Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-02297	Why was slavery a common practice that occurred in every civilization at some point?	Slavery is viewed as immoral today because we are forming a world view where all people have equal value. For most of history, this was not a widely held view, so civilizations believed it perfectly fine to enslave "lesser" people.	[ "Evidence of slavery predates written records, and has existed in many cultures. Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations because it requires economic surpluses and a high population density to be viable. Thus, although it has existed among unusually resource-rich hunter gatherers, such as the American Ind...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04665	Why can't governments implement caps on house prices? What other government interference could help the housing crisis?	A government could do such a thing, but there is virtually no benefit to society for a government to do so. Limiting how much money people are able to make means they stop building homes and apartments as they are no longer profitable.	[ "BULLET::::- Review of European Planning Systems – December 2009\n\n2010\n\nBULLET::::- Housing Supply and Planning Controls: The impact of planning control processing times on housing supply in England – February 2010\n\nBULLET::::- Housing affordability: A fuller picture – February 2010\n\nBULLET::::- Evaluating ...	[ "Governments cannot implement caps on housing prices.", "Governments can't implement caps on housing prices." ]	[ "They can do this, but there is no benefit to doing this.", "Governments can implement caps on housing prices, there is just no real benefit to doing so." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Governments cannot implement caps on housing prices.", "Governments can't implement caps on housing prices." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They can do this, but there is no benefit to doing this.", "Governments can implement caps on housing prices, there is just no real benefit to doing so." ]
2018-11915	Why do eyes have that awesome pattern around the pupil and what is the purpose of the coloring?	The colored part is called an iris and is a muscle used to control the size of our pupil, the black part of our eye that allows light to enter. The color is caused by a mutation that reduces the amount of melanin contained in the iris, this lack of melanin allows light to be reflected out of the iris in hues of blue or green and different shades of brown.	[ "Section::::Distinguishing features.\n", "Section::::Genotypes.\n\nTE1/TE1 or TE1/TE2: Yellow, amber, or bright orange eyes.br\n\nTE2/TE2: Blue eyes when in combination with cream. It is not known what this looks like without cream. Only one horse has been tested to carry this genotype.br\n\nTE1/n, TE2/n, or n/n:...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The coloring in the pupil has a purpose." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The coloring in the pupil is caused by a lack of melanin in the eye, which allows light to be reflected out of the iris." ]
2018-01531	Why is it that you can swallow in fast succession when drinking water or eating, but cannot when trying to swallow your own saliva?	Because there's not enough in your mouth to chug. I bet if you spit in a cup till it was full and then chugged that u could get some pretty of fast swallows in (between all the vomiting and crying)	[ "Within this network, central inhibitory connections play a major role, producing a rostrocaudal inhibition that parallels the rostrocaudal anatomy of the swallowing tract. Thus, when the neurons controlling the proximal parts of the tract are active, those that command more distal parts are inhibited. Apart from t...	[ "Cannot swallow saliva in fast succession.", "If a human can swallow in fast succession when drinking or eating, they should be able to do so with their own saliva. " ]	[ "You could if you had more saliva to drink. You need something in your mouth to be able to swallow. ", "There is not enough saliva in ones mouth for them to be able to swallow in a fast succession." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cannot swallow saliva in fast succession.", "If a human can swallow in fast succession when drinking or eating, they should be able to do so with their own saliva. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "You could if you had more saliva to drink. You need something in your mouth to be able to swallow. ", "There is not enough saliva in ones mouth for them to be able to swallow in a fast succession." ]
2018-22309	Where do asteroids come from?	Astroids are rocks. Often born from leftover matter not consumed by terrestrial planets and moons. Part of the planetary process.	[ "Near-Earth asteroids, or NEAs, are asteroids that have orbits that pass close to that of Earth. Asteroids that actually cross Earth's orbital path are known as \"Earth-crossers\". , 14,464 near-Earth asteroids are known and the number over one kilometer in diameter is estimated to be 900–1,000.\n\nSection::::Chara...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01848	How do they get the bubbles inside the soda?	The bubbles are carbon dioxide which is soluble in water. The main method they get the CO2 into the soda is a two step process. The first step is chilling the soda by running it through a chiller. This is necessary because CO2 (and gases in general) can stay dissolved in cold liquids much better and warmer ones. The second step is passing it through a carbonator which is essentially a small pipe that injects the CO2 into the soda. Both of these processes happen "in line" meaning they happen more or less in the pipe as the soda is going from whatever tank its being held in on its way to the filler to put it in a can or bottle. Both the chiller and the carbonator are devices in that pipe.	[ "In many modern restaurants and drinking establishments, soda water is manufactured on-site using devices known as carbonators. Carbonators use mechanical pumps to pump water into a pressurized chamber where it is combined with from pressurized tanks at approximately . The pressurized, carbonated water then flows t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07613	If there is clearly a market for women's clothing with proper pockets, why are they so scarce?	Honestly, it's probably because the market for pockets isn't as strong as you may think. Think of it like this -- are there women's clothing with pockets? Yes. Have people who buy women's clothing purchased those clothes en masse instead of clothes without pockets? No. If people who buy women's clothing were regularly choosing clothes with pockets over clothes without pockets, the companies making pocketed clothes would sell more and continue to make more clothes with pockets and the companies making clothes without pockets would lose sales and stop selling those product. Instead, clothes without pockets continue to sell very well, so companies continue to make those clothes. While people who buy women's clothing may like pockets and see them as added value, their buying decisions indicate that pockets not a decisive factor for most styles of clothing.	[ "In the novel, a young Stephen disparages the lack of \"really adequate pockets\" in the feminine dresses and sashes she is forced to wear. At the end of the nineteenth century, sartorial changes in the dress of the New Woman included the development of accessible pockets in dresses as part of rational dressing, an...	[ "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets.", "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets.", "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets." ]	[ "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pockets.", "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pockets.", "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pockets." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets.", "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets.", "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets.", "There is a demand for female clothing with pockets." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pockets.", "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pockets.", "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pockets.", "There is more demand for female clothing without pockets than with pocke...
2018-02055	How can I have bluetooth on a car with no Bluetooth?	Sound goes to car from those devices via radio. You catch signal from your in car radio. Another type of device is usb powered Bluetooth that connects to your car via AUX cable Hope this helps	[ "In 2002 Audi, with the Audi A8, was the first motor vehicle manufacturer to install Bluetooth technology in a car, enabling the passenger to use a wireless in-car phone. The following year DaimlerChrysler and Acura introduced Bluetooth technology integration with the audio system as a standard feature in the third...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19169	How do the economics of all-you-can-eat restaurants versus pay-per-plate work?	As a former manager of an all-you-can-eat buffet I can say it has to do with volume. When you're preparing food in bulk the price per serving is lower than having to do it individually. Also next time you are at a buffet, look at the layout. Usually you'll see large amounts of vegetables with lots of different colors and a good assortment of desserts. All of these things are there to take up space on your plate so you don't get a plate full of meat. Another trick when it comes to all you can eat buffets is that they make the higher price items harder to get. This is why you have a Carving Station instead of Self Serve. That way most people will only get one piece from The Carving Station as opposed to multiples or making multiple trips because they don't want to stand in line. At the end of the day it comes down to averages. For every person who's going to eat six or seven plates at the buffet there are 10 people who are just going to get one or two so the cost per person averages out to make it profitable. I have no idea why my voice to text capitalizes The Carving Station but I'm too lazy to fix it....	[ "The downside of this exclusive approach is that items that are high in gross profit are typically the highest priced items on the menu and they typically are on the high end of the food cost percentage scale. This approach works fine in price inelastic markets like country clubs and fine dining white table cloth r...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02553	Why haven't they built video cards with the possibility of using your own ram like they do on every motherboard?	Replaceable gddrx modules would add quite a bit of design complexity and cost to a card, while having little benefit as few users would even consider adding more vram (something that also isn't commercially available) as a way of upgrading performance. Also, given that memory is one of the limiting factors on graphics supply, replaceable modules wouldn't likely help out, and likely make the problem worse in the short term, as retailers and distributors would have to stock new memory modules.	[ "For mass-market personal computers, there may be no financial advantage to a manufacturer in providing more memory sockets, address lines, or other hardware than necessary to run mass-market software. When memory devices were relatively expensive compared with the processor, often the RAM delivered with the system...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00678	How did they recalculate the kilogram?	I know I'll come of as conceited, but everybody in this thread is wrong. At the moment, [the kilogram is still defined by The Kilogram]( URL_1 ). There is, however, a [proposal]( URL_0 ) to change this definition. In fact, there is a proposal to change a couple of the 7 SI base units (the metre, the kilogram, the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the candela, and the mole). The proposition is that all of theses base units should be defined by physical constants, which are then set to an exact value. This means that that is their exact value, and there is no uncertainty in them. For instance, the Planck constant currently has some uncertainty due to measurements. With this redefinition, this will disappear. It's also so that these constants aren't chosen arbitrarily. The constants that are chosen are actual constants, and aren't (likely to) going to change. For instance the second. It's going to be defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the frequency of a transition of a Caesium 133 atom, which is equal to 9192631770 when expressed in Hz, which is s^(-1). Similarly, the metre is defined by taking the speed of light, and setting its value to an exact value, paired with the definition of the second. And the kg will be defined as the exact value of Planck's constant, paired with the definition of the speed of light, and the definition of the second. The reason scientists are doing this, is to remove any ambiguity. Currently, if you want to calibrate your scales, you should go to Paris and use The Kilogram. But by defining these units in terms of physical constants, you can do this anywhere. If you're in LA, Hong Kong or Kaapstad, those physical constants will remain the same, and as a result, the units will remain the same. This redefinition removes the need of any physical thing that you need to measure in order to get the unit.	[ "The Kibble balance originating from the National Physical Laboratory was transferred to the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in 2009, where scientists from the two labs continued to refine the instrument.\n", "In April 2007, the NIST's implementation of the Kibble balance demonstrated a combined relativ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The kilogram is recalculated." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The kilogram is only proposed to be recalculated." ]
