id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
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2018-08975 | Why don’t tornadoes develop in extremely urban areas with skyscrapers such as New York City or Chicago? | URL_0 Basically not alot of major cities lie in tornado zones so its already unlikely | [
"Not every thunderstorm, supercell, squall line, or tropical cyclone will produce a tornado. Precisely the right atmospheric conditions are required for the formation of even a weak tornado. On the other hand, 700 or more tornadoes a year are reported in the contiguous United States.\n",
"The misconception, like ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-21914 | Why hasn’t albinism been weeded out of the gene pool? | The siblings of an albino will carry the recessive gene, and so can pass it on, even if it's not active for them. In this way even if there is selection pressure against albinos individually, its very difficult to select against the gene since its so often effectively hidden | [
"South African human geneticist, Trefor Jenkins has made vast contributions to assist in understanding the social and cultural milieu of albinism, the medical risks and implications, resolving the molecular basis and aetiology for OCA2 in Southern Africa.\n\nSection::::Other African countries.:South Africa.:Skin ca... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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2018-03897 | How do reflectors withstand the weight and pressure of heavy cars and trucks and continue to function for a long time? | They are very resilient. It also helps that the weight of the vehicles going over is mostly on the other tires. Take a balanced car that weighs 3,000lbs. Each tire is carrying 750lbs and that weight is then distributed over approximately 37 inches^2 per tire, yielding only 20 psi. Throw in some speed and that increases a bit. That's easy to handle. The actual reflector is then embedded and protected in the housing, so it gets hit by much less force. It seems like a lot of weight and force to handle at first glance, but it actually isn't that much. | [
"Safety reflectors are based from the way raccoons eyes work when light such as from a headlight hits their eyes and reflect back.\n",
"Section::::Transformers: Generation 1.:Comics.:Marvel Comics.\n\nReflector's sole appearance in the Marvel Comics series was in the story \"The Last Stand\", where Spectro, Spygl... | [
"Reflectors should get destroyed by cars rolling over them.",
"Reflectors should not be able to handle the weight of trucks and/or cars for long periods of time and sustain functionality. "
] | [
"Reflectors don't get that much pressure due to the car splitting the weight to other tires and it being spread out over the area of the tire. ",
"The weight of the vehicle is mainly on the tire and not the reflector, reflectors are very resilient. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Reflectors should get destroyed by cars rolling over them.",
"Reflectors should not be able to handle the weight of trucks and/or cars for long periods of time and sustain functionality. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Reflectors don't get that much pressure due to the car splitting the weight to other tires and it being spread out over the area of the tire. ",
"The weight of the vehicle is mainly on the tire and not the reflector, reflectors are very resilient. "
] |
2018-10839 | Why must I completely shut my patchy Wi-Fi off in order for my mediocre data to kick in? Would it not be possible for them work hand in hand like super hero and sidekick to provide the fastest possible connection always? And can they not together make a stronger connection than either alone? | Basically what happens is that Mr Wi-Fi is told to deliver a bunch of packages to your house. He delivers some of them but on one of the trips a bad guy distracts him and now he can't deliver the packages. Command center doesn't know that until suddenly they can't contact Mr Wi-Fi anymore! Now they have to finish the delivery, but they forgot what already made it to your house. It's Data Boy to the rescue! Data Boy lives on the other side of town and has to find a new way to bring you what you need. He goes to a new warehouse nearer to his house to get you everything, since Command Center forgot what they gave you. Anyways my point is; since Mr Wi-Fi and Data Boy don't start from the same place, and they can't communicate, Data Boy has to start from scratch to give you the package. . Edit: Gold! Thank you kind stranger. Edit2: a lot of people are asking why you can't have them work together. I did some digging on Google and it's time to ELI5! So as I understand it, the way it works right now is that Command Center is working hard to send things to everybody, but this is hard because they have itty bitty roads. Not only are these tiny roads, they are also tough to walk on! So right now only one hero at a time on a tiny road. Very smart people are making a nice highway so heroes and side kicks can work together, but that is very hard and they are still figuring put how to build it. Also, the highway will be easy to walk on, so normal people can walk on it too! Until we have the highway, we have to be good kids and wait for the heroes to send the packages. Source: URL_0 | [
"On October 1, 2009, some users of Microsoft's Sidekick handset temporarily lost personal data, including contacts, notes, and calendars. On October 8, most data services were restored to users. The company and Microsoft announced on October 10 that Sidekick device data \"almost certainly has been lost as a result ... | [] | [] | [
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2018-10828 | how does a bank even make money? | Interest! Interest on loans, mortgages, etc. They also make money from banking accounts and credit accounts, which you need to pay money to have. | [
"A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees and financial advice. Traditionally, the most significant method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers. The bank profits from the difference between the level of interest it pays for deposits... | [] | [] | [
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2018-08005 | Why do so many medications have the side effect of depression/thoughts of suicide? | You'll notice most of them are for medications that treat depression. So, there you are depressed, suicidal; and too depressed to do anything about it. The you take the medicine, and you;re not all the way better. Still depressed and suicidal, but have cheered up enough to try something. As a Pharmacist, remember you live in the most oleaginous society in the world. Where if anyone who takes one of their drugs and commits suicide WILL be sued for all kinds of money if people weren't warned. If you doubt me keep listening to the commercials. You find like "This may cause PML a lethal viral infraction." They also tell you that it has never done so. Why do they mention it in every 309 second commercials? Not wanting lawyers to sue their $ off. | [
"Some prescription drugs, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can have suicidal ideation as a side effect. Moreover, these drugs' intended effects, can themselves have unintended consequence of an increased individual risk and collective rate of suicidal behavior: Among the set of persons taki... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-03822 | Why does rubbing alcohol expire but alcohol for drinking does not? | Drinking alcohol (ethanol) absolutely expires. Beer and wine have limited shelf lives, where proteins and many of the complex molecules within it break down. This leads to musty beer and sour wine. Most wine is not meant to be aged but drank, only certain wines benefit *at all* from aging. 10-buck-chuck from the local grocery or liquor store is not it. Beer typically peaks at 13 weeks, but that's only if it's unpasteurized bottle conditioned beers, Bud-lite does not mature in the can. But also notice most beers and wines are in dark bottles, or beer in cans. This is because all alcohols are light sensitive, and will break down when exposed. Same thing with isopropyl alcohol, which is why rubbing alcohol is in an opaque plastic bottle. It's best to store any alcohol in a cool, dark place. Put that stuff in clear glass in sunlight, and I don't even know what you're going to get... | [
"Under its alternative name of \"wintergreen oil\", methyl salicylate is a common additive to North American rubbing alcohol products. Individual manufacturers are permitted to use their own formulation standards in which the ethanol content for retail bottles of rubbing alcohol is labeled as and ranges from 70-99%... | [
"Drinking alcohol does not expire.",
"Drinking alcohol does not expire, whilst rubbing alcohol does. "
] | [
"Drinking alcohol does expire.",
"Drinking alcohol definitely expires, and has a limited shelf life."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Drinking alcohol does not expire.",
"Drinking alcohol does not expire, whilst rubbing alcohol does. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Drinking alcohol does expire.",
"Drinking alcohol definitely expires, and has a limited shelf life."
] |
2018-23670 | How to hospitals reverse a heroin overdose? | Narcan is one of a couple drugs that are administered to people who have overdosed on an opiate. It works by binding to the same receptors that opiates do, thus blocking their effects until the body can filter out the drugs itself. It can take multiple doses or narcan to save someone life as the drug will also wear off over time, possibly while there is still opiates present in the body | [
"The 2010 MSIC evaluators found that over 9 years of operation it had made no discernable impact on heroin overdoses at the community level with no improvement in overdose presentations at hospital emergency wards.\n\nResearch by injecting room evaluators in 2007 presented statistical evidence that there had been l... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01208 | How do people regain their hearing after hearing loss? | This is actually quite a complicated question, since “hearing” isn’t as simple as it sounds (haha, get it?). The ear has three subdivisions: outer, middle, inner. The outer ear is everything from the outside to your eardrum (called the tympanic membrane). The middle ear has 3 small bones in it that transmit and magnify the sound. The inner ear has the cochlea, which is what actually senses sound waves and creates a neural (electrical) impulse. The inner ear also has some other structures that are very important but not related to hearing. Hearing loss is broadly divided into two main categories when it has to do with the ear itself: conductive & sensorineural. Conductive hearing loss occurs because there is something that prevents sound from being transmitted to the cochlea in the inner ear. An example of this could be that there is a tumor growing into the canal of the outer ear and literally blocking the sound waves. Another possibility is that the bones in the inner ear may have broke, due to some trauma perhaps. Yet another possibility is that there’s a really bad infection going on and this is resulting in bad sound conduction. Generally, the conductive problems are either temporary or relatively easily treatable with medication and/or surgery. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs because of one of two things. First, the cochlea may be damaged, so while sound waves are normally reaching it, the special cells (hair cells) inside that are capable of turning the physical energy of sound into electrical and chemical energy are for some reason unable to do so, or do so less efficiently than before. This is the more common cause of sensorineural hearing loss. This is also why people can get worse hearing as they age. Second, the cochlea may be working fine, but the nerve (cochlear nerve) that carries the neural impulses generated by the cochlea to the brain may be damaged. This is fairly rare. In both cases, these are generally problems that are harder to fix than the conductive ones. If the cochlea is working, but not well, a hearing aid that can amplify the sound might be enough to help. If the cochlea isn’t working at all, surgeons can implant speakers into a person that will do the job of the cochlea (convert sound to electrical impulses) and connect this directly to the nerve. I do not know if anything can be done when the nerve itself is damaged, but if it can it would be another step up in difficulty. One other possibility for deafness is if the problem isn’t with the ear, or the nerve connecting the ear to the brain, but with the brain itself. Something like a stroke can damage the areas of the brain that are responsible for taking the electrical impulses generated by the cochlea and carried by the cochlear nerve and translating those into what we actually “hear”. Generally, a stroke or other brain injury wouldn’t wipe out just the hearing centers - it would probably affect other cognitive areas as well. Sadly, when this is the cause of hearing loss, there is realistically nothing that can be done in the current world of medicine. I hope this gives you a good basic summary. Frankly there’s a lot more detail to all parts of the system, especially how the cochlear nerve gets to the brain and the stops it makes along the way to its final destination, as well as how the nerves between the right and left ear communicate along the way, but I thought those details to be unnecessary to properly answer your question. | [
"Section::::Treatment.\n\nTreatment modalities fall into three categories: pharmacological, surgical, and management. As SNHL is a physiologic degradation and considered permanent, there are as of this time, no approved or recommended treatments.\n\nThere have been significant advances in identification of human de... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01381 | Why does the majority of the United States have such extreme weather changes throughout the year? | Other than the West Coast and the southeast bit, most of the USA gets its weather from over land rather than over the sea. This means we don't have the temperature-moderating effect of that massive body of water. | [
"In the Northern Hemisphere winter, the subtropical highs retreat southward. The polar jet stream (and associated conflict zone between cold, dry air masses from Canada and warm, moist air masses from the Gulf of Mexico) drops further southward into the United States - bringing more frequent periods of stormy weath... | [] | [] | [
