id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018-04124 | Why can't our teeth heal like our skin and bones? | Essentially, it's because there is no mechanism to get resources and healing cells up to the crown of your teeth. The roots are surrounded by blood vessels that can deliver healing resources, but there is no blood going to the top of your teeth. Your saliva *can* provide a limited amount of healing to the enamel because of the calcium in contains, but it's very minor, and more of a maintenance process, rather than true healing. | [
"BULLET::::- In her role as resident pessimist, lacking vision, Sabina says, \"That's all we do—always beginning again! Over and over again. Always beginning again.\" After each disaster, they just rebuild the world again. She also says: \"Don't forget that a few years ago we came through the depression by the skin... | [
"If the skin and bones of humans are able to heal, then teeth should also be able to heal. "
] | [
"The body is unable to provide the teeth with the resources that it needs to heal the damaged teeth."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"If the skin and bones of humans are able to heal, then teeth should also be able to heal. ",
"If the skin and bones of humans are able to heal, then teeth should also be able to heal. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The body is unable to provide the teeth with the resources that it needs to heal the damaged teeth.",
"The body is unable to provide the teeth with the resources that it needs to heal the damaged teeth."
] |
2018-01032 | why do cough lozenges work on sore throat when our saliva goes into the food pipe whereas our vocal chords are inside the windpipe? | Most sore throats hurt at the back of your mouth, right at the "top" of the throat. So swallowing the melted lozenge with its numbing ingredient (usually menthol or pectin) repeatedly coats the inflamed area and reduces pain for a little while. | [
"Section::::History.:Search for new material.\n",
"Section::::History.:First study.\n",
"The vocal cords consist of five layers of cells:\n\nBULLET::::- Squamous epithelium\n\nBULLET::::- Superficial lamina propria (Reinke's space)\n\nBULLET::::- Intermediate lamina propria\n\nBULLET::::- Deep lamina propria\n\... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21187 | Is there any special significance behind Katy Perry's music video 'Chained To The Rhythm'? | It’s really about her spiritual journey from a teen pop icon to a full grown adult woman artist. | [
"On February 18, 2017, Perry released a preview of the music video on her alter ego Kathy Beth Terry's Twitter account. On February 21, 2017, she released the official music video on Vevo, with Mathew Cullen as director. The video was mostly shot at the Six Flags Magic Mountain theme park in Valencia, Santa Clarita... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00261 | Why are broths and soups commonly consumed when someone has a cold? | because when you have a cold your throat usually gets a rash from all your infected cells killing themselves, and swallowing solid food is like scrubbing that rash with some steel wool, so sane people stick to liquids. Also heat soothes the rash, so warm soups feel good to swallow (like putting a warm cloth against a rash). These days the consumption of soups and broths for sick people has become more or less habitual, so it's just a thing you do whether or not you get the sore throat. | [
"Consumption of pea soup in Sweden and Finland dates back to at least the 13th century, and is traditionally served on Thursdays. This is said to originate in the pre-Reformation era, as preparation for fasting on Fridays. The tradition of Thursday pea soup is common in restaurants, schools, military messes and fie... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14289 | why is it most top 40 radio stations only play ~5 songs on repeat? | The answer is that one company owns almost all those stations, and has broadcast licenses for a limited set of music. They used to be called Clear Channel and rebranded themselves as iHeart Media, Inc. a number of years back. They buy up all the independent stations and turn them into part of the borg. | [
"BULLET::::- Top 80 (over 2 weeks): 1970, 1972\n\nBULLET::::- Top 100 (over 2 weeks): 1974-78, 1980–83, 1992, 1998, 2000–09\n\nBULLET::::- Top 100 (over 1 week): 1984-91, 1993\n\nDuring the show's original run, the 2-week Top 100 programs came with special instructions for editing the show into one 8-hour block. Co... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09340 | How did they do math before Arabic numerals? | [Abacuses]( URL_0 ) were in use long before the invention of the Arabic writing system, and are still used today by students who can not do math with Arabic Numbers (like the blind). It's a frame with bars, each bar with a number of beads on them. And they can be used to great effect for most simple mathematical calculations. | [
"In the course of the 11th century, Islam's scientific knowledge began to reach Western Europe, via Islamic Spain. The works of Euclid and Archimedes, lost in the West, were translated from Arabic to Latin in Spain. The modern Hindu-Arabic numeral system, including a notation for zero, were developed by Hindu mathe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04208 | Why does an aircraft carrier store all the planes on deck? What happens if they need to scramble jets? | The aircraft are “stacked”, or parked in such a way that they can be quickly manned and in the air. None of them would be in the way of launching. If they were all below, in the hanger bay, it would take hours to get them flying. In states of readiness, most of the aircraft on deck are manned with crews, ready to be in the air in five minutes or less. It’s called ‘Ready 5’. | [
"As well, the movement of weapons from storage and assembly to the aircraft on the flight deck has been streamlined and accelerated. Ordnance will be lifted to the centralized rearming location via higher-capacity weapons elevators that use linear motors. These elevators are located so that ordnance need not cross ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03089 | Why do governments and companies keep building luxury apartment skyscrapers in cities where the majority of the population can't even afford the rent? | It's because the demand is still much, much higher than the supply. Part of this is because real estate in American cities is a pretty good place to store a lot of wealth if you live overseas. It can't be confiscated easily by whatever your local government is, and you can be pretty sure the value will stay high. Add those types to the massive number of people who want to live in big cities and will find a way to make it pay, and there's enough demand to keep costs high. | [
"The \"wow factor\" has also been taken up by Spanish architecture critics such as \"New York Times\" architecture critics Herbert Mushamp and Nicolai Ouroussof, in their arguments that the city needs to be \"radically\" reshaped by new towers. Discussing Spanish starchitect Santiago Calatrava's new skyscraper at 8... | [
"There is not much of a point for the government and companies to build luxury apartments when majority of the population can't even afford rent. "
] | [
"While many in the area can't afford rent, the demand for luxury apartments such as this still outweighs the demand, giving the governement a reason to continue creating apartments like this. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"There is not much of a point for the government and companies to build luxury apartments when majority of the population can't even afford rent. ",
"There is not much of a point for the government and companies to build luxury apartments when majority of the population can't even afford rent. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"While many in the area can't afford rent, the demand for luxury apartments such as this still outweighs the demand, giving the governement a reason to continue creating apartments like this. ",
"While many in the area can't afford rent, the demand for luxury apartments such as this still outweighs the demand, gi... |
2018-04483 | Hiw does velcro works and why its so loud when you rip it off? | The correct name defines it better “hook and loop” the hard part is the hook which grabs the fluffy fabric which is the loop and it makes the sound due to the plastic being expanded and going back into place. | [
"Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral invented his first touch fastener when, in 1941, he went for a walk in the woods and wondered why burdock seeds clung to his coat and dog. He discovered it could be turned into something useful. He patented it in 1955, and subsequently refined and developed its practical... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01303 | Why is Somalia current state still bad? | Why would the state of Somalia improve? It is a very fragile country without a government capable of providing the services citizens expect of their country. It's been improving very slowly over the last 7 years, and is now only the second-most unstable country according to the UN. Without a government, it's not a very desirable place for business to invest or provide jobs for people. | [
"According to a study by the libertarian think tank the Independent Institute:\n\nIn 2005, Somalia ranked in the top 50 percent in six of our 13 measures, and ranked near the bottom in only three: infant mortality, immunization rates, and access to improved water sources. This compares favorably with circumstances ... | [
"The state of Somalia should have improved by now."
] | [
"Somalia is a fragile country that doesn't have anything going for it that would cause improvement. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The state of Somalia should have improved by now.",
"The state of Somalia should have improved by now."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Somalia is a fragile country that doesn't have anything going for it that would cause improvement. ",
"Somalia is a fragile country that doesn't have anything going for it that would cause improvement. "
] |
2018-04567 | How come upcoming sony phones have 1080p 960fps recording when even high-end dlsr can't do 120fps? | DSLR cameras are typically pushed for still photography, adding the feature would cost more time & money while not necessarily getting people to run out and get the DSLR. Meanwhile on a cell phone the more 'fun' bells and whistles like that DO influence decisions to buy. DSLRs are also pushed towards more serious and more high-end camera buyers, and as someone who's worked in that industry... they prefer 'dedicated' gadgets, not multitaskers like mobile phones. If they want to really do a project with high FPS, they're going to go get a movie camera designed specifically (and solely) for shooting moving video. | [
"BULLET::::- Sony Ericsson Xperia mini\n\nBULLET::::- Sony Ericsson Xperia Mini Pro\n\nBULLET::::- Sony Ericsson Xperia neo\n\nBULLET::::- Sony Ericsson Xperia neo V\n\nBULLET::::- Sony Ericsson Xperia Play\n\nBULLET::::- Sony Ericsson Xperia ray\n\nSection::::Sony.\n\nBULLET::::- Sony Xperia A SO-04E\n\nBULLET::::... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11574 | Why is women’s handwriting generally better than men’s? | This has been asked many times before (don't use reddit's search to check for previous answers, google seach on reddit ... works much better). While there are some physical explanations, like development of motor skills happening earlier for girls... There are also social reasons, like girls being encouraged more to care about looks and boys to be fast and rough. Whichever is more important we can argue about but I doubt we will be able to reach a conclusion. Personally I'd argue for the social part because there is too much variation in the development and age of children in the same class, so by that logic the boys born early should be able to learn to write as nice as girls born late in the year (or vice versa). Personally I can write as nice as a girl if I want to take my time to do so but most of the time I write fast and rough because used to be a little boy many years ago.. I'd really like to be able to write nice AND fast though, but I have not mastered that yet. . | [
"The number of students with dysgraphia may increase from 4 percent of students in primary grades, due to the overall difficulty of handwriting, and up to 20 percent in middle school because written compositions become more complex. With this in mind, there are no exact numbers of how many individuals have dysgraph... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00428 | How do our bodies generate heat and maintain warmth internally? | Chemical reactions within the body, such as oxidation / reduction reactions done during cellular metabolism, generate heat as a byproduct. That heat is used to maintain warmth. In the event that the body is cold, the body will increase its metabolism in order to generate more heat to compensate (homeostasis). Interesting point - the part of the brain that regulates body temperature is the hypothalamus. | [
"Section::::Controls of variables.\n\nSection::::Controls of variables.:Core temperature.\n\nMammals regulate their core temperature using input from thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus, brain, spinal cord, internal organs, and great veins. Apart from the internal regulation of temperature, a process called allosta... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04499 | Why does the human eyes blink? | A big portion of blinking is lubricating the eyeball and clearing the surface of debris. If you keep your eyes open, dust is able to accumulate on the eye, causing irritation. When you blink, tears from the tear duct are spread across the eye and surface impurities, like dust are brushed aside. In that manner, your eyes are more protected from scratching than if you never blinked at all. | [
"Section::::Function and anatomy.:Central nervous system's control.\n\nThough one may think that the stimulus triggering blinking is dry or irritated eyes, it is most likely that it is controlled by a \"blinking center\" of the globus pallidus of the lenticular nucleus—a body of nerve cells between the base and out... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21414 | what is the difference between genuinely dark and edgy? | Intent. Being dark for the sake of being dark, or to be *seen* as being dark is edgy. Being dark for some other reason is genuine dark. | [
"Darkness in music\n\nCertain music is sometimes described as \"dark\" in a metaphorical sense. For example, \"dark pop\" is often indiscriminately applied to a wide range of disparate artists, but usually refers to popular music that incorporates synthesizers or a minor key. In Germany, the term \"schwarze szene\"... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05042 | TV broadcast cameras used tubes before the advent of digital photography to capture and transmit the images. How did those work? | I'm not sure if I can ELY5, but here it goes. Analog (tube) cameras had a photosensitive plate at the front, just behind the lens. Whatever the camera was pointed at would produce patches of black, white, and gray on that plate which was divided into pixels. The other end of that electronic camera tube emitted a beam of electrons from the anode of the tube. That beam of electrons scanned the photosensitive plate from left to right at about 13000 times per second, and at the same time scanned from top to bottom at 60 times per second. The movement of the beam was controlled by electromagnet surrounding the tube. When the beam scanned a particular pixel on the plate it would produce a voltage based on the level of gray (reflected light) it detected. That voltage is what was transmitted down the cable to the tv set which worked in the opposite manner. It projected an electron beam onto the front of its tube as it scanned the plate 13000 or so times per second left to right, and 60 times a second top to bottom. The inside of the tube was coated with a phosphorescent material that would light up at different levels depending on the voltage that was applied to each pixel and that would produce black, white, and gray pixels. The beam in the tv tube was emmited from the cathode, which is why they are called CRTs, or cathode ray tubes. TL; DR - analog cameras functioned like reverse cathode ray TVs. Edit: clarity. | [
"BULLET::::- The radio station Witzleben begins in Germany with the regular broadcasting of television test broadcasts, initially on long wave with 30 lines (= 1,200 pixels) at 12.5 image changes per second. It appear first blueprints for television receiver.\n\nBULLET::::- John Logie Baird starts in the UK on beha... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12114 | Why do flashing lights make epileptic people have seizures? | Not all people with epilepsy have seizures triggered by lights. It's a subtype of epilepsy called photosensitive epilepsy, and it effects about 1 in 20 of people with epilepsy. The exact mechanism isn't perfectly understood because for ethical reasons, it's obviously hard to do any sort of brain imaging while it's happening, but the basic idea idea is that the rapid flashing of lights triggers runaway nerve firings in the visual cortex of the brain. Seizures are basically neurons firing in an uncontrolled fashion. In people with photosensitive epilepsy, the visual cortex of the brain is unable to handle the rapid cycling of electrical impulses collected from the eyes. | [
"In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as strobe lights, can be responsible for the onset of a tonic clonic, absence, or myoclonic seizure. This condition is known as photosensitive epilepsy and, in some cases, the seizures can be triggered by activities that are harmless to others, such as watchi... | [
"Flashing lights cause seizures in epileptic people.",
"Flashing lights make epileptic people sieze."