2018-14809	How do companies repair the damage to the walls of hydroelectric dams?	While I've never done this specifically, I am a civil engineer, so I know enough about it to get you started. First, there are actually techniques for injecting resins and grouts underwater. So they can do small leak repairs and seals pretty easily. Get a diver or robot down there with a hose and pump it into the cracks under pressure. Done. For bigger, structural repairs, where you have to replace the concrete or reinforcement, I'm pretty positive you'll have to be "in the dry". That's a much more difficult issue, and depends on the situation. Depending on the size of the dam and location of the leak, contractors may be able to isolate the repair. It's much like working with bridges, or doing deep foundations. They can install huge metal sheets vertically that extend into the ground. Put enough of them together, and you have a big wall around your worksite. Seal off the edges as best you can, and throw some really big pumps in there, and you'll have a dry work area. You just have to pump water out faster than it's leaking into your site. From there, you can carve out and replace some concrete. Again, depends on the situation. Because installing new concrete onto old concrete is a weaker bond than one continuous piece ("dry joints"). This would make the repair a weak point (again). So there's going to be some detailed structural analysis done. For a big enough dam, and a big enough defect, you're just going to have to divert all the water and rebuild the thing.	[ "Section::::Methods of removal.:Rapid release approach.\n", "On the demolition of the East Span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in Spring 2017, Bluegrass cut and segmented the above-water blocks of Piers E6, E7, E8, and E10 through E16, then core drilled for rigging and removal all the cut blocks except t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03820	Why do those batteries run out when they still have juice left in them?	Alkaline Batteries are a chemical reaction that produces a charge. If the battery runs low, the voltage goes down but over time more reaction can build the voltage back up. It's just slower because there are fewer reactants to run into each other inside the cell. It's like a smoldering fire or a sputtering engine running out of gas. A standard alkaline battery has a 1.5 V charge. 2 of them in series gives 3 V. A mouse might need 2.4 V to push the electrons through the circuits and light the scanning led. A fresh battery can chemically react fast enough to supply constant charge as it is used. When the chemicals are 50% used up, the reaction starts happening slower and can produce less force (voltage is like an electrical pressure) so the voltage difference goes down. Over time, even a slow reaction can build up more pressure temporarily. It's almost exactly like a flat bottle of soda. A full 2 liter bottle will stay pressurized. Squeeze a little air out of it, seal it and shake it up and it will expand. But a half empty bottle needs a lot more shaking and more time to pressurize the bottle.	[ "As a mixed string of new and old batteries is depleted, the string voltage will drop, and when the old batteries are exhausted the new batteries still have charge available. The newer cells may continue to discharge through the rest of the string, but due to the low voltage this energy flow may not be useful, and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14723	Why does being really nervous cause an upset stomach and diarrhoea?	It's called your sympathetic nervous system response. Anytime someone gets nervous or in an anxious situation the body starts to produce adrenaline which is a hormone that pretty much signals "danger danger". The body at that moment stops what it's doing. Contricts(small blood vessels of the skin etc.)and dilates blood vessels to the muscles or the heart so that you either fight or flight. One of the many things that gets "shutdown" is your gastrointestinal motility, your body pretty much stops digesting food because it thinks to itself " who da hell has time to ingest food while I'm running away from a bear" as a result that can cause you diarrhea as the body just doesnt wanna deal with digesting.	[ "Another emotion with a bodily effect that can be measured by EGG is that of stress. When the body is stressed and engages in the fight-or-flight response, blood flow is directed to the muscles in the arms and legs and away from the digestive system. This loss of blood flow slows the digestive system, and this slow...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00415	If the cold doesn't get you sick why do so many people get sick during winter time?	Because more people stay inside when it’s cold, making everyone be in a closer proximity to each other. This allows the germs/viruses to be spread more easily.	[ "The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors, near infected people, and specifically children at school. There is some controversy over the role of low body temperature as a risk factor for the common cold; the majority of the evidence suggests that it may r...	[ "Cold should make you sick in winter time", "Winter time makes people sick." ]	[ "It is the closer proximity that allows more germs/viruses to spread.", "Winter time causes people to stay inside which allows germ/viruses to spread more easily since people are in close proximity." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cold should make you sick in winter time", "Winter time makes people sick." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is the closer proximity that allows more germs/viruses to spread.", "Winter time causes people to stay inside which allows germ/viruses to spread more easily since people are in close proximity." ]
2018-18434	Why is completely giving up alcohol so dangerous for an alcoholic? What exactly is happening to the body once the alcohol is missing?	[its a really complicated mechanism]( URL_0 ) But in short, Ethanol is a nerve system depressant. With extreme abuse, your body tries to compensate by increasing the sensitivity of certain neurons. Take away the depressant, and those hypersensitive neurons go crazy, and you get siezures or potentially death.	[ "Additional medication may be indicated for treatment of nausea, tremor, and anxiety.\n\nSection::::Prognosis.\n\nA normal liver detoxifies the blood of alcohol over a period of time that depends on the initial level and the patient's overall physical condition. An abnormal liver will take longer but still succeeds...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00856	how do demolition companies knock down buildings in cities with dynamite without destroying other buildings and having all the rubble fall in one place?	They carefully calculate and simulate the position and strength of the explosives. It's placed to destroy main holding structures from the middle so that the building would collapse on itself, with outside walls falling inwards, from its own weight.	[ "BULLET::::- On an episode of \"MythBusters\", experiments were done to see if dynamite can be used to clean out hardened concrete from inside of a mixer truck, with limited practical results. For the finale, an excessive amount of explosive (800 lbs of commercial blasting agent) was used, and was detonated from a ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03818	Why Mark Zuckerberg is not prosecuted like Julian Assange?	Well with all the personal information people have on facebook, you could argue he has some leverage over basicly, the world. Also, it's more than likely that facebook is a major partner of the US intelligence system. Let's just say we dont know the whole story, and we never will.	[ "Section::::Career.:Legal controversies.:Paul Ceglia.\n", "On October 26, 2012, federal authorities arrested Ceglia, charging him with mail and wire fraud and of \"tampering with, destroying and fabricating evidence in a scheme to defraud the Facebook founder of billions of dollars.\" Ceglia is accused of fabrica...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Mark Zuckerberg should be prosecuted." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Mark has personal information about everyone so he has leverage. Facebook also is a part of US intelligence. " ]
2018-01112	If CO2 is a gas, how is it weighed in the tons?	Because same as everything else, it has weight. How else would we weight it?	[ "The carbon dioxide equivalency for a gas is obtained by multiplying the mass and the GWP of the gas. The following units are commonly used:\n\nBULLET::::- By the UN climate change panel IPCC: n×10 tonnes of CO equivalent (GtCOeq).\n\nBULLET::::- In industry: million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMT...	[ "Gas cannot be weighed." ]	[ "Gas can be weighed just like any other material. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Gas cannot be weighed." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Gas can be weighed just like any other material. " ]
2018-18301	What happens to light particles after they are observed?	In order to observe the photons, they have to be absorbed by your eyes (or by some other detector like a camera sensor). So nothing happens after because they no longer exist.	[ "In such fields, an electron may gain an energy corresponding to the production of a new electron-positron pair, if it is transported over a distance given by the quantum mechanical uncertainty of its location : Δd= ƛ = ħ/mc. Thus, significant production of new particles is expected – and observed – once the field ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02876	How does audio equipment record sound and play it back exactly correctly?	There's a long answer and a short answer to this. Short answer: There's a component in a microphone that converts vibrations from the air into voltage changes on an electric signal. Those voltage levels are being measured by a device called an Analog-to-Digital-Converter (ADC)(There's also DAC, digital-to-analog, and that's what is necessary to convert the sound from 1's and 0's back to sound we can hear (and thousands of other useful functions, but we're talking about sounds here)). This ADC is constantly measuring the voltage level, usually between 0 and 5 volts, and converting that into a binary representation of that number. That number, in 1's and 0's is then stored using some storage device, which is usually microscopic magnets or transducers that hold a charge. I can post a longer answer if you want. And please feel free to ask for any clarifications.	[ "One more difference to standard formats is the sampling process. The audio stream is sampled and convolved with a triangle function, and interpolated later during playback. The techniques employed, including the sampling of signals with a finite rate of innovation, were developed by a number of researchers over th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10136	Why do diamagnets repel both the North pole and the South pole of an external magnetic field? And from where does the opposing field generates in diamagnets if all of their electronic spins are cancelling out each other's effects?	So, to answer the first part of the question, a magnetic field isn't really made up of north and south poles. The best way to think about it is a bunch of field lines with little arrows attached to the lines. What we call the north end of a magnet is just where the arrows point away from the material and the south pole is where the arrows point towards the material. Explaining diamagnetism in terms of classical electromagnetism isn't technically correct (classical E & M actually doesn't allow any induced magnetism in materials and it is purely a quantum phenomenon), so take that as a disclaimer for the rest of the explanation. There is a law known as Lenz's law which tells us that a current will be induced in a wire loop which opposes magnetic fields which go through them. Now, we can think of electron orbitals as tiny wire loops, and so diamagnetism arises more or less because these "loops" will cancel or repel an applied field (they will create a field whose arrows point in the opposite direction of the applied field). Every material is diamagnetic to some extent since they all are built up of these electrons in orbitals. However, we usually only see the effects in materials which have fully filled orbitals (this is how they are able to levitate frogs in n strong magnetic fields). Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials arise from unpaired electrons. This creates what is known as a magnetic moment (essentially a magnetic field which arises just from properties the electron has). When a magnetic field is applied to these atoms, the magnetic moments like to align themselves with the applied field. Now, this effect tends to be significantly stronger than the diamagnetic effects and so we get an attractive force as opposed to a repulsive one. However, when the orbitals are filled with two electrons, their magnetic moments cancel and so only the diamagnetic effects are apparent.	[ "Diamagnetism is a magnetic response shared by all substances. In response to an applied magnetic field, electrons precess (see Larmor precession), and by Lenz's law they act to shield the interior of a body from the magnetic field. Thus, the moment produced is in the opposite direction to the field and the suscept...	[ "Diamagnets repel both the North and South poles of a magnetic field." ]	[ "A magnetic field is not made up of a North and South pole." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Diamagnets repel both the North and South poles of a magnetic field." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A magnetic field is not made up of a North and South pole." ]
2018-04390	Why are organic compunds made out of C? Why is it so important?	Carbon (C, as you put it) is a very small, decently reactive element, which makes it good for chemistry in general. It forms moderately strong bonds with just about anything. What makes Carbon special is that it's a nonmetal with four valence electrons (and thus has for slots left for forming atomic bonds). Most other elements have 3 or fewer spots. Combined with its small size (which means stronger bonds), carbon is very good at making long, complex chains or rings of chemicals, or bonding in multiple ways to the same elements. Life needs those massive chain/ring-shaped chemicals to work; your DNA is perhaps the biggest such chemical.	[ "Although some C alpha olefin is sold into aqueous detergent applications, C has other applications such as being converted into chloroparaffins. A recent application of C is as on-land drilling fluid basestock, replacing diesel or kerosene in that application. Although C is more expensive than middle distillates, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02979	Why and how does weather change?	There are three main reasons why weather changes in Earth: 1. The distance between the Earth and the Sun and the translation movement. 2. The tilt of the Earth and the rotation movement. 3. The relative distribution of water masses and land. The closer the Earth is to the sun, the warmer it will be. That's easy to catch, the closer you are to a fire during a camp night, the warmer you will be. The [habitable zone]( URL_3 ) has a particular characteristic: It is "at the right distance" where there can be some minor changes in temperature. If you're too close to the Sun, you'll always be too hot, and if you're too far away from it, you'll always be too cold. Just like you can find the right distance at the campfire where you're not too hot or too cold, and have some room to control the temperature, the habitable zone works in a similar way. This helps having different weathers. The translation movement is the [periodical movement of the Earth around the Sun]( URL_4 ), at some stages the Earth is closer to the Sun, at the other ones it's further away from it. This influences how much energy the Earth is receiving from the Sun, the closer it is, the more energy it receives, the warmer it will be. About the [Earth's tilt]( URL_7 ) (and to some extent, Earth's geoidal shape), has the following consequence: Some parts of the planet are further away from the Sun than other. Just like I mentioned before, the closer you are to the Sun, the warmer you will be. In the previous diagram, you can notice that the part of the globe that is closer to the Sun at all times is the Equator. Now, think about a piece of meat that you're cooking to an open fire. If you make it rotate along its axis, letting every bit of meat be touched every now and then by the heat, your meat will cook evenly. Something similar happens in Earth, it is naturally spinning along its rotation axis, which is why we have days and nights. A side effect of this is that almost all places on Earth receive some sunlight during the day, how much they receive depends on its relative position respective to the Equator, and where the Earth is facing during its translation movement. [This video helps you see how all the movements look together]( URL_2 ). Finally, there's the distribution of masses of water and land. Just by giving a quick glance to a [map of our planet]( URL_6 ) you can notice one thing: Land and water aren't distributed evenly. For it to be distributed evenly, it should be something like a chessboard, where a color tile is land and the other one is water. But, why is this important? It has to do with the definition of climate. In short, climate is the combination of annual average temperature and annual precipitation. Currently, the [most accepted climate classification is Köppen's]( URL_5 ). If you check the names of the climates, it says how hot it is (tropical = hot, temperate = warmish, cold = cold, etc.) and how much it rains (also when it rains). Water is intimately involved with the [regulation of temperature]( URL_0 ) and, obviously, with the precipitation regime. The closer you are to a mass of water, the more it will rain and the more regulated the temperature will be. If you've ever been to a beach (either hot, warm, or cold), you might have noticed that even at night the temperature feels pretty similar to the day, but in places far away from water, the temperature swings all the way around from day to night (like a desert, where it is very hot at the day, and very cold at the night). The closer you are to a water mass, the more humid the air will be, thus, the more it will rain. As you get some distance between you and a water mass, the air gets drier and drier. Those three factors have to consequences: One is climates but another one is the movement of winds, which can carry cold or hot air. The wind masses also influence weather because they're moving water with a particular temperature from one part of the planet to another. For example, mediterranean climates are affected by such winds. To get it even further, [climates can also be influenced by mountains]( URL_1 ) because they work as barriers against wind currents that carry humid air. That's why every major mountain chain has a desert close to it, because the wind coming from one side is condensing at that side, liberating all the water and when it goes to the other side, it's drier.	