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2018-17057 | How do we adopt new fears and irrational phobias? | Most often a phobia (which is defined as an irrational* fear) is caused by a traumatic experience that featured the feared thing, or repeated negative association, usually in childhood. For example, if you fell out of a tree as a child and were badly hurt, you might develop a fear of high places. An adult that gets seriously assaulted (physically) or raped by somebody of a certain race, or physical trait (e.g. really tall people) could develop a phobia of people with that trait or race. If you get seasick every time you went on an oceangoing ship (unlikely, these days) you might develop a phobia of wide open water. * a phobia is, by definition, an irrational fear. There's no phobia for axe-wielding psychopaths because that's a perfectly rational fear (your life is in danger, you're supposed to be afraid). | [
"With the changes of technologies, new challenges are coming up on a daily basis. New kinds of phobias have emerged (the so-called techno-phobias). Since the first mobile phone was introduced to the consumer market in 1983, these devices have become significantly mainstream in the majority of societies. \n",
"The... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00539 | What are scientists doing to combat drug-resistant bacteria and superbugs? | A lot of the work that is done is preventing antibiotic resistance bacteria from spreading. They can become a huge problem in hospitals, for example. All it takes is one sick person to be admitted, and it's possible for the bacteria in them to spread to other patients through a variety of routes. There's all sorts of new methods of sterilizing rooms and equipment, and routinely gathering samples from at-risk patients so you know early on if they've caught it. There are lots of new antibiotics in development, but there are also other possible treatments being studied, such as bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria, but aren't dangerous for us. Research is also being done on how, exactly, bacteria can survive antibiotics. There are a lot of mechanisms, such as the bacteria having an enzyme that changes the structure of the antibiotic, being able to "spit" the antibiotic particles out of itself faster than they can get in, or mutating so that their molecules can no longer be recognized by the antibiotic. If we know these mechanisms, it's possible to try to develop new treatments that specifically target them. | [
"Destruction of the resistant bacteria can also be achieved by phage therapy, in which a specific bacteriophage (virus that kills bacteria) is used.\n\nThere is research being done using antimicrobial peptides. In the future, there is a possibility that they might replace novel antibiotics.\n\nSection::::See also.\... | [] | [] | [
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2018-02162 | What happens internally when someone loses their voice (from either overuse or illness) | Your vocal cords in your throat are controlled by muscles. It's much like like playing a musical instrument. If you play an instrument too long, your hands can get tired enough that you can barely get any sounds out of the instrument. Overuse of the instrument can also wear it down over time so that it doesn't sound right. Proper maintainence is needed. Luckily our bodies can self heal with enough rest but excessive use can cause permanent damage. If you are sick, parts of your throat can get sore or swell. This is like playing an instrument that is not tuned or assembled properly so you can't make the correct sounds. | [
"People with vocal cord dysfunction often complain of \"difficulty in breathing in” or “fighting for breath”, which can lead to subjective respiratory distress, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. They may report tightness in the throat or chest, choking, stridor on inhalation and wheezing, which can resemb... | [] | [] | [
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2018-16734 | Why are Jet Engine Planes smoother rides than Propeller Planes? | Jet engine planes tend to be heavier and go faster making them less affected by wind currents. | [
"Section::::General physical principles.:Comparison of types.\n\nPropeller engines handle larger air mass flows, and give them smaller acceleration, than jet engines. Since the increase in air speed is small, at high flight speeds the thrust available to propeller-driven aeroplanes is small. However, at low speeds,... | [] | [] | [
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2018-03903 | How was monsanto allowed to sue farmers when monsanto seeds invaded their land and crops due to winds? | Monsanto has stated they don't pursue if they find trace amounts, but the harvests of some they have sued have been found to be 95-98% patented seed- far more than could be due to an accident. | [
"In 2014, Monsanto reached a settlement with soft wheat farmers over the 2013 discovery of experimental glyphosate-resistant wheat in a field in Oregon which had led to South Korea and Japan temporarily stopping some US wheat importation. The settlement included the establishment of a $2.125 million fund for econom... | [
"Mosanto sued anyone that had their crops infected due to wind.",
"Monsanto seeds invaded farmers land due to wind. "
] | [
"Mosanto only sues people whos harvests have been found to contain 95% or more of Mosanto seed. ",
"Monsanto seeds have been found in percentages higher than could be caused by wind."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Mosanto sued anyone that had their crops infected due to wind.",
"Monsanto seeds invaded farmers land due to wind. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Mosanto only sues people whos harvests have been found to contain 95% or more of Mosanto seed. ",
"Monsanto seeds have been found in percentages higher than could be caused by wind."
] |
2018-04374 | Why is it easy to put on plastic gloves with dry hands, but extremely difficult with damp/clammy hands? | Wet/ moist hands have the raised water ridges for grip assistance, so your hands grip the glove, making it hard to slide your hand in without the lack of friction of a dry, ridge-free hand. | [
"Because the leather is natural as well as delicate, the wearer must take precaution as to not damage them. The constant handling of damp or wet surfaces will discolor lighter-colored gloves and stiffen the leather of any glove. The wearer will often unknowingly damage or stain their gloves while doing such tasks a... | [] | [] | [
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2018-11370 | Why can we easily walk for hours on end, but struggle when running just for a few minutes? | Think of your body as a machine, like an engine. At cruising speed (walking) it can run pretty much forever until it runs out of fuel. That's because the energy being asked of it is in the range that it is easy/efficient to produce with little to no extra fuel. Moving to higher speeds (running) requires more power which requires extra fuel be consumed. This requires more effort, which causes wear and more fuel to be consumed, which generates more heat that requires more effort and energy to disperse. So, in much the same way a car's engine will try to overheat when you press the gas to make it go faster, your muscles are drawing more oxygen from your blood (fuel) and generating heat due to the extra effort of running. Harder to analogize is the fact that this means your lungs are working hard to gather oxygen and expel CO2, which your hearts is pumping harder to distribute to your muscles which need that fuel to generate the extra effort required by running. At the same time, the muscles are trying to dissipate the heat the extra effort generates as well as the lactic acid strenuous exercise may be generating Then there's the whole effect of the difference in impact/weight distribution between walking and running, which varies by surface, body motion, etc.... tl;dr - It takes a lot more effort for your entire body to turn fuel into motion when running than it does to walk at a leisurely pace | [
"Section::::Physiology of long-distance running.\n\nHumans are considered among the best distance runners among all running animals: game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are suited to walk on four legs or climb trees, the human bo... | [] | [] | [
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2018-18473 | How come when 3G was new it was cutting edge fast connection but now that LTE is out whenever I only have 3G connection nothing works at all? | When LTE is out it's either because of congestion or bad signal strength. So when you drop down to 3G, so are a bunch of other users. Also, most towers upgraded to 4G LTE, leaving a small portion of its capacity for 3G. | [
"BULLET::::- Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB): In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain. When using this solution, operators just need to upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can ... | [
"If 3G is an impressively fast connection, it should maintain it's strength when LTE is out."
] | [
"The loss of connection speed is due to congestion, bad signal strength, and many towers no longer using 3G speeds. It is irrelevant to the capabilities of a 3G connection."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"If 3G is an impressively fast connection, it should maintain it's strength when LTE is out.",
"If 3G is an impressively fast connection, it should maintain it's strength when LTE is out."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The loss of connection speed is due to congestion, bad signal strength, and many towers no longer using 3G speeds. It is irrelevant to the capabilities of a 3G connection.",
"The loss of connection speed is due to congestion, bad signal strength, and many towers no longer using 3G speeds. It is irrelevant to the... |
2018-16338 | Why Kids tend to fall more easily from bed while sleeping, then adults | I don’t think there’s a 100% proven answer, but... since children are still developing a sense of space (spatial cognition if you’re a fancy-pants) there’s no sub/unconscious safeguard preventing a roll off the bed in the middle of the night. | [
"Infant bed\n\nAn infant bed (commonly called a cot in British English, and, in American English, a crib or cradle, or far less commonly, stock) is a small bed especially for infants and very young children. Infant beds are a historically recent development intended to contain a child capable of standing. The cage-... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"Kids have the same spatial cognition as adults."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Kids are still developing their spatial cognition."
] |
2018-10453 | Why does bread have a thin layer of crust instead of a continuous gradient from most cooked to least? | Bread dough isn't very good at conducting heat, so the outside layer gets really hot but it cools down quickly away from the edge. Also, when the dough rises and gets all puffy, it prevents the dough from browning even more since the air bubbles are even better at insulating than the dough itself. So you end up with an uneven texture where only the outside is browned and crunchy. | [
"BULLET::::- The \"shortening method\", also known as the \"biscuit method\", is used for biscuits and sometimes scones. This method cuts solid fat (whether lard, butter, or vegetable shortening) into flour and other dry ingredients using a food processor, pastry blender, or two hand-held forks. The layering from t... | [] | [] | [
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2018-17620 | Why do stars twinkle? | Stars twinkle because their light must pass through pockets of Earth's atmosphere that vary in temperature and density, and it's all very turbulent. On rough nights, a star appears to shift position constantly as its light is refracted this way and that. - Live Science | [
"Stars twinkle because they are so far from Earth that they appear as point sources of light easily disturbed by Earth's atmospheric turbulence, which acts like lenses and prisms diverting the light's path. Large astronomical objects closer to Earth, like the Moon and other planets, encompass many points in space a... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00461 | Why do CG movies like Coco only get 2K upscaled releases on 4K Blu Ray? | You can't "just export it". It's a massive undertaking. I found a quote that for Monsters University, the rendering time was 29 hours per frame. This is of course massively parallelized, so rather than working a frame at a time, they're going to do say, 5000 frames at once by dedicating a lot of hardware to it, and finish it in a month. Setting up such an operation takes real work and effort, you don't just randomly decide "Oh, it would be nice to increase the resolution" and do it. Also, raytracing scales linearly with the number of pixels, so 4K takes 4 times longer than full HD to render. So if their hardware rendered HD in a month, releasing 4K is going to take about 4. | [
"The film was originally scheduled to be released on May 15, 2015, but on August 12, 2014, the release date was changed to July 24, 2015. In the United States and Canada, it was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema, which is the first ever for Sony. It was released in China on September 15, 2015.\n\n... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01978 | Why does food taste so much better when you’re drunk/high? | So I don't have the exact science but basically when you're high, everything that you like the taste of becomes even better tasting. Additionally, the THC interacts with brain chemistry so that you can't feel as full. Add this to the fact that if you're smoking (anything), you have dry mouth. Eating/drinking is very satisfying. When drunk, you're body is trying to adjust the balance in your stomach, so having carbs will fill your stomach. Your brain rewards that behavior and so you feel more satisfied by it. | [
"Food drunk\n\nFood drunkenness is the physiological state of a person after consuming large amounts of food. \n\nSection::::Historical meaning.\n\nThe use of the word \"drunk\" to signify being overcome by substances other than alcohol is long-established, e.g. drunk with opium (1585), or with tobacco (1698).\n",
... | [] | [] | [
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2018-13032 | why getting into a hot bath is so pleasurable, despite the body having to work harder to maintain a safe body temperature. | A hot bath is much closer to body temp than a room temperature bath. Your premise is wrong. | [
"The roman writer Vitruvius actually linked this purpose to the birth of Architecture. David Linden also suggests that the reason why we associate tropical beaches with paradise is because in those environments is where our bodies need to do less metabolic effort to maintain our core temperature. Temperature not on... | [
"The body has to work hard when getting into a hot bath to maintain a safe body temperature.",
"Body has to work harder to maintain safe temp in hot bath."