] | [
"Not all people with epilepsy have seizures triggered by lights.",
"Flashing lights only affect photosensitive epileptics which is not very commmon. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Flashing lights cause seizures in epileptic people.",
"Flashing lights make epileptic people sieze."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Not all people with epilepsy have seizures triggered by lights.",
"Flashing lights only affect photosensitive epileptics which is not very commmon. "
] |
2018-00287 | With state after state legalizing recreational cannabis, is there a point where it would be more or less certain (i.e. 34+ states) it would become legal federally? | While what you say may be hypothetically true, that's not usually how the process works. There's no specific point where this happens semi-automatically. | [
"In 2016, legislation in the Wyoming House of Representatives to decriminalize possession of an ounce or less of marijuana (sponsored by State Representative James Byrd of Cheyenne) failed for the third year in a row.\n\nIn 2017, supporters sought 25,000 signatures to put the \"Peggy A. Kelley Wyoming Cannabis Act ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"After a certain number of states approve cannabis it should be legal federally."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"There is no semi automatic process that makes cannabis legal federally based on the status of state laws. "
] |
2018-04155 | Why are we not able to make artificial human blood for medical use, or why is it not feasible if we are? | [Artificial blood is a thing]( URL_0 ). As you can read on the wiki, the issue is that we don't have a good way of getting it to transport oxygen, which is obviously a pretty vital function of blood. Also, as you can read, clinical trials for that are on currently ongoing. | [
"Section::::Clinical relevance.:Artificial blood cell.\n\nSection::::Clinical relevance.:Artificial blood cell.:Oxygen carriers.\n\nNano sized oxygen carriers are used as a type of red blood cell substitutes, although they lack other components of red blood cells. They are composed of a synthetic polymersome or an ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19749 | When a website asks you to prove you are not a robot by identifying storefronts/busses/streetlights/etc, how is it determining you are not a robot? | Those tasks are not easy to solve for computers without reasonable effort put into making robust algorithms that probably aren’t worth the time for spammers, etc. Without such obstacles, websites receive a lot of automated garbage and fluffed up web traffic | [
"When a site owner wishes to give instructions to web robots they place a text file called in the root of the web site hierarchy (e.g. ). This text file contains the instructions in a specific format (see examples below). Robots that \"choose\" to follow the instructions try to fetch this file and read the instruct... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18780 | Why are DaVinci’s paintings considered great? | In general he had very good technique in terms of realism and detail, and was also considered above average at using "sfumato" (a kind of smokey, soft technique with blended rather than hard edges). He came from an era with a ton of very good painters where painting itself was undergoing a radical change so I certainly wouldn't say he was the greatest painter of his day or anything. | [
"There are many old and beautiful churches that contain various important works of art. The 15th-century frescoes in the Gothic church of Santa Margherita and the Florentine painter Giovanni Balducci's masterpiece (1560 until after 1644), a series of paintings that decorate the rich wooden ceiling in the church of ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01370 | If the world is round and rotates, how do we appear to be standing upright at all times? | Because gravity pulls us toward the center of the planet. Just like if you take a plunger and stick it on a beach ball, it doesn't matter the orientation of the ball, the stick of the plunger sticks away from the center. | [
"which appears to rotate westward overhead; meanwhile, Earth underfoot seems to remain still. For purposes of spherical astronomy, which is concerned only with the directions to celestial objects, it makes no difference if this is actually the case or if it is Earth that is rotating while the celestial sphere is st... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-07293 | Why is it when we breathe a certain way it can change the temperature of our breath? | The high air pressure of a pursed pair of lips cools your breath down as it's leaving your mouth. A breath exhaled with a wider set mouth is simply coming out and will more closely match the internal temperature of your body. At least, I'm fairly sure | [
"Due to body heat and moisture there is almost always higher heat and humidity inside a clothing system. This creates a differential pressure forcing the heat and humidity toward the outside. The greater the difference between the heat and humidity inside the clothing system and the outside, the greater the Differe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09496 | How do warm-blooded animals actually produce body heat? | using "exothermic" chemistery \(reactions that release heat\) and by muscle movement \(which again uses up a lot of molecules in exothermic reactions as well as friction between the muscle cells during movement\) Energy is usually stored as fat. Fat gets converted back into glucose which your body can use to get "Adenintriphosphate" \(short ATP\). Your body then can use that molecule for energy delivery by transforming the TRIphosphate into a DIphosphate \(ADP\) which again is a very energy rich, exothermic reaction. | [
"A large proportion of the creatures traditionally called \"warm-blooded\", like birds and mammals, fit all three of these categories (i.e., they are endothermic, homeothermic, \"and\" tachymetabolic). However, over the past 30 years, studies in the field of animal thermophysiology have revealed many species belong... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04121 | How do some drugs/chemicals impact the body (nearly) immediately? | Media often exaggerates the rapidness of drug effects, but it is true that many drugs do act pretty rapidly. Largely, the speed at which a drug works depends on how quickly it can get to its target. When you take a pill, for example, the pill has to land in the stomach, dissolve, then get absorbed. This takes a bit of time. On the other hand, injecting it right into the blood means it often can start affecting the patient immediately. The other major factor is, essentially, what the drug's target is, and how it affects it. Sometimes the drug is binding to a receptor that triggers a response inherently in the body-- for example, epinephrine binds to receptors on cells that result in a very quick reaction. Cyanide is similar; it inhibits a key part of the cell's mitochondria, preventing it from transfering the electrons to the waiting oxygen molecule; because the system is 'jammed', the cell can't make ATP, and the result is cell death. Cells like neurons need a lot of ATP to survive, and without it, they start to die, leading the affects (the ATP supply in a cell is used up pretty quickly in general). | [
"Onset of action is the duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon administration. With oral administration, it typically ranges anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour, depending on the drug in question. Other methods of ingestion such as smoking or injection can take as little as s... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04856 | ELIf: What exactly happens when a company liquidates their assets | Yes, basically anything the company owns is sold. From my experience, it was a company decision to exit a country, so the office stuff we had bought was sold. We either shipped machines and IT stuff back to HQ, or found some company locally to give us a price for everything. We basically had one company come in and buy all the electrical stuff like printers, monitors, TVs and another came in to take furniture. | [
"The acquired company records in its books the elimination of its net assets and the receipt of cash, receivables or investment in the acquiring company (if what was received from the transfer included common stock from the purchasing company). If the acquired company is liquidated then the company needs an additio... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-00817 | How do artillery gunners shoot things they can't see? | They can't. Which is why they employ the use of spotters and observers who will relay the necessary information back to the gunners so they can aim their guns appropriately. | [
"They can also calculate \"defensive fire\" tasks. These are pre‑planned missions, typically just in front of or upon one's own positions, designed with the intention of either suppressing potential attacks (where fire is dropped just in front of a friendly position), or in dropping fire on a recently abandoned or ... | [
"artillery gunners shoot things they can't see"
] | [
"artillery gunners cannot shoot things they can't see."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"artillery gunners shoot things they can't see"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"artillery gunners cannot shoot things they can't see."