[ "Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see Effect o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02167	If the world was flooded such as in the game "The Flame and the Flood" wouldn't all water be saltwater due to the massive rains connecting all water?	The world can not be flooded. Not by present conditions. There is not enough water. If all water on the planet melted, the seas would rise about 230 feet. That still leaves most mountains ranges far above the rising sea level. For the world to flood, outside factors would need to be present. Comets could do it. Few million of them. It would take a long time.	[ "BULLET::::- Without the inflow from the Atlantic, the Mediterranean would evaporate much more water than it receives, and would evaporate down to two large lakes, one on the Balearic Abyssal Plain, the other further east.\n\nBULLET::::- The east lake would receive most of the incoming river water, and may have ove...	[ "World can be flooded." ]	[ "World could not be flooded because there isn't enough water on Earth. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "World can be flooded." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "World could not be flooded because there isn't enough water on Earth. " ]
2018-03278	How is median rent in Manhattan ~$3,300 while median household income is only ~$67,000?	Probably because a lot of people who work in Manhattan don't live there, but commute into the area every day and leave in the evening. From an economics point of view, more people want to live in Manhattan than there are places available, so the price goes up. It'll then continue to raise until the price becomes high enough that not as many people want it any more. In short, while that might seem like a lot to you, enough people are willing to pay that much of their income (or they have higher than median incomes) that the price can be that high.	[ "Overall, nominal household income in New York City is characterized by large variations. This phenomenon is especially true of Manhattan, which in 2005 was home to the highest incomes U.S. census tract, with a household income of $188,697, as well as the lowest, where household income was $9,320. The disparity is ...	[ "It does not make sense for Manhattan to have a median rent of 3,300 when median income is only 67,000" ]	[ "Many people that actually work in Manhattan don't live in Manhattan, making the cost to live versus the median income of the city irrelevant. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It does not make sense for Manhattan to have a median rent of 3,300 when median income is only 67,000", "It does not make sense for Manhattan to have a median rent of 3,300 when median income is only 67,000" ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Many people that actually work in Manhattan don't live in Manhattan, making the cost to live versus the median income of the city irrelevant. ", "Many people that actually work in Manhattan don't live in Manhattan, making the cost to live versus the median income of the city irrelevant. " ]
2018-04248	Why is life assumed to have a common ancestor rather than potentially having multiple sources of first life?	1. We all share a similar genetic code. There's no reason why this particular code is any better than another conceivable one. 2. We all follow the "Central Dogma" of DNA-- > RNA-- > protein by replication/transcription/translation. These mechanisms have major similarities across all life. 3. We all have similar ribosomes. This is similar to #2 but the most striking example. Eukaryotes (e.g. humans) and Archaeans (like bacteria) have highly similar ribosomes, while bacteria have less similar. It appears Eukaryotes/Archaeans diverged from bacteria sooner than Eukaryotes/Archaeans diverged from each other. 4. It appears Eukaryotes are actually Archaeans who formed a mutualistic relationship with some bacteria. There's other reasons, but those are the bio 101 explanations.	[ "In 2010, based on \"the vast array of molecular sequences now available from all domains of life,\" a formal test of universal common ancestry was published. The formal test favored the existence of a universal common ancestor over a wide class of alternative hypotheses that included horizontal gene transfer. Basi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03406	why does the vision darken and limbs become shaky when we slip?	This is part of the adrenaline response; your brain narrows vision (so you can focus on a threat), enhances strength and speed for gross motor functions like swinging a weapon or running (at the expense of fine motor control, so you get shaky), and constricts blood flow to extremities to reduce the risk of bleeding out from a wound to the limbs (again causing some shakiness). For the specific use-case of slipping, this isn't particularly helpful, but in the case of a predator or lethal fight with traditional weapons, this is incredibly useful. But for modern day, situations like this don't come up for most people, and when they do, we're typically using a firearm to deal with the threat, and this is something that needs to be worked around anyway. Basically it was evolutionarily useful for millions of years for mammals to have this response, and only in our very recent history has it become more of a hindrance than a help.	[ "BULLET::::- Jumping fits (in which motor control is partially or totally lost)\n\nBULLET::::- Tremors\n\nOne study described a patient with astasis as lying in bed with a normal body posture. When the patient was sitting, he tilted his body to the left. When he was asked to stand up, the patient rotated his trunk ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12357	How do password managers sync passwords between devices without compromising security?	They sync an encrypted file with the passwords. You still need to decrypt it with your master password in each device.	[ "Password managers commonly reside on the user's personal computer or mobile device, such as smart phones, in the form of a locally installed software application. These applications can be offline, wherein the password database is stored independently and locally on the same device as the password manager software...	[ "Password managers sync passwords between devices without compromising security." ]	[ "Password managers sync an encrypted file with the passwords while a master password is required to decrypt it in each device." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Password managers sync passwords between devices without compromising security." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Password managers sync an encrypted file with the passwords while a master password is required to decrypt it in each device." ]
2018-01769	How come the military is "always recruiting" and are all countries like this?	People are always leaving and moving up even when an army downsizes. Ergo there are always needs for replacements at the bottom. Now you may not get to be a helicopter pilot. There is always need in the infantry	[ "However, Child Soldiers International also reported in 2018 that at least 46 states were recruiting personnel below the age of 18. Most of these states were recruiting from age 17, including Australia, China, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia and the United States (US); approximately 20 were recruiting from age 16, in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02568	Why is 0 to the power of 0 undefined?	Because it gives you different answers depending on how you approach the problem. If you take a function like f(x) = x^(0), as x approaches zero the function approaches 1. Same with f(x) = x^(x). But if you do f(x) = 0^(x), as x approaches zero the function approaches zero. When you have conflicting limits like this, it means the value is undefined. That said, many mathematicians find it easier to simply define 0^0 as equal to 1.	[ "Zero to the power of zero\n\nZero to the power of zero, denoted by 0, is a mathematical expression with no agreed-upon value. The most common possibilities are 1 or leaving the expression undefined, with justifications existing for each, depending on context.\n\nIn algebra, combinatorics, or set theory, the genera...	[ "0 to the power of 0 is undefined." ]	[ "Many mathematicians define 0 to the power of 0 as 1." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "0 to the power of 0 is undefined." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Many mathematicians define 0 to the power of 0 as 1." ]
2018-07038	Why do ancient Roman and Grecian sculptures have small penises?	As far as I know during Greek and Roman times, small penises were considered more appealing and larger penises were saved for barbarians and other undesirables.	[ "The ancient Greeks believed that small penises were ideal. Scholars believe that most ancient Greeks probably had roughly the same size penises as most other Europeans, but Greek artistic portrayals of handsome youths show them with inordinately small, uncircumcised penises with disproportionately large foreskins,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02474	Why does gum loose it’s flavor over time, and what ingredients do companies add that makes gum “long lasting”?	The main reason gum loses its taste is due to your saliva. What saliva does is break down these flavour molecules, stripping them from the gum. So if you have less saliva, or you chew on a piece less often, it would stand to reason that the piece would last a bit longer. As for longer lasting gums, they don't typically last much longer than the rest. Most gum companies use most of the same chemicals, so it would more likely be a result of how they coat and manufacture the gum.	[ "Table 3: Gum Base Ingredients Approved for Use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016)\n\nSection::::Manufacturing process.\n", "Ford Gum\n\nFord Gum is a brand of bubble gum and chewing gum often found in gum machines. It is produced by Ford Gum & Machine Co. The history of the company goes back to 1913...	[ "Companies with long lasting gum, use a different ingredient in order to make them last longer. " ]	[ "Companies with long lasting gum don't really use different materials than any other, but it does depend on how they coat and manufacture the gum. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Companies with long lasting gum, use a different ingredient in order to make them last longer. ", "Companies with long lasting gum, use a different ingredient in order to make them last longer. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Companies with long lasting gum don't really use different materials than any other, but it does depend on how they coat and manufacture the gum. ", "Companies with long lasting gum don't really use different materials than any other, but it does depend on how they coat and manufacture the gum. " ]
2018-03479	What happens to the kinetic energy of a moving car?	The kinetic energy is the movement of the car. Unless you mean where does it go when the car stops in which case when you apply the brakes the brakes cause a lot of friction which turns the kinetic energy of the car into heat and sound.	[ "Section::::External and internal costs.:Private or internal costs.:Kinetic speed vs. consumer speed.\n\nThe Austrian philosopher Ivan Illich, a critic of the modern society habits, was one of the first thinkers to establish the so-called consumer speed concept. He wrote in his book \"Energy and Equity\" published ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04543	Why are coastlines oftentimes self-similar fractals?	Coastlines aren't self-similar. Self-similarity is an easy way to construct a fractal, but not all fractals need to be self-similar. In mathematics you're simply more likely to encounter self-similar fractals as it's way easier to describe them or work with them in a proof. Fractal itself just means a shape that doesn't stop being "bumby", no matter how much you zoom into it.	[ "Coastlines are less definite in their construction than idealized fractals such as the Mandelbrot set because they are formed by various natural events that create patterns in statistically random ways, whereas idealized fractals are formed through repeated iterations of simple, formulaic sequences.\n\nSection::::...	[ "coastlines are self similar fractals sometimes.", "Coastlines are self similar. " ]	[ "coastlines are not self similar. ", "Coastlines are not self similar, despite them being a fractal. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "coastlines are self similar fractals sometimes.", "Coastlines are self similar. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "coastlines are not self similar. ", "Coastlines are not self similar, despite them being a fractal. " ]
2018-01516	Why are oil and water together more slippery than either alone on pavement.	it's not the mixture of oil and rainwater that makes the road slippery. it's that rain water is more dense than the oil that's inside the cracks of the pavement. when rainwater seeps into the pavement, the oil that's in the cracks rises to the top of the pavement, which prevents rubber tires from making good contact with the pavement.	[ "New models are beginning to show how kinetic friction can be greater than static friction. Kinetic friction is now understood, in many cases, to be primarily caused by chemical bonding between the surfaces, rather than interlocking asperities; however, in many other cases roughness effects are dominant, for exampl...	[ "Oil and water together makes the road more slippery than either one on the road alone." ]	[ "The combination of oil and water don't make the road more slippery than one of the substances alone, what causes the issue is that rainwater is more dense than oil, and when oil sits a top of the dense water it makes it more difficult for the tires to make contact with the road. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Oil and water together makes the road more slippery than either one on the road alone.", "Oil and water together makes the road more slippery than either one on the road alone." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The combination of oil and water don't make the road more slippery than one of the substances alone, what causes the issue is that rainwater is more dense than oil, and when oil sits a top of the dense water it makes it more difficult for the tires to make contact with the road. ", "The combination of oil and wa...