] | [
"A hot bath is closer to body temperature than a room temperature bath, so getting into a hot bath doesn't require extra effort to maintain body temperature.",
"Hot bat his closer to body temperature so it does less work to remain at safe temp."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The body has to work hard when getting into a hot bath to maintain a safe body temperature.",
"Body has to work harder to maintain safe temp in hot bath."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A hot bath is closer to body temperature than a room temperature bath, so getting into a hot bath doesn't require extra effort to maintain body temperature.",
"Hot bat his closer to body temperature so it does less work to remain at safe temp."
] |
2018-10226 | How come tornadoes promarily effect rural area rather than suburban areas where there are lots of buildings? | There is much, MUCH more rural land area than there is suburban or urban land area, especially in tornado alley where the majority of tornados occur (at least in the US). While tornadoes are products of specific weather conditions, there is still a large element of randomness for the specific location a tornado occurs. Plot that over any given area and most tornados will by chance occur in rural areas. In sufficiently built up areas, buildings can act to weaken or even break up tornados or proto-tornado conditions, but this is more secondary to chance. | [
"On a less broad scale, Sims and Baumann explained how regions in the United States cope with natural disasters differently. The example they used was tornados. They \"applied Rotter's theory to explain why more people have died in tornado[e]s in Alabama than in Illinois\". They explain that after giving surveys to... | [] | [] | [
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2018-07553 | Does the thickness of a wire effect how much electricity can go through it like the thickness of a pipe does with water? | Yes. The thickness of a wire, referred to as the gauge, determines how much current that wire can carry. If you try to force too current down too thin a wire, the wire will overheat and can melt, potentially starting a fire. | [
"The resistance and conductance of a wire, resistor, or other element is mostly determined by two properties:\n\nBULLET::::- geometry (shape), and\n\nBULLET::::- material\n\nGeometry is important because it is more difficult to push water through a long, narrow pipe than a wide, short pipe. In the same way, a long,... | [] | [] | [
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2018-04247 | how bear hibernation works? Nothing can actually sleep for that long, can they? | Bears don't actually hibernate. They enter what's known as torpor. It's basically hibernation lite. They can still be woken up in winter due to noise, prodding, or other things like that. In true hibernation the animal would slip until some specific triggers signal spring. And yes, animals can sleep that long. When you enter hibernation or torpor your metabolism slows down. Your body basically runs on the bare minimum settings, lowering your heart rate and breathing in the process. Usually the animal will have fat stores that can be used during this time. In the case of bears this can be up to 100 days if I remember correctly. | [
"Section::::Biology.\n\nSection::::Biology.:Hibernation.\n",
"During their time in hibernation, an American black bear's heart rate drops from 40–50 beats per minute to 8 beats per minute and the metabolic rate can drop to a quarter of the bear's (non-hibernating) basal metabolic rate (BMR). These reductions in m... | [
"Bears are sleep when they hibernate."
] | [
"Bears are in a torpor state and can be woken up."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Bears are sleep when they hibernate."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Bears are in a torpor state and can be woken up."
] |
2018-13382 | Why do our bodies feel uncomfortably hot at temperatures less than our normal internal temperature? | Our metabolism constantly burns energy. We react food with oxygen, just like a fire, and it produces heat, like a fire. Living things are a heat source. We need to shed heat. | [
"Thermoregulation in humans\n\nAs in other mammals, thermoregulation in humans is an important aspect of homeostasis. In thermoregulation, body heat is generated mostly in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diver... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03003 | How can scientist determine things like top speeds of dinosaurs if all they have to go off of is bones? | The bones are pretty informative really. When put together into a skeleton the same way you can roughly imagine the way the original dinosaur looked scientists have developed methods to very accurately figure out how the thing looked as well. Muscles are attached directly to bones (hence the name 'skeletal muscles'). The way they are attached to the bone allows scientists to understand how big the muscle is, what it is shaped like and where it's positioned. You would also need the size, approximate weight and air resistance of the dinosaur which is all very conveniently presented by the skeleton. By measuring the skeleton you can easily get all this. With that information along with a lot of trial and error they can slowly understand what is the most comfortable way for the dinosaur to run. This is done in the same way an physiotherapist discerns something about their patients. (I don't really know how its done. I'm not a physiotherapist. Maybe they bring a physiotherapist with them while figuring this out.) The last thing they need something that you can also tell from just the bones. Or more specifically the DNA. The DNA basically tells the body how it should grow and function. From the DNA scientists can decode 2 different things: 1. how enduring the muscles are and 2. How fast the muscles are. Every muscle is a certain amount enduring and certain amount fast because of what kind of DNA the animal has inherited. Its the same for humans, mammals and pretty much all animals so it's only slightly harder to figure out the same for dinosaurs. With all this information; muscle size, muscle position, muscle speed, muscle endurance, optimal sprint patterns, and size, using simulation programs or very complicated math/physics you can calculate the max speed. The physics is very complicated but I know it's possible. The simulations are really cool. I've seen some myself. The simulations in Jurassic park are pretty accurate as well or so I've heard. | [
"In a study published in PLoS ONE on October 30, 2013, by Bill Sellers, Rodolfo Coria, Lee Margetts \"et al.\", \"Argentinosaurus\" was digitally reconstructed to test its locomotion for the first time. Before the study, the most common way of estimating speed was through studying bone histology and ichnology. Comm... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"You cannot tell how fast a dinosaur was from its bones."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The bone and its attachments allow scientists to understand how big the muscle is, what it is shaped like and where it's positioned."
] |
2018-03692 | Why depressed people feel like there is a "curtain" between them and reality? | Disclaimer beforehand: as always, don't take medical advice from the internet. But more than that, be especially careful when it's about mental health - the human mind is complicated and fuzzy and it's easy to jump to strange conclusions by taking information from the internet. You may be suffering from depersonalisation. Depersonalisation is when people feel detached from bodily sensations and the world around them, as well as from their own sense of identity. It's a generally discomforting experience - a couple friends of mine have noted experiencing depersonalisation regularly. They report it as if they experience the world is not real, as if they are trapped behind a screen they can not escape from. A couple different friends of mine have experienced it too, but after taking drugs - it's actually similar, but they don't associate it negatively. Depersonalisation is usually, according to my Google Fu, a symptom of various mental disorders, including depression. It can also be a *cause* of anxious and depressive thoughts though. For more information I'd like to send you a link of someone more knowledgeable than me. URL_0 It is likewise possible though that what you experience is not like depersonalisation. I can't look in your mind, but a medical professional may be able to assume what you do feel. | [
"That process of substitution was well under way by the 1990s, when notoriously \"surface was depth\", and in the new millennium has led to a state of what has been called hypervisibility: everything is on view. In this new era of exposure we are all submerged in what the psychoanalyst Michael Parsons has called \"... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00198 | Why do soft and fuzzy blankets become less soft and fuzzy after washing them? | My softest blankets usually shed a lot of lint when they go in the dryer. A LOT. I'd guess that makes a noticable difference over time. I don't ever use fabric softener. | [
"Older surfaces, such as double jute-backed carpets and loose rugs with natural foundation yarns, could shrink after a wet treatment, leading to suppositions that wet-cleaning could also remove wrinkles. However, this notion is antiquated and this method could also occasionally tear seams or uproot strips. Newer ca... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14396 | Does video quality get worse by watching 21:9 content on a 16:9 screen? | Let us do some math: 2560 x 1080 = 2,764,800 pixels. 1920 x 1080 = 2,073,600 pixels. The first has a third more pixels than the second. Now we have to consider, if the screen cannot display about 700,000 pixels from the source is the quality reduced? Yes. Yes it is. | [
"The major benefit in shooting 16:9 with protection for 14:9 (rather than 4:3) is improving the usable screen real-estate for titles, logos and scrolling text. The visible enhancement is significant due to the restrictive requirements of overscan. When shooting in 16:9 for potential 4:3 distribution the \"Shoot And... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00398 | why some NYPD officers still use horses when there are other more modern options | Cop here: Not just NYPD, but a lot of departments still use horses in urban settings. The issue isn't lack of available options. Horses put officers high above crowds which lets them see more. They also provide good community engagement because people like seeing the horses. Horses are also great for crowd control. They're more easily maneuverable through busy streets than any vehicle and faster than officers being on foot. | [
"Mounted police have been used since the 18th century, and still are used worldwide to control traffic and crowds, patrol public parks, keep order in processionals and during ceremonies and perform general street patrol duties. Today, many cities still have mounted police units. In rural areas, horses are used by l... | [
"Police using horses is old-fashioned.",
"There is no point for a cop to use a horse if more modern options exist. "
] | [
"Horses have advantage over more modern options in urban settings.",
"Horses place cops in an elevated position, allowing them to see crowds well, they are also more maneuverable and provide great crowd control. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Police using horses is old-fashioned.",
"There is no point for a cop to use a horse if more modern options exist. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Horses have advantage over more modern options in urban settings.",
"Horses place cops in an elevated position, allowing them to see crowds well, they are also more maneuverable and provide great crowd control. "
] |
2018-04605 | Why do people play sad music when they are sad? | I think because music can be so therapeutic. Sometimes it’s just nice to have a “friend” there who gets what you’re going through. | [
"Music as a form of coping has been used multiple times in cancer patients, with promising results. A study done on 113 patients going through stem cell transplants split the patients into two group; one group made their own lyrics about their journey and then produced a music video, and the other group listened to... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00888 | What about a person’s brain or tongue decides what foods they’ll like and dislike? | I actually don't know the answer precisely, but generally speaking ones taste in anything (including but not limited to taste) comes from a bunch of different information. Here's what in think some of that is : Taste buds send information to a particular part of your brain to describe the taste --is it salty, sweet, bitter, etc--but they don't determine the preference. The taste buds just deal with raw info...like your fingers can tell if a polar fleece jacket is fuzzy and soft, etc. but they don't determine whether you like the feel of fleece. Other sensory receptors also give information to your brain about food, smell being the most common one (but also sight and the mouth feel of texture and temperature; maybe even sound...like if you hear it sizzling on a plate). But this is still all raw materials. Whether you like the taste of something then depends probably on more things than we can really imagine. Some of it will be evolutionary. We would have evolved to find some tastes, like rotting meat or very bitter plants, well, distasteful. Those of us who didn't eat the rotten meat or poisonous berry passes those taste genes along. Some of it will have to do with associations, and memories. Some will associate the taste with how our bodies feel after. So if chilis give you indigestion, you might not like the taste so much. And some will have to do with more nuanced stuff around sensory processing. Ed: bad apostrophe | [
"Many environmental cues influence food choice and intake, although consumers may not be aware of their effects (see mindless eating). Examples of environmental influences include portion size, serving aids, food variety, and ambient characteristics (discussed below).\n\nSection::::Environmental influences.:Portion... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01283 | How do USB cables/ sticks become faster? | Whenever you design a computer component, figuring out how to balance the cost of it against the performance is a major decision to make. The first versions of USB were designed around low power, low speed devices, like mice, keyboards with some webcams and printers at the high end of things. As such, the standard was designed to be slow enough that it could be run by controller chips that were cheap back in 1996. More modern updates to USB were designed around faster speeds, as things like external hard drives became more common. Advances in technology & increases in production vlume meant that faster chips could now be built at a low enough price point to target the desired market. | [
"The USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000 and was ratified by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) at the end of 2001. Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent Technologies (now Nokia), NEC, and Philips jointly led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate, with the resulting specification achieving 48... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01362 | How do PDFs get so much data into a such a small file? | Unlike a picture which has to store color information about every single pixel, a PDF document is a container holding only the instructions needed to recreate all the parts of the newspaper. How does this work? Say you want to draw a simple line across a page, depending on the size of the page that line could be made up of hundreds of pixels each with their own set of colors, in a PDF you can instead say draw a line starting from left side and ending on the right side, make it black. This is much simpler and doesn't take room to store those two instructions. Sometimes objects are too complex to store as drawing instructions and must stored directly as a picture, in this case the PDF will use compression to reduce the picture data as much as possible. | [
"Adobe distributed its Adobe Reader (now Acrobat Reader) program free of charge from version 2.0 onwards, and continued supporting the original PDF, which eventually became the \"de facto\" standard for fixed-format electronic documents.\n\nIn 2008 Adobe Systems' PDF Reference 1.7 became ISO 32000:1:2008. Thereafte... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00885 | Why are return (round trip) tickets the same price as single tickets. It's something i have never understood | Because they can. It's as simple as that. More often than not the person booking a one-way flight has a more dire need to get to where they are going. So they charge a lot. It's not always the same as a round trip but it will be close. Also, many people using one way tickets are probably flying for business because they are going on an open ended trip, and so it's a business expense, and the company will probably just pay it. People don't worry as much about the cost if they aren't paying it themselves. | [
"Section::::Structure.\n",
"In the case of a passenger that wants to stay at the destination for more than 365 days (12 months in one year) then a one-way ticket is advised by airlines and travel agents (as normal return tickets are valid for 12 months or 365 days).\n\nOne way tickets are more expensive (especial... | [
"Round trip tickets should not be the same cost as a single flight ticket."