] |
2018-18460 | How can big companies like Twitter, Snapchat, and Spotify have large negative profits for so long without shutting down? | Because they have plenty of funding from investors that are allowing them to run at a loss, so that they can buy up market share. They're not actually losing money though, as Uber is perhaps the most famous case of. They may be running at an operational loss, and if you look at the total amount of money they've borrowed, it may seem very large, but the rate of growth of the company itself means that its value is much higher than its debt even though it doesn't make a profit. | [
"Multiply closed their operations on May 31, 2013 and is expected to continue its business with their new mobile app, delivering 217 million accounts, 210 million photos and 237,000 videos from the old Multiply from it's launch in March 2004 to March 15, 2013.\n\nGUESS? closed 60 stores in 2017 and is expected to c... | [
"Negative profits for a company should mean the company shuts down.",
"If companies operate for a prolonged period of time at a loss, they should not be able to sustain their companies. "
] | [
"Company's value may be much higher than its debt, even though it doesn't make a profit.",
"The companies that are operating at a loss, are receiving multiple large investments from investors which allows them to remain in business. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Negative profits for a company should mean the company shuts down.",
"If companies operate for a prolonged period of time at a loss, they should not be able to sustain their companies. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Company's value may be much higher than its debt, even though it doesn't make a profit.",
"The companies that are operating at a loss, are receiving multiple large investments from investors which allows them to remain in business. "
] |
2018-04566 | Why is Starbucks coffee now required to have a cancer warning in California? | All Coffee is now required to have it. California has an extremely low bar for anything that has any kind of correlation (not even causal link) to potentially causing cancer. They also do not require it to be proven that they cause cancer but instead require the defense to prove that it does not cause cancer. As for why coffee? Studies have shown a specific compound produced when roasting may be connected to cancer. No actual causal links have been established, but the correlation is enough for California. This is why most of the country and the world completely ignore California cancer warning labels as being meaningless. | [
"In March 2018, a California judge ruled that Starbucks and other companies must provide warning labels on all coffee products, warning consumers of chemicals that may cause cancer, a requirement by California law which Starbucks was found in violation of. The chemical in question is acrylamide, a carcinogen byprod... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02079 | What exactly causes the feeling of being "dizzy" when getting up quickly? | It's called orthostatic hypotension. It's just your blood following gravity and pooling in your body (and your legs in particular) thus reducing the flow to your brain, which in turn signals it by making you feel dizzy. You feel dizzy and eventually faint because by falling down you remove the gravity factor and it's easier for blood to reach the brain. It's a very common experience, particularly in the elderly. If it happens regularly, or you faint, you might want to get it checked. | [
"Normally, a series of cardiac, vascular, neurologic, muscular, and neurohumoral responses occur quickly so the blood pressure does not fall very much. One response is a vasoconstriction (baroreceptor reflex), pressing the blood up into the body again. (Often, this mechanism is exaggerated and is why diastolic bloo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02978 | why do smart phones shut off in cold weather before they’ve reached 0% battery? | I'll provide a brief answer. Phones today are powered by lithium-ion batteries. They rely on the flow of ions (something like electrons, except bigger, slower) through an oily-gel like material (makes them even slower!) across two 'plates' as they discharge to power the phone. When it gets cold, it gets harder to move (just as you'd find it harder to move in the cold) and after a certain threshold, the battery just seizes up and ions just don't move fast enough to provide enough current for the phone. The phone shuts down. This threshold temperature is rather cold, in the -30 ~ -40 C. but depending on the battery, conditions that you were out in, initial conditions and whatnot, you may see it shut off at relatively warmer (~ -20 C) temperatures as well. | [
"The Optimus 7 has a tendency to heat to a high temperature, while the handset is left to run an application for an extended period of time. This behavior has also been noted during charging. Due to the device's metal battery cover, the handset tends to retain any heat generated.\n\nIt has also been reported that a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02848 | Why does it take a bit for your foot to hurt when you hit shomething with it? | It shouldn't. When you hit something you get an instant sharp pain to let you know damage is occurring and afterwards an aching pain to remind you that you have been damaged. | [
"BULLET::::- The tendon of fibularis longus similarly passes behind the lateral malleolus into the sole.\n\nSection::::Structure.:Nerve supply.\n\nThe soles of the feet are extremely sensitive to touch due to a high concentration of nerve endings, with as many as 200,000 per sole. This makes them sensitive to surfa... | [
"Pain takes a minute to register.",
"There is a delay before pain is received after one hits their foot. "
] | [
"Pain should be felt immediately when something damaging happens. ",
"There should be no delay after hitting your foot, the pain should be felt immediately."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Pain takes a minute to register.",
"There is a delay before pain is received after one hits their foot. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Pain should be felt immediately when something damaging happens. ",
"There should be no delay after hitting your foot, the pain should be felt immediately."
] |
2018-02457 | How does a glass of water seem to immediately rehydrate you? | > I had some really dry eyes today, because I hadn't had enough water, and had too much salty food. I drank 2 cups and it seemed as if my eyes immediately rehydrated themselves. That may be simply your perception at work, but water is absorbed pretty quickly. It starts entering the bloodstream after 5 minutes and half of it can be absorbed in a little over 10 minutes. Having felt the sensation of drinking though might have just triggered you to feel better anyway. It isn't likely you were really so dehydrated that you couldn't produce tears in the first place. | [
"Section::::Active absorption.:Active non-osmotic water absorption.\n\nThis theory was given by Thimann (1951) and Kramer (1959). According to the theory, sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient. This requires expenditure of metabolic energy released from respiration of root cells. There is no ... | [
"Water rehydrates a body immediately. "
] | [
"Water can be absorbed in a little over 10 minutes, but the sensation of drinking could trigger the immediate feeling of being rehydrated. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Water rehydrates a body immediately. ",
"Water rehydrates a body immediately. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Water can be absorbed in a little over 10 minutes, but the sensation of drinking could trigger the immediate feeling of being rehydrated. ",
"Water can be absorbed in a little over 10 minutes, but the sensation of drinking could trigger the immediate feeling of being rehydrated. "
] |
2018-06003 | When their is no reception and get "SOS Only", How come emergency services can be contacted but no one else? | Emergency service has special rules. It has reserved capacity on the towers, so you can use it even when you couldn't make a call otherwise. You can also use it even if you don't have balance, an active account, or a SIM card at all, and the call will be accepted by any tower capable of communicating with your phone. Provider restrictions don't apply for emergencies. If you have a normal, working phone and an active account, then the most likely reason is that you're outside your operator's area of coverage. | [
"GETS supports federal, state, local, and tribal government, industry, and non-governmental organization personnel during crisis or emergencies by providing emergency access and priority processing for local and long distance telephone calls on the public switched telephone network. GETS is intended to be used in a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17580 | Why is Quebec the only Canadian province with CEGEP instead of grade 12? | You cannot go from high school to university without EITHER a cégep diploma, or being 25 while having recognized work experience. The great majority of university attendees indeed have a cégep diploma. I’ve never seen an explanation for the removal of the 12th grade because it became law quite long ago, but my personal take is that you do not need that extra year in order to be able to perform non-specialized jobs In cégep, there are two tracks, the first one is to become a technician, mostly three year diplomas, followed by going on the job market. I think it’s called associate degrees in the US. (Civil engineer, lab tech, nursing) The second track is preparatory to going to university, it generally lasts two years. You get a diploma, but couldn’t really find a job with it. Think like pre-med, but also choices not in the science field. (Human sciences I believe is the term) [edit]. Adding details about the two tracks | [
"Quebec students complete one fewer grade than all other Canadian provinces in total before attending CEGEP, by ending high school in grade 11 instead of grade 12. CEGEPs then prepare students for university or to enter a technical profession. It is also possible to attend a university with a 3-year technical CEGEP... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15219 | Why is it in the west HIV infections are still primarily related with homosexual activity and drug use but in Africa where the vast majority of worldwide cases is it primarily spread through heterosexual transmission? | Better access to contraceptives in the West. Less contraceptives are used in homosexual activities because no risk of pregnancy, drug use because sharing needles. | [
"The proportion of HIV cases that can be attributed to the result of homosexual relations varies according to geography. In Russia, among newly registered HIV cases in 2006 where the mode of transmission was known, about one half was due to heterosexual intercourse, and this proportion has been steadily increasing.... | [
"HIV infections should be spread via heterosexuals in the West"
] | [
"The West has better access to contraceptives."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"HIV infections should be spread via heterosexuals in the West",
"HIV infections should be spread via heterosexuals in the West"
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The West has better access to contraceptives.",
"The West has better access to contraceptives."
] |
2018-13258 | What are the cultural and social reasons to throw a sexual bachelor/bachelorette party? | Bachelor parties date back to ancient Sparta, where where men would eat and drink the night before a friend's wedding. That was all about celebrating the union, saying goodbye to the 'carefree' days before a man took on the responsibility of a family, and swearing allegiance to one another for battle and stuff. I think the same thing still stands today, minus the battle thing, and people celebrate in the same spirit in a lot of different cultures across the world. For most people I think it's about having a good time with friends and celebrating the past before you take a big step into another chapter of your life. Looking back through history, I kind of think it makes sense for bachelor parties to be sexual. For example in the 1800's (I'm generalising here) people often didn't marry for love, but rather for status/power, or because of social pressure. Marriage wasn't always a fun thing for people to do, it was sometimes pretty business-like, and it often meant the couple would take on the responsibility of children, more money with their combined finances, and more influence in their community (even if they did marry for love, that's still a lot of new responsibility). All that in mind, it makes sense that bachelor parties have a history of being rowdy and wild. I you're going into a loveless marriage to a woman who's expected to act a certain way, or if you're marrying someone you love but you'll have to uphold a certain social standard, you'd want to have fun before you did so. Again, I guess the same train of thought could be applied today in some cases. | [
"Other pre-wedding celebrations, such as bridesmaids luncheons, are often held instead of bachelorette parties due to the latter's association with licentiousness in some countries since the 1980s.\n\nSection::::History.\n",
"The first references to Western Stag Nights in the Oxford English Dictionary date to the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06808 | Why does the US send aid to other countries when there are people in need here? | They so spend money domestically, more than they do on foreign aid. Its a strangely common fallacy that something as large as a national government can only address one problem at a time. They sound the same on paper (people going hungry), but the US has a distribution and wealth problem, not a supply problem. They can send excess supplies to other nations in need without jeopardizing their own capacity to survive. Its kind of like asking why someone would lend someone else a pen for an essay when they are struggling to write their own essay. The other person doesn’t have enough ink, but thats not what is stopping the first person from writing their essay. | [
"President Obama announced to the UN Millennium Development Goals summit in September 2010 that the United States was changing its policy towards foreign aid. The President said the country would focus more on effectiveness, and make sure donated food, medicine, and money help countries get to the point where they ... | [
"The US is not aiding people in need in this country.",
"When the US gives foreign aid, it reduces resources for US citizens."
] | [
"The US aids people in this country and sends excess to other countries.",
"The US doesn't have a resource problem, it has a distribution and wealth problem."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The US is not aiding people in need in this country.",
"When the US gives foreign aid, it reduces resources for US citizens."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The US aids people in this country and sends excess to other countries.",
"The US doesn't have a resource problem, it has a distribution and wealth problem."