2018-04477	Where did the idea for blue raspberry come from?	There are actual fruits called blue raspberries, but they really look more purple or black (not to be confused with blackberries which are related but different). The bright blue color mostly came about to avoid having another red-colored flavor, since that color was already associated with cherry, strawberry, and to a lesser degree watermelon.	[ "Blue raspberry flavor\n\nBlue raspberry is a common flavoring for candy, snack foods, syrups, and soft drinks. The flavor ostensibly originates from \"Rubus leucodermis\", more commonly known as the \"whitebark raspberry\" or \"blue raspberry\" for the blue-black color of its fruit.\n", "Developer Sikes original...	[ "Blue raspberries are an idea that was invented." ]	[ "There are real fruits called blue raspberries. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Blue raspberries are an idea that was invented." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are real fruits called blue raspberries. " ]
2018-19546	if lava is molten earth leaving the interior of the planet, how does earth get back into the planet? How does the earth not become more hollow with each eruption?	Because there are points of the earth where the crust is going back into the mantle and being remelted. It's called subduction. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )	[ "Oceanic crust, which forms the bedrock of abyssal plains, is continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges (a type of divergent boundary) by a process known as decompression melting. Plume-related decompression melting of solid mantle is responsible for creating ocean islands like the Hawaiian islands, as well as...	[ "The earth may become more hollow due to lava eruptions." ]	[ "No, because there are points of the earth where the crust goes back into the mantle and is remelted - subduction." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The earth may become more hollow due to lava eruptions.", "The earth may become more hollow due to lava eruptions." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "No, because there are points of the earth where the crust goes back into the mantle and is remelted - subduction.", "No, because there are points of the earth where the crust goes back into the mantle and is remelted - subduction." ]
2018-03649	where did the sand come from for the Sahara desert ?	Not a professor, but I'll share what I was told. When I studied in Egypt, my professor said that the Sahara used to be underwater - the bottom of an ocean. When we visited the Sahara, thousands of miles from the ocean, we found seashells, so I tend to believe her statement.	[ "For most of the Quaternary, from 2.6 million years ago to the present, the basin seems to have been a huge, well-watered plain, with many rivers and water bodies, probably rich in plant and animal life. Towards the end of this period the climate became drier. Around 20,000-40,000 years ago, eolianite sand dunes be...	[ "Sand must have come from somewhere else.", "Sand in the Sahara came from somewhere else." ]	[ "Sand was there originally because the sahara was underwater. ", "Sand has always been in the Sahara, since the Sahara use to be underwater. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sand must have come from somewhere else.", "Sand in the Sahara came from somewhere else." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sand was there originally because the sahara was underwater. ", "Sand has always been in the Sahara, since the Sahara use to be underwater. " ]
2018-18126	Why does the sound of my voice and the sound of my voice on a recording sound so different?	Because they are different! Your bones are great at conducting low frequencies, and then there's your speech centers coloring your impression of your voice. When you listen to a recording, you're listening from a different perspective, so you lose out on those and hear (mostly) what everyone else hears you as.	[ "Section::::Overview.\n\nBone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequentl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05795	Why are baby teeth rarely crooked but adult teeth often are?	Baby teeth have very little resistance coming in, where as adult teeth have to deal with unequal pressures during development, uneven spacing as baby teeth fall out, etc	[ "BULLET::::- More teeth appear, often in the order of two lower incisors then two upper incisors followed by four more incisors and two lower molars but some babies may still be waiting for their first.\n\nBULLET::::- Arm and hands are more developed than feet and legs (cephalocaudal development); hands appear larg...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00811	How TV shows maintain a person's attention span more than movies.	Gotta point out here that a lot of people, myself included, don't share your viewing habits. Individually or as a group, our family can easily sit down through an entire movie of two hours or so at home, maybe take one break to refresh snacks or beverages through a pause in the middle. Ditto a couple one-hour episodes of TV shows that we've taped or have on Netflix. But that's really about it, other than that they're kind of equivalent. We can't do more than a couple one-hour shows per sitting. For those that DO binge-watch, part of it is the whole process of "getting to the end", much like people will stay up really late to read those last hundred pages of a gripping long novel. Movies are done after two hours, and then it's time for something else. Bingewatched series are much more of a marathon, and you get a lot more between-episode points to "watch just one more show" in the series, especially when the previous episode ended in a cliffhanger or twist of some kind.	[ "The stories are written to reach periodic semi-cliffhangers coinciding with the network-scheduled times for the insertion of commercials, and are further managed to fill, but not exceed, the fixed running times allotted by the network to each movie \"series\". In the case of films made for cable channels, they may...	[ "TV shows maintain a person's attention span more than movies.", "TV shows maintain a person's attention span more than movies." ]	[ "TV shows do not necessarily maintain a person's attention span more than movies.", "It is not factual that everyones attention span is maintained by TV shows more than movies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "TV shows maintain a person's attention span more than movies.", "TV shows maintain a person's attention span more than movies." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "TV shows do not necessarily maintain a person's attention span more than movies.", "It is not factual that everyones attention span is maintained by TV shows more than movies." ]
2018-05549	how the planet's in our solar system formed	As the sun formed, some of the material flung off. Some of it was ejected far out into space, some was pulled back in, but some was flung at just the right velocity to orbit the sun. Through electromagnetic forces at first and then gravity, this stuff in orbit started pulling together into clumps. As these clumps orbited, they picked up more matter, increasing their gravity and thus pulling in even more matter in their orbital path. All sorts of chaos likely ensued as different clumps bumped into each other or had enough gravitational influence to fling them around. But over billions of years, things eventually settled into a stable configuration as the planets we see today.	[ "Section::::Formation hypothesis.:Alternative theories.:Urey's model.\n", "Section::::Formation hypothesis.:Alternative theories.:Lyttleton's scenario.\n", "Section::::Subsequent evolution.:Asteroid belt.\n", "Section::::Formation hypothesis.:Alternative theories.:The Chamberlin-Moulton model.\n", "After th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22963	What does each browser extension (.com, .gov, .edu, etc.) do? Does it make a difference? How/when did they come about?	traditionally .com was commercial. .org was non profit or some other organization. .net was network related site. .edu was educational. .gov was government website. some of these are reserved like .edu .gov but the others are fair game today. and they are coming up with increasing numbers of top level domain names every year.	[ "Example.com\n\nexample.com, example.net, example.org, and example.edu are second-level domain names reserved for documentation purposes and examples of the use of domain names.\n\nThe second-level domain label \"example\" for the top-level domains .com, .net, and .org, was reserved in 1999 by the Internet Engineer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10603	I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?	Each pill might only cost $0.03 or something to make, but the first pill with all the research and development and testing and regulation and approval and so on and so forth might cost over one billion dollars. That's a lot of investment, and if anyone is going to go down that road, they need to be compensated for finding a cure. Patent law ensures that companies that invent cures have exclusive rights to that cure for a length of time so they can make their money back. After that period the drug can be manufactured without paying the inventor for every pill made. Those are the "generic" drugs, and that's why they're cheaper.	[ "People and governments in developing countries have far fewer financial resources to bear high monopoly prices and drug prices even for patent-protected medicines in these countries are often considerably lower. Profits are often insubstantial and do not proportionally cover development costs. In many cases, a pat...	[ "Pills cost a lot of money to make.", "The only cost of production for prescription medicine is making the pill." ]	[ "Pills may be cheap to make, but their research and development is an expensive investment.", "The cost of a new prescription drug includes research, development, and licensing." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Pills cost a lot of money to make.", "The only cost of production for prescription medicine is making the pill." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Pills may be cheap to make, but their research and development is an expensive investment.", "The cost of a new prescription drug includes research, development, and licensing." ]
2018-08543	why is 4 beats per measure so common in music?	It’s a really good middle ground between having enough beats to explore the chord you’re on on the progression while also being a small enough number that our brains can easily keep track of it. It’s also really nice because it has clear subdivisions they are also small and convenient to use. The problem with five is that it’s a bit long, so our brains don’t keep track quite as well with where we are, especially given the way that we use “down-beats” in music. We alternate between “down-beats” and the “back-beat” as a way of providing a sort of constant in the music to keep us grounded. This is the alternating between the deep bass drum and the snare in most rock. In 4/4, the length of time between the down and up beats will be constant (unless you’re fiddling around with the meter), which helps keep the music grounded. In 3/4 or 5/4, there’s no way to, within a single measure, have an amount of time between down and up beats that is equal. Think of a waltz, which would be in 3/4, and how it has a down-up-up feel that gives it a nice airiness.	[ "Concerning the use of a two-over-three (2:3) hemiola in Beethoven's String Quartet No. 6, Ernest Walker states, \"The vigorously effective Scherzo is in time, but with a curiously persistent cross-rhythm that does its best to persuade us that it is really in .\"\n\nSection::::In western art music.:Polyrhythm, not ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02298	How is nuclear waste sent to disposal sites?	There’s a bunch of standards and regulations that dictate what a container for nuclear waste has to do. It has to hold in the radiation, survive significant collisions for safety, etc. The result is that they’re almost exclusively big, thick, layered thermos-like casks involving a thick layer or more of steel and lead. Those are put on trucks/trains, and driven to the disposal site as discreetly as possible, under significant security.	[ "The nuclear industry also produces a large volume of low-level radioactive waste in the form of contaminated items like clothing, hand tools, water purifier resins, and (upon decommissioning) the materials of which the reactor itself is built. Low-level waste can be stored on-site until radiation levels are low en...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03930	The differences between a guitar/bass amp, pre-amp, head, and PA.	Pre-amp: electrical signals from microphones, guitar pickups, and so on, are usually very small, and too weak to travel through wires to other equipment or to be used as input to other circuits. A pre-amp is a specialized amp that boosts the signals so they can get to where we need them, usually with high fidelity and very little alteration. Guitar/bass amp: Electric instruments go through a sequence of circuits before getting sent to a speaker that converts the electrical signal into sound. A typical amp contains all of those components inside a single case. So technically, there is more than just an amp inside an "amp"; for example, most amps have at least some equalization, that changes the tone of the instrument, and most guitar amps contain distortion or overdrive circuits, to create that rock guitar sound. The big picture purpose of the amp is to produce performance worthy sound from the (otherwise smaller) signals produced by the instrument. Head: While an all-in-one instrument amp is convenient, once you start to get a little high end, or picky in your sound, or just need to be louder, it makes sense to separate the amplifier part from the speaker part. A head is the electrical components of an amp, sold separate from the speaker cabinet(s). I've heard some people also refer to mixers as heads (see next), but I consider that weird. PA: Public address systems are an old fashioned, colloquial nickname for a "sound reinforcement system". They vary widely in capabilities, but generally a PA system will have a mixer that takes in multiple inputs (e.g. vocal mic, guitar, bass, maybe drum mics if you're in a large room or planning to record), some degree of equalization and effects to change the sound quality (e.g. artificial reverberation or echo), and outputs to power amplifiers (also called heads sometimes) that produce the power needed to drive speakers pointed at the audience. Sometimes there are also similar components for speakers pointed at the band, called monitors, so they can hear themselves better (there's no way a singer can compete with rock band level stage volume, so they need monitors). Across the full spectrum of music and musical equipment, there's a lot of variation, and given that you have a "ukelele", you might not be the typical customer. But the above is at least an ELI5 outline. Edit: formatting.	[ "BULLET::::- Rocktron Chameleon Pre amp\n\nBULLET::::- Rocktron Voodoo Valve Pre amp\n\nBULLET::::- Rocktron Intellifex\n\nBULLET::::- Rocktron Replifex\n\nSection::::Equipment.:Amplification.\n", "Section::::Product models and variants.:Studio.\n\nBULLET::::- POD 1.0 - 16 guitar amp models\n\nBULLET::::- POD 2.0...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04961	Why does blood taste and smell like metal?	The iron we need as a nurtient, that's found in many foods and vitamins? That's where it ends up in our body... Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that carried oxygen through our bloodstream.	[ "Like chevaliers and chiroptera, the Schiff have enhanced speed and strength, and must drink blood to survive. However they are different in two key ways: sunlight will burn them to death, and they form a condition they call \"Thorn\" that causes them to slowly crystallize. It initially manifests itself as red crac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00371	What are the floating light things if you look at a bright light or press on your eyes hard enough?	