] | [
"Round trip and single flight tickets are not always the same price."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Round trip tickets should not be the same cost as a single flight ticket.",
"Round trip tickets should not be the same cost as a single flight ticket."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Round trip and single flight tickets are not always the same price.",
"Round trip and single flight tickets are not always the same price."
] |
2018-03955 | Why does popcorn seem lighter after it's popped? | It actually gets lighter! Because some of the water particles get evaporated from the kernel. Also, the density gets reduced, which makes you think even more that it became lighter. | [
"When the popcorn has finished popping, sometimes unpopped kernels remain. Known in the popcorn industry as \"old maids\", these kernels fail to pop because they do not have enough moisture to create enough steam for an explosion. Re-hydrating prior to popping usually results in eliminating the unpopped kernels.\n"... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04990 | Why does a word start to sound foreign the more you repeat it over and over out loud? | “Semantic satiation” is the phrase used to describe this. Basically, your brain becomes somewhat fatigued and numbed to the sound and the repition and over time as it tapers in neural response. This practice is actually described to combat speech anxiety where the repition of phrases decrease any associated fears or inhibitions with said phrases in the speaker. | [
"Hypercorrection can also occur when learners of a new-to-them (aka second, foreign) language try to avoid applying grammatical rules from their native language to the new language (a situation known as language transfer). The effect can occur, for example, when a student of a new language has learned that certain ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01380 | How did so many people die of the flu in 1900’s? | Vaccinations have done wonders at lessening the effects of flu symptoms and also help by making it harder for those who are more vulnerable are less likely to get it and die. Moreover the flu in the early 1900s actually came back in the 2000s "swine flu" and it actually caused a few hundred thousand deaths despite all the efforts that were made to immunize and protect the population. Just be really, really super thankful that so much effort is being made to protect us now, and remember - get your damn flu shot!~ | [
"Infectious disease already limited life expectancy in the early 20th century. But in the first year of the pandemic, life expectancy in the United States dropped by about 12 years. Most influenza outbreaks have a U-shaped mortality rate, disproportionately killing the very young and the very old, with higher survi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02325 | Can climate conditions affect the speed of sound? | Yes, the air pressure and temperature will change the speed of sound propagation, since the molecules are closer together or farther apart. | [
"In the Earth's atmosphere, the chief factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature. For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition, the speed of sound is dependent \"solely\" upon temperature; see Details below. In such an ideal case, the effects of decreased density and decreased press... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04360 | when you are holding a pencil and you move your arm up and down, why does it look like the pencil is flexibel | Different parts of your vision are good at different things. The part of your vision that is good at seeing detail is a very small part of the very center of your vision. You can see how small it is by keeping your eyes focused on a single word in a text, and trying to read the next few words without looking at them. Outside of that focused area, the eye is more dedicated to identifying motion rather than detail. The very edges of your vision, your peripherals, are entirely dedicated to motion, which is why you can see movement out of the corner of your eye if you had no idea something was there. The area just outside of your detailed center of vision can pick up a good amount of detail, but relies on your brain to fill in the blanks. When you wave the pencil in front of your face, the center of your vision can see that the pencil is rigid, but the area just outside of the center sees motion and less detail. Your brain fills in the blanks, interpreting the image as "the pencil is loose and wavy" | [
"It was intended to emulate the \"Doppler sound\" of a Leslie speaker. Though not very successful as a Leslie simulator, the Uni-Vibe became an effect in its own right, putting its stamp on tracks like Robin Trower's \"Bridge of Sighs\", Jimi Hendrix's \"Machine Gun\" and Pink Floyd's \"Breathe\". \n\nSection::::Ov... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15934 | Why do metal playgrounds shock you if they are (literally) always grounded? | It’s always grounded...*you* are not :) you must be generating a charge and then discharging it on the play structure | [
"Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators. Over at least the last twenty years, the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed, often towards safer equipment built with plastic. For example, an older jungle gym might be constructed entirely from steel bars, while ... | [
"Grounded metal playgrounds may shock you if you touch them."
] | [
"Metal playgrounds are grounded so you must be generating the charge when you touch it."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Grounded metal playgrounds may shock you if you touch them."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Metal playgrounds are grounded so you must be generating the charge when you touch it."
] |
2018-21965 | How did the first person create the first computer language? | The first computers were programmed manually, directly in binary by flipping switches. Later efforts were taken to more easily enter binary such as punch cards which could be automatically read, and then later symbols were invented to represent binary values. From then it shifted more towards symbolic programming languages. | [
"In c. 1050–771 BC, the south-pointing chariot was invented in ancient China. It was the first known geared mechanism to use a differential gear, which was later used in analog computers. The Chinese also invented a more sophisticated abacus from around the 2nd century BC known as the Chinese abacus.\n\nIn the 5th ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18946 | Why do people get sick from viruses and sometimes die? Wouldn’t a virus want to keep a low profile and have the host alive so it too can live? | Some viruses do exactly this. But others grow quickly and spread quickly, benefiting from their ability to infect another person before the first person's immune system has time to fight back. | [
"The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus in cells of the host are crucial for its survival. For example, some diseases such as measles employ a strategy whereby it must spread to a series of hosts. In these forms of viral infection, the illness is often treated by the body's own immu... | [
"All viruses would benefit from not growing and spreading quickly."
] | [
"Some viruses benefit from growing and spreading quickly, and some viruses benefit from not growing and spreading quickly."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"All viruses would benefit from not growing and spreading quickly.",
"All viruses would benefit from not growing and spreading quickly. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some viruses benefit from growing and spreading quickly, and some viruses benefit from not growing and spreading quickly.",
"Some viruses benefit from growing and spreading quickly, and some viruses benefit from not growing and spreading quickly. "
] |
2018-22189 | Why can't the person I'm talking to on the phone cannot hear any music or sound effects coming from an app playing on my phone? | Phones typically include a special circuit which recognizes the sound being output from the phone itself and removes it from the incoming sound (Acoustic Echo Cancellation). This is very important to avoid things like feedback or echo when on speakerphone mode, but it also works to avoid something like music coming from your phone's speakers being sent over the call. | [
"Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could, however \"jailbreak\" their device in order to unofficially multitask. Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:\n\nBUL... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01549 | Why can't you put metal in the microwave? | You can, but it's going to kill your microwave. The flat metal case around the microwave will ground the microwave energy away from the magnatron . A sharp object like a fork in a bowl is going to collect that excess energy till the electric potential sparks to a wall. These energy burst also cause feedback in the magnatron and harm it. | [
"It is possible for metal objects to be microwave-oven compatible, although experimentation by users is not encouraged. Microwaving an individual smooth metal object without pointed ends, for example, a spoon or shallow metal pan, usually does not produce sparking. Thick metal wire racks can be part of the interior... | [
"Cannot put metal in microwave."