] |
2018-00886 | If moon is tidal tidally-locked to Earth, causing its' same face to always face us, why is the same not true for Earth with the sun? | We're actually on the course to being tidally locked with respect to the Moon sooner than with respect to the Sun. The Moon's gravity causes the world's oceans to bulge out towards it, but the Earth is also rotating on it's axis. This shifts that bulge a little ahead instead of directly under the moon. The gravity of this bulge both speeds the Moon's orbit up to catch up with it, and slows the Earth's rotation down due to friction. If this process goes on uninterrupted, eventually the Moon will forever be over one location on the Earth. That side of the Earth will forever face the moon. I forget the predicted time scale for this. Maybe someone else could post it? I vaguely remember reading that this scenario is moot due to the Sun being set to go nova long before it has time to happen. Edit: To get back to your actual question though, there is a tidal bulge produced by the Sun's gravity too, and it too is slowing down the Earth's rotation as it tries to follow the Sun. If left spinning in our current state for enough time, it'll alter the Earth's rotation to the point that one full rotation of the Earth takes a whole year. Then we'd be like the planet the Starwars Twi'lek race are from. As u/Nejfelt points out though, the Red Giant phase of our Sun would happen sooner than this process, so it's a moot thought. Edit edit: After some thought, I think I have a more five year old friendly way of explaining this. Lets say there is a small planet spinning in space. With no air friction to slow it down. It'll keeps spinning like this at the same speed forever. Lets say that a man in a spaceship is orbiting this planet. He tosses down a rock on a very long rope that lands on the planet. The rock moves with the planet's rotation until the rope grows taunt and tugs it along. Due to the friction of the rock being dragged along the planet, the planet's spin slows down. Given enough time, eventually one side of the planet always faces the spaceship. In this analogy, the rope is the Sun's gravity, and the rock is everything that is pulled towards that gravity. This is most noticeable with the ocean's tide, but also includes the air and more solid objects. Even a planet entirely composed of dirt will be warped into having a slight bulge towards a star. That bulge will then move with the rotation of the planet, and the extra gravity of that bulge would in turn tug toward the star to slow the rotation down. | [
"Atomic clocks also show that Earth's day lengthens by about 15 microseconds every year, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds.\n\nLeft to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched, creating mutual tidal locking be... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"The sun's gravity does not slow down the Earth's rotation."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The sun's gravity is slowing down the Earth's rotation."
] |
2018-09954 | Why does it feel cold to enter the pool, but then once you're adjusted, it's fine, but then it feels cold to get out? | It feels cold getting in because a) the water is colder than you are and b) the water is really quite effective at taking heat away from your body. When it comes to getting out the coldness is mostly going to be from evaporative cooling - it's the same principle as why sweating cools you down. Your skin is covered in water and as the water evaporates it takes energy away from your skin to do so, cooling you down. | [
"BULLET::::- In lakes exposed to geothermal activity, the temperature of the deeper water may be warmer than the surface water. This will usually lead to convection currents.\n\nBULLET::::- Water at near-freezing temperatures is less dense than slightly warmer water - maximum density of water is at about 4°C - so w... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22184 | How noise cancelling headphones work, and why some headphones cancel noise when extremely similar ones don’t. | Identical sound waves cancel each other out. Noise cancelling headphones have microphones that pick up outside noise and feed it back on itself so it's cancelled out and you only hear the different waves coming from your player inside the headphones. | [
"Noise-cancelling headphones\n\nNoise-cancelling headphones, or noise-canceling headphones, are headphones that reduce unwanted ambient sounds using active noise control. This is distinct from passive headphones which, if they reduce ambient sounds at all, use techniques such as soundproofing.\n",
"To cancel the ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12385 | Why do people put gold on food, other than the purpose of showing off how rich they are? | Flaunting wealth is often one reason. However, if you consider food to be an art form, putting gold on the plate could be completely a creative expression of the chef. We eat first with our eyes, gorgeous plating goes a long way towards creating a multisensual dining experience. | [
"This tradition dates back to the late 1700 to early 1800's when runaway slaves had encounters with the Indians. The Natives helped the slaves escape and they celebrated freedom this gave birth to the Mardi Gras Indian. Many Slaves intermarried with Native Americans who wore gold teeth. It became a tradition for Af... | [
"The only reason to put gold on food is to show wealth. "
] | [
"Gold can be put on food for artistic reasons and for flaunting wealth. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The only reason to put gold on food is to show wealth. ",
"The only reason to put gold on food is to show wealth. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Gold can be put on food for artistic reasons and for flaunting wealth. ",
"Gold can be put on food for artistic reasons and for flaunting wealth. "
] |
2018-09763 | Why do HD movies go blurry when paused? | They don't always go blurry when paused. It depends on what that specific frame looks like. Often when movies are filmed they have blurry frames because that's what naturally happens when something on-screen is moving or when the camera is moving. | [
"In televised sports, where conventional cameras expose pictures 25 or 30 times per second, motion blur can be inconvenient because it obscures the exact position of a projectile or athlete in slow motion. For this reason special cameras are often used which eliminate motion blurring by taking rapid exposures on th... | [
"All HD movies go blurry when paused.",
"HD movies go blurry when paused. "
] | [
"Some HD movies do not go blurry when paused; however HD movies which have blurry frames, such as when something is moving or the camera is moving, will go blurry when paused.",
"HD movies do not always go blurry when paused. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"All HD movies go blurry when paused.",
"HD movies go blurry when paused. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some HD movies do not go blurry when paused; however HD movies which have blurry frames, such as when something is moving or the camera is moving, will go blurry when paused.",
"HD movies do not always go blurry when paused. "
] |
2018-10945 | In osmosis: how water molecules know where is the place of higher solute concentration and move there? | In addition to the other answers given this may help you visualise it. Consider it like two tennis players either side of a new with hundreds of tennis balls around them, one tennis player though is hitting the balls more often than the other player as a result the tennis balls start to accumulate on the other side, until the player now has to spend longer finding a tennis ball to hit over the net. | [
"The mechanism responsible for driving osmosis has commonly been represented in biology and chemistry texts as either the dilution of water by solute (resulting in lower concentration of water on the higher solute concentration side of the membrane and therefore a diffusion of water along a concentration gradient) ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03135 | how does an object in space, like a satellite, stay on a smooth orbit trajectory? | If you're asking how an orbit works, [this]( URL_0 ) is a great way of visualizing what is happening. Essentially, an orbit is when something is going fast enough to miss hitting the ground because the ground curves away from it. Generally, the way orbits are portrayed (i.e. a smooth oval) is a very accurate approximation. In reality, there are perturbations from other bodies (i.e. a satellite in orbit around Earth would have be pulled on by the Moon) or uneven gravity fields from imperfectly shaped planets (the Earth has this, and it changes satellite orbits over time). Of course, for actual mission planning, these need to be accounted for, but ellipses are actually very accurate in most cases. | [
"BULLET::::- A line drawn from the planet to the satellite sweeps out \"equal areas in equal times\" no matter which portion of the orbit is measured.\n\nBULLET::::- The square of a satellite's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the planet.\n\nBULLET::::- Without applying force ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01055 | What happens to electronic hardware when stressed constantly over a relatively long time | Silicon components develop a variety of defects when under use. ELI5 Explanation: Much like a river picks up sand and deposits it somewhere else, current moving through silicon tends to pick up material and deposit it elsewhere, this eventually causes the circuit to malfunction, heat can make this worse as hot substrate can become dislodged more easily. More detailed explanation: One such type of wear is electromigration, whereby metal is carried to where it shouldn't be URL_0 Another kind of wear is hot carrier injection, whereby charge carriers are embedded where they shouldn't be. URL_1 These effects eventually prevent the transistor from switching correctly, or as fast without increased voltages. Increased temperatures generally aren't responsible for mechanical failure perse, but increase the incidence of the above (And other) mechanisms of wear and tear on the substrate It's also worth mentioning that when sitting around and doing nothing, high energy particles, gamma rays, background radition, can also cause hot carrier injection, and other damage to the electronics. So the device will even degrade when sitting around and doing nothing. People living on high mountains will experience more degradation due to increased incidence of cosmic rays, people living near sources of natural radioactivity will also experience faster degradation. | [
"Workmanship shall meet the applicable standards including T.O. 00-25-234 and shall be free of obvious physical defects. A unit that exhibits any sign that a part is stressed beyond its design limit (cracked circuit boards, loose connectors and/or screws, bent clamps and/or screws, worn parts, etc.) is considered t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15328 | How much time does it take for disposable plastic water bottles to become dangerous to refill/reuse? | Look at the bottom or the side of the water bottle. There should be a number with some arrows going in circles around it. That number is the type of plastic they used in said water bottle. There are at least 5 different types they used in water bottles, 2 sort of rare the other 3 are more common. Look up those numbers on Google to get you started. The MOST common one(like at grocery store) is actually pretty well off. It has a very low leech rate and usually does it if you expose the water bottle to high heat. Use glass or metal(types that passively kill bacteria) if you plan on using something to drink from long term. | [
"Arguments in favor of reusing bottles, or recycling them into other products, are compelling. It is estimated that in the U.S. alone, consumers use 1,500 plastic water bottles every single second. But only about 23% of PET plastic, which is the plastic used in disposable plastic water bottles, gets recycled. Thus,... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06237 | why can you still whisper even though you have no voice? | Whispering is unvocalized. The difference between speech and whispers is that your vocal cords are not used in whispers. That's what is sore and unusable when you're hoarse. | [
"Section::::Composition.\n",
"Section::::Recording and production.\n",
"Section::::Promotion.\n",
"Even though Whisper is considered to be a metahuman as the result of her mutation, she prefers to rely on her deceptive defenseless appearance and her mind control abilities to avoid any fight, having always aro... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04931 | Is it possible for energy to be created, or does the universe have the same amount of energy now as it always has? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Google conservation of mass energy to learn more ein depth, but basically mass is energy and energy is mass, so if it seems like the total of one was reduced, the total of the other has increased, but the sum of the two remains the same (huge oversimplification, but this is ELI5) | [
"Cosmologist Lawrence Krauss, in his article \"Our Spontaneous Universe\", wrote that \"there are remarkable, testable arguments that provide firmer empirical evidence of the possibility that our universe arose from nothing. ... If our universe arose spontaneously from nothing at all, one might predict that its tot... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00301 | How do young-earth creationists explain 7000-year-old mummies? | They don't believe radioactive dating is reliable beyond a few thousand years, so they wouldn't believe the mummy is actually 7000 years old. | [
"BULLET::::- Harris Stone\n",
"Mummies of humans and animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are... | [
"Young-earth creationists explain 7000 year old mummies in some coherent way."
] | [
"Their don't believe radioactive dating is reliable therefore they wouldn't care to explain it as they wouldn't believe it is that old. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Young-earth creationists explain 7000 year old mummies in some coherent way."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Their don't believe radioactive dating is reliable therefore they wouldn't care to explain it as they wouldn't believe it is that old. "
] |
2018-13837 | How does Turkey deal with 18.500 open positions after they had to let all those people go? | Turkey has a population of nearly 80 million and the society has always been a little dysfunctional, those open positions don't really alter the situation as much as it would in a smaller society or one that was functioning smoothly. | [
"On the last day of the January transfermarket 2019, Erdoğan was one of 22 players on two hours, that signed for Turkish club Elazığspor. had been placed under a transfer embargo but managed to negotiate it with the Turkish FA, leading to them going on a mad spree of signing and registering a load of players despit... | [
"Turkey having 18,500 open positions will cause more trouble for the society."
