particles from the rest of their groupings?	The one used in the gold foil experiment was the alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons together). Radioactive substances found in nature like Uranium or Radium naturally decay and shoot out alpha particles. If you want electrons, you make a voltage between two electrodes in a gas, or shoot light on a photoelectric substance. Some substances emit electrons when heated too. If you want heavier particles such as ions, there are some chemical reactions that produce ions. In each case, you then speed them up by using electric and magnetic fields in certain configurations, and 'shoot' them.	[ "Often data sets of tens of thousands of particle images are used, and to reach an optimal solution an iterative procedure of alignment and classification is used, whereby strong image averages produced by classification are used as reference images for a subsequent alignment of the whole data set.\n\nSection::::Te...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07962	why don’t humans have any real fur, and why does the fur we have feel different than animal fur?	Ancient humans where endurance hunters in Africa. We would run our prey down over incredible long distances until they inevitably tired or overheated, and then we would beat them to death with our buddies. This means that humans have evolved things like less fur to prevent overheating and the ability to sweat to cool ourselves while running.	[ "The fur of mammals has many uses: protection, sensory purposes, waterproofing, and camouflage, with the primary usage being thermoregulation. The types of hair include definitive, which may be shed after reaching a certain length; vibrissae, which are sensory hairs and are most commonly whiskers; pelage, which con...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16818	How do music streaming services like Spotify work out how much to pay artists?	Probably based on how much each of their songs are played per unit of time(month or week). Unless the song isn't copyrighted(really old songs like Rock Lobster) then they probably don't have to pay anything to have it.	[ "Who license music (to music-users) and act as royalty collection and distribution agencies for their members. These funds are distributed quarterly though there can be delays depending on what PRO is being used to collect on music royalties. If copyrights holder(s) want payment sooner they have an option to take o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22950	why does our metabolism start to work slower when we hit our 20’s?	It doesn’t really. At least not significantly. Your resting metabolic rate does slow down over time, but only to the point of where you would need about 250-500 calories less in a day when you hit middle/late age. People tend to gain weight in early to mid adulthood because they’re no longer playing high school sports or doing anything to stay active enough, along with more stress and alcohol consumption. Don’t be worried about your metabolism as you age, worry about your eating and exercise habits. Slow metabolism isn’t an excuse at all	[ "Changes in body temperature – either hotter or cooler – increase the metabolic rate, thus burning more energy. Prolonged exposure to extremely warm or very cold environments increases the basal metabolic rate (BMR). People who live in these types of settings often have BMRs 5–20% higher than those in other climate...	[ "Metabolism slows down when people reach their 20s", "Metabolism slows when we hit our 20's." ]	[ "Metabolism doesn't slow down until middle or late age.", "Metabolism does not slow significantly when we hit our 20's, weight is gained due to a reduction in physical activity." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Metabolism slows down when people reach their 20s", "Metabolism slows when we hit our 20's." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Metabolism doesn't slow down until middle or late age.", "Metabolism does not slow significantly when we hit our 20's, weight is gained due to a reduction in physical activity." ]
2018-06257	Why do scientific names use English/Latin pronunciation and characters when not all languages have a relationship to Latin	because the current scientific community was historically dominated by Western Europe for centuries. Which was when they were set as conventions, by a latin loving royal society. Changing it now would be complicated and confusing. I'm sorry there isn't a more elegant answer to that question, but its how people work.	[ "During modern times Europe has largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01940	If two perfect singers sing the same song and can sing the same octaves and notes, how do those two singing voices still sound different?	Every person, and every instrument, plays each note slightly differently. If you take A over middle C, it will always be 440 Hz no matter whether you sing it, play it on a piano, play it on a saxophone, etc. But just because the note itself is 440 Hz doesn't mean that all of those 440 Hz notes sound the same. Each instrument is playing a 440 Hz fundamental frequency, but it's also playing a bunch of other significant frequencies that are multiples or fractions of the fundamental frequency. The overall sound produced by the fundamental frequency, and all of the other frequencies, is distinct for the different instruments - and that's what we call the "timbre."	[ "Section::::Penderecki's Timbre System.\n", "“These differences in voice qualities are reflections on variation in the muscular, aerodynamic, and acoustical conditions in the larynx and in the vocal tract. The subglottal pressure, the driving force in phonation, needs to be adapted in accordance with the laryngea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00776	Why in mirrors, the image formed behind the mirror is called "virtual," but in lenses it is called "real"	The light that forms the image in the mirror appears to originate from behind the mirror, but the only light is coming from in front of the mirror, so the image is considered virtual. "Real" images are where light actually focuses on a point/converges.	[ "Using a positive lens of focal length \"f\", a virtual image results when , the lens thus being used as a magnifying glass (rather than if as for a camera). Using a negative lens () with a \"real object\" () can only produce a virtual image (), according to the above formula. It is also possible for the object dis...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01946	Why when ink is too dry and unerasable on dry erase board, reinking the dry ink makes it erasable?	Dry-erase ink contains both a pigment and a solvent that helps dissolve the pigment. When left for too long, the solvent evaporates, laving just the pigment behind. Rubbing over the dried pigment with a fresh marker allows the solvents in the newly-applied marker to help dissolve the old, dried pigment.	[ "Ballpoint pens with erasable ink were pioneered by the Paper Mate pen company. The ink formulas of erasable ballpoints have properties similar to rubber cement, allowing the ink to be literally rubbed clean from the writing surface before drying and eventually becoming permanent. Erasable ink is much thicker than ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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