] | [
"You can it just will destroy the microwave from sparks. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cannot put metal in microwave."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"You can it just will destroy the microwave from sparks. "
] |
2018-00864 | Why piston engines are less efficient and being used less than turbine engines. | Turbines are more efficient for several reasons, but one of the top reasons is that they are not constantly reversing direction. Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 How Do jet engines work and what’s the benefits of using them over a standard internal combustion or Wankel engine? Is it possible to use a jet engine in a car? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_35 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do plane engines get more efficient? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Usage of jet engines vs turboprop ]( URL_3 ) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Plane Turbines ]( URL_1 ) ^(_19 comments_) | [
"In practical applications, other factors are usually highly significant in determining the fuel efficiency of a particular engine design in that particular application. For instance, in aircraft, turbine (jet and turboprop) engines are typically much smaller and lighter than equivalently powerful piston engine des... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04229 | How is the United States paying off its debt to China? | Most of the US debt is domestic. [source]( URL_0 ) As for paying back China: [China would not call in its debt all at once. If it did so, the demand for the dollar would plummet like a rock. This dollar collapse would disrupt international markets even more than the 2008 financial crisis. China's economy would suffer along with everyone else's.]( URL_1 ) So basically it's like buying bonds. You cash in those bonds when you want to. | [
"Furthermore, China has made investments into African human resource development programs. This can be seen in various programs that have been developed since 2010, including the China–Africa Science and Technology Partnership Plan, China–Africa joint research and exchange plan, and the China–Africa partnership to ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-07263 | When you hold a sea shell up to your ear, what is the "ocean" noise that you can hear? | The shell itself acts like a resonance chamber, allowing sound waves to bounce around, amplifying some frequencies. The ocean sound is simply ambient sounds such as the wind or even the sound of blood flowing around your ear being resonated by the shell. | [
"The resonator is simply attenuating some frequencies of the ambient noise in the environment, including air flowing within the resonator and sound originating within the human body itself, more than others.\n",
"Section::::History.\n\nFollowing the First World War, when sonar was first used for the detection of ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01649 | What makes certain types of cardboard (like pizza boxes) un-recyclable? | With pizza boxes, it's not the type of cardboard that makes it unrecyclable; it's the oils from the pizza that soak into the cardboard. Those oils cannot be separated back out from the paper fibers, so they're no longer any good for making paper/cardboard out of. | [
"Most types of cardboard are recyclable. Boards that are laminates, wax coated, or treated for wet-strength are often more difficult to recycle. Clean cardboard (\"i.e.,\" cardboard that has not been subject to chemical coatings) \"is usually worth recovering, although often the difference between the value it real... | [
"Certain types of cardboard makes pizza boxes unrecylable. "
] | [
"The fact that the pizza boxes are unrecylable have nothing to do with the type of cardboard, but more so to do with the oils of the pizza that seap into the cardboard."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Certain types of cardboard makes pizza boxes unrecylable. ",
"Certain types of cardboard makes pizza boxes unrecylable. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The fact that the pizza boxes are unrecylable have nothing to do with the type of cardboard, but more so to do with the oils of the pizza that seap into the cardboard.",
"The fact that the pizza boxes are unrecylable have nothing to do with the type of cardboard, but more so to do with the oils of the pizza that... |
2018-07147 | Why is it that when it is really windy outside, the water in the toilet moves. | The water in the toilet is in a plumbing trap. This little loop of water keeps smelly sewer gasses out of your house. The idea is that they go up vent pipes and are discharged above your house. When it's gusty, the variable wind can change the pressure in these vent pipes. That moves the water. | [
"It is a commonly held misconception that when flushed, the water in a toilet bowl swirls one way if the toilet is north of the equator and the other way if south of the equator, due to the Coriolis effect – usually, counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. In reality,... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01238 | Why aren't clouds a uniform sheet of vapor in the sky? | First things first: water vapour is invisible. Clouds are condensed water, ie actual droplets. Sometimes cloud cover *is* connected across the whole sky, other times not. The type of cloud formation depends on variables like the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere, pressure and temperature - these control things like relative humidity, dew point and wind speed. Also, even if conditions were calm, water is not evaporating in uniform amounts from all regions of the Earth's surface. | [
"A sea of clouds forms generally in valleys or over seas in very stable air mass conditions such as in a temperature inversion. Humidity can then reach saturation and condensation leads to a very uniform stratocumulus cloud, stratus cloud or fog. Above this layer, the air must be dry. This is a common situation in ... | [
"Clouds should be uniform in the sky."
] | [
"Clouds are different due to differing atmospheric conditions."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Clouds should be uniform in the sky."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Clouds are different due to differing atmospheric conditions."
] |
2018-20276 | How does somebody lose their voice | You know how when you exercise too much you are sore the next day and can't run/jump/whatever as much as normal? It's like that except instead of your arms or legs being sore it's your vocal chords. When your vocal chords can't work as well your speech is handicapped similar to running when your legs are sore. | [
"I never lost my voice, but I lost strength in my diaphragm. ... Because of those organic complaints, I lost my courage and boldness. My vocal cords were and still are in excellent condition, but my 'sound boxes' have not been working well even though I have been to all the doctors. The result was that I overstrain... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09935 | Do alcoholics metabolize alcohol differently from average drinkers? How so? | There are 2 methods for the body to metabolize alcohol. Light, occasional drinkers mostly only use one, the "alcohol dehydrogenase pathway." When this pathway is overwhelmed, the "microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system" starts. This pathway is also why stronger drinks are linked with a warm feeling, this pathway wastes some energy as heat. Someone who drinks heavily and regularly will have more enzymes for MEOS, speeding their breakdown of alcohol. | [
"Ethanol metabolism\n\nEthanol, an alcohol found in nature and in alcoholic drinks, is metabolized through a complex catabolic metabolic pathway.\n\nSection::::Human metabolic physiology.\n\nSection::::Human metabolic physiology.:Ethanol and evolution.\n",
"In human embryos and fetuses, ethanol is not metabolized... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01637 | Why is there snow on the Mt.Everest when the clouds are under the top of the Mountain? | Additional clouds go above it. There is no one single altitude at which clouds form. But you're right that *many* are below the peak. | [
"Cirrus clouds that produced snow were sighted in \"Phoenix\" imagery. The clouds formed at a level in the atmosphere that was around -65 °C, so the clouds would have to be composed of water-ice, rather than carbon dioxide-ice because the temperature for forming carbon dioxide ice is much lower—less than -120 °C. A... | [
"All clouds are below the top of Mt. Everest."
] | [
"Some clouds go above Mt. Everest."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"All clouds are below the top of Mt. Everest."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some clouds go above Mt. Everest."
] |
2018-16617 | How do chemicals from smoking (cigarettes or marijuana) get from our lungs to our brain? | Same way oxygen does: the lungs provide a thin surface through which chemicals can soak into nearby blood vessels. The blood then carries them through the whole body, where various tissues can soak them up. | [
"Inhaling the vaporized gas form of substances into the lungs is a quick and very effective way of delivering drugs into the bloodstream (as the gas diffuses directly into the pulmonary vein, then into the heart and from there to the brain) and affects the user within less than a second of the first inhalation. The... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04476 | If 60 Russian diplomats are kicked out of the US, how exactly is that a punishment to Russia? What do these diplomats do in the US? | Diplomats have several functions. One is simply to improve relations with the target nation, that's the most obvious and generally the reason they are allowed to be there by the target nation. Another is to influence politics in the target nation by schmoozing the right people and what not. Most importantly they are also essentially officially sanctioned spies. They pass any and all information they can gather to their home country, and it is extremely common for regular spies to be based out of an embassy or consulate. | [
"President Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of 60 Russian intelligence and diplomatic staff from the United States following the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. The closure of the consulate in Seattle, Washington was also ordered, based on the belief of US intelligence officials that the consulate was serv... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19198 | What specifically about hard seltzers and hard ciders makes them not nearly as foamy/bubbly as beer? | Foam forms when the carbon dioxide (or other gas) escapes from a liquid, but gets "held in" by surface tension, forming static bubbles. All of the beverages you listed contain water, alcohol, and other stuff. In hard seltzers, the "other stuff" is flavoring chemicals. In cider, it is natural flavoring chemicals, sugar, a little apple protein, and yeast. In beer, it is yeast, wheat proteins, hops proteins, a wide variety of complex molecules from the above, natural flavoring chemicals, etc etc... All this "other stuff" creates high surface tension; in particular, all those proteins (and protein-like chemicals called "polypeptides") are very sticky, so they form a tough film. Carbon dioxide gets blown through this film and a foam forms. Cider gets a little brief foam, but it doesn't have nearly as much protein so it falls apart fast. Seltzer has almost nothing beside water and alcohol in it, so it doesn't really form a foam at all. Foam forms on beer because | [
"Brewers have the option of using a liquid (LME) or dry (DME) form of it. Each has its pros and cons, so the choice is dependent solely on the individual brewer's preferences. Some brewers choose to work only with LME because they feel it works best for the result they wish to achieve. Also, it requires one fewer p... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03209 | Why does chocolate taste so bad after it melts and cools down again? | Master Chocolatier here. There isn't a lot of actual chocolate in an M & M. Melt real chocolate (e.g. mostly ground cacao with sugar), let it resolidify, and it will taste pretty much like chocolate. The texture will be odd, but that's just because the chocolate is de-tempered (randomly recrystallized) and is fixable by re-tempering. I enjoyed Stuff Matters by Mark Miodownik, btw, but much of his chapter on chocolate was inaccurate. | [
"Chocolate is very sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal storage temperatures are between , with a relative humidity of less than 50%. If refrigerated or frozen without containment, chocolate can absorb enough moisture to cause a whitish discoloration, the result of fat or sugar crystals rising to the surfac... | [
"Chocolate tastes bad after melting and re cooling."
] | [
"It doesn't taste bad, it just changes the texture because it crystalizes differently. You can fix this by re tempering it. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Chocolate tastes bad after melting and re cooling."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It doesn't taste bad, it just changes the texture because it crystalizes differently. You can fix this by re tempering it. "
] |
2018-00125 | When the 12/24h clock-based time measurement system was designed, what determined what would be appropriate placements for each hour of the day? For instance, why is 8AM the start of the work day? | The 12-hour clock was invented way, way before there were such things as factory jobs and office jobs. In the system we know and use today, noon was when the sun was at its highest. Generally, there were six hours before noon and six hours after noon, and the night didn't really have hours. The Romans had a system where there were always twelve hours from sunrise to sunset, so the length of an hour varied according to the time of year, and the night was divided into four watches. Before the industrial revolution, people simply did whatever work was needed to be done when it was needed to be done -- there was no other way of doing it. The industrial revolution introduced factories and then offices where work could be done at any time of day: factory owners would often make their employees work very long hours until the workers formed trade unions and/or the government enacted labour relations laws. The eight-hour working day was a common solution: eight hours for working, eight hours for sleeping and eight hours for leisure. Not everyone's work day begins at 8 am, though; it varies a lot from country to country, and from job to job. In the US, a working day of 9 am to 5 pm became the norm, especially for office workers, and from that we have the phrase "9-to-5" to describe a boring, mundane (usually deskbound) job. But in, for example, Spain, people start work earlier in the day, and have an hour or two off after lunch for "siesta" (because in Spain it was often too hot to work at that time of day), and finish work much later. There isn't one standard for such things, and the clock wasn't designed with the modern working week in mind. | [
"In so-called \"Italian time\", \"Italian hours\", or \"old Czech time\", the first hour started with the sunset Angelus bell (or at the end of dusk, i.e., half an hour after sunset, depending on local custom and geographical latitude). The hours were numbered from 1 to 24. For example, in Lugano, the sun rose in D... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Each hour on the clock was chosen to be a certain time."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Hours were created based on time from noon which wasz decided by the sun being at the highest point."