] | [
"Turkey already a dysfunctional society, the open positions won't make things much worse."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Turkey having 18,500 open positions will cause more trouble for the society."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Turkey already a dysfunctional society, the open positions won't make things much worse."
] |
2018-23768 | How is it possible that compounds like CuSO4 and Na2CO3 that have neither OH- or H+ ions are acidic or basic in a solution? | Acidity/basicity is determined by its ability to produce ions by accepting or donating electron pairs in solution. An acid can readily accept an electron pair, which in water would then produce H+ ions, and a base can readily donate an electron pair, which in water would produce OH-. | [
"Although the subsequent loss of each hydrogen ion is less favorable, all of the conjugate bases are present in solution. The fractional concentration, \"α\" (alpha), for each species can be calculated. For example, a generic diprotic acid will generate 3 species in solution: HA, HA, and A. The fractional concentra... | [
"Because CUSO4 and NA2CO3 contain no OH and H+, they should not be able to be acidic. "
] | [
"Acidity and basicity are determined by its ability to accept or donate electron pairs in solution, acids and base can always accept a pair which means they can receive H+ and/or OH-"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Because CUSO4 and NA2CO3 contain no OH and H+, they should not be able to be acidic. ",
"Because CUSO4 and NA2CO3 contain no OH and H+, they should not be able to be acidic. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Acidity and basicity are determined by its ability to accept or donate electron pairs in solution, acids and base can always accept a pair which means they can receive H+ and/or OH-",
"Acidity and basicity are determined by its ability to accept or donate electron pairs in solution, acids and base can always acc... |
2018-15959 | Why do we sometimes sneeze once and sometimes twice (and maybe rarely three times)? How does our body determine the amount of times we sneeze in one "episode" of sneezing? | We sneeze because nerves in our nose are getting bothered, as a kind of defense mechanism against foreign objects or particles getting all up in there. So in theory, I suppose you'll sneeze until whatever it is that's tickling your nerves, stops tickling them. Could be a harmless fiber, could be bothersome pollen, could be something outright dangerous, body defaults to sneeze reflex. That's the gist of it as far as I'm aware at least. But I'm no nose expert, so someone more knowledgeable on the subject may have to confirm or clarify. | [
"BULLET::::- Donna Griffiths, a 12-year-old girl in Pershore, Worcestershire, in the United Kingdom, began sneezing, and continued to sneeze repeatedly, for 978 consecutive days. Initially sneezing twice every minute, her rate would eventually slow to once every five minutes. Donna would have her first day without ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11089 | Why isn't salt water the solution to the incoming water crisis? | At this point it’s not easy, or cheap to make salt water into fresh water, and unless someone finds a way to make it so, it won’t be a solution. | [
"Section::::Impact reduction and management.:Best management practice.\n\nThere is no clear agreement about what constitutes best management practice for salinity in Australia. While there are a range of techniques and strategies available, success is often varied from one context to the next; there is no simple so... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Changing salt water to fresh water can solve the water crisis."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Changing salt water to fresh water is not easy or cheap."
] |
2018-06053 | Why does bottled water contain sodium? | Unless it's been distilled, then sodium \(and other ions\) are pretty much always present in water. Depending on where the water came from, they could have been absorbed from rocks or soil that the water touched, or from contact with living creatures like plants or animals. Sodium dissolves in water very easily, so if water contacts any sodium it will take some of it. Sometimes sodium is added on purpose to affect the hardness or the flavor of the water. | [
"In December 2009, \"Consumer Reports\" found that major canned food companies including Campbell's Soup had tinned products which had bisphenol A (BPA) levels over 100 ppb in some cases; the testing revealed that just one serving of canned food would exceed an expert's recommendation for daily exposure (0.2 microg... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18683 | Why do posts get archived? | The focus on this site is on relevance and recency. Things that are newer will be prioritized over things that are older. By archiving discussions, you ensure that the conversation must be focused on things that have recently been posted. | [
"For privacy reasons, the users' comments are usually ignored by websites of the Internet preservation, like it happens in Web Archive, or in Archive.today copy saving.\n\nSection::::Mobile video hosting.\n",
"The administrators re-upload posts without original uploaders' permission and they do not let the upload... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02519 | How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities? | You can pack more active chemicals in the battery, if you use more expensive, thinner films, more expensive pastes that contain more active ingredients, and wind it all much tighter to pack more in. Some really cheap cells contain only a little bit of stuff wound rather loosely, or even packed out with sand. | [
"Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are generally not interchangeable with primary types using different chemistry, though certain lithium primary cell sizes do have lithium-ion rechargeable equivalents. Most rechargeable cylindrical cells use a chemistry with a nominal voltage around 3.7 volts, but cells produce ... | [
"If a rechargeable battery is the same size and type the two should not be able to have different capacities."
] | [
"If a battery has more chemicals packed on the inside of it, it will be able to hold a larger capacity."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"If a rechargeable battery is the same size and type the two should not be able to have different capacities.",
"If a rechargeable battery is the same size and type the two should not be able to have different capacities."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"If a battery has more chemicals packed on the inside of it, it will be able to hold a larger capacity.",
"If a battery has more chemicals packed on the inside of it, it will be able to hold a larger capacity."
] |
2018-02404 | why do large trucks, busses etc. have larger steering wheels than smaller vehicles? | When there's more weight resting on the wheels, they are harder to turn. Having a larger steering wheel makes that easier to overcome. Even though pretty much all vehicles now have power steering, you still need to be able to steer the vehicle in case of a failure, so they still have large wheels in spite of this. | [
"Most new vehicles now have power steering, owing to the trends toward front wheel drive, greater vehicle mass, and wider tires, which all increase the required steering effort. Heavier vehicles, as are common in some countries, would be extremely difficult to maneuver at low speeds, while vehicles of lighter weigh... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00208 | Why is it easier to climb on a Stair Master versus climbing up normal everyday stairs? (at work,school,home,etc.) | With a stair master you are pressing down with your legs and not really moving your whole body. So the resistance is much lower. On regular stairs you are lifting your entire body weight up by one leg with each climb. | [
"On average in this study, infants learned to crawl and cruise before learning to ascend stairs independently. Infants were able to climb up the stairs before they could walk, but walking tended to come before independent stair descent. While most of the infants had prior stair experience, the presence or absence o... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14129 | Why does a website, that seems slow to load in the first place, load much quicker, after a refresh? | Most likely because the website will have cached the data that it needed the first time you went to the page so on the reload it can get the data from that cache. | [
"2) Your offline value proposition is so compelling that people would see just one single webpage and get all the information they need and leave.\n\nA commonly used session timeout value is 30 minutes. In this case, if a visitor views a page, does not look at another page, and leaves his or her browser idle for lo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02062 | What is Mononucleosis and if you get it will you have a dormant virus in you for the rest of your life? | Yes, once you contract the virus it is with you for life, lying dormant in your lymphocytes. However 95% of adults have been infected at some point, so really it's almost inevitable that you will get it sooner or later, so you may as well get it over with now. Your friend is likely still infectious: estimates of how long for seem to vary between 6 weeks and 18 months. | [
"Mononucleosis is sometimes accompanied by secondary cold agglutinin disease, an autoimmune disease in which abnormal circulating antibodies directed against red blood cells can lead to a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The cold agglutinin detected is of anti-i specificity.\n\nSection::::Diagnosis.\n\nDiagnost... | [
"Being infected with the virus that causes Mononucleosis is not inevitable. "
] | [
"Being infected with the virus that causes Mononucleosis is inevitable."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Being infected with the virus that causes Mononucleosis is not inevitable. ",
"Being infected with the virus that causes Mononucleosis is not inevitable. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Being infected with the virus that causes Mononucleosis is inevitable.",
"Being infected with the virus that causes Mononucleosis is inevitable."
] |
2018-01784 | If corn comes out the same way it goes in how do we gain nutrients. | It doesn’t come out the same way it came in. Only the shell of the corn remains, the interior has been absorbed by your body. | [
"Assimilation in simple happens in human body happens in the small intestine when the villi absorb and transport the nutrients through blood after breaking them in simpler sbstances\n\nSection::::Examples of biological assimilation.\n\nBULLET::::- Photosynthesis, a process whereby carbon dioxide and water are trans... | [
"Corn goes out the same way it goes in the body."
] | [
"The inside of the corn is absorbed into the body, they outside is all that is left. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Corn goes out the same way it goes in the body."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The inside of the corn is absorbed into the body, they outside is all that is left. "
] |
2018-01216 | When your ears are plugged, why do they "pop" when you swallow? | You have tubes connecting your ears to the back of your throat, called "eustachian tubes." They get blocked by mucus. When you swallow, the pressure can unblock the tubes enough for air pressure to escape the tubes and stop pressing on your inner ears. | [
"BULLET::::- Ears and sinuses: There is a risk of stretched or burst eardrums, usually crushed inwards during descent but sometimes stretched outwards on ascent. The diver can use a variety of methods to let air into or out of the middle ears via the Eustachian tubes. Sometimes swallowing will open the Eustachian t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04748 | Why aren’t houses and buildings built entirely of stone/concrete so that they won’t catch fire or rot as easily? | > I understand that wood is cheaper, lighter, easier to cut and easier to work with This answers the question. It's susceptible to fire, damage, termites, etc, but once the sale is completed, that's not the builder's problem. Also buyers tend to not think much about the long term, and they put more value into the local area, schools, comps, etc, than the condition of the house (unless it won't pass inspection or large repairs are imminent). Also some areas it's just not practical to build with stone, especially on alluvial plains like the Gulf Coast and Florida... there's no bedrock to dig down to and no local quarries, and any masonry usually has to be sent a long distance by barge or rail which adds to the price. | [
"Traditional stone masonry evolved from dry stone stacking. Stone blocks are laid in rows of even (courses) or uneven (un-coursed) height, and fixed in place with lime mortar pasted between the stones. Traditional stone masonry is rarely used today because stone is expensive to quarry, cut and transport, and the bu... | [
"Houses should all be built out of stone so they don't catch fire."
] | [
"This is less economical and would make things more expensive. Also it doesn't work better everywhere."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Houses should all be built out of stone so they don't catch fire."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"This is less economical and would make things more expensive. Also it doesn't work better everywhere."