The structure of the gel that fills the eye can have tiny imperfections which you notice as floaters when they cast a shadow on the retina. This is nothing to worry about and can increase with age.	[ "Lightbox\n\nA lightbox is a translucent surface illuminated from behind, used for situations where a shape laid upon the surface needs to be seen with high contrast.\n\nSection::::Types.\n\nSeveral varieties exist, depending on their purpose:\n\nBULLET::::- Various backlit viewing devices:\n", "Eye floaters are ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01495	How do clocks become fast or slow over time?	Your watch is not keeping the exact time. There are 86400 seconds in a day, but if it is mechanically measuring 86399 seconds in a day, then after 2 months, it'll be one minute off. We're talking about a 0.001% error here. For many inexpensive watches, it is 'easy' to not build to this level of specificity. This is especially true since after 6 months, you'll be 3 minutes out of date at this rate, and then you change your watch for Daylight Savings time anyways, and you'll fix the error then.	[ "Everyday clocks such as wristwatches have finite precision. Eventually they require correction to remain accurate. The rate of drift depends on the clock's quality, sometimes the stability of the power source, the ambient temperature, and other subtle environmental variables. Thus the same clock can have different...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08672	Why does sparkling water taste different than regular water?	When carbon dioxide is dissolved into the water, it creates carbonic acid. Humans can taste acids, also called tangy, like vinegar. Even when carbonated water goes flat, some of the carbonic acid remains.	[ "The sparkling quality of these wines comes from its carbon dioxide content and may be the result of natural fermentation, either in a bottle, as with the traditional method, in a large tank designed to withstand the pressures involved (as in the Charmat process), or as a result of simple carbon dioxide injection i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00787	Why are police able to match a bullet to a specific gun using forensic ballistic analysis?	fire a few bullets down the barrel and its going to get some new marks in it. those marks then scratch future bullets. Its not 100% accurate, if you tested a bullet against every gun in the world, you would probably find a few possible matches, but if you generally suspect this gun to be related to that shooting AND the markings match, thats too much of a coincidence to ignore.	[ "When a firearm or a bullet or cartridge case are recovered from a crime scene, forensic examiners compare the ballistic fingerprint of the recovered bullet or cartridge case with the ballistic fingerprint of a second bullet or cartridge case test-fired from the recovered firearm. If the ballistic fingerprint on th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13705	What causes differences between websites on between countries? (Ex. Google US vs Google India, or Netflix Canada vs Netflix Japan)	A company wants to earn as much money as possible, so they change their website, selection etc. to earn as much money as possible.	[ "Many elements of a website that are different according to the locale of the client need only minor manual changes by a localizer, or none at all. For example, the system on which the website is created should automatically produce the correct currency symbol based on the country in which the client is located. \n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00081	All the bugs seem to disappear in winter but then repopulate in summer; where do they all go?	Burrow into the ground, under tree bark, under the grass and leaves, leave behind eggs that hatch as it warms up. There are a number of wintering options for insects.	[ "Among other methods, recommendations to protect heritage collections of textiles include checking the undersides of chairs, moving and vacuum-cleaning all furniture once a month and sealing the discarded vacuum cleaner bag, checking and shaking textiles every month, and regularly checking attics and chimneys. If t...	[ "Bugs disappear in winter." ]	[ "Bugs are under tree bark, grass, leaves, or in the ground." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bugs disappear in winter." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bugs are under tree bark, grass, leaves, or in the ground." ]
2018-02922	What happens to your immune system during a bacterial infection? Does it get weaker? Stronger?	An infection is essentially a miniature war. On one end you have your immune system, charged with defending your body to the end. On the other, you have bacteria, looking to use your body's resources for their own needs. Now when an infection starts, the bacteria must first get passed the first layer of defence of your body - your skin in most cases, mucus in any hole that leads to your interior. In our example, we'll say you stepped on a rusted nail, breaching the skin. At this point macrophages enter the battle. They're essentially the angry border control guards in Soviet Russia in our example war. If they don't like an intruder they will destroy it by swallowing it. In most cases, the skin and macrophages can defend agienst most attempts to infect you without you noticing. If the macrophages are overwhelmed, they call for reinforcements and flood the battlefield with fluid to slow the bacteria down (you'll notice this as some swelling and redness). The reinforcements, dendritic cells, take samples of slain invaders and decides if it needs to gather anti bacterial weapons, or anti viral weapons. In either case they make their way to the nearest lymph node and prepare to activate the main defences of your body. At the lymph node, the dendritic cells start to look for helper T-cells that are effective agienst the invaders and activates them. If it can't find one, then it must train one. Training one can take a few days or even weeks, but if one is already around it immediately goes into service. If the macrophages where Russian border guards then T-cells are like the russian special forces. They split into 3 main groups, the first group goes to the infection site and starts to fight the infection, the second goes to activate helper B cells, and the third goes to make more T cells. The helper B cells are a weapons factory, they make and ship millions of specialized molecules called antibodies and flood the infection site with them. Back at the infection site, the bacteria might have made headway in thier assult, maybe taking out some body cells, and are overwhelming the macrophages. Using the territory and resources they have, they can multiply their numbers and take even more ground. But now the main defensive forces are arriving. Antibodies slow, or even prevent the invading bacteria's movement and makes it easier for the macrophages to slaughter them, while the helper t-cells keep the macrophages alive and do their own killing. At this point so many bacteria and immune cells are dying you might start to notice a yellowish pus in the wound. The battle slowly shifts to the immune systems favour, as long as the weapons are effective and the body can keep replacing lost troops. Finally after the battle is over, most of the cells created for this war die off. But some vets go stay in the lymph node, waiting to be reactivated when another infection arises. This is also how vaccines work - they introduce a crippled bacteria or virus to the immune system so it can train its weapons and soldiers on it before an actual infection occurs. Immunity to a bacteria or virus just means your body already has the tools to destroy it and doesn't need to spend a week trying to make an effective weapon.	[ "An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host (also called intracellular pathogenesis). Here, a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells, where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells, antibodies and complement...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18690	Why is it that when you take a nap for a short while you wake up feeling energized, but when you sleep for a long period of time you are still sleepy?	This would be due to the way your body has different “phases” of sleep. After the first 20-30 minutes your body begins to go into REM sleep which is the deepest part of the sleep cycle. Taking a nap but waking up before the REM stage often makes it easier to wake from and kinda “tricks” your body into feeling less tired. Although the physiological mechanisms of sleep are somewhat disputed, it seems to be agreed upon that normal brain activity builds up temporary layers of plaque around the brain and it is believed sleep “flushes” that plaque, hence the reason why short naps may leave you feeling refreshed. Perhaps someone with a little more expertise could elaborate on the processes that occur in your body before and during REM sleep.	[ "Power naps restore alertness, performance, and learning ability. A nap may also reverse the hormonal impact of a night of poor sleep or reverse the damage of sleep deprivation. A University of Düsseldorf study found superior memory recall once a person had reached 6 minutes of sleep, suggesting that the onset of s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22692	Why do American/European(foreign) tourists always wear a backpack everywhere?	They're usually travel backpacks, which are extremely light and conformable to wear at all times, plus they don't get in the way of your other motions. When you're a tourist it's a good idea to carry some basic stuff such as a map, form of ID, extra charging batteries, etc. and it's brought everywhere because as a tourist, there isn't anyone you can trust.	[ "Of importance to some backpackers is a sense of authenticity. Backpacking is perceived as being more than a holiday, but a means of education. Backpackers want to experience what they consider the \"real\" destination rather than a packaged version often associated with mass tourism, which has led to the assertion...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00258	How does rendering 3D objects cost money in animated movies?	Creating models, animating models, creating lighting and textures, QAing, making fixes, etc etc etc are all extremely labor-intensive, especially as the bar for quality continues to go up in animated movies. Labor will be the biggest cost by far. Hardware for workstations and rendering, as well as software also cost a decent chunk of money but nothing compared to dozens and dozens of people being paid for many thousands of hours worth of work.	[ "Section::::Developmental animation.\n\nWith the resurgence of 2D animation, free and proprietary software packages have become widely available for amateurs and professional animators. The principal issue with 2D animation is labor requirements. With software like RETAS UbiArt Framework and Adobe After Effects, co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09132	if fat is the way energy is stored in our bodies, does this mean that a person with a higher fat percentage could go longer without eating than a person with a low fat percentage?	All things being equal, for the most part, yes. However, when you go without eating, it is not just calories you are missing out on, there are other essential nutrients which are not stored in our bodies. The fat person would eventually suffer from deficiencies in those, and could still die while they had plenty of calories stored away.	[ "Food energy intake must be balanced with activity to maintain a proper body weight. Sedentary individuals and those eating less to lose weight may suffer malnutrition if they eat food supplying empty calories but not enough nutrients. In contrast, people who engage in heavy physical activity need more food energy ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17174	Since the planet is a closed system, why are we taught to conserve water?	Moving water around and recycling it takes energy (usually), and that energy is not renewable. In that sense, conserving water is equivalent to conserving energy.	[ "In many cases, training tasks are successful in teaching non-conserving children to correctly complete conservation tasks. Children as young as four years of age can be trained to conserve using operant training; this involves repeating conservation tasks and reinforcing correct responses while correcting incorrec...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04584	Why are most perfume ads bascically soft porn?	Because sex sells. Basically perfume is meant to attract the opposite sex. Why do you want to attract the opposite sex? To have sex of course. So in the ads they are showing you your end goal.	[ "Products\n\nBULLET::::- 100 ml / 3.4 oz\n\nBULLET::::- 50 ml / 1.7 oz\n\nBULLET::::- 30 ml / 1.0 oz\n\nBULLET::::- 15 ml / 0.5 oz\n\nSection::::Related products.:Heat Kissed.\n", "BULLET::::- Cláudio Mamberti as colonel João Libório\n\nBULLET::::- Germano Haiut as Ademar Albuquerque\n\nBULLET::::- Zuleica Ferrei...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00894	Why aren't commercial airplanes getting any faster?	Most big airliners fly somewhere in the ballpark between Mach 0.5 and Mach 0.8. Going faster than that would require a few things: First, you'd have to use a lot more fuel. Drag increases ~~exponentially~~ geometrically (see comments below) with speed, so going faster requires you to burn a lot more fuel. Fuel is the biggest cost associated with commercial air travel, so a faster plane would be a lot more expensive to fly. Next, you'd have have to redesign the planes. The current configurations of planes aren't equipped to travel at Mach-1 or near Mach-1 speeds. If you look at something like the Concorde (a supersonic commercial airliner) you'll see that it has less room, as wide bodied designs aren't really conducive to supersonic travel. Assuming you want to go supersonic, you'd have to get around the problem with sonic booms. Sonic booms are very loud, and most people get angry when a loud explosion happens over their house. In the past, supersonic commercial flights were conducted almost exclusively over oceans because communities didn't want supersonic jets flying over them. _____ If you're asking why we don't go as fast as possible without breaking the speed of sound, it again goes back to cost and efficiency. If we have a 767 going Mach-0.75, a plane going Mach 0.99 is only 33% faster. A flight that would take 3 hours would be cut down to 2 hours and 15 minutes. Sure you'd save 45 minutes, but you'd burn considerably more fuel, which would drive up the cost of tickets. It's unlikely that the market would support spending something like 50% more for a ticket to only shave off 33% of flight time.	[ "Of the four billion air passengers in 2017, over 650 million flew long-haul between 2,000 and 7,000 miles, including 72 million in Business- and first-class, reaching 128 million by 2025: Spike projects 13 million would be interested in supersonic transport then.\n\nIn October 2018, the reauthorization of the FAA ...	[ "As technology advances, commercial airplanes should have gotten much faster by now." ]	[ "In order for commercial airplanes to become faster, they would have to consume much more fuel, which is one of the most expensive costs to airplanes, making it infeasible for planes to be significantly faster currently. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "As technology advances, commercial airplanes should have gotten much faster by now.", "As technology advances, commercial airplanes should have gotten much faster by now." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "In order for commercial airplanes to become faster, they would have to consume much more fuel, which is one of the most expensive costs to airplanes, making it infeasible for planes to be significantly faster currently. ", "In order for commercial airplanes to become faster, they would have to consume much more ...