] |
2018-00653 | Are "lost" underground ruins as shown in games like Tomb Raider or Assassins Creed possible? | Probably not worth all of the booby traps, but there are Mayan (and other) ruins in the jungles of Central and South America that haven't been excavated. Surely there are others around the world that have been forgotten and lost. | [
"One possible location is west of the Hallig Südfall, where in 1921 significant ruins were discovered: wells, trenches and part of a tidal lock. Another theory places Rungholt to the north of the Hallig Südfall.\n\nSection::::History.\n",
"In 1978, a group of cavers from the Nashville Grotto visited the site but ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04371 | Why does it seem like bees are attracted to plastic children playgrounds? | Probably because bees are attracted to bright coloured flowers, therefore also attracted the bright colours of the plastic. | [
"Exposure therapy has been proven as an effective treatment for people who have a fear of bees. It is recommended that people place themselves in a comfortable open environment, such as a park or garden, and gradually over a prolonged period of time move closer to the bees. This process should not be rushed, it may... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02589 | How would this sailor be injured by spinning helicopter blades at Camp Pendleton? | Entirely possible. If it lands hard, the blades wil deflect down. If you are near the outside of the disk, you can die. My A & P instructor saw a Cobra kill a friend like that. I saw an aftermath pic of part of a guys face. It split him so you saw half a moustache. | [
"BULLET::::- 21 September 2017: A civilian UAV collided with a Black Hawk helicopter in the evening over the eastern shore of Staten Island, New York City, United States. The helicopter was one of two with the 82nd Airborne Division flying out of Fort Bragg on duty for the United Nations General Assembly. The helic... | [
"Spinning helicopter blade could not injure a sailor. "
] | [
"Spinning helicopter blades injuring a sailor is entirely possible. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Spinning helicopter blade could not injure a sailor. ",
"Spinning helicopter blade could not injure a sailor. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Spinning helicopter blades injuring a sailor is entirely possible. ",
"Spinning helicopter blades injuring a sailor is entirely possible. "
] |
2018-03257 | Why do dark coloured fizzy drinks like Pepsi and Coke have caffeine, yet other lighter coloured drinks like Sprite and Fanta not have it? | Mountain Dew, a light coloured drink, has more caffeine than either Coke or standard Pepsi. There is almost as much caffeine in a 12oz Mountain Dew as a 20oz Coke. (55mg vs 56-57mg). The only soft drink with more caffeine is Pepsi Zero Sugar. [Source]( URL_1 ) There goes that theory... Here is the real question... what colour would Coke or Pepsi be if they didn't [add the caramel colour?]( URL_0 ) | [
"BULLET::::- In Chris Lynch's \"Vietnam\" series, one of the four main characters, Ivan Bucyk, greatly enjoys Moxie soda and claims that its being medicine is what makes him so athletic. The other characters do not share his enthusiasm and say it tastes like \"carbonated tires.\" Later, when one of the four main ch... | [
"Only dark colored drinks have caffeine."
] | [
"Mountain Dew, a light colored drink, has caffeine. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Only dark colored drinks have caffeine."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Mountain Dew, a light colored drink, has caffeine. "
] |
2018-13642 | why does getting out of bed too quickly make me feel like I’m going to pass out? | "Some people have faint-inducing drops in blood pressure when they get out of bed or stand up from a chair (called postural or orthostatic hypotension) or after eating (called postprandial hypotension). To understand postural hypotension, imagine your body as a tube of fluid. When you lie down, the fluid distributes itself fairly evenly from head to toe. When you stand up, gravity pulls blood downward. Up to a quart of blood pools in the legs (that's about one-fifth the total in the average adult), reducing the amount that is returned to the heart. The next few heartbeats deliver less blood than usual, so blood pressure plummets" - Harvard health | [
"The autonomic nervous system's physiological state (see below) leading to loss of consciousness may persist for several minutes, so\n\nBULLET::::- If sufferers try to sit or stand when they wake up, they may pass out again\n\nBULLET::::- The person may be nauseated, pale, and sweaty for several minutes or hours\n\... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17151 | if our eyes have a large field of view why cameras with wide field lens distort images spherically and our eyes don’t? | Being that a camera shows that distortion is a very good indication that there is in fact a distortion with the field of view of our own eyes, the reason why you don't perceive the distortion from your eyes, whether or not it's there, is because your brain regularly makes up for distortions and makes corrections to our perception. A good example of our brains making such corrections are the illusions created from optical illusions, our brains can literally fill in the gaps, even if they don't nessisarily exist. | [
"The depth of field may change, depending on what conditions are compared. Shooting from the same position, with the same lens and same f-number as a non-cropped (full-frame) 35 mm camera, but enlarging the image to a given reference size, will yield a reduced depth of field. On the other hand, using a different le... | [
"Our brain perceives exactly what the eye sees.",
"Even with our large field of view, our eyes don't distort images spherically."
] | [
"The brain makes corrections to our perception.",
"Even though human eyes distort images spherically, the brain makes up for those distortions, correcting our visual perception of a wide field of view."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Our brain perceives exactly what the eye sees.",
"Even with our large field of view, our eyes don't distort images spherically."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The brain makes corrections to our perception.",
"Even though human eyes distort images spherically, the brain makes up for those distortions, correcting our visual perception of a wide field of view."
] |
2018-02431 | Why and how does full moon affect tides? How is full moon any different to the other stages of the moon? | Because the sun also affects the tides as well. When the moon is full (or new), the Moon, Earth, and Sun are all lined up, meaning the gravitational effect the Sun and Moon have on the tides are combined and at full strength. These are called ~~"neap"~~ "spring" tides. This is contrasted when the Moon, Earth, and Sun form a 90 degree angle (First or third quarter) and the Sun and Moon's gravitational pull work against each other. | [
"When the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in line (Sun–Earth–Moon, or Sun–Moon–Earth) the two main influences combine to produce spring tides; when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle Moon–Earth–Sun is close to ninety degrees, neap tides result. As the Moon moves around its orbit it changes from north... | [
"Full moon is no different than any other stage of the moon."
] | [
"Full moon is different because it means the sun, earth, and moon are aligned which causes the tide to change."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Full moon is no different than any other stage of the moon."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Full moon is different because it means the sun, earth, and moon are aligned which causes the tide to change."
] |
2018-02006 | Why does the U.S. grow so much corn? | Because we do a lot with corn. It's used to eat, to feed to livestock, to make oil and sweetener, to distill into ethanol, etc. Corn is native to this part of the world and it grows well. Why *wouldn't* we grow so much corn? | [
"Corn spread across North America a few thousand years ago. The original corn plant known as teosinte is still grown in Mexico. Newer varieties are much larger, due to plant breeding efforts of Native Americans and scientific research. It is now the third leading grain crop in the world.\n",
"Corn production in t... | [
"The U.S. grows more corn than the U.S. should. "
] | [
"The U.S. grows the proper amount of corn that the U.S. needs. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The U.S. grows more corn than the U.S. should. ",
"The U.S. grows more corn than the U.S. should. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The U.S. grows the proper amount of corn that the U.S. needs. ",
"The U.S. grows the proper amount of corn that the U.S. needs. "
] |
2018-00969 | Why does honey crystallize in the container, and how does putting it in warm water reverse what is happening? | Honey is mostly made of sugar, plus some protein and a tiny bit of water. Sugars like to stick together, and this is what happens with honey in the bottle. As honey ages it can squeeze out the little bit of water in its structure, and this forms the crystals. Warming up the honey lets the water reenter the solution. | [
"Unlike many other liquids, honey has very poor thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/(m⋅K) at 13% water content (compared to 401 W/(m⋅K) of copper), taking a long time to reach thermal equilibrium. Due to its high kinematic viscosity honey does not transfer heat through momentum diffusion (convection) but rather through t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00706 | Why in America does the person who wins the most votes in an Election not win the Election? | The US is a Federated Republic (Think more like the UN or EU than a single country like France). It is the member entities of that Republic (The States) that vote for who their leader is. The votes of the citizens of a given State dictate how that State vote with a winner take all for their pool of votes (for most States). Each State gets 3 votes plus additional votes based on population to make their pool of votes in their pool. This means that most of the time the person who wins the popular vote also wins the States votes, but it is possible to win a lot of the middle and low population States and lost the high population States and win the Presidency without winning the national popular vote. For Congressional elections they are winner take all and the most votes win in most States, though a few have proportional voting which try to mach the percentage seats to the percentage of the popular vote a candidate/party gets. | [
"The difficulty is sometimes summed up, in an extreme form, as \"All votes for anyone other than the second place are votes for the winner\", because by voting for other candidates, they have denied those votes to the second place candidate who could have won had they received them. It is often claimed by United St... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Person who wins most votes doesn't win the election."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The person who gets the most electoral votes wins the election which can be the person who got the most votes. "
] |
2018-23950 | Why is it so painful to accidentally bite your own tongue but when you purposefully bite it, it doesn’t feel like anything? | The reason is because when you bite down on your tongue on purpose, you aren’t actually biting down as hard as when you bite on your tongue accidentally. Your brain knows you are about to hurt yourself, so even if you don’t realize it, when you bite down on your tongue on purpose, you aren’t biting down as hard. It’s that simple. | [
"Section::::Writing career.\n",
"Bite Your Tongue\n\nBite Your Tongue is the debut solo album by Australian singer-songwriter Tiffani Wood. It was released in Australia on 14 October 2006 through Wood's own independent record label Mudhoney Records.\n\nSection::::Album information.\n",
"Some of the side-effects... | [
"Accidentally biting your own tongue and purposely biting it are both done with equal force.",
"Biting your tongue on purpose is the same action as biting your tongue by accident."
] | [
"Purposely biting one's tongue is accomplished with less force than accidentally biting one's tongue is.",
"When you bit your tongue on purpose, you don't bite as hard as when you do it by accident."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Accidentally biting your own tongue and purposely biting it are both done with equal force.",
"Biting your tongue on purpose is the same action as biting your tongue by accident."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Purposely biting one's tongue is accomplished with less force than accidentally biting one's tongue is.",
"When you bit your tongue on purpose, you don't bite as hard as when you do it by accident."
] |
2018-10952 | When metal is being shaped, why do the outer layers flake off? | Many times those outer layers aren't actually the metal but a layer of metal oxide compounds (sort of like rust) formed when the hot metal interacts with the oxygen in the air. This is especially noticeable if you're watching blacksmithing or forging of iron. [In a video like this, you can see the layer of "scale" forming while they're moving the piece around]( URL_0 ). In other cases, you'll see people blowing it off with compressed air jets. | [
"When an iron meteorite is forged into a tool or weapon, the Widmanstätten patterns remain, but become stretched and distorted. The patterns usually cannot be fully eliminated by blacksmithing, even through extensive working. When a knife or tool is forged from meteoric iron and then polished, the patterns appear i... | [
"Outer layers of metal flake off when metal is being shaped.",
"The outer layers flake off when a metal is being shaped."
] | [
"Those layers aren't the actual metal but metal oxide compounds that are formed from interaction between hot metal and oxygen.",
"The outer layers are many times not the same metal, but a layer of metal oxide compounds."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Outer layers of metal flake off when metal is being shaped.",
"The outer layers flake off when a metal is being shaped."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Those layers aren't the actual metal but metal oxide compounds that are formed from interaction between hot metal and oxygen.",
"The outer layers are many times not the same metal, but a layer of metal oxide compounds."