] |
2018-09056 | How Nascar races work ? | Cup cars in NASCAR are driven right at the absolute limits of their mechanics and aerodynamics. It takes a lot of skill just to stay on a decent racing line on the track. Competing with 40 other cars, at nearly 200mph, with only inches between you and the cars around you is an incredibly demanding thing to do. And that doesn't even consider race and team strategies. | [
"The Late Model race automatically qualified the national champion in the NASCAR Whelen All-American Series and the other nine drivers in NASCAR's top ten in the Whelen All-American Series standings.\n\nSeries champions in NASCAR's three international series (Canada, Mexico, Europe) had the option of racing in any ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19187 | Why do drugs like SSRI/SNRI take so long to have an effect on brain chemistry? (1 week-1 month) | There are a lot of mechanisms built into the blood-brain interface to protect the brain from dangerous chemicals you might ingest. To bypass this a chemical needs to be sneaky, like cocaine or nicotine, or it needs to be patient. The sneaky chemicals shoot up and then crash down, sorta the effect SSRIs are trying to avoid. So SSRI engineers take a patient build-up strategy to be effective. | [
"Most of the current drugs and treatments for depression and anxiety increase levels of serotonin transmission among neurons. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), a very successful class of drugs, are known to increase the amount of serotonin available to brain cells quite rapidly. Despite this, their t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10951 | How did people get enough heat to smelt metals before the industrial age? | Coal fire forges are able to reach temperatures of about 1900 degrees C which is more than enough to melt most ‘primitive’ metals such as iron, bronze, copper and steel. | [
"The older method of smelting lead on wind-blown bole hills began to be superseded by artificially-blown smelters. The first such furnace was built by Burchard Kranich at Makeney, Derbyshire in 1554, but produced less good lead than the older bole hill. William Humfrey (the Queen's assay master), and a leading shar... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04107 | Does growing food always deplete the soil? | Yes and no. In your particular example, yes - you're extracting nutrients from the soil (nitrogen compounds) to grow both tomatoes and potatoes. Assuming the plants get eaten by something (and if you're not eating them, potatoes are a particularly odd choice of plant to grow ;)), that nitrogen has been permanently extracted from the system. That said, different plants extract different proportions of different nutrients from soil - and different plants also deposit different waste products^* in the soil, which other plants see as nutrients. This is why crop rotation goes back so far in human history. Grow crop A in year one, grow crop B in year two, grow crop C in year three, then let the field lie fallow in year four. When you get back to crop A in year five (if you've designed your rotation correctly), the soil is nutritive enough to give a full yield. We use fertilizers - like manure - to force-replenish the soil, and avoid having to grow less-valuable crops instead of corn. ^(*)This isn't strictly true. Various plants do fix nitrogen in the soil, but by and large the plant itself doesn't do that; the colony of bugs, worms, and microbes that form around its root system excrete nitrogen compounds in excess of what the plant itself needs, so the net effect is a positive rate of nitrogen fixation. | [
"Section::::Phosphorus conservation and recycling.\n\nSection::::Phosphorus conservation and recycling.:Overview.\n\nPhosphorus can be transferred from the soil in one location to another as food is transported across the world, taking the phosphorus it contains with it. Once consumed by humans, it can end up in th... | [
"Growing food always depletes the soil."
] | [
"Growing some foods depletes some nutrients but deposits others. Other foods do this with other nutrients allowing for a crop cycle to keep the soil healthy."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Growing food always depletes the soil."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Growing some foods depletes some nutrients but deposits others. Other foods do this with other nutrients allowing for a crop cycle to keep the soil healthy."
] |
2018-08330 | Why does the common saying go "as good as anyone else" when alluding to being better than "everyone else" | Being as good as anyone else means almost the same thing as being better than everyone else. If I can type as fast than anyone else, that means there is no one who can type faster than me. At the very least, I am exactly as fast as the fastest typist, and seeing that being exactly as fast isn't possible, I would have to be a little faster to be sure of my claim. Saying I am as good as anyone else is just slightly more modest way of putting things, implying a high level of competency rather than superiority. | [
"An adaption of the melody during the lines 'nobody does it half as good as you, baby you're the best' was used as an advertising motif for a commercial airing during the mid to late 90s, commissioned by Australian real estate company LJ Hooker. Instead of the original lyrics it was sung 'Nobody does it better, L.J... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"The statement \"as good as anyone else\" has a different meaning than \"being better than anyone else\"."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"These mean almost the same thing - saying \"as good as anyone else is a slightly more modest way of putting things, implying a high level of competency rather than superiority."
] |
2018-03243 | What's the difference for our legs between sitting on a chair and sitting on a toilet | On a toilet you're sitting on a ring. If you're leaning forward, which you probably are on the toilet unless you're just lounging on it, most of your weight is on the front part of that, cutting off circulation to your legs nicely. | [
"Sitting requires the buttocks resting on a more or less horizontal structure, such as a chair or the ground. Special ways of sitting are with the legs horizontal, and in an inclined seat. While on a chair the shins are usually vertical, on the ground the shins may be crossed in the lotus position or be placed hori... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02747 | Why are there so many brawls in ice hockey, and why do match officials seem to care so little? | Fighting has a long tradition in hockey. As long as certain rules are followed the refs let the fight go until one player is knocked down. Then both players get a 5 minute penalty. It's mostly used as a way to blow off steam due to some slight or foul play (like consistently blindsiding players when checking them) and the fight is the consequence. So, yes, fighting is accepted in hockey. | [
"Section::::Officials' role.\n\nThroughout a game, the referee and linesmen have a role in preventing fights through the way they are managing the game—calling penalties, breaking up scuffles before they escalate, etc. Despite an official's best efforts, though, fights do occur and once they do, the referee and lin... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01893 | How are street address numbers decided upon, if they apparently don't refer to an agreed upon distance unit? | In US cities, some central intersection is designated as 0. The first east-west cross street north of that is 100N. The first block south is 100S. So if your address is 6407 N State Street, you're on State street 64 major cross streets North from the 0-0 intersection, and the seventh house north from the 6400 cross street. In heavily gridded cities like Chicago these are pretty straightforward, but some curvier roads in curvier cities get sloppy. | [
"\"Property numbers are worked out based on the distance from the start of the road to the entrance of the property. That distance (in metres) is divided by ten. Even numbers are on the right and odd numbers are on the left. For example: the entrance to a property 5,080 metres from the start of the road on the righ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10159 | How do wrist pedometers (like fitbit) actually know how many steps you've taken. | When you walk, every time your foot hits the ground it decelerates - going from moving to stationary very quickly. This sends a little shock wave of acceleration up your body that can be sensed anywhere. (Note: acceleration = change in velocity, whether speeding up or slowing down). The Fitbit has an accelerometer, a tiny electromechanical device that can sense acceleration and generate an electrical signal. The Fitbit looks at that signal for the strong spikes that happen on each step and counts them. It's not 100% perfect, it will miss a few steps and count a few false-steps but overall they've tuned it to be pretty accurate. | [
"The Nintendo 3DS, released March 27, 2011, features an internal pedometer that counts and records daily step counts while in sleep mode. Every hundred steps earns a Play Coin, which can be spent on a variety of extras and bonuses. This pedometer is easily fooled, however, and 'steps' can be created by simply lifti... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12704 | How do mouse, keyboard, etc drivers work? | You're a computer and you speak English, you have a mouse that speaks Spanish and a keyboard that speaks German. Drivers are the translators that tell you what they're saying and allow you to communicate back and forth. Anything that has to do with direct user interaction takes priority. ------------------------ Now to dig a bit deeper and little less ELI5. Operating systems have several layers in them that handle different functions and operations. In general you can consider two major sections, user space and kernel space. User space is where all of the user programs operate, and kernel space is where all of the system programs and functions operate (resource management, task scheduling, drivers, etc). Kernel space is a safe zone, and users cannot change or touch anything in kernel space on their own. There's a built in library of functions called system calls that allow users to access things and perform operations on resources controlled by the kernel space. For instance, lets say you want to read a file from your hard drive disk. Well, storage is a resource that's controlled by the operating system kernel (if users had direct access, that would be very bad. Imagine all the things that your tech illiterate grandpa could do to screw up his new fancy computer if he had unlimited access.) So lets say you open up Microsoft Word to read a file. What's actually happening is MS Word is executing in user space and then invoking a system call named read() on the file that is stored in the hard drive. When the system call is invoked, the CPU stops executing in user space and switches to kernel mode (this is called a trap). Now that it's in a protected mode where the user can't screw anything up, it pulls the data from the hard drive and sends it back to user space so that MS Word can read it. Now if you change something and want to save it, the same process happens with the write() system call. These system calls have a ton of security measures implemented and restrict what can and can't be done to system resources. Now that we know a little bit about kernel space, user space, and system calls, we can dive into drivers. When you press a button on your keyboard or move your mouse, this raises an alert on something called the interrupt request line. This signals to the CPU that there is some kind of external input that it needs to address. The CPU will acknowledge this alert and then trap to kernel space. It then talks to the interrupt controller to determine what's going on. Hardware devices like keyboards and mice convert analog signals into digital ones, the driver is used like the glue between the hardware layer and operating system. It translates the signals into something that the operating system can understand. When a hardware interrupt occurs and the CPU switches to kernel space to handle the interrupt, it's the device driver that provides the information for the CPU to process. Processes that are directly related to user interaction usually take precedence over all other CPU processes. That's why when a program freezes you can still move your mouse around and click on stuff. The CPU is trying to execute the program, but it's taking a while and it doesn't want to make the user feel like the whole system is frozen, so when the IRQ line is raised with a mouse interrupt, the CPU acknowledges it, puts the other process on hold, and executes the mouse process instead. This is a design decision by operating system programmers. When the mouse freezes, that usually means that the CPU is under extreme load or there's some other nasty condition like deadlock (Dining Philosophers problem) going on. Hopefully that's not too convoluted to understand. It's been a while since I've taken an operating systems course, so this is pretty much just what I can remember off the top of my head. | [
"Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center\n\nMicrosoft Mouse and Keyboard Center is software that provides drivers for most Microsoft mice and keyboards. It allows the user to set up and configure both mice and keyboards from within the same program.\n\nSection::::Features.\n",
"Mouse use in DOS applications became mo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00450 | Why do you get cramps when you drink water really fast and exercise/run? | You are changing your [electrolyte balance]( URL_0 ). Electrolyte balance is important because the salt/water balance of your body determines how muscle signals travel. | [
"Section::::Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory.\n\nIt is widely believed that excessive sweating due to strenuous exercise can lead to muscle cramps. Deficiency of sodium and other electrolytes may lead to contracted interstitial fluid compartments, which may exacerbate the muscle cramping. According to t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02051 | Why is there so much variance in file size for difference video qualities? | I can't give you a perfect answer but I believe it goes like this. Anything other than raw footage is a compromise on quality for the sake of a smaller file size. Newer video codecs are getting better at reducing the size more with less comprise of qualify. The other thing is audio, it is not easy to keep it clean and sometimes the file has multiple languages built in. Lastly, some people are better at encoding and some just choose to preserve as much quality as possible... In the end I can't really say exactly why. | [
"Many popular codecs are lossy. They reduce quality in order to maximize compression. Often, this type of compression is virtually indistinguishable from the original uncompressed sound or images, depending on the codec and the settings used. Smaller data sets ease the strain on relatively expensive storage sub-sys... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08635 | why did the Sun not burn out instantaneously? | I know this may sound confusing, since preschoolers are taught differently so that they get a less confusing perspective on the world, but the sun is not technically "on fire". Ancient philosophers thought it was, but for "fire" you need "Oxogen", and the sun doesn't have any significant amount of oxogen within it. What the sun is going through isn't actually fire, but is instead, a incredibly long lasting series of nuclear explosions. Kind of like an atom bomb or a nuclear reactor, but in reverse. (an atom bomb releases energy by splitting big atoms apart. The Sun releases energy by smashing tiny atoms together) These reactions will only really happen within the very center of the sun, bit by bit, but the entire sun is made out of material which can be fuel for this process, so this can take an extremely long time. Our Sun will have lived about 10 billion years total by the time it burns out. The light that the center of the sun gives off has to travel through enough gas on the outside that it inevitably bounces several times before making it to the surface, making it seem like the gas is supplying the light. And the gas seems like a relatively liquid surface due to how much gravity the sun has, so that it pulls and smushes even the gas down far enough that it doesn't seem like gas from a distance. People have being trying to replicate the nuclear processes of the sun within labs since at least the cold war, in the hopes of near infinite energy, but considering the conditions we'd need to sustain this miniature sun, it seems pretty impossible. | [
"De Marchi authored several books on the subject, such as \"The True Story of Fátima\". They include a number of witness descriptions.\n\nBULLET::::- \"The sun, at one moment surrounded with scarlet flame, at another aureoled in yellow and deep purple, seemed to be in an exceedingly swift and whirling movement, at ... | [
"The sun burns.",
"The sun is on fire. "
] | [
"The sun does not burn, instead the sun has an long lasting series of nuclear explosions.",
"The sun is not on fire, but the sun is going through a long series of nuclear explosions."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The sun burns.",
"The sun is on fire. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The sun does not burn, instead the sun has an long lasting series of nuclear explosions.",
"The sun is not on fire, but the sun is going through a long series of nuclear explosions."