2018-01728	How do aged spirit brands(whisky etc.) that grow rapidly manage to have enough stock if everything is aged minimum 10 years?	You avoid as much as possible, making your name on aged single malts if you are a new distillery and are interested in expansion. 1. You distill and sell spirits that don't need to be aged for years. A new distillery can turn out rum and flavoured vodkas in short order. That pays the bills while your new-make spirit is aging and becoming whisky. 2. You buy up whisk(e)y from other distillers, blend it, bottle it and sell it under your label. A lot of US whiskey comes from one very large alcohol distiller who sells a dizzying array of ages and flavour profiles. You blend these to taste, perhaps aging them for a few months in a finishing barrel and then sell them, with or without an age statement, under your brandname. 3. You try to find interesting new-ish barrels in your rick houses and release a no age statement (NAS) whisky. Ardbeg does this a lot with their Committee releases and their routine NAS releases (Uigeadail & Corryvreckan). In Scotland, NAS whisky still has to be at least 3 years old, but 3 years is better than 10 years both for space management and mitigating losses to evaporation. 4. If you are "reviving" a defunct distillery, you may be able to buy aged stocks distilled at your distillery in years past that are held by other distilleries and blenders. Bruichladdich was able to do this as part of the offer to buy and revive that distillery at the turn of the millennium. If you can come up with the money, there may be thousands of barrels of 10 year old whisky available from past runs at your "new" distillery. Later, once you are fully capitalized, have adequate inventory, sufficient warehouse space and have some feeling for the market, then you can start focusing on aged single malt releases. Those are some the most restrictive constraints though, so you generally want to avoid locking yourself into those while you are still raising capital and getting established.	[ "Temperate weather: Although rainy and windy, the islands of Orkney are blessed with a surprisingly temperate climate, providing the perfect environment for whisky casks to quietly mature at an even pace, without being exposed to extremes in temperature.\n", "BULLET::::- Independent Bottlings from Douglas Laing, ...	[ "If aged alcohol brands sell inventory that needs to be stored for a minimum of 10 years before its sold, they should not be able to maintain inventory. " ]	[ "Alcohol brands can use multiple tactics to preserve or obtain new inventory, they can also sell alcohol that requires less aging to be sold." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If aged alcohol brands sell inventory that needs to be stored for a minimum of 10 years before its sold, they should not be able to maintain inventory. ", "If aged alcohol brands sell inventory that needs to be stored for a minimum of 10 years before its sold, they should not be able to maintain inventory. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Alcohol brands can use multiple tactics to preserve or obtain new inventory, they can also sell alcohol that requires less aging to be sold.", "Alcohol brands can use multiple tactics to preserve or obtain new inventory, they can also sell alcohol that requires less aging to be sold." ]
2018-00160	Why do puppies do that adorable head tilt thing?	According to [Smarter Every Day]( URL_0 ), it's because their ears aren't designed to locate the source of a sound in the vertical plane. You can tell which direction a sound is coming from by the difference in time it takes for it to get to each ear. That doesn't work in the vertical plane, but we have weird-shaped ears, allowing them us to use the frequencies in the sound to pinpoint the sound's source. Dogs just have a basic flap for an ear, so instead they tilt their ears to repeat the time-trick in a different plane.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Head toss:\" This behavior, shown by every observed dog, is a prompt for attention, food or a sign of frustration, expressed in varying degrees depending on the level of arousal. In the complete expression, the head is swept to one side, nose rotated through a 90° arc to midline, then rapidly returne...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05289	Why it is in some types of fever the patient may feel cold in spite of rising body temperature?	Perception of hot/cold is relative, in two ways. First, we perceive how our environment affects our skin/body. This is why water or metal feels hotter/colder than wood or air, heat transfers more effectively between our skin and water/metal. Second, we perceive temperature compared to what our body "should" be. When we're hotter than usual, we're losing/giving off heat to our surroundings faster than we would. And our body doesn't like that because its "target" temperature is now changed.	[ "With fever, the body's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the influence of the heat control centers.\n\nSection::::Concepts.:Hypothermia.\n\nIn hypothermia, body tem...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00238	Why do sweets e.g haribos go hard after being open for a while	The gummy bears being stored in a plastic container keeps moisture inside, which slows staling (known as retrogradation). When you cook starch, it is gelatinized: soaking up water, swelling, and softening. Retrogradation is when starch molecules cool after being heated. They then realign themselves into the interstitial spaces, forming a crystallized pattern. This recrystallization is what causes the hardness. Having the sweets exposed to the air hastens staling.	[ "Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous sugar candies, is the glass transition process. This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture.\n\nSection::::Art and literature.\n", "Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23549	how do we measure the age of suns,galaxies etc. specially the ones very far away ?	Normally I would put this in my own words but [this article]( URL_0 ) really nails it in an easy to understand way. > "Astronomers usually cannot tell the age of an individual star. There are certain stars that we know are very young, and others that are very old, but for most stars we cannot tell. When we have a large group of stars, however, we can tell its age. This is possible because all of the stars in a cluster are presumed to have begun their life at approximately the same time. After a relatively brief time (in 'star time,' that is--we are talking thousands to millions of years here) stars reach the adult phase of their life, which we call the main sequence phase. The length of time a star spends in the main sequence phase depends on its mass. > "Constructing a plot, called the HR diagram, of the stars in the cluster, scientists can determine the mass of the stars that are just ending this phase and moving on to the next phase of their life, the red giant phase. Computer models allow us to predict how old a star of that mass must be to be at that juncture of its life, and hence to estimate the age of the cluster. For galaxies it's a lot harder. Scientists can look at the brightness of the galaxy and see if the level changes. There are models for how a galaxy and its stars develop that predict how the brightness level will change. Using this model they can guess at the age of the galaxy based on how long it takes the brightness to change.	[ "Nucleocosmochronology has been employed to determine the age of the Sun ( billion years) and of the Galactic thin disk ( billion years), among others. It has also been used to estimate the age of the Milky Way itself, as exemplified by a recent study of Cayrel's Star in the Galactic halo, which due to its low meta...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15488	How are modern day planes able to land even in thick fog?	Depending on the plane some have auto-land systems (not joking). There’s Instrument Landing Systems that guide the aircraft down to 100-200 feet above ground. These airports usually have pretty bright runway edge lights and runway centreline lights that shine through fog pretty good especially at night. Some aircraft and some airports don’t have the systems required to do these types of approaches.	[ "The aviation travel industry is affected by the severity of fog conditions. Even though modern auto-landing computers can put an aircraft down without the aid of a pilot, personnel manning an airport control tower must be able to see if aircraft are sitting on the runway awaiting takeoff. Safe operations are diffi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Modern day planes are able to land even in thick fog." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Some aircraft and some airports don’t have the systems required to land in a thick fog." ]
2018-01251	How are baby's urine and feces kept contained while in the womb?	Urine is excreted out into the amniotic fluid and swallowed by the baby. no big deal, it's as sterile as can be, and metabolic wastes are also removed via the placenta. Baby poop stays in the colon, the baby's first poop is a weird,black, gooey substance called meconium, normally they will have their first poop of this meconium after birth, but pooping before or during birth can be a medical emergency due to contamination.	[ "Section::::Functions.:Excretion.\n\nWaste products excreted from the fetus such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine are transferred to the maternal blood by diffusion across the placenta.\n\nSection::::Functions.:Immunity.\n", "The fluid is absorbed through the fetal tissue and skin. After the 15th-25th week of p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Urine and feces are both contained while in the womb." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Urine is recycled by the fetus. Feces goes to the colon." ]
2018-22321	Is it hard to get sick (cold/flu) after recovering from being sick? If so, why?	Actually it depends on the disease. Basically, every time our body fights off an infection, it creates a bunch of cells, called Memory cells. When we get infected a second time by the same disease, these cells quickly recognise it, and our body fights it off, before its capable of doing anything serious. However, there is another factor to consider - Mutation - The cold virus can mutate itself very fast. In this case, it returns to your body as a totally unrecognisable virus, and memory cells are useless. Its kind of like wearing a disguise. Which is part of the reason the common cold is yet to be cured. In the case of other diseases like chicken pox, etc memory cells give pretty solid protection from a second infection, for quite a long time. Doesnt mean to say that its impossible to be infected twice. So, to answer your question, its entirely possible to be infected by the same disease twice in a short time. But the second time may be milder, and you may not show any outward symptoms of being sick.	[ "There are several case reports of spontaneous regressions from cancer occurring after a fever brought on by infection, suggesting a possible causal connection. If this coincidence in time would be a causal connection, it should as well precipitate as prophylactic effect, i.e. feverish infections should lower the r...	[ "Getting sick after being sick already is hard." ]	[ "You can get sick again you just wont have as many symptoms." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Getting sick after being sick already is hard.", "Getting sick after being sick already is hard." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can get sick again you just wont have as many symptoms.", "You can get sick again you just wont have as many symptoms. " ]
2018-04786	Why is it bad to freeze meat?	When meat is frozen, the water inside the cells of the meat forms ice crystals, which rupture the cell walls. When the meat is subsequently defrosted, the now liquid water leaks out of those cells walls along with many of the proteins, etc. that were in the cells. This can have a very negative effect on both the texture and the flavor of the meat. It isn't unhealthy, but it does make it less pleasurable. When fast food places advertise "fresh, never frozen" meats, they are telling you that their meat will have a better flavor and texture than their competitors because of this fact.	[ "The spoilage of meat occurs, if untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15481	How does a cell phone with no signal search for a cellular tower? Does it sweep across all cellular frequencies?	When a cell phone doesn't have service, yes, it looks for a tower on all of the permissible frequencies for contacting the towers. Any tower it finds, it checks to see if the tower will accept the phone -- that is, if it will agree to send and receive traffic. There may well be multiple towers that will agree to this. Some will have stronger signals, some might be roaming, some might not be roaming. Generally, the cell phone will pick the strongest signal from a non-roaming tower; if there are no non-roaming signals, it will go with a roaming tower; and if there are no towers willing to accept the phone, you get the "no service" message. Note that "no service" and "no signal" are not always the same thing. There may be towers that are technically able to accept the phone, but don't have a contractual billing arrangement with your phone company. You'll still get a "no service", but you could still make emergency calls, since any tower that has the technical capacity to talk to your phone must always process emergency calls.	[ "BULLET::::- Mozilla Location Service - an open service which lets devices determine their location based on network infrastructure like WiFi access points and cell towers\n\nBULLET::::- CellMapper - cellular coverage and tower map\n\nBULLET::::- OpenCellID - an open source project, aiming to create a complete data...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21014	By what method does raw computer code get "translated" to the stuff we see on-screen?	The code that programmers write is considered "high level". It's written in a computer language that makes sense to humans. Then it goes through an optimizer that checks through it to see if it can be reduced down to a less commands for faster performance. At the point it gets changed to a format that humans can't really understand. Then it gets converted into machine code, literally the ones and zeros of binary. At this point, only the processor understands it. & #x200B; That code runs the while the computer is on. It mostly waits for things to happen like for the user to click the mouse or for data to arrive from the internet. When something happens, part of the code called "handler" gets executed. It looks at what happened and decides what to do about it. & #x200B; For example if you click the mouse, then a "mouse click handler" code is executed. It checks which part of the screen you clicked on, then it checks to see what application is using that part of the screen, then it gives that information to the application and it figures out which part of the application the mouse was over and what it should do. If that application happens to be Microsoft Word, then it will figure out if the mouse was over the document part, or over one of the menu parts. If it was over the document then it will figure out where the place the cursor based on where you clicked.	[ "Section::::Languages and tools.\n\nMost commercial computer and video games are written primarily in C++, C, and some assembly language. Many games, especially those with complex interactive gameplay mechanics, tax hardware to its limit. As such, highly optimized code is required for these games to run at an accep...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10322	Why do bones break so easily yet you are litteraly able to cut a brick with your hand?	It's about the direction of the power applied. If you take the bone vertically, it can carry a whole truck but if you apply pressure to a sport horizontally, it'll break much faster. When breaking a brick with your hand, a lot of technique is in play and you're not smacking your bones on the brick. It's usually martial arts masters that do it and they can it the brick with their hand at just the right spot. Also they flex the muscles in their hand for some extra stability. If you smacked your limp hand on a brick you would definetely break something.	[ "There are two types of mechanisms that can impede crack propagation and contribute to toughness, intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Intrinsic mechanisms produce resistance ahead of the crack and extrinsic mechanisms create resistance behind the crack tip in the crack wake. Extrinsic mechanisms are said to contrib...	[ "Bones should not be able to break through hard surfaces such as brick when they are typically known to break easily." ]	[ "Bones can be very strong when the force is along the bone. If you apply a force horizontal to a bone it will break. Breaking bricks relies on this and other techniques including stiffening your muscles. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bones should not be able to break through hard surfaces such as brick when they are typically known to break easily.", "Bones break so easily." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bones can be very strong when the force is along the bone. If you apply a force horizontal to a bone it will break. Breaking bricks relies on this and other techniques including stiffening your muscles. ", "Bones can be very strong when the force is along the bone. If you apply a force horizontal to a bone it wi...