] |
2018-01206 | why do news anchors/cameramen still use bulky shoulder mount cameras when camera technology has advanced so far with things like gopros and their video quality? | While camera "bodies" are getting smaller, things like high quality lenses, professional cabling interfaces, microphones, operator controls, and viewfinders/monitors are still the same size since improving their technology doesn't always mean decreasing their size. | [
"Section::::Usage types.:ENG cameras.\n\nENG (electronic news gathering) video cameras were originally designed for use by news camera operators. While they have some similarities to the smaller consumer camcorder, they differ in several regards:\n\nBULLET::::- ENG cameras are larger and heavier (helps dampen small... | [
"Advanced technology always means smaller components.",
"Advances in technology should make cameras smaller."
] | [
"Some technology still needs to be the same size for function even if the internal features are advancing and improving.",
"Professional equipment hasn't all gotten smaller, and not all technology advances mean decreasing their size. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Advanced technology always means smaller components.",
"Advances in technology should make cameras smaller."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some technology still needs to be the same size for function even if the internal features are advancing and improving.",
"Professional equipment hasn't all gotten smaller, and not all technology advances mean decreasing their size. "
] |
2018-23531 | Why is Tupac still so popular, 22 years after he died? What does he represent to his fans that get tattoos of him and try to be like him? Was his music great? | Ok I’ll attempt it. So Pac was to rap music what Elvis was to Pop Music At the height of his fame he was involved with a rivalry with The Notorious BIG who was his equal. Think Lionel Messi and Ronaldo. He was a symbol of rebellion and anti establishment. He wore his heart on his sleeve and put it down on record. His infamy was heightened when he was shot in a New York recording studio, in the same building Biggie smalls and Junior mafia were, speculation increased that it was biggies crew who did this. 2 Pac went to prison to serve a sentence for alleged sexual assault. Whilst inside Biggie released the song ‘who shot ya’ as well as his debut album Ready to die. Once 2 Pac got out he released arguably his most influential album All Eyez on me, as well as the song Hit em up, a diss song to Biggie, Junior Mafia & Mobb Deep. This ramped up the east coast vs west coast beef. After his death following a shooting in Las Vegas in 96. His legacy shone for the rest of the hip hop world to follow. He was an icon in a relatively new genre of music. He influenced so many in years to come, he carried an entire coast on his back and is regarded as the Greatest rapper of all time. Hendrix, Jim Morrison, Cobain, are all in the same bracket as Pac for the legacy he left Not only did Pac create some of the best west coast albums he created some of the best hip hop and albums period. Start with All Eyez on Me, Then 7 day theory, Then me against the world. THUGGGG LIFFFFEEEEE | [
"Section::::Critical reception.\n\nReviews from critics and fans were mixed, with the general consensus being that while 2Pac's vocals were undoubtedly strong, the modern production sounded commercialized. AllMusic wrote: \"This isn't to say that there is not some great material on Pac's Life, because there is ...,... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04442 | When people have fluid in their lungs why isnt possible to just use a needle to remove it over and over? | Find a kitchen sponge. Soak it with water. Now try drying it out with a syringe. If you spent enough hours to succeed, the sponge would fall apart from the huge number of holes you've made. And lungs are much bigger than kitchen sponges and the air cavities are smaller. And there are ribs and things in the way too. | [
"Other complications depend upon the body part on which the biopsy takes place:\n",
"BULLET::::- Lung biopsies are frequently complicated by pneumothorax (collapsed lung). This complication can also accompany biopsies in the upper abdomen near the base of the lung. About one-quarter to one-half of patients having... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04205 | Redditors, what's the difference of Best, Top, and Hot? | "Top" has the most up votes. "Best" takes into account the ratio of up to down votes, how quickly they get the votes, etc. "Hot" are those which are getting votes and responses regardless of if it is highly voted overall. "Hot" would tend to include highly controversial comments which the former options may not. | [
"BULLET::::- Toppers In Concert 2008 - Gold / Platinum\n\nBULLET::::- Toppers In Concert 2009 - Gold / Platinum\n\nBULLET::::- Toppers In Concert 2010 - Gold / Platinum\n\nBULLET::::- Toppers In Concert 2011 - Gold / Platinum\n\nBULLET::::- Toppers In Concert 2012 - Gold / Platinum\n\nBULLET::::- Toppers In Concert... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10813 | Why is it that when an escalator is not working, no matter how much I tell my brain that it is not moving my first few steps always feel a bit awkward. | It doesn't really matter what you tell your brain. If it's been conditioned to think that escalators always move, whenever you get on one, it tries to compensate by fiddling with your balance. It needs actual experience to tell it that the escalator isn't working, which is why only the first few steps are awkward. After that, you realize that you can just walk normally. | [
"Even though subjects are fully aware that the platform or escalator is not moving now, parts of their brains still act on previous experience gained when it was moving, and so misjudge how to step onto it. Thus, this effect demonstrates the separateness of the declarative and procedural functions of the brain.\n",... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02666 | If the densest element a star can form is iron, then where do other denser elements come from? | Iron is the densest element a star can form through fusion. Fortunately, that's not all stars do. At the end of their lives they blow up, and that generates all the heavier elements as it distributes everything else into space. | [
"In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavie... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"The densest element a star can form is iron."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"When stars blow up, they generate all the heavier elements."
] |
2018-03446 | Why, for some stereo speakers, does one stereo cut out before the other one when adjusting the volume to a very low setting? | Because the device is probably using a stereo potentiometer. One of the quality differences between cheap and non-cheap multi-channel potentiometers is how accurate the tracking is on the two channels. | [
"In case (a), above, the usual situation is that the derived low pass response attenuates at a much slower rate than the fixed response. This requires the speaker to which it is directed to continue to respond to signals deep into the stopband where its physical characteristics may not be ideal. In the case of (b),... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17624 | How are the EU 'banning memes', and why? | Literally they're not, but new anti-piracy proposals that force websites to better curate material that breaches copyright could force the removal of meme images based on copyrighted things such as stock photos. Arguably the cc licence allows people free use of material for the purpose of satire under which memes may be protected. | [
"Experts expect that the short and rigid deletion periods and the high threat of fines would lead the networks to prefer to remove contributions in case of doubt, even if the freedom of expression guaranteed by fundamental rights would require a context-related consideration, for example in the differentiation betw... | [
"The EU is banning memes.",
"The EU is banning internet memes."
] | [
"The EU is not banning memes, but new anti-piracy proposals may force websites to remove images that breach copyright.",
"The EU is not banning memes but new anti-piracy proposals might force websites to remove memes that contain copyrighted material."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The EU is banning memes.",
"The EU is banning internet memes."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The EU is not banning memes, but new anti-piracy proposals may force websites to remove images that breach copyright.",
"The EU is not banning memes but new anti-piracy proposals might force websites to remove memes that contain copyrighted material."
] |
2018-01421 | Why are you able to leg-press or hack-squat so much more than you can raw-squat? | Your body weight is being supported by a machine in a leg-press or hack-squat, whereas a raw-squat forces you to lift your body as well. There is also the rigid, supported movement of the machine to consider, so you don't have to worry about balancing left-right-forward-back, which also take some amount of effort when lifting large weights. | [
"Deeper squats are associated with higher compressive loads on patellofemoral joint and it is possible that people who suffer from pain in this joint cannot squat at increased depths. For some knee rehabilitation activities, patients might feel more comfortable with knee flexion between 0 and 50 degrees because it ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03389 | How do they remove the temporary lines when they are finished with road construction? | They have a machine that comes through and just sands the paint off, ever notice once construction is done somewhere it looks like there's tiny rumble strips in some spots, that's where the paint was | [
"Depending mostly upon the change in conditions from a previous inspection various improvements may be made to the pipe. It may be cleaned with a rotating root cutting blade on the end of a segmented rotating chain, or a chemical foam may be applied to discourage root growth. If damage is found limited to only a fe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01230 | Why do couples pick a "side of the bed?" Is it territorial or is it something else? | Comfort, security, and compromise. What works for you. Men usually sleep closest to the door, protection. What works best for your s.o., who's the big spoon and so on. | [
"BULLET::::- The penetrating partner lies with their upper back on a low table, couch, chair or edge of bed, keeping their feet flat on the floor and back parallel to floor. The receiving partner straddles them, also keeping their feet on the floor. Receiving partner can assume any of various positions.\n",
"BULL... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01689 | Specific transplants that transfers the donor's traits to the recipient. | Well, testicles produce sperm based on the genes of the testicle, and transplanting the testicle doesn't change its genes at all. For bone marrow, the blood cells it creates would be based on its own properties, although blood cells do not contain DNA. But if the marrow also ended up producing particular allergen-enabling bits (such as antibodies - bone marrow is responsible for a lot of antibodies) then that would then enter the transplant recipient's bloodstream, which would cause the same allergic reactions as found in the donor due to both being caused by those antibodies. | [
"BULLET::::- 2009–2010: Joren C. Madsen, MD, DPhil\n\nBULLET::::- 2008–2009: Barbara Murphy, MD\n\nBULLET::::- 2007–2008: Flavio Vincenti, MD\n\nBULLET::::- 2006–2007: Jeffrey S. Crippin, MD\n\nBULLET::::- 2005–2006: Richard N. Fine, MD\n\nBULLET::::- 2004–2005: Jay Alan Fishman, MD, FAST\n\nBULLET::::- 2003–2004: ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00147 | how do companies afford 50% off or b1g1 free deals? | The short answer: because they buy the stuff so cheap that they still make money. That, or they already sold so many at full price that they are pleased enough with a loss to clear the shelves for the new years models. | [
"The discount rate which is used in financial calculations is usually chosen to be equal to the cost of capital. The cost of capital, in a financial market equilibrium, will be the same as the market rate of return on the financial asset mixture the firm uses to finance capital investment. Some adjustment may be ma... | [
"Companies should not be able to afford to have buy one get one free deals."
] | [
"The companies have likely bought the products insanely cheap and still profit or have already made so much money from the product that they can afford to sell the remainder for a loss."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Companies should not be able to afford to have buy one get one free deals.",
"Companies should not be able to afford to have buy one get one free deals."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The companies have likely bought the products insanely cheap and still profit or have already made so much money from the product that they can afford to sell the remainder for a loss.",
"The companies have likely bought the products insanely cheap and still profit or have already made so much money from the pro... |
2018-03336 | How do people "grow out" of allergic conditions like Asthma? | This is ELI5, so simply put, your body gets used to the allergen that it overreacted to in the first place. The protein/carb/lipid tags on the foreign body are so familiar to your immune system there isn't any reason for it to go into a reaction. In theory most allergies can be "cured" this way, but for some reactions the risk isn't worth it. For less severe allergies, this is the basic premise of this aspect of immunotherapy. | [
"The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. Epidemiological findings give clues as to the pathogenesis: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more c... | [
"People grow out of allergic conditions. "
] | [
"People do not grow out of allergic conditions, but the body gets use to the allergen that the immune system previously over reacted to. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"People grow out of allergic conditions. ",
"People grow out of allergic conditions. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"People do not grow out of allergic conditions, but the body gets use to the allergen that the immune system previously over reacted to. ",
"People do not grow out of allergic conditions, but the body gets use to the allergen that the immune system previously over reacted to. "
] |
2018-03735 | Why do all these olympic ski jumpers have ski poles they never actually use? | Ski jumpers [don't have poles]( URL_0 ). Freestyle skiers (Half-pipe/Slopestyle) can choose to use them as part of personal preference, although [Aerial skiers don't use them.]( URL_1 ) | [
"Skiers in this class use two skis and no ski poles in para-Alpine and para-Nordic. While skiers are prohibited from using traditional ski poles, they may use mini poles so long as they are unable to hold a traditional ski pole without the use of a prostheses. Skiers are also allowed to use prostheses or orthoses i... | [
"Ski jumpers have poles"
] | [
"Ski jumpers don't have poles."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Ski jumpers have poles"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Ski jumpers don't have poles."