] |
2018-23826 | Can the non dominant hand ever be as dextrous as the dominant hand? | Yes. The non dominant hand can be, you just have to start at a young age practicing or practice really hard now. The brain has a preference towards your dominant hand, making you ignore your non dominant. Since you ignore it, it’ll never get better and only make you use your dominant more. | [
"Section::::Complications.:Conflicting evidence.\n\nA number of asymmetrical findings have been disputed, with various studies stating null results in opposition to previously reported differences. This is an issue in handedness neuroscience, as imaging methods are highly susceptible to type 1 errors due to the num... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02798 | How does stainless steel remove smell of garlic off your hands? | The volatile compounds that cause the smell in garlic, onions, etc. are sulfur-based. Most stainless steel in kitchens contains chromium. The chromium oxide attracts the sulfur molecule and draws it off of your skin | [
"Stainless steel soap\n\nStainless steel soap is a piece of stainless steel, in the form of a soap bar or other hand-held shape. Its purported purpose is to neutralize or reduce strong odors such as those from handling garlic, onion, durian, guava, salami, or fish.\n",
"Stainless steel is used in a variety of app... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15104 | What are the differences between the 3 types of queens, and what type of queen is Elsa? | Queen Consort: She's not queen in her own right, but her husband is the king and as his wife she gets the title "queen." Dowager Queen: The king has died and his queen consort is still alive. The new monarch is typically their oldest child. She's not *the* queen anymore, but she doesn't just get her title stripped from her either. Queen Regnant: The queen is the actual monarch in her own right. Her husband can be king consort (*very* rare) or prince consort or whatever title she and/or her government chooses. The current queen of the UK, Elizabeth II, is a queen regnant. Her mother was queen consort while Elizabeth's father was alive, and then became a dowager after Elizabeth became the monarch. Elsa is a queen regnant. | [
"Section::::Description.:Queens.\n",
"Twenty years later, with Arminio (Massimo Girotti) having grown up in the forest, Sedemondo arranges a tournament to determine who will marry Elsa (Elisa Cegani). Tundra (Luisa Ferida) leads the resistance among the people against the king. The tournament, with various charac... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03117 | How can some women not show signs of pregnancy until extremely late? | Genetics can play a part in it. Women who are overweight can miss the signs. Women who continue to have spotting may think they are having a period and miss it. Women who have little or no morning sickness can miss the other signs. | [
"Most pregnant women experience a number of symptoms, which can signify pregnancy. A number of early medical signs are associated with pregnancy. These signs include:\n\nBULLET::::- the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood and urine\n\nBULLET::::- missed menstrual period\n\nBULLET::::- implan... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00102 | Why do people say we know more about outer space than we know about our ocean? How can people quantify this? | People can say whatever they want and it doesn't need to be even the slightest bit accurate for them to say it, or for other people to repeat it. There are large chunks of our ocean that are unexplored. This is a fact. Obviously the universe is nearly infinitely larger and we have not explored any of it physically outside of our own solar system, and only in extremely small detail with telescopes. | [
"A typical basic depth measuring device is the US AN/UQN-4A. Both the water surface and bottom are reflecting and scattering boundaries. For many purposes, but not all naval tactical applications, the sea-air surface can be thought of as a perfect reflector. In reality, there are complex interactions of water surfa... | [
"People say we know more about space than the ocean and it is true."
] | [
"This is just a thing that was stated by someone and is repeated all the time. It is not true. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"People say we know more about space than the ocean and it is true."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"This is just a thing that was stated by someone and is repeated all the time. It is not true. "
] |
2018-16907 | What's the difference between symptoms of the common cold, and symptoms of the inflammation my body is producing to fight the virus attempting to cause the common cold? | Rhinovirus is a particularly simple and relatively harmless virus. Don't get me wrong, the common cold is plenty dangerous, but only if you're immunocompromised, very young, very old, etc. It, like all other viruses, is destroying your cells in order to replicate. With a simple virus like this, that's pretty much the only effect the virus is actually having; destroying some cells. You're right in that, when it comes to the common cold as caused by a rhinovirus, practically all of your symptoms are simply the immune response at work. They are all designed to either dispose of virus or virus-infected cells, or otherwise destroy them. Your body heats up in order to destabilize the viral replication process, causing fever. You are expelling mucus containing viral particles and the immune cells they were doing battle with via a sneeze. Et cetera, et cetera. This isn't the case for every virus, though. Virtually every virus causes damage by destroying some kind of cell, which varies in severity. HIV, for example, is so dangerous because the cells it destroys are supremely important in the body. Other viruses have direct effects on the body, typically as a means to disable or hamper the immune response: Ebola is particularly deadly because it does such a fantastic job suppressing the immune system. As for the bleeding out of every orifice, well, that doesn't happen in every Ebola patient and we kinda still don't know why it does happen sometimes. | [
"Section::::Diagnosis.\n\nThe distinction between viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of symptoms with the common cold affecting primarily the nose, pharyngitis (the throat), and bronchitis (the lungs). There can be significant overlap and more than one area can be affected. Th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00443 | How is it possible that I copied a file without copy all of its content? | I would make another copy, and get the user to try to put more data into the file as they had done before - see if it shows up. My brain goes to PICNIC error first here. If your system said the file copied successfully, then it most likely did (unless you mean that computer 1 died during the transfer?). It's extremely unlikely (probably impossible) for a copy operation to keep a file in a readable format, but leave out some data. | [
"As an example, reading a file and then sending it over a network the traditional way requires two data copies and two context switches per read/write cycle. One of those data copies uses the CPU. Sending the same file via zero copy reduces the context switches to two and eliminates all CPU data copies.\n",
"Copy... | [
"Copying a file without copying everything."
] | [
"Copying proces must not have completed correctly and needs to be re done. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Copying a file without copying everything."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Copying proces must not have completed correctly and needs to be re done. "
] |
2018-01119 | How is it that anti-dandruff shampoo can have “immediate results”? What’s it doing to my head in that short time during/after my shower? | There are multiple causes of dandruff. It can be caused by fungus, excess skin production, or something else interfering with the shedding of dead skin. 1) Coal tar shampoo like T-Gel work by slowing the scalp skin growth. 2) Salicylic Acid shampoos like Head and Shoulders work by applying a mild acid to aid breaking up dead skin. 3) Antifungal shampoos like Ketoconazole shampoo have agents that kill funguses. My guess, given your experiences, would be that you had a build up of dead skin in spite of your T-Gel usage. You used some Salicylic acid that helped removed the excess dead skin. If you keep using the Salicylic acid shampoo, you run the risk of drying out the scalp. I'd stick with T-Gel for preventative usage and the other one when it builds up regardless. | [
"Not all flakes are dandruff. For example, some can merely be product buildup on the scalp skin. This could result from the common practice of applying conditioner to scalp skin without washing. This would dry upon the scalp skin and flake off, appearing like dandruff and even causing itchiness, but have no health ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02384 | Why do singers scrunch up their shoulders or move their hand up and down when they sing higher/lower? | By flexing the diaphragm it changes the pitch and tone of the note. Sometimes it takes auxillary muscles. Imagine someone flexing their bicep with a straight arm. But they dont get the most of it. Also some is ritual. | [
"There are eight components of the ideal singing posture:\n\nBULLET::::1. Feet slightly apart\n\nBULLET::::2. Legs straight but knees slightly bent\n\nBULLET::::3. Hips facing straight forward\n\nBULLET::::4. Spine aligned\n\nBULLET::::5. Abdomen flat\n\nBULLET::::6. Chest comfortably forward\n\nBULLET::::7. Should... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12707 | why do tornado/emergency sirens use that whining drone sound instead of a beeping or something similar? | The whining is created by what is basically a whistle driven by a powerful electric motor. It spins a cylinder with carefully positioned slots in them in order to create the resonant whistle and characteristic whine of the storm/air raid siren. The benefit here is that by adding a more powerful motor you can easily and reliably create an *enormously* loud sound which is easily recognizable through various background noise. By gradually changing in pitch it will hopefully not be overpowered by some nearby noise which is exactly the same pitch. | [
"BULLET::::- Auckland Radio Ltd – A Waihi, New Zealand company that built warning sirens based on a local design used in fire engines. The Akrad air raid siren was built from 1939, until the factory was closed in 1984. Many fire stations in New Zealand have the sirens, for both fire and civil defense purposes.\n",
... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05057 | If I fire lasers opposite directions, what speed do they have relative to each other? | Adding relative speeds is technically not correct. It's just a very close approximation for slow speeds (as in: significantly less than the speed of light). To answer the title question: the two beams move away from each other at the speed of light AND they both move away from the starting point at the speed of light. It's mind-bending, yes, but it can be proven by experiment and the math of relativity predicts exactly that. Time and space are relative themselves, they seemingly stretch and contract depending on relative speeds. I your example with the 2km/h + 100km/h the resulting speed after "adding" is actually a tiny bit less than 102 km/h because of this. This effect gets stronger the bigger the speeds are until it completely cancels the addition out at the speed of light. | [
"Section::::Phase shift.\n",
"Hence each of two electrons (A and C) in a head-on collision at 45 GeV in the lab frame (B) would see the other coming toward them at \"v\" ~ \"c\" and \"w\" = 88,000(1 + 1) ~ 1.55×10 lightseconds per traveler second. Thus from the target's point of view, colliders can explore collis... | [
"Taking account of the relative speed of two moving objects is necessary to calculate equations regarding the speed of the two. "
] | [
"Adding relative speeds is technically not correct, it should only be considered a close approximation. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Taking account of the relative speed of two moving objects is necessary to calculate equations regarding the speed of the two. ",
"Taking account of the relative speed of two moving objects is necessary to calculate equations regarding the speed of the two. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Adding relative speeds is technically not correct, it should only be considered a close approximation. ",
"Adding relative speeds is technically not correct, it should only be considered a close approximation. "
] |
2018-24388 | Why do flocks of bird tend to fly in a "V" formation? | Aerodynamics makes it easier for them to fly longer distances. The bird in front takes the most resistance so you might often see it exchanging places with another bird. | [
"Section::::Formation flight.\n\nOne theory on migrating bird flight states that many larger bird species fly in a V formation so that all but the leader bird can take advantage of the upwash part of the wingtip vortex of the bird ahead.\n\nSection::::Hazards.\n",
"The V formation possibly improves the efficiency... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03519 | Why does land cost so much relative to other necessities? | Land isn't expensive, the land *you want* is expensive. You can import food and goods from the cheapest seller. You can't do that with land. | [
"Land value is highly sensitive to supply and demand (for the end product), build costs, planning and affordable housing contributions, and so on. Understanding the intricacies of the development system and the effect of \"value drivers\" can result in massive differences in the landowner's sale value.\n\nSection::... | [
"All land is expensive."