2018-04747	Why do many workplace PCs still run on old software?	A few reasons: 1. Cost. Upgrading software is expensive. If an upgraded licence costs $50 that may not seem like much, but doing that for 5,000 machines gets really expensive really quickly. 2. Compatibility. Very often, companies will have custom or specialized software that may not function well with newer software. If the older software doesn't have patches/upgrades, or those patches/upgrades are not cost effective (see point 1) you may need to keep other software downgraded in order to preserve compatibility. 3. Security/Reliabilty. Older software - particularly in the enterprise - can be more secure and/or stable because the bugs and security holes have been patched. Newer software may introduce newer bugs that can compromise operations. 4. Usability. Not everyone is computer literate in a company and upgrading their software may confuse them to the point where they struggle to do their job until they learn the new software.	[ "Reuse of older software is popular among retrocomputing. Most of the time, emulators are used to run older software from other platforms, or other operating systems.\n\nSometimes, older operating systems such as DOS are reused for computing roles that don't demand lots of computing power. However, the widespread o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01038	What makes dinosaurs different from other reptiles?	Dinosaurs are a specific clade of reptiles, meaning they all share a common ancestor. Primates, for example, are a clade of mammals; all primates share a common ancestor and mammals that predate or aren't descended from that ancestor are not primates. Dinosaurs were a very diverse group, but their main similarity betraying their relationship to each other is that they held their hind limbs erect beneath their bodies (like humans do) instead of splaying them out to the sides like crocodiles or lizards or turtles. Modern birds are descended from dinosaurs, so they are technically dinosaurs too. Depending on who you ask, that also means that birds are technically reptiles.	[ "BULLET::::- Dimetrodon\n\nBULLET::::- Edaphosaurus\n\nBULLET::::- \"Sigillaria\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Cordaites\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Lepidodendron\"\n\nTriassic\n\nBULLET::::- Saltoposuchus\n\nBULLET::::- Plateosaurus\n\nBULLET::::- Podokesaurus\n\nBULLET::::- Cynognathus\n\nBULLET::::- \"Araucarioxylon\"\n\nBULLET::::-...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01680	how do people deep fry ice cream? Wouldn't it melt?	First of all the ice cream for this is frozen at extremely cold temps, then it is quickly battered and fried, so while the ice cream softens up a little....it is still plenty cold.	[ "The dessert is commonly made by taking a scoop of ice cream frozen well below the temperature at which ice cream is generally kept, possibly coating it in raw egg, rolling it in cornflakes or cookie crumbs, and briefly deep frying it. The extremely low temperature of the ice cream prevents it from melting while be...	[ "If you deep fry ice cream, it will melt." ]	[ "The ice cream is frozen extremely cold. It softens up a little but is still plenty cold." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If you deep fry ice cream, it will melt." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The ice cream is frozen extremely cold. It softens up a little but is still plenty cold." ]
2018-03464	Why does stale popcorn taste different than fresh popcorn?	Stale popcorn taste different that fresh popcorn cause it’s been out for longer, and absorbs more moisture. When popcorn is first popped it begins to absorb humidity from the air, and the more it absorbs (by being in the open air), the more chewy and stale it becomes.	[ "Popcorn will pop when freshly harvested, but not well; its high moisture content leads to poor expansion and chewy pieces of popcorn. Kernels with a high moisture content are also susceptible to mold when stored. For these reasons, popcorn growers and distributors dry the kernels until they reach the moisture leve...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01673	Is the baby's sex completely random? If not, what sorts of things can the couple do to influence what it'll be?	It's actually not completely random. More recent studies have suggested that female's eggs are actually selective for which sperm that are fertilized by (it's not just the first that gets there) and this selectivity may include gender. Further more some men make only X or Y sperm or have a distorted ratio making the natural process not-random (at least in 50/50 terms).	[ "In approximately 1 in 2,000 infants, there is enough variation in the appearance of the external genitalia to merit hesitation about appropriate assignment by the physician involved. Typical examples would be an unusually prominent clitoris in an otherwise apparently typical girl, or complete cryptorchidism in an ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19910	How do they use DNA to find out about Kings?	Kings have known descendants alive today. So, by comparing these bones with 4-5 people known to be direct descendants of his, you can see whether or not the DNA matches theirs.	[ "In order to verify whether the body of a woman entombed near Sweyn II of Denmark in Roskilde Cathedral is that of his mother Estrid, mtDNA from pulp of teeth from each of the two bodies was extracted and analysed. The king was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H and the woman was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H5a. Based...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00551	Why do sodas foam up when poured, and why do some foam up more than others?	They are stickier. the foam is soda sticking to the CO2 bubbles coming from the liquid. The stickier the liquid the harder those bubbles are to pop the more they stick around. Thats why sparking water almost never foams, but cola always does.	[ "For ideal cases, =0 and the created foam is dependent on the change in chemical potential of the solute. During foaming, the solute experiences a change in chemical potential as it goes from the bulk solution to the foam surface. In this case, the following equation can be applied where is the activity of the surf...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00490	How did the monarchy of England start?	Britain (the island) in the post-Roman years came to be ruled by a handful of separate kingdoms. They fought each other and constantly vied for control of more land and resources from each other. In 927, Æthelstan, the king of Wessex (one of the kingdoms) finally achieved dominance over the last other significant kingdom there (Mercia), and is regarded as the first ruler of a unified kingdom that roughly equates to modern England. His grandfather was the first to claim the title "King of the English", but historians generally consider Æthelstan the first to actually unify it. Just a few kings later (ok, like 8), in 1066, William of Normandy invaded from France and conquered it all, starting a chain of monarchs that have lasted--except for a civil war--up to the monarchy of the UK today. The lasting impact was that from then on was a cultural identity with "England" as a unified place, and not just a collection of subjugated little kingdoms.	[ "The Kingdom of England was formed in the mid 9th Century; for example, Alfred the Great issued laws as \"King of the West Saxons\", and what is now recognised as England came about in 927 AD when the last of the Heptarchy kingdoms fell under the rule of the \"King of the English\", Athelstan. On 14 October 1066, K...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03974	Why does Coughing tear up your throat when all you are doing is expelling air?	A cough is a vigorous expulsion of air to eject a foreign object or whatever is irritating you airways. To get that you are closing off your throat at the epiglottis, then building up some pressure behind it before opening the airway so the air comes out in a rush. That fast flow causes the soft tissues to vibrate together as the air passes over them. Think of the way that the neck of a balloon vibrates and makes that distinctive sound when you let the air out. In addition, your throat tissues are probably already sore and inflamed from the irritation by whatever is making you cough.	[ "Irritation of nerve endings within the nasal passages or airways, can induce a cough reflex and sneezing. These responses cause air to be expelled forcefully from the trachea or nose, respectively. In this manner, irritants caught in the mucus which lines the respiratory tract are expelled or moved to the mouth wh...	[ "Coughing tears up your throat." ]	[ "Coughing irritates your through from the vibrations of quick are. It is not torn. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Coughing tears up your throat." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Coughing irritates your through from the vibrations of quick are. It is not torn. " ]
2018-00643	How do ships and ferries float on a certain level regardless of the distribution and addition of the weight to it?	ballast tanks, they pump water in and out to maintain a stable water line. if they didn't, they would topple over from being so top heavy.	[ "A boat displaces its weight in water, regardless whether it is made of wood, steel, fiberglass, or even concrete. If weight is added to the boat, the volume of the hull drawn below the waterline will increase to keep the balance above and below the surface equal. Boats have a natural or designed level of buoyancy....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16231	How grocery stores maintain profit/stay in buisness even though it seems like most of their stock never gets purchased.	The stocking of shelves is almost entirely done at night in most grocery stores. It keeps things streamlined so that customers purchase and leave without interference from workers. I don't have a link but there's research that shows when a customer is seeking a specific item like a potato for example. They are likely to purchase more than they need if the potato basket is full. If there are only two potatoes left, most people will subconsciously ask "why are these the only two remaining? Is there something wrong with them that made the customers prior to me not buy them?" There's tons of data and logistical involvement that takes place for a grocery store to be profitable.	[ "Section::::Examples.:Perishable food.\n\nSupermarkets sell food staples such as bananas or milk at less than the cost at which they were purchased in order to draw customers to their business. These items are typically strategically placed far from the entrances of the store to enhance this effect. In the case of ...	[ "Most grocery store stock never gets purchased.", "Fully stocked grocery stores are destined to fail." ]	[ "The stocking of shelves is done almost entirely at night, and being fully stocked can lead to customers purchasing more than they need.", "Grocery stores restock most of their products at night so that customers have a full stock to choose from the next day." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most grocery store stock never gets purchased.", "Fully stocked grocery stores are destined to fail." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The stocking of shelves is done almost entirely at night, and being fully stocked can lead to customers purchasing more than they need.", "Grocery stores restock most of their products at night so that customers have a full stock to choose from the next day." ]
2018-01314	Why can't we use Cellulase, an enzyme that can break down cellulose (wood and grass) into sugar, to eliminate world hunger?	WORLD HUNGER ISN'T DUE TO LACK OF FOOD, IT'S DUE TO LACK OF DISTRIBUTION, WHICH IS DUE TO LACK OF MONEY. There is already enough food production in the world to feed everyone. The hard part is convincing people to take it to the right places. The places that are full of hungry people tend to be poor and war-torn. The places where food sells the best tend to be fat and wealthy. AND THE SAME PROBLEM APPLIES TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION NEEDED TO PROCESS CELLULOSE. Cellulase is expensive, as is the equipment needed to use it, and the energy infrastructure needed to power the equipment. In terms of money, technology, manpower, etc, it's no easier to do what you're asking than to transport food from elsewhere, or to just plain set up better farms locally. TL;DR: putting a state-of-the-art cellulosic food factory in central Africa isn't going to work when it doesn't have electricity, can't afford more cellulase, and then gets blown up by a warlord.	[ "Cellulosic biofuel production typically already creates sugar as an intermediate product. There are edible calories in leaves, but there is too much dietary fiber, so solutions include making tea, chewing and not swallowing the solids, and making leaf protein concentrate. Biomass can be predigested by bacteria so ...	[ "World hunger is due to the scarcity of food.", "Having more food would end world hunger." ]	[ "World hunger is due to lack of food distribution.", "World hunger is due to things other than lack of supply of food including lack of willingness to distribute it to certain areas. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "World hunger is due to the scarcity of food.", "Having more food would end world hunger." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "World hunger is due to lack of food distribution.", "World hunger is due to things other than lack of supply of food including lack of willingness to distribute it to certain areas. " ]
2018-06273	What happens to your body when you get numb? Specifically cold though water.	It's called vasoconstriction. Your blood vessels get more narrow in order to keep heat in your body and concentrate it to vital organs. When they constrict for too long then you will experience numbness due to the lack of blood flow. The opposite is vasodilation. When we get hot our blood vessels dilate/expand. This allows heat to radiate out of our body to cool us down.	[ "BULLET::::- Veena Sood - Dr. Reese\n\nBULLET::::- Craig Erickson - Officer Alvin\n\nBULLET::::- John Hainsworth - Cormac Leith\n\nSection::::Reception.\n", "BULLET::::- William B. Davis as Peter Milbank, Hudson's father\n\nBULLET::::- Brian George as Dr. Richmond\n\nBULLET::::- Bob Gunton as Dr. Townsend\n\nBULL...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13661	Why can my phone with a 4 watt SoC play back 1440p video without even getting warm to the touch while my laptop with a much more powerful GPU has to ramp up it's fans and make tons of heat to accomplish the same task.	Ah yes, Google’s and Apple’s VP9 beef. Blame Apple and/or Google. Whichever you think is guilty. Gather around kids, let me tell you a story. I’ll go off the assumption you are referring to a YouTube video here. And I am assuming you are using Chrome, not Safari, as Safari cannot play 1440p YouTube video (we will get into why later). The reason is video codecs. The issue with video is that video files normally are massive. If we use 1 byte for red green, and blue for each pixel of a 1080p video, then each frame of the video (and there are probably 30 frames in a second) takes up 6 megabytes (3\19201080). A single second at 30 frames per second would take up 186 megabytes as a result. We don’t have the bandwidth nor the storage to handle this. So what do we do? We do a little thing called compression. Compression just uses a bunch of neat tricks to make a video file smaller. For example, if a part of the screen is all the same color, instead of listing the color multiple times, we just list the color once and say “all of these are the same color). Now for some history. There are multiple algorithms for video compression out and about. The most common these days is called h.264, aka the Advanced Video Coding, or AVC. It was established in the late 90s and early 00s. The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) was an organization that was formed in the early 90s to produce such algorithms and this was their latest iteration. The issue with MPEG was that they included many different companies who each contributed their patents and findings but refused to give them for free, they started getting greedy. Everyone wants royalties, and a company is formed with the sole purpose of getting everyone to agree to a single set of terms of use. Nonetheless, the algorithm was released with pretty liberal terms of use. The year is 2006. Google recently purchased YouTube and MPEG had hints going around of a new video codec algorithm to be released. Google decided to take a different approach, they saw that MPEG was gonna have more issues with parents as each new iteration of their algorithm brought in more knowledge and thus more patents. Instead Google teamed up with a little company called On2 technologies, who designed several codecs to produce the VP8 codec, released in 2008. Eventually google would buy On2 and release the codec for free for anyone to use. A few years pass, Google is proven right. The new codec MPEG is working on, the High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC, also called h.265) is turning out to be good but a patent hell (the end consumer doesn’t notice this but companies making operating systems and hardware do). Google iterates on VP8 to produce VP9, a pretty good codec, lagging slightly behind HEVC. But it isn’t a patent he’ll and google says it is good enough. YouTube has become the giant it is today and Google begins to make YouTube use their VP9 codec. One of the key