] |
2018-00508 | Why are people trying to find the biggest prime number? | It's an exercise in computation, mostly. There are a few large prime number searches that are trying to settle old mathematical conjectures (e.g. the Prime Sierpinski Problem), but for the most part it's just people who are fans of mathematics and who have computers letting them run to see if they can find a large prime number. These prime numbers may have slight interest to mathematicians who could study their distribution and may come up with interesting mathematics as a result, but that's not too likely. It's long been known that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Note that there have been various awards offered over the years for finding especially large prime numbers. Most notable are some przes [offered by the EFF]( URL_0 ). Since these only judge the size of the primes it's most logical to search through numbers that are both 1: likely to be prime, and 2: easy to test. That best describes Mersenne primes, in the form of 2^P - 1 (where P is itself a prime number). The Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, or GIMPS, is the most notable collaboration looking for such large prime numbers. Their client, Prime95, is notable for being brutal to CPUs and is sometimes used in the overclocking community to demonstrate that a CPU is stable--if Prime95 can't break it then hopefully nothing can. The EFF awards are all about encouraging the development of technology for collaborative computing. It's not so important that the search is for prime numbers. It's all about building the technology. | [
"In November 2005 the largest known sexy prime quadruplet, found by Jens Kruse Andersen had 1002 digits:\n\nIn September 2010 Ken Davis announced a 1004-digit quadruplet with \"p\" = 2 + 1582534968299.\n\nIn May 2019 Marek Hubal announced a 1138-digit quadruplet with p = 1567237911*2677# + 3301 + 6*n.\n\nIn June 20... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19848 | Why do the hemispheres of the brain control the opposite side of the body? | From what I understand we really don't know why it was the case as it happened extremely early in the development of life. However one theory that makes some sense is that it came from extremely simple forms of life. If they detected food to one side they would need to trigger the motive limb on their opposite side to turn towards the food. That then was the template for future development. | [
"In the 19th century and to a lesser extent the 20th, it was thought that each side of the brain was associated with a specific gender: the left corresponding with masculinity and the right with femininity and each half could function independently. The right side of the brain was seen as the inferior and thought t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04211 | Why do some farmers plant crops in big circles, rather than sticking with squares or rectangles? Aren't they losing ~21.5% of crop area? | area isn't the limiting factor in places they use center pivot irrigation. It may be water, it may be labor, it may be transportation. | [
"Furrow irrigation is the typical choice for row crops such as cotton, sugar-cane and grains. Border-Check irrigation is the dominant technique for irrigating pasture. Centre pivots and lateral move machines are also used within row cropping and pasture/fodder crops and offer higher levels of control than furrow ir... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01775 | How did the Wall Street Crash of 1929 effect everything after? | The primary thing was the creation of the [US Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC]( URL_0 ) in 1934. The US Securities market had little to no regulation before the crash and we realized we needed an federal agency responsible for oversight and regulation. Fun Fact: For the inaugural SEC Chairman, FDR appointed one of the most crooked, unethical traders known to wall street...Joe Kennedy. FDR's philosophy was if we wanted to cut out the shenanigans, let's get an expert. To Joe's credit, he did a fair job and successfully reformed the Securities market. | [
"Debt reached unsustainable levels. Speculation in stocks drove prices up to unpresented valuation levels. The stock market crashed in late October 1929.\n\nSection::::Early 20th century.:Political developments.\n\nThe Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establish... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21506 | Why do fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested ? Shouldn’t they just rot ? | Actually, only a certain classification of fruits do still mature once harvested. They are called climacteric fruits. Unlike non-climacteric fruits which stop their ripening process once harvested, climacteric ones still actively continue their ripening process until their food reserve runs out. Typical characteristics of climacteric fruits are 1. Contain big amount of starch 2. Affected by ethylene gas presence 3. Can change colors during ripening stages Bananas and avocados are climacteric. Rotting process takes place when a fruit can no longer sustain its physiological processes such as respiration (breathing) and transpiration (letting out water vapor). Climacteric fruits in the end will still rot, especially after the end of its ripening stage. Hope that helps :) | [
"When a vegetable is harvested, it is cut off from its source of water and nourishment. It continues to transpire and loses moisture as it does so, a process most noticeable in the wilting of green leafy crops. Harvesting root vegetables when they are fully mature improves their storage life, but alternatively, the... | [
"Fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested.",
"All fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested."
] | [
"Only climacteric fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested.",
"Only a certain classification of fruits still mature once harvested; they are called climacteric fruits. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested.",
"All fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Only climacteric fruits and vegetables still mature once harvested.",
"Only a certain classification of fruits still mature once harvested; they are called climacteric fruits. "
] |
2018-13453 | does an egg have the same amount of calories as a newly hatched chicken? | Not necessarly, when a chick forms it feeds on the yolk while it develops and grows, there actually may be a loss of calories in the process exactly as it hatches VS fresh laid. | [
"The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality of eggs. For instance, chicken eggs that are especially high in omega-3 fatty acids are produced by feeding hens a diet containing polyunsaturated fats from sources such as fish oil, chia seeds, or flaxseeds. Pasture-raised free-range hens, which fora... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"An egg has the same amount of calories as a newly hatched chicken."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"A new chick feeds on yolk as it grows, causing calorie loss."
] |
2018-01471 | Do clouds muffle the sound of thunder (or other sounds)? | The way sound is muffled when going through some sort of foam material is that the air has to be pushed through the small holes, reducing the speed at which the air moves and turning that energy into heat. Clouds consist of very small droplets of air, kinda like very fine dust - which move with the air rather than rubbing against it. | [
"Atmospheric noise is radio noise caused by natural atmospheric processes, primarily lightning discharges in thunderstorms. It is mainly caused by cloud-to-ground flashes as the current is much stronger than that of cloud-to-cloud flashes. On a worldwide scale, 3.5 million lightning flashes occur daily. This is abo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08652 | What makes nitrous oxide a better propellant gas for whipped cream than molecular nitrogen? | Nitrous oxide becomes a liquid when compressed to about 700-800 psi. Moreover it is soluble in fatty substances such as cream.(Note, this allows significantly lower pressures to be used in the container, around 150-200 psi) Other common aerosol propellants such as isobutane are less soluble and tend to separate from the cream in this application. To answer your question specifically, N2 gas has dramatically different physical properties than Nitrous Oxide. In contrast, it cannot be compressed into a liquid, liquifying it requires cooling it cryogenically. N2 is not significantly soluble in most liquids at normal temperatures. The fact that the N2O is soluble in the cream is what allows very fine bubbles to form when the cream is dispensed. | [
"The gas is extremely soluble in fatty compounds. In aerosol whipped cream, it is dissolved in the fatty cream until it leaves the can, when it becomes gaseous and thus creates foam. Used in this way, it produces whipped cream four times the volume of the liquid, whereas whipping air into cream only produces twice ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11543 | Why are some sports (baseball, hockey, football etc) announcers considered good, when compared to others? | Commentating sports is a tough job: you have to keep up with the action that's going on, provide whatever additional color commentary you can about the players, teams, stats, etc., and communicate that well to the audience with the right level of excitement. And ideally, to remain somewhat impartial and deliver a good and fair play\-by\-play. I'm a huge baseball fan, but it's a slow game. But listening to Vin call it, there was never a dull moment. He was able to fold in useful commentary between pitches or at\-bats without missing a beat, he was able to fill the slow moments with analysis, and when a big hit or an awesome play in the field came up, you could feel his excitement and enthusiasm \- whether it was for the Dodgers or the opposition. And aside from standbys like his opener "It's time for Dodger baseball!" he never had to fall back on catchphrases, so every game felt new and interesting. Hawk Harrelson I haven't heard as much of, to be fair, but I know that he's got a handful of folksy catchphrases (like "He gone!" that get on people's nerves. And he definitely makes no secret of his biases \- a bad call that gives the Cubs an advantage is okay, but a poor call that goes against them will be harped on. That just takes energy out of the commentary and makes it harder to actually appreciate and celebrate the game that's going on. | [
"BULLET::::- Benny Parsons\n\nBULLET::::- Dan Patrick\n\nBULLET::::- Roger Penske\n\nBULLET::::- Jimmy Piersall\n\nBULLET::::- Ross Porter\n\nBULLET::::- Sam Posey\n\nBULLET::::- Cynthia Potter\n\nBULLET::::- Jason Priestley\n\nBULLET::::- Kirby Puckett\n\nBULLET::::- Ronnie Ramsey\n\nBULLET::::- Jay Rand\n\nBULLET... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-24370 | How would you explain the purpose of having friends to someone who genuinely had no understanding of the concept? | You still seek approval and understanding from others, so you use reddit and recieve it from anonymous strangers because their is no risk to you and you don't have to put in any effort to maintain the benefits you recieve. Friends are not necessary but they enhance life, you share your successes and even your failures and gain a better understanding of yourself in the process. | [
"According to Nichols and O'Neal, Friends In Deed's purpose is to promote the idea that the quality of life does not depend on the circumstances. During an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2005, O'Neal said that American culture views illness, dying, and death as a form of failure, and that this causes Ameri... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01682 | How can movies show little kids smoking cigarettes? | The cigarettes are most likely vaporisers, with fake cigarettes so that it looks real. Most movies I've seen of kids smoking were from decades ago though, when smoking was thought of as normal. I actually haven't seen many recent films where children.are smoking. | [
"Section::::Production.:Casting.\n",
"Since May 2007, the Motion Picture Association of America may give a film glamorizing smoking or depicting pervasive smoking outside of a historic or other mitigating context a higher rating.\n\nThere have also been moves to reduce the depiction of protagonists smoking in tel... | [
"Movies show kids smoking.",
"Movies should not be able to legally show children smoking cigarettes."
] | [
"The cigs are not real or they are vaporizers. Also it isn't that common anymore. ",
"The cigarettes that children are seen smoking in movies are not real cigarettes, and are likely vaporizers. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Movies show kids smoking.",
"Movies should not be able to legally show children smoking cigarettes."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The cigs are not real or they are vaporizers. Also it isn't that common anymore. ",
"The cigarettes that children are seen smoking in movies are not real cigarettes, and are likely vaporizers. "
] |
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