] | [
"The land you want is expensive."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"All land is expensive."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The land you want is expensive."
] |
2018-21539 | How is the speed of an airplane calculated when it is in the air? | A pitot tube located on the outside of the aircraft in the airflow, measures the airflow and indicates the velocity in the airspeed indicator inside the cockpit or a GPS which uses satellites. | [
"A range of different methods exist for the measurement of sound in air.\n",
"The clock in the lighthouse was remembered (by the family of the lighthouse keeper) as indicating 2 p.m. Atlantic Time when the \"Bremen\" was first sighted from the ground. Captain Köhl and Baron von Hünefeld said that they were in the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19755 | Why is there a rivalry between Michigan and Ohio (as States, not schools or sports teams)? | As an Ohioan it mostly stems from the Ohio State-Michigan rivalry but it goes back further than that. [There was a brief clash between Ohio and Michigan militias over control of Toledo]( URL_0 ) back in 1835 that only had one casualty and left Toledo a part of Ohio. Both states had booming industrial centers around the early 20th century that resulted in a competitive rivalry most notably between Detroit and Cleveland due to proximity, something that still lasts between the cities today, especially when the Indians are playing the Tigers. Though today most of this stems from the Wolverines and Buckeyes rivalry and has become a part of both states cultures which has allowed it to merge into almost every aspect of interaction between the states, even if you aren’t necessarily a fan of Michigan or Ohio State. | [
"The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and The Ohio State University in Columbus are separated by just 180 miles, and had enjoyed a rivalry in football that began in 1897 and had been renewed annually since Michigan rejoined the Big Ten in 1918.\n",
"BULLET::::- Federal Hocking Lancers\n\nBULLET::::- Meigs Mar... | [
"A rivalry exists between Michigan and Ohio outside of sports teams. "
] | [
"In the past a rivalry existed outside of sports teams, but a rivalry outside of sports teams does not exist today. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A rivalry exists between Michigan and Ohio outside of sports teams. ",
"A rivalry exists between Michigan and Ohio outside of sports teams. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"In the past a rivalry existed outside of sports teams, but a rivalry outside of sports teams does not exist today. ",
"In the past a rivalry existed outside of sports teams, but a rivalry outside of sports teams does not exist today. "
] |
2018-22242 | ELIF: Why does’t jello go back to its liquid state when kept out of the fridge? | The stuff that makes Jello a gel is the gelatin. Gelatin normally has a gel texture. The stuff in the Jello packet is gelatin that has had water removed, so it's dry, and turned into powder. It's also had flavor added, and a few other things like preservative. When you make Jello, you're taking that dry gelatin and putting water *back in*. You heat it up to create a chemical reaction. You've noticed hot water cleans dishes better than cold water. Hot water absorbs the gelatin and the flavoring. While it's still hot, it's a liquid. As it cools down, the gelatin is spread out in the water and starts reverting back to it's original texture. How close it gets to that depends on how much water you use. If you use more water, it might not set up well. Use less, you get Jigglers, or more dense Jello. The reason we put it in the fridge is not to cool it down, but to cool it down quickly. Doing so can help it maintain consistency, whereas leaving it where parts of it can cool unevenly can make it soupy. Also because we like to eat it, and the sooner the better. Putting it in the fridge also keeps flies off it, and out of reach of the dog. It also tastes better cold, but that is a matter of, uh, taste. | [
"BULLET::::- The Canning Process - In order to imprison Monster-Skas in Taming Boxes (Domboxes), all Tamers have to follow the same procedure. First of all, the monster must be subdued using the power of the voice. Only when this has been done can the Move be used. The Tamer, with their right hand, makes a special ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04212 | Why do PC manufacturers continue to release new computers with McAfee or Norton installed even though they slow down computers? | They get revenue sharing whenever a user subscribes. also, those brands still carry weight with a majority of non-tech savy customers, they believe these programs are important and beneficial. | [
"It is very important to secure sheep dip computers as strongly as possible against malware, because their role as a first line of defence means that they are particularly likely to be attacked. Software updates should be applied as soon as they become available. Antivirus signatures should be the most up-to-date t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00682 | Why are circles the only shape that can not fall into themselves? | If you're referring to manholes, it's because no matter where you measure the diameter of a circle, it's always the same. That diameter is also the widest length between any two points on that circle. If you have one large circle (manhole cover) and one smaller circle (manhole), the diameter of the cover will always be greater than the hole underneath, no matter how you rotate the cover. In the case of a triangle, for example, you can draw lines through it and come up with several lengths. But the maximum length of the triangle is not through the middle, but along one side. This means that a triangle has a minimum diameter that is less than the length of a single side. Which means you can turn it and fit the minimum length through a hole of the same shape but smaller, as long as the length of one side of the hole is longer than the shortest length on the cover. This is not an absolute rule. There is a triangle shape that is very rare but has been used. The sides are curved out so that it has a minimum diameter that is greater than the maximum diameter of the hole underneath. | [
"Perceived circles or lines are not exactly circular or straight, and true circles and lines could never be detected since by definition they are sets of infinitely small points. But if the perfect ones were not real, how could they direct the manufacturer?\n\nSection::::Criticisms of Platonic Forms.\n\nSection::::... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00460 | Why can we make bluray versions of old movies that look better but cant make better quality versions of old songs? | We can and they do. And they do it in pretty much the exact way that they restore films. They go back to the original recordings, clean them up, and remaster them. | [
"BULLET::::- Ian Williams as a guy in record store\n\nBULLET::::- Al Johnson as a record store geek\n\nSection::::Production.\n",
"Section::::Reception.:Legacy.\n",
"In contrast, even if digital data is stored on a medium that will preserve its integrity, highly specialized digital equipment will always be requ... | [
"Cannot make better quality versions of old songs. ",
"It is not possible to make better quality versions of old songs."
] | [
"We can make better quality versions of songs in the same way we do for films. ",
"Better quality versions of old songs are actually already created, and it is done in the same process that improved older movies are made."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cannot make better quality versions of old songs. ",
"It is not possible to make better quality versions of old songs."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"We can make better quality versions of songs in the same way we do for films. ",
"Better quality versions of old songs are actually already created, and it is done in the same process that improved older movies are made."
] |
2018-11422 | Why is there more (aparrent) variance between the faces of humans (to the point where the human face is instantly recognizable) than those of other species? | There is literally a part of the human brain (right fusiform gyrus, in the lumpy gray section) dedicated to facial recognition, separate from the other parts that recognize color and shade patterns. We need to see faces for many reasons: communication, response, survival etc. You could say we're just built for it. Prosopagnosia is a disease that disables that part, so everybody looks like a Picasso painting. Edit: not exactly like a Picasso, clarified in the comment below. | [
"Among human beings, the sense of sight is usually in charge of recognizing other members of the same species, with maybe the subconscious help of smell. In particular, the human brain has a disproportionate amount of processing power dedicated to finely analyze the features of a human face. This is why we are able... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02782 | Why are printers always f***ing up? | Yeah it's the worst. I see it as the most major part of a PC setup that has multiple large moving parts and consumables (ink and paper). They are typically infrequently used too which means ink dries etc. I know that doesn't answer the technical side of it, but that's what I think makes them unique and problematic. | [
"BULLET::::- Media handling: Most page printers accept paper, transparencies, envelopes, labels etc. in formats up to letter and A4. Some printers may also handle other media types such as larger formats and heavier paper.\n\nBULLET::::- Energy consumption, noise, etc. Some page printers are too noisy to stay in th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01628 | ELIF: How is there snow on the top of Mount Everest if the clouds are below it? | The simple answer is: all the clouds _aren't_ below it. Snow clouds go over the top of Everest...it's not tall enough to be taller than all clouds. You would need a _really_ big mountain to be above the snowline. For example, if Mars was terraformed it's possible that Olympus Mons would stick up above the snowline. But Everest is too short. | [
"In 1849, Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area, who made two observations from Jirol, away. Nicolson then took the largest theodolite and headed east, obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations, with the closest being from the peak.\n",
"In the summer, the Indian monsoon brings warm wet a... | [
"All of the clouds are below Mount Everest.",
"If there are clouds below Mount Everest, there is no way snow should be able to be on top of the mountain. "
] | [
"Some clouds are below Mount Everest and some go over the top of Everest.",
"Mount Everest is not above every single cloud, some clouds are taller than Mt Everest, allowing there to be snow on top of it. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"All of the clouds are below Mount Everest.",
"If there are clouds below Mount Everest, there is no way snow should be able to be on top of the mountain. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some clouds are below Mount Everest and some go over the top of Everest.",
"Mount Everest is not above every single cloud, some clouds are taller than Mt Everest, allowing there to be snow on top of it. "
] |
2018-07145 | Would a newborn baby from the stone ages, if brought to the modern day, grow up like any other child? | More or less yes. There would be differences genetically, we're talking about ten thousand years or more of drift, but functionally speaking the child would grow up and fit in exactly like any other child. | [
"One theory of the premise that Stone Age humans did not record birth date but instead assumed age based on appearance holds that if milder punishment to juvenile delinquents existed in Paleolithic times, it would have imparted milder punishment for longer on those retaining a more youthful appearance into adulthoo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
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