things one must understand as well is a little thing called a hardware decoder. In computing, there is a principle known as abstractness. One can design a chip that can do one specific thing very very well but can only do that thing, or one can design a chip that can do everything, but slowly and more inefficient in comparison. And this is on a spectrum, CPUs for example do everything but not as well, GPUs are more in the middle, can’t do as much as a CPU but they are very good at doing calculations related to graphics. These newer generations of codecs are very computation expensive to use, decoding a video takes a lot of CPU power. So the solution is to design specific parts of the GPU for the sole purpose of decoding video in popular algorithm formats. These are known as hardware decoders, they remove the strain off the CPU to decode, saving both battery and computational power. This is very important in phones, as they don’t often even have the computational power to decode a video with the speed necessary to watch it. So phone processors were the first to implement hardware decoders. But there are still benefits to hardware decoders on normal computers and especially laptops, who have limited batteries that shouldn’t be wasted by ramping the processor up whenever a video is playing. So, recently Intel and the other chip companies (AMD and NVIDIA) have all implemented. AVC was the first hardware decoder to be implemented onto many platforms. Then HEVC and VP9 were also added. With many modern devices now supporting VP9 hardware decoding, Google now is trying to switch to ditching AVC and using VP9 only. At this point, most browsers and operating systems have all implemented support for VP9 hardware decoders, except Apple. Despite their hardware (including the iPhone) having hardware decoders for VP9, Apple has refused to implement the software to allow it to be used by apps and browsers. A codec unsupported by a browser will not play in the browser at all, with or without a hardware decoder. Safari does not support VP9 decoding so YouTube must feed them AVC instead. Chrome on the other hand is Google’s ballpark and they can implement support for VP9 on Mac easily, and they did. But without support from the operating system to give Chrome access to the VP9 hardware decoder, Chrome cannot use it. Google has recently started putting pressure on Apple by refusing to support AVC content for 1440p and 4K videos. Apple as always is silent on the matter and has refused to comment at all, but as a slap to Google, they recently implemented support for HEVC decoding on Mac, but not VP9. So the answer to your question is this. Phones use hardware decoders to make decoding video, the computation intensive task of processing video, more efficient in terms of battery and computation. Computers have this ability as well nowadays. Due to Apple refusing to implement support for a hardware decoder THAT IS FOUND IN THE DEVICES, Chrome has to rely on the CPU to decode VP9 video which YouTube sends to them, making things hot and sweaty. TL;DR: Google made a new video format. The hardware inside Macs support making processing said video format clean and easy. Google has forced Apple to use this new video format. Apple has refused to implement support for this hardware. Your Mac has to fall back on using the CPU instead of more efficient hardware it already contains. PS: Google began working on VP9’s successor, called VP10. A few years ago. After seeing the collapse of MPEG, many companies and organizations wanted to help Google out. Google then decided to allow their contributions if and only if they released the rights and patents to it and founded the Alliance for Open Media and renamed their codec AV1. Supposedly this codec is slated to release very very soon and should topple HEVC. All major hardware companies have pledged to implement hardware support of AV1 ASAP. Apple has also apparently joined this alliance.	[ "Low-power laptops use low-power processors and graphics chips, and therefore often struggle to play video at full frame rates. It isn't desirable or practical to port a full operating system onto a VideoCore chip, so only the video decoding need be offloaded onto a video accelerator board (e.g. using the BCM70015 ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03410	Why was hitting 400km/h so hard to achieve in this age of technology?	There's no issue at all with making a VEHICLE hit those sorts of speed. But that's a vehicle without wheels, clamped to a rail. Just mount a gigantic rocket on the back end of 'er and there ya go. The issue starts to occur when you specify that the vehicle has to be a CAR. First, there's the mode of power. Drives that are based on internal combustion engines have many more moving parts than the simple action/reaction chamber of a rocket. There's pistons, a crankshaft, and a transmission system that connects them and translates their "up and down" movement into a rotational movement some feet away and at a different angle. That introduces a great many more points of possible failure. > [I used this online calculator for the analysis about forces on the car.]( URL_0 ) It's not so bad when your wheels are rotating about 12 times a second (at 100 km an hour for standard cars)... but multiply that by 5 to get 60 times per second at 500 kilometers per hour, and those gears are going to be under amazing stress. Then there's the wheels flying apart. At 60 miles/100km per hour, a tire's surface experiences 213 gravities of outward force. A normal tire can take that. But go to 500kph... and now your tire surface outward force is five thousand gravities. For most materials, if those tires touch an irregular surface or have any sort of wobble at all, the driver's dead from shrapnel. Next let's talk about the car's staying on the ground. The tiniest bump at 500kph will launch the car like a rocket, and air resistance will tear it apart. And finally... cost. Overcoming all of these challenges would cost way way way more money than they'd ever get back from sales of the resulting vehicles, let alone any place to safely drive them. Aside from the occasional ultra-rich collector, there'd be no market for them.	[ "\"We’ve had a few problems,” said Newey after the Pacific Grand Prix. “Mainly, it is a grip problem in the slow corners. In medium- and high-speed ones, it is pretty good.\" Paddy Lowe, who had left Williams for McLaren in 1994, said in 2014, \"Aerodynamic experimentation in those days was not sophisticated enough...	[ "Getting to 400km/h is hard to achieve." ]	[ "It isn't so hard to achieve it is hard to control and keep safe to use as a vehicle." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Getting to 400km/h is hard to achieve." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It isn't so hard to achieve it is hard to control and keep safe to use as a vehicle." ]
2018-19686	Why when I'm sick do I always feel worse in the morning?	OK so I am going to assume that you are talking about a cold here. In short, your internal clock is closely tied to your immune system. One of these substances related to immune response is called IL‐10, which inhibits inflammation. Symptoms like a runny nose is usually caused by inflammation and are inhibited by high levels of IL-10. Since IL-10 levels peak at day time, you feel better during the day URL_0	[ "The secretion also loses its normal diurnal pattern of morning peak levels and evening and night time troughs. Nevertheless, secretion remains pulsatile and there is a marked variation in blood samples from the same individual.\n", "BULLET::::- Aspirin has been found to reduce the response probably through an ac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03170	With the controversy around the lethal injection drug Midazolam, why aren't executions performed as a medical procedure?	> why can't that tiny extra expense be incurred to have proper medical professionals administering drugs as part of a medical procedure? Because doctors will generally refuse to execute people. Most medical professional take an oath (the [Hippocratic Oath]( URL_0 ) or similar), where they swear not to harm people. Granted, there's some wiggle room there, such as helping a person die with dignity when they have an incurable disease that will instead cause them to die in horrible pain. But very few doctors would agree to end the life of a perfectly healthy person just because the government wants them dead.	[ "U.S. Supreme Court cases discussing the constitutionality of execution methods often involve testimony of medical professionals; one example of such a case being the 2008 \"Baze v. Rees\" case, which affirmed the constitutionality of the three-drug lethal injection protocol as a method of capital punishment, despi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19254	Why do you stop peeing when sneezing?	When you sneeze a lot of your muscles tense because of how forceful a sneeze is, so I imagine its similar a reason to why it's near impossible to keep your eyes open when you sneeze.	[ "Shortly after the switch, Klein entered the qualifying for the 2013 French Open, but lost in straight sets in the First Round of qualification to French wildcard, Mathias Bourgue.\n\nSection::::Six-month ban.\n", "Another possible explanation concerns the existence of erectile tissue in the nose, which may becom...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02573	Why does water have warm/cold spots?	Water is much better than air (and a lot better than many other substances) at retaining heat. Oil, for instance, will heat a lot faster in a pan than the same amount of water will. It will also cool faster. So when in an ocean, a current or tide might take water that was warmer (for instances, water coming in from a shallow area that was warmed by the sun), you can feel the difference in water temperature as you pass into that new flow of water. Despite being surrounded by cooler water, the water that was warm retains its temperature for long enough to be noticeable. In pools, this might happen because wamed water can be introduced through jets in the side of the pool or from people peeing.	[ "Section::::Types of hot zones.:Biological.:Clean water.\n", "The downwelling of dense water at the thermal bar acts as a barrier to horizontal mixing. In spring, this concentrates warm water and suspended materials in the near shore waters around the edge of the lake. Satellite imagery has been used to identify ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02512	If i have two sound programs playing at the same time, one is playing constant 100 herz, and the other, a constant 50 herz, what will i hear?	You'll hear 100Hz and 50Hz together at their original volumes, but also 150Hz much quieter. When you add frequencies you get the original frequencies back, but also new ones called harmonics. These are much quieter than the original frequencies, but they are there. One is teh sum of the two frequencies (150Hz in this case), and the other is the difference between the two (In this case 50Hz, I didn't list it as it's one of the originals and so already accounted for). If you use different frequencies it's easier to see: 49Hz and 50Hz for example will produce 49, 50, 99 and 1Hz. Those two new frequencies (called the first harmonics) will also create more harmonics with each other and the original frequencies (called second harmonics). This goes on, but as each set of harmonics is quieter than the frequencies that produced them, they are less and less prominent.	[ "An old-fashioned CD player reading subcode correctly sees a missing audio frame and interpolates any missing information that it cannot correct using information from neighbouring frames. Because these missing frames occur at points where the waveform was nearly a straight line anyway, this interpolation is very a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04714	Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?	It absolutely does. The change is just small that over the course of human existence which is only a few hundred thousand years, let alone the few hundred years that we've been able to reliably measure, the difference is too small to matter. The orbits of the planets are stable over long periods of time, but dynamic over cosmic time-scales. We can only predict them with any confidence out to a few tens of millions of years.	[ "Common examples include the parts of a spaceflight where the spacecraft is not undergoing propulsion and atmospheric effects are negligible, and a single celestial body overwhelmingly dominates the gravitational influence. Other common examples are the orbit of a moon around a planet, and of a planet around a star...	[ "When two planets get near each other, their orbits are unaffected." ]	[ "When two planets get near each other, their orbits are affected, but the change is small compared to human existence." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When two planets get near each other, their orbits are unaffected." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When two planets get near each other, their orbits are affected, but the change is small compared to human existence." ]
2018-21587	How closely related are the Red Panda and the Giant Panda?	Red Pandas are more closely related to [raccoon than bears]( URL_0 ), but really they're a separate family all together. It is just a coincidence that they both eat the same plants. Even closely related species may not eat the same things.	[ "BULLET::::- †\"Ailuropoda wulingshanensis\" (late Pliocene - early Pleistocene)\n\nBULLET::::- †\"Ailuropoda baconi\" (Woodward 1915) (Pleistocene)\n\nBULLET::::- \"Ailuropoda melanoleuca\" (giant panda)\n\nBULLET::::- \"Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis\"\n\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00456	Why must any foreign companies selling vehicles in China go through a 50-50 joint venture with another Chinese company?	China has absolutely no interest in any company operating there not being fully beholden to them. It is not a free market economy. You work for them.	[ "BULLET::::- General Motors with SAIC Motor, formerly known as Shanghai General Motors Company Ltd. Makes numerous cars in China in four factories, especially Buick, but also some Chevrolet and Cadillac models. In November 2018, the company announced new Chevrolet models for the Chinese market, including an extende...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00716	How can a tiny microSD card have so much storage compared to a hard drive which is typically much larger?	MicroSD cards are more expensive per GB, and have a lower transfer speed. I just quickly googled the price of a 4TB Western Digital Red hard drive. Those can read/write at around ~340MB/s and costs about $160, for a cost of $40/TB. Compare this to a SanDisk Ultra 128GB MicroSD card. Cost is $60, meaning that it is $480/TB (12 times as expensive), and has a read/write speed of about 10MB/s. MicroSD cards have physically smaller storage, which costs more to make, and takes longer to read/write. It's a trade-off for the form factor.	[ "BULLET::::- MultiMediaCard\n\nBULLET::::- Secure Digital\n\nBULLET::::- Memory Stick, and xD-Picture Card.\n\nA new generation of memory card formats, including RS-MMC, miniSD and microSD, feature extremely small form factors. For example, the microSD card has an area of just over 1.5 cm, with a thickness of less ...	[ "Because hard drives are much larger than MicroSD cards, MicroSD cards shouldn't be able to carry as much storage." ]	[ "Due to MicroSD cards having a slower transfer speed, they are able to carry much more storage for their small size." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because hard drives are much larger than MicroSD cards, MicroSD cards shouldn't be able to carry as much storage.", "Because hard drives are much larger than MicroSD cards, MicroSD cards shouldn't be able to carry as much storage." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Due to MicroSD cards having a slower transfer speed, they are able to carry much more storage for their small size.", "Due to MicroSD cards having a slower transfer speed, they are able to carry much more storage for their small size." ]
2018-11484	how come when you speed up a song on YouTube, it doesn't get that "Alvin and the Chipmunks" effect you get when you speed up a vinyl record?	Essentially it’s because computers are smart. Sound is a wave, with how high or low a sound is being determined by how many waves it has per second. More waves = high pitch. So when a recording gets played at a faster speed, be that a record or on a computer, more waves come out in the same amount of time, so everything gets higher pitched. Computers can also do this thing called “tone shift” though, where they go through a recording and shift it to be higher or lower pitched by detecting and then adjusting how long the waves are for a given sound. Computers can use these two in combination to get a video that is faster/slower and still at the same pitch, or higher/lower and still the same speed (there are also a few algorithms that can do speed changes directly and don’t involve doing both so you can process faster). The YouTube player is smart enough to do this, but a record player (obviously) is not.	[ "BULLET::::- In 2013, YouTube user goodlittlebuddy's slowed-down version of \"Jolene\" rose to internet fame. The song was played at 33RPM instead of 45RPM, which represents a 25% slow down from the original. This version was featured during season one of the NBC television series \"The Blacklist\".\n\nBULLET::::- ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]

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